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{ "text": "BMW 2 Series - wikipedia BMW 2 Series Not to be confused with BMW 02 Series. This article is incomplete. Please help to improve it, or discuss the issue on the talk page. ( October 2015 ) BMW 2 Series Overview Manufacturer BMW Body and chassis Class Compact car The BMW 2 Series is a compact car produced by BMW. The 2 Series has several different body styles. It is available as a compact coupé that replaced the 1 Series coupé, or as a convertible model that replaces the 1 Series convertible in the BMW lineup. There is also a new compact MPV body style, which BMW refers to as an Active Tourer. The 2 Series Active Tourer mechanicals are unrelated to the coupé and convertible models '. While it shares the 2 Series name, it is built on a totally different front wheel drive platform that is shared with the third generation MINI Cooper, dubbed UKL1. The 2 Series currently competes with new models from Audi and Mercedes - Benz, the A3 Sedan and the CLA Class, respectively, until BMW releases its own front wheel drive / all wheel drive compact sedan. In June 2015, BMW also released a seven seater 2 Series Gran Tourer. Contents 1 Variants 1.1 BMW 2 Series Coupé ( F22, 2014 -- present ) 1.2 BMW 2 Series Active Tourer ( F45, 2014 -- present ) 1.3 BMW 2 Series Gran Tourer ( F46, 2015 -- present ) 2 References Variants ( edit ) BMW 2 Series coupé ( F22, 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) BMW 2 Series Coupé and Cabrio Main article : BMW 2 Series ( F22 ) BMW M235i coupé The BMW 2 Series Coupé and Cabrio are rear - wheel - drive coupés ( F22 ) and conveibles ( F23 ) related to the BMW 1 Series ( F20 ). BMW 2 Series Active Tourer ( f45, 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : BMW 2 Series Active Tourer BMW 2 Series Active Tourer BMW 218i Active Tourer Advantage The BMW 2 Series Active Tourer is a compact MPV, built on the front - wheel - drive BMW UKL platform. BMW 2 Series Gran Tourer ( F46, 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : BMW 2 Series Active Tourer BMW 2 Series Gran Tourer Body and chassis Class Compact MPV BMW 218d Gran Tourer Advantage ( Germany ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BMW 's 2 - Series Gran Tourer - a seven seat premium people carrier ''. THE IRISH TIMES. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015. `` previous -- BMW cars : 2000s to 2010s Series 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 1 Series E87 F20 E82 F52 2 Series F22 F45 3 Series < < E46 E90 F30 4 Series F32 5 Series < < E39 E60 F10 G30 6 Series E63 F12 G32 7 Series < < E38 E65 F01 G11 8 Series G15 Z Series < < Z3 E85 E89 < < Z8 i3 I01 i8 I12 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BMW_2_Series&oldid=852745334 '' Categories : BMW vehicle series Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from October 2015 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018, at 02 : 19 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "BMW 2 Series", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=BMW_2_Series&amp;oldid=852745334" }

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{ "text": "Joseph Sikora - wikipedia Joseph Sikora Jump to : navigation, search Joseph Sikora Joseph Sikora interviewed in 2016 ( 1976 - 06 - 27 ) June 27, 1976 ( age 41 ) Chicago, Illinois, United States Occupation Actor Years active 1987 -- present Joseph Sikora ( born June 27, 1976 ) is a Polish, American actor. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Films 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Sikora was born in Chicago, Illinois, and lived in the Jefferson Park and Norwood Park neighborhoods and is of Polish decent. He attended Notre Dame College Prep for high school. He studied acting at Chicago Columbia College, where he received a BA in theater. Career ( edit ) As a child, Sikora appeared in a McDonald 's commercial with Michael Jordan. He made his Broadway debut in 2006 after he was cast as one of the leads on The Caine Mutiny Court - Martial. He is also an ensemble member of Chicago 's Shattered Globe Theatre Company. Sikora made his acting debut in an episode of The New Adam - 12 after playing extras on a few TV shows. He was cast as Johnny in Rudy. After making small appearances in TV shows and films such as Early Edition, Turks, The Watcher, and Ghost World, he was cast in two episodes of Third Watch. In 2003, Sikora was cast as Roger in the direct - to - video biographical - drama film Gacy. After making a few appearances on low - budget movies, he was cast in the Golden Globe - nominated Normal, which he feels was his `` break - through '' moment when the star of the movie, Tom Wilkinson, told him that `` all you have to do is think the line and the camera will read it ''. He also took part in plays and was part of the Geffen Theatre 's production of Fat Pig and the Lost Angeles Theatre 's production of Killer Joe. He made a lot of TV appearances between 2005 -- 2012, appearing in major network shows including ER, Grey 's Anatomy, Criminal Minds, Without a Trace, CSI : Miami, Prison Break, Lost, and Dollhouse. He was later cast in the 2007 horror film Night Skies. He was later cast in two episodes of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit in 2010. That same year, he was cast as an Orderly at the Mental Hospital in Shutter Island. In 2011, he was cast in the television pilot for Body of Proof, as well as being signed in a full role in Adult Swim 's comedy horror TV series The Heart, She Holler, playing the Sheriff. In early 2012, he signed on to appear in Safe as the son of the head of the Russian mafia. He returned to theater in September 2012 with The Freedom of the City. In October 2013, he was cast in Starz! original drama series Power. In 2012, he appeared in Jack Reacher, in which he played a sniper wrongfully accused of gunning down random people in Pittsburgh and Jack Reacher is called in to prove that he is innocent. Filmography ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Rudy Young Johnny Wilson `` My Best Friend 's Wedding '' Boy singing in tennis court 2000 The Watcher Skater Ghost World Reggae Fan 2003 Gacy Roger Direct - to - video Normal Wayne Applewood Television film 2007 Night Skies Joe 2007 Charlie Wilson 's War Chess Player Shutter Island Glen Miga 2012 Safe Vassily Docheski Jack Reacher James Barr Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes The New Adam - 12 1 episode 1998 Early Edition Rick Williams 1 episode Mr monk and the paper boy Cashier 1 episode Third Watch J.D. Hart 2 episodes CSI : NY Joe Riggs 1 episode 2005 ER Riley 1 episode Grey 's Anatomy Shane Herman 1 episode Criminal Minds Jimmy Baker 1 episode Without a Trace Malcolm Neilus 1 episode 2006 CSI : Miami Howard Benchley 1 episode Prison Break Sara 's Boyfriend 1 episode 2008 Lost Co-Pilot 1 episode 2009 Dollhouse Jimmy Baker 1 episode Rubicon Daniel Burns Voice 2 episodes Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Jason Gambel 2 episodes 2010 -- 2011 Boardwalk Empire Hans Schroeder 2 episodes 2011 Body of Proof Tom Hanson 1 episode White Collar Jonas Ganz 1 episode Blue Bloods Mark Phelan 1 episode 2011 -- 2013 The Heart, She Holler Sheriff 18 episodes 2013 The Good Wife ( TV series ) Agent Norwich 1 episode 2014 True Detective Ginger 2 episodes Banshee Sharp 3 episodes Unforgettable Bob 1 episode 2014 -- present Power Tommy Egan 2015 The Player Dominic McCall 1 episode 2016 Underground Frog Jack 2 episodes Chicago P.D. Kevin 1 episode References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Samuels Gibbs, Adrienne ( September 12, 2016 ). `` Power Star Joseph Sikora on His Chicago Graffiti Crew Days ''. Chicago magazine. Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew ( 28 February 2006 ). `` Sikora to Make Broadway Debut in Caine Mutiny Court - Martial ''. Playbill. Retrieved 28 October 2013. Jump up ^ Cesarine, Indira. `` INTERVIEW WITH ACTOR JOSEPH SIKORA -- STARRING OPPOSITE TOM CRUISE IN `` JACK REACHER '' ``. Untitled Magazine. Retrieved 28 October 2013. Jump up ^ Scott Lipton, Brian ( 26 June 2007 ). `` Atkinson, Bernthal, Newman, Sikora to Join Geffen 's Fat Pig ''. Theatermania. Retrieved 28 October 2013. Jump up ^ `` Sneak Peek -- Dollhouse `` Belle Chose '' ``. TVovermind.com. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 28 October 2013. first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Gioia, Michael ( 6 Sep 2012 ). `` Brian Friel 's The Freedom of the City, With Cara Seymour, Joe Sikora, Will Kick Off Irish Rep 's 25th Season ''. Playbill. Retrieved 28 October 2013. Jump up ^ ANDREEVA, NELLIE ( 22 October 2013 ). `` Lela Loren, Naturi Naughton & Joseph Sikora To Co-Star In Starz Series ' Power ' ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved 28 October 2013. Jump up ^ Hutchinson, Sean ( 20 December 2012 ). `` Film Review : Jack Reacher ''. LatinoReview. Retrieved 28 October 2013. External links ( edit ) Joseph Sikora on IMDb Broadway Bio Rotten Tomato Profile TV.com Bio Yahoo Movies profile NYTimes Bio TV Guide Bio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Sikora&oldid=811299438 '' Categories : 1976 births Male actors from Chicago Living people American people of Polish descent American male television actors American male film actors Columbia College Chicago alumni 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017, at 19 : 20. About Wikipedia", "title": "Joseph Sikora", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Joseph_Sikora&amp;oldid=811299438" }

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{ "text": "Page orientation - wikipedia Page orientation Jump to : navigation, search This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Page orientation is the right way in which a rectangular page is oriented for normal viewing. The two most common types of orientation are portrait and landscape. The specific word definition comes from the fact that a close - up portrait of a person 's face and upper body is more fitting for a canvas or photo where the height of the display area is greater than the width, and is more common for the pages of books. Landscape originally described artistic outdoor scenes where a wide view area is needed, but the upper part of the painting would be mostly sky and so is omitted. Page orientation is also used to describe the dymensions of a video display. The most common video display orientation is landscape mode, especially the 4 : 3 ratio, which is 4 units wide and 3 units tall, and the more recent 16 : 9 widescreen landscape display mode. Portrait screen orientation is also used for computer displays, though less commonly than landscape, and is the most popular orientation for mobile devices. Portrait is preferred for editing page - layout work, in order to view the entire page on the screen at once without wasted space along the sides, and for script - writing, legal work ( in drafting contracts etc. ), and other applications where it is useful to see a maximum number of lines of text. It is also common in public information displays. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Computer displays 1.2 Video game displays 2 Modern display rotation methods 2.1 Rotation of CRT monitors 2.2 Rotation of LCD monitors 2.3 Rotation of projectors 3 External links History ( edit ) Computer displays ( edit ) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Xerox Alto portrait display Portrait mode was first used on the Xerox Alto computer, which was considered technologically well ahead of its time when the system was first developed. Xerox product marketers did not understand how revolutionary the system was, and the portrait display faded away while common landscape - display televisions were appropriated for use as an inexpensive early microcomputer display. The IBM DisplayWriter had a portrait monitor and keyboard with large backspace key, as it was designed for use in word processing instead of spreadsheets. Lanier, Wang, and CPT also made competing dedicated word processing computers with portrait modes. The height of the market for these computes was the late 1970s and early 1980s, prior to the introduction of the IBM PC. However, according to a long - time regional manager of the IBM personal computer division, speaking in confidence to the author of this entry in the mid-1980s, when the IBM PC was introduced, no portrait mode was made available for two reasons : ( 1 ) Top management did n't want the PC division to undermine the DisplayWriter product, ( 2 ) The computer was designed with spreadsheets and software development in mind, not word processing. Thus, it had a keyboard without a large backspace key at first, substituting a key widely used in computer software writing. Within a short period of time, the DisplayWriter and other dedicated word processors were no longer available. However, Portrait Display Labs leaped into this market niche, producing a number of rotating CRT monitors as well as software which could be used as a driver for many video cards. The later advent of the World Wide Web, whose pages are largely in portrait mode, failed to result in a widespread return to portrait displays. As of November 2011, for instance, HP no longer sells monitors in portrait mode, although they have a display stand which permits the user to attach two monitors and rotate either from landscape to display. When the Macintosh computer was introduced, WYSIWYG page layout using Aldus PageMaker became popular. The Macintosh rekindled interest in portrait displays, and the first portrait displays for it were developed by Radius Corporation. For the first computing devices a screen was built to operate in only portrait or landscape mode, and changing between orientations was not possible. Typically a custom video controller board was needed to support the unusual screen orientation, and software often needed to be custom - written in order to support the tall, narrow screen layout. As video display technology advanced, eventually the video display board was able to accommodate rotation of the display and a variety of differing resolutions and scan rates. After several years of producing the first Macintosh portrait display, Radius introduced the Radius Pivot CRT monitor, that could be freely rotated between landscape and portrait with automatic orientation changes done by the video controller. Rotation is now a common feature of modern video cards, and is widely used in tablet PCs ( many tablet devices can sense the direction of gravity and automatically rotate the image ), and by writers, layout artists, etc. Operating systems and drivers do not always support it ; for example, Windows XP Service Pack 3 conflicts with monitor rotation on many graphics cards using ATI 's Catalyst control software, Nvidia 's proprietary drivers for Linux do not support screen rotation unless manual changes are made to its configuration. Video game displays ( edit ) A Vectrex games console, with its portrait screen Portrait mode is popular with arcade games that involve a vertically oriented playing area, such as Pac - Man and Donkey Kong. The vertical orientation allows greater detail along the vertical axis while conserving detail on the sides. Although the early Vectrex home console had a built - in, vertically - oriented screen, the majority of home games consoles were designed to interface with standard television sets, which use landscape orientation. As a consequence the conversion of early popular arcade games to home consoles was difficult, not only because the home computing capability was lower, but also the screen orientation was mismatched and the home user could not be expected to set their television on its side to show the game correctly. This is why most early home versions of arcade games have a wide, squashed appearance compared to the full - quality arcade versions. Modern arcade emulators are able to handle this difference in screen orientation by dynamically changing the screen resolution to allow the portrait oriented game to resize and fit a landscape display, showing wide empty black bars on the sides of the portrait - on - landscape screen. Portrait orientation is still used occasionally within some arcade and home titles ( either giving the option of using black bars or rotating the display ), primarily in the vertical shoot ' em up genre due to considerations of aesthetics, tradition and gameplay. Modern display rotation methods ( edit ) Many modern video cards offer digital screen rotation capabilities. But in order for it to be used correctly, a special rotating display is required that is designed to be pivoted. Rotation of CRT monitors ( edit ) Very few CRT monitors are designed to permit rotation into portrait mode. It is not wise to turn a standard CRT monitor or television on its side due to a number of technical issues : The cooling vents are normally designed for natural air convection flow from bottom to top ; turning the case sideways can lead to unintended heat buildup and component failure. The typical CRT monitor plastic case is not designed to sit stably when turned sideways without a custom - made supporting stand. The weight of a large CRT is typically meant to bear on the base frame. A plastic case may flex or crack if the CRT weight is supported only by the thin plastic surround. Rotation of LCD monitors ( edit ) Poor side - viewing image quality of an LCD monitor rotated into portrait orientation Good side - viewing image quality of a typical landscape LCD Rotation of LCD monitors is easier and less complicated to do since the mass of the panel is low, the heat generated is low, and there are no magnetic effects to be concerned about. Many higher quality panels feature built in pivot points to allow the user to easily rotate the screen into portrait mode. However, due to the light polarization technology an LCD monitor, particularly TN panels, the angle of image viewability will degrade when rotated. Liquid crystal displays vary in contrast when viewed from different angles along one axis. This axis is normally oriented to be vertical so that the image quality appears unchanged when the screen is viewed from the side, and image contrast is adjusted by tilting the panel up or down. By rotating the screen 90 degrees, the varying contrast axis is now horizontal and a viewer to one side will see a washed out light contrast image, while a viewer on the other side sees a very dark contrast image. Rotation of projectors ( edit ) Projectors can generally operate from any angle due to the compact, rigid design and a cooling system utilizing a forced - air fan. However, for large heavy projectors, the problem is how to mount the projector sideways since nearly all ceiling mounts assume the projector hangs down from the mount in an upside - down landscape position. Extra-heavy bracing or weighted counterbalancing may be required to support a projector in a sideways portrait orientation. Projectors using an Hg - lamp ( most of them, nowadays ) should not be turned sideways as this shortens the lifespan of the bulb extremely. External links ( edit ) `` Business Case for Usability of Portrait Orientation '' ( PDF ). Pivot Display Software. August 2002. Screen Rotation from Catalyst Control Center wo n't stick Discussion of the Windows XP SP3 rotation problem HOWTO : Rotate the screen in Linux using Nvidia Discussion of the use of Nvidia drivers under Linux This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document `` Federal Standard 1037C ''. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Page_orientation&oldid=829784074 '' Categories : Printing Page layout Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from March 2010 All articles lacking sources Articles that may contain original research from January 2013 All articles that may contain original research Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Federal Standard 1037C Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018, at 20 : 07. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Page orientation", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Page_orientation&amp;oldid=829784074" }

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{ "text": "Super Bowl LII - wikipedia Super Bowl LII Jump to : navigation, search Super Bowl LII Philadelphia Eagles ( NFC ) New England Patriots ( AFC ) 41 33 Total PHI 9 13 7 12 41 NE 9 14 7 33 Date February 4, 2018 Stadium U.S. Bank Stadium, Minneapolis, Minnesota MVP Nick Foles, Quarterback Favorite Patriots by 5.5 Referee Gene Steratore Attendance 67,612 Ceremonies National anthem Pink Coin toss Medal of Honor Recipients Halftime show Justin Timberlake TV in the United States Network NBC Universo ( Spanish language ) Announcers Al Michaels ( play - by - play ) Cris Collinsworth ( analyst ) Michele Tafoya ( sideline reporter ) Edgar López ( play - by - play - Universo ) René Giraldo and Rolando Cantú ( analysts - Universo ) Verónica Contreras ( sidelines - Universo ) Nielsen ratings 43.1 ( national ) 56.2 ( Philadelphia ) 55.9 ( Boston ) U.S. viewership : 103.4 million est. avg. Market share 68 ( national ) Cost of 30 - second commercial $5 million Radio in the United States Network Westwood One ESPN Deportes Radio ( Spanish language ) Announcers Kevin Harlan ( play - by - play ) Boomer Esiason and Mike Holmgren ( analysts ) Ed Werder and Tony Boselli ( sideline reporters ) Álvaro Martín ( play - by - play - ESPN Deportes Radio ) Raúl Allegre ( analyst - ESPN Deportes Radio ) John Sutcliffe ( sideline - ESPN Deportes Radio ) ← LI Super Bowl LIII → Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) for the 2017 season. The National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England Patriots, 41 -- 33, winning their first Super Bowl and their first NFL title since 1960. The game was played on Sunday, February 4, 2018, at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. It was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis, the northernmost city to ever host the event, after Super Bowl XXVI in the 1991 season, and the sixth Super Bowl held in a cold - weather city. New England finished the regular season with an AFC - best 13 -- 3 record, then extended their record Super Bowl appearances to ten, their third in four years, and their eighth under the leadership of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady. Philadelphia had an NFC - best 13 -- 3 record, but became underdogs entering the playoffs after starting quarterback Carson Wentz suffered a season - ending injury late in the regular season and was replaced by journeyman backup Nick Foles. Still, the Eagles advanced to their third Super Bowl appearance, having previously lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV and to the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXIX. Several records were set during Super Bowl LII, including most yards gained in an NFL game by both teams combined ( 1,151 ), the fewest punts from both teams in a Super Bowl ( one ), and the most points scored by a Super Bowl losing team ( 33 ). The game was settled after the Eagles converted a fumble recovery deep within Patriots territory to a field goal with 1 : 05 remaining to extend their lead to eight points, and Brady 's Hail Mary pass fell incomplete as time expired. With the loss, the Patriots became the first defending Super Bowl champions since the the 2014 Seattle Seahawks to lose in the following year 's title game. Foles, who completed 28 of 43 pass attempts for 373 yards and three touchdowns with one interception, and caught a one - yard touchdown pass, was named Super Bowl MVP. The broadcast of the game on NBC had the smallest Super Bowl audience in nine years, with an average of 103.4 million viewers. Average TV viewership for the halftime show, headlined by Justin Timberlake, was 106.6 million American television viewers, 9 percent less than Lady Gaga 's in the previous year Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Host - city selection 1.2 Teams 1.2. 1 Philadelphia Eagles 1.2. 2 New England Patriots 1.3 Playoffs 1.4 Pre-game notes 1.4. 1 Operations 1.4. 2 Associated events 2 Broadcasting 2.1 United States 2.1. 1 Advertising 2.1. 2 Lead - out programs 2.2 International broadcasts 2.2. 1 Brazil 2.2. 2 Canada 2.2. 3 United Kingdom 2.2. 4 Germany 2.2. 5 France 2.2. 6 U.S. military bases 3 Entertainment 3.1 Pre-game 3.2 Halftime show 4 Game summary 4.1 First half 4.2 Second half 4.3 Game statistics 4.4 Box score 5 Final statistics 5.1 Statistical comparison 5.2 Individual statistics 6 Starting lineups 7 Officials 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Host - city selection ( edit ) The U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota, where Super Bowl LII was held. On October 8, 2013, the league announced that three venues would vie to host Super Bowl LII : U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Minneapolis hosted Super Bowl XXVI in 1992 at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, which was torn down after the 2013 season and replaced in 2014 and 2015 by U.S. Bank Stadium. Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, Indiana. The stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVI in 2012. Mercedes - Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. The city has hosted 10 Super Bowls, including seven at the Superdome, most recently Super Bowl XLVII in 2013. On May 20, 2014, the league 's owners picked Minneapolis at their meeting in Atlanta, Georgia. Teams ( edit ) The NFC was represented by the number - one playoff seed Philadelphia Eagles, while the AFC was represented by the number - one playoff seed New England Patriots, marking the fourth time in the previous five years that the Super Bowl had featured the top team from each conference. Philadelphia Eagles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Philadelphia Eagles season Nick Foles in 2014. The Eagles finished the regular season with a record of 13 -- 3, the same as New England, Minnesota, and Pittsburgh, but the various tie - breaking provisions gave them the NFC 's top seed in the 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs. It was a substantial improvement for the team under second - year head coach Doug Pederson ; the Eagles finished the two previous seasons with 7 -- 9 records. In the 2017 season, the team scored 457 points ( third in the NFL ), while giving up just 295 ( fourth ) points. The offense was led by Pro Bowl quarterback Carson Wentz. In just his second season, he recorded a passer rating of 101.9, throwing for 3,296 yards and 33 touchdowns, with only seven interceptions. His top target was Pro Bowl tight end Zach Ertz, who caught 74 passes for 824 yards and eight touchdowns. Other contributors were two receivers acquired from off - season free agency : Alshon Jeffery, who caught 57 passes for 789 yards and nine scores ; and Torrey Smith, who had 36 receptions for 430 yards. Meanwhile, third - year receiver Nelson Agholor had the best season of his career, hauling in 62 passes for 768 yards and eight touchdowns, a higher total in each category than in his previous two seasons combined. The Eagles rushing attack also benefited from two recently acquired players, LeGarrette Blount and Jay Ajayi. Blount, an off - season signing who won a Super Bowl with the Patriots, gained 776 rushing yards and two touchdowns, while Ajayi, picked up by a mid-season trade with the Miami Dolphins, rushed for 873 yards and caught 24 passes for 154 yards combined with the two teams. Philadelphia also had a superb offensive line, lead by two Pro Bowl selections : Tackle Lane Johnson and Guard Brandon Brooks. The Eagles defense allowed the fourth - fewest yards in the league ( 4,904 ). Defensive tackle Fletcher Cox made the Pro Bowl for the third time in his career, recording 5 ​ ⁄ sacks and two fumble recoveries, and he had plenty of help around him, such as former Patriots defensive end Chris Long, who had five sacks and forced four fumbles, and defensive end Brandon Graham, who led the team with 9 ​ ⁄ sacks. Middle linebacker Nigel Bradham led the team in combined tackles with 88. The Eagles secondary featured Pro Bowl safety Malcolm Jenkins, who had 76 combined tackles and two interceptions, along with cornerback Patrick Robinson, who led the team with four interceptions. Philadelphia had stormed to the top of the NFC by winning 10 of their first 12 games, but suffered a major setback on December 10, when Wentz went down with a season - ending ACL tear and was replaced by journeyman backup quarterback Nick Foles, who was playing for his third team in as many years and his second stint with the Eagles. Still, Foles was able to lead the team to victory in that game, as well as the next two. The Eagles would lose a meaningless week 17 matchup with the Cowboys led by third - string quarterback Nate Sudfeld. Then in their two playoff games, Foles threw for a combined total of 598 yards and three touchdowns, with no interceptions. New England Patriots ( edit ) Main article : 2017 New England Patriots season Tom Brady in 2016. The Patriots entered the 2017 NFL season as defending Super Bowl champions. For the 16th time in their 18 seasons under 65 - year old coach Bill Belichick, they recorded a double - digit win season, finishing the regular season with a record of 13 -- 3, one of four teams ( along with Philadelphia, Minnesota, and Pittsburgh ) with that record. By virtue of the tie - breaking procedures, they were granted the AFC 's number one overall seed in the 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs. The previous season 's top wide receiver Julian Edelman went down in the preseason with a season - ending injury. Early season defensive struggles left the team with a 2 -- 2 record after four weeks, and the worst overall defense in the league at that point. The defense would come together as a unit, and tighten up over the rest of the season however, with the Patriots going 11 -- 1 after week 4. Their sole loss in the latter part of the season came in Week 14 to the Miami Dolphins, a division rival, though they were without star tight end Rob Gronkowski due to a one game suspension for an unnecessary roughness call the prior week. The Patriots ' defense was improved by several late - season free - agent signings, including Eric Lee, a defensive end, previously from the Buffalo Bills, whom the Patriots signed in Week 12, and James Harrison, a perennial All - Pro for the Pittsburgh Steelers, whom the Patriots picked up off waivers after Christmas. In just six games for New England, Lee recorded 3 ​ ⁄ sacks, a safety, and an interception. In his only regular season game with the Patriots, Harrison recorded two sacks. During the regular season, New England 's offense led the league in yards gained ( 6,307 ) and ranked second in points scored ( 458 ). The 40 - year - old Brady finished his 18th season with a league - leading 4,577 passing yards and 32 touchdowns to just eight interceptions, earning him his 13th selection to the Pro Bowl and his third league MVP award. One change which helped make up for the loss of Edelman would be the new acquisition of receiver Brandin Cooks, who caught 65 passes for 1,082 yards and seven touchdowns. Brady was also aided by the healthy return of Gronkowski, who had played just eight games in the previous season, finishing this year with 69 catches for 1,084 yards and eight scores. Receiver Danny Amendola added 61 receptions for 659 yards, as well as another 240 yards returning punts. With the loss of their previous season 's rushing leader LeGarrette Blount to free agency, Dion Lewis stepped up to take the lead, rushing for 896 yards and six touchdowns despite starting only eight games. He also caught 32 passes for 214 yards and two touchdowns, and added 570 yards and another touchdown returning kickoffs. Rex Burkhead chipped in 518 all - purpose yards, 30 receptions, and eight touchdowns. In passing situations, the team relied heavily on running back James White, who caught 56 passes for 429 yards and rushed for 171 on the ground. These backs were aided by the blocking of fullback James Develin, who earned his first Pro Bowl selection. On special teams, kicker Stephen Gostkowski ranked second in the NFL with 156 points and fourth in field goals made with 37, while veteran special team ace Matthew Slater earned his seventh consecutive Pro Bowl selection. The Patriots ' defense ranked only 29th in yards allowed ( 5,856 ), but ranked fifth in fewest points, giving up only 296. Defensive end Trey Flowers led the team with 6 ​ ⁄ sacks while also forcing two fumbles. Linebacker Kyle Van Noy had 73 tackles and 5 ​ ⁄ sacks. The Patriots also had a superb secondary, led by cornerbacks Malcolm Butler ( two interceptions, three forced fumbles ) and Stephon Gilmore ( two interceptions, 47 solo tackles ), as well as safeties Devin McCourty ( 97 combined tackles, one interception, one fumble recovery ), Patrick Chung ( 84 tackles, one interception, two fumble recoveries ) and Duron Harmon ( four interceptions ). Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs In the playoffs, the Patriots earned a first round bye and home - field advantage due to their status as the AFC 's first overall seed. In the divisional round, they defeated the Tennessee Titans 35 -- 14, as Brady passed for 337 yards and three touchdowns. In that game, the defense amassed eight quarterback sacks of Marcus Mariota and held the Titans ' running game to 65 yards rushing. They then defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars 24 -- 20 in the AFC Championship Game, rallying from behind to win the game after the Jaguars jumped out to an early 14 -- 3 lead and whose league - best defense stymied Brady and the rest of the offense for most of the first half. Down 20 -- 10 in the fourth quarter, the Patriots comeback was sealed by two Brady - led drives, both resulting in touchdown passes to Danny Amendola, as well as a key defensive stop by Stephon Gilmore, whose acrobatic block of a Blake Bortles pass ended Jacksonville 's last chance to score. Rob Gronkowski was injured in the game with a concussion, leaving his status for the Super Bowl in doubt. Amendola would be the breakout star for the Patriots during their two playoff wins, leading the team with 196 receiving yards, and serving as Brady 's primary target. Meanwhile, Philadelphia started off the divisional round by narrowly defeating the Atlanta Falcons 15 -- 10, by stopping the Falcons on four consecutive plays after they had a first - down - and - goal situation on the Eagles 9 - yard line during their final drive. They then soundly defeated the Minnesota Vikings 38 -- 7 in the NFC Championship Game. Despite the Vikings scoring on their opening drive, the Eagles defense held them to three punts, two turnovers on downs, two interceptions, and one lost fumble in their remaining drives of the game. Meanwhile, Foles had a great game in which he completed 26 of 33 passes for 353 yards and three touchdowns. Pregame notes ( edit ) This game was a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX. Only one player, Patriots starting quarterback Tom Brady, remained on either roster from that contest. Bill Belichick, the Patriots ' head coach in that contest, also remained in that position. Two Eagles, running back LeGarrette Blount and defensive lineman Chris Long, had been Patriots in 2017 's Super Bowl LI. The Patriots were the designated home team for Super Bowl LII, because the AFC team is the designated home team in even - numbered years and the NFC team in odd - numbered years. As the designated home team, the Patriots chose to wear their road white jerseys with navy blue pants, becoming the sixth team to wear their white jerseys as the home team and the third team to wear white in back - to - back Super Bowls, following the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowls XII and XIII and again in Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII. The Eagles therefore wore their standard home uniform of midnight green jerseys with white pants. Twelve of the previous 13 Super Bowls had been won by teams wearing white jerseys. The last team to win a Super Bowl while wearing their home uniforms was the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XLV ( who, coincidentally, had also worn green jerseys. ) Operations ( edit ) Security prescreening at the Mall of America before boarding the Metro Blue Line to U.S. Bank Stadium. To coordinate the game and 10 days of events, the National Football League temporarily operated an events office within the Minnesota Vikings office building next to U.S. Bank Stadium. More than 150,000 visitors were expected to attend events associated with the Super Bowl over ten days. Among them were some 5,000 - plus media members ; media day events and press conferences were held at The Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota. No sales tax was collected on admission tickets to the game and related events, including parking. To increase security around U.S. Bank Stadium, the stadium 's light rail station was shut down for 48 hours before the game, and a nearby homeless shelter was temporarily moved beyond the security perimeter. The Blue Line of the light rail system was only open to ticketholders and passengers with a Gameday Pass, while the Green Line only ran to Stadium Village station on the University of Minnesota campus before continuing on with restricted access. Metro Transit ran shuttle buses between light rail stations, as well as regular bus service was moved for several weeks due to street closures. Thirty activist groups organized a rally and protest against police brutality, corporate greed, and racist practices. 17 people blocked the Green Line train for 90 minutes before the game, and 200 protesters blocked an entrance to the stadium 's security perimeter. Under a 1998 agreement, the Patriots and Eagles owners split the tickets, and the league controlled the game presentation and entertainment in the stadium. The Patriots practiced at the Minnesota Vikings facilities in Eden Prairie while the Eagles used the University of Minnesota. The Eagles got the Vikings ' locker room and sideline. The Vikings had advanced to the NFC Championship Game before losing to the Eagles ; until that point, the possibility of the Vikings advancing to the Super Bowl and thus becoming the first team to play the game in its home stadium was plausible. Had that happened, the Vikings would have used their own locker rooms and training facilities while the AFC champion would have used the University of Minnesota. Associated events ( edit ) Nicollet Mall hosted the outdoor Super Bowl Live festival during the lead - up to the game. The Minnesota Super Bowl Host Committee presented Super Bowl Live on Nicollet Mall in downtown Minneapolis. This ten - day free festival and concert series featured Sheila E., the Revolution, Morris Day and the Time, and the New Power Generation, musicians from Minnesota who collaborated with Prince, a Minneapolis native. Produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, Super Bowl Live also included performances by Idina Menzel, Soul Asylum, the Suburbs, Bob Mould, Sounds of Blackness, Dessa, VocalEssence, Mint Condition, and the Jets. In addition to the concert series, Super Bowl Live featured a 200 - foot ( 61 m ) American Birkebeiner International Bridge on Nicollet Mall to showcase cross-country skiing, skijoring, fat - tire bicycle racing, and snow tubing demonstrations. There was also a snowmobile stunt show on February 3. The NFL presented the Super Bowl Experience at the Minneapolis Convention Center from January 27 to February 3 with an entrance fee. Kelly Clarkson performed at the Minneapolis Armory and a U.S. Bank Stadium lounge on the day of the Super Bowl. The Minneapolis Armory also hosted Jennifer Lopez, Imagine Dragons, and Pink concerts close to U.S. Bank Stadium. Pink also performed the national anthem before the Super Bowl. Halftime performer Justin Timberlake held a ticketed `` listening session '' of his newest album at Prince 's Paisley Park. Dave Matthews Band will perform at Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul. The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community 's Mystic Lake Casino hosted Gwen Stefani, the Chainsmokers, Florida Georgia Line, and Kygo. Planners originally scheduled a 64,000 - square - foot ( 5,900 m ) traveling nightclub for 9500 people, but cancelled, moving its concerts into the main casino. Ellie Goulding 's appearance with Kygo was cancelled at the same time. The Mystic Lake Casino in Prior Lake, Minnesota, has the second - largest hotel in the Twin Cities metropolitan area, and Prior Lake hosted Super Bowl - week events including winter activities, a hotdish competition, and fundraisers. Other events were held at the Mall of America ( including Radio Row as a home for national shows ), Saint Paul 's RiverCentre and Xcel Energy Center, the Minnesota Vikings ' Winter Park location in Eden Prairie, and the University of Minnesota. `` Taste of the NFL '' is a fundraiser for food banks and was held in Saint Paul. Minneapolis also offered a temporary zip - line across the Mississippi River near downtown. The Luminary Loppet around Lake of the Isles in Minneapolis featured fire dancing, an ice pyramid, and luminary candles at night. The 2018 Saint Paul Winter Carnival took place leading up to, during and after the Super Bowl. Carnival organizers built a large ice palace to coincide with the Super Bowl festivities, as with Super Bowl XXVI in 1992. The ice palace was planned, cancelled for lack of funds, then re-announced with sponsors. Events in Saint Paul will also include an extreme sports demonstration, a `` giant slide '', and a block party. Officials in the capital city hoped to attract Minneapolis Super Bowl visitors. The Minneapolis Institute of Art had a free 20 - by - 40 - foot ( 6.1 m × 12.2 m ), 6 - foot - tall ( 1.8 m ) ice maze. The Great Northern was a winter festival in the Twin Cities from January 25 to February 4 which included the U.S. Pond Hockey Championships, an ice bar, and an `` urban ski competition ''. ESPN broadcast its studio programming from the IDS Center in downtown Minneapolis, while Golf Channel ( a sister network of Super Bowl LII broadcaster NBC ) aired two live episodes of David Feherty 's eponymous series from the State Theatre. Native American communities of Minnesota performed nightly drum ceremonies. Various drumlines from around the state performed at different locations throughout the day. Broadcasting ( edit ) United States ( edit ) NBC broadcast Super Bowl LII, as part of an annual cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL. NBC 's lead NFL team of play - by - play man Al Michaels and color analyst Cris Collinsworth called the game. Sister cable network Universo carried a full Spanish language broadcast produced by Telemundo Deportes, with Edgar Lopez and Rene Giraldo. The Universo Spanish audio was also available on NBC through the SAP channel, where available. This was the last game in Westwood One 's current national radio contract with the NFL. Each participating team 's flagship station ( the Patriots Radio Network 's WBZ - FM / Boston, and the Eagles Radio Network 's WIP - FM / Philadelphia, along with WEMG / Camden, New Jersey for Spanish play - by - play ) carried the game with local announcers. ( For the second consecutive year, none of the local flagships are clear - channel stations, and thus the local commentators were only audible for free within each respective team 's immediate metropolitan area ; listeners who live outside the flagship stations ' broadcast ranges were required to subscribe to Sirius XM Radio or TuneIn Premium to access the local broadcasts. ) Under the terms of the Westwood One contract, any radio station that is not a local flagship, if it is to carry the game, is required to utilize the Westwood One feed. It was the first title win called by Eagles play - by - play announcer Merrill Reese, who has been the primary radio voice of the team since 1977. Online streams of the game were provided by NBC. It was available on NBCSports.com, the NBC Sports app for mobile devices, tablets, connected - TV devices, and NBC.com without any required login. The Spanish - language broadcast was available on the Telemundo Deportes En Vivo app and TelemundoDeportes.com for desktop devices, connected TV devices, and tablets but not mobile devices. Under new digital rights deals that began with the 2017 -- 18 playoffs, Verizon still offers mobile streaming of games, but no longer holds exclusive rights to stream NFL games on smartphones or make them exclusive to Verizon Wireless subscribers. Instead, Verizon elected to use use the deal to bolster its recent acquisition of Yahoo! ; on January 9, 2018, Verizon announced that it would host streams of playoff games through the Yahoo! Sports and go90 app, including Super Bowl LII. As a result of the deal, the online stream was available to viewers on all Internet devices for the first time, regardless of network ( because of Verizon 's previous exclusive rights deal, non-Verizon phones had previously been blocked from receiving any NFL telecasts, regardless of source ). The game was also available through the NFL Mobile app with the aforementioned change to viewing through the app now being allowed on all mobile carriers. Dan Patrick and Liam McHugh served as the lead hosts for NBC 's pre-game coverage. Mike Tirico, who replaced the retiring Bob Costas in 2017 as NBC 's lead studio host for both the NFL and the Olympic Games, did not participate in coverage of Super Bowl LII due to his commitments to prepare for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea ( which opened on the Friday following the game ). Nielsen reported a 47.4 / 70 % overnight rating in metered markets, peaking at 52.2 / 74 during the fourth quarter. These numbers are about 3 % lower than early numbers from Super Bowl LI, and the lowest since Super Bowl XLIV in 2010. Advertising ( edit ) Dan Lovinger, NBC Sports Group executive vice president of ad sales, stated to Variety in July 2017 that the network was seeking a price `` north of $5 million '' ( the price set for the previous two Super Bowls ) for a 30 - second commercial during Super Bowl LII. Taking advantage of the 2018 Winter Olympics that begins five days after the Super Bowl ( which will mark the first time since 1992 that a single broadcast network will air both the Super Bowl and Winter Olympics in the same year ), NBC disclosed plans to offer advertising packages that cover both Super Bowl LII and the Olympics. NBC estimated that it would bring in at least $1 billion in advertising revenue from the two events. During the second quarter, an equipment failure caused NBC 's broadcast to experience dead air for 30 seconds during a commercial break. No actual commercial time was lost. Anheuser - Busch has, as it has done in previous Super Bowls, purchased multiple commercials in the game, advertising Bud Light, Stella Artois and Michelob Ultra. For the first time since Super Bowl VIII, the company would downsize the appearances of the Budweiser Clydesdales in a Super Bowl commercial. However, a Clydesdale was featured in a commercial for Tide detergent and the Budweiser Clydesdales only appeared in a 5 - second Budweiser commercial to remind viewers of the `` ClydesdaleCam '' livestreaming event. Other signed advertisers included The Coca - Cola Company and Avocados from Mexico. Cellphone carrier T - Mobile aired a minute long ad with actress Kerry Washington narrating, featuring babies of various ethnic backgrounds. The commercial also features Nirvana 's song `` All Apologies '' played as a lullaby. In the ad, Washington talks about the babies being born with natural instincts of love and not racism calling them `` unstoppable '' and that they will demand fair and equal pay. T - Mobile CEO John Legere posted to his Twitter account afterwards saying, `` This year, we wanted to use our # SuperBowl airtime to share that @ TMobile believes we all started in the same place. We are more alike than different. And we are unstoppable. '' Fiat Chrysler subsidiary Ram Trucks was met with swift and harsh criticism for its use of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr 's sermon `` The Drum Major Instinct ''. Major news outlets and social media erupted in the controversy. Particularly disturbing to many viewers was the selective exploitation of King 's anti-consumerist, anti-advertising speech in an attempt to sell trucks. Lead - out programs ( edit ) NBC 's lead - out program was an episode of This Is Us, titled `` Super Bowl Sunday '', alongside a special episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon from Minneapolis ' Orpheum Theatre, with halftime performer Justin Timberlake, Dwayne Johnson, Chris Stapleton and the cast of This Is Us as guests. In a surprise move, Netflix used its advertising time to announce it had acquired the rights to The Cloverfield Paradox, the third film in the Cloverfield series, and would make it available immediately after the game, potentially undercutting viewership of the lucrative post-game slot on NBC. International broadcasts ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) The Super Bowl was shown live by ESPN Brasil, with Paulo Antunes and Everaldo Marques as the announcers for the evening. It was also shown live on Cinemark, Cinépolis, Kinoplex and UCI movie theaters across the country. Canada ( edit ) The U.S. telecasts of Super Bowl LII were available through local U.S. broadcast stations that are carried on Canadian cable and satellite providers, as well as on border blasters near the International Boundary. The last appeals attempting to force simultaneous substitution, as had been allowed through Super Bowl 50 but had been repealed in 2016, over the telecasts were exhausted in December 2017. Bell Canada holds broadcast rights for local stations in Canada and aired the game across its networks on CTV, CTV Two, RDS ( for French ), TSN Radio and TSN2 ; TSN 's regional networks did not carry the game due to a schedule conflict with the 2018 Scotties Tournament of Hearts, the national women 's curling championship. Bell reprised the previous year 's usage of a sweepstakes and entertainment features to retain Canadian audiences. On RDS, the announcer was David Arsenault with Pierre Vercheval as analyst and Didier Orméjuste on the sidelines. United kingdom ( edit ) As per recent years, the Super Bowl was shown live on the BBC for no additional cost over the license fee. It was also available on Sky Sports with a subscription, through a Now TV Sports Pass, or as part of the NFL Gamepass Playoffs package. In a change to tradition, the BBC chose to use NBC 's feed instead of the NFL Films and NFL Network produced World Feed. Germany ( edit ) ProSieben broadcast the Super Bowl for the first time, after it had previously been on sister channel Sat. 1 since Super Bowl XLVI. It was shown for no additional cost in standard - definition and on ProSieben HD in high - definition on HD+ as well as multiple cable and IPTV providers. It was also available on internet streaming service DAZN for no cost in addition to the regular subscription fee. France ( edit ) beIn Sports2 and W9 broadcast the event. U.S. military bases ( edit ) American Forces Network carried the Super Bowl live to members of the United States Armed Forces in Eurasia. Entertainment ( edit ) Pregame ( edit ) The inside of the stadium on game day. Pink performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '', while Leslie Odom Jr. sang `` America the Beautiful ''. Pink spit out a throat lozenge shortly before singing the anthem, later verified after many commentators thought she had spit out a piece of gum. She reported being ill with flu symptoms during her performance. No players were observed kneeling during the national anthem, in contrast to the protests that happened earlier in the 2017 and 2016 seasons. Halftime show ( edit ) Main article : Super Bowl LII halftime show Justin Timberlake performs on piano alongside projected archive footage of Prince during the Super Bowl LII halftime show. Justin Timberlake headlined the Super Bowl LII halftime show, along with his band `` The Tennessee Kids '' and featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band. Timberlake performed in two previous Super Bowls : Super Bowl XXXV in 2001 as a member of NSYNC, and Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 with Janet Jackson. Timberlake 's performance drew criticism for not being `` spectacular '', looking to be safe and avoid incidents such as the infamous `` wardrobe malfunction '' encountered during his performance with Jackson, and for incorporating a video of Prince, who opposed performances combining the dead and the living. Game Summary ( edit ) First half ( edit ) A Philadelphia Eagles handoff during the first quarter. The New England Patriots won the opening coin toss and elected to defer to the second half. The Patriots kicked to the Eagles who opened with a long time consuming drive of 7 : 05 and resulted in a 25 - yard Jake Elliott field goal, giving the Eagles a 3 -- 0 lead. The drive was controlled by the arm of Eagles quarterback Nick Foles, who went 6 - for - 9 for 61 yards and completed passes to five different receivers, with a few short runs by LeGarrette Blount and Jay Ajayi littered in. Foles also made two critical completions on third down plays, hitting Alshon Jeffery for a 17 - yard gain on third - and - 4, and later finding Torrey Smith for 15 yards on third - and - 12. The Patriots responded with a drive of their own, almost with the exact same results ; quarterback Tom Brady going 6 - for - 8 for 60 yards to four different receivers, the longest a 28 - yard pass to Chris Hogan. The drive stalled out on the Eagles 8 - yard line, where they had to settle for Stephen Gostkowski 's 26 - yard field goal, tying the game at 3 -- 3. The game 's first touchdown was scored by the Eagles on the next drive, taking only three plays : a short pass from Foles to Nelson Agholor, a 36 - yard run up the middle by Blount, and a 34 - yard touchdown pass from Foles to Jeffery to the left side of the field. The ensuing extra point missed as it was wide right, however, leaving the score at 9 -- 3. On the next Patriots drive, they took the ball to the Philadelphia 11 - yard line, mainly on the strength of a 50 - yard completion from Brady to Danny Amendola, where the quarter ended. With the second quarter under way, the Patriots came away empty - handed on the drive, as Gostkowski missed a 26 - yard field goal attempt after holder Ryan Allen mishandled the snap. New England 's defense forced the game 's only punt on the next drive. On the following drive, Brady completed a 23 - yard pass to Brandin Cooks, but a hard hit by defender Malcolm Jenkins knocked the receiver out of the game. On third down from near mid-field, the Patriots attempted a trick play that involved two handoffs and a pass downfield to Tom Brady. Brady was open, but dropped the throw from Amendola. They went for it on fourth down, and a pass intended for tight end Rob Gronkowski fell incomplete, giving the Eagles the ball on their own 35 - yard line on a turnover - on - downs. The Eagles capitalized on a drive featuring two key completions, a 19 - yard catch by Zach Ertz on third - and - 7, and a 22 - yard reception by Jeffery on the Patriots 21 - yard line. On the next play, a 21 - yard rumble by Blount gave the Eagles another touchdown. They attempted a two - point conversion, which failed, bringing the score to 15 -- 3. The Patriots quickly struck back, as Brady completed a 46 - yard pass to Rex Burkhead on the first play after the kickoff. But the team could only gain two more yards, resulting in Gostkowski 's 45 - yard field goal that got the score to 15 -- 6. The Eagles got the ball back with 7 : 24 on the clock and looked poised to score another touchdown when a 26 - yard run by Ajayi gave them a first down on the Patriots 43 - yard line. But on the next play, Foles threw a pass that bounced off Jeffery as he tried to make a one - handed catch and went into the hands of Patriots safety Duron Harmon for an interception, which he returned eight yards to the 10 - yard line. The Patriots took advantage of the turnover with a seven - play, 90 - yard drive, featuring a 43 - yard completion from Brady to Hogan. On the next play, James White scored with a 26 - yard touchdown run, after which Gostkowski missed the extra point, with the score at 15 -- 12. Eagles running back Kenjon Barner returned the ensuing kickoff 27 yards to his own 30 - yard line as time ran down to the two - minute warning. Two plays later on third - and - 3, Foles completed a short pass to running back Corey Clement, who took off for a 55 - yard gain to the New England 8 - yard line. Then he ran the ball six yards to the two - yard line. Two plays later, Philadelphia faced fourth - and - goal on the 1 - yard line with 38 seconds left on the clock. Deciding to go for the touchdown, they attempted a similar trick play to the one that had failed for the Patriots earlier. As Foles stepped up to the running back position, Clement took a direct snap and pitched the ball to tight end Trey Burton, who then threw the ball perfectly to Foles, who was wide open in the right side of the end zone. Foles caught the football, making him the first quarterback ever to catch a touchdown pass in a Super Bowl, and the ensuing extra point was good, giving the Eagles a 22 -- 12 lead, which was taken into the locker room following a short drive by the Patriots. The first half resulted in numerous Super Bowl records from both teams, including most total yards combined ( 673 ). This was also the first time two quarterbacks had thrown for over 200 yards in the first half of a Super Bowl, with Brady throwing for 276 yards and Foles throwing for 215 yards. Second half ( edit ) The Patriots received the second - half kickoff and Brady led New England 75 yards in eight plays. Gronkowski, who only caught one pass for nine yards in the first half, caught five passes for 68 yards on the drive, the last a 5 - yard touchdown reception to make the score 22 - 19. The Eagles responded by moving the ball 85 yards in 11 plays on a drive that consumed less than five minutes and featured three critical third down conversions by Foles. The first was a 17 - yard pass to Agholor on third - and - 6 from the Eagles 19 - yard line. Later in the drive, he thew a 14 - yard completion to Ertz on third - and - 1 from the New England 40 - yard line. Finally, he finished the possession with a 22 - yard touchdown pass to Clement on third - and - 6. The touchdown was held up by a replay review, but replay officials confirmed that Clement kept both feet inbounds and controlled the ball. An Elliott extra point brought the score to 29 -- 19 in favor of the Eagles. Brady responded with a 10 - play, 75 - yard drive, completing all three of his passes for 61 yards, the last one a 26 - yard touchdown pass to Hogan that brought the score to 29 -- 26. The Eagles followed with an 8 - play, 51 - yard drive featuring a 24 - yard completion from Foles to Agholor on the first play. By the end of the third quarter, the team had made it to the New England 16 - yard line. The Eagles opened the fourth quarter scoring with a Jake Elliott field goal to bring the score to 32 -- 26. However, Brady came back with another 75 - yard drive featuring a 30 - yard reception by Amendola and ending with a four - yard pass to Gronkowski, his second touchdown of the game, giving the Patriots their first lead of the game with the score at 33 -- 32. On their next drive, the Eagles faced third - and - 6 after two plays, but were able to keep the ball with a 7 - yard catch by Ertz. Eventually, they faced a fourth - and - 1 on their own 45 - yard line with 5 : 39 left in the game. Deciding to go for the conversion rather than punt, Foles completed a 2 - yard pass to Ertz that kept the drive alive. Then after a 1 - yard Blount run, he picked up three consecutive first downs with three passes to Agholor for gains of 10, 18, and 10 yards, respectively, moving the ball to the New England 14 - yard line. Following a 3 - yard run by Ajayi, Foles threw a 9 - yard touchdown pass to Ertz with 2 : 21 remaining in the game. The play was held up on review, as Ertz lost the ball after touching the ground in the end zone ; it was however determined that he established himself as a runner and also maintained control of the ball as he broke the plane of the goal line. However, a failed two - point conversion left the Eagles with a 38 -- 33 lead. On the Patriots ' next drive, Eagles defensive end Brandon Graham stripped the ball from Brady on the drive 's second play for the only sack of the game for either team. Defensive end Derek Barnett of the Eagles recovered the ball, allowing the Eagles to run the clock down to 1 : 05 and forcing New England to use up all their remaining timeouts. Elliott then kicked a 46 - yard field goal, putting Philadelphia ahead by eight points, with the score at 41 -- 33, and New England needing a touchdown and a two - point conversion to tie the game and send it into overtime. After nine plays ( one of them a 13 - yard catch by Amendola on fourth - and - 10 ), Brady reached the 49 - yard line, and with only nine seconds remaining, he threw a Hail Mary pass to the end zone, to no avail. When time expired, the Eagles had won their first Vince Lombardi Trophy in franchise history, and their first league championship since 1960. Game Statistics ( edit ) The trophy presentation after the game. The combined 74 points scored by both teams was one point shy of the Super Bowl record of 75, set in Super Bowl XXIX in 1995 ; it and this game marked only the second time in the game 's history where the two teams combined for 70 + points. The game also set a record for most yardage by both teams ( combined ) with 1,151 yards, the most for any single game, regular season or postseason. The game had many other Super Bowl records set as well, including fewest punts from both teams ( one ), most yards gained by a team ( 613 for New England ) and most points scored by a losing team ( 33 ). Foles completed 28 - of - 43 passes for 373 yards and three touchdowns, with one interception, and caught a touchdown pass. Clement, who caught only 10 passes for 123 yards and two touchdowns during the season, was the Eagles leading receiver with four receptions for 100 yards and a touchdown, while also rushing for eight yards. Agholor had nine receptions for 84 yards. Blount was the game 's top rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown. Brady completed 28 - of - 48 passes for 505 yards and three touchdowns, breaking the record for most passing yards in a Super Bowl that he had set in the previous season. Amendola was his top target with eight receptions for 152 yards, while Hogan had six for 128 yards and a touchdown and Gronkowski caught nine passes for 116 yards and two scores. Box score ( edit ) Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots -- Game summary Total Eagles 9 13 7 12 41 Patriots 9 14 7 33 at U.S. Bank Stadium, Minneapolis, Minnesota Date : February 4, 2018 Game time : 5 : 31 p.m. CST Game weather : Played indoors ( domed stadium ) Game attendance : 67,612 Referee : Gene Steratore TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels, Cris Collinsworth, Michele Tafoya Recap, Game Book ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP PHI NE 7 : 55 14 67 7 : 05 PHI 25 - yard field goal by Elliott 0 4 : 17 9 67 3 : 38 NE 26 - yard field goal by Gostkowski 2 : 34 77 1 : 43 PHI Jeffery 34 - yard touchdown reception from Foles, Elliott kick no good ( wide right ) 9 8 : 48 6 65 3 : 05 PHI Blount 21 - yard touchdown run, 2 - point pass no good 15 7 : 24 5 48 1 : 24 NE 45 - yard field goal by Gostkowski 15 6 2 : 04 7 90 2 : 57 NE White 26 - yard touchdown run, Gostkowski kick no good ( wide left ) 15 12 0 : 34 7 70 1 : 30 PHI Foles 1 - yard touchdown reception from Burton, Elliott kick good 22 12 12 : 15 8 75 2 : 45 NE Gronkowski 5 - yard touchdown reception from Brady, Gostkowski kick good 22 19 7 : 18 11 85 4 : 57 PHI Clement 22 - yard touchdown reception from Foles, Elliott kick good 29 19 3 : 23 7 75 3 : 55 NE Hogan 26 - yard touchdown reception from Brady, Gostkowski kick good 29 26 14 : 09 8 51 4 : 14 PHI 42 - yard field goal by Elliott 32 26 9 : 22 10 75 4 : 47 NE Gronkowski 4 - yard touchdown reception from Brady, Gostkowski kick good 32 33 2 : 21 14 75 7 : 01 PHI Ertz 11 - yard touchdown reception from Foles, 2 - point pass no good 38 33 1 : 05 1 : 04 PHI 46 - yard field goal by Elliott 41 33 `` TOP '' = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football. 41 33 Final Statistics ( edit ) Statistical comparison ( edit ) Statistic Philadelphia Eagles New England Patriots First downs 25 29 First downs rushing 6 First downs passing 19 23 First downs penalty 0 Third down efficiency 10 / 16 5 / 10 Fourth down efficiency 2 / 2 1 / 2 Total net yards 538 613 Net yards rushing 164 113 Rushing attempts 27 22 Yards per rush 6.1 5.1 Net yards passing 374 500 Passing -- completions / attempts 29 / 44 28 / 49 Times sacked -- total yards 0 -- 0 1 -- 5 Interceptions thrown 0 Punt returns -- total yards 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 Kickoff returns -- total yards 4 -- 98 3 -- 44 Interceptions -- total return yards 0 -- 0 1 -- 8 Punts -- average yardage 1 -- 41 0 -- 0 Fumbles -- lost 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 Penalties -- yards 6 -- 35 1 -- 5 Time of possession 34 : 04 25 : 56 Turnovers The lone Eagles punt was received with a fair catch. Records set ( Unless otherwise noted, all records were only Super Bowl records ) Most yards allowed 613 Philadelphia Eagles Most yards allowed in a win 613 Most Super Bowl appearances, as team 10 New England Patriots Most Points Scored in a Super Bowl, losing team 33 Most Total Yards, team ( game ) 613 Most Passing Yards, team ( postseason game ) 500 Fewest Punts, team ( game ) 0 Most players, 100 - or - more receiving yards ( Amendola 152, Hogan 128, Gronkowski 116 ) Most Super Bowl appearances, as player 8 Tom Brady ( New England ) Most Super Bowl appearances, as starting player 8 Most pass attempts, player ( career ) 357 Most pass completions, player ( career ) 235 Most passing yards, player ( any postseason game ) 505 Most passing yards, player ( career ) 2,576 Most touchdown passes, player ( career ) 18 Oldest quarterback, as player 40 years 185 days Oldest quarterback, as starting player 40 years 185 days Most Super Bowl appearances, as head coach 8 Bill Belichick ( New England ) Most Super Bowl appearances, as coach 11 Most Super Bowl appearances, in any capacity 11 Most TD Receptions, as quarterback ( game ) Nick Foles ( Philadelphia ) Most TD Receptions, as quarterback ( career ) Most Super Bowl games with TD Pass and TD Reception Longest field goal kicked by a rookie 46 yards Jake Elliott ( Philadelphia ) Most receiving yards, game, tight end 116 Rob Gronkowski ( New England ) Most Total Yards, both teams ( any NFL game ) 1,151 Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots Most First Downs Passing, both teams ( game ) 42 Most Passing Yards, both teams ( any postseason game ) 874 Most Missed PAT Conversions, both teams ( game ) Fewest Punts, both teams ( game ) Records tied Fewest Times Sacked, as team ( game ) 0 Philadelphia Eagles Fewest Fumbles, as team ( game ) 0 Fewest Fumbles Lost, as team ( game ) 0 Fewest punt returns, as team ( game ) 0 Most Missed PAT Conversions, as team ( game ) Most Super Bowl losses, as team 5 New England Patriots Fewest punt returns, as team ( game ) 0 Most Super Bowl appearances, as kicker 5 Stephen Gostkowski ( New England ) Most Pass Attempts with no Interceptions ( game ) 48 Tom Brady ( New England ) Most Field Goals, both teams ( game ) 5 Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots Most First Downs, both teams ( game ) 54 Most Pass Attempts, both teams ( game ) 93 Most Touchdown Passes, both teams ( game ) 7 Fewest Times Sacked, both teams ( game ) Fewest Punt Returns, both teams ( game ) 0 Fewest Punt Return Yards, both teams ( game ) 0 Individual statistics ( edit ) Eagles passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Nick Foles 28 / 43 373 Trey Burton 1 / 1 0 Eagles rushing Car Yds TD LG LeGarrette Blount 14 90 36 Jay Ajayi 9 57 0 26 Nelson Agholor 9 0 9 Corey Clement 8 0 6 Eagles receiving Rec Yds TD LG Nelson Agholor 9 84 0 24 Zach Ertz 7 67 19 Torrey Smith 5 49 0 17 Corey Clement 100 55 Alshon Jeffery 73 34 Nick Foles Trey Burton 0 0 0 0 Patriots passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Tom Brady 28 / 48 505 0 Danny Amendola 0 / 1 0 0 0 Patriots rushing Car Yds TD LG James White 7 45 26 Dion Lewis 9 39 0 8 Rex Burkhead 18 0 9 Tom Brady 6 0 6 Chris Hogan 0 Brandin Cooks 0 Patriots receiving Rec Yds TD LG Rob Gronkowski 9 116 25 Danny Amendola 8 152 0 50 Chris Hogan 6 128 43 James White 21 0 15 Rex Burkhead 46 0 46 Brandin Cooks 23 0 23 Phillip Dorsett 19 0 19 Tom Brady 0 0 0 0 James Develin 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Philadelphia Position Position New England Offense Alshon Jeffery WR Brandin Cooks Halapoulivaati Vaitai LT Nate Solder Stefen Wisniewski LG Joe Thuney Jason Kelce David Andrews Brandon Brooks RG Shaq Mason Lane Johnson RT Cameron Fleming Zach Ertz TE Rob Gronkowski Nelson Agholor WR Chris Hogan Nick Foles QB Tom Brady LeGarrette Blount RB Dion Lewis Torrey Smith WR FB James Develin Defense Vinny Curry DE LE Trey Flowers Timmy Jernigan DT Lawrence Guy Fletcher Cox DT Malcom Brown Brandon Graham DE LB James Harrison Mychal Kendricks OLB LB Kyle Van Noy Nigel Bradham OLB LB Elandon Roberts Jalen Mills CB RCB Stephon Gilmore Ronald Darby CB LCB Eric Rowe Corey Graham Patrick Chung Rodney McLeod Devin McCourty Malcolm Jenkins Duron Harmon Officials ( edit ) Super Bowl LII had eight officials. The numbers in parentheses below indicate their uniform numbers. Referee : Gene Steratore ( 114 ) Umpire : Roy Ellison ( 81 ) Down judge : Jerry Bergman ( 91 ) Line judge : Byron Boston ( 18 ) Field judge : Tom Hill ( 97 ) Side judge : Scott Edwards ( 3 ) Back judge : Perry Paganelli ( 46 ) Replay official : Paul Weidner This was Steratore 's first Super Bowl as a referee, though he had been previously selected as an alternate for Super Bowl XLIV. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brinson, Will ( January 21, 2018 ). `` 2018 Super Bowl odds, line : Eagles are big underdogs again, this time against Patriots ''. cbssports.com. CBS Sports. Archived from the original on January 22, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII Officials Named '' ( Press release ). National Football League. January 17, 2018. Archived from the original on January 18, 2018. Retrieved January 17, 2018. 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October 22, 2017. Archived from the original on October 27, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2017. Jump up ^ Riemenschneider, Chris. `` No hologram, but still a Prince tribute in Justin Timberlake 's halftime show ''. Star Tribune. Archived from the original on February 5, 2018. Retrieved February 5, 2018. Jump up ^ Rollins, Khadrice ( October 22, 2017 ). `` Justin Timberlake performing at Super Bowl LII halftime ''. Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2017. Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : Justin Timberlake to Headline Super Bowl Halftime ''. Variety. October 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 3, 2018. Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic ( February 5, 2018 ). `` Justin Timberlake 's Botched Super Bowl Halftime Show Return Not Princely -- Review ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2018. Jump up ^ Sherman, Rodger. `` The Winners and Losers From Super Bowl LII ''. The Ringer. Archived from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved February 5, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII Play By Play ''. NFL.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2018. Retrieved February 5, 2018. Jump up ^ Breech, John ( February 5, 2018 ). `` Super Bowl 2018 : Patriots 26 - yard field goal attempt ends with crazy miss ''. CBS Sports. Archived from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2018 : Eagles beat Patriots to win first title -- as it happened ''. Guardian. February 5, 2018. Archived from the original on February 5, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2018. Jump up ^ Loumena, Dan ( February 4, 2018 ). `` Checking the stats at halftime ''. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved February 7, 2018. Jump up ^ Stites, Adam ( February 5, 2018 ). `` The Patriots and Eagles gave us the 2nd highest - scoring Super Bowl ever ''. SB Nation. Archived from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2018. Jump up ^ Tansey, Joe ( February 5, 2018 ). `` Super Bowl 2018 : Quarter - by - Quarter Score, Final Stats for Eagles vs. Patriots ''. Bleacher Report. Archived from the original on February 7, 2018. Retrieved February 7, 2018. Jump up ^ Kramer, Lindsay ( February 3, 2018 ). `` Super Bowl 2018 : Who are the officials? ''. The Post-Standard. Archived from the original on February 4, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2018. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl LII. Official website Minnesota Super Bowl Host Committee Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards, trophies, records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII champions 4 Jake Elliott 6 Caleb Sturgis 7 Nate Sudfeld 8 Donnie Jones 9 Nick Foles ( MVP ) 10 Mack Hollins 11 Carson Wentz 13 Nelson Agholor 14 Marcus Johnson 16 Bryce Treggs 17 Alshon Jeffery 18 Shelton Gibson 19 Rashard Davis 21 Patrick Robinson 22 Sidney Jones 23 Rodney McLeod 24 Corey Graham 26 Jaylen Watkins 27 Malcolm Jenkins 28 Wendell Smallwood 29 LeGarrette Blount 30 Corey Clement 31 Jalen Mills 32 Rasul Douglas 33 De'Vante Bausby 34 Donnel Pumphrey 35 D.J. Killings 36 Jay Ajayi 38 Kenjon Barner 39 Harold Jones - Quartey 41 Ronald Darby 42 Chris Maragos 43 Darren Sproles 45 Rick Lovato 47 Nathan Gerry 49 Tre Sullivan 50 Bryan Braman 51 Steven Means 52 Najee Goode 53 Nigel Bradham 54 Kamu Grugier - Hill 55 Brandon Graham 56 Chris Long 57 Dannell Ellerbe 58 Jordan Hicks 59 Joe Walker 61 Stefen Wisniewski 62 Jason Kelce 65 Lane Johnson 66 Will Beatty 67 Chance Warmack 68 Josh Andrews 71 Jason Peters 72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai 73 Isaac Seumalo 75 Vinny Curry 78 Darrell Greene 79 Brandon Brooks 82 Torrey Smith 85 Billy Brown 86 Zach Ertz 87 Brent Celek 88 Trey Burton 89 Greg Ward Jr. 91 Fletcher Cox 93 Timmy Jernigan 94 Beau Allen 95 Mychal Kendricks 96 Derek Barnett 97 Destiny Vaeao 98 Elijah Qualls Randall Goforth Aziz Shittu Dom Williams Head coach : Doug Pederson Coaches : Eugene Chung Phillip Daniels John DeFilippo Dave Fipp Ken Flajole Keith Gray Mike Groh Matthew Harper Tim Hauck Josh Hingst Shaun Huls Trent Miles Ryan Paganetti T.J. 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FM Merrill Reese Mike Quick Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 86 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 70 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough, Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' `` Your Love '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game 16 - 0 Spygate 2007 game vs. New York Giants Helmet Catch Butt fumble Deflategate 28 -- 3 Philly Special Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Denver Broncos Indianapolis Colts Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 20 ) 1963 1978 1986 1997 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1985 2001 2003 2007 2011 2014 2016 2017 League championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2016 ( LI ) Retired numbers 20 40 56 57 73 78 79 89 Media Broadcasters WBZ - FM Radio network Gil Santos Gino Cappelletti Bob Socci Scott Zolak Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold 2017 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina LA Rams New England Cleveland Jacksonville LA Chargers Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee Oakland Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle Draft NFL playoffs NFL Honors Pro Bowl Super Bowl LII NFL on NBC Related programs The NFL on NBC pregame show ( Football Night in America ) NBC Sunday Night Football NFL on NBC Radio Thursday Night Football ( 2016 -- 2017 ) College football programs College Football on NBC ( Notre Dame ) College Football on USA Other pro football programs Arena Football League on NBC Canadian Football League World League of American Football on USA XFL on NBC Related articles NFL on television ( history ) Primary television stations Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) American Football League 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Baltimore Colts 1960 1961 Pittsburgh Steelers 1960 1961 Prime - time results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 Sunday Night Football results ( 2006 - present ) Commentators AFC Championship Game Commentator pairings Pro Bowl Pregame show panelists Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger AFL Championship Game AFL All - Star Game NFL Championship Game Preseason games American Bowl Lore 1982 CFL season Announcerless Game `` The Clock Play '' Cleveland Browns relocation controversy `` The Holy Roller '' `` Snowplow Game '' `` Leon Lett Blunder II '' Postseason lore `` The Epic in Miami '' `` Ghost to the Post '' `` Immaculate Reception '' `` Red Right 88 '' `` The Freezer Bowl '' `` The Drive '' `` The Fumble '' `` The Comeback '' `` Beast Quake '' `` The Interception '' `` Philly Special '' Pre-AFL -- NFL merger lore `` The Greatest Game Ever Played '' `` Heidi Game '' Sunday Night Football lore `` 4th and 2 '' 16 -- 0 `` Butt fumble '' Music John Colby Randy Edelman John Tesh Sunday Night Football John Williams `` I Hate Myself for Loving You '' `` Somethin ' Bad '' Faith Hill Pink Carrie Underwood NFL Championship 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 AFL Championship 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger I ( 1966 ) III ( 1968 ) AFC package carrier ( 1970 -- 1997 ) V ( 1970 ) VII ( 1972 ) IX ( 1974 ) XI ( 1976 ) XIII ( 1978 ) XV ( 1980 ) XVII ( 1982 ) XX ( 1985 ) XXIII ( 1988 ) XXVII ( 1992 ) XXVIII ( 1993 ) XXX ( 1995 ) XXXII ( 1997 ) Sunday Night Football era ( 2006 -- present ) XLIII ( 2008 ) XLVI ( 2011 ) XLIX ( 2014 ) LII ( 2017 ) LV ( 2020 ) Pro Bowl 1952 1953 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1972 2009 2012 2013 2014 Website : NBC Sports - NFL News Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_LII&oldid=826754541 '' Categories : 2010s in Minneapolis 2017 National Football League season 2018 in American football 2018 in American television 2018 in sports in Minnesota American football in Minnesota February 2018 sports events in the United States New England Patriots postseason Philadelphia Eagles postseason Sports in Minneapolis Super Bowl Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from February 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles contradicting other articles Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018, at 20 : 55. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Super Bowl LII", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_LII&amp;oldid=826754541" }

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{ "text": "Intro to Recycled Cinema - wikipedia Intro to Recycled Cinema Jump to : navigation, search `` Intro to Recycled Cinema '' Community episode Episode no. Season 6 Episode 8 Directed by Victor Nelli, Jr. Written by Clay Lapari Production code 608 Original air date April 28, 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 28 ) Running time 28 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Paget Brewster as Francesca `` Frankie '' Dart Keith David as Elroy Patashnik Richard Erdman as Leonard Briggs Erik Charles Nielsen as Garrett Lambert Brooke Burns as TV Host Steve Guttenberg as Maury Luke Youngblood as Magnitude Randall Park as himself Episode chronology ← Previous `` Advanced Safety Features '' Next → `` Grifting 101 '' Community ( season 6 ) List of Community episodes `` Intro to Recycled Cinema '' is the eighth episode of the sixth season of the American comedy television series Community, and the 105th episode of the series overall. It was released on Yahoo! Screen in the United States on April 28, 2015. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cultural references 3 Production 4 Critical reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) After his big break in the theater version of The Karate Kid, Chang lands a part in a commercial for Kolb Family Foods. He becomes an internet sensation as the `` ' Ham, girl! ' Guy '' and heads to Hollywood. Greendale decides to cash in on Chang 's new - found fame by turning a cop drama Police Justice, into a sci - fi movie. Abed directs the group in the film Chief Starr and the Raiders of the Galaxy, incorporating outtake audio and recycled footage of Chang. The Dean stars as Chang 's stand in body double, while Jeff plays the mayor of outer space, Britta plays Princess Meridian, and Annie stars as Scorpio 9, a pleasure droid assassin. Abed is forced to lower his filmmaking standards and asked to edit his film removing Jeff 's big scene. Consequently, Jeff has an identity crisis and realizes he will be the last one to ever leave Greendale. At the last minute the film 's producer Maury informs the group that the company funding the film went bankrupt thanks to YouTube. Chang comes crawling back to Greendale after he talks back to an unseen Steven Spielberg and is replaced by Randall Park. Cultural references ( edit ) This episode parodies a scene from the original Star Wars when the characters fall into a trash compartment, as well as the films Raiders of the Lost Ark and Guardians of the Galaxy and actor Chris Pratt. The episode later lampoons the conventional distribution model of TV by suggesting the company set to distribute Abed 's film just filed for bankruptcy because of the surge in online streaming. It also parodies The Big Bang Theory with Abed imitating Sheldon Cooper saying `` bazinga '' in a ball pit. Production ( edit ) On February 9, 2015, Dan Harmon disclosed that Steve Guttenberg would be appearing on an episode of Community. On February 13, 2015, TV insider reported Guttenberg would play a Hollywood producer friend to Frankie. On April 7, 2015, the episode 's title was first revealed during an interview with Yahoo 's Robert Chan. Critical reception ( edit ) Den of Geek says, `` This is the closest we 've yet come to an homage - style episode this season and it 's good, fresh ground for Community to cover. '' Hypable says, `` After a relatively slow start, Community has really hit its stride mid-season with two stellar back - to - back episodes. '' Flavorwire says, `` the 3AM release time does n't help, '' and suggests that perhaps the show would be better served releasing the episodes at a time of day when social media would have a bigger impact. IGN liked the premise of the episode, `` The idea of Chang becoming a ( very brief ) star was amusing in and of itself, but it was how the Greendale gang reacted that really set the story in motion. '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harmon, Dan ( February 9, 2015 ). ``. @ SteveGuttbuck is doing a guest role... @ bcgoldthwait was doing his director 's cut... so Tim Kazurinsky JUST, LIKE, APPEARED. # AcademyMagic ''. Twitter. Retrieved February 9, 2015. Jump up ^ Schneider, Michael ( February 13, 2015 ). `` There Was a Police Academy Reunion on the Community Set, and Steve Guttenberg Explains Why ''. TV Insider. Retrieved February 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Chan, Robert ( April 7, 2015 ). `` ' Community ' Postmortem : Dan Harmon Talks ' Laws of Robotics and Party Rights ' ''. Yahoo. Retrieved April 7, 2015. Jump up ^ Matar, Joe ( April 28, 2015 ). `` Community : Intro to Recycled Cinema Review ''. Den of Geek. Retrieved April 28, 2015. Jump up ^ Bojalad, Alec. `` ' Community ' season 6, episode 8 recap : Haaaaaaaaam, girl! ''. Hypable. Retrieved April 28, 2015. Jump up ^ Viruet, Pilot ( April 28, 2015 ). `` Do n't Let Fans ' Silence Fool You -- ' Community ' Remains as Great as Ever in Season 6 ''. Flavorwire. Retrieved April 28, 2015. Jump up ^ Goldman, Eric ( April 28, 2015 ). `` Community : `` Intro to Recycled Cinema '' Review ``. IGN. Retrieved April 28, 2015. External links ( edit ) `` Intro to Recycled Cinema '' at Yahoo! Screen.com `` Community Postmortem with Dan Harmon on Intro to Recycled Cinema '' at Yahoo TV `` Intro to Recycled Cinema '' on IMDb `` Intro to Recycled Cinema '' at TV.com ( hide ) Community Characters Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Spanish 101 '' `` Introduction to Film '' `` Social Psychology '' `` Advanced Criminal Law '' `` Football, Feminism and You '' `` Introduction to Statistics '' `` Home Economics '' `` Debate 109 '' `` Environmental Science '' `` The Politics of Human Sexuality '' `` Comparative Religion '' `` Investigative Journalism '' `` Interpretive Dance '' `` Romantic Expressionism '' `` Communication Studies '' `` Physical Education '' `` Basic Genealogy '' `` Beginner Pottery '' `` The Science of Illusion '' `` Contemporary American Poultry '' `` The Art of Discourse '' `` Modern Warfare '' `` English as a Second Language '' `` Pascal 's Triangle Revisited '' Season 2 `` Anthropology 101 '' `` Accounting for Lawyers '' `` The Psychology of Letting Go '' `` Basic Rocket Science '' `` Messianic Myths and Ancient Peoples '' `` Epidemiology '' `` Aerodynamics of Gender '' `` Cooperative Calligraphy '' `` Conspiracy Theories and Interior Design '' `` Mixology Certification '' `` Abed 's Uncontrollable Christmas '' `` Asian Population Studies '' `` Celebrity Pharmacology '' `` Advanced Dungeons & Dragons '' `` Early 21st Century Romanticism '' `` Intermediate Documentary Filmmaking '' `` Intro to Political Science '' `` Custody Law and Eastern European Diplomacy '' `` Critical Film Studies '' `` Competitive Wine Tasting '' `` Paradigms of Human Memory '' `` Applied Anthropology and Culinary Arts '' `` A Fistful of Paintballs '' / `` For a Few Paintballs More '' Season 3 `` Biology 101 '' `` Geography of Global Conflict '' `` Remedial Chaos Theory '' `` Competitive Ecology '' `` Horror Fiction in Seven Spooky Steps '' `` Advanced Gay '' `` Studies in Modern Movement '' `` Documentary Filmmaking : Redux '' `` Foosball and Nocturnal Vigilantism '' `` Regional Holiday Music '' `` Contemporary Impressionists '' `` Urban Matrimony and the Sandwich Arts '' `` Digital Exploration of Interior Design '' `` Pillows and Blankets '' `` Digital Estate Planning '' `` The First Chang Dynasty '' `` Introduction to Finality '' Season 4 `` History 101 '' `` Cooperative Escapism in Familial Relations '' `` Advanced Documentary Filmmaking '' `` Economics of Marine Biology '' `` Herstory of Dance '' `` Intro to Felt Surrogacy '' `` Intro to Knots '' `` Basic Human Anatomy '' `` Heroic Origins '' `` Advanced Introduction to Finality '' Season 5 `` Repilot '' `` Introduction to Teaching '' `` Basic Intergluteal Numismatics '' `` Cooperative Polygraphy '' `` Geothermal Escapism '' `` Analysis of Cork - Based Networking '' `` Bondage and Beta Male Sexuality '' `` App Development and Condiments '' `` VCR Maintenance and Educational Publishing '' `` Advanced Advanced Dungeons & Dragons '' `` G.I. Jeff '' `` Basic Story '' / `` Basic Sandwich '' Season 6 `` Ladders '' `` Advanced Safety Features '' `` Intro to Recycled Cinema '' `` Modern Espionage '' `` Emotional Consequences of Broadcast Television '' See also Inspector Spacetime : UWSAASTWCATTT Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intro_to_Recycled_Cinema&oldid=804225881 '' Categories : 2015 American television episodes Community ( season 6 ) episodes Hidden categories : Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017, at 15 : 59. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Intro to Recycled Cinema", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Intro_to_Recycled_Cinema&amp;oldid=804225881" }

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{ "text": "Natural - born - citizen clause - wikipedia Natural - born - citizen clause Jump to : navigation, search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book Status as a natural - born citizen of the United States is one of the eligibility requirements established in the United States Constitution for holding the office of President or Vice President. This requirement was intended to protect the nation from foreign influence. The U.S. Constitution uses but does not define the phrase `` natural born Citizen '', and various opinions have been offered over time regarding its precise meaning. The consensus of early 21st - century constitutional scholars, together with relevant case law, is that natural - born citizens include, subject to exceptions, those born in the United States. Many scholars have also concluded that those who meet the legal requirements for U.S. citizenship `` at the moment of birth '', regardless of place of birth, are also natural - born citizens. Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or was born in the United States ; of those in the latter group, there have been seven that had at least one parent who was not born on U.S. soil. The natural - born - citizen clause has been mentioned in passing in several decisions of the United States Supreme Court, and by some lower courts that have addressed eligibility challenges, but the Supreme Court has never directly addressed the question of a specific presidential or vice-presidential candidate 's eligibility as a natural - born citizen. Many eligibility lawsuits from the 2008, 2012, and 2016 election cycles were dismissed in lower courts due to the challengers ' difficulty in showing that they had standing to raise legal objections. Additionally, some experts have suggested that the precise meaning of the natural - born - citizen clause may never be decided by the courts because, in the end, presidential eligibility may be determined to be a non-justiciable political question that can be decided only by Congress rather than by the judicial branch of government. Contents ( hide ) 1 Constitutional provisions 2 History 2.1 Antecedents in Britain 2.2 Between 1776 and 1789 2.3 Constitutional Convention 2.4 Constitutionality of the natural - born - citizen clause 2.5 Proposed constitutional amendments 3 Rationale 4 Interpretations of the clause 4.1 Naturalization Acts of 1790 and 1795 4.2 Government officials ' interpretations 4.2. 1 1800s 4.2. 2 1900s 4.3 Interpretations by the courts 4.3. 1 1800s 4.3. 2 1900s 4.3. 3 2000s 4.4 Academic interpretations 4.4. 1 1800s 4.4. 2 1900s 4.4. 3 2000s 4.4. 3.1 Foreign soil 4.4. 3.2 American soil 5 Eligibility challenges 5.1 1800s 5.1. 1 Chester A. Arthur 5.1. 2 Christopher Schürmann 5.2 1900s 5.2. 1 Charles Evans Hughes 5.2. 2 Barry Goldwater 5.2. 3 George Romney 5.2. 4 Lowell Weicker 5.3 2000s 5.3. 1 John McCain 5.3. 2 Barack Obama 5.3. 3 Ted Cruz 5.3. 4 Marco Rubio and Bobby Jindal 5.4 Potential presidential candidates who are not eligible 5.4. 1 Arnold Schwarzenegger 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links Constitutional provisions ( edit ) Part of the constitutional provision as it appeared in 1787 Section 1 of Article Two of the United States Constitution sets forth the eligibility requirements for serving as president of the United States, under clause 5 ( emphasis added ) : No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President ; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty - five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. The Twelfth Amendment states, `` No person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. '' The Fourteenth Amendment does not use the phrase natural - born citizen. It does provide, `` All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. '' Under Article One, representatives and senators are required to be U.S. citizens, but there is no requirement that they be natural born. History ( edit ) Antecedents in Britain ( edit ) The use of the term `` natural born '' was not without precedent. An early recorded mention was in Calvin 's Case ( 1608 ), in terms of birth within the jurisdiction of the sovereignty of the King. Statutes in Britain prior to American independence used the phrase `` natural born subject ''. For example, clause III of the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 1708 provided : That the Children of all natural born Subjects born out of the Ligeance of Her Majesty Her Heires and Successors shall be deemed adjudged and taken to be natural born Subjects of this Kingdom to all Intents Constructions and Purposes whatsoever The Act was repealed ( except for the quoted clause III regarding foreign - born children ) by the Tories in 1711 by the statute 10 Anne c. 5. Subsequently, the British Nationality Act 1730 provided : for the explaining the said recited Clause in the said Act... ( t ) hat all Children born out of the Ligeance of the Crown of England, or of Great Britain, or which shall hereafter be born out of such Ligeance, whose Fathers were or shall be natural - born Subjects of the Crown of England, or of Great Britain, at the Time of the Birth of such Children respectively... are hereby declared to be natural - born Subjects of the Crown of Great Britain, to all Intents, Constructions and Purposes whatsoever. Another use is in the Plantation Act 1740 : ( A ) ll persons born out of the legience of His Majesty, His Heirs, or Successors, who have... or shall inhabit or reside for... seven years or more in any of His Majesty 's colonies in America... shall be deemed, adjudged, and taken to be His Majesty 's natural - born subjects of this Kingdom. Jurist William Blackstone wrote in 1765 that `` Natural - born subjects are such as are born within the dominions of the crown of England ''. Blackstone added that offspring who are not inhabitants may also be natural born subjects : But by several more modern statutes... all children, born out of the king 's ligeance, whose fathers were natural - born subjects, are now natural - born subjects themselves, to all intents and purposes, without any exception ; unless their said fathers were attainted, or banished beyond sea, for high treason ; or were then in the service of a prince at enmity with Great Britain. In 1775, however, Blackstone reversed his opinion and explained that the children `` are now deemed to be natural - born subjects '' rather than `` are now natural - born subjects. '' Similarly, Francis Plowden ( barrister ) initially explained that an early English statute made foreign - born children of English parents `` in fact and law... true native subjects '' and that the eighteenth century British statutes made persons natural born subjects by statute law just as others were natural born subjects by the common law. However, after further consideration he also reversed his opinion and concluded in 1785 that the statutes did not make the children natural born subjects -- rather, there remained a `` relict of alienage in them. '' Prior to Blackstone, Edward Coke offered a narrower opinion in Calvin 's Case. According to Coke : `` ( I ) f any of the King 's ambassadors in foreign nations, have children there of their wives, being English women, by the common laws of England they are natural - born subjects, and yet they are born out - of the King 's dominions. '' The term `` natural born '' has often been used synonymously with `` native born ''. The English lexicographer Samuel Johnson wrote in 1756 that the word `` natural '' means `` native, '' and that the word `` native '' may mean either an `` inhabitant '' or an `` offspring ''. Between 1776 and 1789 ( edit ) From the Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) to the ratification of the Constitution ( 1789 ), the thirteen states were independent of Britain, and during much of this time the Articles of Confederation tied together the country. The phrase `` natural born citizen '' was sometimes used during this period. An example occurred in 1784 when the Maryland General Assembly conferred citizenship on the ( French - born ) Marquis de Lafayette : Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland -- that the Marquiss de la Fayette and his Heirs male forever shall be and they and each of them are hereby deemed adjudged and taken to be natural born Citizens of this State and shall henceforth be intitled to all the Immunities, Rights and Privileges of natural born Citizens thereof... Constitutional Convention ( edit ) The Constitution does not explain the meaning of `` natural born ''. On June 18, 1787, Alexander Hamilton submitted to the Convention a sketch of a plan of government. The sketch provided for an executive `` Governour '' but had no eligibility requirements. At the close of the Convention, Hamilton conveyed a paper to James Madison he said delineated the Constitution that he wished had been proposed by the Convention ; he had stated its principles during the deliberations. Max Farrand wrote that it `` was not submitted to the Convention and has no further value than attaches to the personal opinions of Hamilton. '' Article IX, section 1 of Hamilton 's draft constitution provided : `` No person shall be eligible to the office of President of the United States unless he be now a Citizen of one of the States, or hereafter be born a Citizen of the United States. '' On July 25, 1787, John Jay wrote to George Washington, presiding officer of the Convention : Permit me to hint, whether it would not be wise and seasonable to provide a strong check to the admission of Foreigners into the administration of our national Government, and to declare expressly that the Command in chief of the American army shall not be given to, nor devolve on, any but a natural born Citizen. While the Committee of Detail originally proposed that the President must be merely a citizen, as well as a resident for 21 years, the Committee of Eleven changed `` citizen '' to `` natural born citizen '', and the residency requirement to 14 years, without recorded explanation after receiving Jay 's letter. The Convention accepted the change without further recorded debate. Constitutionality of the natural - born - citizen clause ( edit ) In 2012, Abdul Karim Hassan filed several unsuccessful lawsuits that claimed the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment had superseded the natural - born - citizen clause ; he had argued natural - born citizenship was a form of discrimination based on national origin. Proposed constitutional amendments ( edit ) More than two dozen proposed constitutional amendments have been introduced in Congress to relax the restriction. Two of the more well known were introduced by Representative Jonathan Bingham in 1974, with the intent to allow German - born Secretary of State Henry Kissinger ( otherwise fourth in the line of succession ) to become eligible, and the Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment by Senator Orrin Hatch in 2003, intending to allow eligibility for Austrian - born Arnold Schwarzenegger. The Bingham amendment would have also made clear the eligibility of those born abroad to U.S. parents, while the Hatch one would have allowed those who have been naturalized citizens for twenty years to be eligible. Rationale ( edit ) St. George Tucker, an early federal judge, wrote in his 1803 edition of William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England, perhaps the leading authority for the delegates to the Constitutional Convention for the terms used in the Constitution, that the natural born citizen clause is `` a happy means of security against foreign influence '' and that `` ( t ) he admission of foreigners into our councils, consequently, can not be too much guarded against. '' In a footnote, Tucker wrote that naturalized citizens have the same rights as the natural - born except `` they are forever incapable of being chosen to the office of president of the United States. '' In a speech before the Senate, delegate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney gave the rationale, `` to insure experience and attachment to the country. '' Professor Akhil Amar of Yale Law School claimed that there had been a perception on the part of those drafting the constitution that a member of the European aristocracy could immigrate and buy his way into power. Interpretations of the clause ( edit ) Naturalization acts of 1790 and 1795 ( edit ) Because of the large number of Framers who went on to serve in Congress, laws passed by the early sessions of Congress have often been looked to as evidence of the Framers ' intent. The Naturalization Act of 1790 stated that `` the children of citizens of the United States, that may be born beyond sea, or out of the limits of the United States, shall be considered as natural born citizens : Provided, That the right of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States. '' This act was repealed by the Naturalization Act of 1795, which removed the characterization of such children as `` natural born '', stating that `` the children of citizens of the United States, born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States, shall be considered as citizens of the United States '' while retaining the same residency restrictions as the 1790 act. Government officials ' interpretations ( edit ) 1800s ( edit ) John Bingham, an American lawyer and politician, held to the belief that natural born should be interpreted as born in the United States. In 1862, in the House of Representatives he stated : The Constitution leaves no room for doubt upon this subject. The words `` natural born citizen of the United States '' appear in it, and the other provision appears in it that, `` Congress shall have power to pass a uniform system of naturalization. '' To naturalize a person is to admit him to citizenship. Who are natural born citizens but those born within the Republic? Those born within the Republic, whether black or white, are citizens by birth -- natural born citizens. He reiterated his statement in 1866 : Every human being born within the jurisdiction of the United States of parents not owing allegiance to any foreign sovereignty is, in the language of your Constitution itself, a natural - born citizen ; but, sir, I may be allowed to say further that I deny that the Congress of the United States ever had the power, or color of power to say that any man born within the jurisdiction of the United States, not owing a foreign allegiance, is not and shall not be a citizen of the United States. Citizenship is his birthright and neither the Congress nor the States can justly or lawfully take it from him. Edward Bates also held to the belief that `` natural born '' should be interpreted as `` born in the United States ''. He also indicated that those born in the United States to alien parents, even if they reside elsewhere, are still considered natural born. In 1862, Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase sent a query to Attorney General Edward Bates asking whether or not `` colored men '' can be citizens of the United States. The question arose because the Coast Guard had detained a schooner commanded by a free `` colored man '' who claimed he was a citizen of the United States. If he were a U.S. citizen the boat could be released, but otherwise -- the Civil War then being fought -- it would be confiscated. No information about the man 's birth or parentage was provided. Bates responded on November 29, 1862, with a 27 - page opinion -- considered of such importance that the government published it not only in the official volumes of Attorney - General opinions but also as a separate booklet -- concluding, I conclude that the free man of color, mentioned in your letter, if born in the United States, is a citizen of the United States. ( italics in original ) In the course of that opinion, Bates commented at some length on the nature of citizenship, and wrote,... our constitution, in speaking of natural born citizens, uses no affirmative language to make them such, but only recognizes and reaffirms the universal principle, common to all nations, and as old as political society, that the people born in a country do constitute the nation, and, as individuals, are natural members of the body politic. ( italics in original ) In another opinion, dated September 1, 1862, Bates dealt with a question from the Secretary of State, of whether a person born in the U.S. to two non-citizens, who is taken with them back to their country, could, years later, re-enter the United States as of right, as a U.S. citizen. Bates wrote : I am quite clear in the opinion that children born in the United States of alien parents, who have never been naturalized, are native - born citizens of the United States, and, of course, do not require the formality of naturalization to entitle them to the rights and privileges of such citizenship. I might sustain this opinion by a reference to the well - settled principle of the common law of England on this subject ; to the writings of many of the earlier and later commentators on our Constitution and laws ;... and lastly to the dicta and decisions of many of our national and state tribunals. But all this has been well done by Assistant Vice Chancellor Sandford, in the case of Lynch vs. Clarke, and I forbear. I refer to his opinion for a full and clear statement of the principle, and of the reasons and authorities for its support. Unlike Edward Bates, U.S. Secretary of State William Learned Marcy was equivocal about whether those born in the country of alien parents and who reside elsewhere are still considered citizens. In 1854 Marcy wrote John Y. Mason, the U.S. Minister to France : In reply to the inquiry... whether `` the children of foreign parents born in the United States, but brought to the country of which the father is a subject, and continuing to reside within the jurisdiction of their father 's country, are entitled to protection as citizens of the United States '', I have to observe that it is presumed that, according to the common law, any person born in the United States, unless he be born in one of the foreign legations therein, may be considered a citizen thereof until he formally renounces his citizenship. There is not, however any United States statute containing a provision upon this subject, nor, so far as I am aware, has there been any judicial decision in regard to it. U.S. Attorney General Edwards Pierrepont, however, shared Edward Bates ' opinion that those born in the country of alien parents and who reside elsewhere are still considered citizens, and he added that they should be entitled to be president of the United States, if elected. In 1875 Pierrepont was presented with a query from the Secretary of State, Hamilton Fish. A young man, named Arthur Steinkauler, had been born in Missouri in 1855, a year after his father was naturalized a U.S. citizen. When he was four years old, his father returned to Germany with him and both had stayed there ever since. The father had relinquished his American citizenship and the young man was now 20 years old and about to be drafted into the Imperial German army. The question was asked `` What was this young man 's situation as a native - born American citizen? '' After studying the relevant legal authorities, Pierrepont wrote : Under the treaty ( of 1868 with Germany ), and in harmony with American doctrine, it is clear that Steinkauler the father abandoned his naturalization in America and became a German subject ( his son being yet a minor ), and that by virtue of German laws the son acquired German nationality. It is equally clear that the son, by birth, has American nationality, and hence he has two nationalities, one natural, the other acquired... Young Steinkauler is a native - born American citizen. There is no law of the United States under which his father or any other person can deprive him of his birthright. He can return to America at the age of 21, and in due time, if the people elect, he can become President of the United States... I am of opinion that when he reaches the age of 21 years he can then elect whether he will return and take the nationality of his birth, with its duties and privileges, or retain the nationality acquired by the act of his father. 1900s ( edit ) Frederick van Dyne, the Assistant Solicitor of the U.S. Department of State ( 1900 -- 1907 ) indicated that children of citizens born outside the United States are also considered citizens. In 1904, he published a textbook, Citizenship of the United States, in which he wrote : There is no uniform rule of international law covering the subject of citizenship. Every nation determines for itself who shall, and who shall not, be its citizens... By the law of the United States, citizenship depends, generally, on the place of birth ; nevertheless the children of citizens, born out of the jurisdiction of the United States, are also citizens... The Constitution of the United States, while it recognized citizenship of the United States in prescribing the qualifications of the President, Senators, and Representatives, contained no definition of citizenship until the adoption of the 14th Amendment, in 1868 ; nor did Congress attempt to define it until the passage of the civil rights act, in 1866... Prior to this time the subject of citizenship by birth was generally held to be regulated by the common law, by which all persons born within the limits and allegiance of the United States were deemed natural - born citizens. It appears to have been assumed by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Murray v. The Charming Betsy ( 1804 ) 2 Cranch ( 6 U.S. ) 64, 119, 2 L. Ed. 208, 226, that all persons born in the United States were citizens thereof... In M'Creery v. Somerville ( 1824 ) 9 Wheat. ( 22 U.S. ) 354, 6 L. Ed. 109, which concerned the title to land in the state of Maryland, it was assumed that children born in that state to an alien were native - born citizens of the United States... The Federal courts have almost uniformly held that birth in the United States, of itself, confers citizenship. Interpretations by the courts ( edit ) 1800s ( edit ) Although eligibility for the Presidency was not an issue in any 19th - century litigation, there have been a few cases that shed light on the definitions of natural born and native born citizen. The leading case, Lynch v. Clarke of 1844, indicated that citizens born `` within the dominions and allegiance of the United States '' are citizens regardless of parental citizenship. This case dealt with a New York law ( similar to laws of other states at that time ) that only a U.S. citizen could inherit real estate. The plaintiff, Julia Lynch, had been born in New York while her parents, both British, were briefly visiting the U.S., and shortly thereafter all three left for Britain and never returned to the U.S. The New York Chancery Court determined that, under common law and prevailing statutes, she was a U.S. citizen by birth and nothing had deprived her of that citizenship, notwithstanding that both her parents were not U.S. citizens or that British law might also claim her through her parents ' nationality. In the course of the decision, the court cited the Constitutional provision and said : Suppose a person should be elected president who was native born, but of alien parents ; could there be any reasonable doubt that he was eligible under the Constitution? I think not. The position would be decisive in his favor, that by the rule of the common law, in force when the Constitution was adopted, he is a citizen. And further : Upon principle, therefore, I can entertain no doubt, but that by the law of the United States, every person born within the dominions and allegiance of the United States, whatever the situation of his parents, is a natural born citizen. It is surprising that there has been no judicial decision upon this question. The decision in Lynch was cited as persuasive or authoritative precedent in numerous subsequent cases, and reinforced the interpretation that `` natural born citizen '' meant born `` within the dominions and allegiance of the United States '' regardless of parental citizenship. For example, in an 1884 case, In re Look Tin Singg, the federal court held, that despite laws preventing naturalization of Chinese visitors, Chinese persons born in the United States were citizens by birth, and remained such despite any long stay in China. Citing Lynch, Justice Stephen J. Field wrote : After an exhaustive examination of the law, the Vice-Chancellor said that he entertained no doubt that every person born within the dominions and allegiance of the United States, whatever the situation of his parents, was a natural - born citizen, and added that this was the general understanding of the legal profession, and the universal impression of the public mind. The Lynch case was also cited as a leading precedent in the U.S. Supreme Court decision in United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ), which similarly held a child born in the United States of two Chinese parents became `` at the time of his birth a citizen of the United States ''. 1900s ( edit ) Consistent with the earlier decisions, in 1939, the U.S. Supreme Court stated in its decision in Perkins v. Elg that a person born in America and raised in another country was a natural born citizen, and specifically stated that they could `` become President of the United States ''. The case was regarding a young woman, born in New York a year after her father became a naturalized U.S. citizen. However, when she was about four her parents returned to Sweden taking her with them, and they stayed in Sweden. At age 20, she contacted the American embassy in Sweden and, shortly after her 21st birthday, returned to the United States on a U.S. passport and was admitted as a U.S. citizen. Years later, while she was still in America, her father in Sweden relinquished his American citizenship, and, because of that, the Department of Labor ( then the location of the Immigration & Naturalization Service ) declared her a non-citizen and tried to deport her. The young woman filed suit for a declaratory judgment that she was an American citizen by birth. She won at the trial level, and at the circuit court -- where she was repeatedly described as `` a natural born citizen '' -- and finally in the U.S. Supreme Court, where the court decision quoted at length from the U.S. Attorney General 's opinion in Steinkauler 's Case ( mentioned above ) including the comment that a person born in America and raised in another country could yet `` become President of the United States ''. Some federal cases argued for a narrow reading of the Fourteenth Amendment, according to which U.S. citizens were necessarily either born or naturalized in the United States, and any citizen who was not born in the United States must have been naturalized by operation of law, even if such naturalization was `` automatic '' at birth. In this view, such a person should not be considered a natural born citizen, but rather a `` naturalized '' citizen who is not eligible for the Presidency. In 1951, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit noted in Zimmer v. Acheson that `` ( t ) here are only two classes of citizens of the United States, native - born citizens and naturalized citizens '', quoting a dictum by Justice Gray from United States v. Wong Kim Ark and Elk v. Wilkins. The court ruled that Zimmer, who was born abroad in 1905 to a U.S. citizen father and a noncitizen mother, was himself a citizen under the nationality law in force at the time of his birth, but `` his status as a citizen was that of a naturalized citizen and not a native - born citizen ''. In the 1956 case of Wong Kam Wo v. Dulles, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit quoted Zimmer v. Acheson and United States v. Wong Kim Ark in support of a ruling that the statute that was in effect prior to 1940 granting citizenship to foreign - born children of U.S. citizens was a naturalization law rather than a provision for nationality at birth. In 1940, however, the federal law was amended to explicitly define `` naturalization '' as conferring nationality after birth. In 1961, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Montana v. Kennedy that an individual who was born in 1906 in Italy to a U.S. citizen mother and a noncitizen father was not a U.S. citizen by birth under the nationality laws in force at the time of his birth. It observed that automatic citizenship was granted to children of U.S. citizen fathers and noncitizen mothers by an 1855 act of Congress, but the reverse situation was only addressed, non-retroactively, in 1934. In 1971, the Court encountered a similar situation in Rogers v. Bellei, where the individual in question was born after 1934 and so was granted automatic U.S. citizenship, though subject to residence requirements and was subject to expatriation. The Court `` appeared to assume or imply that such persons became citizens at birth by way of naturalization ''. More recent cases, particularly Nguyen v. INS and Robinson v. Bowen, relaxed this view, suggesting that the Fourteenth Amendment merely establishes a `` floor '' for birthright citizenship, and this category may be expanded by Congress. 2000s ( edit ) In 2009 in Ankeny v. Governor, the Indiana Court of Appeals reaffirmed that persons born within the borders of the United States are `` natural born Citizens '', regardless of the citizenship of their parents. The court referred to the case of Wong Kim Ark, and provides a compilation of the arguments pertaining to this topic. A clarification to this interpretation was made in 2010, where a three - judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held that natural born citizens can lose their citizenship if their territory of birth later ceases to be U.S. territory. The case involved a Philippine - born litigant who could not claim U.S. citizenship on the basis of his parents, who lived all their lives in the Philippines, because they were born while the Philippines was U.S. territory prior to being given its independence. The Courts for the Second, Third, and Ninth Circuits have also held that birth in the Philippines at a time when the country was a territory of the United States does not constitute birth `` in the United States '' under the Citizenship Clause, and thus did not give rise to United States citizenship. In a 2012 New York case, Strunk v. N.Y. State Board of Elections, the pro se plaintiff challenged Barack Obama 's presence on the presidential ballot, based on his own interpretation that `` natural born citizen '' required the president `` to have been born on United States soil and have two United States born parents '' ( emphasis added ). To this the Court responded, `` Article II, section 1, clause 5 does not state this. No legal authority has ever stated that the Natural Born Citizen clause means what plaintiff Strunk claims it says... Moreover, President Obama is the sixth U.S. President to have had one or both of his parents not born on U.S. soil ''. The opinion then listed Andrew Jackson, James Buchanan, Chester A. Arthur, Woodrow Wilson, and Herbert Hoover. Academic interpretations ( edit ) 1800s ( edit ) William Rawle, formerly the U.S. Attorney for Pennsylvania ( 1791 -- 1799 ) defined natural born citizen as every person born within the United States, regardless of the citizenship of their parents. In an 1825 treatise, A View of the Constitution of the United States of America, he wrote : The citizens of each state constituted the citizens of the United States when the Constitution was adopted... ( He ) who was subsequently born the citizen of a State, became at the moment of his birth a citizen of the United States. Therefore every person born within the United States, its territories or districts, whether the parents are citizens or aliens, is a natural born citizen in the sense of the Constitution, and entitled to all the rights and privileges appertaining to that capacity... Under our Constitution the question is settled by its express language, and when we are informed... no person is eligible to the office of President unless he is a natural born citizen, the principle that the place of birth creates the relative quality is established as to us. James F. Wilson agreed with Rawle 's opinion, but added the exclusion of visiting foreign diplomats. During an 1866 House debate, he quoted Rawle 's opinion, and also referred to the `` general law relating to subjects and citizens recognized by all nations '', saying :... and that must lead us to the conclusion that every person born in the United States is a natural - born citizen of such States, except it may be that children born on our soil to temporary sojourners or representatives of foreign Governments, are native - born citizens of the United States. Supreme Court Justice Peter Vivian Daniel disagreed with this position and considered natural born citizen as every person born of citizen parents within the United States. In 1857, in a concurring opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford, he quoted an English - language translation of Emerich de Vattel 's 1758 treatise The Law of Nations ( Le Droit des gens ), stating that `` The natives, or natural - born citizens, are those born in the country of parents who are citizens ''. This was quoted again in 1898 by Chief Justice Melville Fuller in his dissenting opinion in United States v. Wong Kim Ark. However, two paragraphs later, Justice Vattel disagrees and states, `` § 214... there are states, as, for instance, England, where the single circumstance of being born in the country naturalizes the children of a foreigner. '' Joseph Story, an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, believed that the term native citizen is synonymous with natural born citizen, though he does not define either term. In his 1840 guidebook to the Constitution, A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States, about the natural - born - citizen clause he wrote `` It is not too much to say that no one, but a native citizen, ought ordinarily to be ( e ) ntrusted with an office so vital to the safety and liberties of the people. '' This same wording also appeared in his 1834 work The constitutional class book : being a brief exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Designed for the use of the higher classes in common schools. 1900s ( edit ) Alexander Porter Morse, the lawyer who represented Louisiana in Plessy v. Ferguson, considered this connection between native born and natural born to signify that only a child of citizens should be allowed to run for President. In the Albany Law Journal, he wrote : If it was intended that anybody who was a citizen by birth should be eligible, it would only have been necessary to say, `` no person, except a native - born citizen '' ; but the framers thought it wise, in view of the probable influx of European immigration, to provide that the president should at least be the child of citizens owing allegiance to the United States at the time of his birth. It may be observed in passing that the current phrase `` native - born citizen '' is well understood ; but it is pleonasm and should be discarded ; and the correct designation, `` native citizen '' should be substituted in all constitutional and statutory enactments, in judicial decisions and in legal discussions where accuracy and precise language are essential to intelligent discussion. 2000s ( edit ) Black 's Law Dictionary ( 9th Edition ) defines `` Natural Born Citizen '' as `` A person born within the jurisdiction of a national government ''. Foreign soil ( edit ) In 2000, the Congressional Research Service ( CRS ), in one of its reports, wrote that most constitutional scholars interpret the natural born citizen clause to include citizens born outside the United States to parents who are U.S. citizens. This same CRS report also asserts that citizens born in the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, are legally defined as `` natural born '' citizens and are, therefore, also eligible to be elected President. This opinion was reaffirmed in a 2009 CRS report, which stated : Considering the history of the constitutional qualifications provision, the common use and meaning of the phrase `` natural - born subject '' in England and in the Colonies in the 1700s, the clause 's apparent intent, the subsequent action of the first Congress in enacting the Naturalization Act of 1790 ( expressly defining the term `` natural born citizen '' to include a person born abroad to parents who are United States citizens ), as well as subsequent Supreme Court dicta, it appears that the most logical inferences would indicate that the phrase `` natural born Citizen '' would mean a person who is entitled to U.S. citizenship `` at birth '' or `` by birth ''. The interpretation of natural born being the equivalent of a citizen at birth was repeated in a 2011 CRS report and a 2016 CRS report. The 2011 report stated : The weight of legal and historical authority indicates that the term `` natural born '' citizen would mean a person who is entitled to U.S. citizenship `` by birth '' or `` at birth, '' either by being born `` in '' the United States and under its jurisdiction, even those born to alien parents ; by being born abroad to U.S. citizen - parents ; or by being born in other situations meeting legal requirements for U.S. citizenship `` at birth ''. Such term, however, would not include a person who was not a U.S. citizen by birth or at birth, and who was thus born an `` alien '' required to go through the legal process of `` naturalization '' to become a U.S. citizen. The 2016 report similarly stated : Although the eligibility of U.S. born citizens has been settled law for more than a century, there have been legitimate legal issues raised concerning those born outside of the country to U.S. citizens. From historical material and case law, it appears that the common understanding of the term `` natural born '' in England and in the American colonies in the 1700s included both the strict common law meaning as born in the territory ( jus soli ), as well as the statutory laws adopted in England since at least 1350, which included children born abroad to British fathers ( jus sanguinis, the law of descent ). Legal scholars in the field of citizenship have asserted that this common understanding and legal meaning in England and in the American colonies was incorporated into the usage and intent of the term in the U.S. Constitution to include those who are citizens at birth. Gabriel J. Chin, Professor of Law at UC Davis School of Law, held the opinion that the term `` natural born '' is ambiguous and citizenship - granting authority has changed over the years. He notes that persons born outside the United States to U.S. - citizen parents have not always been born citizens. For example, foreign - born children of persons who became citizens between April 14, 1802 and 1854 were aliens. He also believed that children born in the Panama Canal Zone to at least one U.S. then - citizen before August 4, 1937, when Congress granted citizenship to all such persons, were born without American citizenship. Congress possesses the authority either to grant not only citizenship ( as is undisputed ) but the more specific status of a `` natural born '' citizen, with an affirmative answer raising the question of whether it can also act to remove that status ( and thereby disqualify individuals from the Presidency through action short of stripping them of their citizenship ), or to issue `` declarations '' regarding the meaning of preexisting law ( in this case, U.S. citizenship law between the aforementioned dates ) and having binding authority, a claim likely to violate separation of powers given the Constitution 's provisions in Article III that `` ( t ) he judicial Power of the United States ( ) shall be vested in one supreme Court ( ) and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish '' ( Section 1 ) and that `` ( t ) he judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority '' ( Section 2 ) and the statute ( currently codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1403 ( a ) ) -- which states only that `` any person ( fitting the above description ) is declared to be a citizen of the United States '' and neither expressly claims that its declaration ( whether a grant or an interpretation ) has retroactive rather than merely prospective effect ( contrast the locution `` to have been a citizen of the United States ( from birth ) '' ) nor in any way mentions `` natural born '' status ( instead conferring or recognizing the preexistence only of `` citizen ( ship ) '' generally ) -- in fact grants or recognizes citizenship from birth, let alone status as a natural born citizen ( to whatever extent the requirements of that status exceed those for citizenship from birth ). In 2009, G. Edward `` Ted '' White, Professor of Law at the University of Virginia, stated the term refers to anyone born on U.S. soil or anyone born on foreign soil to American citizen parents. Unlike Chin and White, Mary McManamon, Professor of Law at Widener University School of Law, has argued in the Catholic University Law Review that, aside from children born to foreign ambassadors or to hostile soldiers on U.S. territory, both of whom owe allegiance to a different sovereign, a natural born citizen must be born in the United States. She claims that common law provides an exception for the children of U.S. ambassadors born abroad and the children of American soldiers while engaged in hostilities. Thus, with these two limited exceptions, she equates `` natural born '' with `` native born ''. Professor Einer Elhauge of Harvard Law School agrees with Professor McManamon that `` natural born '' means `` native born '' and therefore the wording of the Constitution `` does not permit his ( Ted Cruz 's ) candidacy. '' Professor Robert Clinton at the Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law at Arizona State University is also of the opinion that `` natural born citizen '' means `` born in the United States. '' University of Chicago Professor Eric Posner also concludes that `` natural born citizen '' means a `` person born in the ( United States ) ''. Former Chief Justice of the New York Court of Appeals, Sol Wachtler, concludes the same. Their conclusion is consistent with the position that the eighteenth century legal usage of the term `` shall be considered as natural born '' in the Naturalization Act of 1790 merely naturalized persons or granted them limited rights of the natural born. American soil ( edit ) There is consensus among academics that those born on American soil, except children born to foreign ambassadors or to hostile soldiers on U.S. territory, both of whom owe allegiance to a different sovereign, are natural born citizens, or jus soli, regardless of parental citizenship status. In a 2008 article published by the Michigan Law Review, Lawrence Solum, Professor of Law at the University of Illinois, stated that `` there is general agreement on the core of ( the ) meaning ( of the Presidential Eligibility Clause ). Anyone born on American soil whose parents are citizens of the United States is a ' natural born citizen ' ''. In April 2010, Solum republished the same article as an online draft, in which he clarified his original statement so that it would not be misunderstood as excluding the children of one citizen parent. In a footnote he explained, `` based on my reading of the historical sources, there is no credible case that a person born on American soil with one American parent was clearly not a ' natural born citizen '. '' He further extended natural born citizenship to all cases of jus soli as the `` conventional view ''. Although Solum stated elsewhere that the two - citizen - parents arguments were not `` crazy '', he believes `` the much stronger argument suggests that if you were born on American soil that you would be considered a natural born citizen. '' Ronald Rotunda, Professor of Law at Chapman University, has remarked `` There 's ( sic ) some people who say that both parents need to be citizens. That 's never been the law. '' Polly Price, Professor of Law at Emory University, has commented `` It 's a little confusing, but most scholars think it 's a pretty unusual position for anyone to think the natural born citizen clause would exclude someone born in the U.S. '' Chin concurred with that assessment, stating, `` there is agreement that ' natural born citizens ' include those made citizens by birth under the 14th Amendment. '' Similarly, Eugene Volokh, Professor of Law at UCLA, found `` quite persuasive '' the reasoning employed by the Indiana Court of Appeals, which had concluded `` that persons born within the borders of the United States are ' natural born Citizens ' for Article II, Section 1 purposes, regardless of the citizenship of their parents ''. Daniel Tokaji, Professor of Law at Ohio State University, agrees the citizenship status of a U.S. - born candidate 's parents is irrelevant. Eligibility challenges ( edit ) Several courts have ruled that private citizens do not have standing to challenge the eligibility of candidates to appear on a presidential election ballot. Alternatively, there is a statutory method by which the eligibility of the president - elect of the United States to take office may be challenged in Congress. Some legal scholars assert that, even if eligibility challenges are nonjusticiable in federal courts, and are not undertaken in Congress, there are other avenues for adjudication, such as an action in state court in regard to ballot access. Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or born in the United States ; of those in the latter group, every president except two ( Chester A. Arthur and Barack Obama ) had two U.S. - citizen parents. Further, four additional U.S. Presidents had one or both of his parents not born on U.S. soil ( James Buchanan, Woodrow Wilson, Herbert Hoover and Donald Trump ). Some presidential candidates were not born in a U.S. state or lacked two U.S. - citizen parents. In addition, one U.S. vice president ( Al Gore ) was born in Washington, D.C., and another ( Charles Curtis ) was born in the Kansas Territory. This does not necessarily mean that these officeholders or candidates were ineligible, only that there was some controversy about their eligibility, which may have been resolved in favor of eligibility. 1800s ( edit ) Chester a Arthur ( edit ) Chester A. Arthur, who was sworn in as president when James A. Garfield died after being shot, was rumored to have been born in Canada. Chester A. Arthur was born in Vermont on October 5, 1829 to a Vermont - born mother and a father from Ireland ( who later became a U.S. citizen, 14 years after Chester A. Arthur was born ). His mother, Malvina Stone Arthur, was a native of Berkshire, Vermont, who moved with her family to Quebec, where she met and married the future president 's father, William Arthur, on April 12, 1821. After the family had settled in Fairfield, Vermont, somewhere between 1822 and 1824, William Arthur traveled with his eldest daughter to East Stanbridge, Canada, in October 1830 and commuted to Fairfield on Sundays to preach. `` It appears that he traveled regularly between the two villages, both of which were close to the Canada -- US border, for about eighteen months, holding two jobs '', which may well explain the confusion about Chester A. Arthur 's place of birth, as perhaps did the fact that he was born in Franklin County, and thus within a day 's walk of the Vermont -- Quebec border. Moreover, Chester A. Arthur himself added a bit of confusion into the record by sometimes reporting his birth year as 1830. No evidence of his having been born in Canada was ever demonstrated by his Democratic opponents, although Arthur Hinman, an attorney who had investigated Chester A. Arthur 's family history, raised the allegation as an objection during his vice-presidential campaign and, after the end of his presidency, published a book on the subject. Christopher Schürmann ( edit ) Christopher Schürmann ( born in New York City ) entered the Labor primaries during the 1896 presidential election. His eligibility was questioned in a New York Tribune article, because he was born to parents of German nationality. It was stated that `` various Attorney - Generals ( sic ) of the United States have expressed the opinion that a child born in this country of alien parents, who have not been naturalized, is, by the fact of birth, a native - born citizen entitled to all rights and privileges as such. '' But due to a lack of any statute on the subject, Schürmann 's eligibility was `` at best an open question, and one which should have made ( his ) nomination under any circumstances an impossibility '', because questions concerning his eligibility could have been raised after the election. 1900s ( edit ) Charles Evans Hughes ( edit ) The eligibility of Charles Evans Hughes was questioned in an article written by Breckinridge Long, one of Woodrow Wilson 's campaign workers, and published on December 7, 1916 in the Chicago Legal News -- a full month after the U.S. presidential election of 1916, in which Hughes was narrowly defeated by Woodrow Wilson. Long claimed that Hughes was ineligible because his father was not yet naturalized at the time of his birth and was still a British citizen ( in fact, both his parents were British citizens and never became U.S. citizens ). Observing that Hughes, although born in the United States, was also ( according to British law ) a British subject and therefore `` enjoy ( ed ) a dual nationality and owe ( d ) a double allegiance '', Long argued that a native born citizen was not natural born without a unity of U.S. citizenship and allegiance and stated : `` Now if, by any possible construction, a person at the instant of birth, and for any period of time thereafter, owes, or may owe, allegiance to any sovereign but the United States, he is not a ' natural - born ' citizen of the United States. '' Barry Goldwater ( edit ) Barry Goldwater was born in Phoenix, in what was then the incorporated Arizona Territory of the United States. During his presidential campaign in 1964, there was a minor controversy over Goldwater 's having been born in Arizona three years before it became a state. George Romney ( edit ) George W. Romney, who ran for the Republican party presidential nomination in 1968, was born in Mexico to U.S. parents. Romney 's grandfather, a member of the LDS Church, had emigrated to Mexico in 1886 with his three wives and their children, after the U.S. federal government outlawed polygamy. However Romney 's parents ( monogamous under new church doctrine ) retained their U.S. citizenship and returned to the United States with him and his siblings in 1912. Romney 's eligibility for President became moot when Richard Nixon was nominated as the Republican presidential candidate. Lowell Weicker ( edit ) Lowell P. Weicker entered the race for the Republican party nomination of 1980 but dropped out before voting in the primaries began ; he was also suggested as a possible vice-presidential nominee in 1976, to replace retiring Vice President Nelson Rockefeller under the Republican ticket of incumbent President Gerald Ford. However Senator Bob Dole from Kansas was later chosen as the nominee. He was born in Paris, France, to parents who were U.S. citizens. His father was an executive for E.R. Squibb & Sons and his mother was born in India, the daughter of a British general. 2000s ( edit ) John McCain ( edit ) John McCain was born in 1936 at Coco Solo, Naval Air Station in the Panama Canal Zone. McCain 's eligibility was not challenged during his 2000 campaign, but it was challenged during his 2008 campaign. McCain never released his birth certificate to the press or independent fact - checking organizations, but in 2008 one was shown to Washington Post reporter Michael Dobbs, who wrote, `` ( A ) senior official of the McCain campaign showed me a copy of ( McCain 's ) birth certificate issued by the ' family hospital ' in the Coco Solo submarine base. '' A lawsuit filed by Fred Hollander in 2008 alleged McCain was actually born in a civilian hospital in Colón, Panama. Dobbs wrote that in his autobiography, Faith of My Fathers, McCain wrote that he was born `` in the Canal Zone '' at the U.S. Naval Air Station in Coco Solo, which was under the command of his grandfather, John S. McCain Sr. `` The senator 's father, John S. McCain Jr., was an executive officer on a submarine, also based in Coco Solo. His mother, Roberta McCain, has said that she has vivid memories of lying in bed listening to raucous celebrations of her son 's birth from the nearby officers ' club. The birth was announced days later in the English - language Panamanian American newspaper. '' The former unincorporated territory of the Panama Canal Zone and its related military facilities were not regarded as United States territory at the time, but 8 U.S.C. § 1403, which became law in 1937, retroactively conferred citizenship on individuals born within the Canal Zone on or after February 26, 1904, and on individuals born in the Republic of Panama on or after that date who had at least one U.S. citizen parent employed by the U.S. government or the Panama Railway Company ; 8 U.S.C. § 1403 was cited in Judge William Alsup 's 2008 ruling, described below. A March 2008 paper by former Solicitor General Ted Olson and Harvard Law Professor Laurence H. Tribe opined that McCain was eligible for the Presidency. In April 2008, the U.S. Senate approved a non-binding resolution recognizing McCain 's status as a natural - born citizen. In September 2008, U.S. District Judge William Alsup stated obiter in his ruling that it is `` highly probable '' that McCain is a natural - born citizen from birth by virtue of 8 U.S.C. § 1401, although he acknowledged the alternative possibility that McCain became a natural - born citizen retroactively, by way of 8 U.S.C. § 1403. These views have been criticized by Chin, who argues that McCain was at birth a citizen of Panama and was only retroactively declared a born citizen under 8 U.S.C. § 1403, because at the time of his birth and with regard to the Canal Zone the Supreme Court 's Insular Cases overruled the Naturalization Act of 1795, which would otherwise have declared McCain a U.S. citizen immediately at birth. The U.S. State Department 's Foreign Affairs Manual states that children born in the Panama Canal Zone at certain times became U.S. nationals without citizenship. In Rogers v. Bellei, the Supreme Court ruled that children `` born abroad of American parents '' are not citizens within the citizenship clause of the 14th Amendment but did not elaborate on their natural - born status. Similarly, legal scholar Lawrence Solum concluded in an article on the natural born citizen clause that the question of McCain 's eligibility could not be answered with certainty, and that it would depend on the particular approach of `` constitutional construction ''. The urban legend fact checking website Snopes.com considers McCain 's eligibility `` undetermined ''. Arguments over McCain 's eligibility became moot after he lost the United States presidential election in 2008. Barack Obama ( edit ) Main article : Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation Barack Obama was born in 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii ( which had become a U.S. state in 1959 ). His mother was a U.S. citizen and his father was a British subject from British Kenya. Before and after the 2008 presidential election, arguments were made that Obama was not a natural - born citizen. On June 12, 2008, the Obama presidential campaign launched a website to counter what it described as a smear campaign by his opponents, including conspiracy theories challenging his eligibility. The most prominent issue raised against Obama was the claim made in several lawsuits that he was not actually born in Hawaii. The Supreme Court declined without comment to hear two lawsuits in which the plaintiffs argued it was irrelevant whether Obama was born in Hawaii. Most of the cases were dismissed because of the plaintiff 's lack of standing ; however, several courts have given guidance on the question. In Ankeny v. Governor, a three - member Indiana Court of Appeals stated, Based upon the language of Article II, Section 1, Clause 4 and the guidance provided by Wong Kim Ark, we conclude that persons born within the borders of the United States are ' natural born Citizens ' for Article II, Section 1 purposes, regardless of the citizenship of their parents. Administrative Law Judge Michael Malihi in Georgia decided a group of eligibility challenge cases by saying, `` The Indiana Court rejected the argument that Mr. Obama was ineligible, stating that the children born within the United States are natural born citizens, regardless of the citizenship of their parents... This Court finds the decision and analysis of Ankeny persuasive. '' Federal District Judge John A. Gibney, Jr. wrote in his decision in the case of Tisdale v. Obama : The eligibility requirements to be President of the United States are such that the individual must be a `` natural born citizen '' of the United States... It is well settled that those born in the United States are considered natural born citizens. See, e.g. United States v. Ark ( sic )... On October 31, 2008, Hawaii Health Director Chiyome Fukino issued a statement saying, I... have personally seen and verified that the Hawai'i State Department of Health has Sen. Obama 's original birth certificate on record in accordance with state policies and procedures. On July 27, 2009, Fukino issued an additional statement : I... have seen the original vital records maintained on file by the Hawaii State Department of Health verifying Barack Hussein Obama was born in Hawaii and is a natural - born American citizen. Attempts to prevent Obama from participating in the 2012 Democratic primary election in several states failed. Ted Cruz ( edit ) Ted Cruz announced on March 22, 2015, that he was running for the Republican Party 's nomination for president in the 2016 election. Cruz was born in Calgary, Canada. Cruz 's mother was a U.S. citizen and his father was born in Cuba, but his father eventually became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 2005. This gave Cruz dual Canadian - American citizenship, as he was granted U.S. citizenship at the time of his birth by the virtue of his mother 's citizenship, and Canada grants birthright citizenship to every person born in Canada. Cruz applied to formally renounce his Canadian citizenship and ceased being a citizen of Canada on May 14, 2014. Former Solicitor General Paul Clement, former Acting Solicitor General Neal Katyal, University of California, Irvine School of Law Dean Erwin Chemerinsky, Professor Chin ( see above ), Temple University Law School Professor Peter Spiro, Professor Akhil Amar, Georgetown University Law Center Professor Randy Barnett, Yale Law School Professor Jack Balkin, and University of San Diego Professor Michael Ramsey believe Cruz meets the constitutional requirements to be eligible for the presidency. Similarly, Bryan Garner, the editor of Black 's Law Dictionary, believes the U.S. Supreme Court would find Cruz to be eligible, and Case Western Reserve University School of Law professor Jonathan H. Adler agrees that no court will rule against Cruz 's eligibility. Laurence Tribe of Harvard, however, described Cruz 's eligibility as `` murky and unsettled ''. Harvard Law Professor Cass Sunstein believes that Cruz is eligible, but agrees with Ramsey that Cruz 's eligibility is not `` an easy question ''. Sunstein believes concerns over standing and the political - question doctrine make it unlikely that courts would rule against Cruz. Mary McManamon ( see above ) writing in the Catholic University Law Review believes that Cruz is not eligible because he was not born in the United States. Professor Einer Elhauge of Harvard, Professor Robert Clinton of Arizona State University, University of Chicago Professor Eric Posner, former Chief Justice of the New York Court of Appeals Sol Wachtler, and Professor Victor Williams of Catholic University of America 's law school agree that Cruz is not eligible. Alan Grayson, a Democratic Member of Congress from Florida, does not believe Cruz is a natural - born citizen, and stated he would have filed a lawsuit if Cruz had become the Republican nominee. Orly Taitz, Larry Klayman, and Mario Apuzzo, who each filed multiple lawsuits challenging Obama 's eligibility, have also asserted that Cruz is not eligible. Cruz 's eligibility was questioned by some of his primary opponents, including Donald Trump, Mike Huckabee, Rick Santorum, Carly Fiorina, and Rand Paul. Marco Rubio, however, believes Cruz is eligible. Two November 2015 ballot challenges in New Hampshire alleging that Cruz was not a natural - born citizen were unsuccessful. In December, a similar lawsuit was filed in Vermont, and an unsuccessful lawsuit was filed in Florida. In January 2016, similar lawsuits were unsuccessfully filed in Texas and Utah, and two similar unsuccessful ballot challenges were filed in Illinois. In February, two similar unsuccessful lawsuits were filed in Pennsylvania and one was filed in Arkansas ; a similar lawsuit was filed in Alabama ; similar unsuccessful ballot challenges were filed in Indiana ; and similar ballot challenges and an unsuccessful similar lawsuit were also filed in New York. In March, a similar lawsuit was filed in New York. In April, a similar ballot challenge was unsuccessfully filed in New Jersey. No lawsuit or challenge has been successful, and in February 2016, the Illinois Board of Elections ruled in Cruz 's favor, stating, `` The candidate is a natural born citizen by virtue of being born in Canada to his mother who was a U.S. citizen at the time of his birth. '' The question of Cruz 's eligibility became moot when he suspended his campaign on May 3, 2016. Marco Rubio and Bobby Jindal ( edit ) Marco Rubio and Bobby Jindal both announced in 2015 that they were running for the Republican Party 's nomination for president in the 2016 election. Taitz and Apuzzo each have claimed neither Rubio nor Jindal is eligible because both were born ( albeit in the United States ) to parents who were not U.S. citizens at the time of their respective births. The question of Jindal 's eligibility became moot when he suspended his presidential campaign in November 2015. Nonetheless, a lawsuit filed in December 2015 in Vermont and a ballot challenge filed in February 2016 in New York challenged Jindal 's eligibility. A November 2015 ballot challenge in New Hampshire alleging that Rubio was not a natural - born citizen was unsuccessful. In December, a similar lawsuit was filed in Vermont, and an unsuccessful lawsuit was filed in Florida. In January 2016, a similar unsuccessful ballot challenge was filed in Illinois. In February, a similar unsuccessful lawsuit was filed in Arkansas ; a similar ballot challenge was filed in New York ; and an unsuccessful ballot challenge was filed in Indiana. The question of Rubio 's eligibility became moot when he suspended his presidential campaign in March 2016. Potential presidential candidates who are not eligible ( edit ) Arnold Schwarzenegger ( edit ) Arnold Schwarzenegger was reported as considering challenging the prevailing interpretation of the clause. In 2003, Senator Orrin Hatch unsuccessfully put forth the Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment, intending to allow eligibility for Arnold Schwarzenegger. In October 2013, the New York Post reported that Schwarzenegger -- who is originally from Austria and became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1983, also retaining Austrian citizenship -- was exploring a future run for the American presidency. He reportedly lobbied legislators about a possible constitutional change, or filing a legal challenge to the provision. Cornell University law professor Michael C. Dorf observed that Schwarzenegger 's possible lawsuit could ultimately win him the right to run for the office, noting, `` The law is very clear, but it 's not 100 percent clear that the courts would enforce that law rather than leave it to the political process ''. Schwarzenegger subsequently denied that he was running. See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Law portal Jus sanguinis United States nationality law United States presidential eligibility legislation Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tucker, St. George ( 1803 ). `` St. George Tucker, Blackstone 's Commentaries 1 : App. 316 -- s25, 328 -- 29 ''. Retrieved April 10, 2016. Jump up ^ Williams, Pete ( January 19, 2016 ). `` ' Natural Born ' Issue for Ted Cruz Is Not Settled and Not Going Away ''. NBC News. The emerging consensus of the legal experts, however, is that being ' natural born ' means becoming a citizen at the moment of birth, as opposed to achieving it later through the process of naturalization... ^ Jump up to : Maskell, Jack ( November 14, 2011 ). `` Qualifications for President and the ' Natural Born ' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement '' ( PDF ). Congressional Research Service. p. 2. Retrieved February 25, 2012. In addition to historical and textual analysis, numerous holdings and references in federal ( and state ) cases for more than a century have clearly indicated that those born in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction ( i.e., not born to foreign diplomats or occupying military forces ), even to alien parents, are citizens ' at birth ' or ' by birth, ' and are ' natural born, ' as opposed to ' naturalized, ' U.S. citizens. There is no provision in the Constitution and no controlling American case law to support a contention that the citizenship of one 's parents governs the eligibility of a native born U.S. citizen to be President. ^ Jump up to : `` Strunk v New York State Bd. of Elections : : 2012 : : New York Other Courts Decisions : : New York Case Law : : New York Law : : U.S. Law : : Justia ''. Law.justia.com. Retrieved January 16, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Pilon, Mary ( June 24, 2016 ). `` Donald Trump 's Immigrant Mother ''. The New Yorker. ^ Jump up to : Tokaji, Daniel ( 2008 ). `` The Justiciability of Eligibility : May Courts Decide Who Can Be President? ''. Michigan Law Review, First Impressions. 107 : 31. ^ Jump up to : Gordon, Charles ( 1968 ). `` Who can be President of the United States : The Unresolved Enigma ''. Maryland Law Review. Baltimore Maryland : Maryland Law Review, Inc. University of Maryland School of Law. 28 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 32. Retrieved October 8, 2012. Jump up ^ Bradley, Curtis A. ; Siegel, Neil ( April 2015 ). `` CONSTRUCTED CONSTRAINT AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL TEXT ''. Duke Law Journal. 64 ( 7 ) : 1243 ( footnote 130 ). Jump up ^ A Duke Law Journal article has noted, `` Because of the placement of the commas, this clause, if read literally, suggests that only individuals alive at the time the Constitution was adopted are eligible to be president. For purposive and consequentialist reasons, however, the clause never has been read that way. '' Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution : Article 1, Section 2, Clause 2 : Qualifications of Members Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution : Article 1, Section 3, Clause 3 : Qualifications of Senators Jump up ^ Calvin 's Case 7 Co. Rep. 1a, 77 ER 377, reprinted in The Reports of Sir Edward Coke, In Thirteen Parts, A New Edition, vol. 4, p. 1 ( London, Joseph Butterworth and Son 1826 ). Jump up ^ Great Britain, Statutes of the Realm, Vol. 9, p. 63 ( London, Dawsons of Pall Mall 1822, reprinted 1962 ). Jump up ^ Piggott, Francis. Nationality and Naturalization, pp. 48 - 50 ( W. Clowes and Sons, 1907 ). ^ Jump up to : McManamon, Mary. `` The Natural Born Citizen Clause as Originally Understood '', Catholic University Law Review, v. 64, no. 2 ( 2015 ). Jump up ^ William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, Vol. 1, p. 363 ( Oxford, The Clarendon Press 1765 ) Jump up ^ William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, Vol. 1, p. 363 ( Oxford, The Clarendon Press 1765 ) Jump up ^ Biglieri, Ezio ; Prati, G. ( 2014 ). Enclyclopedia of Public International Law. Elsevier. p. 54. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4832 - 9477 - 3. Jump up ^ `` British Nationality Act, 1730 ''. United Settlement. Retrieved 3 March 2016. Jump up ^ Cohen, Elizabeth. `` Citizenship and the Law of Time in the United States '', Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy, Vol. 8, p. 67 n. 59 ( 2013 ). ^ Jump up to : Blackstone, William. Commentaries on the Laws of England, Vol. 1, p. 354 ( Oxford, The Clarendon Press 1765 ). Jump up ^ Dann, Carrie. `` Yes, Ted Cruz Was Born in Canada. So What? '', NBC News ( March 26, 2015 ). Jump up ^ Blackstone, William. `` Commentaries on the Laws of England '', Vol. 1, p. 373 ( Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 7th ed. 1775 ). Jump up ^ Plowden, Francis. `` An Investigation of the Native Rights of British Subjects '', pp. 74, 161 - 62 ( London, Baldwin, Whieldon & Debrett 1784 ). Jump up ^ Plowden, Francis. `` A Supplement to the Investigation of the Native Rights of British Subjects '', p. 134 ( London, Baldwin, Whieldon & Debrett 1785 ). Jump up ^ 7 Coke Report 1a, 77 ER 377 ( 1608 ), Opinion of Edward Coke. Jump up ^ Edwards, F.B. `` Natural - Born British Subjects at Common Law '', Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, Vol. 14, p. 318 ( 1914 ). Jump up ^ Maskell, Jack. `` Qualifications for President and the ' Natural Born ' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement '', CRS Report for Congress, pp. 31 - 32 ( 2011 ). Jump up ^ Johnson, Samuel. A Dictionary Of The English Language : In Which The Words are Deduced from Their Originals, And Illustrated in Their Different Significations By Examples from the Best Writers, To Which Are Prefixed, A History of the Language, And An English Grammar : In Two Volumes, Volume 2, pp. 180 -- 181 ( Knapton, 1756 ). Jump up ^ Speare, Morris. `` Lafayette, Citizen of America '', New York Times ( September 7, 1919 ). Jump up ^ Riley, Elihu. `` The Ancient City '' : A History of Annapolis, in Maryland, 1649 - 1887, p. 198 ( Record Printing Office 1887 ). Jump up ^ Lee, Thomas. `` Is Ted Cruz a ' natural born Citizen '? Not if you 're a constitutional originalist '', Los Angeles Times ( January 10, 2016 ). Jump up ^ Han, William. `` Beyond Presidential Eligibility : The Natural Born Citizen Clause as a Source of Birthright Citizenship '', Drake Law Review, Vol. 58, No. 2, 2010, p. 462. Jump up ^ Pryor, Jill A. `` The Natural - Born Citizen Clause and Presidential Eligibility : An Approach for Resolving Two Hundred Years of Uncertainty ''. 97 Yale Law Journal 881, 889 ( 1988 ) http://yalelawjournal.org/images/pdfs/pryor_note.pdf ; Jump up ^ http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_618.asp Jump up ^ 3 M. Farrand, The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, at 619. Jump up ^ 3 Farrand, at 629. Jump up ^ Letter from John Jay to George Washington, 25 July, 1787 Jump up ^ Heard, Alexander ; Nelson, Michael ( 1987 ). Presidential Selection, Duke University Press. p. 123. Retrieved April 24, 2011. ( the word born is underlined in the quoted letter ) Jump up ^ Han, William. `` Beyond Presidential Eligibility : The Natural Born Citizen Clause as a Source of Birthright Citizenship '', Drake Law Review, Vol. 58, No. 2, 2010, pp. 462 -- 463. Jump up ^ Palazzolo, Joe ( September 4, 2012 ). `` The Other Democratic Candidate ''. The Wall Street Journal. ^ Jump up to : Kasindorf, Martin ( December 2, 2004 ). `` Should the Constitution be amended for Arnold? ''. USA Today. ^ Jump up to : `` President Kissinger? ''. Time. March 4, 1974. Jump up ^ Blackstone, Commentaries, Vol. II, Ch. 10, 1803. Jump up ^ Farrand, Max. `` Charles Pinckney in the United States Senate ''. The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Vol 3. Retrieved October 8, 2012. Jump up ^ Amar, Akhil ( March -- April 2004 ). `` NATURAL BORN KILLJOY Why the Constitution wo n't let immigrants run for president, and why that should change. ''. Legal Affairs. Retrieved July 16, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Statutes At Large, First Congress, Session II, p. 103 Jump up ^ Congressional Globe 37.2 ( 1862 ), p. 1639. Jump up ^ Congressional Globe 39.1 ( 1866 ) p. 1291. Stated again during a House debate in 1872 ; cf. Congressional Globe 42.2 ( 1872 ), p. 2791. Jump up ^ 10 Opinions of the U.S. Atty. Gen. ( pages ) 382 -- 413, and separately as Opinion of Attorney General Bates on Citizenship ( 1863, Washington, DC, Govt. Printing Office ) 27 pages. Jump up ^ `` Citizenship of children born in the United States of alien parents '', 10 Op. US Atty - Gen. 328. Jump up ^ Letter from Marcy to Mason, June 6, 1854, quoted from the manuscript, reprinted ( with the emphasis shown ) in John Bassett Moore, A Digest of International Law ( of the United States ), vol. 3, sec. 373, pp. 276 -- 277 ( US House of Representatives, 56th Congress, 2d Session, Document no. 551 ; Washington, DC, Govt. Printing Office, 1906 ). Jump up ^ His first name is not given in the Opinion itself but is found in the correspondence seeking the opinion, in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States ( US House of Representatives, 44th Congress, 1st Session, December 6, 1875 ) Exec. Doct. 1, part 1, page 563. Jump up ^ Steinkauler 's Case, 15 Opinions of the US Attorneys - General 15 at 17 -- 18 ( June 26, 1875 ). Jump up ^ van Dyne, Frederick, Citizenship of the United States ( 1904, Rochester, NY, Lawyers Co-operative Publ'g Co. ) pp. 3 -- 12. With regard to the last sentence in the quotation, van Dyne discusses some peripheral court decisions, none dealing with conventional U.S. citizenship, but with the nationality of the child of a foreigner and a member of an independent American Indian tribe whose members were not ordinarily regarded as U.S. citizens. Jump up ^ NY Chanc. Ct., November 5, 1844 ; 1 Sandf.Ch. 583, 3 NY Leg. Obs. 236, 7 NY Ch. Ann. 443, 1844 WL 4804, 1844 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 1. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Sandf. at 656, Leg. Obs. at 246 -- 247 Jump up ^ Sandf. at 663, Leg. Obs. at 250 Jump up ^ D. Cal., Sep 29, 1884 ) 21 Fed. 905, 10 Sawyer 's Rpts. 353 Jump up ^ Fed at 909, Sawyer at 359 -- 360 Jump up ^ U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) 169 U.S. 649, 42 L. Ed. 890, 18 S. Ct. 456. ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Similarly, in a 1999 Circuit Court decision, the U.S. - born children of two non-citizen parents were spoken of as `` natural born citizens ''. Mustata v. US Dept. of Justice ( 6th Cir. 1999 ) 179 F. 3d 1017 at 1019. ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Perkins v. Elg ( 1939 ) 307 U.S. 325 at 329, 83 L. Ed. 1320 at 1324, 59 S. Ct. 884 at 888. ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Perkins v. Elg ( D.C. Cir. 1938 ) 69 U.S. App. D.C. 175, 99 F. 2d 408 ^ Jump up to : Maskell, Jack ( January 11, 2016 ). `` Qualifications for President and the `` Natural Born '' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement ``. Congressional Research Service. Jump up ^ `` Zimmer v Acheson, 191 F. 2d 209 ( 10th Cir. 1951 ) ''. Jump up ^ `` Montana v. Kennedy, 366 U.S. 308 ( 1961 ) ''. Jump up ^ Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana ( 2009 ), Appeals Court Decision, 11120903 Jump up ^ Nolos v. Holder ( 5th Cir. 2010 ) 611 F. 3d 279, 62 ALR - Fed. 2d 777, ( 5 ) ; also Sean Morrison, Foreign in a Domestic Sense : American Samoa and the Last U.S. Nationals, 41 Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 71 ( fall 2013 ) ( 6 ). Jump up ^ Rawle, William ( 1825 ). A View of the Constitution of the United States of America. Philadelphia, Carey & Lea. pp. 80 -- 81. ISBN 978 - 1144771858. Jump up ^ James F. Wilson in : Congressional Globe, House of Representatives, 39th Congress, 1st Session, Washington 1866, p. 1117. Jump up ^ Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393, 476 ( 1857 ). Jump up ^ Book 1, § 212 Jump up ^ United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649, 708 ( 1898 ). Jump up ^ Joseph Story ( 1840 ). A familiar exposition of the Constitution of the United States : containing a brief commentary on every clause, explaining the true nature, reasons, and objects thereof : designed for the use of school libraries and general readers : with an appendix, containing important public documents, illustrative of the Constitution. Marsh, Capen, Lyon and Webb. pp. 167 § 269 -- 271. Jump up ^ Joseph Story ( 1834 ). The constitutional class book : being a brief exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Designed for the use of the higher classes in common schools. Hilliard, Gray & Company. pp. 115 § 190. Jump up ^ Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 ( 1896 ). Jump up ^ A.P. Morse, `` Natural - Born Citizen of the United States : Eligibility for the Office of President '', Albany Law Journal, vol. 66 ( 1904 -- 1905 ) Jump up ^ `` Presidential Elections in the United States : A Primer '' ( PDF ). Congressional Research Service. April 17, 2000. Retrieved January 8, 2010. Jump up ^ 41131059 MoC Memo What to Tell Your Constituents in Answer to Obama Eligibility Jump up ^ Liptak, Adam ( July 11, 2008 ). `` A Citizen, but ' Natural Born '? ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ Chin, Gabriel J. ( 2008 ), `` Why Senator John McCain Cannot Be President : Eleven Months and a Hundred Yards Short of Citizenship '', 107 Mich. L. Rev. First Impressions 1 Jump up ^ White, G. Edward ( August 20, 2009 ). `` Re-examining the Constitution 's Presidential Eligibility Clause ''. University of Virginia School of Law. Retrieved February 27, 2012. ^ Jump up to : McManamon, Mary ( 2015 ), `` The Natural Born Citizens Clause as Originally Understood '', 64 Catholic University Law Review 317 Jump up ^ McManamon, Mary Brigid ( January 12, 2016 ). `` Law professor : Ted Cruz is not eligible to be president ''. Washington Post. Retrieved January 15, 2016. Jump up ^ Elhauge, Einer ( January 20, 2016 ). `` Opinion : Cruz not really ' natural born citizen ' ''. Chicago Sun - Times. Retrieved January 21, 2016. Jump up ^ Clinton, Robert ( January 27, 2016 ). `` Ted Cruz Is Not A ' Natural Born ' Citizen ''. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved January 28, 2016. Jump up ^ Posner, Eric ( February 8, 2016 ). `` Ted Cruz Is Not Eligible to Be President ''. Slate. ^ Jump up to : Wachtler, Sol ( February 13, 2016 ). `` Constitutional history shows Cruz ineligible for White House ''. Newsday. Jump up ^ Vlahoplus, John ( April 5, 2017 ). On the Meaning of `` Considered as Natural Born ''. Wake Forest L. Rev. Online. Jump up ^ Solum, Lawrence B. ( 2008 ), `` Originalism and the natural born citizen clause '', 107 Mich. L. Rev. First Impressions 22 Jump up ^ Lawrence B. Solum, `` Originalism and the natural born citizen clause '', revised draft version, April 18, 2010 ( SSRN ), p. 1, n. 3. However, other passages of his revised draft still imply U.S. citizenship of both parents ; cf. i.a. pp. 3, 9, 11. ^ Jump up to : Leary, Alex ( October 20, 2011 ). `` Birthers say Marco Rubio is not eligible to be president ''. Tampa Bay Times. Jump up ^ Kornhaber, Spencer ( September 22, 2010 ). `` Chapman Constitutional Scholar Rebuffs Orly Taitz 's Overtures ''. OC Weekly. Jump up ^ Chin, Gabriel ( April 20, 2011 ). `` Who 's really eligible to be president? ''. CNN. Jump up ^ Volokh, Eugene ( November 18, 2009 ). `` Indiana Court of Appeals Rejects Claim That ' Because His Father Was a Citizen of the United Kingdom, President Obama Is Not a Natural Born Citizen and Therefore Constitutionally Ineligible to Assume the Office of the President ' ''. The Volokh Conspiracy. Retrieved May 3, 2011. Jump up ^ Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana, 916 NE 2d 678 ( Ind. Ct. of Appeals November 12, 2009 ). Jump up ^ Rathgeber, Bob ( September 20, 2010 ). `` Exclusive : Now, ' birthers ' have eye on Marco Rubio ''. News - Press. ^ Jump up to : E.g. see Robinson v. Bowen, 567 F. Supp. 2d 1144 ( N.D. Cal. 2008 ) ; Hollander v. McCain, 2008 WL 2853250 ( D.N.H. 2008 ) ; Berg v. Obama, 08 - 04083 ( E.D. Pa. 2008 ). Jump up ^ See 3 U.S.C. ch. 1. ^ Jump up to : Carl Hulse ( February 28, 2008 ). `` McCain 's Canal Zone Birth Prompts Queries About Whether That Rules Him Out ''. The New York Times. Retrieved August 12, 2012. Jump up ^ Spiro, Peter. `` McCain 's Citizenship and Constitutional Method '', Michigan Law Review, Volume 107, p. 208 ( 2008 ). ^ Jump up to : `` Who Can Be President? '', Voice of America News ( July 29, 2008 ). Archived February 20, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Reeves, Thomas C. `` The Mystery of Chester Alan Arthur 's Birthplace '', Vermont History 38, Montpelier : Vermont Historical Society, p. 295 Jump up ^ DeGregorio, William A. The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents, Random House : 1993, pp. 307 -- 08, ISBN 0 - 517 - 08244 - 6 Jump up ^ Thomas C. Reeves, Gentleman Boss. The Life and Times of Chester Alan Arthur ( Newtown 1991 ), p. 5. Jump up ^ Hinman, Arthur P. ( 1884 ). How a British Subject became President of the United States. Jump up ^ `` Is Mr. Schürmann eligible? '', New York Tribune, October 2, 1896, in : Anonymous ( ed. ), The Presidential Campaign of 1896. A Scrap - Book Chronicle, New York 1925 : Funk & Wagnalls, p. 130 sq. ( Note : The year of publication is given as 1888, though the election was eight years later. However, the author 's introduction is dated 1925. ) Jump up ^ Breckinridge Long ( 1916 ), `` Is Mr. Charles Evans Hughes a ' Natural Born Citizen ' within the Meaning of the Constitution? '', Chicago Legal News vol. 49, pp. 146 -- 148 ( December 7, 1916 ). It does not appear that this issue was raised before the election day, which may indicate that the majority of voters or of legal authorities felt it was not an impediment to Hughes 's eligibility. Jump up ^ Lipsky, Seth ( 2009 ). The Citizen 's Constitution : An Annotated Guide. ( Basic Books ). p. 126. ^ Jump up to : Heard, Alexander and Nelson, Michael ( 1987 ). Presidential Selection. ( Duke University Press ) p. 127. Jump up ^ Ken Rudin ( July 9, 1998 ). `` Citizen McCain 's Panama Problem? ''. Washington Post. Jump up ^ Powell, Stewart ( August 14, 1976 ). `` Weicker May Not Be Eligible to Serve in High Position '', Nashua Telegraph. United Press International. Jump up ^ S. Res. 511 : A resolution recognizing that John Sidney McCain, III, is a natural - born citizen., U.S. Senate, April 30, 2008, OpenCongress. Retrieved April 13, 2011 Jump up ^ `` John McCain Biography '', Biography.com. Retrieved April 13, 2011 ^ Jump up to : Dobbs, Michael ( May 20, 2008 ). `` John McCain 's Birthplace ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved April 13, 2011. Jump up ^ Parish, Matt ( 2010 ), `` How Old Is John McCain? '', Politics Daily, AOL. Retrieved April 13, 2011 Jump up ^ `` Profile : John McCain ''. Online NewsHour. PBS. July 1, 2008. Retrieved April 13, 2011. Jump up ^ Fagan, Kevin ( September 21, 2008 ). `` McCain : A profile in courage and adaptation ''. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 13, 2011. Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Hollander v. McCain et al, Justia Dockets & Filings Jump up ^ Dr. Conspiracy ( April 24, 2010 ), `` John McCain 's fake birth certificate '', Obama Conspiracy Theories. Retrieved April 13, 2011 Jump up ^ Dobbs, Michael ( May 2, 2008 ), `` McCain 's Birth Abroad Stirs Legal Debate : His Eligibility for Presidency Is Questioned '', The Washington Post Jump up ^ Article II of Convention Between the United States and the Republic of Panama states : ``... the cities of Panama and Colon and the harbors adjacent to said cities, which are included within the boundaries of the zone above described, shall not be included within this grant ''. Jump up ^ A book written by the U.S. Navy includes the same reference : Bakenhus, Reuben Edwin ; Knapp, Harry Shepard ; Johnson, Emory Richard ( 1915 ). The Panama Canal : Comprising Its History and Construction, and Its Relation to the Navy, International Law and Commerce. J. Wiley & sons, Incorporated. p. 192. Jump up ^ This map clearly shows Colon is not part of the Canal Zone. Colon Hospital can be seen on the map at the North end of the island. ( Source : http://www.serve.com/~CZBrats/ ) Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` Foreign Affairs Manual 7 FAM 1110 Acquisition of U.S. Citizenship by Birth in the United States ''. United States Department of State. Retrieved December 13, 2015. 7 FAM 1113 ( c ) ( 1 ) : `` Despite widespread popular belief, U.S. military installations abroad and U.S. diplomatic facilities are not part of the United States within the meaning of the 14th Amendment. A child born on the premises of such a facility is not subject to U.S. jurisdiction and does not acquire U.S. citizenship by reason of birth. '' Jump up ^ `` Lawyers Conclude McCain Is `` Natural Born '', CBS News, Associated Press, March 28, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2008. Jump up ^ S. Res. 511 : A resolution recognizing that John Sidney McCain, III, is a natural - born citizen ; sponsors : Sen. Claire McCaskill, Sen. Barack Obama et al. ; page S2951 notes Chairman Patrick Leahy as agreeing to Secretary Michael Chertoff 's `` assumption and understanding '' that a citizen is a natural - born citizen, if he or she was `` born of American parents ''. Jump up ^ Cf. William Alsup, Robinson v. Bowen : Order denying preliminary injunction and dismissing action, September 16, 2008, p. 2 ; Alsup ruled that McCain was either a natural - born citizen by birth under 8 U.S.C. § 1401c or retroactively under 8 U.S.C. § 1403 ( a ). ( See also : `` Judge says McCain is a ' natural - born citizen ' ''. Associated Press. September 18, 2008. Retrieved November 16, 2008., and `` Constitutional Topic : Citizenship ''. U.S. Constitution Online. Retrieved November 25, 2008. ) Jump up ^ Chin, Gabriel J. ( 2008 ), `` Why Senator John McCain Cannot Be President : Eleven Months and a Hundred Yards Short of Citizenship '', Michigan Law Review First Impressions, Vol. 107, No. 1, ( Arizona Legal Studies Discussion Paper No. 08 - 14 ) Jump up ^ `` Foreign Affairs Manual 7 FAM 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions ''. United States Department of State. Retrieved December 13, 2015. Jump up ^ SCOTUS 401 U.S. 815, 828 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Topic : Citizenship ''. U.S. Constitution Online. Retrieved June 7, 2009 Jump up ^ Lawrence B. Solum, `` Originalism and the natural born citizen clause '', Michigan Law Review : First Impressions 107, September 2008, p. 30. Jump up ^ `` Is John McCain a natural - born citizen? '' Snopes.com, July 23, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Obama 's Kenyan Citizenship? ''. FactCheck.org. September 3, 2009. Retrieved September 14, 2013. Jump up ^ `` British nationality by virtue of citizenship ''. British Nationality Act 1948. Her Majesty 's Government. Retrieved September 14, 2013. Jump up ^ `` UK and Colonies ''. Home Office. Jump up ^ `` The Truth About Barack 's Birth Certificate ( archived web cache ) ''. Fight the Smears ( Obama for America ). Archived from the original on March 9, 2011. ( Retrieved March 9, 2011 ), quoting in excerpts from : `` Does Barack Obama have Kenyan citizenship? ''. FactCheck.org ( Annenberg Foundation ). August 29, 2008. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. ; see also : `` Obama hits back at Internet slanders ''. Agence France - Presse. June 12, 2008. ; in a written oath to the State of Arizona, Obama further stated that he is a natural - born citizen ( cf. Candidate Nomination Paper, State of Arizona, November 30, 2007 ). Jump up ^ Leo C. Donofrio v. Nina Mitchell Wells ( SCOTUS 08A407 ) and Cort Wrotnowski v. Susan Bysiewicz ( SCOTUS 08A469 ) Jump up ^ Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana ( Ind. App., 12 NOV 2009 ), Appeals Court Decision, 11120903 Jump up ^ Farrar v. Obama ( Office of State Administrative Hearings State of Georgia 2012 ). Text Jump up ^ Tisdale v. Obama ( United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia 2012 ). Text Jump up ^ Statement by Dr. Chiyome Fukino, Department of Health, October 31, 2008 Jump up ^ `` Hawaii reasserts Obama ' natural - born ' citizen '', MSNBC, July 28, 2009 Jump up ^ Hanna, Maddie ( November 18, 2011 ). `` ' Birther ' bid to derail Obama blocked ''. Concord Monitor. Jump up ^ Velasco, Eric ( January 9, 2012 ). `` Suit to keep President Barack Obama off Alabama primary ballots dismissed by Jefferson County judge ''. Alabama : al.com. Jump up ^ Allen v. Obama ( Arizona Superior Court, Pima County February 24, 2012 ). Text Jump up ^ Secretary of State Kemp Issues Final Decision on Challenge to President Barack Obama 's Eligibility and Qualifications, ( February 7, 2012 ), Press Office of the Georgia Secretary of State. Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Martin, Jonathan ; Haberman, Maggie ( March 22, 2015 ). `` Ted Cruz Hopes Early Campaign Entry Will Focus Voters ' Attention ''. The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Cruz, Rafael Edward ( Ted ), ( 1970 -- ) ''. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. ^ Jump up to : Chin, Gabriel ( August 13, 2013 ). `` Opinion : Ted Cruz can be president, probably ''. CNN. Jump up ^ Gillman, Todd ( December 28, 2013 ). `` Ted Cruz says he 's hired lawyers to renounce Canadian citizenship ''. Dallas Morning News. Retrieved December 30, 2013. Jump up ^ Gillman, Todd ( June 10, 2014 ). `` No, Canada : Sen. Ted Cruz has formally shed his dual citizenship ''. The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved June 10, 2014. Jump up ^ Blake, Aaron ( August 19, 2013 ). `` Cruz Will Renounce Canadian Citizenship ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved August 20, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Barnes, Robert ( March 12, 2015 ). `` Legal experts : Cruz 's Canadian birth wo n't keep him out of the Oval Office ''. Washington Post. ^ Jump up to : Neal Katyal ; Paul Clement ( March 11, 2015 ). `` On the Meaning of ' Natural Born Citizen ' ''. Harvard Law Review. Jump up ^ Chemerinsky, Erwin ( January 13, 2016 ). `` Ted Cruz is eligible to be president ''. Orange County Register. Jump up ^ Spiro, Peter ( March 22, 2015 ). `` Is Ted Cruz a ' Natural Born Citizen '? ''. Opinio Juris., Jump up ^ Amar, Akhil ( January 13, 2016 ). `` Why Ted Cruz is eligible to be president ''. CNN. ^ Jump up to : Barnett, Randy ( February 6, 2016 ). `` Tribe v. Balkin on whether Ted Cruz is a `` natural born citizen '' ``. Washington Post. Jump up ^ Garner, Bryan ( January 14, 2016 ). `` Memorandum : Is Ted Cruz Eligible for the Presidency? ''. The Atlantic. Jump up ^ Adler, Jonathan ( January 7, 2016 ). `` Yes, Ted Cruz is a ' natural born citizen ' ''. Washington Post. Jump up ^ Jacobs, Ben ( January 10, 2016 ). `` Harvard scholar : Ted Cruz 's citizenship, eligibility for president ' unsettled ' ''. The Guardian. Jump up ^ Sunstein, Cass ( January 12, 2016 ). `` Is Cruz ' Natural Born '? Well... Maybe ''. Bloomberg View. Jump up ^ McManamon, Mary Brigid ( January 12, 2016 ). `` Ted Cruz is not eligible to be president ''. Washington Post. Jump up ^ Elhauge, Einer ( January 20, 2016 ). `` Ted Cruz is not eligible to run for president : A Harvard law professor close - reads the Constitution ''. Salon. Jump up ^ Clinton, Robert ( January 27, 2016 ). `` Ted Cruz Is n't a ' Natural Born ' Citizen : According to the Constitution, because Sen. Ted Cruz was not born in the United States, he is not eligible to run for president. ''. U.S. News & World Report. Jump up ^ Posner, Eric ( February 8, 2016 ). `` Ted Cruz Is Not Eligible to Be President ''. Slate. ^ Jump up to : Adler, Jonathan ( April 9, 2016 ). `` Law professor runs for president in order to challenge Ted Cruz 's eligibility ''. Washington Post. Jump up ^ `` Grayson : I 'll File A Lawsuit Against Ted Cruz If He 's The Nominee ''. FOX News. November 25, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Nelson, Steven ( March 24, 2015 ). `` Ted Cruz Inherits ' Birthers ' With Presidential Bid ''. U.S. News & World Report. Jump up ^ Koplowitz, Howard ( March 26, 2015 ). `` Birther 2.0 : Can Ted Cruz Run For President? ' He 's Even Worse Than Obama, ' Citizenship Skeptic Says ''. International Business Times. Jump up ^ `` Trump, Cruz clash over eligibility, ' New York values ' at GOP debate ''. Fox News. January 15, 2016. Jump up ^ Weigel, David ( January 13, 2016 ). `` Huckabee joins the Republicans with questions about Cruz 's eligibility ''. ABC News. Jump up ^ Brody, Ben ( January 12, 2016 ). `` Few Colleagues Defend Cruz as White House Eligibility Is Questioned ''. Bloomberg News. Jump up ^ Mielke, Brad ( November 13, 2015 ). `` Some Voters Trying to Kick Ted Cruz and Bernie Sanders Off NH Ballot ''. ABC News. ^ Jump up to : Tuohy, Dan ( November 24, 2015 ). `` BLC upholds Sanders, Trump on primary ballots ''. Union Leader. ^ Jump up to : Blaisdell, Eric ( January 1, 2016 ). `` Vermonter tries to keep names off presidential ballot ''. Rutland Herald. ^ Jump up to : Leary, Alex ( January 14, 2016 ). `` Marco Rubio seeks to dismiss court challenge to his eligibility to be president ''. Tampa Bay Times. ^ Jump up to : Sherman, Amy ( March 4, 2016 ). `` Broward judge tosses case seeking to remove Marco Rubio and Ted Cruz from Florida ballot ''. Miami Herald. Jump up ^ Calkins, Laurel Brubaker ( January 14, 2016 ). `` Cruz 's ' Natural - Born Citizen ' Status Tested in Birther Suit ''. Bloomberg News. Jump up ^ Koh, Elizabeth ( February 23, 2016 ). `` Cruz asks judge to dismiss Texas lawsuit on presidential eligibility ''. The Dallas Morning News. Jump up ^ Banks, Gabrielle ( April 13, 2016 ). `` Judge tosses birther lawsuit against Ted Cruz ''. Houston Chronicle. Jump up ^ Ben Winslow and Max Roth ( January 26, 2016 ). `` Utah man suing Ted Cruz claiming he 's not a natural - born citizen ''. KSTU. Jump up ^ Koh, Elizabeth ( March 21, 2016 ). `` Utah judge dismisses 5th challenge this month to Cruz 's presidential eligibility ''. The Dallas Morning News. ^ Jump up to : Kopan, Tal ( January 15, 2016 ). `` Ted Cruz not the only one with a birther challenge ''. CNN. Jump up ^ Gregory, John ( January 8, 2016 ). `` Cruz 's Birthplace Challenged in Illinois ''. WBGZ. ^ Jump up to : Farias, Cristian ( February 2, 2016 ). `` Ted Cruz Is A ' Natural Born Citizen, ' Board Of Election Finds ''. CNN. Jump up ^ Schleifer, Theodore ( February 18, 2016 ). `` Case against Ted Cruz 's eligibility to be heard in Illinois on Friday ''. CNN. Jump up ^ Ortiz, Fiona ( March 1, 2016 ). `` Illinois judge dismisses Cruz eligibility complaint ''. Reuters. Jump up ^ Delano, Jon ( February 24, 2016 ). `` Pa. Attorney Challenging Ted Cruz 's Right To Run In State 's Republican Primary ''. KDKA - TV. Jump up ^ Associated Press ( February 25, 2016 ). `` Kasich, Cruz ballot paperwork challenged in Pennsylvania ''. WPXI. Jump up ^ Associated Press ( March 11, 2016 ). `` Cruz 's citizenship case may go to Pennsylvania Supreme Court ''. WHTM - TV. Jump up ^ Passarella, Gina ( March 21, 2016 ). `` Appeal of Cruz 's Ballot Eligibility Fast - Tracked ''. The Legal Intelligencer. Jump up ^ Koh, Elizabeth ( March 31, 2016 ). `` Pennsylvania Supreme Court affirms Cruz 's eligibility to be president ''. The Dallas Morning News. ^ Jump up to : Lanning, Curt ( February 8, 2016 ). `` Lawsuit : Remove Cruz and Rubio from Ark. Ballot ''. KARK - TV. ^ Jump up to : Manley, Marci ( February 29, 2016 ). `` Judge Dismisses Suit Requesting Cruz, Rubio Be Deemed Ineligible for Presidential Election ''. KARK - TV. Jump up ^ Koplowitz, Howard ( February 5, 2016 ). `` Alabama residents ' lawsuit claims Ted Cruz ineligible to run for president ''. The Birmingham News. ^ Jump up to : Cook, Tony ( February 16, 2016 ). `` Cruz, Rubio presidential candidacies face citizenship challenges in Indiana ''. The Indianapolis Star. ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( February 19, 2016 ). `` Cruz, Rubio remain eligible for Indiana presidential ballots ''. Indianapolis Business Journal. Jump up ^ Ross, Barbara ( February 18, 2016 ). `` New Yorkers seek court order to keep Ted Cruz off the ballot in state Republican presidential primaries because he was born in Canada ''. Daily News ( New York ). ^ Jump up to : Seiler, Casey ( February 18, 2016 ). `` State BOE receives flurry of ' natural - born ' objections to Rubio, Cruz ''. Times Union. Jump up ^ Seiler, Casey ( March 7, 2016 ). `` Challenge to Cruz 's ' natural born ' status dismissed due to blown deadlines ''. Times Union. ^ Jump up to : Pinciaro, Joseph ( March 15, 2016 ). `` Ted Cruz ballot eligibility challenged in federal court by Calverton man ''. Suffolk Times. Jump up ^ Terkel, Amanda ( April 13, 2016 ). `` New Jersey Judge Rejects Birther Lawsuit Against Ted Cruz ''. Huffington Post. Jump up ^ Merda, Chad ( February 3, 2016 ). `` Illinois election board : Ted Cruz is a natural - born citizen ''. Chicago Sun - Times. Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved February 4, 2016. The candidate is a natural born citizen by virtue of being born in Canada to his mother who was a U.S. citizen at the time of his birth, '' the board said. It pointed out that Cruz `` did not have to take any steps to go through a naturalization process at some point after birth '' and therefore `` further discussion on this issue is unnecessary. Jump up ^ Katie Glueck and Shane Goldmacher ( May 3, 2016 ). `` Ted Cruz drops out of presidential race ''. Politico. Jump up ^ Ashley Parker and Alan Rappeport ( April 13, 2015 ). `` Marco Rubio Announces 2016 Presidential Bid ''. New York Times. Jump up ^ Fernandez, Manny ( January 24, 2015 ). `` Bobby Jindal Announces Run for President ''. New York Times. Jump up ^ Tom LoBianco and Jeff Zeleny ( November 17, 2015 ). `` Bobby Jindal announces he is ending presidential campaign ''. CNN. Jump up ^ Peters, Jeremy ( March 15, 2016 ). `` Marco Rubio Suspends His Presidential Campaign ''. New York Times. Jump up ^ Smith, Emily ( October 18, 2013 ). `` Arnold lobbies for White House run ''. New York Post. Retrieved October 19, 2013. Jump up ^ Blake, Aaron ( October 18, 2013 ). `` Schwarzenegger denies he 's aiming for president ''. Washington Post. External links ( edit ) John Yinger, Essay on the Presidential Eligibility clause and on the origins and interpretation of natural born citizen. Jill A. Pryor, `` The Natural Born Citizen Clause and the Presidential Eligibility Clause ; Resolving Two Hundred Years of Uncertainty '', Yale Law Journal, Vol. 97, 1988, pp. 881 -- 899. Sarah P. Herlihy, `` Amending the Natural Born Citizen Requirement : Globalization as the Impetus and the Obstacle '', Chicago - Kent Law Review, Vol. 81, 2006, pp. 275 -- 300. Lawrence Friedman, `` An Idea Whose Time has Come - The Curious History, Uncertain Effect, and Need for Amendment of the ' Natural Born Citizen ' Requirement for the Presidency '', St. Louis Univ. Law Journal, Vol. 52, 2007, pp. 137 -- 150. U.S. Constitution Online, ( 7 ), Constitutional Topic : Citizenship. Presidential Eligibility, Constitution Society. ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&oldid=807618035 '' Categories : Clauses of the United States Constitution Discrimination Equality rights United States nationality law Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2015 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use mdy dates from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Magyar Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017, at 02 : 40. 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{ "text": "Member states of the United Nations - wikipedia Member states of the United Nations Jump to : navigation, search Map of the United Nations ( UN ) member states as of August 2017, with their territories ( including dependent territories ) recognized by the UN in green Flags of the member states of the United Nations, in front of the Palace of Nations ( Geneva, Switzerland ). Since 2015, the flags of the two non-member observer states are raised alongside those of the 193 member states. The United Nations member states are the 193 sovereign states that are members of the United Nations ( UN ) and have equal representation in the UN General Assembly. The UN is the world 's largest intergovernmental organization, ahead of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. The criteria for admission of new members to the UN are set out in Chapter II, Article 4 of the UN Charter : Membership in the United Nations is open to all peace - loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgement of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations. The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. A recommendation for admission from the Security Council requires affirmative votes from at least nine of the council 's fifteen members, with none of the five permanent members using their veto power. The Security Council 's recommendation must then be approved in the General Assembly by a two - thirds majority vote. In principle, only sovereign states can become UN members, and currently all UN members are sovereign states. Although five members were not sovereign when they joined the UN, all subsequently became fully independent between 1946 and 1991. Because a state can only be admitted to membership in the UN by the approval of the Security Council and the General Assembly, a number of states that are considered sovereign according to the Montevideo Convention are not members of the UN. This is because the UN does not consider them to possess sovereignty, mainly due to the lack of international recognition or due to opposition from one of the permanent members. In addition to the member states, the UN also invites non-member states to become observers at the UN General Assembly ( currently two : the Holy See and Palestine ), allowing them to participate and speak in General Assembly meetings, but not vote. Observers are generally intergovernmental organizations and international organizations and entities whose statehood or sovereignty is not precisely defined. Contents ( hide ) 1 Original members 2 Current members 3 Former members 3.1 Republic of China 3.1. 1 Bids for readmission as the representative of Taiwan 3.2 Czechoslovakia 3.3 German Democratic Republic 3.4 Federation of Malaya 3.5 Tanganyika and Zanzibar 3.6 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 3.7 United Arab Republic 3.8 Yemen and Democratic Yemen 3.9 Yugoslavia 4 Suspension, expulsion, and withdrawal of members 4.1 Withdrawal of Indonesia ( 1965 -- 1966 ) 5 Observers and non-members 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Original members ( edit ) The United Nations in 1945, after World War II. In light blue, the founding members. In dark blue, protectorates and territories of the founding members. Map of the current UN member states by their dates of admission. 1945 ( original members ) 1946 -- 1959 1960 -- 1989 1990 -- present non-member observer states Further information : History of the United Nations The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, after ratification of the United Nations Charter by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council ( the Republic of China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States ) and a majority of the other signatories. A total of 51 original members ( or founding members ) joined that year ; 50 of them signed the Charter at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco on 26 June 1945, while Poland, which was not represented at the conference, signed it on 15 October 1945. The original members of the United Nations were : France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Byelorussia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Syria, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela and Yugoslavia. Among the original members, 49 are either still UN members or had their memberships in the UN continued by a successor state ( see table below ) ; for example, the membership of the Soviet Union was continued by the Russian Federation after its dissolution ( see the section Former members : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ). The other two original members, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia ( i.e., the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ), had been dissolved and their memberships in the UN not continued from 1992 by any one successor state ( see the sections Former members : Czechoslovakia and Former members : Yugoslavia ). At the time of UN 's founding, the seat of China in the UN was held by the Republic of China, but as a result of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 in 1971, it is now held by the People 's Republic of China ( see the section Former members : Republic of China ( Taiwan ) ). A number of the original members were not sovereign when they joined the UN, and only gained full independence later : Belarus ( then the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ) and Ukraine ( then the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ) were both constituent republics of the Soviet Union, until gaining full independence in 1991. India ( whose territory at that time, before the Partition of India, also included the present - day territories of Pakistan and Bangladesh ) was under British colonial rule, until gaining full independence in 1947. The Philippines ( then the Philippine Commonwealth ) was a commonwealth with the United States, until gaining full independence in 1946. New Zealand, while de facto sovereign at that time, `` only gained full capacity to enter into relations with other states in 1947 when it passed the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act. This occurred 16 years after the British Parliament passed the Statute of Westminster Act in 1931 that recognised New Zealand 's autonomy. If judged by the Montevideo Convention criteria, New Zealand did not achieve full de jure statehood until 1947. '' Current members ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : United Nations Member States Further information : List of sovereign states The current members and their dates of admission are listed below with their official designations used by the United Nations. The alphabetical order by the member states ' official designations is used to determine the seating arrangement of the General Assembly sessions, where a draw is held each year to select a member state as the starting point. Several members use their full official names in their official designations and thus are sorted out of order from their common names : the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of Korea, the Republic of Moldova, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ( a provisional reference used for all purposes within the UN, and listed under T ), and the United Republic of Tanzania. The member states can be sorted by their official designations and dates of admission by clicking on the buttons in the header of the columns. See related sections on former members by clicking on the links in the column See also. Original members are listed with blue background. Flag Member state Date of admission See also Afghanistan 000000001946 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 1946 United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan Albania 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~! Algeria 000000001962 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 1962 ~! Andorra 000000001993 - 07 - 28 - 0000 28 July 1993 ~! Angola 000000001976 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1976 ~! Antigua and Barbuda 000000001981 - 11 - 11 - 0000 11 November 1981 ~! Argentina 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~! Armenia 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Australia 000000001945 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 1945 Australia and the United Nations Austria 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~! Azerbaijan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Bahamas 000000001973 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1973 ~! Bahrain 000000001971 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1971 ~! Bangladesh 000000001974 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1974 ~! Barbados 000000001966 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 December 1966 ~! Belarus 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Belgium 000000001945 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 1945 ~! Belize 000000001981 - 09 - 25 - 0000 25 September 1981 ~! Benin 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~! Bhutan 000000001971 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1971 ~! Bolivia ( Plurinational State of ) 000000001945 - 11 - 14 - 0000 14 November 1945 ~! Bosnia and Herzegovina 000000001992 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 1992 Former member : Yugoslavia Botswana 000000001966 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 1966 ~! Brazil 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Brazil and the United Nations Brunei Darussalam 000000001984 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1984 ~! Bulgaria 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~! Burkina Faso 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~! Burundi 000000001962 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1962 ~! Cabo Verde 000000001975 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1975 ~! Cambodia 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~! Cameroon 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~! Canada 000000001945 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 November 1945 Canada and the United Nations Central African Republic 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~! Chad 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~! Chile 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~! China 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : Republic of China and China and the United Nations Colombia 000000001945 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 1945 ~! Comoros 000000001975 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1975 ~! Congo 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~! Costa Rica 000000001945 - 11 - 02 - 0000 2 November 1945 ~! Côte d'Ivoire 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~! Croatia 000000001992 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 1992 Former member : Yugoslavia Cuba 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~! Cyprus 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~! Czech Republic 000000001993 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 January 1993 Former member : Czechoslovakia Democratic People 's Republic of Korea 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Korea and the United Nations Democratic Republic of the Congo 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~! Denmark 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~! Djibouti 000000001977 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1977 ~! Dominica 000000001978 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1978 ~! Dominican Republic 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~! Ecuador 000000001945 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 1945 ~! Egypt 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : United Arab Republic El Salvador 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~! Equatorial Guinea 000000001968 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1968 ~! Eritrea 000000001993 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 1993 ~! Estonia 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Ethiopia 000000001945 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 November 1945 ~! Fiji 000000001970 - 10 - 13 - 0000 13 October 1970 Fiji and the United Nations Finland 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~! France 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 France and the United Nations Gabon 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~! Gambia 000000001965 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1965 ~! Georgia 000000001992 - 07 - 31 - 0000 31 July 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Germany 000000001973 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1973 Former member : German Democratic Republic and Germany and the United Nations Ghana 000000001957 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 March 1957 ~! Greece 000000001945 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 1945 ~! Grenada 000000001974 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1974 ~! Guatemala 000000001945 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 1945 ~! Guinea 000000001958 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 December 1958 ~! Guinea - Bissau 000000001974 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1974 ~! Guyana 000000001966 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1966 ~! Haiti 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~! Honduras 000000001945 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 1945 ~! Hungary 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~! Iceland 000000001946 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 1946 ~! India 000000001945 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 1945 India and the United Nations Indonesia 000000001950 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 1950 Withdrawal of Indonesia ( 1965 -- 1966 ) and Indonesia and the United Nations Iran ( Islamic Republic of ) 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~! Iraq 000000001945 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 1945 ~! Ireland 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~! Israel 000000001949 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 1949 Israel, Palestine, and the United Nations Italy 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~! Jamaica 000000001962 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1962 ~! Japan 000000001956 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1956 Japan and the United Nations Jordan 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~! Kazakhstan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Kenya 000000001963 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 1963 ~! Kiribati 000000001999 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 1999 ~! Kuwait 000000001963 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 1963 ~! Kyrgyzstan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Lao People 's Democratic Republic 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~! Latvia 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Lebanon 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~! Lesotho 000000001966 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 1966 ~! Liberia 000000001945 - 11 - 02 - 0000 2 November 1945 ~! Libya 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~! Liechtenstein 000000001990 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1990 ~! Lithuania 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Luxembourg 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Luxembourg and the United Nations Madagascar 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~! Malawi 000000001964 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1964 ~! Malaysia 000000001957 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1957 Former member : Federation of Malaya and Malaysia and the United Nations Maldives 000000001965 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1965 ~! Mali 000000001960 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 1960 ~! Malta 000000001964 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1964 ~! Marshall Islands 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Marshall Islands and the United Nations Mauritania 000000001961 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 October 1961 ~! Mauritius 000000001968 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 April 1968 ~! Mexico 000000001945 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 1945 Mexico and the United Nations Micronesia ( Federated States of ) 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Federated States of Micronesia and the United Nations Monaco 000000001993 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 1993 ~! Mongolia 000000001961 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 October 1961 ~! Montenegro 000000002006 - 06 - 28 - 0000 28 June 2006 Former member : Yugoslavia Morocco 000000001956 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1956 ~! Mozambique 000000001975 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1975 ~! Myanmar 000000001948 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 1948 ~! Namibia 000000001990 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 1990 ~! Nauru 000000001999 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 1999 ~! Nepal 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~! Netherlands 000000001945 - 12 - 10 - 0000 10 December 1945 ~! New Zealand 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 New Zealand and the United Nations Nicaragua 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~! Niger 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~! Nigeria 000000001960 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 1960 ~! Norway 000000001945 - 11 - 27 - 0000 27 November 1945 ~! Oman 000000001971 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 1971 ~! Pakistan 000000001947 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 1947 Pakistan and the United Nations Palau 000000001994 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 1994 ~! Panama 000000001945 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 November 1945 ~! Papua New Guinea 000000001975 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 1975 ~! Paraguay 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~! Peru 000000001945 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 1945 ~! Philippines 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Philippines and the United Nations Poland 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~! Portugal 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~! Qatar 000000001971 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1971 ~! Republic of Korea 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Korea and the United Nations Republic of Moldova 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Romania 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~! Russian Federation 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Soviet Union and the United Nations and Russia and the United Nations Rwanda 000000001962 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1962 ~! Saint Kitts and Nevis 000000001983 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 1983 ~! Saint Lucia 000000001979 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1979 ~! Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 000000001980 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1980 ~! Samoa 000000001976 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 1976 ~! San Marino 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 ~! Sao Tome and Principe 000000001975 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1975 ~! Saudi Arabia 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~! Senegal 000000001960 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 1960 ~! Serbia 000000002000 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2000 Former member : Yugoslavia and Serbia and the United Nations Seychelles 000000001976 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1976 ~! Sierra Leone 000000001961 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 September 1961 ~! Singapore 000000001965 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1965 Former member : Malaysia and Singapore and the United Nations Slovakia 000000001993 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 January 1993 Former member : Czechoslovakia Slovenia 000000001992 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 1992 Former member : Yugoslavia Solomon Islands 000000001978 - 09 - 19 - 0000 19 September 1978 ~! Somalia 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~! South Africa 000000001945 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 1945 ~! South Sudan 000000002011 - 07 - 14 - 0000 14 July 2011 ~! Spain 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~! Sri Lanka 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~! Sudan 000000001956 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1956 ~! Suriname 000000001975 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 1975 ~! Swaziland 000000001968 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 1968 ~! Sweden 000000001946 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 1946 ~! Switzerland 000000002002 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 2002 ~! Syrian Arab Republic 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : United Arab Republic Tajikistan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Thailand 000000001946 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 1946 ~! The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 000000001993 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 1993 Former member : Yugoslavia Timor - Leste 000000002002 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 September 2002 ~! Togo 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~! Tonga 000000001999 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 1999 ~! Trinidad and Tobago 000000001962 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1962 Trinidad and Tobago and the United Nations Tunisia 000000001956 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1956 ~! Turkey 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~! Turkmenistan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Tuvalu 000000002000 - 09 - 05 - 0000 5 September 2000 Tuvalu and the United Nations Uganda 000000001962 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 1962 ~! Ukraine 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic United Arab Emirates 000000001971 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 December 1971 ~! United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 United Kingdom and the United Nations United Republic of Tanzania 000000001961 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1961 Former member : Tanganyika and Zanzibar United States of America 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 United States and the United Nations Uruguay 000000001945 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1945 ~! Uzbekistan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Vanuatu 000000001981 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 September 1981 Vanuatu and the United Nations Venezuela ( Bolivarian Republic of ) 000000001945 - 11 - 15 - 0000 15 November 1945 ~! Viet Nam 000000001977 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1977 ~! Yemen 000000001947 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 1947 Former member : Yemen and Democratic Yemen Zambia 000000001964 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1964 ~! Zimbabwe 000000001980 - 08 - 25 - 0000 25 August 1980 ~! Former members ( edit ) Republic of China ( edit ) Further information : China and the United Nations Areas controlled by the People 's Republic of China and the Republic of China The Republic of China ( ROC ) joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945, and as set out by the United Nations Charter, Chapter V, Article 23, became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. In 1949, as a result of the Chinese Civil War, the Kuomintang - led ROC government lost effective control of mainland China and relocated to the island of Taiwan, and the Communist Party - led government of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ), declared on 1 October 1949, took control of mainland China. The UN was notified on 18 November 1949 of the formation of the Central People 's Government of the People 's Republic of China ; however, the Government of the Republic of China continued to represent China at the UN, despite the small size of the ROC 's jurisdiction of Taiwan and a number of smaller islands compared to the PRC 's jurisdiction of mainland China. As both governments claimed to be the sole legitimate representative of China, proposals to effect a change in the representation of China in the UN were discussed but rejected for the next two decades, as the ROC was still recognized as the sole legitimate representative of China by a majority of UN members. Both sides rejected compromise proposals to allow both states to participate in the UN, based on the One - China policy. By the 1970s, a shift had occurred in international diplomatic circles and the PRC had gained the upper hand in international diplomatic relations and recognition count. On 25 October 1971, the 21st time the United Nations General Assembly debated on the PRC 's admission into the UN, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was adopted, by which it recognized that `` the representatives of the Government of the People 's Republic of China are the only lawful representatives of China to the United Nations and that the People 's Republic of China is one of the five permanent members of the Security Council, '' and decided `` to restore all its rights to the People 's Republic of China and to recognize the representatives of its Government as the only legitimate representatives of China to the United Nations, and to expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai - shek from the place which they unlawfully occupy at the United Nations and in all the organizations related to it. '' This effectively transferred the seat of China in the UN, including its permanent seat on the Security Council, from the ROC to the PRC, and expelled the ROC from the UN. From the United Nations ' perspective the `` Republic of China '' is not a former member. No UN member was expelled in 1971. Rather, the credentials of one Chinese delegation ( from Taipei ) were rejected and the credentials of another Chinese delegation ( from Beijing ) were accepted. In addition to losing its seat in the UN, the UN Secretary - General concluded from the resolution that the General Assembly considered Taiwan to be a province of China. Consequently, the Secretary - General decided that it was not permitted for the ROC to become a party to treaties deposited with it. Bids for readmission as the representative of Taiwan ( edit ) Further information : Political status of Taiwan ; Four - Stage Theory of the Republic of China ; and Taiwanese United Nations membership referendums, 2008 The presidency of Ma Ying - jeou saw the first participation of the Republic of China on a United Nations body in almost 40 years. In 1993 the ROC began campaigning to rejoin the UN separately from the People 's Republic of China. A number of options were considered, including seeking membership in the specialized agencies, applying for observer status, applying for full membership, or having resolution 2758 revoked to reclaim the seat of China in the UN. Every year from 1993 -- 2006, UN member states submitted a memorandum to the UN Secretary - General requesting that the UN General Assembly consider allowing the ROC to resume participating in the United Nations. This approach was chosen, rather than a formal application for membership, because it could be enacted by the General Assembly, while a membership application would need Security Council approval, where the PRC held a veto. Early proposals recommended admitting the ROC with parallel representation over China, along with the People 's Republic of China, pending eventual reunification, citing examples of other divided countries which had become separate UN member states, such as East and West Germany and North and South Korea. Later proposals emphasized that the ROC was a separate state, over which the PRC had no effective sovereignty. These proposed resolutions referred to the ROC under a variety of names : `` Republic of China in Taiwan '' ( 1993 -- 94 ), `` Republic of China on Taiwan '' ( 1995 -- 97, 1999 -- 2002 ), `` Republic of China '' ( 1998 ), `` Republic of China ( Taiwan ) '' ( 2003 ) and `` Taiwan '' ( 2004 -- 06 ). However, all fourteen attempts were unsuccessful as the General Assembly 's General Committee declined to put the issue on the Assembly 's agenda for debate, under strong opposition from the PRC. While all these proposals were vague, requesting the ROC be allowed to participate in UN activities without specifying any legal mechanism, in 2007 the ROC submitted a formal application under the name `` Taiwan '' for full membership in the UN. However, the application was rejected by the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs citing General Assembly Resolution 2758, without being forwarded to the Security Council. Secretary - General of the United Nations Ban Ki - moon stated that : The position of the United Nations is that the People 's Republic of China is representing the whole of China as the sole and legitimate representative Government of China. The decision until now about the wish of the people in Taiwan to join the United Nations has been decided on that basis. The resolution ( General Assembly Resolution 2758 ) that you just mentioned is clearly mentioning that the Government of China is the sole and legitimate Government and the position of the United Nations is that Taiwan is part of China. Responding to the UN 's rejection of its application, the ROC government has stated that Taiwan is not now nor has it ever been under the jurisdiction of the PRC, and that since General Assembly Resolution 2758 did not clarify the issue of Taiwan 's representation in the UN, it does not prevent Taiwan 's participation in the UN as an independent sovereign nation. The ROC government also criticized Ban for asserting that Taiwan is part of China and returning the application without passing it to the Security Council or the General Assembly, contrary to UN 's standard procedure ( Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council, Chapter X, Rule 59 ). On the other hand, the PRC government, which has stated that Taiwan is part of China and firmly opposes the application of any Taiwan authorities to join the UN either as a member or an observer, praised that UN 's decision `` was made in accordance with the UN Charter and Resolution 2758 of the UN General Assembly, and showed the UN and its member states ' universal adherence to the one - China principle ''. A group of UN member states put forward a draft resolution for that fall 's UN General Assembly calling on the Security Council to consider the application. The following year two referendums in Taiwan on the government 's attempts to regain participation at the UN did not pass due to low turnout. That fall the ROC took a new approach, with its allies submitting a resolution requesting that the `` Republic of China ( Taiwan ) '' be allowed to have `` meaningful participation '' in the UN specialized agencies. Again the issue was not put on the Assembly 's agenda. In 2009, the ROC chose not to bring the issue of its participation in the UN up for debate at the General Assembly for the first time since it began the campaign in 1993. In May 2009, the Department of Health of the Republic of China was invited by the World Health Organization to attend the 62nd World Health Assembly as an observer under the name `` Chinese Taipei ''. This was the ROC 's first participation in an event organized by a UN-affiliated agency since 1971, as a result of the improved cross-strait relations since Ma Ying - jeou became the President of the Republic of China a year before. The Republic of China is officially recognized by 19 UN member states and the Holy See. It maintains unofficial diplomatic relations with around 100 nations, including the United States and Japan. Czechoslovakia ( edit ) Czechoslovakia joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945, with its name changed to the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic on 20 April 1990. Upon the imminent dissolution of Czechoslovakia, in a letter dated 10 December 1992, its Permanent Representative informed the United Nations Secretary - General that the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic would cease to exist on 31 December 1992 and that the Czech Republic and Slovakia, as successor states, would apply for membership in the UN. Neither state sought sole successor state status. Both states were admitted to the UN on 19 January 1993. German Democratic Republic ( edit ) Both the Federal Republic of Germany ( West Germany ) and the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) were admitted to the UN on 18 September 1973. Through the accession of the East German federal states to the Federal Republic of Germany, effective from 3 October 1990, the territory of the German Democratic Republic became part of the Federal Republic of Germany, today simply known as Germany. Consequently, the Federal Republic of Germany continued being a member of the UN while the German Democratic Republic ceased to exist. Federation of Malaya ( edit ) The Federation of Malaya joined the United Nations on 17 September 1957. On 16 September 1963, its name was changed to Malaysia, following the formation of Malaysia from Singapore, North Borneo ( now Sabah ), Sarawak and the Federation of Malaya. Singapore became an independent State on 9 August 1965 and a Member of the United Nations on 21 September 1965. Tanganyika and Zanzibar ( edit ) Tanganyika was admitted to the UN on 14 December 1961, and Zanzibar was admitted to the UN on 16 December 1963. Following the ratification on 26 April 1964 of the Articles of Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar, the two states merged to form the single member `` United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar '', with its name changed to the United Republic of Tanzania on 1 November 1964. Union of Soviet Socialist republics ( edit ) Further information : Soviet Union and the United Nations The USSR as its borders and republics were configured upon entry to the UN. Border changes and the dissolution of various republics happened over the course of its membership. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945, and as set out by the United Nations Charter, Chapter V, Article 23, became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. Upon the imminent dissolution of the USSR, in a letter dated 24 December 1991, Boris Yeltsin, the President of the Russian Federation, informed the United Nations Secretary - General that the membership of the USSR in the Security Council and all other UN organs was being continued by the Russian Federation with the support of the 11 member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The other fourteen independent states established from the former Soviet Republics were all admitted to the UN : The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic joined the UN on 24 October 1945 together with the USSR. After declaring independence, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic changed its name to Ukraine on 24 August 1991, and on 19 September 1991, the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic informed the UN that it had changed its name to Belarus. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were admitted to the UN on 17 September 1991, after regaining independence before the dissolution of the USSR. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan were admitted to the UN on 2 March 1992. Georgia was admitted to the UN on 31 July 1992. United Arab Republic ( edit ) Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser ( seated right ) and Syrian president Shukri al - Quwatli sign the accord to form the United Arab Republic in 1958. The short - lived political union briefly represented both states and was used as the name of Egypt following Syria 's withdrawal in 1961. Both Egypt and Syria joined the UN as original members on 24 October 1945. Following a plebiscite on 21 February 1958, the United Arab Republic was established by a union of Egypt and Syria and continued as a single member. On 13 October 1961, Syria, having resumed its status as an independent state, resumed its separate membership in the UN. Egypt continued as a UN member under the name of the United Arab Republic, until it reverted to its original name on 2 September 1971. Syria changed its name to the Syrian Arab Republic on 14 September 1971. Yemen and Democratic Yemen ( edit ) Yemen ( i.e., North Yemen ) was admitted to the UN on 30 September 1947 ; Southern Yemen ( i.e., South Yemen ) was admitted to the UN on 14 December 1967, with its name changed to the People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen on 30 November 1970, and was later referred to as Democratic Yemen. On 22 May 1990, the two states merged to form the Republic of Yemen, which continued as a single member under the name Yemen. Yugoslavia ( edit ) Main article : Yugoslavia and the United Nations The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia disintegrated into several states starting in the early 1990s. By 2006, six UN member states existed in its former territory. Kosovo declared independence in 2008. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, referred to as Yugoslavia, joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945. By 1992, it had been effectively dissolved into five independent states, which were all subsequently admitted to the UN : Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Slovenia were admitted to the UN on 22 May 1992. Macedonia was admitted to the UN on 8 April 1993, being provisionally referred to for all purposes within the UN as `` The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' pending settlement of the difference that had arisen over its name. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( name later changed to Serbia and Montenegro ) was admitted to the UN on 1 November 2000. Due to the dispute over its legal successor states, the member state `` Yugoslavia '', referring to the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, remained on the official roster of UN members for many years after its effective dissolution. Following the admission of all five states as new UN members, `` Yugoslavia '' was removed from the official roster of UN members. The government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, established on 28 April 1992 by the remaining Yugoslav republics of Montenegro and Serbia, claimed itself as the legal successor state of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ; however, on 30 May 1992, United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 was adopted, by which it imposed international sanctions on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia due to its role in the Yugoslav Wars, and noted that `` the claim by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) to continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations has not been generally accepted, '' and on 22 September 1992, United Nations General Assembly Resolution A / RES / 47 / 1 was adopted, by which it considered that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) can not continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations, '' and therefore decided that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) should apply for membership in the United Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the General Assembly ''. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia refused to comply with the resolution for many years, but following the ousting of President Slobodan Milošević from office, it applied for membership, and was admitted to the UN on 1 November 2000. On 4 February 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had its official name changed to Serbia and Montenegro, following the adoption and promulgation of the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro by the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On the basis of a referendum held on 21 May 2006, Montenegro declared independence from Serbia and Montenegro on 3 June 2006. In a letter dated on the same day, the President of Serbia informed the United Nations Secretary - General that the membership of Serbia and Montenegro in the UN was being continued by Serbia, following Montenegro 's declaration of independence, in accordance with the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro. Montenegro was admitted to the UN on 28 June 2006. In the aftermath of the Kosovo War, the territory of Kosovo, then an autonomous province of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, was put under the interim administration of the United Nations Mission in Kosovo on 10 June 1999. On 17 February 2008 it declared independence, but this has not been recognised by Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo is not a member of the UN, but is a member of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group, both specialized agencies in the United Nations System. The Republic of Kosovo is recognised by 112 UN member states, including three of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council ( France, the United Kingdom, and the United States ), while the other two -- China and Russia -- do not recognise Kosovo. On 22 July 2010, the International Court of Justice, the primary judicial organ of the UN, issued an advisory opinion, ruling that Kosovo 's declaration of independence was not in violation of international law. Suspension, expulsion, and withdrawal of members ( edit ) See also : Withdrawal from the United Nations A member state may be suspended or expelled from the UN, according to the United Nations Charter. From Chapter II, Article 5 : A Member of the United Nations against which preventive or enforcement action has been taken by the Security Council may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. The exercise of these rights and privileges may be restored by the Security Council. From Article 6 : A Member of the United Nations which has persistently violated the Principles contained in the present Charter may be expelled from the Organization by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. Since its inception, no member state has been suspended or expelled from the UN under Articles 5 and 6. However, in a few cases, states were suspended or expelled from participating in UN activities by means other than Articles 5 and 6 : On 25 October 1971, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was adopted, which recognized the People 's Republic of China instead of the Republic of China ( since 1949 controlling only Taiwan ) as the legitimate representative of China in the UN and effectively expelled the Republic of China from the UN in 1971 ( see the section Former members : Republic of China ). This act did not constitute as the expulsion of a member state under Article 6, as this would have required Security Council approval and been subjected to vetoes by its permanent members, which included the Republic of China itself and the United States, which at that time still recognized the Republic of China. In October 1974, the Security Council considered a draft resolution that would have recommended that the General Assembly immediately expel South Africa from the UN, in compliance with Article 6 of the United Nations Charter, due to its apartheid policies. However, the resolution was not adopted because of vetoes by three permanent members of the Security Council : France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In response, the General Assembly decided to suspend South Africa from participation in the work of the Assembly 's 29th session on 12 November 1974 ; however, South Africa was not formally suspended under Article 5. The suspension lasted until the General Assembly welcomed South Africa back to full participation in the UN on 23 June 1994, following its successful democratic elections earlier that year. On 28 April 1992, the new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was established, by the remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On 22 September 1992, United Nations General Assembly Resolution A / RES / 47 / 1 was adopted, by which it considered that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) can not continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations, '' and therefore decided that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) should apply for membership in the United Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the General Assembly ''. It did not apply for membership until Slobodan Milošević was ousted from the presidency and was admitted on 1 November 2000 ( see the section Former members : Yugoslavia ). Withdrawal of Indonesia ( 1965 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) Main article : CONEFO Indonesian president Sukarno 's decision to withdraw from the United Nations in 1965 is the only instance of a withdrawal of membership in UN history. Indonesia rejoined the UN a year later. Since the inception of the UN, only one member state ( excluding those that dissolved or merged with other member states ) has unilaterally withdrawn from the UN. During the Indonesia -- Malaysia confrontation, and in response to the election of Malaysia as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, in a letter dated 20 January 1965, Indonesia informed the United Nations Secretary - General that it had decided `` at this stage and under the present circumstances '' to withdraw from the UN. However, following the overthrow of President Sukarno, in a telegram dated 19 September 1966, Indonesia notified the Secretary - General of its decision `` to resume full cooperation with the United Nations and to resume participation in its activities starting with the twenty - first session of the General Assembly ''. On 28 September 1966, the United Nations General Assembly took note of the decision of the Government of Indonesia and the President invited the representatives of that country to take their seats in the Assembly. Unlike suspension and expulsion, no express provision is made in the United Nations Charter of whether or how a member can legally withdraw from the UN ( largely to prevent the threat of withdrawal from being used as a form of political blackmail, or to evade obligations under the Charter, similar to withdrawals that weakened the UN 's predecessor, the League of Nations ), or on whether a request for readmission by a withdrawn member should be treated the same as an application for membership, i.e., requiring Security Council as well as General Assembly approval. Indonesia 's return to the UN would suggest that this is not required ; however, scholars have argued that the course of action taken by the General Assembly was not in accordance with the Charter from a legal point of view. Observers and non-members ( edit ) Main article : United Nations General Assembly observers See also : Holy See and the United Nations, Palestine 194, and European Union and the United Nations Switzerland has been neutral in international conflicts since the early 19th century and joined the UN as a full member only in 2002. Despite this, the Palace of Nations in Geneva has hosted the United Nations Office at Geneva since 1946 and also previously served as the headquarters of the League of Nations. In addition to the member states, there are two non-member permanent observer states : the Holy See and the State of Palestine. The Holy See holds sovereignty over the state of Vatican City and maintains diplomatic relations with 180 other states. It has been an observer state since 6 April 1964, and gained all the rights of full membership except voting on 1 July 2004. The Palestine Liberation Organization was granted observer status as a `` non-member entity '' on 22 November 1974. Acknowledging the proclamation of the State of Palestine by the Palestine National Council on 15 November 1988, the United Nations General Assembly decided that, effective as of 15 December 1988, the designation `` Palestine '' should be used in place of the designation `` Palestine Liberation Organization '' in the United Nations System. On 23 September 2011, Palestinian National Authority President Mahmoud Abbas submitted the application for UN membership for the State of Palestine to United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon ; the application has not been voted on by the UN Security Council. On 31 October 2011, the General Assembly of UNESCO voted to admit Palestine as a member, becoming the first UN agency to admit Palestine as a full member. The State of Palestine was recognized as a `` non-member state '' on 29 November 2012, when the UN General Assembly passed United Nations General Assembly resolution 67 / 19 by a vote of 138 to 9, with 41 abstentions. The change in status was described by The Independent as `` de facto recognition of the sovereign state of Palestine ''. On 17 December 2012, UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decided that `` the designation of ' State of Palestine ' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents ''. The Sovereign Military Order of Malta, while not a state, has observer status at the UN and maintains diplomatic relations with 107 countries. A number of states were also granted observer status before being admitted to the UN as full members ( see United Nations General Assembly observers for the full list ). The most recent case of an observer state becoming a member state was Switzerland, which was admitted in 2002. A European Union institution, the European Commission, was granted observer status at the UNGA through Resolution 3208 in 1974. The Treaty of Lisbon in 2009 resulted in the delegates being accredited directly to the EU. It was accorded full rights in the General Assembly, bar the right to vote and put forward candidates, via UNGA Resolution A / RES / 65 / 276 on 10 May 2011. It is the only non-state party to over 50 multilateral conventions, and has participated as a full member in every way except for having a vote in a number of UN conferences. The sovereignty status of Western Sahara is in dispute between Morocco and the Polisario Front. Most of the territory is controlled by Morocco, the remainder ( the Free Zone ) by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, proclaimed by the Polisario Front. Western Sahara is listed by the UN as a `` non-self - governing territory ''. The Cook Islands and Niue, which are both associated states of New Zealand, are not members of the UN, but are members of specialized agencies of the UN such as WHO and UNESCO, and have had their `` full treaty - making capacity '' recognized by United Nations Secretariat in 1992 and 1994 respectively. They have since become parties to a number of international treaties which the UN Secretariat acts as a depositary for, such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and are treated as non-member states. Both the Cook Islands and Niue have expressed a desire to become a UN member state, but New Zealand has said that they would not support the application without a change in their constitutional relationship, in particular their right to New Zealand citizenship. See also ( edit ) Book : Member states of the United Nations United Nations portal Enlargement of the United Nations Member states of the League of Nations List of Permanent Representatives to the United Nations United Nations list of Non-Self - Governing Territories Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Benin : Name was changed from Dahomey on 1 December 1975. Jump up ^ Bolivia ( Plurinational State of ) : Previously referred to as Bolivia. Jump up ^ Burkina Faso : Name was changed from Upper Volta on 6 August 1984. Jump up ^ Cabo Verde : Previously referred to as Cape Verde. On 24 October 2013, Cabo Verde requested that its name no longer be translated into different languages. Jump up ^ Cambodia : Name was changed to the Khmer Republic on 7 October 1970, and back to Cambodia on 30 April 1975. Name was changed again to Democratic Kampuchea on 6 April 1976, and back to Cambodia on 3 February 1990. Jump up ^ Cameroon : Previously referred to as Cameroun ( before merging with Southern Cameroons in 1961 ). By a letter of 4 January 1974, the Secretary - General was informed that Cameroon had changed its name to the United Republic of Cameroon. Name was changed back to Cameroon on 4 February 1984. Jump up ^ Central African Republic : By a letter of 20 December 1976, the Central African Republic advised that it had changed its name to the Central African Empire. Name was changed back to the Central African Republic on 20 September 1979. Jump up ^ Congo : Previously referred to as Congo ( Brazzaville ) ( to differentiate it from Congo ( Leopoldville ) ) and the People 's Republic of the Congo. Name was changed to Congo on 15 November 1971 ( after the Democratic Republic of the Congo changed its name to Zaire ). Also referred to as Congo ( Republic of the ). Jump up ^ Côte d'Ivoire : Previously referred to as Ivory Coast. On 6 November 1985, Côte d'Ivoire requested that its name no longer be translated into different languages ; this became fully effective on 1 January 1986. Jump up ^ Democratic Republic of the Congo : Previously referred to as Congo ( Leopoldville ) ( to differentiate it from Congo ( Brazzaville ) ). Name was changed from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to Zaire on 27 October 1971, and back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 17 May 1997. Jump up ^ Gambia : Previously referred to as The Gambia. Jump up ^ Withdrew from the UN on 20 January 1965. It rejoined on 28 September 1966. Jump up ^ Iran ( Islamic Republic of ) : Previously referred to as Iran. By a communication of 5 March 1981, Iran informed the Secretary - General that it should be referred to by its complete name of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Jump up ^ Kazakhstan : Spelling was changed from Kazakstan on 20 June 1997. Jump up ^ Lao People 's Democratic Republic : Name was changed from Laos on 2 December 1975. Jump up ^ Libya : Formerly recognised as the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 after originally being admitted as Libya. By notes verbales of 1 and 21 April 1977, the Libyan Arab Republic advised that it had changed its name to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. On 16 September 2011, the UN General Assembly awarded the UN seat to the National Transitional Council, thereby restoring the original name of Libya. Jump up ^ Madagascar : Previously referred to as the Malagasy Republic. Jump up ^ Maldives : Previously referred to as the Maldive Islands. Jump up ^ Myanmar : Name was changed from Burma on 18 June 1989. Jump up ^ Philippines : Previously referred to as the Philippine Commonwealth ( before becoming a republic in 1946 ) and as the Philippine Republic. Jump up ^ Republic of Moldova : Previously referred to as Moldova. Jump up ^ Saint Kitts and Nevis : Name was changed officially from Saint Christopher and Nevis on 26 November 1986 ; the UN, however, continued to use the former name throughout the year. Jump up ^ Sao Tome and Principe : The official UN designation lacks diacritics ; however, the name is constitutionally defined as São Tomé and Príncipe, with diacritics. Jump up ^ South Africa : Previously referred to as the Union of South Africa ( before becoming a republic in 1961 ). Jump up ^ Sri Lanka : Name was changed from Ceylon on 22 May 1972. Jump up ^ Suriname : Name was changed from Surinam on 23 January 1978. Jump up ^ Thailand : Previously referred to as Siam. Jump up ^ Venezuela ( Bolivarian Republic of ) : Previously referred to as Venezuela. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The World '' ( PDF ). United Nations. The following territories are excluded as the UN does not consider them as part of any member state : Vatican City ( the Holy See is a UN non-member observer state ), the Palestinian territories ( Palestine is a UN non-member observer state ), Western Sahara ( status in dispute between Morocco and the Polisario Front ), and Antarctica ( regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System ). Territories of states not recognized by the UN are not excluded due to the UN 's position that they are part of some UN member state, including, for example, the territories governed by the Republic of China ( Taiwan and other smaller islands ), as the UN members voted to consider the People 's Republic of China as the only lawful representative of China at the UN and the UN chooses not to question its claim that Taiwan is part of China. Jump up ^ `` What are Member States? ''. United Nations. Jump up ^ Toeplar, Stefan ( 2009 ). International Encyclopedia of Civil Society. p. 114. ^ Jump up to : `` Charter of the United Nations, Chapter II : Membership ''. United Nations. Jump up ^ `` About UN Membership ''. United Nations. ^ Jump up to : `` Growth in United Nations membership, 1945 -- present ''. United Nations. Jump up ^ `` History of the United Nations ''. United Nations. Jump up ^ `` Founding Member States ''. United Nations. ^ Jump up to : `` CHAPTER I -- CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE ''. United Nations. Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07. Jump up ^ `` The World in 1945 '' ( PDF ). United Nations. Jump up ^ John Wilson ( August 2007 ). `` New Zealand Sovereignty : 1857, 1907, 1947, or 1987? ''. New Zealand Parliament. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` Current Member States ''. United Nations. Jump up ^ `` Blue Book `` Permanent Missions to the United Nations No. 306 '' '' ( PDF ). United Nations. June 2016. Jump up ^ `` Thailand 's name picked to set seating arrangement for General Assembly session ''. United Nations. 2 August 2005. Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER I -- CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE ''. United Nations. Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07. Jump up ^ `` Change of name -- Cape Verde '' ( PDF ). United Nations. 29 October 2013. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 January 2014. 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Hence, instruments received from the Taiwan Province of China will not be accepted by the Secretary - General in his capacity as depositary. ^ Jump up to : Lindemann, Björn Alexander ( 2014 ). Cross-Strait Relations and International Organizations : Taiwan 's Participation in IGOs in the Context of Its Relationship with China. Springer Science + Business Media. p. 258. Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 48 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF A SUPPLEMENTARY ITEM IN THE AGENDA OF THE FORTY - EIGHTH SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN TAIWAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT, BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF PARALLEL REPRESENTATION OF DIVIDED COUNTRIES AT THE UNITED NATIONS A / 48 / 191 1993 - 08 - 09. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18. United Nations General Assembly Session 49 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FORTY - NINTH SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN TAIWAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT, BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF PARALLEL REPRESENTATION OF DIVIDED COUNTRIES AT THE UNITED NATIONS A / 49 / 144 1994 - 07 - 19. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18. United Nations General Assembly Session 50 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTIETH SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON TAIWAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT, BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF PARALLEL REPRESENTATION OF DIVIDED COUNTRIES AT THE UNITED NATIONS A / 50 / 145 1995 - 07 - 19. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18. United Nations General Assembly Session 51 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTY - FIRST SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE INABILITY, RESULTING FROM GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 2758 ( XXVI ), OF THE 21.3 MILLION PEOPLE ON TAIWAN, REPUBLIC OF CHINA, TO PARTICIPATE IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS A / 51 / 142 1996 - 07 - 18. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19. United Nations General Assembly Session 52 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTY - SECOND SESSION NEED TO REVIEW GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 2758 ( XXVI ) OF 25 OCTOBER 1971 OWING TO THE FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE IN THE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION AND TO THE COEXISTENCE OF TWO GOVERNMENTS ACROSS THE TAIWAN STRAIT A / 52 / 143 1997 - 07 - 16. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19. United Nations General Assembly Session 53 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of an item in the provisional agenda of the fifty - third session Need to review General Assembly resolution 2758 ( XXVI ) of 25 October 1971 owing to the fundamental change in the international situation and to the coexistence of two Governments across the Taiwan Strait A / 53 / 145 1998 - 07 - 08. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19. United Nations General Assembly Session 54 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - fourth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan, to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty - two million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected A / 54 / 194 1999 - 08 - 12. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 20. United Nations General Assembly Session 55 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - fifth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan, to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty - three million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected A / 55 / 227 2000 - 08 - 04. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23. United Nations General Assembly Session 56 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - sixth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan, to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty - three million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected A / 56 / 193 2001 - 08 - 08. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23. United Nations General Assembly Session 57 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - seventh session Question of the representation of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) in the United Nations A / 57 / 191 2002 - 08 - 20. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23. United Nations General Assembly Session 58 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - eighth session Question of the representation of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) in the United Nations A / 58 / 197 2003 - 08 - 05. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23. United Nations General Assembly Session 59 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - ninth session Question of the representation of the twenty - three million people of Taiwan in the United Nations A / 59 / 194 2004 - 08 - 10. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24. United Nations General Assembly Session 60 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixtieth session Question of the representation of the twenty - three million people of Taiwan in the United Nations A / 60 / 192 2005 - 08 - 11. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24. United Nations General Assembly Session 61 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty - first session Question of the representation and participation of the 23 million people of Taiwan in the United Nations A / 61 / 194 2006 - 08 - 11. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24. ^ Jump up to : Damm, Jens ; Lim, Paul ( 2012 ). European Perspectives on Taiwan. Springer Science + Business Media. pp. 160 -- 63. By mid 2009, 16 applications for membership on behalf of Taiwan had been sent to the UN, but, in each of these cases, the General Assembly 's General Committee, which sets the Assembly 's agenda, decided against even raising the question during the Assembly 's session. ^ Jump up to : United Nations General Assembly Session 62 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty - second session Urging the Security Council to process Taiwan 's membership application pursuant to rules 59 and 60 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council and Article 4 of the Charter of the United Nations A / 62 / 193 2007 - 08 - 17. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24. Jump up ^ `` Transcript : Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary - General ''. United Nations. 23 July 2007. Jump up ^ `` Ban Ki - moon Convenes Largest - Ever Meeting of Global Leaders on Climate Change ''. United Nations. 24 September 2007. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08. Jump up ^ `` Talking points for Taiwan 's UN Membership Application ''. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China. Archived from the original on 9 January 2009. Jump up ^ `` President Chen Shui - bian 's Letters to UN Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon and UN Security Council President Wang Guangya on July 31 ( Office of the President ) ''. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Jump up ^ `` Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council ''. United Nations. Jump up ^ `` China praises UN 's rejection of Taiwan 's application for membership ''. Xinhua News Agency. 24 July 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 63 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty - third session Need to examine the fundamental rights of the 23 million people of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) to participate meaningfully in the activities of the United Nations specialized agencies A / 63 / 194 2008 - 08 - 22. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24. Jump up ^ `` Not even asking ''. The Economist. 2009 - 09 - 24. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24. Jump up ^ `` Taiwan attends WHA as observer ''. United Press International. 18 May 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` Yearbook of the United Nations ''. United Nations. Jump up ^ Paul L. Montgomery ( 23 May 1992 ). `` 3 Ex-Yugoslav Republics Are Accepted into U.N ''. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2012. Jump up ^ Lewis, Paul ( 8 April 1993 ). `` U.N. Compromise Lets Macedonia Be a Member ''. The New York Times. ^ Jump up to : `` A Different Yugoslavia, 8 Years Later, Takes Its Seat at the U.N ''. The New York Times. 2 November 2000. Jump up ^ Burns, John F. ( 28 April 1992 ). `` Confirming Split, Last 2 Republics Proclaim a Small New Yugoslavia ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ `` History of Serbia : The Break - up of SFR Yugoslavia ( 1991 -- 1995 ) ''. Serbia Info. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Jump up ^ `` United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 '' ( PDF ). United Nations. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 August 2011. Jump up ^ `` United Nations General Assembly Resolution A / RES / 47 / 1 '' ( PDF ). United Nations. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 August 2011. Jump up ^ Sudetic, Chuck ( 24 September 1992 ). `` U.N. Expulsion of Yugoslavia Breeds Defiance and Finger - Pointing ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ `` Yugoslavia consigned to history ''. BBC News. 4 February 2003. 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Eroding the United Nations Charter. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 0 - 7923 - 2069 - 7. ^ Jump up to : Gharib, Ali ( 20 December 2012 ). `` U.N. Adds New Name : `` State of Palestine '' ``. The Daily Beast. Retrieved 10 January 2013. Jump up ^ `` Vatican City ( Holy See ) ''. World Statesmen.org. Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 58 Resolution 314. Participation of the Holy See in the work of the United Nations A / RES / 58 / 314 2004 - 07 - 16. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24. Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 29 Resolution 3237. Observer status for the Palestine Liberation Organization A / RES / 3237 ( XXIX ) 1974 - 11 - 22. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24. Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 43 Resolution 177. Question of Palestine A / RES / 43 / 177 1988 - 12 - 15. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24. Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 66 Agenda item 116. Application of Palestine for admission to membership in the United Nations A / 66 / 371 2011 - 09 - 23. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 16. Jump up ^ `` Ban sends Palestinian application for UN membership to Security Council ''. United Nations. 23 September 2011. Jump up ^ `` General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member State ''. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 31 October 2011. Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 67 Resolution 19. Status of Palestine in the United Nations A / RES / 67 / 19 2012 - 12 - 04. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24. Jump up ^ `` Palestinians win implicit U.N. recognition of sovereign state ''. Reuters. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2012. Jump up ^ `` UN makes Palestine nonmember state ''. 3 News NZ. 30 November 2012. Jump up ^ `` Israel defies UN after vote on Palestine with plans for 3,000 new homes in the West Bank ''. The Independent. 1 December 2012. 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United Nations. Jump up ^ `` NZ PM rules out discussion on Cooks UN membership ''. Radio New Zealand. 2015 - 06 - 19. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 16. Jump up ^ `` Niue to seek UN membership ''. Radio New Zealand. 2016 - 10 - 27. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 08. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Member states of the United Nations. Official website United Nations António Guterres, Secretary - General Amina J. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Member states of the United Nations", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Member_states_of_the_United_Nations&amp;oldid=816155051" }

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{ "text": "Up An ' Atom - wikipedia Up An ' Atom Up An ' Atom was the name of a B - 29 Superfortress ( B - 29 - 36 - MO 44 - 27304, Victor number 88 ) configured during World War II in the Silverplate project to carry an atomic bomb. History ( edit ) Assigned to the 393d Bomb Squadron, 509th Composite Group, it was built at the Glenn L. Martin Aircraft Plant at Omaha, Nebraska, accepted by the Army Air Forces on April 3, 1945, and flown to Wendover Army Air Field, Utah, by its assigned crew B - 10 ( Capt. George W. Marquardt, Aircraft Commander ). It departed Wendover for North Field, Tinian on June 11 and arrived on June 17. It was originally assigned the Victor ( unit - assigned identification number ) number 8 but on August 1 was given the triangle N tail markings of the 444th Bomb Group as a security measure and had its Victor changed to 88 to avoid misidentification with actual 444th BG aircraft. It was named and had its nose art painted after the Nagasaki mission. The name is a word play on the colloquial idiom `` Up and at ' em '', meaning `` There is a lot of work to be done, '' and referencing the unit 's atomic mission. While at Tinian, Marquadt and crew B - 10 flew Up An ' Atom on eight training and practice bombing missions and pumpkin bomb missions against industrial targets in Taira and Hamamatsu, Japan. Capt. Bob Lewis 's crew B - 9 flew it on a pumpkin bomb mission to Tokushima subsequent to the Hiroshima mission, and Lt. Col. James Hopkins and crew C - 14 used it to attack Nagoya with a pumpkin bomb. Up An ' Atom returned to the United States with the 509th CG in November 1945 to Roswell Army Airfield. From April to August 1946 it was assigned to the Operation Crossroads task force. In August 1949 it became part of the 97th Bomb Group at Biggs Air Force Base, Texas, and was re-configured as a TB - 29 trainer in April 1950 by the Oklahoma City Air Materiel Area at Tinker Air Force Base. Its subsequent assignments were to : 112th Radar Calibration Squadron, Hamilton Air Force Base, California ( October 1951 ), 4th Radar Calibration Squadron, Hamilton AFB ( February 1953 ), 4754th Radar Evaluation Flight, Hamilton AFB ( March 1954 ), Mobile Air Materiel Area, Nashville, Tennessee ( March 1955 ) 17th Tow Target Squadron, Vincent Air Force Base, Arizona ( May 1955 ). Up An ' Atom was dropped from the Air Force inventory in November 1956. It was transferred to the U.S. Navy and used as a target at the Naval Ordnance Test Station at China Lake, California. Sources ( edit ) Campbell, Richard H., The Silverplate Bombers : A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B - 29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs ( 2005 ), ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2139 - 8 509th CG Aircraft Page, MPHPA Manhattan Project Timeline Sites Ames Berkeley Chicago Dayton Hanford Inyokern Los Alamos Montreal New York Oak Ridge Trinity Wendover Heavy water sites Administrators Vannevar Bush Arthur Compton James B. Conant Priscilla Duffield Thomas Farrell Leslie Groves John Lansdale Ernest Lawrence James Marshall Franklin Matthias Dorothy McKibbin Kenneth Nichols Robert Oppenheimer Deak Parsons William Purnell Frank Spedding Charles Thomas Paul Tibbets Bud Uanna Harold Urey Stafford Warren Ed Westcott Roscoe Wilson Scientists Luis Alvarez Robert Bacher Hans Bethe Aage Bohr Niels Bohr Norris Bradbury James Chadwick John Cockcroft Harry Daghlian Enrico Fermi Richard Feynman Val Fitch James Franck Klaus Fuchs Maria Goeppert Mayer George Kistiakowsky George Koval Willard Libby Edwin McMillan Mark Oliphant Norman Ramsey Isidor Isaac Rabi James Rainwater Bruno Rossi Glenn Seaborg Emilio Segrè Louis Slotin Henry DeWolf Smyth Leo Szilard Edward Teller Stanisław Ulam John von Neumann John Wheeler Eugene Wigner Robert Wilson Leona Woods Operations Alsos Mission Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Operation Crossroads Operation Peppermint Project Alberta Silverplate 509th Composite Group Enola Gay Bockscar The Great Artiste Weapons Fat Man Little Boy Pumpkin bomb Thin Man Related topics Atomic Energy Act of 1946 British contribution Chicago Pile - 1 Demon core Einstein -- Szilárd letter Interim Committee Oppenheimer security hearing Plutonium Quebec Agreement RaLa Experiment S - 1 Executive Committee S - 50 Project Smyth Report Uranium X-10 Graphite Reactor Manhattan Project Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Up_An%27_Atom&oldid=788868376 '' Categories : Individual aircraft of World War II Boeing B - 29 Superfortress Talk About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2017, at 23 : 55 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Up An' Atom", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Up_An%27_Atom&amp;oldid=788868376" }

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{ "text": "Pure Food and Drug Act - wikipedia Pure Food and Drug Act Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the United States law. For the band, see Pure Food and Drug Act ( band ). Not to be confused with Food and Drugs Act. Pure Food and Drug Act Acronyms ( colloquial ) PFDA Enacted by the 59th United States Congress Effective January 1, 1907 Citations Public law 59 - 384 Statutes at Large 34 Stat. 768, Chapter 3915 Codification Acts repealed Pure Food and Drug Act ( 1906 ) 37 U.S. Stat. 416 ( 1912 ) ( Sherley Amendment ) 37 U.S. Stat. 732 ( 1913 ) ( Gould Amendment ) 41 U.S. Stat. 271 ( 1919 ) ( Kenyon Amendment ) 42 U.S. Stat. 1500 ( 1923 ) 44 U.S. Stat. 976 - 1003 ( 1927 ) 46 U.S. Stat. 1019 ( 1930 ) ( McNary - Mapes Amendment ) 48 U.S. Stat. 1204 ( 1934 ) ( 21 U.S.C. § § 1 - 15 ) Legislative history Introduced in the Senate as S. 88 by Weldon Heyburn ( R -- ID ) on December 14, 1905 Passed the Senate on February 21, 1906 ( 63 - 4 ) Passed the House on June 20, 1906 ( 143 - 72 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on June 23, 1906 ; agreed to by the House on June 23, 1906 ( agreed ) and by the Senate on June 23, 1906 ( 241 - 17 ) Signed into law by President Theodore Roosevelt on June 30, 1906 Major amendments Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ( 1938 ) Food Quality Protection Act ( 1996 ) United States Supreme Court cases United States v. Johnson ( 1911 ) The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was the first of a series of significant consumer protection laws which was enacted by Congress in the 20th century and led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration. Its main purpose was to ban foreign and interstate traffic in adulterated or mislabeled food and drug products, and it directed the U.S. Bureau of Chemistry to inspect products and refer offenders to prosecutors. It required that active ingredients be placed on the label of a drug 's packaging and that drugs could not fall below purity levels established by the United States Pharmacopeia or the National Formulary. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair was an inspirational piece that kept the public 's attention on the important issue of unsanitary meat processing plants that later led to food inspection legislation. Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical significance 2 Particular drugs deemed dangerous 3 History of passage 4 Beginnings of the Food and Drug Administration 5 Enforcement of labeling and future ramifications 6 References 6.1 Sources 7 External links Historical significance ( edit ) The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was a key piece of Progressive Era legislation, signed by President Theodore Roosevelt on the same day as the Federal Meat Inspection Act. Enforcement of the Pure Food and Drug Act was assigned to the Bureau of Chemistry in the U.S. Department of Agriculture which was renamed the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) in 1930. The Meat Inspection Act was assigned to what is now known as the Food Safety and Inspection Service, which remains in the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The first federal law regulating foods and drugs, the 1906 Act 's reach was limited to foods and drugs moving in interstate commerce. Although the law drew upon many precedents, provisions, and legal experiments pioneered in individual states, the federal law defined `` misbranding '' and `` adulteration '' for the first time and prescribed penalties for each. The law recognized the U.S. Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary as standards authorities for drugs, but made no similar provision for federal food standards. The law was principally a `` truth in labeling '' law designed to raise standards in the food and drug industries and protect the reputations and pocketbooks of honest businessmen. Particular drugs deemed dangerous ( edit ) Under the law, drug labels, for example, had to list any of 10 ingredients that were deemed `` addictive '' and / or `` dangerous '' on the product label if they were present, and could not list them if they were not present. Alcohol, morphine, opium, and cannabis were all included on the list of these `` addictive '' and / or `` dangerous '' drugs. The law also established a federal cadre of food and drug inspectors that one Southern opponent of the legislation criticized as `` a Trojan horse with a bellyful of inspectors and other employees. '' Penalties under the law were modest, but an under - appreciated provision of the Act proved more powerful than monetary penalties. Goods found in violation of various areas of the law were subject to seizure and destruction at the expense of the manufacturer. That, combined with a legal requirement that all convictions be published as Notices of Judgment, proved to be important tools in the enforcement of the statute and had a deterrent effect upon would - be violators. Deficiencies in this original statute, which had become noticeable by the 1920s, led to the replacement of the 1906 statute with the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act which was enacted in 1938 and signed by President Franklin Roosevelt. This act, along with its numerous amendments, remains the statutory basis for federal regulation of all foods, drugs, biological products, cosmetics, medical devices, tobacco, and radiation - emitting devices by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. History of passage ( edit ) It took 27 years to the 1906 statute, during which time the public was made aware of many problems with foods and drugs in the U.S. Muckraking journalists, such as Samuel Hopkins Adams, targeted the patent medicine industry with its high - alcoholic content patent medicines, soothing syrups for infants with opium derivatives, and `` red clauses '' in newspaper contracts providing that patent medicine ads ( upon which most newspapers of the time were dependent ) would be withdrawn if the paper expressed support for food and drug regulatory legislation. The Chief Chemist of the Bureau of Chemistry, Dr. Harvey Washington Wiley, captured the country 's attention with his hygienic table studies, which began with a modest Congressional appropriation in 1902. The goal of the table trial was to study the human effects of common preservatives used in foods during a period of rapid changes in the food supply brought about by the need to feed cities and support an industrializing nation increasingly dependent on immigrant labor. Wiley recruited young men to eat all their meals at a common table as he added increased `` doses '' of preservatives including borax, benzoate, formaldehyde, sulfites, and salicylates. The table trials captured the nation 's fancy and were soon dubbed `` The Poison Squad '' by newspapers covering the story. The men soon adopted the motto `` Only the Brave dare eat the fare '' and at times the publicity given to the trials became a burden. Though many results of the trial came to be in dispute, there was no doubt that formaldehyde was dangerous and it disappeared quickly as a preservative. Wiley himself felt that he had found adverse effects from large doses of each of the preservatives and the public seemed to agree with Wiley. In many cases, most particularly with ketchup and other condiments, the use of preservatives was often used to disguise insanitary production practices. Although the law itself did not proscribe the use of some of these preservatives, consumers increasingly turned away from many products with known preservatives. The 1906 statute regulated food and drugs moving in interstate commerce and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of poisonous patent medicines. The Act arose due to public education and exposés from public interest guardians such as Upton Sinclair and Samuel Hopkins Adams, social activist Florence Kelley, researcher Harvey W. Wiley, and President Theodore Roosevelt. Beginnings of the Food and Drug Administration ( edit ) The 1906 Act paved the way for the eventual creation of the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) and is generally considered to be that agency 's founding date, though the agency existed before the law was passed and was not named FDA until later. `` While the Food and Drug act remains a foundational law of the FDA mission, it 's not the law that created the FDA. ( Initially, ) the Bureau of Chemistry ( the precursor to the FDA ) regulated food safety. In 1927, the Bureau was reorganized into the Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration and the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils. The FDIA was renamed the FDA in 1930. '' The law itself was largely replaced by the much more comprehensive Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938. Enforcement of labeling and future ramifications ( edit ) The Pure Food and Drug Act was initially concerned with ensuring products were labeled correctly. Later efforts were made to outlaw certain products that were not safe, followed by efforts to outlaw products which were safe but not effective. For example, there was an attempt to outlaw Coca - Cola in 1909 because of its excessive caffeine content ; caffeine had replaced cocaine as the active ingredient in Coca - Cola in 1903. In the case United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca - Cola, the judge found that Coca - Cola had a right to use caffeine as it saw fit, although Coca - Cola eventually lost when the government appealed to the Supreme Court. It reached a settlement with the United States government to reduce the caffeine amount. In addition to caffeine, the Pure Food and Drug Act required that drugs such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, morphine, and cannabis, be accurately labeled with contents and dosage. Previously many drugs had been sold as patent medicines with secret ingredients or misleading labels. Cocaine, heroin, cannabis, and other such drugs continued to be legally available without prescription as long as they were labeled. It is estimated that sale of patent medicines containing opiates decreased by 33 % after labeling was mandated. The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 is cited by drug policy reform advocates such as James P. Gray as a successful model for re-legalization of currently prohibited drugs by requiring accurate labels, monitoring of purity and dose, and consumer education. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Swann, Ph. D., John P. `` The 1906 Food and Drugs Act and Its Enforcement ''. FDA History - Part I.U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 10 April 2013. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Young, James H. Pure Food : Securing the Federal Food and Drugs Act of 1906. Princeton, N.J : Princeton University Press, 1989, p. 98. Jump up ^ FDA Notices of Judgment Collection, 1908 - 1966 Jump up ^ Ayers, Edward A. ( August 1907 ). `` What The Food Law Saves Us From : Adulterations, Substitutions, Chemical Dyes, and Other Evils ''. The World 's Work : A History of Our Time. XIV : 9316 -- 9322. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Milestones in U.S. Food and Drug Law History - Significant Dates in U.S. Food and Drug Law History ''. www.fda.gov. Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17. Jump up ^ Hamblin M.D., James ( January 31, 2013 ). `` Why We Took Cocaine Out of Soda ''. The Atlantic 's Health Editorial. The Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved April 10, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Pop psychology : The man who saved Coca - Cola '', by Ludy T. Benjamin, Monitor on Psychology, February 2009, Vol 40, No. 2, p. 18 Jump up ^ Musto, David F. ( 1999 ). The American Disease : Origins of Narcotic Control ( 3rd ed. ). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 512509 - 6. Jump up ^ Gray, James P. ( May 2, 2001 ). `` Why Our Drug Laws Have Failed and What We Can Do About It : A Judicial Indictment of the War on Drugs ''. Temple University Press. p. 288. ISBN 978 - 1566398602. Missing or empty url = ( help ) Sources ( edit ) Barkan, I.D. ( January 1985 ). `` Industry invites regulation : the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 ''. American Journal of Public Health. 75 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 26. doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 75.1. 18. PMC 1646146. PMID 3881052. The State of Connecticut. Connecticut Agricultural & Experiment Station Annual Reports. New Haven. For years preceding and following passage of the Act : 1896, First report of the station on adulterated food products ; 1897 ; 1898 ; 1899 ; 1900 ; 1901 ; 1902 ; 1903 ; 1904 ; 1905 ; 1906 ; 1907 : Food, Food, Drugs ; 1908 : Not located ; 1909 : Not located ; 1910 : Not located ; 1911 : Food, Drugs Dunn, Arthur Wallace ( September 1911 ). `` Dr. Wiley And Pure Food, First Article : A Twenty - Year 's Fight, The Long Struggle Against `` Influence '' to Enact the Law, The Harder Struggle to Enforce It, An Amazing Story of Obstruction ``. The World 's Work : A History of Our Time. XXII : 14958 -- 14965. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10. Dunn, Arthur Wallace ( November 1911 ). `` Dr. Wiley and Pure Food, Second Article : The Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry as Washington Knows Him ''. The World 's Work : A History of Our Time. XXIII : 29 -- 40. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10. Greeley, Arthur Philip ( 1907 ). The Food and Drugs Act, June 30, 1906 : A Study with Text of the Act, Annotated, the Rules and Regulations for the Enforcement of the Act, Food Inspection, Decisions and Official Food Standards. Washington, D.C. : J. Byrne & Company. James Harvey Young, Pure Food : Securing the Federal Food and Drugs Act of 1906 ( New Jersey : Princeton University Press, 1989 ). Mitchell Okun, Fair Play in the Marketplace : The First Battle for Pure Food and Drugs ( Dekalb : University of Illinois Press, 1986 ). Suzanne White Junod, Chemistry and Controversy : Food Additive Regulation, unpublished dissertation, Emory University, 1994. Andrew F. Smith, Pure Ketchup : A History of America 's National Condiment ( Columbia : University of South Carolina Press, 1996 ) Goodwin, Pure Food, Drug, and Drink Crusaders External links ( edit ) 59th U.S. Congress ( December 14, 1905 ). `` S. 88, Draft bill of the Pure Food and Drug Act ''. Chapter 3915, cited 34 U.S. Stats. 768. U.S. Capitol Visitor Center. Retrieved April 8, 2013. 59th U.S. Congress ( 1906 ). `` THE WILEY ACT ''. Public Law Number 59 - 384, 34 Stat. 768. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved April 8, 2013. ( hide ) Food safety Adulterants, food contaminants 3 - MCPD Aldicarb Cyanide Formaldehyde Lead poisoning Melamine Mercury in fish Sudan I Flavorings Monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) Salt Sugar High - fructose corn syrup Microorganisms Botulism Campylobacter jejuni Clostridium perfringens Escherichia coli O104 : H4 Escherichia coli O157 : H7 Hepatitis A Hepatitis E Listeria Norovirus Rotavirus Salmonella Parasitic infections through food Amoebiasis Anisakiasis Cryptosporidiosis Cyclosporiasis Diphyllobothriasis Enterobiasis Fasciolopsiasis Fasciolosis Giardiasis Gnathostomiasis Paragonimiasis Toxoplasmosis Trichinosis Trichuriasis Pesticides Chlorpyrifos DDT Lindane Malathion Methamidophos Preservatives Benzoic acid Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( EDTA ) Sodium benzoate Sugar substitutes Acesulfame potassium Aspartame Saccharin Sodium cyclamate Sorbitol Sucralose Toxins, poisons, environment pollution Aflatoxin Arsenic contamination of groundwater Benzene in soft drinks Bisphenol A Dieldrin Diethylstilbestrol Dioxin Mycotoxins Nonylphenol Shellfish poisoning Food contamination incidents Devon colic Swill milk scandal 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning 1900 English beer poisoning Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident Minamata disease 1971 Iraq poison grain disaster Toxic oil syndrome 1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak 1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak 2006 North American E. coli outbreaks ICA meat repackaging controversy 2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak 2008 Chinese milk scandal 2008 Irish pork crisis 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak 2011 Germany E. coli outbreak 2011 Taiwan food scandal 2011 United States listeriosis outbreak 2013 Bihar school meal poisoning 2013 horse meat scandal 2013 Taiwan food scandal 2014 Taiwan food scandal 2017 Brazil weak meat scandal Food safety incidents in China Foodborne illness outbreaks death toll United States Regulation, standards, watchdogs Acceptable daily intake E number Food labeling regulations Food libel laws International Food Safety Network ISO 22000 Quality Assurance International Institutions Centre for Food Safety European Food Safety Authority Institute for Food Safety and Health International Food Safety Network Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Theodore Roosevelt 26th President of the United States, 1901 -- 1909 25th Vice President of the United States, 1901 33rd Governor of New York, 1899 -- 1900 Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1897 -- 1898 New York City Police Commissioner, 1895 -- 1897 New York State Assemblyman, 1882 1883 1884 Presidency First inauguration historic site Second inauguiration `` Square Deal '' Booker T. Washington dinner Conservation Newlands Reclamation Act Transfer Act of 1905 Antiquities Act Pelican Island Devils Tower National Monument Muir Woods National Monument Other National Monuments United States Forest Service, United States Reclamation Service National Wildlife Refuge System Roosevelt Arch Conference of Governors Northern Securities Company breakup court case Coal strike of 1902 Pure Food and Drug Act Food and Drug Administration Meat Inspection Act Expediting Act Elkins Act Hepburn Act Aldrich -- Vreeland Act Federal Employers Liability Act Kinkaid Act Big Stick ideology Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty Panama Canal Zone Panama Canal Venezuelan crisis Roosevelt Corollary Occupation of Cuba Russo - Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth 1906 Nobel Peace Prize Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 College football meetings Bureau of Investigation Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of Corporations Keep Commission Inland Waterways Commission Bureau of the Census Great White Fleet Perdicaris incident Cabinet White House West Wing State of the Union Address, 1901 1906 1908 White House desk Federal judiciary appointments Other events Spanish -- American War Rough Riders Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill `` Bull Moose '' Progressive Party New Nationalism Assassination attempt Boone and Crockett Club Smithsonian -- Roosevelt African Expedition `` River of Doubt '' Amazonian expedition Life and homes Birthplace, boyhood home replica Sagamore Hill Home and Museum Oyster Bay Elkhorn Ranch Maltese Cross Cabin Pine Knot cabin Gravesite Writings and speeches Theodore Roosevelt bibliography The Naval War of 1812 ( 1882 book ) `` The Strenuous Life '' ( 1899 speech ) `` Citizenship in a Republic '' ( 1910 speech ) `` I have just been shot '' ( 1912 speech ) Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography ( 1913 book ) The Forum magazine articles Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia Archival collections Elections New York state election, 1898 Republican National Convention, 1900 1904 1912 1916 United States presidential election, 1900 1904 1912 Legacy Mount Rushmore Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library White House Roosevelt Room Theodore Roosevelt National Park Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness Theodore Roosevelt Island Roosevelt National Forest Roosevelt Study Center Theodore Roosevelt Association Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park Monument Assemblage Roosevelt River Theodore Roosevelt Award Roosevelt Road U.S. Postage stamps Theodore Roosevelt, Rough Rider sculpture Equestrian statue Popular culture Teddy bear `` Speak softly, and carry a big stick '' Books Films Roosevelt in Africa 1910 documentary The Roosevelts 2014 documentary Related Political positions `` Bully pulpit '' Ananias Club `` Nature fakers '' Progressive Era A Guest of Honor Porcellian Club `` Muckraker '' National Collegiate Athletic Association `` Roosevelt Republican '' Family Alice Hathaway Lee ( first wife ) Edith Kermit Carow ( second wife ) Alice Lee Roosevelt ( daughter ) Theodore Roosevelt III ( son ) Kermit Roosevelt ( son ) Ethel Carow Roosevelt ( daughter ) Archibald Roosevelt ( son ) Quentin Roosevelt ( son ) Theodore Roosevelt Sr. ( father ) Martha Stewart Bulloch ( mother ) Anna Roosevelt ( sister ) Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( brother ) Corinne Roosevelt ( sister ) Cornelius Roosevelt ( grandfather ) James Stephens Bulloch ( grandfather ) James A. Roosevelt ( uncle ) Robert Roosevelt ( uncle ) James Dunwoody Bulloch ( half - uncle ) Irvine Bulloch ( uncle ) Theodore Douglas Robinson ( nephew ) Corinne Robinson ( niece ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( niece ) Hall Roosevelt ( nephew ) ← William McKinley William Howard Taft → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act&oldid=825562495 '' Categories : 1906 in American politics 1906 in law Food and Drug Administration Food law Food safety in the United States History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt Progressive Era in the United States United States federal controlled substances legislation United States federal health legislation Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018, at 03 : 08. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Pure Food and Drug Act", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act&amp;oldid=825562495" }

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{ "text": "2017 Wimbledon Championships -- women 's singles - wikipedia 2017 Wimbledon Championships -- women 's singles Jump to : navigation, search Women 's Singles 2017 Wimbledon Championships Champion Garbiñe Muguruza Runner - up Venus Williams Final score 7 -- 5, 6 -- 0 Details Draw 128 ( 12 Q / 6 WC ) Seeds 32 Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends men women seniors WC Doubles men women ← 2016 Wimbledon Championships 2018 → Main article : 2017 Wimbledon Championships Serena Williams was the two - time defending champion, but did not defend her title because of pregnancy. Garbiñe Muguruza won her second Grand Slam singles title, defeating Venus Williams in the final, 7 -- 5, 6 -- 0. Muguruza became the second Spanish woman to win Wimbledon after Conchita Martínez in 1994. Muguruza also became the first player to defeat both Williams sisters in Grand Slams singles finals. Williams was the oldest player to reach the final since Martina Navratilova, also in 1994, and played her 100th singles match at Wimbledon when she defeated Jeļena Ostapenko in the quarterfinals. Johanna Konta became the first British woman to reach the semifinals since Virginia Wade in 1978, and Magdaléna Rybáriková became the first Slovak woman to reach the semifinals at Wimbledon. Despite losing in the second round, Karolína Plíšková attained the WTA No. 1 singles ranking at the end of the tournament, after Angelique Kerber and Simona Halep, the other contenders for the top ranking, lost in the fourth round and quarterfinals, respectively. Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Qualifying 3 Draw 3.1 Key 3.2 Finals 3.3 Top half 3.3. 1 Section 1 3.3. 2 Section 2 3.3. 3 Section 3 3.3. 4 Section 4 3.4 Bottom half 3.4. 1 Section 5 3.4. 2 Section 6 3.4. 3 Section 7 3.4. 4 Section 8 4 References 5 External links Seeds ( edit ) 01. Angelique Kerber ( Fourth round ) 02. Simona Halep ( Quarterfinals ) 03. Karolína Plíšková ( Second round ) 04. Elina Svitolina ( Fourth round ) 05. Caroline Wozniacki ( Fourth round ) 06. Johanna Konta ( Semifinals ) 07. Svetlana Kuznetsova ( Quarterfinals ) 08. Dominika Cibulková ( Third round ) 09. Agnieszka Radwańska ( Fourth round ) 10. Venus Williams ( Final ) 11. Petra Kvitová ( Second round ) 12. Kristina Mladenovic ( Second round ) 13. Jeļena Ostapenko ( Quarterfinals ) 14. Garbiñe Muguruza ( Champion ) 15. Elena Vesnina ( Second round ) 16. Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova ( First round ) 17. Madison Keys ( Second round ) 18. Anastasija Sevastova ( Second round ) 19. Timea Bacsinszky ( Third round ) 20. Daria Gavrilova ( First round ) 21. Caroline Garcia ( Fourth round ) 22. Barbora Strýcová ( Second round ) 23. Kiki Bertens ( First round ) 24. Coco Vandeweghe ( Quarterfinals ) 25. Carla Suárez Navarro ( Second round ) 26. Mirjana Lučić - Baroni ( First round ) 27. Ana Konjuh ( Fourth round ) 28. Lauren Davis ( First round ) 29. Daria Kasatkina ( Second round ) 30. Zhang Shuai ( First round ) 31. Roberta Vinci ( First round ) 32. Lucie Šafářová ( Second round ) Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section. Qualifying ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Singles Qualifying Draw ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Q = Qualifier WC = Wild Card LL = Lucky Loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special Exempt PR = Protected Ranking w / o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted Finals ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Final 14 Garbiñe Muguruza 6 6 7 Svetlana Kuznetsova 14 Garbiñe Muguruza 6 6 PR Magdaléna Rybáriková PR Magdaléna Rybáriková 6 6 24 Coco Vandeweghe 14 Garbiñe Muguruza 7 6 10 Venus Williams 5 0 10 Venus Williams 6 7 13 Jeļena Ostapenko 5 10 Venus Williams 6 6 6 Johanna Konta 6 Johanna Konta 6 7 6 Simona Halep 7 6 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round A Kerber 6 6 Q I Falconi A Kerber 7 7 K Flipkens 6 6 K Flipkens 5 5 M Doi A Kerber 7 6 S Rogers 6 6 S Rogers 6 6 J Boserup 6 S Rogers 6 6 6 O Dodin 32 L Šafářová 7 32 L Šafářová 6 6 A Kerber 6 23 K Bertens 6 5 14 G Muguruza 6 6 S Cîrstea 7 7 S Cîrstea 7 0 M Linette 6 WC B Mattek - Sands 6 6 0 WC B Mattek - Sands 6 6 S Cîrstea Y Wickmayer 6 7 14 G Muguruza 6 6 K Bondarenko 5 Y Wickmayer E Alexandrova 14 G Muguruza 6 6 14 G Muguruza 6 6 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 9 A Radwańska 7 6 J Janković 6 0 9 A Radwańska 5 7 6 WC K Boulter 6 5 C McHale 7 6 C McHale 7 6 9 A Radwańska 6 6 K Kučová 6 6 19 T Bacsinszky 6 Q B Andreescu K Kučová 0 M Puig 6 0 19 T Bacsinszky 6 6 19 T Bacsinszky 6 6 9 A Radwańska 28 L Davis 5 7 S Kuznetsova 6 6 V Lepchenko 6 7 V Lepchenko 7 Q P Hercog 6 6 Q P Hercog 6 6 6 A Beck Q P Hercog 0 E Makarova 6 6 7 S Kuznetsova 6 6 Q A Van Uytvanck E Makarova 0 5 Q O Jabeur 7 S Kuznetsova 6 7 7 S Kuznetsova 6 6 Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round Ka Plíšková 6 6 E Rodina Ka Plíšková 6 5 M Niculescu PR M Rybáriková 7 6 PR M Rybáriková 6 6 PR M Rybáriková 6 6 L Tsurenko 6 7 6 L Tsurenko J Görges 7 6 L Tsurenko 6 6 V Golubic 6 6 6 V Golubic 6 30 S Zhang 7 PR M Rybáriková 6 6 20 D Gavrilova 6 8 Q P Martić 6 Q P Martić 6 10 Q P Martić 6 6 D Allertová 7 6 D Allertová R Ozaki 6 6 Q P Martić 7 6 X Han WC Z Diyas 6 WC Z Diyas 6 6 WC Z Diyas 6 7 Q Ar Rodionova 7 9 Q Ar Rodionova 6 16 A Pavlyuchenkova 6 6 7 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 12 K Mladenovic 6 6 P Parmentier 12 K Mladenovic 6 A Riske 6 7 A Riske 6 6 PR S Stephens 5 A Riske T Maria 6 24 C Vandeweghe 6 6 Q A Potapova T Maria M Barthel 5 24 C Vandeweghe 6 6 24 C Vandeweghe 7 6 24 C Vandeweghe 7 6 29 D Kasatkina 6 6 5 C Wozniacki 6 S Zheng 29 D Kasatkina L Arruabarrena A Kontaveit 6 6 A Kontaveit 6 6 A Kontaveit 6 6 T Pironkova 6 6 5 C Wozniacki 7 6 S Errani T Pironkova T Babos 6 5 C Wozniacki 6 6 5 C Wozniacki 6 6 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 5 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 8 D Cibulková 6 9 A Petkovic 6 7 8 D Cibulková 6 6 J Brady 6 6 J Brady D Kovinić 8 D Cibulková 6 6 WC N Broady 27 A Konjuh 7 6 I-C Begu 6 6 I-C Begu 6 6 PR S Lisicki 27 A Konjuh 7 6 27 A Konjuh 6 6 27 A Konjuh 22 B Strýcová 6 6 10 V Williams 6 6 V Cepede Royg 22 B Strýcová 6 S Sorribes Tormo 6 N Osaka 6 0 6 N Osaka 6 7 N Osaka 6 K-c Chang 10 V Williams 7 6 Q Wang 6 6 Q Wang 6 E Mertens 6 10 V Williams 6 6 10 V Williams 7 6 Section 6 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 13 J Ostapenko 6 6 A Sasnovich 0 6 13 J Ostapenko 7 6 Q F Abanda 6 6 Q F Abanda 6 6 K Nara 13 J Ostapenko 7 7 C Giorgi 5 6 6 C Giorgi 5 5 A Cornet 7 C Giorgi 6 6 6 N Hibino 17 M Keys 7 17 M Keys 6 6 13 J Ostapenko 6 7 26 M Lučić - Baroni 7 6 E Svitolina 6 C Witthöft 6 5 8 C Witthöft 7 6 Q A Sabalenka 6 6 Q A Sabalenka 6 6 I Khromacheva C Witthöft 5 F Schiavone 6 6 E Svitolina 6 7 M Minella F Schiavone 0 A Barty 5 6 E Svitolina 6 6 E Svitolina 7 7 Section 7 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 6 J Konta 6 6 S-w Hsieh 6 J Konta 7 10 D Vekić 6 6 6 D Vekić 6 6 8 N Vikhlyantseva 7 6 J Konta 6 6 K Siniaková M Sakkari M Sakkari 6 6 M Sakkari 6 6 6 Kr Plíšková 7 6 Kr Plíšková 7 31 R Vinci 6 6 J Konta 7 6 21 C Garcia 6 6 21 C Garcia 6 6 J Čepelová 21 C Garcia 6 6 Y Duan A Bogdan A Bogdan 6 6 21 C Garcia 6 6 M Brengle 6 6 M Brengle R Hogenkamp M Brengle 6 6 J Larsson 11 P Kvitová 6 11 P Kvitová 6 6 Section 8 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 15 E Vesnina 6 5 6 Q A Blinkova 7 15 E Vesnina PR V Azarenka 6 6 PR V Azarenka 6 6 C Bellis 6 PR V Azarenka 6 6 M Zanevska 6 WC H Watson 6 WC H Watson 6 7 WC H Watson 6 6 Y Putintseva 6 18 A Sevastova 0 18 A Sevastova 6 7 PR V Azarenka 6 25 C Suárez Navarro 6 6 S Halep 7 6 E Bouchard 6 25 C Suárez Navarro M Vondroušová 7 0 S Peng 6 6 S Peng 6 6 6 S Peng 6 B Haddad Maia 6 6 S Halep 6 7 WC L Robson B Haddad Maia 5 Q M Erakovic S Halep 7 6 S Halep 6 6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Serena Williams is pregnant, will return to tennis in 2018 ''. Jump up ^ `` Garbiñe Muguruza crowned Wimbledon champion after beating Venus Williams ''. Guardian. 15 July 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2017. Jump up ^ Christopher Clarey ( 15 July 2017 ). `` Garbiñe Muguruza Wins Wimbledon, Defeating Venus Williams ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ `` Garbine Muguruza hammers Venus Williams to win first Wimbledon title ''. The Telegraph. 15 July 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2017. Jump up ^ http://www.miamiherald.com/sports/tennis/article160489904.html Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/40573123 Jump up ^ Piers Newbery ( 11 July 2017 ). `` Wimbledon 2017 : Johanna Konta beats Simona Halep to reach semi-final ''. BBC Sport. Jump up ^ https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20601638/slovak-tennis-player-reaches-wimbledon-semi-finals.html Jump up ^ `` Here 's how Karolina Pliskova can become World No. 1 ''. Women 's Tennis Association. 3 July 2017. Women 's Singles Draw External links ( edit ) 2017 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Singles at the International Tennis Federation Wimbledon Women 's Singles drawsheets Pre Open Era 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 -- 1918 ( WWI ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 -- 1945 ( WWII ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1994 1995 2017 2017 WTA Tour `` 2016 2018 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S, D, X ) French Open ( S, D, X ) Wimbledon ( S, D, X ) US Open ( S, D, X ) WTA Premier Mandatory tournaments Indian Wells ( S, D ) Miami ( S, D ) Madrid ( S, D ) Beijing ( S, D ) WTA Premier 5 tournaments Dubai ( S, D ) Rome ( S, D ) Toronto ( S, D ) Cincinnati ( S, D ) Wuhan ( S, D ) WTA Premier tournaments Brisbane ( S, D ) Sydney ( S, D ) St. Petersburg ( S, D ) Doha ( S, D ) Charleston ( S, D ) Stuttgart ( S, D ) Birmingham ( S, D ) Eastbourne ( S, D ) Stanford ( S, D ) New Haven ( S, D ) Tokyo ( S, D ) Moscow ( S, D ) WTA International tournaments Auckland ( S, D ) Shenzhen ( S, D ) Hobart ( S, D ) Taiwan ( S, D ) Budapest ( S, D ) Acapulco ( S, D ) Kuala Lumpur ( S, D ) Monterrey ( S, D ) Biel ( S, D ) Bogotá ( S, D ) Istanbul ( S, D ) Rabat ( S, D ) Prague ( S, D ) Strasbourg ( S, D ) Nuremberg ( S, D ) Nottingham ( S, D ) ' s - Hertogenbosch ( S, D ) Mallorca ( S, D ) Bucharest ( S, D ) Gstaad ( S, D ) Båstad ( S, D ) Washington D.C. ( S, D ) Nanchang ( S, D ) Quebec City ( S, D ) Tokyo ( S, D ) Seoul ( S, D ) Guangzhou ( S, D ) Tashkent ( S, D ) Linz ( S, D ) Hong Kong ( S, D ) Tianjin ( S, D ) Luxembourg City ( S, D ) Team events Fed Cup World Group I + World Group II WG I Play - offs WG II Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa WTA Finals, Singapore ( S, D ) WTA Elite Trophy, Zhuhai ( S, D ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Wimbledon_Championships_ -- _Women % 27s_Singles&oldid = 802637301 '' Categories : 2017 Wimbledon Championships Wimbledon Championship by year -- Ladies ' Singles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Slovenščina Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017, at 13 : 42. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "2017 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=2017_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_Singles&amp;oldid=802637301" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends men women seniors WC Doubles men women ← 2016 Wimbledon Championships 2018 → Main article : 2017 Wimbledon Championships Serena Williams was the two - time defending champion, but did not defend her title because of pregnancy. Garbiñe Muguruza won her second Grand Slam singles title, defeating Venus Williams in the final, 7 -- 5, 6 -- 0. Muguruza became the second Spanish woman to win Wimbledon after Conchita Martínez in 1994. Muguruza also became the first player to defeat both Williams sisters in Grand Slams singles finals. Williams was the oldest player to reach the final since Martina Navratilova, also in 1994, and played her 100th singles match at Wimbledon when she defeated Jeļena Ostapenko in the quarterfinals. Johanna Konta became the first British woman to reach the semifinals since Virginia Wade in 1978, and Magdaléna Rybáriková became the first Slovak woman to reach the semifinals at Wimbledon. Despite losing in" ], "id": [ "7884380306992854952" ], "short_answers": [ "Garbiñe Muguruza" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Flank steak - Wikipedia Flank steak Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It has been suggested that sobrebarriga be merged into this article. ( Discuss ) Proposed since November 2016. Flank steak Different cuts of beef Type cut of beef The flank steak is a beef steak cut from the abdominal muscles or lower chest of the cow. The cut is common in Colombia, where it is known as sobrebarriga, literally meaning `` over the belly ''. A thin flank steak in South America is known as a matambre. Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Description ( edit ) Raw flank steak. The surface layer of fat has been removed from the steak on the right. A relatively long and flat cut, flank steak is used in a variety of dishes including London broil and as an alternative to the traditional skirt steak in fajitas. It can be grilled, pan-fried, broiled, or braised for increased tenderness. Grain ( meat fibre ) is very apparent in flank steaks, as it comes from a well - exercised part of the cow, and many chefs cut across the grain to make the meat more tender. Flank steak is best when it has a bright red color. It is frequently used in Asian cuisine, often sold in Chinese markets as `` stir - fry beef ''. See also ( edit ) Food portal List of steak dishes Sirloin Ribeye References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Miller, Bryan ( June 1, 1983 ). `` Sobrebarriga a las Brasas ( Flank steak Colombian - style ) ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 15 January 2010. External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of flank steak at Wiktionary Cuts of beef Upper Chuck Rib Short loin Sirloin Tenderloin Top sirloin Bottom sirloin Round Lower Brisket Plate Flank Shank Beef and veal Production Argentine beef Beef cattle Cow - calf operation Feeder cattle Kobe beef Organic beef Products Cuts Blade steak Brisket Chateaubriand steak Chuck steak Fajita Filet mignon Flank steak Flap steak Hanger steak Plate Ranch steak Restructured steak Rib eye Rib steak Round Rump Short loin Short ribs Shoulder tender Sirloin Top sirloin Skirt steak Spare ribs Standing rib roast Strip Shank T - bone Tenderloin Tri-tip Trotters Tail Processed Jerky Aged Bresaola Cabeza Corned beef Frankfurter Rindswurst Ground Montreal smoked Pastrami Meat extract Offal Brain Heart Tongue Tendon Tripas Tripe Testicles Dishes Steak / Beefsteak List of steak dishes Blanquette de veau Beef Wellington Beef bourguignon Beef bun Beef Manhattan Beef noodle soup Beef on weck Beef Stroganoff Boiled beef Bulgogi Calf 's liver and bacon Cheesesteak Chicken fried steak Cordon bleu Dendeng Feu French dip Ginger beef Galbi Gored gored Gyūdon Hamburg steak Hortobágyi palacsinta Iga penyet Italian beef Jellied veal Karađorđeva šnicla Kitfo Lanzhou beef lamian London broil Mongolian beef Neobiani Ossobuco Pot roast Pozharsky cutlet P'tcha Ragout fin Rawon Rendang Roast beef Roast beef sandwich Salisbury steak Saltimbocca Sha cha beef Shooter 's sandwich Steak and kidney pudding Steak Diane Steak and oyster pie Steak au poivre Tartare Tafelspitz Tongseng Veal Milanese Veal Orloff Veal Oscar Vitello tonnato Wallenbergare Related meats American bison Beefalo Water buffalo Żubroń Other Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Beef hormone controversy Beef ring Carcass grade Darkcutter Meat on the bone Ractopamine - Beef USA beef imports Japan Taiwan South Korea ( 2008 US beef protest in South Korea ) This meat - related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flank_steak&oldid=791263863 '' Categories : Cuts of beef Mexican cuisine Meat stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2007 All articles needing additional references Articles to be merged from November 2016 All articles to be merged All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Polski Português Svenska 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2017, at 04 : 11. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Flank steak", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Flank_steak&amp;oldid=791263863" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "9681984675218287061" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "This Must Be the Place ( Naive Melody ) - wikipedia This Must Be the Place ( Naive Melody ) Jump to : navigation, search `` This Must Be the Place ( Naive Melody ) '' Single by Talking Heads from the album Speaking in Tongues B - side `` Moon Rocks '' Released November 1983 Format 7 '' Recorded 1982 Genre New wave Length 4 : 56 Label Sire Songwriter ( s ) David Byrne Chris Frantz Jerry Harrison Tina Weymouth Producer ( s ) Talking Heads Talking Heads singles chronology `` Burning Down the House '' ( 1983 ) `` This Must Be the Place ( Naive Melody ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Slippery People '' ( 1984 ) `` Burning Down the House '' ( 1983 ) `` This Must Be the Place ( Naive Melody ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Slippery People '' ( Live ) ( 1984 ) `` This Must Be the Place ( Naive Melody ) '' is a song by new wave band Talking Heads, released in November 1983 as the second single from their fifth album Speaking in Tongues. The lyrics were written by David Byrne, and the music was written by Byrne and the other members of the band, Chris Frantz, Tina Weymouth and Jerry Harrison. Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Stop Making Sense 3 Critical reception 4 Music video 5 In other media 6 Covers 7 Charts 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Composition ( edit ) In the `` Self Interview '' on the DVD of the concert film Stop Making Sense, Byrne states that it is a love song, a topic he tends to avoid because it is `` kinda big. '' He also said of the song : That 's a love song made up almost completely of non sequiturs, phrases that may have a strong emotional resonance but do n't have any narrative qualities. It 's a real honest kind of love song. I do n't think I 've ever done a real love song before. Mine always had a sort of reservation, or a twist. I tried to write one that was n't corny, that did n't sound stupid or lame the way many do. I think I succeeded ; I was pretty happy with that. According to the Stop Making Sense commentary track, the title `` Naive Melody '' refers to the music. On the track, the guitar part and the bass part are doing the same thing throughout the whole song. According to David Byrne, many professional musicians would not play a song written in that fashion, and that is what makes the melody naive. Byrne played the lead keyboard solo. Bassist Tina Weymouth stated in the liner notes of Once in a Lifetime : The Best of Talking Heads that the song was created through `` truly naive '' experimentation with different instruments and jamming. Weymouth played guitar, guitarist Jerry Harrison played a Prophet synthesiser ( including the bassline ) Wally Badarou used the same synthesizer to add the stabs, and Byrne switched between guitar and another Prophet synthesizer, the latter of which he played using the pitch modulation wheel and `` campy '' piano glissandos. Pitchfork later described the song as `` an aberration for the Talking Heads. It was more of an exercise in understated musical hypnosis than polyrhythmic, Kuti - quoting funk, well - compressed instead of bursting at the seams, and ( in its abashed way ) it was a full - blown love song. (... ) With `` This Must Be the Place '', the band simplified their sound dramatically, condensing their sonic palette to the level of small EKG blips ( having switched instruments for a lark, this was nearly all they were able to reliably deliver chops-wise ) and wringing out only a few chords. '' Stop Making Sense ( edit ) The song is featured in Stop Making Sense ( 1984 ), a concert film featuring Talking Heads and directed by Jonathan Demme. Throughout the Stop Making Sense version, Byrne and his bandmates perform by a standard lamp, while close - up images of various body parts are projected onto a screen behind them. As revealed on the commentary to the film, the body parts belong to Byrne and his girlfriend ( later wife ) Adelle Lutz who was also known as Bonnie. When the song reaches a bridge, the musicians step back and Byrne dances with the lamp, a reference to Fred Astaire 's similar dance with a coat - rack in the film Royal Wedding. During the song, Weymouth is seen playing a rare Fender Swinger electric guitar, instead of her usual bass. The Stop Making Sense version was released as single in 1986, peaking at # 100 on the UK Singles Chart. Critical reception ( edit ) In 2015, Pitchfork ranked the song at number 22 in their list of `` The 200 Best Songs of the 1980s, '' with Winston Cook - Wilson of the website saying : `` In the process of stripping down, Talking Heads showcased something at the root of their art : David Byrne 's inimitable gift for melody, and his unique ability to make every musical figure seem both familiar and tied directly to the lyrical thought ( see ' I feel numb... born with a weak heart / I guess I must be having fun ' ). Is there a better moment of catharsis in a pop then the song 's final eureka realization, after Byrne gets whacked with the monolithic spiritual hammer and awakes from a life - encompassing daze into unexpected stability? There 's nothing to narrow his eyes at anymore : ' Cover up the blank spots, hit me on the head / Aaoooh, aaooh, aaooh, aaoooh. ' For a band rarely given to addressing issues of the heart head - on, ' Naive Melody ' remains an unexpected and peerless achievement. '' Music video ( edit ) The music video depicts the band members and their session musicians watching light - hearted home movies, before going down into the basement and playing their instruments. In other media ( edit ) The name of the song serves as the title of a 2011 drama film starring Sean Penn as an aging rock star. In one scene, the main character attends a concert in which David Byrne performs the song. The song was featured in the 2007 film Lars and the Real Girl during a party scene. It was also featured in the Oliver Stone 1987 film Wall Street, starring Michael Douglas and Charlie Sheen, as well as the 2010 sequel, Wall Street : Money Never Sleeps. In 2011 the song briefly appears in the Steve Carell romantic - comedy Crazy, Stupid, Love. The song is briefly played in the 2009 romantic - comedy He 's Just Not That into You. The song briefly appears on a radio in the Once Upon a Time episode `` Welcome to Storybrooke ''. Part of the song was played in the final moments of the Season 6 premiere of the Northern Exposure episode `` Dinner at Seven - Thirty '' in September 1994. Covers ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible, otherwise delete it. ( September 2017 ) The song was covered live by the Montreal - based band Arcade Fire, and is featured as the B - side to their single `` Neighborhood # 3 ( Power Out ) ''. Their version features David Byrne on guest vocals. The song is featured on the album Sing into My Mouth by Band of Horses and Iron & Wine, which is named after a lyric from this song. The song is sampled in the song Mama by the Spice Girls. The song has also been covered by Kishi Bashi, Car Seat Headrest, In Wilderness, Keller Williams, The Lumineers, Fenech - Soler, Postmodern Jukebox feat. Sara Niemietz, Hotel X, Iron and Wine, Shawn Colvin, Perpetual Groove, MGMT, Mysteries of Life, Animal Liberation Orchestra, The String Cheese Incident, Gunnar Madsen, Counting Crows, Ryan Montbleau Band, Miles Fisher, Tim Bowness, Samuel Smiles, Weatherbox, Youthless, Walk the Moon, Kyp Malone, Cornmeal, Euforquestra, Logger and the Fatties, Alex Mills, Alex Patten, Hidden Ballroom, and the Swedish band Gloria. Charts ( edit ) Original version Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 51 US Billboard Hot 100 62 Live version Chart ( 1986 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 100 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.45cat.com/record/729451 Jump up ^ ASCAP entry for song Jump up ^ Talking Heads The Band & Their Music, page 113, David Gans ISBN 0 - 7119 - 0980 - 6 Jump up ^ `` The 200 Best Songs of the 1980s ''. Pitchfork. August 24, 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Stats - Talking Heads ''. Chart Stats. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2011. Jump up ^ `` The 200 Best Songs of the 1980s ''. Pitchfork. August 24, 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2017. Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmmakersonfilm/9185331/This-Must-Be-the-Place-When-a-rock-god-takes-on-a-Nazi.html Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/may/20/cannes-film-festival-2011-sean-penn-review Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/be-place-what-critics-are-385596 Jump up ^ `` Kishi Bashi This Must Be The Place Cover - KBV Records, NY ''. youtube.com. 2013 - 05 - 13. Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 24. Jump up ^ `` SPIKE / / `` This Must Be The Place ( Naive Melody ) '' ``. Loscheiner.tumblr.com. 2010 - 12 - 16. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 12. Jump up ^ Link Jump up ^ `` Talking Heads > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles ''. Allmusic. Retrieved 13 August 2011. Further reading ( edit ) Sullivan, Denise ( January 31, 2011 ). `` Origin of Song : The True Story of Talking Heads ' Naïve Melody, `` This Must Be the Place '' ``. Crawdaddy!. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2014. External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` This Must Be the Place ( Naive Melody ) '' music video at MTV.com ( Windows Media Video format ) ( hide ) Talking Heads David Byrne Chris Frantz Jerry Harrison Tina Weymouth Studio albums Talking Heads : 77 More Songs About Buildings and Food Fear of Music Remain in Light Speaking in Tongues Little Creatures True Stories Naked Live albums The Name of This Band Is Talking Heads Stop Making Sense Compilations Sand in the Vaseline : Popular Favorites Once in a Lifetime : The Best of Talking Heads Once in a Lifetime The Best of Talking Heads Talking Heads Bonus Rarities and Outtakes Singles `` Love → Building on Fire '' `` Psycho Killer '' `` Take Me to the River '' `` Life During Wartime '' `` I Zimbra '' `` Cities '' `` Crosseyed and Painless '' `` Once in a Lifetime '' `` Houses in Motion '' ( alternate mix ) `` Life During Wartime '' ( live ) `` Burning Down the House '' `` This Must Be the Place ( Naive Melody ) '' `` Girlfriend Is Better '' ( live ) `` Road to Nowhere '' `` And She Was '' `` Once in a Lifetime '' ( live ) `` This Must Be the Place ( Naive Melody ) '' ( live ) `` Wild Wild Life '' `` Blind '' `` ( Nothing But ) Flowers '' `` Sax and Violins '' Other songs `` Mind '' `` Heaven '' ' `` Born Under Punches ( The Heat Goes On ) '' Filmography Stop Making Sense True Stories Storytelling Giant Related articles Discography Brian Eno How Music Works `` King 's Lead Hat '' My Life in the Bush of Ghosts No Talking, Just Head Sounds from True Stories Tom Tom Club Commons Wikiquote Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Must_Be_the_Place_(Naive_Melody)&oldid=806251458 '' Categories : Talking Heads songs 1983 singles Songs written by David Byrne Sire Records singles Song recordings produced by David Byrne Songs written by Jerry Harrison Songs written by Chris Frantz Songs written by Tina Weymouth Song recordings produced by Jerry Harrison Live singles 1986 singles 1983 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with trivia sections from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017, at 19 : 06. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "This Must Be the Place (Naive Melody)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=This_Must_Be_the_Place_(Naive_Melody)&amp;oldid=806251458" }

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{ "text": "Copper ( II ) nitrate - wikipedia Copper ( II ) nitrate Jump to : navigation, search Not to be confused with Copper ( I ) nitrate. Copper ( II ) nitrate Names IUPAC name Copper ( II ) nitrate Other names Cupric nitrate Identifiers CAS Number 3251 - 23 - 8 10031 - 43 - 3 ( trihydrate ) 13478 - 38 - 1 ( hexahydrate ) 19004 - 19 - 4 ( hemipentahydrate ) 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 78036 ChemSpider 17582 ECHA InfoCard 100.019. 853 PubChem CID 18616 RTECS number GL7875000 UNII 9TC879S2ZV InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / Cu. 2NO3 / c ; 2 * 2 - 1 ( 3 ) 4 / q + 2 ; 2 * - 1 Key : XTVVROIMIGLXTD - UHFFFAOYSA - N InChI = 1 / Cu. 2NO3 / c ; 2 * 2 - 1 ( 3 ) 4 / q + 2 ; 2 * - 1 Key : XTVVROIMIGLXTD - UHFFFAOYAG SMILES ( show ) ( Cu + 2 ). ( O - ) ( N+ ) ( ( O - ) ) = O. ( O - ) ( N+ ) ( ( O - ) ) = O Properties Chemical formula Cu ( NO ) Molar mass 187.5558 g / mol ( anhydrous ) 241.60 g / mol ( trihydrate ) 232.591 g / mol ( hemipentahydrate ) Appearance blue crystals hygroscopic Density 3.05 g / cm ( anhydrous ) 2.32 g / cm ( trihydrate ) 2.07 g / cm ( hexahydrate ) Melting point 256 ° C ( 493 ° F ; 529 K ) ( anhydrous, decomposes ) 114.5 ° C ( trihydrate ) 26.4 ° C ( hexahydrate, decomposes ) Boiling point 170 ° C ( 338 ° F ; 443 K ) ( trihydrate, decomposes ) Solubility in water trihydrate : 381 g / 100 mL ( 40 ° C ) 666 g / 100 mL ( 80 ° C ) hexahydrate : 243.7 g / 100 mL ( 80 ° C ) Solubility hydrates very soluble in ethanol, ammonia, water ; insoluble in ethyl acetate Magnetic susceptibility ( χ ) + 1570.0 10 cm / mol ( ~ 3H O ) Structure Crystal structure orthorhombic ( anhydrous ) rhombohedral ( hydrates ) Hazards Main hazards Irritant, Oxidizer Safety data sheet Cu ( NO ) 3H O NFPA 704 0 OX US health exposure limits ( NIOSH ) : PEL ( Permissible ) TWA 1 mg / m ( as Cu ) REL ( Recommended ) TWA 1 mg / m ( as Cu ) IDLH ( Immediate danger ) TWA 100 mg / m ( as Cu ) Related compounds Other anions Copper ( II ) sulfate Copper ( II ) chloride Other cations Nickel ( II ) nitrate Zinc nitrate Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ), 100 kPa ). N verify ( what is? ) Infobox references Copper ( II ) nitrate, Cu ( N O ), is an inorganic compound that forms a blue crystalline solid. Anhydrous copper nitrate forms deep blue - green crystals and sublimes in a vacuum at 150 - 200 ° C. Copper nitrate also occurs as five different hydrates, the most common ones being the trihydrate and hexahydrate. These materials are more commonly encountered in commerce than in the laboratory. Contents ( hide ) 1 Synthesis and reactions for copper nitrate 2 Structure 2.1 Anhydrous copper ( II ) nitrate 2.2 Hydrated copper ( II ) nitrate 3 Applications 3.1 Organic Synthesis 4 References 5 External links Synthesis and reactions for copper nitrate ( edit ) Aqueous solution of copper ( II ) nitrate. Hydrated copper nitrate can be prepared by hydration of the anhydrous material or by treating copper metal with an aqueous solution of silver nitrate or concentrated nitric acid : Cu + 4 HNO → Cu ( NO ) + 2 H O + 2 NO Anhydrous Cu ( NO ) forms when copper metal is treated with N O : Cu + 2 N O → Cu ( NO ) + 2 NO Attempted dehydration of any of the hydrated copper ( II ) nitrates by heating instead affords the oxides, not Cu ( NO ). At 80 ° C, the hydrates convert to `` basic copper nitrate '' ( Cu ( NO ) ( OH ) ), which converts to CuO at 180 ° C. Exploiting this reactivity, copper nitrate can be used to generate nitric acid by heating it until decomposition and passing the fumes directly into water. This method is similar to the last step in the Ostwald process. The equations are as follows : 2 Cu ( NO ) → 2 CuO + 4 NO + O 3NO + H O → 2HNO + NO Natural basic copper nitrates include the rare minerals gerhardtite and rouaite, both being polymorphs of Cu ( NO ) ( OH ) substance. Structure ( edit ) Anhydrous copper ( II ) nitrate ( edit ) Anhydrous copper ( II ) nitrate has been crystallized in two solvate - free polymorphs. α - and β - Cu ( NO ) are fully 3D coordination polymer networks. The alpha form has only one Cu environment, with ( 4 + 1 ) coordination, but the beta form has two different copper centers, one with ( 4 + 1 ) and one that is square planar. The nitromethane solvate also features `` ( 4 + 1 ) coordination '', with four short Cu - O bonds of approximately 200 pm and one longer bond at 240 pm. They are coordination polymers, with infinite chains of copper ( II ) centers and nitrate groups. In the gas phase, copper ( II ) nitrate features two bidentate nitrate ligands ( see image at upper right ). Thus, evaporation of the solid entails `` cracking '' to give the copper ( II ) nitrate molecule. Hydrated copper ( II ) nitrate ( edit ) Five hydrates have been reported : the monohydrate ( Cu ( NO ) H O ), the sesquihydrate ( Cu ( NO ) 1.5 H O ), the hemipentahydrate ( Cu ( NO ) 2.5 H O ), a trihydrate ( Cu ( NO ) 3H O ), and a hexahydrate ( ( Cu ( H O ) ) ( NO ) ). The hexahydrate is interesting because the Cu - O distances are all equal, not revealing the usual effect of Jahn - Teller distortion that is otherwise characteristic of octahedral Cu ( II ) complexes. This non-effect is attributed to the strong hydrogen bonding that limits the elasticity of the Cu - O bonds. Applications ( edit ) Copper ( II ) nitrate finds a variety of applications, the main one being its conversion to copper ( II ) oxide, which is used as catalyst for a variety of processes in organic chemistry. Its solutions are used in textiles and polishing agents for other metals. Copper nitrates are found in some pyrotechnics. It is often used in school laboratories to demonstrate chemical voltaic cell reactions. Organic Synthesis ( edit ) Copper nitrate, in combination with acetic anhydride, is an effective reagent for nitration of aromatic compounds, under what are known as `` Menke conditions '', in honor of the Dutch chemist who discovered that metal nitrates are effective reagents for nitration. Hydrated copper nitrate adsorbed onto clay affords a reagent called `` Claycop ''. The resulting blue - colored clay is used as a slurry, for example for the oxidation of thiols to disulfides. Claycop is also used to convert dithioacetals to carbonyls. A related reagent based on montmorillonite has proven useful for the nitration of aromatic compounds. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Copper ( II ) nitrate. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Perrys ' Chem Eng Handbook, 7th Ed ^ Jump up to : `` NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards # 0150 ''. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ). Jump up ^ Pass and Sutcliffe ( 1968 ). Practical Inorganic Chemistry. London : Chapman and Hall. ^ Jump up to : H. Wayne Richardson `` Copper Compounds '' Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley - VCH, Weinheim. doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a07_567. Jump up ^ Mindat, http://www.mindat.org/min-10588.html Jump up ^ Wallwork, S.C. ; Addison, W.E. ( 1965 ). `` The crystal structures of anhydrous nitrates and their complexes. Part I. The α form of copper ( II ) nitrate ''. J. Chem. Soc. 1965 : 2925 -- 2933. doi : 10.1039 / JR9650002925. ^ Jump up to : Troyanov, S.I. ; Morozov, I.V. ; Znamenkov, K.O. ; Yu ; Korenev, M. ( 1995 ). `` Synthesis and X-Ray Structure of New Copper ( II ) Nitrates : Cu ( NO ) H O and? - modification of Cu ( NO ) ''. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 621 : 1261 -- 1265. doi : 10.1002 / zaac. 19956210727. Jump up ^ Duffin, B. ; Wallwork, S.C. ( 1966 ). `` The crystal structure of anhydrous nitrates and their complexes. II. The 1 : 1 copper ( II ) nitrate - nitromethane complex ''. Acta Crystallographica. 20 : 210 -- 213. doi : 10.1107 / S0365110X66000434. Jump up ^ LaVilla, R.E. ; Bauer, S.H. ( 1963 ). `` The Structure of Gaseous Copper ( II ) Nitrate as Determined by Electron Diffraction ''. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85 : 3597 -- 3600. doi : 10.1021 / ja00905a015. Jump up ^ Dornberger - Schiff, K. ; Leciejewicz, J. ( 1958 ). `` Zur Struktur des Kupfernitrates Cu ( NO ) 1.5 H O ''. Acta Crystallogr. 11 : 825 -- 826. doi : 10.1107 / S0365110X58002322. Jump up ^ Morosin, B. ( 1970 ). `` The crystal structure of Cu ( NO ). 2.5 H O ''. Acta Crystallogr. B26 : 1203 -- 1208. doi : 10.1107 / S0567740870003898. Jump up ^ J. Garaj, Sbornik Prac. Chem. - Technol. Fak. Svst., Cskosl. 1966, pp. 35 -- 39. Jump up ^ Zibaseresht, R. ; Hartshorn, R.M. ( 2006 ). `` Hexaaquacopper ( II ) dinitrate : absence of Jahn - Teller distortion ''. Acta Crystallogr. E62 : i19 -- i22. doi : 10.1107 / S1600536805041851. Jump up ^ Menke J.B. ( 1925 ). `` Nitration with nitrates ''. Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays - Bas. 44 : 141. doi : 10.1002 / recl. 19250440209. Jump up ^ Balogh, M. `` Copper ( II ) Nitrate -- K10 Bentonite Clay '' in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis ( Ed : L. Paquette ) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York. doi : 10.1002 / 047084289. Jump up ^ Collet, Christine ( 1990 ). `` Clays Direct Aromatic Nitration ''. Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 29 : 535 -- 536. doi : 10.1002 / anie. 199005351. External links ( edit ) National Pollutant Inventory -- Copper and compounds fact sheet ICSC Copper and compounds fact sheet Copper compounds Cu ( 0, I ) Cu Si Cu ( I ) CuBr CuCN CuCl CuF CuH CuI Cu C Cu Cr O Cu O CuOH CuNO Cu P Cu S CuSCN Cu ( I, II ) Cu H O S Cu ( II ) Cu ( BF ) CuBr CuC CuCO Cu ( CN ) Cu ( ClO ) CuCl CuF Cu ( NO ) Cu ( PO ) CuN CuO CuO Cu ( OH ) CuI CuS CuSO Cu ( AsO ) Cu ( III ) K CuF Cu O Cu ( IV ) Cs CuF Rb CuF ( hide ) Salts and covalent derivatives of the Nitrate ion HNO He LiNO Be ( NO ) B ( NO ) O FNO Ne NaNO Mg ( NO ) Al ( NO ) Si ClONO Ar KNO Ca ( NO ) Sc ( NO ) Ti ( NO ) VO ( NO ) Cr ( NO ) Mn ( NO ) Fe ( NO ), Fe ( NO ) Co ( NO ), Co ( NO ) Ni ( NO ) Cu ( NO ) Zn ( NO ) Ga ( NO ) Ge As Se Br Kr RbNO Sr ( NO ) Y Zr ( NO ) Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd ( NO ) AgNO Cd ( NO ) In Sn Sb ( NO ) Te Xe ( NO ) CsNO Ba ( NO ) Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg ( NO ), Hg ( NO ) Tl ( NO ), TlNO Pb ( NO ) Bi ( NO ) BiO ( NO ) Po At Rn FrNO Ra ( NO ) Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og ↓ La ( NO ) Ce ( NO ), Ce ( NO ) Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu ( NO ) Gd ( NO ) Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Ac ( NO ) Th ( NO ) Pa UO ( NO ) Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copper(II)_nitrate&oldid=827961575 '' Categories : Copper compounds Nitrates Pyrotechnic oxidizers Pyrotechnic colorants Oxidizing agents Hidden categories : Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing Chemical articles with multiple CAS registry numbers Articles without KEGG source Articles with changed CASNo identifier Articles with changed EBI identifier ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018, at 19 : 30. About Wikipedia", "title": "Copper(II) nitrate", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Copper(II)_nitrate&amp;oldid=827961575" }

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{ "text": "Dividing line between metals and nonmetals - wikipedia Dividing line between metals and nonmetals Jump to : navigation, search 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe Cs Ba Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Condensed periodic table showing a typical metal -- nonmetal dividing line. Elements commonly recognised as metalloids ( boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium ) and those inconsistently recognised as such ( polonium and astatine ) Metal - nonmetal dividing line ( arbitrary ) : between Li and H, Be and B, Al and Si, Ge and As, Sb and Te, Po and At, Ts and Og Part of a series on the Periodic table Periodic table forms ( show ) 18 - column large cells 32 - column ( large cells ) Alternative forms Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step Beyond period 7 Fricke large cells Pyykkö Periodic table history ( show ) Dmitri Mendeleev predictions Discovery of elements Naming & etymology for places for scientists controversies ( in East Asia ) Systematic element names Sets of elements By periodic table structure ( show ) Groups ( 1 -- 18 ) 1 ( alkali metals ) 2 ( alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( pnictogens ) 16 ( chalcogens ) 17 ( halogens ) 18 ( noble gases ) Periods ( 1 -- 7... ) 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks ( s, p, d, f,... ) Atomic orbitals Aufbau principle By metallic classification ( hide ) Metals alkali alkaline earth transition post-transition lanthanide actinide ( super - / eka - super - ) Metalloids dividing metals & nonmetals Nonmetals polyatomic diatomic monatomic ( noble gas ) By other characteristics ( show ) Coinage metals Platinum - group metals Precious metals Refractory metals Heavy metals Light metals Native metals Noble metals Main - group elements Rare - earth elements Transuranium, transplutonium elements Major, minor & trans - actinides Elements List of chemical elements... ( show ) by abundance ( in human body ) by atomic properties by isotope stability by annual production by symbol Properties of elements ( show ) Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity configuration Electronegativity ( ( Allen ) ) ( ( Pauling ) ) Goldschmidt classification Nutrition Valence Data pages for elements ( show ) Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity / configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity / of fusion / of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity / expansion coefficient Vapor pressure Book Category Chemistry Portal The dividing line between metals and nonmetals can be found, in varying configurations, on some representations of the periodic table of the elements ( see mini-example, right ). Elements to the lower left of the line generally display increasing metallic behaviour ; elements to the upper right display increasing nonmetallic behaviour. When presented as a regular stair - step, elements with the highest critical temperature for their groups ( Li, Be, Al, Ge, Sb, Po ) lie just below the line. Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Double line variant 3 Concerns 4 Notes 5 Citations 6 References 7 External links Names ( edit ) This line has been called the amphoteric line, the metal - nonmetal line, the metalloid line, the semimetal line, or the staircase. It is also erroneously referred to as the Zintl border or the Zintl line. The last two terms instead refer to a vertical line sometimes drawn between groups 13 and 14. This particular line was christened by Laves in 1941. It differentiates group 13 elements from those in and to the right of group 14. The former generally combine with electropositive metals to make intermetallic compounds whereas the latter usually form salt - like compounds. = = History = = k References to a dividing line between metals and nonmetals appear in the literature as far back as at least 1869. In 1891, Walker published a periodic ' tabulation ' with a diagonal straight line drawn between the metals and the nonmetals. In 1906, Alexander Smith published a periodic table with a zigzag line separating the nonmetals from the rest of elements, in his highly influential textbook Introduction to General Inorganic Chemistry. In 1923, Horace G. Deming, an American chemist, published short ( Mendeleev style ) and medium ( 18 - column ) form periodic tables. Each one had a regular stepped line separating metals from nonmetals. Merck and Company prepared a handout form of Deming 's 18 - column table, in 1928, which was widely circulated in American schools. By the 1930s Deming 's table was appearing in handbooks and encyclopaedias of chemistry. It was also distributed for many years by the Sargent - Welch Scientific Company. Double line variant ( edit ) A dividing line between metals and nonmetals is sometimes replaced by two dividing lines. One line separates metals and metalloids ; the other metalloids and nonmetals. Concerns ( edit ) Mendeleev wrote that, ' It is... impossible to draw a strict line of demarcation between metals and nonmetals, there being many intermediate substances '. Several other sources note confusion or ambiguity as to the location of the dividing line ; suggest its apparent arbitrariness provides grounds for refuting its validity ; and comment as to its misleading, contentious or approximate nature. Deming himself noted that the line could not be drawn very accurately. Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sacks described the dividing line as, ' A jagged line, like Hadrian 's Wall... ( separating ) the metals from the rest, with a few `` semimetals, '' metalloids -- arsenic, selenium -- straddling the wall. ' Jump up ^ In the context of Mendeleev 's observation, Glinka adds that : ' In classing an element as a metal or a nonmetal we only indicate which of its properties -- metallic or nonmetallic -- are more pronounced in it '. Jump up ^ Mendeleev regarded tellurium as such an intermediate substance : '... it is a bad conductor of heat and electricity, and in this respect, as in many others, it forms a transition from the metals to the nonmetals. ' Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Horvath 1973, p. 336 ^ Jump up to : Levy 2001, p. 158 Jump up ^ Tarendash 2001, p. 78 Jump up ^ Thompson 1999 Jump up ^ DiSalvo 2000, p. 1800 Jump up ^ Whitley 2009 Jump up ^ Sacks 2001, pp. 191, 194 Jump up ^ King 2005, p. 6006 Jump up ^ Herchenroeder & Gschneidner 1988 Jump up ^ De Graef & McHenry 2007, p. 34 Jump up ^ Kniep 1996, p. xix Jump up ^ Nordell & Miller 1999, p. 579 Jump up ^ Hinrichs 1869, p. 115. In his article Hinrichs included a periodic table, organized by atomic weight, but this did not show a metal - nonmetal dividing line. Rather, he wrote that, '... elements of like properties or their compounds of like properties, form groups bounded by simple lines. Thus a line drawn through C, As, Te, separates the elements, having metallic lustre from those not having such lustre. The gaseous elements form a small group by themselves, the condensible ( sic ) chlorine forming the boundary... So also the boundary lines for other properties may be drawn. ' Jump up ^ Walker 1891, p. 252 Jump up ^ Miles & Gould 1976, p. 444 : ' His `` Introduction to General Inorganic Chemistry, '' 1906, was one of the most important textbooks in the field during the first quarter of the twentieth century. ' Jump up ^ Smith 1906, pp. 408, 410 Jump up ^ Deming 1923, pp. 160, 165 Jump up ^ Abraham, Coshow & Fix, W 1994, p. 3 Jump up ^ Emsley 1985, p. 36 Jump up ^ Fluck 1988, p. 432 Jump up ^ Brown & Holme 2006, p. 57 Jump up ^ Swenson 2005 Jump up ^ Mendeléeff 1897, p. 23 Jump up ^ Glinka 1959, p. 77 Jump up ^ Mendeléeff 1897, p. 274 Jump up ^ MacKay & MacKay 1989, p. 24 Jump up ^ Norman 1997, p. 31 Jump up ^ Whitten, Davis & Peck 2003, p. 1140 Jump up ^ Roher 2001, pp. 4 -- 6 Jump up ^ Hawkes 2001, p. 1686 Jump up ^ Kotz, Treichel & Weaver 2005, pp. 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Housecroft & Constable 2006, p. 322 Jump up ^ Deming 1923, p. 381 References ( edit ) Abraham M, Coshow, D & Fix, W 1994, Periodicity : A source book module, version 1.0. Chemsource, Inc., New York, viewed 26 Aug 11 Brown L & Holme T 2006, Chemistry for engineering students, Thomson Brooks / Cole, Belmont CA, ISBN 0 - 495 - 01718 - 3 De Graef M & McHenry ME 2007, Structure of materials : an introduction to crystallography, diffraction and symmetry, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ISBN 0 - 521 - 65151 - 4 Deming HG 1923, General chemistry : An elementary survey, John Wiley & Sons, New York DiSalvo FJ 2000, ' Challenges and opportunities in solid - state chemistry ', Pure and Applied Chemistry, vol. 72, no. 10, pp. 1799 -- 1807, doi : 10.1351 / pac200072101799 Emsley J, 1985 ' Mendeleyev 's dream table ', New Scientist, 7 March, pp. 32 -- 36 Fluck E 1988, ' New notations in the period table ', Pure & Applied Chemistry, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 431 -- 436 Glinka N 1959, General chemistry, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow Hawkes SJ 2001, ' Semimetallicity ', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 78, no. 12, pp. 1686 -- 87, doi : 10.1021 / ed078p1686 Herchenroeder JW & Gschneidner KA 1988, ' Stable, metastable and nonexistent allotropes ', Journal of Phase Equilibria, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 2 -- 12, doi : 10.1007 / BF02877443 Hinrichs GD 1869, ' On the classification and the atomic weights of the so - called chemical elements, with particular reference to Stas 's determinations ', Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, vol. 18, pp. 112 -- 124 Horvath 1973, ' Critical temperature of elements and the periodic system ', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 335 -- 336, doi : 10.1021 / ed050p335 Housecroft CE & Constable EC 2006, Chemistry, 3rd ed., Pearson Education, Harlow, England, ISBN 0 - 13 - 127567 - 4 King RB ( ed. ) 2005, Encyclopedia of inorganic chemistry, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, p. 6006, ISBN 0 - 470 - 86078 - 2 Kniep R 1996, ' Eduard Zintl : His life and scholarly work ', in SM Kauzlarich ( ed. ), Chemistry, structure and bonding of Zintl phases and ions, VCH, New York, pp. xvii -- xxx, ISBN 1 - 56081 - 900 - 6 Kotz JC, Treichel P & Weaver GC 2005, Chemistry & chemical reactivity, 6th ed., Brooks / Cole, Belmont, CA, ISBN 0 - 534 - 99766 - X Levy J 2011, The bedside book of chemistry, Pier 9, Millers Point, Sydney, ISBN 978 - 1 - 74266 - 035 - 6 MacKay KM & MacKay RA 1989, Introduction to modern inorganic chemistry, 4th ed., Blackie, Glasgow, ISBN 0 - 216 - 92534 - 7 Mendeléeff DI 1897, The principles of chemistry, vol. 1, 5th ed., trans. G Kamensky, AJ Greenaway ( ed. ), Longmans, Green & Co., London Miles WD & Gould RF 1976, American chemists and chemical engineers, vol. 1, American Chemical Society, Washington Nordell KJ & Miller GJ 1999, ' Linking intermetallics and Zintl compounds : An investigation of ternary trielides ( Al, Ga, In ) forming the NaZn structure type ', Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 579 -- 590 Norman NC 1997, Periodicity and the s - and p - block elements, Oxford University, Oxford, ISBN 0 - 19 - 855961 - 5 Roher GS 2001, Structure and bonding in crystalline materials, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ISBN 0 - 521 - 66379 - 2 Smith A 1906, Introduction to general inorganic chemistry, The Century Company, New York Swenson J 2005, ' Classification of noble gases ', in Ask a scientist, Chemistry archive Tarendash AS 2001, Let 's review : Chemistry, the physical setting, Barron 's Educational Series, Hauppauge, New York, ISBN 0 - 7641 - 1664 - 9 Thompson R 1999, ' Re : What is the metalloid line and where is it located on the Periodic Table? ', MadSci Network Walker J 1891, ' On the periodic tabulation of the elements ', The Chemical News, vol. LXIII, no. 1644, May 29, pp. 251 -- 253 Whitley K 2009, Periodic table : Metals, non-metals, and semi-metals Whitten KW, Davis RE & Peck LM 2003, A qualitative analysis supplement, 7th ed., Thomson Brooks / Cole, Belmont, CA, ISBN 0 - 534 - 40876 - 1 External links ( edit ) Summary of an ACS presentation on the `` myth '' of the dividing line ( hide ) Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column, large cells 32 - column, large cells Alternative Alternatives Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Fricke model large cells Pyykkö model Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Superactinides Eka - superactinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Polyatomic nonmetals Diatomic nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming Etymology controversies places scientists in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Category Chemistry Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals&oldid=801778593 '' Categories : Periodic table Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017, at 20 : 08. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Dividing line between metals and nonmetals", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals&amp;oldid=801778593" }

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{ "text": "Chapters and verses of the Bible - wikipedia Chapters and verses of the Bible The Gospel according to John - a text showing chapter and verse divisions ( King James Version ) The Bible is a compilation of many shorter books written at different times by a variety of authors, and later assembled into the biblical canon. Since the early 13th century, most copies and editions of the Bible present all but the shortest of these books with divisions into chapters, generally a page or so in length. Since the mid-16th century editors have further subdivided each chapter into verses - each consisting of a few short lines or sentences. Sometimes a sentence spans more than one verse, as in the case of Ephesians 2 : 8 -- 9, and sometimes there is more than one sentence in a single verse, as in the case of Genesis 1 : 2. As the chapter and verse divisions did not appear in the original texts, they form part of the paratext of the Bible. The Jewish divisions of the Hebrew text differ at various points from those used by Christians. For instance, in Jewish tradition, the ascriptions to many Psalms are regarded as independent verses or parts of the subsequent verses, making 116 more verses, whereas established Christian practice treats each Psalm ascription as independent and unnumbered. Some chapter divisions also occur in different places, e.g. Hebrew Bibles have 1 Chronicles 5 : 27 -- 41 where Christian translations have 1 Chronicles 6 : 1 -- 15. Contents 1 History 1.1 Chapters 1.2 Verses 2 Jewish tradition 2.1 Verse endings 2.2 Parashiyot 2.3 Sedarim 3 Christian versions 4 Protestant Bible statistics 4.1 Chapters 4.2 Verses 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) ``... they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks : Nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more. '' ~ Isaiah 2 : 4 KJV ( Bible verse across the street from the United Nations Building in New York City ) Chapters ( edit ) Early manuscripts of the biblical texts did not contain the chapter and verse divisions in the numbered form familiar to modern readers. In antiquity Hebrew texts were divided into paragraphs ( parashot ) that were identified by two letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Peh פ indicated an `` open '' paragraph that began on a new line, while Samekh ס indicated a `` closed '' paragraph that began on the same line after a small space. These two letters begin the Hebrew words open ( patuach ) and closed ( sagoor ), and are, themselves, open פ and closed ס. The earliest known copies of the Book of Isaiah from the Dead Sea Scrolls used parashot divisions, although they differ slightly from the Masoretic divisions. ( This is different from the use of consecutive letters of the Hebrew alphabet to structure certain poetic compositions, known as acrostics, such as several of the Psalms and most of the Book of Lamentations. ) The Hebrew Bible was also divided into some larger sections. In Israel the Torah ( its first five books ) were divided into 154 sections so that they could be read through aloud in weekly worship over the course of three years. In Babylonia it was divided into 53 or 54 sections ( Parashat ha - Shavua ) so it could be read through in one year. The New Testament was divided into topical sections known as kephalaia by the fourth century. Eusebius of Caesarea divided the gospels into parts that he listed in tables or canons. Neither of these systems corresponds with modern chapter divisions. ( See fuller discussions below. ) Chapter divisions, with titles, are also found in the 9th century Tours manuscript, Paris Bibliothèque Nationale MS Lat. 3, the so - called Bible of Rorigo. Archbishop Stephen Langton and Cardinal Hugo de Sancto Caro developed different schemas for systematic division of the Bible in the early 13th century. It is the system of Archbishop Langton on which the modern chapter divisions are based. While chapter divisions have become nearly universal, editions of the Bible have sometimes been published without them. Such editions, which typically use thematic or literary criteria to divide the biblical books instead, include John Locke 's Paraphrase and Notes on the Epistles of St. Paul ( 1707 ), Alexander Campbell 's The Sacred Writings ( 1826 ), Daniel Berkeley Updike 's fourteen - volume The Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments and the Apocrypha, Richard Moulton 's The Modern Reader 's Bible ( 1907 ), Ernest Sutherland Bates 's The Bible Designed to Be Read as Living Literature ( 1936 ), The Books of the Bible ( 2007 ) from the International Bible Society ( Biblica ), Adam Lewis Greene 's five - volume Bibliotheca ( 2014 ), and the six - volume ESV Reader 's Bible ( 2016 ) from Crossway Books. Verses ( edit ) Since at least 916 the Tanakh has contained an extensive system of multiple levels of section, paragraph, and phrasal divisions that were indicated in Masoretic vocalization and cantillation markings. One of the most frequent of these was a special type of punctuation, the sof passuq, symbol for a full stop or sentence break, resembling the colon ( : ) of English and Latin orthography. With the advent of the printing press and the translation of the Bible into English, Old Testament versifications were made that correspond predominantly with the existing Hebrew full stops, with a few isolated exceptions. Most attribute these to Rabbi Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymus 's work for the first Hebrew Bible concordance around 1440. The first person to divide New Testament chapters into verses was Italian Dominican biblical scholar Santi Pagnini ( 1470 -- 1541 ), but his system was never widely adopted. His verse divisions in the New Testament were far longer than those known today. Robert Estienne created an alternate numbering in his 1551 edition of the Greek New Testament which was also used in his 1553 publication of the Bible in French. Estienne 's system of division was widely adopted, and it is this system which is found in almost all modern Bibles. Estienne produced a 1555 Vulgate that is the first Bible to include the verse numbers integrated into the text. Before this work, they were printed in the margins. The first English New Testament to use the verse divisions was a 1557 translation by William Whittingham ( c. 1524 -- 1579 ). The first Bible in English to use both chapters and verses was the Geneva Bible published shortly afterwards in 1560. These verse divisions soon gained acceptance as a standard way to notate verses, and have since been used in nearly all English Bibles and the vast majority of those in other languages. ( Nevertheless, some Bibles have removed the verse numbering, including the ones noted above that also removed chapter numbers ; a recent example of an edition that removed only verses, not chapters, is The Message : The Bible in Contemporary Language by Eugene H. Peterson. ) Jewish tradition ( edit ) Main article : Tanakh § Chapters and verse numbers, book divisions The Hebrew Masoretic text of the Bible notes several different kinds of subdivisions within the biblical books : Verse endings ( edit ) Main article : Sof passuk Most important are the verse endings. According to the Talmudic tradition, the division of the text into verses is of ancient origin. In Masoretic versions of the Bible, the end of a verse is indicated by a small mark in its final word called a silluq ( which means `` stop '' ). Less formally, verse endings are usually also indicated by two horizontal dots following the word with a silluq. Parashiyot ( edit ) Main article : Parashah The Masoretic textual tradition also contains section endings called parashot, which are usually indicated by a space within a line ( a `` closed '' section ) or a new line beginning ( an `` open '' section ). The division of the text reflected in the parashot is usually thematic. Unlike chapters, the parashot are not numbered, but some of them have special titles. In early manuscripts ( most importantly in Tiberian Masoretic manuscripts, such as the Aleppo codex ), an `` open '' section may also be represented by a blank line, and a `` closed '' section by a new line that is slightly indented ( the preceding line may also not be full ). These latter conventions are no longer used in Torah scrolls and printed Hebrew Bibles. In this system, the one rule differentiating `` open '' and `` closed '' sections is that `` open '' sections must always start at the beginning of a new line, while `` closed '' sections never start at the beginning of a new line. Sedarim ( edit ) Another division of the biblical books found in the Masoretic text is the division of the sedarim. This division is not thematic, but is almost entirely based upon the quantity of text. For the Torah, this division reflects the triennial cycle of reading that was practiced by the Jews of the Land of Israel. Christian versions ( edit ) The Byzantines also introduced a concept roughly similar to chapter divisions, called kephalaia ( singular kephalaion, literally meaning heading ). This system, which was in place no later than the 5th century, is not identical to the present chapters. Unlike the modern chapters, which tend to be of roughly similar length, the distance from one kephalaion mark to the next varied greatly in length both within a book and from one book to the next. For example, the Sermon on the Mount, comprising three chapters in the modern system, has but one kephalaion mark, while the single modern chapter 8 of the Gospel of Matthew has several, one per miracle. Moreover, there were far fewer kephalaia in the Gospel of John than in the Gospel of Mark, even though the latter is the shorter text. In the manuscripts, the kephalaia with their numbers, their standard titles ( titloi ) and their page numbers would be listed at the beginning of each biblical book ; in the book 's main body, they would be marked only with arrow - shaped or asterisk - like symbols in the margin, not in the text itself. The titles usually referred to the first event or the first theological point of the section only, and some kephalaia are manifestly incomplete if one stops reading at the point where the next kephalaion begins ( for example, the combined accounts of the miracles of the Daughter of Jairus and of the healing of the woman with a haemorrhage gets two marked kephalaia, one titled of the daughter of the synagogue ruler at the beginning when the ruler approaches Jesus and one titled of the woman with the flow of blood where the woman enters the picture -- well before the ruler 's daughter is healed and the storyline of the previous kephalaion is thus properly concluded ). Thus the kephalaia marks are rather more like a system of bookmarks or links into a continuous text, helping a reader to quickly find one of several well - known episodes, than like a true system of chapter divisions. Cardinal Hugo de Sancto Caro is often given credit for first dividing the Latin Vulgate into chapters in the real sense, but it is the arrangement of his contemporary and fellow cardinal Stephen Langton who in 1205 created the chapter divisions which are used today. They were then inserted into Greek manuscripts of the New Testament in the 16th century. Robert Estienne ( Robert Stephanus ) was the first to number the verses within each chapter, his verse numbers entering printed editions in 1551 ( New Testament ) and 1571 ( Hebrew Bible ). The division of the Bible into chapters and verses has received criticism from some traditionalists and modern scholars. Critics state that the text is often divided in an incoherent way, or at inappropriate rhetorical points, and that it encourages citing passages out of context. Nevertheless, the chapter and verse numbers have become indispensable as technical references for Bible study. Several modern publications of the Bible have eliminated numbering of chapters and verses. Biblica published such a version of the NIV in 2007 and 2011. In 2014, Crossway published the ESV Reader 's Bible and Bibliotheca published a modified ASV. Projects such as Icthus also exist which strip chapter and verse numbers from existing translations. Protestant Bible statistics ( edit ) The number of words can vary depending upon aspects such as whether the Hebrew alphabet in Psalm 119, the superscriptions listed in some of the Psalms, and the subscripts traditionally found at the end of the Pauline epistles, are included. Except where stated, the following apply to the King James Version of the Bible in its modern 66 - book Protestant form including the New Testament and the protocanonical Old Testament, not the deuterocanonical books. Chapters ( edit ) There are 929 chapters in the Old Testament. 187 chapters in the Pentateuch 249 chapters in the Historical books 243 chapters in the Poetic books ( `` Wisdom '' ) 183 chapters in the Major prophets 67 chapters in the Minor prophets There are 260 chapters in the New Testament. 89 chapters in the Gospels 28 chapters in Acts 87 chapters in the Pauline Epistles ( excluding Hebrews ) 34 chapters in the General Epistles ( including Hebrews ) 22 chapters in Revelation This gives a total of 1,189 chapters ( on average, 18 per book ). Psalm 117, the shortest chapter, is also the middle chapter of the Bible, being the 595th Chapter. Psalm 117 is the shortest chapter of the Bible. Psalm 119 is the longest chapter of the Bible. Five books are a single chapter : Obadiah, Philemon, 2 & 3 John, Jude. In many printed editions, the chapter number is omitted for these books, and references just use the verse numbers. Old Testament - 929 chapters Book / Division Chapters Pentateuch ( or the Law ) 187 Genesis 50 Exodus 40 Leviticus 27 Numbers 36 Deuteronomy 34 Historical Books 249 Joshua 24 Judges 21 Ruth 1 Samuel 31 2 Samuel 24 1 Kings 22 2 Kings 25 1 Chronicles 29 2 Chronicles 36 Ezra 10 Nehemiah 13 Esther 10 Books of Wisdom ( or `` Poetry '' ) 243 Job 42 Psalms 150 Proverbs 31 Ecclesiastes 12 Song of Solomon 8 Major Prophets 183 Isaiah 66 Jeremiah 52 Lamentations 5 Ezekiel 48 Daniel 12 Minor Prophets 67 Hosea 14 Joel Amos 9 Obadiah Jonah Micah 7 Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah 14 Malachi New Testament - 260 chapters Book / Division Chapters Gospels 89 Matthew 28 Mark 16 Luke 24 John 21 History 28 Acts 28 Pauline Epistles 87 Romans 16 1 Corinthians 16 2 Corinthians 13 Galatians 6 Ephesians 6 Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 5 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 6 2 Timothy Titus Philemon General Epistles 34 Hebrews 13 James 5 1 Peter 5 2 Peter 1 John 5 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalyptic Writings ( Prophecy ) 22 Revelation 22 Verses ( edit ) There are 23,145 verses in the Old Testament and 7,957 verses in the New Testament. This gives a total of 31,102 verses, which is an average of a little more than 26 verses per chapter. Contrary to popular belief, Psalm 118 does not contain the middle verse of the Bible. The King James Version has an even number of verses ( 31,102 ), with the two middle verses being Psalm 103 : 1 -- 2. John 11 : 35 ( `` Jesus wept '' ) is the shortest verse in most English translations. Some translations -- including the New International Version, New Living Translation, New Life Version, Holman Christian Standard Bible and New International Reader 's Version -- render Job 3 : 2 as `` He said ''. However, that is a translators ' condensation of the Hebrew which literally translated is : `` And Job answered and said. '' The shortest verse in the Greek New Testament is Luke 20 : 30 ( `` και ο δευτερος '', `` And the second '' ) with twelve letters, according to the Westcott and Hort text. In the Textus Receptus, the shortest verse is 1 Thessalonians 5 : 16 ( `` παντοτε χαιρετε '', `` Rejoice always '' ) with fourteen letters, since Stephanus ' rendering of Luke 20 : 30 includes some additional words. Isaiah 10 : 8 ( `` Dicet enim '' ) is the shortest verse in the Latin Vulgate. Esther 8 : 9 is the longest verse in the Masoretic Text. The discovery of several manuscripts at Qumran ( in the Dead Sea Scrolls ) has reopened what is considered the most original text of 1 Samuel 11 ; if one believes that those manuscripts better preserve the text, several verses in 1 Samuel 11 surpass Esther 8 : 9 in length. See also ( edit ) Bible portal Bible Bible citation List of omitted Bible verses Parashah References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ernst Würthwein, The Text of the Old Testament ( Grand Rapids : Eerdmans, 1998 ), p. 20. ^ Jump up to : Würthwein, The Text of the Old Testament, n. 28. Jump up ^ Kurt and Barbara Aland, The Text of the New Testament ( Grand Rapids : Eerdmans and Leiden : E.J. Brill, 1989 ), pp. 252 ff. Jump up ^ Consortium, Europeana Regia. `` Europeana Regia - Paris Bibliothèque nationale de France MSS Latin 3 ''. Jump up ^ Hebrew Bible article in the Catholic Encyclopedia. ^ Jump up to : Moore, G.F. The Vulgate Chapters and Numbered Verses in the Hebrew Bible, pages 73 -- 78 at JSTOR. page 75 Jump up ^ Bruce M. Metzger, The early versions of the New Testament : Their origin, transmission and limitations, Oxford University Press ( 1977 ), p. 347. Cited in Stephen Langton and the modern chapter divisions of the bible by British translator Roger Pearse, 21 June 2013. Jump up ^ London : Awnsham and John Churchill, 1707 Jump up ^ 1826 ; repr. Nashville : Gospel Advocate Restoration Reprints, 2001 Jump up ^ New York : Macmillan, 1907 Jump up ^ New York : Simon and Schuster, 1936 ) Jump up ^ `` Bibliotheca Multivolume Readers ' Bible Homepage ''. BIBLIOTHECA. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22. Jump up ^ `` The Bible 's a mess, but a designer is fixing it ''. The Verge. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22. Jump up ^ https://www.crossway.org/bibles/esv-readers-bible-none-tru/ Jump up ^ Miller, Stephen M. ; Huber, Robert V. ( 2004 ). The Bible : A History. Good Books. p. 173. ISBN 1 - 56148 - 414 - 8. ^ Jump up to : `` Pitts Theology Library Exhibit on the Verses of the New Testament ''. Jump up ^ `` Chapters and Verses : Who Needs Them?, '' Christopher R. Smith, Bible Study Magazine ( July -- Aug 2009 ) : 46 -- 47. Jump up ^ Colorado Springs : NavPress, 2002 Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud, Nedarim 37b Jump up ^ Snapp, James ( 15 April 2016 ). `` Kephalaia : The Ancient Chapters of the Gospels ''. Retrieved 31 March 2018. Jump up ^ The Examiner. Jump up ^ Zylstra, Sarah Eekhof ( 25 July 2014 ). `` Introducing the Bible! Now with Less! ''. Christianity Today. Retrieved 23 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Icthus ''. Jump up ^ The Center of the Bible Archived August 28, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. at BreakTheChain.org ^ Jump up to : Study Resources : The Books of the Bible at BlueLetterBible.org Jump up ^ King James Bible Statistics at BibleBelievers.com Jump up ^ First Thessalonians 5 : 12 -- 28, John Walvoord at Bible.org Jump up ^ Luke 20 : 30 και ο δευτερος -- and the second with interlinear Greek - English and KJV Luke 20 : 30, in the 1550 Stephanus New Testament and the 1881 Westcott - Hort New Testament. Jump up ^ Isaias 10 at LatinVulgate.com External links ( edit ) STEP Documentation OSIS Documentation Alternate Versification Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible&oldid=853952641 '' Categories : Bible chapters Bible verses Referencing systems Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Čeština Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Português Simple English Suomi 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018, at 00 : 39 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Chapters and verses of the Bible", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible&amp;oldid=853952641" }

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{ "text": "List of Miss Universe runners - up and finalists - wikipedia List of Miss Universe runners - up and finalists Jump to : navigation, search This article provides the names of the runners - up in the Miss Universe pageant since the pageant 's first edition in 1952. Miss Universe 2006 top - five finalists : Switzerland, Paraguay, Japan, USA and Puerto Rico. Contents ( hide ) 1 Table of Miss Universe runners - up and finalists 2 Countries / Territories by number of finalists 2.1 1st runner - up 2.2 2nd runner - up 3 References Table of Miss Universe runners - up and finalists ( edit ) The pageant has awarded a top - five finalists from 1952 to 1989 and from 2001 up to 2014, with the first, second, third and fourth runner - up being awarded. From 1990 to 1997, the number of finalists was increased to six. From 1998 to 2000 and since 2015, it was reverted to five but only up to the second runner - up was awarded ( regardless if the pageant post-announces the placements of the other 2 delegates who made it to the Top 5 ). This table shows the top - five finalists of each competition, from its inception in 1952. Edition Miss Universe ( 1st place ) 1st runner - up ( 2nd place ) 2nd runner - up ( 3rd place ) 3rd runner - up ( 4th place ) 4th runner - up ( 5th place ) 1952 Armi Kuusela Finland Elza Kananionapua Edsman Hawaii Ntaizy `` Daisy '' Mavraki Greece Judy Dan Hong Kong Renate Hoy Germany 1953 Christiane Martel France Myrna Rae Hansen USA Kinuko Ito Japan Ana Bertha Lepe Mexico Maxine Morgan Australia 1954 Miriam Stevenson USA Martha Rocha Brazil Virginia Lee Wai - Chun Hong Kong Regina Ernst Germany Ragnhild Olausson Sweden 1955 Hillevi Rombin Sweden Maribel Arrieta Galvez El Salvador Maureen Hingert Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) Margit Nünke Germany Keiko Takahashi Japan 1956 Carol Morris USA Marina Orschel Germany Ingrid Goude Sweden Kathleen Waller England Rosanna Galli Italy 1957 Gladys Zender Peru Teresinha Morango Brazil Sonia Hamilton England Maria Fernandez Cuba Gerti Daub Germany 1958 Luz Marina Zuluaga Colombia Adalgisa Colombo Brazil Geri Hoo Hawaii Eurlyne Howell USA Alicja Bobrowska Poland 1959 Akiko Kojima Japan Jorunn Kristjansen Norway Terry Huntingdon USA Pamela Anne Searle England Vera Regina Ribeiro Brazil 1960 Linda Bement USA Daniela Bianchi Italy Elizabeth Hodacs Austria Nicolette Caras South Africa Teresa del Rio Spain 1961 Marlene Schmidt Germany Rosemarie Frankland Wales Adriana Gardiazabal Argentina Arlette Dobson England Sharon Brown USA 1962 Norma Nolan Argentina Anna Geirsdóttir Iceland Anja Aulikki Järvinen Finland Helen Liu Shiu - Man Taiwan Maria Olívia Rebouças Brazil 1963 Iêda Maria Vargas Brazil Aino Korwa Denmark Marlene McKeown Ireland Lalaine Bennett Philippines Kim Myoung - ja Korea 1964 Corinna Tsopei Greece Brenda Blackler England Ronit Renat Rechtman Israel Siv Märta Åberg Sweden Lana Yu Yi Taiwan 1965 Apasra Hongsakula Thailand Virpi Liisa Miettinen Finland Sue Downey USA Ingrid Norman Sweden Anja Schuit Netherlands 1966 Margareta Arvidsson Sweden Satu Charlotta Östring Finland Cheranand Savetanand Thailand Yasmin Daji India Aviva Israeli Israel 1967 Sylvia Hitchcock USA Mariela Pérez Venezuela Jennifer Lynn Lewis England Ritva Lehto Finland Batya Kabiri Israel 1968 Martha Vasconcellos Brazil Anne Braafheid Curacao Leena Brusin Finland Peggy Kopp Venezuela Dorothy Anstett USA 1969 Gloria Diaz Philippines Harriet Eriksson Finland Joanne Barret Australia Chava Levy Israel Kikuyo Osuka Japan 1970 Marisol Malaret Puerto Rico Deborah Shelton USA Joan Zealand Australia Jun Shimada Japan Beatriz Gross Argentina 1971 Georgina Rizk Lebanon Toni Rayward Australia Pirjo Laitila Finland Beba Franco Puerto Rico Eliane Guimaraes Brazil 1972 Kerry Anne Wells Australia Rejane Costa Brazil María Antonieta Cámpoli Venezuela Ilana Goren Israel Jennifer `` Jenny '' McAdam England 1973 Margarita Moran Philippines Amanda Jones USA Aina Walle Norway Maria Madrigal Spain Limor Schreibman Israel Amparo Muñoz Spain Helen Morgan Wales Ritta Johanna Raunio Finland Ella Cecilia Escandon Palacios Colombia Maureen Vieira Aruba Anne Marie Pohtamo Finland Gerthie David Haiti Summer Bartholomew USA Catharina Sjödahl Sweden Rose Marie Brosas Philippines 1976 Rina Messinger Israel Judith Castillo Venezuela Sian Adey - Jones Wales Carol Grant Scotland Julie Ismay Australia 1977 Janelle Commissiong Trinidad & Tobago Eva Düringer Austria Sandra Bell Scotland Aura Maria Mojica Salcedo Colombia Marie - Luise Gassen Germany 1978 Margaret Gardiner South Africa Judi Andersen USA Guillermina Ruiz Spain Mary Shirley Saenz Colombia Cecilia Catharina Rhode Sweden 1979 Maritza Sayalero Venezuela Gina Swainson Bermuda Carolyn Seaward England Martha Jussara da Costa Brazil Annette Marie Ekström Sweden 1980 Shawn Weatherly USA Linda Gallagher Scotland Diana Nottle New Zealand Chat Silayan Philippines Eva Birgitta Anderson Sweden 1981 Irene Sáez Venezuela Dominique Dufour Canada Eva Lena Lundgren Sweden Adriana Oliveira Brazil Dominique Eeckhoudt Belgium 1982 Karen Baldwin Canada Patty Chong Kerkos Guam Cinzia Fiordeponti Italy Tina Roussou Greece Terri Utley USA Lorraine Downes New Zealand Julie Hayek USA Roberta Brown Ireland Lolita Morena Switzerland Karen Moore England 1984 Yvonne Ryding Sweden Leticia Snyman South Africa Carmen Maria Montiel Venezuela Desiree Verdadero Philippines Susana Caldas Lemaitre Colombia 1985 Deborah Carthy - Deu Puerto Rico Teresa Sánchez López Spain Kayonga Mureka Zaire Silvia Martínez Venezuela Andrea López Uruguay 1986 Bárbara Palacios Venezuela Christy Fichtner USA María Mónica Urbina Colombia Brygida Bziukiewicz Poland Tuula Polvi Finland Cecilia Bolocco Chile Roberta Capua Italy Michelle Royer USA Inés María Calero Venezuela Laurie Tamara Simpson Puerto Rico 1988 Porntip Nakhirunkanok Thailand Chang Yoonjung Korea Amanda Olivares Mexico Mizuho Sakaguchi Japan Pauline Yeung Hong Kong 1989 Angela Visser Netherlands Louise Drevenstam Sweden Gretchen Polhemus USA Joanna Gapińska Poland Adriana Abascal Mexico 1990 Mona Grudt Norway Carole Gist USA Lizeth Mahecha Colombia not awarded 1991 Lupita Jones Mexico Pauline Huizinga Netherlands Yulia Lemigova USSR 1992 Michelle McLean Namibia Paola Turbay Colombia Madhu Sapre India 1993 Dayanara Torres Puerto Rico Paula Andrea Betancourt Colombia Milka Chulina Venezuela 1994 Sushmita Sen India Carolina Gomez Colombia Minorka Mercado Venezuela 1995 Chelsi Smith USA Manpreet Brar India Lana Buchberger Canada Alicia Machado Venezuela Taryn Mansell Aruba Lola Odusoga Finland 1997 Brook Lee USA Marena Bencomo Venezuela Margot Bourgeois Trinidad & Tobago 1998 Wendy Fitzwilliam Trinidad & Tobago Veruska Ramirez Venezuela Joyce Giraud Puerto Rico 1999 Mpule Kwelagobe Botswana Miriam Quiambao Philippines Diana Nogueira Spain 2000 Lara Dutta India Claudia Moreno Venezuela Helen Lindes Spain 2001 Denise Quiñones Puerto Rico Evelina Papantoniou Greece Kandace Krueger USA Eva Ekvall Venezuela Celina Jaitley India 2002 Oxana Fedorova ( Dethroned ) Russia Justine Pasek ( Replaced ) Panama Zhuo Ling China Vanessa Carreira South Africa Cynthia Lander Venezuela 2003 Amelia Vega Dominican Republic Mariángel Ruiz Venezuela Cindy Nell South Africa Sanja Papić Serbia & Montenegro Miyako Miyazaki Japan Jennifer Hawkins Australia Shandi Finnessey USA Alba Reyes Puerto Rico Yanina Gonzalez Paraguay Danielle Jones Trinidad & Tobago 2005 Natalie Glebova Canada Cynthia Olavarría Puerto Rico Renata Soñé Dominican Republic Laura Elizondo Mexico Monica Spear Venezuela 2006 Zuleyka Rivera Puerto Rico Kurara Chibana Japan Lauriane Gilliéron Switzerland Lourdes Arevalos Paraguay Tara Conner USA 2007 Riyo Mori Japan Natália Guimarães Brazil Ly Jonaitis Venezuela Honey Lee Korea Rachel Smith USA 2008 Dayana Mendoza Venezuela Taliana Vargas Colombia Marianne Cruz Dominican Republic Vera Krasova Russia Elisa Nájera Mexico 2009 Stefanía Fernández Venezuela Ada de la Cruz Dominican Republic Marigona Dragusha Kosovo Rachael Finch Australia Mayra Matos Puerto Rico Ximena Navarrete Mexico Yendi Phillips Jamaica Jesinta Campbell Australia Anna Poslavska Ukraine Venus Raj Philippines 2011 Leila Lopes Angola Olesya Stefanko Ukraine Priscila Machado Brazil Shamcey Supsup Philippines Luo Zilin China 2012 Olivia Culpo USA Janine Tugonon Philippines Irene Esser Venezuela Renae Ayris Australia Gabriela Markus Brazil 2013 Gabriela Isler Venezuela Patricia Rodríguez Spain Constanza Báez Ecuador Ariella Arida Philippines Jakelyne Oliveira Brazil 2014 Paulina Vega Colombia Nia Sanchez USA Diana Harkusha Ukraine Yasmin Verheijen Netherlands Kaci Fennell Jamaica 2015 Pia Wurtzbach Philippines Ariadna Gutiérrez Colombia Olivia Jordan USA Flora Coquerel France Monika Radulovic Australia 2016 Iris Mittenaere France Raquel Pélissier Haiti Andrea Tovar Colombia 2017 Demi - Leigh Nel - Peters South Africa Laura González Colombia Davina Bennett Jamaica Countries / territories by number of finalists ( edit ) 1st runner - up ( edit ) The first runner - up of each edition of Miss Universe is the second placer behind the candidate who is crowned as Miss Universe. In some cases, she shall take over the title of Miss Universe, if : The outgoing titleholder can not fulfill her duties. This could happen and may result to resignation, giving up the title, or dethronement The titleholder is dethroned due to deeds that violate the organization 's policies. This has only happened in 2002. There were instances that the winner is not replaced by the first runner - up, when she decides to voluntarily resign from her position, given the formal permission from the organization ( 1952 and 1974 ). This table lists the number of 1st runner - up titles by country. There are some special considerations : Hawaii competed as an independent territory from 1952 to 1959, before it joined the United States, holding one 1st runner - up title on its own. The United Kingdom ( currently competing under the name of Great Britain ) competed separatedly as England ( from 1955 to 1962 and then again from 1964 to 1990 ), Scotland ( from 1961 to 1986 and then again from 1988 to 1990 ) and Wales ( from 1961 to 1990 ), holding a total of four 1st runner - up titles which are counted together. As Panama took over the Miss Universe title in 2002, it is unknown if the 1st runner - up position was taken by another candidate after the succession took place. Countries that have placed 1st runner - up in Miss Universe and number of times. Country / Territory Titles Year ( s ) United States 9 1953, 1970, 1973, 1978, 1983, 1986, 1990, 2004, 2014 Colombia 6 1992, 1993, 1994, 2008, 2015, 2017 Venezuela 1967, 1976, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2003 Brazil 5 1954, 1957, 1958, 1972, 2007 Great Britain 1961, 1964, 1974, 1980 Finland 1965, 1966, 1969 Haiti 1975, 2016 Spain 1985, 2013 Philippines 1999, 2012 Italy 1960, 1987 Ukraine 2011 Jamaica Dominican Republic 2009 Japan 2006 Puerto Rico 2005 Greece 2001 Aruba India 1995 Netherlands 1991 Sweden 1989 South Korea 1988 South Africa 1984 Guam 1982 Canada 1981 Bermuda 1979 Austria 1977 Australia 1971 Curacao 1968 Denmark 1963 Iceland 1962 Norway 1959 Germany 1956 El Salvador 1955 Hawaii 1952 2nd runner - up ( edit ) The second runner - up of each edition of Miss Universe is the third placer behind the candidate who is crowned as Miss Universe and the first runner - up ( second placer ). Although it has never happened, the second runner - up is supposed to take over the Miss Universe title if both the original winner and the first runner - up are unable to fulfill their duties / resign their titles. For example, if a Miss Universe winner is required to give up her title and the first runner - up is unable / does not want to assume the winner 's position, the title then passes to the second runner - up. This table lists the number of 2nd runner - up titles by country. There are some special considerations as well : Hawaii competed as an independent territory from 1952 to 1959, before it joined the United States, holding one 2nd runner - up title on its own. The United Kingdom ( currently competing under the name of Great Britain ) competed separatedly as England ( from 1955 to 1962 and then again from 1964 to 1990 ), Scotland ( from 1961 to 1986 and then again from 1988 to 1990 ) and Wales ( from 1961 to 1990 ), holding a total of five 2nd runner - up titles which are counted together. It is unknown if Zhuo Ling, Miss Universe 2002 second runner - up, took over the first runner - up position after Justine Pasek took over the winner 's place, as no official statements regarding this matter were made by the organization. Countries that have placed 2nd runner - up in Miss Universe and number of times. Country / Territory Titles Year ( s ) United States 7 1959, 1965, 1975, 1987, 1989, 2001, 2015 Venezuela 6 1972, 1984, 1993, 1994, 2007, 2012 Finland 5 1962, 1968, 1971, 1974, 1996 Great Britain 1957, 1967, 1976, 1977, 1979 Colombia 1986, 1990, 2016 Australia 1969, 1970, 2010 Spain 1978, 1999, 2000 Dominican Republic 2005, 2008 Puerto Rico 1998, 2004 Ireland 1963, 1983 Sweden 1956, 1981 Jamaica 2017 Ukraine 2014 Ecuador 2013 Brazil 2011 Kosovo 2009 Switzerland 2006 South Africa 2003 China 2002 Trinidad and Tobago 1997 Canada 1995 India 1992 Soviet Union 1991 Mexico 1988 Zaire 1985 Italy 1982 New Zealand 1980 Norway 1973 Thailand 1966 Israel 1964 Argentina 1961 Austria 1960 Hawaii 1958 Ceylon 1955 Hong Kong 1954 Japan 1953 Greece 1952 2 Notes Now known as Sri Lanka Now known as DR Congo Now known as Russia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A misty - eyed look at Armi Kuusela, the 1st Miss Universe ''. philstar.com. Retrieved 22 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` Here 's how Olivia Culpo reacted to last night 's Miss Universe gaffe from the judge 's chair ''. Boston.com. Retrieved 22 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` LOOK : Pia Wurtzbach meets Miss Universe 2013 Gabriela Isler ''. Rappler. Retrieved 22 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` Outraged Colombians look for blame in Miss Universe mix - up ''. Yahoo! News. Retrieved 22 May 2016. Jump up ^ McDermott, Maeve ( 30 January 2017 ). `` Miss France Iris Mittenaere is crowned Miss Universe 2017 ''. USA Today. Retrieved 30 January 2017. Lists portal ( hide ) Miss Universe 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Titleholders Runners - up and finalists Editions Countries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Miss_Universe_runners-up_and_finalists&oldid=832901268 '' Categories : Miss Universe Lists of women in beauty pageants Miss Universe contestants Nations at competitions Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018, at 16 : 10. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of Miss Universe runners-up and finalists", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Miss_Universe_runners-up_and_finalists&amp;oldid=832901268" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Brazil 2013 Gabriela Isler Venezuela Patricia Rodríguez Spain Constanza Báez Ecuador Ariella Arida Philippines Jakelyne Oliveira Brazil 2014 Paulina Vega Colombia Nia Sanchez USA Diana Harkusha Ukraine Yasmin Verheijen Netherlands Kaci Fennell Jamaica 2015 Pia Wurtzbach Philippines Ariadna Gutiérrez Colombia Olivia Jordan USA Flora Coquerel France Monika Radulovic Australia 2016 Iris Mittenaere France Raquel Pélissier Haiti Andrea Tovar Colombia 2017 Demi - Leigh Nel - Peters South Africa Laura González Colombia Davina Bennett Jamaica Countries / territories by number of finalists ( edit ) 1st runner - up ( edit ) The first runner - up of each edition of Miss Universe is the second placer behind the candidate who is crowned as Miss Universe. In some cases, she shall take over the title of Miss Universe, if : The outgoing titleholder can not fulfill her duties. This could happen and may result to resignation, giving up the title, or dethronement The titleholder is dethroned due to deeds that violate the organization 's policies. This has only happened in 2002." ], "id": [ "8977126074369735789" ], "short_answers": [ "Laura González" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Milwaukee Brewers - wikipedia Milwaukee Brewers Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the present - day Major League Baseball team. For other uses, see Milwaukee Brewers ( disambiguation ). Milwaukee Brewers 2017 Milwaukee Brewers season Established in 1969 Based in Milwaukee since 1970 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations National League ( 1998 -- present ) Central Division ( 1998 -- present ) American League ( 1969 -- 1997 ) Central Division ( 1994 -- 1997 ) East Division ( 1972 -- 1993 ) West Division ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Current uniform Retired numbers 19 34 44 42 Colors Navy blue, gold, white Name Milwaukee Brewers ( 1970 -- present ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) Other nicknames True Blue Brew Crew, The Brew Crew, The Crew, Beermakers, Beersmen, Cerveceros, Birraioli Ballpark Miller Park ( 2001 -- present ) Milwaukee County Stadium ( 1970 -- 2000 ) Sick 's Stadium ( Seattle ) ( 1969 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 0 ) None NL Pennants ( 0 ) None AL Pennants ( 1 ) 1982 NL Central Division titles ( 1 ) 2011 AL East Division titles ( 1 ) 1982 Wild card berths ( 1 ) 2008 The Brewers also qualified for the postseason in the strike - split 1981 season, losing to the New York Yankees in the ALDS. Front office Owner ( s ) Mark Attanasio Manager Craig Counsell General Manager David Stearns The Milwaukee Brewers are an American professional baseball team based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The Brewers compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division. The team is named for the city 's association with the brewing industry. Since 2001, the Brewers have played their home games at Miller Park, which has a seating capacity of 41,900. The team was founded in 1969 as the Seattle Pilots, an expansion team of the American League ( AL ), in Seattle, Washington. The Pilots played their home games at Sick 's Stadium. After only one season, the team relocated to Milwaukee, becoming known as the Brewers and playing their home games at Milwaukee County Stadium. In 1998, the Brewers joined the National League. They are the only franchise to play in four divisions since the advent of divisional play in Major League Baseball in 1969. They are also one of two MLB franchises to switch leagues in their history, along with the Houston Astros. The team 's only World Series appearance came in 1982. After winning the ALCS against the California Angels, the Brewers faced off against the St. Louis Cardinals in the World Series, losing 4 -- 3. In 2011, the Brewers won the NLDS versus the Arizona Diamondbacks 3 -- 2, but lost in the NLCS to the eventual World Series - champion Cardinals, 4 -- 2. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Team uniforms 2.1 Uniforms 2.1. 1 1970 -- 77 2.1. 2 1978 -- 93 2.1. 3 1994 -- 99 2.1. 4 2000 -- present 3 Achievements 3.1 Awards 3.2 Hall of Famers 3.3 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 3.4 Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame 3.5 Retired numbers 3.5. 1 Out of circulation, but not retired 4 Season - by - season records 5 Franchise leaders 5.1 Single - season records 5.2 Career leaders 6 Current roster 7 Team managers 8 Minor league affiliations 9 Radio and television 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Milwaukee Brewers Originating as an expansion team in 1969, in Seattle, Washington, as the Seattle Pilots, the club played for one season in the American League West Division before being acquired in bankruptcy court by Bud Selig, who then moved the team to Milwaukee. They would continue to play in the West Division for two more years. Before the beginning of the 1972 season the Brewers agreed to switch over to the American League East to make room for the Texas Rangers who had relocated from Washington. Beginning in 1994, due divisional re-allignment, the Brewers moved to the newly created American League Central division. In all, the Brewers were part of the American League from their creation in 1969 through the 1997 season, after which they moved to the National League Central Division. Milwaukee had previously been a National League city when its team was the Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 1965 ). In 1981, Milwaukee won the American League East Division in the second half of the strike - shortened season. In the playoffs, they lost the divisional series to the New York Yankees, three games to two. In 1982, Milwaukee won the American League East Division and the American League Pennant, earning their only World Series appearance to date as the Brewers. In the Series, they lost to the St. Louis Cardinals four games to three. In 1998, the Brewers changed leagues, going from the American League to the National League. In 2008, for the first time in the 26 years since their World Series appearance, the Brewers advanced to postseason play by winning the National League wild card. They were eliminated in the National League Division Series by the eventual World Series champion Philadelphia Phillies. On September 23, 2011, the Milwaukee Brewers clinched their first division title in 29 years. They won the National League Division Series in five games over the Arizona Diamondbacks, but lost the National League Championship Series to the eventual World Series champion St. Louis Cardinals in six games. Team uniforms ( edit ) Uniforms ( edit ) 1970 -- 77 ( edit ) The first Brewers uniforms were `` hand - me - downs '' from the Seattle Pilots. Because the move to Milwaukee received final approval less than a week before the start of the season, there was no time to order new uniforms. Selig had originally planned to change the Brewers ' colors to navy blue and red in honor of the minor league American Association 's Milwaukee Brewers, but was forced to simply remove the Seattle markings from the Pilots ' blue - and - gold uniforms and sew `` BREWERS '' on the front. However, the outline of the Pilots ' logo remained visible. The uniforms had unique striping on the sleeves left over from the Pilots days. The cap was an updated version of the Milwaukee Braves cap in blue and yellow. Ultimately, it was decided to keep blue and gold as the team colors, and they have remained so ever since. The Brewers finally got their own flannel design in 1971. This design was essentially the same as the one used in 1970, but with blue and yellow piping on the sleeves and collar. In 1972, the Brewers entered the double - knit era with uniforms based upon their flannels : all white with `` BREWERS '' on the front and blue and yellow trim on the sleeves, neck, waistband and down the side of the pants. This is the uniform that Hank Aaron wore with the club in his final seasons and that Robin Yount wore in his first. During this period, the logo of the club was the Beer Barrel Man, which had been used by the previous minor league Brewers since at least the 1940s. The Brewers mascot, Bernie Brewer ( a man with a large yellow mustache wearing a Brewers hat ) was introduced in 1973. 1978 -- 93 ( edit ) The Brewers unveiled new uniforms for the 1978 season. The uniforms featured pinstripes with a solid blue collar and waistband. The road uniforms continued to be powder blue, but for the first time the city name, `` MILWAUKEE '', graced the chest in an upward slant. In addition, this season saw the introduction of the logo that was to define the club : `` M '' and `` B '' in the shape of a baseball glove. The logo was designed by Tom Meindel, an art history student at the University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire. The home cap was solid blue, and the road cap was blue with a yellow front panel. Additionally, their batting helmets had a white front panel. The club wore these uniforms in their pennant - winning season of 1982. Only minor changes were made until 1990 ; the color of the road uniforms changed to gray in 1985, while the blue - yellow - blue road cap and white - paneled batting helmets were abandoned at the same time. In 1990, the Brewers made significant modifications to their uniforms, switching from pullover to button - down jerseys ( the last American League team to do so ). Their individual uniforms showed other changes as well ; at home, the blue piping was removed and the block lettered `` BREWERS '' was changed to a script version similar to the script used on road uniforms, while those outfits had their piping changed from blue - yellow - blue to blue - yellow. The road jerseys were the first uniforms in franchise history to feature player names on the back ; names were added to the home jerseys beginning in 1993. 1994 -- 99 ( edit ) In 1994, in collaboration with the Brewers celebrating their 25th year in Milwaukee, the team did a radical makeover of their uniforms. The ball - in - glove logo was removed and replaced with a stylized interlocking `` M '' and `` B '' set on a pair of crossed bats and a diamond background. The royal blue changed to navy blue, while the yellow changed to a metallic gold. Forest green was added as a third color. The jerseys swapped pinstripes for retro - themed piping around the collar, buttons, and sleeves, following a trend that was popular in the 1990s. The uniforms ' lettering had the same style of letters as the new cap logo with heavily stylized `` BREWERS '' lettering on the home jerseys and `` MILWAUKEE '' on the road grays. For the first time, an alternative jersey was introduced. It was navy blue with the home `` BREWERS '' lettering on the front and featured the Brewers ' logo on the lower left side. The caps featured the interlocking `` MB '' logo ( without the bats or diamond ) on both the home and away versions. The home cap was completely navy blue, while the away cap featured a navy blue crown and a forest green bill. In 1997, the uniforms were slightly modified, with the main logo being removed from the caps and replaced with an `` M ''. All navy caps were worn with both the home and away uniforms ; the home hats featured a white `` M '' and the road caps had a gold `` M. '' The green socks that had previously been worn on the road were changed to navy blue. The blue alternate jersey placed the player 's number on the lower left side instead of the logo. 2000 -- present ( edit ) Before the 2000 season, to coincide with the anticipated opening of Miller Park, the Brewers changed their uniforms again. The block letters on the front were replaced with `` Brewers '' in a flowing script, and green was removed as the third color. The cap logo was a script `` M '', similar in style to the Miller logo, with a head of barley underlining it, symbolizing Milwaukee 's beer - making industry. The home uniforms also featured a patch on the left sleeve consisting of the cap logo with a gold outline of the state of Wisconsin behind it, showing the Brewers statewide appeal. The road uniforms were grey and featured the same script `` Brewers '' on the front, with a simple patch on the left sleeve bearing a script `` Milwaukee ''. There was also an alternate navy blue jersey that had the same features as the home jersey. Although the uniforms were supposed to debut with the opening of Miller Park, the Big Blue crane collapse in July 1999, which cost the lives of three workers and caused damage to the first base side of the stadium, delayed the opening of Miller Park for one year, so the uniforms actually debuted at Milwaukee County Stadium in the ballpark 's final year. In 2006, the Brewers introduced Retro Sundays, when the Brewers would wear uniforms featuring the `` ball - in - glove '' logo. The uniforms are similar to the uniforms worn from 1978 to 1989, but with some modern modifications, such as the uniforms being button - up instead of pullover, displaying players ' last names on the backs of the jerseys, and a `` ball - in - glove '' logo patch on the left sleeve. In 2007, the Retro day was changed from Sunday to Friday, though they may also be worn outside of those days if a starting pitcher chooses the retro uniforms to wear during his start. In 2010, the Brewers debuted a new alternate road jersey which, like the other alternate jersey, is navy blue, but bears a script `` Milwaukee '' on the front. In 2013, a gold alternate jersey with `` Brewers '' on the front was introduced, as well. During the off - season before the 2013 season, the Brewers allowed fans to design their own Milwaukee Brewers uniforms. Three finalists were chosen, which fans were given the opportunity to vote for their favorite through the Brewers website. The winning uniform was designed by Ben Peters of Richfield, Minnesota, and was worn by the Brewers for two spring training games. In 2016, the Brewers replaced their road navy and home gold alternates with a new navy alternate jersey. The uniform is similar to the previous road navy alternate but with yellow replacing gold as the trim color, and will be paired with a navy cap featuring the `` ball - and - glove '' logo. The navy road alternate has been worn far more often in 2016 than the official gray road jersey, although it has also been used on home games. Achievements ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of Milwaukee Brewers award winners and All - Stars Three Brewers have won MVP awards during their career with the team. While in the American League, Rollie Fingers won the award in 1981, and Robin Yount received the honor in 1982 and 1989. Ryan Braun won the National League MVP award in 2011. Two pitchers have won the Cy Young Award in the American League. Rollie Fingers won in 1981, and Pete Vuckovich won in 1982. Two players have been named Rookie of the Year. Pat Listach won the American League 's award in 1992, and Ryan Braun won the National League award in 2007. Hall of famers ( edit ) The following inducted members of the Baseball Hall of Fame spent some or all of their careers with the Brewers. Milwaukee Brewers Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Milwaukee Brewers Hank Aaron Rollie Fingers Paul Molitor Bud Selig Don Sutton Robin Yount Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Brewers cap insignia. No major league player, manager, or executive affiliated with the team when it was known as the Seattle Pilots has been inducted into the Hall of Fame. Ford C. Frick award recipients ( edit ) Milwaukee Brewers Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Bob Uecker Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Brewers. Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame Brewers in the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame No. Name Position Tenure Notes Bud Selig Owner 1970 -- 1998 Born in Milwaukee, attended University of Wisconsin - Madison 3, 20, 44 Gorman Thomas CF / DH 1973 -- 1983, 1986 Paul Molitor IF / DH 1978 -- 1992 11, 17 Jim Gantner 2B Coach 1976 -- 1992 1996 -- 1997 Born in Fond du Lac, grew up in Eden, attended University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh 15 Cecil Cooper 1B 1977 -- 1987 19 Robin Yount SS / CF 1974 -- 1993 31, 32 Harvey Kuenn Coach Manager 1972 -- 1975 1975, 1982 -- 1983 Born in West Allis, raised in Milwaukee, attended University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee 44 Hank Aaron RF / DH 1975 -- 1976 Elected mainly on his performance with Milwaukee Braves and Atlanta Braves 50 Bob Uecker Broadcaster 1971 -- present Born and raised in Milwaukee Retired numbers ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers In addition to the six numbers retired by the Brewers, the number 50 has been placed in the Brewers ' Ring of Honor for Bob Uecker and his half - century in baseball. Bud Selig Team Owner Retired April 6, 2015 Paul Molitor 3B, DH Retired June 11, 1999 Robin Yount SS, CF Coach Retired May 29, 1994 Hank Aaron RF, DH Retired October 3, 1976 Jackie Robinson 2B Retired by MLB April 15, 1997 Out of circulation, but not retired ( edit ) 17 : Has not been issued since Jim Gantner 's retirement in 1992. The only time it was issued after 1992 was from 1996 to 1997 when he returned as first base coach. Season - by - season records ( edit ) Main article : List of Milwaukee Brewers seasons The records of the Brewers ' last seven seasons are listed below. MLB season Team season League Division Finish Wins Losses Win % GB Postseason Awards 2011 2011 NL Central * 1st * 96 66. 593 -- Won NLDS ( Diamondbacks ) 3 -- 2 Lost NLCS ( Cardinals ) 4 -- 2 Ryan Braun ( MVP, SSA ( OF ) ) John Axford ( ROL ) Prince Fielder ( SSA ( 1B ), ASG MVP ) 2012 2012 NL Central 3rd 83 79. 512 14 -- Ryan Braun ( SSA ( OF ) ) 2013 2013 NL Central 4th 74 88. 457 23 -- Carlos Gómez ( Gold Glove ) 2014 2014 NL Central 3rd 82 80. 506 8 -- -- 2015 2015 NL Central 4th 68 94. 420 32 -- -- 2016 2016 NL Central 4th 73 89. 451 301⁄2 -- -- 2017 2017 NL Central 2nd 86 76. 531 6 -- Craig Counsell ( MOY ( Sporting News ) ) Franchise leaders ( edit ) Main article : List of Milwaukee Brewers team records Single - season records ( edit ) Statistic Player Record Season Runs Molitor! Paul Molitor 136 1982 Hits Cooper! Cecil Cooper 219 1980 Home runs Fielder! Prince Fielder 50 2007 RBI Fielder! Prince Fielder 141 2009 Stolen bases Harper! Tommy Harper 73 1969 Wins Caldwell! Mike Caldwell 22 1978 ERA Caldwell! Mike Caldwell 2.36 1978 Saves Axford! John Axford 46 2011 Strikeouts ( pitcher ) Sheets! Ben Sheets 264 Career leaders ( edit ) Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games played ; R = Runs ; H = Hits ; RBI = Runs batted in ; HR = Home runs ; * = current Brewers player Home runs Player Pos AB HR GP Ryan Braun * OF 5629 302 1458 Robin Yount SS / OF 11008 251 2856 Prince Fielder 1B 3527 230 998 Geoff Jenkins OF 4407 212 1234 Gorman Thomas OF 3644 208 1102 Cecil Cooper 1B 6019 201 1490 Ben Oglivie OF 4136 176 1149 Greg Vaughn OF 3244 169 903 Jeromy Burnitz OF 2768 165 782 Paul Molitor 3B 7520 160 1856 RBI Player Pos RBI Robin Yount SS / OF 1406 Ryan Braun * OF 989 Cecil Cooper 1B 944 Paul Molitor 3B 790 Geoff Jenkins OF 704 Ben Oglivie OF 685 Prince Fielder 1B 656 Gorman Thomas OF 605 Jim Gantner 2B 568 Greg Vaughn OF 566 Hits Player Pos Robin Yount SS / OF 3142 Paul Molitor 3B 2281 Cecil Cooper 1B 1815 Ryan Braun * OF 1699 Jim Gantner 2B 1696 Geoff Jenkins OF 1221 Don Money 3B 1168 Ben Oglivie OF 1144 BJ Surhoff Util 1064 Charlie Moore 1029 Runs Player Pos Robin Yount SS / OF 1632 Paul Molitor 3B 1275 Ryan Braun * OF 937 Cecil Cooper 1B 821 Jim Gantner OF 781 Rickie Weeks 2B 684 Geoff Jenkins OF 661 Don Money 3B 596 Prince Fielder 1B 571 Ben Oglivie OF 567 Stolen bases Player Pos SB Paul Molitor 3B 412 Robin Yount SS / OF 271 Ryan Braun * OF 193 Carlos Gómez OF 152 Jim Gantner 2B 137 Tommy Harper OF / 3B 136 Rickie Weeks 2B 126 Scott Podsednik OF 113 Pat Listach SS 112 Darryl Hamilton OF 109 All records updated on October 25, 2017 Current roster ( edit ) See also : Milwaukee Brewers all - time roster Milwaukee Brewers 2018 spring training roster view talk 40 - man roster Non-roster invitees Coaches / Other Pitchers 57 Chase Anderson -- Dylan Baker 50 Jacob Barnes 27 Zach Davies -- Marcos Diplan 51 Oliver Drake 41 Junior Guerra 71 Josh Hader 67 Adrian Houser 32 Jeremy Jeffress 26 Taylor Jungmann 46 Corey Knebel 28 Jorge López 52 Jimmy Nelson -- Freddy Peralta 35 Brent Suter 58 Wei - Chung Wang 39 Tyler Webb 56 Aaron Wilkerson 45 Taylor Williams 53 Brandon Woodruff Catchers 47 Jett Bandy -- Jacob Nottingham 9 Manny Piña 13 Andrew Susac 12 Stephen Vogt Infielders 24 Jesús Aguilar 3 Orlando Arcia -- Mauricio Dubón 14 Hernán Pérez 21 Travis Shaw 18 Eric Sogard 7 Eric Thames 5 Jonathan Villar Outfielders 8 Ryan Braun 20 Lewis Brinson 23 Keon Broxton 33 Brett Phillips 16 Domingo Santana Manager 30 Craig Counsell Coaches 11 Darnell Coles ( hitting ) 63 Robinzon Díaz ( bullpen catcher ) 55 Marcus Hanel ( bullpen catcher ) 36 Derek Johnson ( pitching ) 40 Jason Lane ( assistant hitting ) 49 Pat Murphy ( bench / catching ) 6 Ed Sedar ( third base / outfield ) 31 Carlos Subero ( first base / infield ) 43 Lee Tunnell ( bullpen ) 39 active, 0 inactive, 0 non-roster invitees 7 - or 10 - day disabled list * Not on active roster Suspended list Roster, coaches, and NRIs updated December 1, 2017 Transactions Depth Chart → All MLB rosters Team managers ( edit ) Craig Counsell, manager since 2015 Main article : List of Milwaukee Brewers managers Through 46 seasons of play, the Brewers franchise has employed 18 managers. The records and accomplishments of the last five Brewers ' managers are shown below. # A running total of the number of Brewers managers. Any manager who has two or more separate terms is only counted once. WPct Winning percentage : number of wins divided by number of games managed PA Playoff appearances : number of years this manager has led the franchise to the playoffs PW Playoff wins : number of wins this manager has accrued in the playoffs PL Playoff losses : number of losses this manager has accrued in the playoffs LC League Championships : number of League Championships, or pennants, achieved by the manager WS World Series : number of World Series victories achieved by the manager ‡ Member of the Milwaukee Brewers Walk of Fame # Manager Seasons Wins Losses WPct PA PW PL LC WS Ref 15 Yost! Ned Yost 2003 -- 2008 457 502. 477 - 01! -- - 01! -- - 01! -- - 01! -- - 01! -- 16 Sveum! Dale Sveum 2008 7 5. 583 0 0 17 Macha! Ken Macha 2009 -- 2010 157 167. 485 - 01! -- - 01! -- - 01! -- - 01! -- - 01! -- 18 Roenicke! Ron Roenicke 2011 -- 2015 342 331. 508 5 6 0 0 19 Counsell! Craig Counsell 2015 -- present 220 241. 477 - 01! -- - 01! -- - 01! -- - 01! -- - 01! -- Totals 3,569 3,912. 4771 14 18 0 Minor league affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of Milwaukee Brewers minor league affiliates Level Team League Location Triple - A Colorado Springs Sky Sox Pacific Coast League Colorado Springs, Colorado Double - A Biloxi Shuckers Southern League Biloxi, Mississippi Advanced A Carolina Mudcats Carolina League Zebulon, North Carolina Class A Wisconsin Timber Rattlers Midwest League Grand Chute, Wisconsin Rookie Helena Brewers Pioneer League Helena, Montana AZL Brewers Arizona League Phoenix, Arizona DSL Brewers Dominican Summer League Santo Domingo, Distrito Nacional, Dominican Republic Radio and television ( edit ) Bob Uecker, play - by - play announcer for Milwaukee Brewers radio broadcasts since 1971 Map of radio affiliates in 2017 ; note the map consists of data for stations by location of transmitter, thus WTMJ 's location being in Racine County near Union Grove rather than Milwaukee. See also : List of Milwaukee Brewers broadcasters The Brewers ' flagship radio station is WTMJ ( 620 AM ). Bob Uecker, a winner of the Ford C. Frick Award from the Baseball Hall of Fame, joined the Brewers in 1970, when the team moved from Seattle, and has been there ever since. Alongside Uecker are Jeff Levering and Lane Grindle. Levering joined the team 's radio broadcast in 2015 as a fill - in for Uecker on select road games and Grindle joined the team in 2016, replacing Joe Block, who had left to join the Pittsburgh Pirates after the 2015 season. Block replaced Cory Provus who had left to become the Minnesota Twins lead broadcaster on radio after the 2011 season. Provus, formerly of WGN radio in Chicago, replaced Jim Powell, who left Milwaukee for the Atlanta Braves radio network. Powell in turn replaced Pat Hughes, who departed to do play - by - play for the Cubs on WGN in 1996. The Brewers radio broadcasts usually feature a 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 format where Uecker does solo play - by - play for the first, middle and last 2 innings, while Levering does innings 3 - 4 and 7, and both doing analysis throughout and varied presentation for extra innings games. Starting with the 2014 season Uecker cut back on the amount of road games he works due to health concerns, mainly involving West Coast trips and distant road games in Colorado and Atlanta ; Block handled the play - by - play, with former Brewer and Met Darryl Hamilton on color for the first series at Atlanta. Select daytime home games were formerly broadcast in Spanish over Waukesha - licensed ESPN Deportes Radio affiliate WRRD ( 1510 ), with Jaime Cano serving as play - by - play announcer. In 2017 the station was purchased by another party which instituted an English - language talk format, effectively ending that arrangement. Most of the team 's television broadcasts are aired on Fox Sports Wisconsin. Brian Anderson, who has worked on The Golf Channel, took over as the Brewers ' play - by - play announcer for the 2007 season. He replaced Daron Sutton, who joined the Arizona Diamondbacks. The color commentator is Bill Schroeder, a former major league catcher who played six of his eight seasons for the Brewers. As of 2014 Schroeder is in his 20th season as the Brewers ' color commentator. The 2010 season was the first year where all of Fox Sports Wisconsin 's games were broadcast in high definition. Anderson ( who also is a part of TBS 's playoff coverage ) also provided play - by - play for the 2011 NLCS due to Ernie Johnson stepping aside for the year due to a medical situation with his son. In 2014, as Anderson 's Turner Sports duties have increased along with the addition of NCAA college basketball and NBA on TNT play - by - play duties, Wisconsin Badgers football and men 's college basketball radio announcer Matt Lepay served as play - by - play man on days when Anderson was working for Turner. From 2007 -- 2011, the Brewers and FSN Wisconsin subcontracted to Weigel Broadcasting a package of 15 games and one spring training game over-the - air on WMLW - CA ( then - Channel 41 / 58.2 ) in Milwaukee each season with FSN Wisconsin producing the telecasts and Weigel selling air time for each of those games and additional games added depending on weather postponements and pennant race standings ( WMLW - CA games would air on the outstate FSN Wisconsin network for the remainder of the state ). The deal was ended before the 2012 season in order to facilitate full - season HD coverage on FSN Wisconsin and distribution complications, along with the addition of a `` Plus '' channel for Milwaukee Bucks play - by - play conflict situations. Weigel continues to air a few Sunday home broadcasts per year with Spanish language play - by - play on Telemundo affiliate WYTU - LD ( Channels 63 / 49.4 ), which produces their own broadcasts using FSN 's camera positions with Hector Molina on play - by - play and bilingual WDJT sports anchor Kevin Holden on color. Five of the six major network television stations in Milwaukee, along with WMLW - CA, have carried game broadcasts over the years, with WTMJ - TV being the original broadcaster in the 1970s. WVTV carried the team for the bulk of the 1980s and early 1990s, with WCGV - TV following from 1994 until 2004, and WISN - TV carrying select Sunday games at the beginning of the 2000s. WITI is the only station not to have carried local coverage of the team through its history ( though former WITI sports anchor and current Bucks play - by - play man Jim Paschke was the team 's TV announcer during its time with WVTV and portions of WCGV 's coverage contract ), although it has aired national games from CBS and Fox involving the Brewers through the years. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Brewers Timeline ''. MLB.com. Retrieved October 14, 2017. Jump up ^ http://milwaukee.brewers.mlb.com/mil/fan_forum/bernie_brewer.jsp Jump up ^ McCalvy, Adam. `` Finalists announced for designing Brewers uniform ''. MLB.com. Retrieved 15 January 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Most Valuable Player MVP Awards & Cy Young Awards Winners ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved June 19, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Rookie of the Year Awards & Rolaids Relief Award Winners ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved June 19, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ryan Braun Statistics and History ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 10 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` John Axford Statistics and History ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 18 June 2014. Jump up ^ http://www.jsonline.com/sports/brewers/carlos-gomezs-gold-glove-award-ends-31-year-dry-spell-for-brewers-b99130694z1-229816291.html Jump up ^ https://www.brewcrewball.com/2017/10/25/16539650/brewers-craig-counsell-sporting-news-national-league-manager-of-the-year Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Brewers Managers ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved June 19, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Brewers Walk of Fame. '' Milwaukee Brewers. Retrieved on 16 November 2008. Jump up ^ `` Ned Yost Managerial Record. ''. Baseball - Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved on 2 November 2008. Jump up ^ `` Dale Sveum Managerial Record. ''. Baseball - Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved on 2 November 2008. Jump up ^ `` Ken Macha Managerial Record. ''. Baseball - Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved on 4 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` Ron Roenicke Managerial Record. ''. Baseball - Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved on 14 February 2012. Jump up ^ `` Craig Counsell Managerial Record. ''. Baseball - Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved on 15 June 2015. Jump up ^ http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/sports/289447341.html Jump up ^ http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/sports/370309651.html Jump up ^ http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/sports/367098711.html Jump up ^ http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/sports/133165888.html Jump up ^ Haudricort, Tom ( 30 January 2014 ). `` Bob Uecker says he will cut back on workload ''. Milwaukee Journal - Sentinel. Retrieved 12 April 2014. Jump up ^ Heistand, Michael ( September 27, 2011 ). `` Family situation keeps TBS ' Ernie Johnson from MLB playoffs ''. USA Today. pp. C3. Retrieved October 8, 2011. Jump up ^ Pipines, Tom ( 19 March 2013 ). `` Matt Lepay to do play - by - play on 35 Brewers telecasts ''. WITI. Retrieved 12 April 2014. Jump up ^ `` Brewers team broadcasters page ''. Retrieved 13 April 2014. 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{ "text": "Wheel of Fortune ( U.S. game show ) - Wikipedia Wheel of Fortune ( U.S. game show ) This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 28 October 2018. For the unrelated 1952 American game show of the same name, see Wheel of Fortune ( 1952 game show ). Wheel of Fortune Genre Game show Created by Merv Griffin Directed by Jeff Goldstein ( 1975 -- 1978 ) Dick Carson ( 1978 -- 1999 ) Mark Corwin ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Bob Cisneros ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Robert Ennis ( 2015 -- present ) Presented by Network Host Chuck Woolery ( 1975 -- 1981 ) Pat Sajak ( 1981 -- 1989 ) Rolf Benirschke ( 1989 ) Bob Goen ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Hostess Susan Stafford ( 1975 -- 1982 ) Vanna White ( 1982 -- 1991 ) Syndication Host Pat Sajak Hostess Vanna White Narrated by Charlie O'Donnell ( 1975 -- 1980, 1989 -- 2010 ) Jack Clark ( 1980 -- 1988 ) M.G. Kelly ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Jim Thornton ( 2011 -- present ) Theme music composer Alan Thicke ( 1975 -- 1983 ) Merv Griffin ( 1983 -- 1997 ) Steve Kaplan ( 1997 -- 2006 ) Frankie Blue ( 2006 -- 2016 ) John Hoke ( 2007 -- present ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes Syndicated version : 6,000 ( as of April 11, 2014 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Merv Griffin ( 1975 -- 2000 ) Harry Friedman ( 1999 -- present ) Producer ( s ) John Rhinehart ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Nancy Jones ( 1976 -- 1995 ) Harry Friedman ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Karen Griffith ( 1997 -- present ) Steve Schwartz ( 1997 -- present ) Production location ( s ) NBC Studios ( Burbank ) ( 1975 -- 1989 ) CBS Television City ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Sony Pictures Studios, Culver City, California ( 1995 -- present ) Running time approx. 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Merv Griffin Productions ( 1975 -- 1984 ) Merv Griffin Enterprises ( 1984 -- 1994 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1994 -- 2001 ) Columbia TriStar Domestic Television ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Califon Productions, Inc. Distributor King World Productions ( 1983 -- 2007 ) CBS Television Distribution ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network Daytime : NBC ( 1975 -- 1989, 1991 ) CBS ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Evening : Syndicated ( 1983 -- present ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1975 -- 2006 ) 1080i ( HDTV ; downgraded to 720p locally in some markets ) ( 2006 -- present ) Audio format Stereo Original release Network January 6, 1975 ( 1975 - 01 - 06 ) -- June 30, 1989 ( 1989 - 06 - 30 ) ( NBC ) July 17, 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 17 ) -- January 11, 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 11 ) ( CBS ) January 14, 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 14 ) -- September 20, 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 20 ) ( NBC ) Syndication September 19, 1983 ( 1983 - 09 - 19 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Wheel 2000 External links Website Wheel of Fortune ( often known simply as Wheel ) is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin that debuted in 1975. The show features a competition in which contestants solve word puzzles, similar to those used in Hangman, to win cash and prizes determined by spinning a giant carnival wheel. Wheel originally aired as a daytime series on NBC from January 6, 1975, to June 30, 1989. After some changes were made to its format, the daytime series moved to CBS from July 17, 1989, to January 11, 1991. It then returned to NBC from January 14, 1991, until it was cancelled on September 20, 1991. The popularity of the daytime series led to a nightly syndicated edition being developed, which premiered on September 19, 1983, and has aired continuously since. The network version was originally hosted by Chuck Woolery and Susan Stafford, with Charlie O'Donnell as its announcer. O'Donnell left in 1980 and was replaced by Jack Clark. After Clark 's death in 1988, M.G. Kelly took over briefly as announcer until O'Donnell returned in 1989. O'Donnell remained on the network version until its cancellation, and continued to announce on the syndicated show until his death in 2010, when Jim Thornton succeeded him. Woolery left in 1981, and was replaced by Pat Sajak. Sajak left the network version in January 1989 to host his own late - night talk show, and was replaced on that version by Rolf Benirschke. Bob Goen replaced Benirschke when the network show moved to CBS, then remained as host until the network show was canceled altogether. Stafford left in 1982, and was replaced by Vanna White, who remained on the network show for the rest of its run. The syndicated version has been hosted continuously by Sajak and White since its inception. Wheel of Fortune ranks as the longest - running syndicated game show in the United States, with over 6,000 episodes aired. TV Guide named it the `` top - rated syndicated series '' in a 2008 article, and in 2013, the magazine ranked it at No. 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever. The program has also come to gain a worldwide following with sixty international adaptations. The syndicated series ' 36th season premiered on September 10, 2018. Contents 1 Gameplay 1.1 Main game 1.2 Bonus round 1.3 Previous rules 2 Conception and development 3 Personnel 3.1 Hosts and hostesses 3.2 Announcers 3.3 Production staff 4 Production 4.1 Set 4.2 Music 4.3 Audition process 5 Broadcast history 6 Reception 7 Merchandise 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Works cited 10 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Main game ( edit ) The template for round one since the syndicated version 's 33rd season ( 2015 -- 16 ) The core game is based on Hangman. Each round has a category and a blank word puzzle, with each blank representing a letter in the answer, and punctuation revealed as needed. Most puzzles are straightforward figures of speech that fit within a mostly static list of categories, and this list has evolved over the course of the series. Crossword puzzles were added to the rotation in 2016. In such rounds, a clue bonding the words in the puzzle is given instead of a traditional category, and contestants win by solving all the words in the crossword. The titular Wheel of Fortune is a roulette - style wheel mechanism with 24 spaces, most of which are labeled with dollar amounts ranging from $500 to $900, plus a top dollar value : $2,500 in round 1, $3,500 in rounds 2 and 3, and $5,000 for round 4 and any subsequent rounds. The wheel also features two Bankrupt wedges and one Lose a Turn, both of which forfeit the contestant 's turn, with the former also eliminating any cash or prizes the contestant has accumulated within the round. Each game features three contestants, or occasionally, three two - contestant teams positioned behind a single scoreboard with its own flipper. The left scoreboard from the viewer 's perspective is colored red, the center yellow, and the right blue, with the contestants ' positions determined by a random selection prior to taping. A contestant spins the wheel to determine a dollar value and guess a consonant. Calling a correct letter earns the value before the corresponding flipper, multiplied by the number of times that the letter appears in the puzzle. Calling a correct letter keeps the wheel in the contestant 's control, allowing the contestant to spin again, buy a vowel for a flat rate of $250, or attempt to solve the puzzle. Contestants may continue to buy vowels so long as they have enough money to keep doing so, until all of the vowels in the puzzle have been revealed. Control passes to the next contestant clockwise if the wheel lands on Lose a Turn or Bankrupt, if the contestant calls a letter that is not in the puzzle, calls a letter that has already been called in that round, fails to call a letter within five seconds of the wheel stopping, or attempts unsuccessfully to solve the puzzle. The only exception is the Free Play wedge, on which the contestant may call a consonant for $500 per occurrence, call a free vowel, or solve the puzzle, with no penalty for an incorrect letter or answer. In the first three rounds, the wheel contains a Wild Card and a Gift Tag, while two 1⁄2 Car tags are present in rounds two and three only ( except on episodes with two - player teams ). The Wild Card may be used to call an additional consonant after any turn ( for the amount that the contestant has just spun ) or taken to the bonus round to call an extra consonant there. The Gift Tag offers either a $1,000 credit toward purchases from, or $1,000 in cash courtesy of the sponsoring company. The 1⁄2 Car tags award a car if the contestant wins the round ( s ) in which he or she claims both. Unlike the other tags, the 1⁄2 Car tags are replaced in subsequent rounds unless the car is won. A special wedge in the first two rounds awards a prize which is described by the announcer if won. All of the tags and the prize wedge are located over the $500 wedges, so calling a letter that appears in the puzzle when landed upon awards both the tag / wedge and $500 per every occurrence of that letter in the puzzle. The first three rounds also contain a special wedge which, if won and taken to the bonus round, offers an opportunity to play that round for $1,000,000. A contestant must solve the puzzle in order to keep any cash, prizes, or extras accumulated during that round except for the Wild Card, which is kept until the contestant either loses it to Bankrupt or uses it. Bankrupt does not affect score from previous rounds, but it does take away the Wild Card, individual 1⁄2 Car tags, and / or million dollar wedge if any was claimed in a previous round. Contestants who solve a round for less than $1,000 in cash and prizes ( $2,000 on weeks with two - contestant teams ) have their scores increased to that amount. Each game also features three toss - up puzzles, which reveal the puzzle one random letter at a time, and award cash to whoever rings in with the right answer. The first determines who is interviewed first by the host, the second determines who starts round 1, and the third determines who starts round 4. Respectively, the toss - ups are valued at $1,000, $2,000, and $3,000. Contestants may only ring in once for each toss - up puzzle, and no cash is awarded if all three contestants fail to solve the puzzle, or if the last letter of the puzzle is revealed. In this case, the contestant in the position closest to the host is interviewed first or starts the round. In addition to these, each game has a minimum of four rounds, with more played if time permits. Rounds 2 and 3 are respectively started by the next two contestants clockwise from the contestant who began round 1. Round 2 features two `` mystery wedges ''. Calling a correct letter after landing upon one offers the contestant the chance to accept its face value of $1,000 per letter, or forfeit that amount to flip over the wedge and see whether its reverse side contains a $10,000 cash prize or Bankrupt. Once either mystery wedge is flipped over, the other becomes a standard $1,000 space and can not be flipped. Round 3 is a prize puzzle, which offers a prize ( usually a trip ) to the contestant who solves it. Starting with season 31 in 2013, an `` Express '' wedge is also placed on the wheel in round 3. A contestant who lands on this space and calls a consonant that appears in the puzzle receives $1,000 per appearance. The contestant can then either `` pass '' and continue the round normally, or `` play '' and keep calling consonants for $1,000 each ( without spinning ) and buying vowels for $250. The Express play ends when the contestant either calls an incorrect letter ( which has the same effect as landing on a Bankrupt wedge ) or solves the puzzle. The final round is always played at least in part in a `` speed - up '' format, in which the host spins the wheel to determine the value of each consonant, with $1,000 being added to the value on which the wheel stops before the red contestant 's arrow. Vowels do not add or deduct money from the contestants ' scores in the speed - up round. The contestant in control calls one letter, and if it appears in the puzzle, the contestant is given three seconds to attempt to solve. Play proceeds clockwise, starting with the contestant who was in control at the time of the final spin, until the puzzle is solved. The three - second timer does not begin until the hostess has revealed all instances of a called letter and moved aside from the puzzle board, and the contestant may offer multiple guesses on his / her turn. After the speed - up round, the total winnings of the three contestants are compared. The contestant with the highest total winnings wins the game and advances to the bonus round. Contestants who fail to earn any cash or prizes in the game are awarded a consolation prize of $1,000 ( or $2,000 on weeks with two - contestant teams ). If a tie for first place occurs after the speed - up round, an additional toss - up puzzle is played between the tied contestants. The contestant who solves the toss - up puzzle wins $1,000 and advances to the bonus round. Bonus round ( edit ) Before the bonus round begins, the winning contestant chooses one of three categories for his or her puzzle ( prior to season 35, the puzzle and category were predetermined ). After doing so, the contestant spins a smaller wheel with 24 envelopes to determine the prize. He or she is then shown a puzzle in the chosen category, and every instance of R, S, T, L, N, and E is revealed. The contestant provides three more consonants ( four if he / she is holding the Wild Card ) and one more vowel, then has 10 seconds to solve the puzzle after his or her other letters ( if any ) are revealed. The contestant may make as many guesses as necessary, so long as the contestant begins the correct answer before time expires. Whether or not the contestant solves the puzzle, the host opens the envelope at the end of the round to reveal the prize at stake. Prizes in the bonus round include various cash amounts ( with the lowest being the season number multiplied by $1,000 ), a vehicle ( or two vehicles during weeks with two - contestant teams ), and a top prize of $100,000. If the contestant has the Million Dollar Wedge, the $100,000 envelope is replaced with a $1,000,000 envelope. The $1,000,000 prize has been awarded three times : to Michelle Loewenstein ( October 14, 2008 ), to Autumn Erhard ( May 30, 2013 ), and to Sarah Manchester ( September 17, 2014 ). Contestants who win the $1,000,000 may receive it in installments over 20 years, or in a lump sum of that amount 's present value. At the end of the Bonus Round, Sajak will reveal where the $1,000,000 envelope was on the prize wheel if the contestant failed to land on it. Previous rules ( edit ) Originally, after winning a round, contestants spent their winnings on prizes that were presented onstage. At any time during a shopping round, most often if the contestant did not have enough left to buy another prize, a contestant could choose to put his or her winnings on a gift certificate, or he or she could put the winnings `` on account '' for use in a later shopping round. However, a contestant lost any money on account by landing on Bankrupt or failing to claim it by not winning subsequent rounds. The shopping element was eliminated from the syndicated version on the episode that aired October 5, 1987, both to speed up gameplay and to alleviate the taxes paid by contestants. However, the network version continued to use the shopping element until the end of its first NBC run on June 30, 1989. Before the introduction of toss - up puzzles at the start of the 18th syndicated season in 2000, the contestant at the red arrow always started round 1, with the next contestant clockwise starting each subsequent round. In addition, if a tie for first place occurred, an additional speed - up round was played between the tied contestants for the right to go to the bonus round. The wheel formerly featured a Free Spin wedge, which automatically awarded a token that the contestant could turn in after a lost turn to keep control of the wheel. It was replaced in 1989 with a single Free Spin token placed over a selected cash wedge. Free Spin was retired, and Free Play introduced, at the start of the 27th syndicated season in 2009. Between September 16, 1996 and the end of season 30 in 2013, the show featured a progressive Jackpot wedge, which had been in several different rounds in its history. The jackpot started at $5,000 and had the value of every spin within the round added to it. To claim the jackpot, a contestant had to land on the wedge, call a correct letter, and solve the puzzle all in the same turn. In later years, it also offered $500 per correct letter and $500 to the jackpot, regardless of whether or not it was won in that turn. The network version allowed champions to appear for up to five days originally, which was later reduced to three. The syndicated version, which originally retired contestants after one episode, adopted the three - day champion rule at the start of the seventh season in 1989. In 1996, this was changed to have the top three winners from the week 's first four shows returned to compete in the `` Friday Finals ''. When the jackpot wedge was introduced, it began at $10,000 instead of $5,000 on Fridays. The rules allowing returning champions were eliminated permanently beginning with the syndicated episode aired September 21, 1998, and contestants appear only on a single episode, reverting to the pre-1989 rules. Before December 1981, the show did not feature a bonus round. Under the bonus round 's original rules, no letters were provided automatically. The contestant asked for five consonants and a vowel, and then had fifteen seconds to attempt solving the puzzle. Also, bonus prizes were selected by the contestant at the start of the round. The current time limit and rules for letter selection were introduced on October 3, 1988. Starting on September 4, 1989, the first episode of the seventh syndicated season, bonus prizes were selected by the contestant choosing from one of five envelopes labeled W, H, E, E, and L. One prize was always $25,000 in cash, and the rest were changed weekly. Any prize that was won was taken out of rotation for the rest of the week. During seasons 16 through 18 ( 1998 -- 2001 ), the $25,000 remained in - place the entire week of shows regardless if it was won. At the start of season 19 on September 3, 2001, there were three car envelopes and two $25,000 envelopes, which were available the entire week of shows. These envelopes were replaced with the bonus wheel on October 22, 2001. Conception and Development ( edit ) Merv Griffin conceived Wheel of Fortune just as the original version of Jeopardy!, another show he had created, was ending its 11 - year run on NBC with Art Fleming as its host. Griffin decided to create a Hangman - style game after recalling long car trips as a child, on which he and his sister played Hangman. After he discussed the idea with Merv Griffin Enterprises ' staff, they thought that the idea would work as a game show if it had a `` hook ''. He decided to add a roulette - style wheel because he was always `` drawn to '' such wheels when he saw them in casinos. He and MGE 's then - president Murray Schwartz consulted an executive of Caesars Palace to find out how to build such a wheel. When Griffin pitched the idea for the show to Lin Bolen, then the head of NBC 's daytime programming division, she approved, but wanted the show to have more glamour to attract the female audience. She suggested that Griffin incorporate a shopping element into the gameplay, and so, in 1973, he created a pilot episode titled Shopper 's Bazaar, with Chuck Woolery as host and Mike Lawrence as announcer. The pilot started with the three contestants being introduced individually, with Lawrence describing the prizes that they chose to play for. The main game was played to four rounds, with the values on the wheel wedges increasing after the second round. Unlike the show it evolved into, Shopper 's Bazaar had a vertically mounted wheel, which was spun automatically rather than by the contestants. This wheel lacked the Bankrupt wedge and featured a wedge where a contestant could call a vowel for free, as well as a `` Your Own Clue '' wedge that allowed contestants to pick up a rotary telephone and hear a private clue about the puzzle. At the end of the game, the highest - scoring contestant played a bonus round called the `` Shopper 's Special '' where all the vowels in the puzzle were already there, and the contestant had 30 seconds to call out consonants in the puzzle. Edd Byrnes, an actor from 77 Sunset Strip, served as host for the second and third pilots, both titled Wheel of Fortune. These pilots were directed by Marty Pasetta, who gave the show a `` Vegas '' feel that more closely resembled the look and feel that the actual show ended up having, a wheel that was now spun by the contestants themselves, and a lighted mechanical puzzle board with letters that were now manually turnable. Showcase prizes on these pilots were located behind the puzzle board, and during shopping segments a list of prizes and their price values scrolled on the right of the screen. By the time production began in December 1974, Woolery was selected to host, the choice being made by Griffin after he reportedly heard Byrnes reciting `` A-E-I-O-U '' to himself in an effort to remember the vowels. Susan Stafford turned the letters on Byrnes ' pilot episodes, a role that she also held when the show was picked up as a series. Personnel ( edit ) Hosts and hostesses ( edit ) Chuck Woolery was the show 's host from 1975 to 1981. The original host of Wheel of Fortune was Chuck Woolery, who hosted the series from its 1975 premiere until December 25, 1981, save for one week in August 1980 when Alex Trebek hosted in his place. Woolery 's departure came over a salary dispute with show creator Merv Griffin, and his contract was not renewed. On December 28, 1981, Pat Sajak made his debut as the host of Wheel. Griffin said that he chose Sajak for his `` odd '' sense of humor. NBC president and CEO Fred Silverman objected as he felt Sajak, who at the time of his hiring was the weatherman for KNBC - TV, was `` too local '' for a national audience. Griffin countered by telling Silverman he would stop production if Sajak was not allowed to become host, and Silverman acquiesced. Sajak hosted the daytime series until January 9, 1989, when he left to host a late - night talk show for CBS. Rolf Benirschke, a former placekicker in the National Football League, was chosen as his replacement and hosted for a little more than five months. Benirschke 's term as host came to an end due to NBC 's cancellation of the daytime Wheel after fourteen years, with its final episode airing on June 30, 1989. When the newly formatted daytime series returned on CBS on July 17, 1989, Bob Goen became its host. The daytime program continued for a year and a half on CBS, then returned to NBC on January 14, 1991 and continued until September 20, 1991 when it was cancelled for a second and final time. Pat Sajak ( right ) and Vanna White have hosted the syndicated version since 1983. Susan Stafford was the original hostess, serving in that role from the premiere until October 1982. Stafford was absent for two extended periods, once in 1977 after fracturing two vertebrae in her back and once in 1979 after an automobile accident. During these two extended absences, former Miss USA Summer Bartholomew was Stafford 's most frequent substitute, with model Cynthia Washington and comedian Arte Johnson also filling in for Stafford. After Stafford left to become a humanitarian worker, over two hundred applicants signed up for a nationwide search to be her replacement. Griffin eventually narrowed the list to three finalists, which consisted of Summer Bartholomew, former Playboy centerfold Vicki McCarty, and Vanna White. Griffin gave each of the three women an opportunity to win the job by putting them in a rotation for several weeks after Stafford 's departure. In December 1982, Griffin named White as Stafford 's successor, saying that he felt she was capable of activating the puzzle board letters ( which is the primary role of the Wheel hostess ) better than anyone else who had auditioned. White became highly popular among the young female demographic, and also gained a fanbase of adults interested in her daily wardrobe, in a phenomenon that has been referred to as `` Vannamania ''. White remained on the daytime series for the rest of the time it was on the air. Sajak and White have starred on the syndicated version continuously as host and hostess, respectively, since it began, except for very limited occasions. During two weeks in January 1991, Tricia Gist, the girlfriend and future wife of Griffin 's son Tony, filled in for White when she and her new husband, restaurateur George San Pietro, were honeymooning. Gist returned for the week of episodes airing March 11 through 15, 1991, because White had a cold at the time of taping. On an episode in November 1996, when Sajak proved unable to host the bonus round segment because of laryngitis, he and White traded places for that segment. On the March 4, 1997 episode, Rosie O'Donnell co-hosted the third round with White after O'Donnell's name was used in a puzzle. On April 1, 1997, Sajak and Alex Trebek traded jobs for the day. Sajak hosted that day 's edition of Jeopardy! in place of Trebek, who presided over a special two - contestant Wheel celebrity match between Sajak and White, who were playing for the Boy Scouts of America and the American Cancer Society, respectively ; Lesly Sajak, Pat 's wife, was the guest hostess for the day. In January and February 2011, the show held a `` Vanna for a Day '' contest in which home viewers submitted video auditions to take White 's place for one episode, with the winner determined by a poll on the show 's website ; the winner of this contest, Katie Cantrell of Wooster, Ohio ( a student at the Savannah College of Art and Design ), took White 's place for the second and third rounds on the episode that aired March 24, 2011. Announcers ( edit ) Jim Thornton has been the show 's announcer since 2011. Charlie O'Donnell was the program 's first and longest tenured announcer. In 1980, NBC was discussing cancelling Wheel and O'Donnell agreed to take the position as announcer on The Toni Tennille Show. The network decided against the cancellation but O'Donnell decided to honor his commitment and left the series. His replacement was Jack Clark, who added the syndicated series to his responsibilities when it premiered in 1983 and announced for both series until his death in July 1988. Los Angeles radio personality M.G. Kelly was Clark 's replacement, starting on the daytime series in August 1988 and on the syndicated series when its new season launched a month later. Kelly held these positions until O'Donnell was able to return to the announcer position, doing so after his duties with Barris Industries came to an end at the end of the 1988 -- 89 television season. O'Donnell remained with the series until shortly before his death in November 2010. Don Pardo, Don Morrow, and Johnny Gilbert have occasionally served as substitute announcers. After O'Donnell's death, the producers sought a permanent replacement, and a series of substitutes filled out the rest of the season, including Gilbert, John Cramer, Joe Cipriano, Rich Fields, Lora Cain and Jim Thornton. For the show 's twenty - ninth season, which began in 2011, Thornton was chosen to be the new announcer for Wheel, and has been with the show ever since. Production staff ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune typically employs a total of 100 in - house production personnel, with 60 to 100 local staff joining them for those episodes that are taped on location. Griffin was the executive producer of the network version throughout its entire run, and served as the syndicated version 's executive producer until his retirement in 2000. Since 1999, the title of executive producer has been held by Harry Friedman, who had shared his title with Griffin for his first year, and had earlier served as a producer starting in 1995. John Rhinehart was the program 's first producer, but departed in August 1976 to become NBC 's West Coast Daytime Program Development Director. Afterwards, his co-producer, Nancy Jones, was promoted to sole producer, and served as such until 1995, when Friedman succeeded her. In the 15th syndicated season in 1997, Karen Griffith and Steve Schwartz joined Friedman as producers. They were later promoted to supervising producers, with Amanda Stern occupying Griffith 's and Schwartz 's former position. The show 's original director was Jeff Goldstein, who was succeeded by Dick Carson ( a brother of Johnny Carson ) in 1978. Mark Corwin, who had served as associate director under Carson, took over for him upon his retirement at the end of the 1998 -- 99 season, and served as such until he himself died in July 2013 ( although episodes already taped before his death continued airing until late 2013 ). Jeopardy! director Kevin McCarthy, Corwin 's associate director Bob Cisneros, and Wheel and Jeopardy! technical director Robert Ennis filled in at various points until Cisneros became full - time director in November 2013. Ennis returned as guest director for the weeks airing October 13 through 17 and November 17 through 21, 2014, as Cisneros was recovering from neck surgery at the time of taping. With the start of the 33rd season on September 14, 2015, Ennis was promoted to full - time director. Production ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune is owned by Sony Pictures Television ( previously known as Columbia TriStar Television, the successor company to original producer Merv Griffin Enterprises ). The production company and copyright holder of all episodes to date is Califon Productions, Inc., which like SPT has Sony Pictures for its active registered agent, and whose name comes from a New Jersey town where Griffin once owned a farm. The rights to distribute the show worldwide are owned by CBS Television Distribution, into which original distributor King World Productions was folded in 2007. The show was originally taped in Studio 4 at NBC Studios in Burbank. Upon NBC 's 1989 cancellation of the network series, production moved to Studio 33 at CBS Television City in Los Angeles, where it remained until 1995. Since then, the show has occupied Stage 11 at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City. Some episodes are also recorded on location, a tradition which began with two weeks of episodes taped at Radio City Music Hall in late 1988. Recording sessions usually last for five or six episodes in one day. Set ( edit ) The current design of the Wheel of Fortune set, as seen on a Season 30 episode The show 's current puzzle board, as seen on a Season 30 episode Various changes have been made to the basic set since the syndicated version 's premiere in 1983. In 1996, a large video display was added center stage, which was then upgraded in 2003 as the show began the transition into high - definition broadcasting. In the mid-1990s, the show began a long - standing tradition of nearly every week coming with its own unique theme. As a result, in addition to its generic design, the set also uses many alternate designs, which are unique to specific weekly sets of themed programs. The most recent set design was conceived by production designer Renee Hoss - Johnson, with later modifications by Jody Vaclav. Previous set designers included Ed Flesh and Dick Stiles. The first pilot used a vertically mounted wheel which was often difficult to see on - screen. Flesh, who also designed the sets for The $25,000 Pyramid and Jeopardy!, designed the wheel mechanism. Originally made mostly of paint and cardboard, the modern wheel mechanism is framed on a steel tube surrounded with Plexiglas and more than 200 lighting instruments, and is held by a stainless steel shaft with roller bearings. Altogether, the wheel weighs approximately 2,400 pounds ( 1,100 kg ). The show 's original puzzle board had three rows of 13 manually operated trilons, for a total of 39 spaces. On December 21, 1981, a larger board with 48 trilons in four rows ( 11, 13, 13 and 11 trilons ) was adopted. This board was surrounded by a double - arched border of lights which flashed at the beginning and end of the round. Each trilon had three sides : a green side to represent spaces not used by the puzzle, a blank side to indicate a letter that had not been revealed, and a side with a letter on it. While the viewer saw a seamless transition to the next puzzle, with these older boards in segments where more than one puzzle was present, a stop - down of taping took place during which the board was wheeled offstage and the new puzzle loaded in by hand out of sight of the contestants. On February 24, 1997, the show introduced a computerized puzzle board composed of 52 touch - activated monitors in four rows ( 12 on the top and bottom rows, 14 in the middle two ). To illuminate a letter during regular gameplay, the hostess touches the right edge of the monitor to reveal it. The computerized board obviated the stop - downs, allowing tapings to finish quicker at a lower cost to the production company. Although not typically seen by viewers, the set also includes a used letter board that shows contestants which letters are remaining in play, a scoreboard that is visible from the contestants ' perspective, and a countdown clock. The used letter board is also used during the bonus round, and in at least one case, helped the contestant to see unused letters to solve a difficult puzzle. Music ( edit ) Alan Thicke composed the show 's original theme, which was titled `` Big Wheels ''. In 1983, it was replaced by Griffin 's own composition, `` Changing Keys '', to allow him to derive royalties from that composition 's use on both the network and syndicated versions. Steve Kaplan became music director starting with the premiere of the 15th syndicated season in 1997, and continued to serve as such until he was killed when the Cessna 421C Golden Eagle he was piloting crashed into a home in Claremont, California, in December 2003. His initial theme was a remix of `` Changing Keys '', but by the 18th syndicated season ( 2000 -- 01 ), he had replaced it with a composition of his own, which was titled `` Happy Wheels ''. Since 2006, music direction has been handled by Frankie Blue and John Hoke. Themes they have written for the show include a remix of `` Happy Wheels '' and an original rock - based composition. In addition to `` Changing Keys '', Griffin also composed various incidental music cues for the syndicated version which were used for announcements of prizes in the show 's early years. Among them were `` Frisco Disco '' ( earlier the closing theme for a revival of Jeopardy! which aired in 1978 and 1979 ), `` A Time for Tony '' ( whose basic melody evolved into `` Think! '', the longtime theme song for Jeopardy! ), `` Buzzword '' ( later used as the theme for Merv Griffin 's Crosswords ), `` Nightwalk '', `` Struttin ' on Sunset '', and an untitled vacation cue. Audition process ( edit ) Marty Lublin interviews a potential contestant during an audition at Morongo Casino, Resort & Spa, Cabazon, California The most recent design of the Wheelmobile at the Jackson Rancheria Casino Resort in Jackson, California Anyone at least 18 years old has the potential to become a contestant through Wheel of Fortune 's audition process. Exceptions include employees and immediate family members of CBS Corporation, Sony Pictures Entertainment, or any of their respective affiliates or subsidiaries ; any firm involved in supplying prizes for the show ; and television stations that broadcast Wheel and / or Jeopardy!, their sister radio stations, and those advertising agencies that are affiliated with them. Also ineligible to apply as contestants are individuals who have appeared on a different game show within the previous year, three other game shows within the past ten years, or on any version of Wheel of Fortune itself. Throughout the year, the show uses a custom - designed Winnebago recreational vehicle called the `` Wheelmobile '' to travel across the United States, holding open auditions at various public venues. Participants are provided with entry forms which are then drawn randomly. Individuals whose names are drawn appear on stage, five at a time, and are interviewed by traveling host Marty Lublin. The group of five then plays a mock version of the speed - up round, and five more names are selected after a puzzle is solved. Everyone who is called onstage receives a themed prize, usually determined by the spin of a miniature wheel. Auditions typically last two days, with three one - hour segments per day. After each Wheelmobile event, the `` most promising candidates '' are invited back to the city in which the first audition was held, to participate in a second audition. Alternatively, a participant may submit an audition form with a self - shot video through the show 's website to enter an audition. Contestants not appearing on stage at Wheelmobile events have their applications retained and get drawn at random to fill second - level audition vacancies. At the second audition, potential contestants play more mock games featuring a miniature wheel and puzzle board, followed by a 16 - puzzle test with some letters revealed. The contestants have five minutes to solve as many puzzles as they can by writing in the correct letters. The people who pass continue the audition, playing more mock games which are followed by interviews. Broadcast history ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune premiered on January 6, 1975, at 10 : 30 am ( 9 : 30 Central ) on NBC. Lin Bolen, then the head of daytime programming, purchased the show from Griffin to compensate him for canceling the original Jeopardy! series, which had one year remaining on its contract. Jeopardy! aired its final episode on the Friday before Wheel 's premiere. The original Wheel aired on NBC, in varying time slots between 10 : 30 am and noon, until June 30, 1989. Throughout that version 's run, episodes were generally 30 minutes in length, except for six weeks of shows aired between December 1975 and January 1976 which were 60 minutes in length. NBC announced the cancellation of the show in August 1980, but it stayed on the air following a decision to cut the duration of The David Letterman Show from 90 to 60 minutes. The network Wheel moved to CBS on July 17, 1989, and remained there until January 14, 1991. After that, it briefly returned to NBC, replacing Let 's Make a Deal, but was canceled permanently on September 20 of that year. The daily syndicated version of Wheel premiered on September 19, 1983, preceded by a series of episodes taped on location at the Ohio State Fair and aired on WBNS - TV in Columbus, Ohio. From its debut, the syndicated version offered a larger prize budget than its network counterpart. The show came from humble beginnings : King World chairmen Roger, Michael, and Robert King could initially find only 50 stations that were willing to carry the show, and since they could not find affiliates for the syndicated Wheel in New York, Los Angeles, or Chicago, Philadelphia was the largest market in which the show could succeed in its early days. Only nine stations carried the show from its beginning, but by midseason it was airing on all 50 of the stations that were initially willing to carry it, and by the beginning of 1984 the show was available to 99 percent of television households. Soon, Wheel succeeded Family Feud as the highest - rated syndicated show, and at the beginning of the 1984 -- 85 season, Griffin followed up on the show 's success by launching a syndicated revival of Jeopardy!, hosted by Alex Trebek. The syndicated success of Wheel and Jeopardy! siphoned ratings from the period 's three longest - running and most popular game shows, Tic - Tac - Dough, The Joker 's Wild, and Family Feud, to the point that all three series came to an end by the fall of 1986. At this point, Wheel had the highest ratings of any syndicated television series in history, and at the peak of the show 's popularity, over 40 million people were watching five nights per week. The series, along with companion series Jeopardy!, remained the most - watched syndicated program in the United States until dethroned by Judge Judy in 2011. The program has become America 's longest - running syndicated game show and its second - longest in either network or syndication, second to the version of The Price Is Right which began airing in 1972. The syndicated Wheel has become part of the consciousness of over 90 million Americans, and awarded a total of over $200 million in cash and prizes to contestants. The popularity of Wheel of Fortune has led it to become a worldwide franchise, with over forty known adaptations in international markets outside the United States. Versions of the show have existed in such countries as Australia, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Poland, Russia, Spain,, United Kingdom and Vietnam ( Chiec Non Ky Dieu ). The American version of Wheel has honored its international variants with an occasional theme of special weeks known as `` Wheel Around the World '', the inaugural episode of which aired when the 23rd syndicated season premiered on September 12, 2005. Between September 1997 and January 1998, CBS and Game Show Network concurrently aired a special children 's version of the show titled Wheel 2000. It was hosted by David Sidoni, with Tanika Ray providing voice and motion capture for a virtual reality hostess named `` Cyber Lucy ''. Created by Scott Sternberg, the spin - off featured special gameplay in which numerous rules were changed. For example, the show 's child contestants competed for points and prizes instead of cash, with the eventual winner playing for a grand prize in the bonus round. Reception ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune has long been one of the highest - rated programs on U.S. syndicated television. It was the highest - rated show in all of syndication before it was dethroned by Two and a Half Men in the 28th season ( 2010 -- 11 ). The syndicated Wheel shared the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show with Jeopardy! in 2011, and Sajak won three Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Game Show Host -- in 1993, 1997, and 1998. In a 2001 issue, TV Guide ranked Wheel number 25 among the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time, and in 2013, the magazine ranked it number 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever, second only to Jeopardy! In August 2006, the show was ranked number 6 on GSN 's list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows. Wheel was the subject of many nominations in GSN 's Game Show Awards special, which aired on June 6, 2009. The show was nominated for Best Game Show, but lost to Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? ; Sajak and White were nominated for Best Game Show Host, but lost to Deal or No Deal 's Howie Mandel ; and O'Donnell was considered for Best Announcer but lost to Rich Fields from The Price Is Right. One of the catchphrases uttered by contestants, `` I 'd like to buy a vowel '', was considered for Favorite Game Show Catch Phrase, but lost to `` Come on down! '', the announcer 's catchphrase welcoming new contestants to Price. The sound effect heard at the start of a new regular gameplay round won the award for Favorite Game Show Sound Effect. The sound heard when the wheel lands on Bankrupt was also nominated. Despite having been retired from the show for nearly a decade by that point, `` Changing Keys '' was nominated for Best Game Show Theme Song. However, it lost to its fellow Griffin composition, `` Think! '' from Jeopardy! A hall of fame honoring Wheel of Fortune is part of the Sony Pictures Studios tour, and was introduced on the episode aired May 10, 2010. Located in the same stage as the show 's taping facility, this hall of fame features memorabilia related to Wheel 's syndicated history, including retired props, classic merchandise, photographs, videos, and a special case dedicated to White 's wardrobe. Two years later, in 2012, the show was honored with a Ride of Fame on a double decker tour bus in New York City. Merchandise ( edit ) Numerous board games based on Wheel of Fortune have been released by different toy companies. The games are all similar, incorporating a wheel, puzzle display board, play money and various accessories like Free Spin tokens. Milton Bradley released the first board game in 1975. In addition to all the supplies mentioned above, the game included 20 prize cards to simulate the `` shopping '' prizes of the show, with prizes ranging in value from $100 to $3,000. Two editions were released, with the only differences being the box art and the included books of puzzles. Other home versions were released by Pressman Toy Corporation, Tyco / Mattel, Parker Brothers, Endless Games, and Irwin Toys. Additionally, several video games based on the show have been released for personal computers, the Internet, and various gaming consoles spanning multiple hardware generations. Most games released in the 20th century were published by GameTek, which produced a dozen Wheel games on various platforms, starting with a Nintendo Entertainment System game released in 1987 and continuing until the company closed in 1998 after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. Subsequent games were published by Hasbro Interactive and its acquirer Infogrames / Atari ; Sony Online Entertainment, THQ and Ubisoft. Wheel has also been licensed to International Game Technology for use in its slot machines. The games are all loosely based on the show, with contestants given the chance to spin the wheel to win a jackpot prize. Since 1996, over 200 slot games based on the show have been created, both for real - world casinos and those on the Internet. With over 1,000 wins awarded in excess of $1,000,000 and over $3 billion in jackpots delivered, Wheel has been regarded as the most successful slots brand of all time. Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The simplified title is often used by host Pat Sajak on - air and has been used instead of the full title in numerous promotional materials for the show. Jump up ^ If a contestant can not spin the wheel due to a physical limitation or disability, he / she is accompanied by a `` designated spinner, '' a friend or family member who spins for him / her but is otherwise not involved in the game. Jump up ^ Sajak : `` I 'll give the wheel a final spin, and ask you to give me a letter. If it 's in the puzzle, you have three seconds to solve it. Vowels are worth nothing, consonants are worth... ( wedge amount ), we 'll add $1,000 to that, ( dollar amount ) apiece. '' Jump up ^ The jackpot wedge was originally in round 3, was moved to round 2 at the start of the 18th syndicated season in 2000, and after that moved to round 1 from 2009 to 2013. References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` College Week, Episode 5 ''. Wheel of Fortune. Season 31. Episode 6000. April 11, 2014. Syndicated. Sajak : `` By the way, I 'm not looking for any cheap applause, but I do wan na say that this is the 6,000 th nighttime Wheel of Fortune show. '' ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Friedman Named Producer of ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' ( Press release ). PR Newswire. June 14, 1995 -- via HighBeam Research. Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Ups Bonus Round Jackpot to $1 M ''. TV Guide. Retrieved August 12, 2010. ^ Jump up to : Fretts, Bruce ( June 17, 2013 ). `` Eyes on the Prize ''. TV Guide. pp. 14 -- 15. Jump up ^ Season Premiere Tomorrow! Wheel of Fortune on YouTube Jump up ^ Griffin & Bender 2007, p. 100 Jump up ^ Ali, Rasha ( June 7, 2016 ). `` Watch ' Wheel of Fortune ' Unveil a New Puzzle Format ''. The Wrap. Retrieved November 2, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Schwartz, Ryan & Wostbrock 1999, pp. 250 -- 252 ^ Jump up to : `` History & Fun Facts ''. Wheel of Fortune. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2011. Jump up ^ Wheel of Fortune. Season 33. 31 May 2016. Syndication. ^ Jump up to : Newcomb 2004, p. 2527 Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' : About the Show ''. CBS Press Express. Retrieved July 22, 2014. Jump up ^ Wheel of Fortune. Season 33. 25 May 2016. Syndication. Jump up ^ `` Watch Now : Wheel 's 1st Million Dollar Winner ''. Philadelphia : WPVI - TV. October 15, 2008. Retrieved July 16, 2014. Jump up ^ `` California woman becomes 2nd million dollar winner on Wheel of Fortune ''. Tuscaloosa, AL : WCFT - TV. May 30, 2013. Retrieved May 31, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Silver Spring math teacher, Sarah Manchester, wins $1 million on ' Wheel Of Fortune ' ''. Washington, DC : WJLA - TV. September 17, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Celebrating 30, Episode 4 ''. Wheel of Fortune. Season 30. Episode 5834. May 30, 2013. Syndicated. Closing credits : `` Contestants are advised prior to taping that they may elect to receive the million dollar prize paid over 20 years or as a present value lump sum payment. '' Jump up ^ Sams & Shook 1987, p. 41 Jump up ^ Kubasik, Ben ( September 26, 1987 ). `` TV Spots ''. Newsday. Retrieved July 16, 2014. Jump up ^ `` NBC Daytime 1st Finale ''. Wheel of Fortune. June 30, 1989. NBC. ^ Jump up to : `` Season 18, Episode 1 ''. Wheel of Fortune. Season 18. September 4, 2000. Syndicated. ^ Jump up to : Sams & Shook 1987, p. 33 Jump up ^ Sams & Shook 1987, p. 34 Jump up ^ Poniewozik, James ( September 9, 2009 ). `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Kills Free Spin : Is Nothing Sacred? ''. Time. Retrieved May 21, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Episode 2546 ''. Wheel of Fortune. Season 14. October 22, 2001. Syndicated. Jump up ^ `` Season 14, Episode 11 ''. Wheel of Fortune. Season 14. September 16, 1996. Syndicated. Jump up ^ `` Season 27, Episode 1 ''. Wheel of Fortune. Season 27. September 14, 2009. Syndicated. ^ Jump up to : `` Season 7, Episode 1 ''. Wheel of Fortune. Season 7. September 4, 1989. Syndicated. Jump up ^ `` Season 16, Episode 15 ''. Wheel of Fortune. Season 16. September 21, 1998. Syndicated. Jump up ^ Sams & Shook 1987, pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ `` Episode 996 ''. Wheel of Fortune. Season 6. October 3, 1988. Syndicated. Jump up ^ `` Desert Southwest Week, Episode 1 ''. Wheel of Fortune. Season 19. September 3, 2001. Syndicated. Jump up ^ `` Big Money Week, Episode 1 ''. Wheel of Fortune. Season 19. October 22, 2001. Syndicated. ^ Jump up to : Griffin & Bender 2007, pp. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ `` Meet the ' Wheel ' ''. The Chicago Tribune. March 6, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2011. ^ Jump up to : Graham, 1988 & p - 183 Jump up ^ Stafford 2011, p. 194 Jump up ^ Trebek & Barsocchini 1990, p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Wheel of Fortune ''. The E! True Hollywood Story. 2004. ^ Jump up to : Terry, Clifford ( May 23, 1986 ). `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' long ago spun its way to the top ''. St. Petersburg Evening - Independent. p. 5B. Retrieved November 5, 2009. Jump up ^ Griffin & Bender 2007, p. 101 Jump up ^ `` No title ''. Weekly Variety : 80. September 7, 1977. Jump up ^ `` 2 to substitute for Susan Stafford ''. Youngstown Vindicator. May 22, 1979. Retrieved August 13, 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Vanna White biography ''. Biography.com. Retrieved December 2, 2013. Jump up ^ `` No title ''. Observer - Reporter. August 14, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Vanna White Celebrates 30 Years on `` Wheel of Fortune '' ``. Katie. April 30, 2013. Syndicated. Jump up ^ Greene, Bob ( January 8, 1986 ). `` Here comes Vanna White ''. The Free - Lance Star. Retrieved June 26, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Stargazing ''. The Kansas City Star. March 11, 1991. Retrieved November 13, 2010. Jump up ^ Speers, W. ( March 6, 1991 ). `` Dog Bites Queen, And That 's News ''. The Inquirer. Philadelphia. Associated Press, Reuters. Retrieved August 29, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Sajak Reveals Reason for 1 - Day Job Switch With Vanna White ''. Good Morning America. ABC. April 26, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Episode 2594 ''. Wheel of Fortune. Season 14. Episode 2594. November 21, 1996. Syndication. Jump up ^ `` Episode 2662 ''. Wheel of Fortune. March 4, 1997. Syndicated. ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of Observances, Holidays, and Celebrations. MobileReference. 2007. ISBN 978 - 1 - 60 - 501177 - 6. Jump up ^ `` April Fool 's Day Special ''. Wheel of Fortune. April 1, 1997. Syndicated. Jump up ^ Grosvenor, Carrie ( January 4, 2011 ). `` Want to be Vanna for a day? ''. About.com. Archived from the original on April 14, 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2011. Jump up ^ Gehring, Lydia ( February 23, 2011 ). `` Triway High School grad voted Vanna for a Day ''. The Daily Record. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2011. ^ Jump up to : West, Randy. `` Charlie O'Donnell Tribute ''. Randy West official website. Retrieved January 8, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Jack Clark, announcer on TV 's ' Wheel of Fortune ' ''. The Miami Herald. July 27, 1988. Retrieved June 26, 2011. Jump up ^ Graham, Jefferson ( September 20, 1988 ). `` ' Wheel ' takes a turn to new twists for fall ''. USA Today. p. 3D. Retrieved June 26, 2011. Jump up ^ Lycan, Gary ( November 1, 2010 ). `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' announcer Charlie O'Donnell dies at 78 ''. The Orange County Register. Retrieved November 1, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Veteran Announcer Jim Thornton is the New Voice of ' Wheel of Fortune ' ''. Wheel of Fortune. June 13, 2011. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2011. ^ Jump up to : End credits lists from appropriate Wheel of Fortune episodes. Jump up ^ Barnes, Mike ( July 25, 2013 ). `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Director Mark Corwin Dies at 65 ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 16, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Episode 5851 ''. Wheel of Fortune. Season 31. Episode 5851. September 16, 2013. Syndication. Jump up ^ `` Episode 5866 ''. Wheel of Fortune. Season 31. Episode 5866. October 7, 2013. Syndication. Jump up ^ `` Episode 5891 ''. Wheel of Fortune. Season 31. Episode 5891. November 11, 2013. Syndication. Jump up ^ Barnes, Mike ( November 19, 2013 ). `` Bob Cisneros Named Director of ' Wheel of Fortune ' ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 20, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Episode 6066 ''. Wheel of Fortune. Season 32. Episode 6066. October 13, 2014. Syndication. Jump up ^ `` Episode 6091 ''. Wheel of Fortune. Season 32. Episode 6091. November 17, 2014. Syndication. Jump up ^ `` WHEEL OF FORTUNE NAMES ROBERT ENNIS DIRECTOR ''. Wheel of Fortune. 14 September 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015. Jump up ^ Gilbert, Tom ( August 19, 2007 ). `` ' Wheel of Fortune ', ' Jeopardy! ' : Merv Griffin 's True TV Legacy ''. TVWeek. Archived from the original on September 22, 2013. Jump up ^ Holl, John ( August 14, 2007 ). `` To Califon, Merv was just a regular farm guy ''. The Star - Ledger. Retrieved September 4, 2007. Viewers who pay careful attention to the closing credits on ' Wheel of Fortune ' will see the game show is produced by Califon Productions, a subtle nod from Merv Griffin, the program 's creator, to the Hunterdon County community where he once owned a farm. Jump up ^ `` Pat, Vanna and Alex Play On! ''. Sony Pictures Television. Retrieved 24 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` Inside ' Wheel of Fortune ' : Why Pat and Vanna Have a ' W - NN - R ' ''. TV Guide. 1987. p. 148. Jump up ^ `` Shows -- CBS Television City ''. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2011. Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ', America 's Favorite Game Show, Spins Into Its 20th Season ''. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. September 17, 1995. p. G5. Retrieved June 26, 2011. Jump up ^ Walker, Joseph ( July 26, 1988 ). `` ' Wheel of Fortune 's ' other blonde ''. Saturday Morning Deseret News. Retrieved June 26, 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Production credits ''. Wheel of Fortune. Archived from the original on June 25, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Slotnik, Daniel E. ( July 21, 2011 ). `` Ed Flesh, Designed the Wheel of Fortune, Dies at 79 ''. The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel ' gets modern board ''. The Vindicator. February 25, 1997. Retrieved June 26, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Featured Contestant : Dana C. '' Wheel of Fortune. March 11, 2013. Archived from the original on March 20, 2014. Retrieved July 17, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Featured Contestant : Seth N. '' Wheel of Fortune. December 18, 2013. Archived from the original on March 20, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2014. Jump up ^ Teti, John ( March 20, 2014 ). `` Watch the most amazing solve in ' Wheel of Fortune ' history ''. The A.V. Club. Retrieved July 17, 2014. Jump up ^ Jeffries, David. `` Merv Griffin biography ''. Allmusic. Retrieved July 16, 2014. Jump up ^ Morin, Monte ( December 17, 2003 ). `` Pilot Killed in Crash Was TV, Film Composer ; Steve Kaplan, who died when his plane crashed into a Claremont home, had written music for ' Jeopardy! ' and ' Wheel of Fortune. ' ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 24, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Famous people who died in aviation accidents ''. www.planecrashinfo.com. Jump up ^ Morin, Monte ( December 17, 2003 ). `` Pilot Killed in Crash Was TV, Film Composer ; Steve Kaplan, who died when his plane crashed into a Claremont home, had written music for ' Jeopardy! ' and ' Wheel of Fortune ' ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 24, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' soundtrack ''. Ringostrack.com. Retrieved June 21, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Merv Griffin soundtrack ''. Ringostrack.com. Retrieved June 21, 2013. Jump up ^ Bickelhaupt, Susan ( September 5, 1989 ). `` Placing himself in ' Jeopardy! ' tonight ''. The Boston Globe. p. 54. Jump up ^ `` Be a Contestant ''. Wheel of Fortune. Archived from the original on February 16, 2014. Retrieved December 31, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Wheelmobile Audition Tips ''. Portland, OR : KATU - TV. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Show Guide : Show FAQs ''. Wheel of Fortune. Archived from the original on February 10, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Wheelmobile ''. Wheel of Fortune. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ Feder, Robert ( December 26, 1990 ). `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' spins back to NBC ''. Chicago Sun - Times. Retrieved June 26, 2011. Jump up ^ `` No title ''. Variety : 54. August 10, 1983. Jump up ^ `` No title ''. TV Guide. 32 : 64. 1984. Jump up ^ Griffin & Bender 2007, p. 106 Jump up ^ `` Syndication Ratings : ' Judge Judy ' Is Queen of Syndie Season ''. Broadcasting & Cable. September 5, 2012. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2012. Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' ( Australia ) ''. Australian Game Show Homepage. Retrieved November 9, 2013. Jump up ^ Liebst, Asger ( 2009 ). `` Opfindelsen af Lykkehjulet ''. Reklamens århundrede : 1901 -- 2001, billeder fra danskernes hverdrag. Nordisk Forlag A / S. p. 138. ISBN 978 - 87 - 02 - 08311 - 8. Jump up ^ `` La Roue de la Fortune '' ( in French ). Émission TV. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Glücksrad '' ( in German ). fernsehserien.de. Retrieved November 9, 2013. Jump up ^ `` La WEB Ruota della Fortuna ''. GiocaItalia.it. Retrieved November 9, 2013. Jump up ^ Yeoh Seng Guan ( 2011 ). Media, Culture and Society in Malaysia. Routledge. pp. 29, 31, 35. ISBN 0203861655. Jump up ^ `` What Goes Around : The Wheel of Fortune Returns ''. Stuff.co.nz. April 13, 2008. Retrieved November 9, 2013. Jump up ^ Dimaculangan, Jocelyn ( January 13, 2008 ). `` Philippine version of ' Wheel of Fortune ' premieres on January 14 ''. Philippine Entertainment Portal. Retrieved November 9, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Koło Fortuny : Rules of Polish ' Wheel of Fortune ' ''. Casino Observer. Retrieved November 9, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Pole Chudes, or The Russian ' Wheel of Fortune ' ''. Wheel-Roulette.net. Retrieved November 9, 2013. Jump up ^ `` La ruleta de la suerte '' ( in Spanish ). Laguia TV. Retrieved November 9, 2013. Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' ''. UKGameShows.com. Retrieved November 9, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Wheel Around the World Inaugural Week, Episode 1 ''. Wheel of Fortune. Season 23. September 12, 2005. Syndicated. ^ Jump up to : `` Popular game show takes kids for a spin ''. Austin American - Statesman. p. 11. Retrieved April 18, 2013. Jump up ^ Schwartz, Ryan & Wostbrock 1999, p. 252 Jump up ^ `` U.S. television ratings : top 10 syndicated programs in season 2009 / 10 : Statistic ''. Statista.com. Retrieved April 22, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Report : ' Two and a Half Men ' Still Strong ; Network Ratings Still Sliding ''. The Wrap TV. Retrieved April 22, 2013. Jump up ^ `` ' TV Guide ' Names the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time ''. Hall of Game Show Fame. Jump up ^ The 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time. GSN. Retrieved on August 31, 2006. Jump up ^ Catlin, Roger. `` On Tonight : First Game Show Awards ''. TV Eye. Archived from the original on June 23, 2009. Retrieved June 9, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Title Unknown ''. Archived from the original on June 23, 2009. Retrieved June 9, 2009. Jump up ^ `` State Fair Week, Episode 1 ''. Wheel of Fortune. Season 27. May 10, 2010. Syndicated. Jump up ^ Glaus, Heidi ( November 10, 2011 ). `` Tour the ' Wheel of Fortune ' Hall of Fame ''. St. Louis, MO : KSDK - TV. Archived from the original on October 3, 2014. Retrieved October 2, 2014. Jump up ^ Wheel Of Fortune Honored By Gray Line New York 's Ride Of Fame Getty Images. May 23, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Wheel of Fortune board games ''. Board Game Geek. Retrieved June 10, 2013. Jump up ^ `` GameTek Games ''. IGN. Retrieved October 2, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Licensees ''. MobyGames. Retrieved October 2, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Wheel of Fortune at IGT Games ''. International Game Technology. Retrieved August 19, 2015. Works cited ( edit ) Graham, Jefferson ( 1988 ). Come on Down!!! : The Game Show Book. New York : Abbeville Press. ISBN 0 - 89659 - 794 - 6. Griffin, Merv & Bender, David ( 2007 ). Merv : Making the Good Life Last. New York : Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0 - 7434 - 5696 - 3. Newcomb, Horace ( 2004 ). Encyclopedia of Television ( 2nd ed. ). New York : Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 1 - 57958 - 411 - X -- via Google Books. Sams, David R. & Shook, Robert L. ( 1987 ). Wheel of Fortune. New York : St. Martins Press. ISBN 0 - 312 - 90833 - 4. Schwartz, David ; Ryan, Steve & Wostbrock, Fred ( 1999 ). The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows ( 3rd ed. ). New York : Facts on File. ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3846 - 5. Stafford, Susan ( 2011 ). Stop the Wheel, I Want to Get Off! ( eBook ). Xlibris. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4568 - 7438 - 4 -- via Google Books. Trebek, Alex & Barsocchini, Peter ( 1990 ). The ' Jeopardy! ' Book : The Answers, the Questions, the Facts, and the Stories of the Greatest Game Show in History. Introduction by Merv Griffin. New York : Harper Perennial. ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 096511 - 2. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wheel of Fortune ( U.S. game show ). Official website Wheel of Fortune on IMDb Wheel of Fortune at TV.com Wheel of Fortune at The Interviews : An Oral History of Television Wheel of Fortune International versions Australia Denmark France Italy Malaysia New Zealand Philippines Poland Russia Spain United Kingdom Miscellaneous Video games Wheel 2000 Hosts ( U.S. version ) Chuck Woolery ( 1975 -- 1981 ) Pat Sajak ( since 1981 ) Rolf Benirschke ( 1989 ) Bob Goen ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Cohosts ( U.S. version ) Susan Stafford ( 1975 -- 1982 ) Vanna White ( since 1982 ) Book Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Password ( 1974 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1975 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1976 ) Family Feud ( 1977 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1978 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1979 ) Hollywood Squares / The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1980 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1981 ) Password Plus ( 1982 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1983 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1984 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1985 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1986 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1987 ) The Price Is Right ( 1988 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1989 ) Jeopardy! ( 1990 ) Jeopardy! ( 1991 ) Jeopardy! ( 1992 ) Jeopardy! ( 1993 ) Jeopardy! ( 1994 ) Jeopardy! ( 1995 ) The Price Is Right ( 1996 ) The Price Is Right ( 1997 ) Jeopardy! ( 1998 ) Win Ben Stein 's Money ( 1999 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2000 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2001 ) Jeopardy! ( 2002 ) Jeopardy! ( 2003 ) The Price Is Right ( 2004 ) Jeopardy! ( 2005 ) Jeopardy! ( 2006 ) The Price Is Right ( 2007 ) Cash Cab ( 2008 ) Cash Cab ( 2009 ) Cash Cab ( 2010 ) Jeopardy! / Wheel of Fortune ( 2011 ) Jeopardy! ( 2012 ) The Price Is Right ( 2013 ) Jeopardy! ( 2014 ) Jeopardy! ( 2015 ) The Price Is Right ( 2016 ) Jeopardy! ( 2017 ) The Price Is Right ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheel_of_Fortune_(U.S._game_show)&oldid=866175959 '' Categories : 1970s American game shows 1975 American television series debuts 1980s American game shows 1983 American television series debuts 1990s American game shows 1991 American television series endings 2000s American game shows 2010s American game shows CBC Television shows CBS network shows Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show winners English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States NBC network shows Roulette and wheel games Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Merv Griffin Enterprises Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television series created by Merv Griffin Wheel of Fortune ( franchise ) Television series by King World Productions Hidden categories : Articles with incomplete citations from November 2014 All articles with incomplete citations CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from August 2014 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata The Interviews title ID not in Wikidata Good articles Television articles with disputed naming style Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi ไทย 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018, at 19 : 29 ( UTC ). 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[ { "answer_passages": [ ". Stafford left in 1982, and was replaced by Vanna White, who remained on the network show for the rest of its run. The syndicated version has been hosted continuously by Sajak and White since its inception. Wheel of Fortune ranks as the longest - running syndicated game show in the United States, with over 6,000 episodes aired. TV Guide named it the `` top - rated syndicated series '' in a 2008 article, and in 2013, the magazine ranked it at No. 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever. The program has also come to gain a worldwide following with sixty international adaptations. The syndicated series ' 36th season premiered on September 10, 2018. Contents 1 Gameplay 1.1 Main game 1.2 Bonus round 1.3 Previous rules 2 Conception and development 3 Personnel 3.1 Hosts and hostesses 3.2 Announcers 3.3 Production staff 4 Production 4.1 Set 4.2 Music 4.3 Audition process 5 Broadcast history 6 Reception 7 Merchandise 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Works cited 10 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Main game ( edit ) The template for round" ], "id": [ "5626299330224338637" ], "short_answers": [ "September 10, 2018" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( season 3 ) - wikipedia The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation, search The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( season 3 ) Season 3 promotional poster Country of origin United States No. of episodes 26 Release Original network ABC Family Original release Invalid date range Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of The Secret Life of the American Teenager episodes The third season of The Secret Life of the American Teenager, an American television series created by Brenda Hampton, debuted on the ABC Family television network on Monday, June 7, 2010 at 8 : 00 PM. After its second season 's mid-season premiere was successful, ABC Family announced on January 12, 2010, that the show would be renewed for a third season, consisting of 26 episodes, the most episodes in a season to date. Season 3 will begin with 14 episodes broadcast before going on a hiatus until March 2011. Contents ( hide ) 1 Main cast 2 Episodes 3 References 4 External links Main cast ( edit ) Shailene Woodley as Amy Juergens Kenny Baumann as Ben Boykewich Mark Derwin as George Juergens India Eisley as Ashley Juergens Greg Finley as Jack Pappas Daren Kagasoff as Ricky Underwood Megan Park as Grace Bowman Francia Raisa as Adrian Lee Steven R. Schirripa as Leo Boykewich Molly Ringwald as Anne Juergens Episodes ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 48 `` Do Over '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton June 7, 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 07 ) 3.18 Adrian puts to rest rumors of her pregnancy by informing Ben she is menstruating ; Amy is confused about Ben 's mixed signals when he begins avoiding her. After school, Grace visits Ben wanting to celebrate receiving her drivers license but he tells her that he has to go to work. Instead, he calls out and visits Adrian to confront her about his disbelief of her false alarm. Meanwhile, Ricky advises Ashley to not have a sex life, George gets his infected hair plugs removed and Jack tells Madison that he loves her ; Ricky also questions Ben 's motive to tell Amy that he loves her, only to then avoid her. Jack 's parents tell him that they are moving to Phoenix, Arizona. They ask him to find a friend to stay with for his senior year prompting him to ask Madison whose parents both object to the request. Ben visits Amy and they rekindle their relationship. Upon being caught, Ashley admits to her going on the pill while slipping the news to her parents that Amy is on the pill as well. 49 `` Accentuate the Positive '' Gail Bradley Jeffrey Rodgers June 14, 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 14 ) 2.85 Adrian has morning sickness and starts to vomit. When Ashley tries to get a ride from her, she stays with Adrian to comfort her. Ben tells Grace that because of his history with Amy, he can no longer date her, but assures her they will stay friends, leaving Grace upset. Meanwhile, Jack asks Ricky and Grace 's family to stay with them for his senior year, but they both deny his request. Griffin tells Grant that it would only hurt his and Ashley 's relationship if he transfers to Ulysses High School in the fall. Elsewhere, Amy gets invited to a musical program in New York for the summer that would presumably help her get into Juilliard, but decides not to go because of John ; Adrian tells Ashley that she plans to have an abortion ; and Ricky forces Ben to face the truth about Adrian 's pregnancy. Jack tells Grace that no one is to decide or judge Adrian 's actions and Ben reveals his secret to his father. 50 `` Get Out of Town '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton June 21, 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 21 ) 2.77 After coming clean to his father, Ben remains stressed about his urgent situation with Adrian as he and Leo disagree on how to go about it. Meanwhile Amy gets much needed support for her chance to attend the music program and Adrian 's parents suspect that something is going on with her. At school, Ben insists on talking to Adrian about where they stand while Adrian refuses his efforts and continues to ignore Grace ; Amy also receives news that she is to leave for New York the following day. Later, Ricky promises to move into Amy 's room to take care of John while she is away and George and Anne decide to rekindle their intimate relationship. Elsewhere, Jeff urges Grace to focus on herself and her future rather than Adrian 's situation but Grace argues that she wants to be there for her friend inferring that perhaps she would rather focus on others problems rather than her own. Ben becomes upset when Leo explains that he passed the news of Adrian 's pregnancy onto Ruben over dinner and Cindy comes home to the same shocking news as she learns of her daughter 's secret. 51 `` Goodbye, Amy Juergens '' Anson Williams Elaine Arata June 28, 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 28 ) 3.00 Ben visits Ricky, looking for advice on his current situation with Adrian, while Ricky 's new interest, Zoe, overhears the two talking. Cindy confronts Adrian about what she has learned the night before and the two have a discussion about Adrian 's options. While anticipating Amy 's departure for New York, George raises some concerns about Ricky moving in by instructing Ashley not to overstep her boundaries. Tom continues to search for a job, Madison reveals Adrian 's secret to Lauren, and Jack asks the coach if he can move in with him for his senior year. Zoe confronts Adrian about her secret and threatens to reveal the news to the school, but Grace steps in to defend her friend. At the airport, Ben prolongs saying goodbye to Amy and at the same time, Ruben and Cindy disagree on whether or not it is allowable for Adrian to have an abortion. After becoming jealous about him and Zoe, Ashley tries to make Ricky jealous by pretending to date Grant. Later, Ruben tells Adrian that the difference of opinions over abortion may hurt their future as a family. 52 `` Which Way Did She Go? '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton July 5, 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 05 ) 2.99 Rumors circulate about the high school that Amy 's early semester departure is due to a second pregnancy leaving Madison, Lauren, Ashley and Ricky to combat the rumors. Adrian makes one final confirmation to Ben on the status of her decision while Grace continues to find ways to convince Adrian not to terminate her pregnancy. Tom continues his search for work to support Adrian, and Ben continues to seek advice from Ricky about the final decision. Jack secretly moves into the Bowman guest house with Tom, and Ricky and Anne exchange insight on Amy 's musical future. Adrian overhears her parents arguing about her decision and becomes overwhelmed, deciding to run away to Ben 's house for the night. Later Ashley and Ricky kiss despite Ricky telling Ashley that it is a bad idea. Ruben and Cindy discover Adrian has fled, and Madison believes Jack is cheating. The Next day, Amy meets Bristol Palin at her music program in New York, where she discovers the music program is for teen mothers. 53 6 `` She Went That Away '' Lindsley Parsons III Paul Perlove July 12, 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 12 ) 3.09 Adrian meets Ricky 's foster mom at the clinic and admits to her that she does not want to be a teenage mother but after talking, she has a change of heart and tells Ben that she will not go through with the abortion. When Ricky gets a call from Amy, he hangs up and Ashley receives a text message from Adrian, saying that she will have the baby. Ashley, therefore, tells Anne and George, and also attempts to convince her parents to withhold the information from Amy until after Ben tells her. When Ben and Adrian visit Grace to tell her the news, Tom overhears the conversation and relays it to Jack. Ben and Jack both tell Madison about Adrian 's decision, and she attempts to tell Ben to tell Amy before anyone else does. 54 7 `` New York, New York '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton July 19, 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 19 ) 3.04 Ashley tells Ricky that they should n't be together ; George and Anne overhear the conversation and suggest that he should allow the family to have some privacy for a few days. While in his apartment, Ricky gets an unexpected visit from his real mother, who explains that she has violated her parole, and therefore is expected to turn herself in. Ben regrets his father 's wishes to call Amy and inform her about Adrian 's pregnancy when Adrian announces to the school that she will be keeping his baby. Ben 's father tells him that he will take Ben to New York so Amy can be up to date. Meanwhile, Kathleen finds out that Jack is living in the guest house and tells Jack that he can stay, Ricky gives an emotional goodbye to his mother, and Ashley admits to being in love with Ricky. When Ben informs Amy about Adrian 's pregnancy, she becomes upset. 55 8 `` The Sounds of Silence '' Anson Williams Jeffrey Rodgers July 26, 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 26 ) 2.56 Since Ben revealed his and Adrian 's predicament, Amy only talks to John. Therefore, Ben becomes aggravated and moody. Leo tells Ricky that he and Bunny both would like to offer his mother a job. He suggests that Ricky ask Ruben a favor, to see if he can help with the process at all. Meanwhile, George plans a romantic date for Anne, but after she leaves to care for a sick Mimsy, George and Ashley spend dinner talking about her feelings for Ricky. At the same time, Ben insists upon going out with Grace, and Ricky asks Ruben if his mother could appeal her case. Amy reaches out to Adrian, asking if her offer of friendship still stands. Ashley talks to Ricky about Amy, when he tells her that Amy 's the only person he cares about, besides John, leaving her heartbroken. 56 9 `` Chicken Little '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton August 2, 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 02 ) 2.71 Ashley Wishing Grant would return her calls, Ashley talks to Griffin about her complicated relationship with Ricky. Instead of repairing Grant 's relationship with Ashley, he sets Grant up with Grace, who is looking for a new date. With this plan in motion, Grace also plans to set Griffin up herself. Griffin realizes the boy, named Peter, he was set up with was in denial about his sexuality, and encourages him to talk to his parents. Meanwhile, Ricky and Ben have an argument over who really deserves to be with Adrian, and both Ben and Adrian 's parents pressure them into marrying each other. Ashley fixes dinner for her and Ricky but Ricky bails on her to talk to Adrian. Ricky and Adrian kiss and Ashley witnesses the whole thing, leaving her heartbroken. Amy calls Ashley and tells her she is giving up the french horn and Ashley informs her about Ricky. Ricky and Adrian agree to just be friends. Ben calls Adrian and they both agree they do n't want to get married. Adrian later admits to her baby that she is still in love with Ricky. 57 10 `` My Girlfriend 's Back '' Anson Williams Elaine Arata August 9, 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 09 ) 2.65 After the last day of school, Ben worries about Amy not returning his calls, thinking it is a sign of a dwindling relationship. Amy informs Ricky of plans to continue to play the French Horn for enjoyment, rather than pursuing a career in it ; she also tells him that she will stay for an extended amount of time in New York City. Ricky then suggests that he visits her. Meanwhile, Ben receives a call from Amy, who tells him that they would talk when she returns home and Leo suggests that Ben hold a party to celebrate the end of school. While there, Ashley abruptly announces Ricky 's plans to visit Amy and Jack informs Madison that he plans to visit his parents in Phoenix ; while in New York, Amy and Ricky discuss the possibility of becoming a couple. Elsewhere, both Grace and Grant 's and Griffin and Peter 's relationships continue to evolve. 58 11 `` Lady Liberty '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton August 16, 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 16 ) 2.83 After an altercation with Ricky, Ben is fired. Meanwhile, Lauren and Madison face the consequences of lying to their parents about where they slept after Ben 's party and Anne and George announce to Ashley that they will marry after Amy returns. When Adrian talks to Amy, she realizes that she is torn between Ben and Ricky even further ; she takes this realization to Ben, who in turn realizes that he should follow Leo 's advice of marrying Adrian. Instead of doing this for the right reasons, he decides that doing this would get back at Amy, thus causing Leo to convince Ben that it is a bad idea. Amy 's friends take her to a New York nightclub for her birthday, which her family, friends, and Ricky forget ; after finding out about Amy 's night out, Ricky sleeps with a new girl. Adrian and Ben decide to fake an engagement to hurt Ricky and Amy, but Adrian also warns Ben that if they do it, Ruben may make them go through with the engagement and marriage. 59 12 `` Sweet and Sour '' Anson Williams Paul Perlove August 23, 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 23 ) 2.68 While friends and family of Amy 's realize they have forgotten her birthday the previous day, Betty gives Ben an old ring of hers in order for Ben to give it to Adrian. Meanwhile, Jack reveals to Madison 's father that they have been having foreplay and Grace 's mom tells Grace to avoid having sex ; Leo attends therapy and Amy arrives home early. After Ben gives the ring to Adrian, she returns it. Ben asks to be a part of the pregnancy, like he was with Amy 's, after he realizes that he should do the right thing and not fake an engagement. Note : Anne mentions how everyone forgot her sixteenth birthday and it was horrible, possibly referencing the film Sixteen Candles which Molly Ringwald starred in. 60 13 `` Up All Night '' Anson Williams Brenda Hampton August 30, 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 30 ) 2.91 Amy questions whether Ricky is ready for an exclusive relationship. Madison and Lauren are upset about not being able to see Jack and Jesse, while Jack and Jesse talk about how badly Jack wants to keep Grant away from Grace. Meanwhile, Ben continues to support Adrian by spending the night at her house, and Henry and Alice sleep at his house. Elsewhere, Anne is surprised to find that Amy left the music program early and Ricky and Amy agree to go on a date. 61 14 `` Rules of Engagement '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton September 6, 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 06 ) 3.03 Ashley tries to persuade Ricky to have sex with her and Amy takes a stance against her actions. Anne questions whether George actually wants to get married, contrary to his original claims, and suggests that they finally split up without hurting their children. Elsewhere, Adrian believes that Ricky is just using Amy for sex and Grace wonders if Adrian is considering marriage. Meanwhile, Amy goes out with Ricky ; and Grace and Grant prepare for camp. 62 15 `` Who Do You Trust '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton March 28, 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 28 ) 3.33 After summer vacation is over, everyone is back for the first day of school. Adrian and Ben are a couple and Amy and Ricky are dating and Ricky has been faithful to Amy during the summer. Amy considers having sex with Ricky, but she demands for him to be tested for STDs before they do and Ricky decides to ask the girls that he has slept with if they have any STDs to find out what his chances are before he does. Ashley discusses her desire to be home schooled with the new guidance counselor Katelyn O'Malley. Jack and Madison end up breaking up as Madison wants to date some guy that she had worked with at the food court over the summer and Jessie and Lauren end up breaking up because Jessie will be going away to college next year. George and Anne are finally separated and George firmly talks to Amy to get her to change her mind about her having sex with Ricky, but Amy reminds that she has already had sex with Ricky once before. Ricky gets tested for STDs at the clinic and he is scared of what he might have, but his foster mother Margaret who runs into him there tells him that she is there for him no matter what happens. Tom is the Vice President of Human Resources at a company owned by Milton and his former girlfriend Tammy is working for him. Grant and Grace are ready to have sex after abstaining from it all summer, but Grace balks when Grant suggests that she gets tested for STDs first and she is concerned to find out that Jack had a treatable STD at one point. Ben and Adrian 's baby is revealed to be a girl. Ricky has a surprising visit from his biological mother Nora who has been let out of prison and she says that her staying with him is only temporary. 63 16 `` Mirrors '' Anson Williams Jeffrey Rodgers April 4, 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 04 ) 2.50 After Ricky 's biological mother Nora is back in town and she will be sticking around, Ricky attempts to have his custody agreement over John with Amy declare that she can not live with him because she is an ex-con and his concern about letting her get involved into his life while Amy meets Nora for the first time. George blames Anne for making him be the bad cop in their children 's lives now that she wants to be the good cop. Lauren is broken hearted from her break up with Jessie. Madison continues to be interested in Stanley, her former boss, who is in his mid-twenties and her father convinces Jack to do his best to get back together with her to keep her from dating Stanley. Ricky and Amy discuss Nora getting to meet John, but Ricky explains to Amy that he does not want Nora to meet John until he is sure that she can stay sober from alcohol and drugs. Grace feels dirty from finding out that she could have gotten an STD from when she had sex with Jack and she gets into a fight with Jack about it. Ashley 's home schooling is not going very well as she is just sitting around at home doing nothing until Katelyn, the guidance counselor, has some rules set down for her with her home schooling. Ben insists that Adrian move in with him, but she says no. George is worried about home schooling not being right for Ashley and her lack of friends and Griffin suggests to him to get her a study buddy to make her want to go back to school. Grant lets Grace know that he loves her. Morgan, Madison 's father, will not let Madison date Stanley because of their age difference when Madison has her parents meet him. Ricky pays his foster parents Sanjay and Margaret a visit to let them know that his tests for STDs came back negative and see if they will let Nora live with them. Ben wants to marry Adrian before their baby arrives since Adrian will not live with him unless they are married and Leo wants him to consider waiting to get married until he does not have to ask him if he can marry someone. 64 17 `` Guess Who 's Not Coming to Dinner '' Gail Bradley Brenda Hampton April 11, 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 11 ) 2.29 Ricky 's foster parents Sanjay and Margaret agree to allow his biological mother Nora to live with them at their house and Bunny has given Nora a job at the butcher shop. Before Margaret has Nora come to live with them, she lays down the ground rules for their house to Nora especially about her having no men or women in her bedroom. Nora confesses to Ricky that she is dating another woman which dumbfounds Ricky to find out that she is a lesbian. Meanwhile Ashley continues to struggle with her home schooling and she is determined to make home schooling work out for her and George does his best to explain to Amy to not have sex again with Ricky and figure out how to be a good father to both Amy and Ashley. Jack and Tom discuss if either Grant or Jack would be better for Grace and Adrian explain their feelings for Grant and Ben to each other. Adrian and Ben figure out their real feelings for each other and if they want to get married or not. Leo and Ruben get together to discuss the possibility of Ben asking Adrian to marry him, but Cindy is hesitant about Adrian and Ben getting married. Ricky is still reluctant to let Nora meet John and lies about having the flu to get out of taking John to see Nora, but Amy talks him into letting Nora see John. Cindy and Ruben let Ben have their permission to propose to Adrian. Amy and Ricky let Nora see John for the first time and Ricky tells Nora that he wants to meet her girlfriend. Ben plans a romantic evening out with Adrian at a restaurant that he rents out for just them and he asks Adrian to marry him. Adrian says yes and they kiss and tell each other that they love each other. 65 18 `` Another Proposal '' Anson Williams Elaine Arata April 18, 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 18 ) 2.35 Adrian and Ben are planning to get married and Amy and Ricky are under a lot of pressure because of it. Amy and Ashley both are away at their mother 's condo with John to visit Anne and Robbie for the weekend. Amy has George and Nora check up on Ricky to make sure that Ricky is not cheating on her while she is away and George decides that Nora is attractive when he ends up meeting Nora while he is there. Adrian drives everyone crazy including Ben with her plans to have a big wedding. Lauren 's stepfather and mother end up finally separating, but Lauren does not know that it is because her father and mother are getting back together. Amy is envious of Adrian and Ben getting married and feels that Ricky and her should be getting married instead of Adrian and Ben. Meanwhile Ricky tries to convince Ben not to marry Adrian to take the pressure of marrying Amy off himself. Jack and Madison reconcile and Grant and Grace have a sleepover at Grace 's house. Ben suggests an alternative of their parents buying them a condo to a big wedding to Adrian and Adrian throws herself into finding the nicest condo possible while Amy rushes home to see Ricky. Amy tells Ricky she loves him and tries to have sex with him but Ricky turns her down and then she proposes marriage to him. 66 19 `` Deeper and Deeper '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton April 25, 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 25 ) 2.21 Ricky is still amazed from Amy asking him to marry her. Everyone has been pressing Ricky to give Amy an answer, but he does not want to consider Amy and him getting married until they have both graduated from high school. Adrian and Ben continue to look for a condo, but Ben can not agree on a condo to buy with Adrian and he does not want to move out of his house. Katelyn, the guidance counselor, discusses the possibility about applying for college with Ricky. Ashley has to engage with other home schooled students and George finds her a study buddy named Toby and Toby and her might get along with each other. George wants to get himself a life outside of the house so he asks Nora out on a date unaware that she is gay. Adrian and Amy give each other advice about the respective men in their lives and how to get want they want from them. George has dinner with Nora, but he ends up meeting Nora 's distract attorney girlfriend Ollie at the restaurant with Ruben and George feels embrassed to think he was dating her. Adrian has Ben know that it is okay for him to move out of his house as he can always return there when he wants to. Grant and Grace end up having sex and make a promise to each other in case they fall out of love with each other in the future they will tell each other easily, but they tell each other they love each other. Jack and Madison make a decision to pause having sex and Lauren has a new boyfriend. Anne reminds George that it is time for the both of them to get lives of their own while Amy sees Ricky to withdraw her marriage proposal to him and thinks about moving in with him. 67 20 `` Moving In and Out '' Anson Williams Paul Perlove May 2, 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 02 ) 2.11 No one is happy about Amy 's plans to move in with Ricky -- including Ricky. Leo encourages Ricky to think about college, and Anne accuses Amy of rushing things with Ricky as a way of competing with Ben and Adrian. Madison is uneasy with Jack 's decision not to have sex with her, and Grace asks her mother for a sleepover with Grant. Amy, on the night she and John were supposed to move in, goes over to Ricky 's place only to tell him she is n't ready to move in with him, and they discuss how to work their way up to eventually living together. The episode ends with Ricky telling Amy that he loves her and she reciprocates the statement. 68 21 `` Young at Heart '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton May 9, 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 09 ) 2.05 Adrian and Grace go shopping for wedding dresses and Adrian contemplates getting married in a church. Amy is still having concerns about moving in with Ricky - but he is ready now. In fact, he 's getting impatient. He wants to know why Amy is holding him at arm 's length. Leo talks with Ben about family fortune. Grace and Kathleen meet Grant 's parents. Ashley goes on a date with Toby. Ricky has opportunity to cheat Amy with Karlee, Toby 's stepsister, but he refuses. He is frustrated and storms out, because he needs have sex. Ricky and Amy spend time together playing golf. 69 22 `` Loose Lips '' Anson Williams Jeffrey Rodgers May 16, 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 16 ) 2.32 Kathleen, Grace 's mom, made invitations for Adrian 's shower, but Amy and Grace are stumped as to whom to invite. Adrian realizes she does n't have any friends, so she decides to invite every girl who has slept with Ricky. Amy gets upset over this, and Ben tries to protect Adrian by talking to Amy, but Ricky insists it 's a girl fight and they have to stay out of it. Ben goes to Amy 's house and viciously puts Amy down. George walks in mid fight and kicks Ben out. Anne meets her boyfriend from school times. George visits Kathleen, his previous wife. They talk why their marriage split up. Ben holds a grudge against Alice, because she does n't want go to the baby shower. 70 23 `` Round II '' Lindsley Parsons III Brenda Hampton May 23, 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 23 ) 2.22 Ricky shows up at the Juergens to find out about the fight with Ben. George tells him he handled it and that he told Leo that Ben must apologize to Amy. Ricky is upset and goes to Leo 's office. Leo hides in his office from Ricky and Leo 's assistant tells Ricky that Leo loves him like a son. Leo realizes he needs to apologize to Amy. Amy accepts his apology wholeheartedly. She knows how much Leo loves his son because George loves her just as much. At school hallway Amy argues with Adrian. Amy points out that Adrian does n't know how difficult is to be a teenage mother. Adrian replies that her mother was a teenage parent, so she knows this situation from child side. After sharp quarrel they make up. Amy attends Adrian 's shower along with other girls who appreciate Adrian for her wonderful qualities. Adrian has a beautiful shower and at last, there is peace. 71 24 `` It 's Not Over Till It 's Over '' Lindsley Parsons III Brenda Hampton May 30, 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 30 ) 2.12 Adrian makes plans to come back to school a week after the birth of the baby in order to stay on track for graduation. Adrian and Ben both have second thoughts before the wedding, and Ricky realizes that romancing Amy may be more effective than pressuring her for sex. 72 25 `` To Be... '' Lindsley Parsons III Jeffrey Rodgers May 30, 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 30 ) 2.12 Adrian and Ben settle into their condo as Mr. and Mrs. Boykewich. Meanwhile, at Grant High, Katelyn, the guidance counselor, has a banner up in the entrance way of the school to welcome the newly married couple. Grace helps orchestrate the entire school throwing rice at the newlyweds as they enter. Adrian loves the attention but Amy is n't pleased. Madison calls the girls into the bathroom to tell them that she and Jack had sex in Ricky 's apartment and that the sex was bad and Jack cried afterwards. Jack admits to his coach that he had sex with Madison and as soon as he started having sex with her he wanted to stop. He and Madison talk and realize that they actually do love each other but are n't ready to have sex yet. Amy gets upset that another couple has had sex in Ricky 's bed and that Ricky has slept in his bed with lots of different girls. She tells him to buy a new bed. But when Ricky discusses this with his mom, Nora helps him realize that Amy 's probably upset that Ricky 's going to college and she might think he 's leaving her. Ricky goes to Amy and reiterates that he 's never leaving her and John and that he 's buying a new bed, as well. He asks her to take a trip with him and get some one on one time together and Amy feels cherished. George calls Camille, Leo 's secretary that he met at Ben and Adrian 's wedding, and asks her out on a date. Camille says yes, because she 's excited and because it gets under Leo 's skin that she 's going on a date with George. Adrian and Ben are trying to fall asleep in their new condo but Adrian 's body is feeling odd. Even though they just had a doctor 's appointment Adrian is worried about the baby. 73 26 ``... or Not To Be '' Anson Williams Brenda Hampton June 6, 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 06 ) 3.56 Amy is pleased because she will spend night with Ricky. George stays with John. Jeff, Kathleen 's husband returns from Africa and offers her to go with him. Madison 's father hears that Madison told Lauren that she never will have sex with Jack. Ashley and Toby test out of school and want to take a trip across United States. Tom dates an older woman with two children. Adrian and Ben prepare to go to the hospital, ready for the arrival of their daughter, but something tragic happens. Madison and Jack are worried they wo n't be able to keep their promise about not having sex. Amy and Ricky plan on having their special night out of town, but when the friends and family of Adrian and Ben arrive at the hospital to hear the bad news, everyone is devastated. Leo reminds to all of them : Adrian and Ben will never be the same because the baby was stillborn ( born dead ). At the end of the episode, Amy tells Ricky she wants Ricky now and forever. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill ( June 8, 2010 ). `` Monday Cable Ratings : Pawn Stars Tops 10pm Broadcast ; Also Real Housewives, American Pickers, WWE Raw & More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 8, 2010. Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill ( June 15, 2010 ). `` Monday Cable Ratings : Pawn Stars Huge For History ; Plus Real Housewives, Secret Life, WWE Raw & More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 15, 2010. Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill ( June 22, 2010 ). `` Monday Cable Ratings : Pawn Stars Down Slightly ; Plus Real Housewives, Secret Life, WWE Raw & More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 22, 2010. Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill ( June 29, 2010 ). `` Monday Cable Ratings : Pawn Stars Up ; Plus Real Housewives, Secret Life, Neighbors From Hell & Much More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 29, 2010. Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill ( July 7, 2010 ). `` Monday Cable Ratings : Pawn Stars Unstoppable ; Plus Real Housewives, Secret Life, Kourtney & Khloe & Much More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 7, 2010. Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill ( July 13, 2010 ). `` Monday Cable Ratings : Home Run Derby Goes Yard ; Pawn Stars, Closer, WWE RAW, Secret Life & Much More ''. : TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 13, 2010. Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert ( July 20, 2010 ). `` Monday Cable : Secret Life, Huge, Intervention, WWE RAW & More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 20, 2010. Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert ( July 27, 2010 ). `` Monday Cable : Rizzoli & Isles, The Closer, Secret Life, Real Housewives, Intervention, WWE RAW & More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 27, 2010. Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert ( August 3, 2010 ). `` Monday Cable : Rizzoli & Isles, The Closer, Secret Life, Real Housewives, Hoarders, Shark Week & More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 3, 2010. Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert ( August 10, 2010 ). `` Monday Cable : Rizzoli & Isles, The Closer, Secret Life, Real Housewives, Hoarders, Cake Boss & More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 10, 2010. Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert ( August 17, 2010 ). `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Drops Against Monday Night Football, Pawn Stars & Much, Much More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 17, 2010. Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert ( August 24, 2010 ). `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & ' The Closer Up ; ' The Big C ' Down Slightly & Much More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 24, 2010. Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert ( August 31, 2010 ). `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' The Closer ' Grows & ' Rizzoli & Isles Shrinks a Bit & Much More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 31, 2010. Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert ( September 8, 2010 ). `` Monday Cable Ratings : Boise St. Vs. Va. Tech Dominates ; ' The Closer & ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Get Bigger & Much More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 8, 2010. Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill ( March 29, 2011 ). `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' & ' WWE RAW ' Jump ; ' Nurse Jackie ' Premieres Down ; + ' Being Human, ' ' RJ Berger ' & More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 29, 2011. Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert ( April 5, 2011 ). `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' & ' WWE RAW ' Down Against B - Ball ; + ' Being Human, ' ' RJ Berger ' & More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 5, 2011. Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill ( April 12, 2011 ). `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Leads Night ; ' Kate Plus 8 ' Even ; ' WWE RAW, ' ' Being Human, ' ' RJ Berger ' & More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 12, 2011. Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert ( April 19, 2011 ). `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Leads Night ; NBA Playoffs, ' Kate Plus 8 ' Falls ; ' WWE RAW, ' ' RJ Berger ' NHL & Much More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 20, 2011. Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill ( April 26, 2011 ). `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Leads Night ; Plus NBA, ' WWE RAW, ' ' Sanctuary ' ' Bethenny, ' ' American Chopper ' & More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 26, 2011. Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert ( May 3, 2011 ). `` Monday Cable Ratings : Kobe - Dirk Playoff Dominates ; Will Syfy Move ' Sanctuary ' Back to Friday? + ' WWE RAW, ' ' Bethenny, ' ' American Chopper ' & More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 3, 2011. Jump up ^ Cancel Bear, The ( May 10, 2011 ). `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Lead + ' Pawn Stars, ' ' WWE RAW, ' ' Bethenny, ' ' American Chopper ' & More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 28, 2015. Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert ( May 18, 2011 ). `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE RAW, ' Tops Night, ' Sanctuary ' Up + ' Real Housewives of NJ ' Premiere, ' American Chopper, ' ' Secret Life ' & More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 28, 2015. Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill ( May 24, 2011 ). `` Monday Cable Ratings : Mavs / Thunder Tops Night ; ' WWE Raw ' Up + ' Sanctuary, ' ' Real Housewives of NJ ', ' American Chopper, ' ' Secret Life ' & More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 24, 2011. ^ Jump up to : Cancel Bear, The ( June 1, 2011 ). `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Tops Night ; Plus ' WWE Raw, ' ' Khloe & Lamar, ' ' Real Housewives of NJ ', ' Platinum Hit, ' ' Breakout Kings ' & More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 28, 2015. Jump up ^ Cancel Bear, The ( June 7, 2011 ). `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Tops Night ; Plus ' WWE Raw, ' ' Secret Life, ' NHL Stanley Cup Finals, ' American Pickers ' & More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 28, 2015. External links ( edit ) Official website The Secret Life of the American Teenager on IMDb The Secret Life of the American Teenager at TV.com ( hide ) The Secret Life of the American Teenager Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Production Episode list Character list Brenda Hampton Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_Life_of_the_American_Teenager_(season_3)&oldid=828616345 '' Categories : 2010 American television seasons The Secret Life of the American Teenager seasons 2011 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018, at 18 : 05. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 3)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Secret_Life_of_the_American_Teenager_(season_3)&amp;oldid=828616345" }

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{ "text": "Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015 - Wikipedia Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015 Jump to : navigation, search Not to be confused with Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2013. This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third - party sources. ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act ( S. 178, Pub. L. 114 -- 22 ) was introduced on 13 January 2015 by U.S. Sens. John Cornyn ( R - TX ), Ron Wyden ( D - OR ), Mark Kirk ( R - IL ) and Amy Klobuchar ( D - MN ) meant to empower law enforcement to further crack down on human traffickers in communities across the country while bringing about greater restitution and justice for victims. In addition to law enforcement provisions, the Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act helps victims rebuild their lives by using fines and penalties against perpetrators to improve the availability of restitution and witness assistance funds. The legislation had strong bipartisan support in the last Congress. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sens. Cornyn, Wyden, Kirk, Klobuchar Push To Crack Down On Human Traffickers ''. John Cornyn, United States Senator for Texas. www.cornyn.senate.gov. 13 January 2015. This United States federal legislation article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justice_for_Victims_of_Trafficking_Act_of_2015&oldid=702628658 '' Categories : United States federal legislation stubs Human trafficking in the United States Acts of the 114th United States Congress Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from May 2015 All articles lacking reliable references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 January 2016, at 19 : 28. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Justice_for_Victims_of_Trafficking_Act_of_2015&amp;oldid=702628658" }

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{ "text": "Where have You Gone, Charming Billy? - Wikipedia Where have You Gone, Charming Billy? This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline. Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability can not be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted. Find sources : `` Where Have You Gone, Charming Billy? '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Where Have You Gone, Charming Billy? '' is a short story by Tim O'Brien that was written in May 1975. Contents 1 Plot 2 Summary 3 Characters 4 Themes Plot ( edit ) The main character, Paul Berlin, is in the Vietnam War. Recently, `` Billy Boy '' Watkins has died of a heart attack after losing a foot due to a mine. Paul is woken up by a comrade and then takes part in conversation while skirting a village, mostly talking about Watkins 's death. Then there are a series of events where Paul thinks about his family back home. He constantly wishes for his parents to be proud of his valor and courage. The irony in this story includes Paul viewing the sea as a place of safety, but once he gets there, he is still unable to rid himself of the fear that embodies him. Summary ( edit ) The story 's main character is Private First Class Paul Berlin. The story takes place during the Vietnam War. It is Paul 's first day and he is having an extremely hard time fighting anxiety and fear. One soldier in his platoon has already died from a heart attack. He was literally scared to death. Other soldiers tell Paul that they will just get used to living in the fearful jungle. Private First Class Paul Berlin is not sure if he will ever get used to the anxiety of war. `` They would have their rear guarded by three thousand miles of ocean, and they would swim and dive in to the breakers and hunt crayfish and smell salt, and they would be safe... But even when he smelled salt and heard the sea, he could not stop being afraid. '' The conflicts in the story include person vs. self and person vs. society. These are shown by Paul trying to overcome his fears in the war, and by the fact that he went to war because he was drafted by the military. Characters ( edit ) Paul Berlin Paul 's father Paul 's mother Toby ( Buffalo / Buff ) `` Billy Boy '' Watkins Themes ( edit ) Fear -- the major theme of this story is how scary war is. Paul Berlin experiences his fears throughout the story. `` Though he was afraid, he now knew that fear came in many degrees and types and peculiar categories... '' Courage -- Paul Berlin learns that he has to have courage if he wants to overcome his fear of the war. Although he does not overcome his fear in the story, he learns how to overcome it, and is closer to overcoming his fear. Determination -- Paul has to have determination to stay strong in the war. When he could have dropped out of the terrifying war, he decides to fight through it and not give up. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_Have_You_Gone,_Charming_Billy%3F&oldid=864572824 '' Categories : Works by Tim O'Brien 1975 short stories Short stories by Tim O'Brien Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2017 All articles lacking sources Articles with topics of unclear notability from September 2009 All articles with topics of unclear notability Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018, at 03 : 09 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "Where Have You Gone, Charming Billy?", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Where_Have_You_Gone,_Charming_Billy%3F&amp;oldid=864572824" }

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{ "text": "Tom and Jerry : the Fast and the Furry - Wikipedia Tom and Jerry : the Fast and the Furry Jump to : navigation, search `` Fast and the Furry '' redirects here. It is not to be confused with Fast and Furry - ous or The Fast and the Furious ( disambiguation ). Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry Directed by Bill Kopp Produced by Stephen Fossatti Screenplay by Bill Kopp Story by Joseph Barbera Based on Tom and Jerry by William Hanna & Joseph Barbera Starring John DiMaggio Rob Paulsen Billy West Jess Harnell Charlie Adler Jeff Bennett Tom Kenny Tress MacNeille Neil Ross Thom Pinto Grant Albrecht Bill Kopp Music by Nathan Wang Production company Turner Entertainment Co. Warner Bros. Animation Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Distributed by Kidtoon Films ( Theatrical ) Warner Bros. Pictures ( DVD and Blu - ray ) Release date October 11, 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 11 ) Running time 75 minutes Country United States Language English Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry is a 2005 animated action adventure comedy direct - to - video film starring Academy Award - winners, Tom and Jerry. The subtitle is a parody of the Universal film, The Fast and the Furious, and is the second production from Warner Bros. Animation to spoof the phrase ( the first was Fast and Furry - ous, the Looney Tunes short, released in 1949, that introduced Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner to the public ). It was released theatrically in selected cities of the United States by Kidtoon Films in September 2005 and again in June 2006. The film was released on DVD on October 11, 2005, and on Blu - ray on April 5, 2011. It follows the plotline of the 1968 series Wacky Races and featured an animated caricature of Hanna - Barbera co-founder and Tom and Jerry co-creator Joseph Barbera as the pharaoh - like President of Hollywood, voiced by Billy West. This is the last VHS release of Tom and Jerry. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Follow - up film 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tom and Jerry have wrecked the house they lived in during a frantic Tom - Jerry-esque chase, so they enter a race / reality show titled the `` Fabulous Super Race '', which offers the race - winner a luxurious mansion. Tom and Jerry, having built their own customized vehicles from scrap materials in a junk yard, present themselves to J.W., producer and head of Globwobbler Studios, and his assistant Irving, who are hosting the race. Race commentators are Biff Buzzard and Buzz Blister. The two then meet the contestants : Steed, Grammy, Gorthan, Soccer Mom, and Dr. Professor. Dr. Professor is eliminated before the race when he and his vehicle are vaporized by antimatter used to power the vehicle. The racers begin the race in Hollywood, California, where Grammy takes an early lead, but is overtaken by Steed late in the leg. The racers are stopped by a highway traffic jam so they need to find a way to pass over it. Soccer Mom, who finds that there 's no way to get over it, plays some music. The race was initially going to be from Hollywood to Mexico, but due to public ratings of the event, J.W. decides to extend the race to the Amazonian jungle. During the leg, Tom switches a sign, causing contestant Soccer Mom to drive her car into a pit of quicksand. Steed, still in the lead, crosses an old bridge but leaves a hole in the middle, causing problems for Grammy and Gorthan. Tom crosses the bridge easily, then attempts to destroy the bridge in the hope of eliminating Jerry, but it backfires and causes Tom to fall into the water. Steed once again wins, with Grammy following in second, but J.W. wants to continue the race due to the high ratings. When the studio head changes the race again, the hosts, Biff and Buzz, announce that the next leg of the race is set in Antarctica, and the remaining drivers will have to modify their cars for ocean travel. On the way to the South Pole, Steed 's car breaks down and he encounters what he thinks is a mermaid on an island who, in turn, proceeds to feed him to her ravenous offspring. The first contestant to reach the destination grounds is Gorthan, who is then eliminated when, after being goaded into touching his tongue to a metal pole by the hosts, he causes himself and his car to float away on an iceberg. Before the start of the next leg of the race, Tom, Jerry and Grammy arrive on the scene. As the remaining racers modify their cars, Grammy is apparently eliminated when she and her dog Squirty are swallowed by a whale thanks to Tom 's machinations. During the Antarctic leg, Tom and Jerry race each other across Antarctica. Tom is frozen into an ice block and slides all around Antarctica, which nearly causes his elimination when his car reaches the finish line before he does. Meanwhile, in the production office, J.W. is notified that the ratings of the race are up and need to be kept up. The hosts are then notified that the racers will have to modify their cars again to race underwater to Australia. Tom faces several problems, including his car being taken over by seals, his fish juice spray attracting sharks, which ends in his elimination when he crashes into a concrete block and his car is destroyed by an anchor. Jerry arrives and gestures to the hosts that he has not seen Tom, who is then assumed dead. Jerry then continues racing across Australia to Borneo, where the finish line has been reassigned to. Grammy returns to the race when the whale that swallowed her and Squirty spits them out. Tom also returns to the race when Irving flies to Australia to administer CPR under J.W. 's orders, because his antagonistic nature gave the race great ratings. Tom then repairs his car and cuts the continent in half using a laser in an attempt to simultaneously get into first place and get rid of Jerry, Grammy and Squirty. A boxing kangaroo attacks Tom in revenge for the destruction while the others escape. The next leg of the race involves them modifying their cars with balloons for air travel to Borneo. After Tom pops Grammy 's balloons, Grammy and Squirty fall to their deaths bickering over what they assume was a parachute. After Tom 's own balloons pop, he crashlands into a vacationing Spike who then tries to attack him but is knocked out by his own car, and then gives pursuit after Jerry and the finish line. Meanwhile, in the production office, J.W. announces that the true final leg of the race is back to Hollywood, which will involve them travelling around the world back to the finishing point with high speed jets in only five minutes due to the race taking too long. Tom and Jerry are shocked at this latest last - minute change, but go ahead and race through several major locations in Asia, Europe, the Atlantic and the US, causing massive destruction to numerous monuments in their wake in many comical ways - shrinking Mount Everest, turning the Taj Mahal into a spinning top, playing Pinball on St Basil 's Cathedral, straightening the Leaning Tower of Pisa, turning the Eiffel Tower into a pretzel, turning Big Ben into a broken cuckoo clock, destroying the Great Wall of China, the Roman Coliseum, and Stonehenge, turning a castle into a trailer park, stripping the Statue of Liberty, sealing the Grand Canyon, removing the letters of the Hollywood sign ( aside from `` ow '' ), and turning the Hollywood Walk of Fame into a bunch of shuriken. At the finish line, Tom and Jerry 's jet planes break down causing them to tie on the line. Although they both win because of the tie, J.W. says according to the contract, since they tied, they have to do the race all over again. Tom and Jerry proceed to attack J.W. in retaliation, then seize the key to the mansion from him. J.W., angry and disoriented, decides that Hollywood stands for family entertainment, whereupon the pharaoh - like President of Hollywood appears to incinerate J.W. for his inappropriate change of heart, and makes Irving the new producer and head of Globwobbler Studios. Meanwhile, Tom and Jerry share their new mansion peacefully, until Tom 's previous owner shows up and pretends like she owns the house, demanding Tom dispose of Jerry. Voice cast ( edit ) Bill Kopp as Tom and Frank John DiMaggio as J.W. and Spike Charlie Adler as Grammy Jeff Bennett as Steed and TV Announcer Jess Harnell as Buzz Blister and Film Director Tom Kenny as Gorthan and Whale Tress MacNeille as Soccer Mom, Tour Girl and Lady Rob Paulsen as Irving and Dave Billy West as Biff Buzzard, President of Hollywood and Squirty Grant Albrecht as Clown - O and Security Guard Thom Pinto as Computer Voice and Guard Neil Ross as Doctor Professor and Director Follow - up film ( edit ) Tom and Jerry : Shiver Me Whiskers was released on August 22, 2006. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE DAILY SPIN : ' Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry ', ' Wizard of Oz ', ' Blues Brothers ( 25th Anniversary Edition ) ', ' Mallrats ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) ' ''. MovieWeb. July 14, 2005. Retrieved July 31, 2014. Jump up ^ Calogne, Juan ( January 27, 2011 ). `` Animated Batman, Scooby - Doo, Tom and Jerry Blu - ray Coming Up ''. Blu-ray.com. Retrieved July 31, 2014. External links ( edit ) Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry on IMDb ( hide ) Tom and Jerry Characters Tom Cat Jerry Mouse Butch Nibbles Spike and Tyke Mammy Two Shoes Theatrical releases Tom and Jerry ( shorts ) Spike and Tyke ( shorts ) The Movie Cameos Anchors Aweigh Dangerous When Wet DVD releases of shorts Spotlight Collection Golden Collection Chuck Jones Collection Classic Collection Deluxe Anniversary Collection Gene Deitch Collection Television series Show ( 1975 ) Comedy Show Kids Show episodes Tales Show ( 2014 ) episodes Television specials Hanna - Barbera 's 50th : A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration The Mansion Cat Santa 's Little Helpers Direct - to - video films The Magic Ring Blast Off to Mars The Fast and the Furry Shiver Me Whiskers A Nutcracker Tale Meet Sherlock Holmes The Wizard of Oz Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse Giant Adventure The Lost Dragon Spy Quest Back to Oz Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Other formats Video games Soundtrack Related William Hanna Joseph Barbera Scott Bradley Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_and_Jerry:_The_Fast_and_the_Furry&oldid=818566559 '' Categories : 2005 films English - language films Warner Bros. direct - to - video animated films Films set in Asia Films set in Antarctica Films set in Australia Films set in Europe Films set in Mexico Films set in South America Films set in England Films set in the United States Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Tom and Jerry films 2000s American animated films American films Warner Bros. direct - to - video films 2005 animated films Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Français Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Română Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018, at 08 : 19. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Tom_and_Jerry:_The_Fast_and_the_Furry&amp;oldid=818566559" }

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{ "text": "President of the United Nations General Assembly - wikipedia President of the United Nations General Assembly President of the United Nations General Assembly Emblem of the United Nations Flag of the United Nations Incumbent Miroslav Lajčák since 12 September 2017 United Nations General Assembly Style His Excellency Status Presiding officer Member of General Assembly Residence United Nations Headquarters Seat New York City, New York, United States Appointer General Assembly Term length one year Inaugural holder Paul - Henri Spaak Formation 1946 Website un.org/en/ga/ The President of the United Nations General Assembly is a position voted for by representatives in the United Nations General Assembly ( UNGA ) on a yearly basis. The President presides over the sessions of the General Assembly. Miroslav Lajčák of Slovakia has been elected as the UNGA President of its 72nd session beginning in September 2017. Contents 1 Election 2 List of presidents 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Election ( edit ) A map of the world showing the home countries of Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly up until the 72th session of the General Assembly in 2017 - 18, with historical member states in inset. The session of the assembly is scheduled for every year starting in September -- any special, or emergency special, assemblies over the next year will be headed by the President of UNGA. The presidency rotates annually between the five geographic groups : African, Asia - Pacific, Eastern European, Latin American and Caribbean, and Western European and other States. Because of their powerful stature globally, some of the largest, most powerful countries have never held the presidency, such as the People 's Republic of China, France, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In particular, it is customary that no permanent member of the United Nations Security Council ever serves as UNGA president. The only country that had a national elected as President of UNGA twice is Argentina ; all the other member states had been represented only once by their nationals holding this office. This does not include special and emergency special sessions of UNGA. List of Presidents ( edit ) Year elected Name of President UN member state Region Sessions 1946 Paul - Henri Spaak Belgium WES First 1947 Oswaldo Aranha Brazil LAS First special Second 1948 José Arce Argentina LAS Second special 1948 Herbert Vere Evatt Australia COS Third 1949 Carlos P. Romulo Philippines EAS Fourth 1950 Nasrollah Entezam Iran EAS Fifth 1951 Luis Padilla Nervo Mexico LAS Sixth 1952 Lester B. Pearson Canada COS Seventh 1953 Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit India COS Eighth, First woman president 1954 Eelco van Kleffens Netherlands WES Ninth 1955 José Maza Fernández Chile LAS Tenth 1956 Rudecindo Ortega ( de ) Chile LAS First emergency special Second emergency special 1956 Wan Waithayakon Thailand EAS Eleventh 1957 Leslie Munro New Zealand COS Twelfth Third emergency special 1958 Charles Malik Lebanon MES Thirteenth 1959 Víctor Andrés Belaúnde Peru LAS Fourteenth Fourth emergency special 1960 Frederick Boland Ireland WES Fifteenth Third special 1961 Mongi Slim Tunisia MES Sixteenth 1962 Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan COS Seventeenth Fourth special 1963 Carlos Sosa Rodríguez ( es ) Venezuela LAS Eighteenth 1964 Alex Quaison - Sackey Ghana COS Nineteenth 1965 Amintore Fanfani Italy WES Twentieth 1966 Abdul Rahman Pazhwak Afghanistan Asia Twenty - first Fifth special Fifth emergency special 1967 Corneliu Mănescu Romania EEG Twenty - second 1968 Emilio Arenales Catalán Guatemala GRULAC Twenty - third 1969 Angie Brooks Liberia Africa Twenty - fourth 1970 Edvard Hambro Norway WEOG Twenty - fifth 1971 Adam Malik Indonesia Asia Twenty - sixth 1972 Stanisław Trepczyński Poland EEG Twenty - seventh 1973 Leopoldo Benites Ecuador GRULAC Twenty - eighth Sixth special Abdelaziz Bouteflika Algeria Africa Twenty - ninth Seventh special Gaston Thorn Luxembourg WEOG Thirtieth 1976 Hamilton Shirley Amerasinghe Sri Lanka Asia Thirty - first 1977 Lazar Mojsov Yugoslavia EEG Thirty - second Eighth special Ninth special Tenth special 1978 Indalecio Liévano Colombia GRULAC Thirty - third 1979 Salim Ahmed Salim United Republic of Tanzania Africa Thirty - fourth Sixth emergency special Seventh emergency special Eleventh special 1980 Rüdiger von Wechmar Federal Republic of Germany WEOG Thirty - fifth Eighth emergency special 1981 Ismat T. Kittani Iraq Asia Thirty - sixth Seventh emergency special -- Continuation Ninth emergency special Twelfth special 1982 Imre Hollai Hungary EEG Thirty - seventh Jorge Illueca Panama GRULAC Thirty - eighth 1984 Paul J.F. Lusaka Zambia Africa Thirty - ninth 1985 Jaime de Piniés Spain WEOG Fortieth Thirteenth special 1986 Humayun Rashid Choudhury Bangladesh Asia Forty - first Fourteenth special Peter Florin German Democratic Republic EEG Forty - second Fifteenth special Dante Caputo Argentina GRULAC Forty - third Joseph Nanven Garba Nigeria Africa Forty - fourth Sixteenth special Seventeenth special Eighteenth special Guido de Marco Malta WEOG Forty - fifth 1991 Samir Shihabi Saudi Arabia Asia Forty - sixth Stoyan Ganev Bulgaria EEG Forty - seventh Rudy Insanally Guyana GRULAC Forty - eighth Amara Essy Ivory Coast Africa Forty - ninth 1995 Diogo de Freitas do Amaral Portugal WEOG Fiftieth Razali Ismail Malaysia Asia Fifty - first Tenth emergency special Nineteenth special Hennadiy Udovenko Ukraine EEG Fifty - second Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Twentieth special 1998 Didier Opertti Uruguay GRULAC Fifty - third Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Twenty - first special 1999 Theo - Ben Gurirab Namibia Africa Fifty - fourth Twenty - second special Twenty - third special Twenty - fourth special 2000 Harri Holkeri Finland WEOG Fifty - fifth Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Twenty - fifth special Twenty - sixth special Han Seung - soo South Korea Asia Fifty - sixth Tenth emergency special -- Continuation 2002 Jan Kavan Czech Republic EEG Fifty - seventh Tenth emergency special -- Continuation 2003 Julian Hunte Saint Lucia GRULAC Fifty - eighth Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Jean Ping Gabon Africa Fifty - ninth 2005 Jan Eliasson Sweden WEOG Sixtieth 2006 Haya Rashed Al - Khalifa Bahrain Asia Sixty - first Tenth emergency special -- Continuation 2007 Srgjan Kerim Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia EEG Sixty - second 2008 Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann Nicaragua GRULAC Sixty - third 2009 Ali Treki Libya Africa Sixty - fourth Joseph Deiss Switzerland WEOG Sixty - fifth 2011 Nassir Al - Nasser Qatar Asia - Pacific Sixty - sixth 2012 Vuk Jeremić Serbia EEG Sixty - seventh ( election ) 2013 John William Ashe Antigua and Barbuda GRULAC Sixty - eighth 2014 Sam Kutesa Uganda Africa Sixty - ninth 2015 Mogens Lykketoft Denmark WEOG Seventieth 2016 Peter Thomson Fiji Asia - Pacific Seventy - first ( election ) 2017 Miroslav Lajčák Slovakia EEG Seventy - second Tenth emergency special -- Continuation 2018 María Fernanda Espinosa Ecuador GRULAC Seventy - third Abbreviations : Pre-1966 COS : Commonwealth Seat EAS : Eastern European and Asian Seat LAS : Latin American Seat MES : Middle Eastern Seat WES : Western European Seat Since 1966 Africa : African Group Asia - Pacific : Asian Group, since 2011 the Asia - Pacific Group EEG : Eastern European Group GRULAC : Latin American and Caribbean Group WEOG : Western European and Others Group See also ( edit ) President of the United Nations Security Council References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UN : About the General Assembly ''. Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16. Jump up ^ Presidents of the General Assembly of the United Nations. Un.org. Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 06. Jump up ^ United Nations document GA / 11105 Jump up ^ `` Asian Group of nations at UN changes its name to Asia - Pacific Group '', Radio New Zealand International, 31 August 2011. External links ( edit ) Wikinews has news related to : United Nations UN : List of UN General Assembly presidents UN General Assembly President Election Reform. UNelections.org. More news on UN elections and appointments. Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly 1940s Spaak ( BEL ) Aranha ( BRA ) Arce ( ARG ) Evatt ( AUS ) Rómulo ( PHI ) 1950s Entezam ( IRI ) Nervo ( MEX ) Pearson ( CAN ) Pandit ( IND ) van Kleffens ( NED ) Maza ( CHI ) Ortega ( CHI ) Prince Wan Waithayakon ( THA ) Munro ( NZL ) Malik ( LIB ) Belaúnde ( PER ) 1960s Boland ( IRL ) Slim ( TUN ) Khan ( PAK ) Rodriguez ( VEN ) Quaison - Sackey ( GHA ) Fanfani ( ITA ) Pazhwak ( AFG ) Mănescu ( ROM ) Catalán ( GUA ) Brooks ( LBR ) 1970s Hambro ( NOR ) Malik ( INA ) Trepczyński ( POL ) Benites ( ECU ) Bouteflika ( ALG ) Thorn ( LUX ) Amerasinghe ( SRI ) Mojsov ( YUG ) Liévano ( COL ) Salim ( TAN ) 1980s von Wechmar ( BRD ) Kittani ( IRQ ) Hollai ( HUN ) Illueca ( PAN ) Lusaka ( ZAM ) Piniés ( ESP ) Choudhury ( BAN ) Florin ( DDR ) Caputo ( ARG ) Garba ( NGR ) 1990s de Marco ( MLT ) Shihabi ( KSA ) Ganev ( BUL ) Insanally ( GUY ) Essy ( CIV ) Freitas ( POR ) Ismail ( MAS ) Udovenko ( UKR ) Opertti ( URU ) Gurirab ( NAM ) 2000s Holkeri ( FIN ) Han ( KOR ) Kavan ( CZE ) Hunte ( LCA ) Ping ( GAB ) Eliasson ( SWE ) Al - Khalifa ( BAH ) Kerim ( MKD ) d'Escoto ( NIC ) Treki ( LIB ) 2010s Deiss ( SUI ) Nasser ( QAT ) Jeremić ( SRB ) Ashe ( ANT ) Kutesa ( UGA ) Lykketoft ( DEN ) Thomson ( FIJ ) Lajčák ( SVK ) Permanent Representatives to the United Nations Africa Liberia Morocco Tanzania Americas Barbados Canada Chile Colombia Guyana Honduras Panama United States Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh China India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Pakistan Philippines Sri Lanka Syria Europe Belgium Belarus Croatia Finland France Germany Italy Lithuania Luxembourg Russia Sweden United Kingdom Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Permanent Observers Holy See Palestine Sovereign Military Order of Malta Related articles Current Permanent Representatives UN Members General Assembly Security Council President United Nations António Guterres, Secretary - General Amina J. Mohammed, Deputy Secretary - General Miroslav Lajčák, General Assembly President United Nations System United Nations Charter Preamble Principal organs Security Council Members Secretariat Secretary - General Deputy Secretary - General Under - Secretary - General General Assembly President Economic and Social Council International Court of Justice statute Trusteeship Council Secretariat Offices and Departments Headquarters Envoy on Youth Spokesperson for the Secretary - General Geneva Palace of Nations Nairobi Vienna Economic and Social Affairs Political Affairs Public Information Dag Hammarskjöld Library Safety and Security Palestinian Rights Peacekeeping Operations Internal Oversight Legal Affairs Developing Countries Sport for Development and Peace Disarmament Affairs Outer Space Affairs Partnerships Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UN organizations by location United Nations Office for Developing Countries Sexual Violence in Conflict Programmes and specialized agencies Culture of peace FAO ICAO IFAD ILO IMO ITC IPCC IAEA MINURSO UNIDO ITU UNAIDS SCSL UNCTAD UNCITRAL UNCDF UNDG UNDP UNDPI UNDPKO peacekeeping UNEP OzonAction UNEP / GRID - Arendal UNEP - WCMC UNESCO UNFIP UNFPA UN-HABITAT OHCHR UNHCR UNHRC UNICEF UNICRI UNIDIR UNITAR UN-Oceans UNODC UNOPS UNOSAT UNRISD UNRWA UNSSC UNU UNU - OP UNU - CRIS UNV UN Women UNWTO UPU WFP WHO WIPO WMO Members / observers Full members Founding members UNSC Permanent members Observers European Union History League of Nations Four Policemen Declaration by United Nations Peacekeeping missions history timeline Enlargement Resolutions Security Council vetoes General Assembly 66th 67th Security Council Cyprus Iran Iraq Israel Lebanon Nagorno - Karabakh North Korea Palestine Syria Western Sahara Elections Secretary - General ( 2016 ) International Court of Justice 2011 General Assembly President ( 2016 ) Security Council ( 2016 ) Related Bretton Woods system Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Criticism Delivering as One Flag Honour Flag Four Nations Initiative Genocide Convention UN Global Compact International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Criminal Court International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World International Years UN laissez - passer Military Staff Committee Official languages Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Peacekeeping Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners ( the Mandela Rules ) Treaty Series UN Day Universal Declaration of Human Rights Millennium Declaration Summit Development Goals Security Council veto power UN reform Security Council reform UN Art Collection UN Memorial Cemetery Korea Other Outline UN television film series ( 1964 -- 1966 ) In popular culture Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly&oldid=857043902 '' Categories : Lists of Permanent Representatives to the United Nations Permanent Representatives to the United Nations Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018, at 05 : 50 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "President of the United Nations General Assembly", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly&amp;oldid=857043902" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "EEG Sixty - seventh ( election ) 2013 John William Ashe Antigua and Barbuda GRULAC Sixty - eighth 2014 Sam Kutesa Uganda Africa Sixty - ninth 2015 Mogens Lykketoft Denmark WEOG Seventieth 2016 Peter Thomson Fiji Asia - Pacific Seventy - first ( election ) 2017 Miroslav Lajčák Slovakia EEG Seventy - second Tenth emergency special -- Continuation 2018 María Fernanda Espinosa Ecuador GRULAC Seventy - third Abbreviations : Pre-1966 COS : Commonwealth Seat EAS : Eastern European and Asian Seat LAS : Latin American Seat MES : Middle Eastern Seat WES : Western European Seat Since 1966 Africa : African Group Asia - Pacific : Asian Group, since 2011 the Asia - Pacific Group EEG : Eastern European Group GRULAC : Latin American and Caribbean Group WEOG : Western European and Others Group See also ( edit ) President of the" ], "id": [ "6042421929584033273" ], "short_answers": [ "María Fernanda Espinosa" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of current Indian governors - wikipedia List of current Indian governors Jump to : navigation, search In the Republic of India, a governor is the constitutional head of each of the twenty - nine states. The governor is appointed by the President of India for a term of five years, and holds office at the President 's pleasure. The governor is de jure head of the state government ; all its executive actions are taken in the governor 's name. However, the governor must act on the advice of the popularly elected council of ministers, headed by the chief minister, who thus hold de facto executive authority at the state - level. The Constitution of India also empowers the governor to act upon his or her own discretion, such as the ability to appoint or dismiss a ministry, recommend President 's rule, or reserve bills for the President 's assent. Over the years, the exercise of these discretionary powers have given rise to conflict between the elected chief minister and the central government -- appointed governor. The union territories of Andaman and Nicobar, Delhi and Puducherry are headed by lieutenant - governors. Since Delhi and Puducherry have a measure of self - government with an elected legislature and council of ministers, the role of the lieutenant - governor there is a mostly ceremonial one, akin to that of a state 's governor. The other four union territories -- Chandigarh ; Dadra and Nagar Haveli ; Daman and Diu ; and Lakshadweep -- are governed by an administrator. Unlike the administrators of other territories, who are drawn from the Indian Administrative Service, since 1985 the Governor of Punjab has acted as the ex-officio Administrator of Chandigarh. Contents ( hide ) 1 Current governors of states 2 Current lieutenant governors and administrators of union territories 2.1 Territories with a legislature 2.2 Territories without a legislature 3 See also 4 References Current governors of states ( edit ) State ( present governors ) Name Portrait Took office ( tenure length ) Ref Andhra Pradesh ( list ) Narasimhan, E.S.L. E.S.L. Narasimhan 000000002009 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 2009 ( 7003297600000000000 ♠ 8 years, 54 days ) Arunachal Pradesh ( list ) Mishra, B.D. B.D. Mishra -- 000000002017 - 10 - 03 - 0000 3 October 2017 ( 7002140000000000000 ♠ 140 days ) Assam ( list ) Mukhi, Jagdish Jagdish Mukhi -- 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 2017 ( 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 days ) Bihar ( list ) Malik, Satya Pal Satya Pal Malik -- 000000002017 - 10 - 04 - 0000 4 October 2017 ( 7002139000000000000 ♠ 139 days ) Chhattisgarh ( list ) Tandon, Balram Das Balram Das Tandon 000000002014 - 07 - 25 - 0000 25 July 2014 ( 7003130600000000000 ♠ 3 years, 210 days ) Goa ( list ) Sinha, Mridula Mridula Sinha 000000002014 - 08 - 31 - 0000 31 August 2014 ( 7003126900000000000 ♠ 3 years, 173 days ) Gujarat ( list ) Kohli, Om Prakash Om Prakash Kohli 000000002014 - 07 - 16 - 0000 16 July 2014 ( 7003131500000000000 ♠ 3 years, 219 days ) Haryana ( list ) Solanki, Kaptan Singh Kaptan Singh Solanki 000000002014 - 07 - 27 - 0000 27 July 2014 ( 7003130400000000000 ♠ 3 years, 208 days ) Himachal Pradesh ( list ) Vrat, Acharya Dev Acharya Dev Vrat -- 000000002015 - 08 - 12 - 0000 12 August 2015 ( 7002923000000000000 ♠ 2 years, 192 days ) Jammu and Kashmir ( list ) Vohra, Narinder Nath Narinder Nath Vohra 000000002008 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 June 2008 ( 7003352700000000000 ♠ 9 years, 240 days ) Jharkhand ( list ) Murmu, Draupadi Draupadi Murmu 000000002015 - 05 - 18 - 0000 18 May 2015 ( 7003100900000000000 ♠ 2 years, 278 days ) Karnataka ( list ) Vala, Vajubhai Vajubhai Vala 000000002014 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 2014 ( 7003126800000000000 ♠ 3 years, 172 days ) Kerala ( list ) Sathasivam, P. P. Sathasivam 000000002014 - 09 - 05 - 0000 5 September 2014 ( 7003126400000000000 ♠ 3 years, 168 days ) Madhya Pradesh ( list ) Patel, Anandiben Anandiben Patel 000000002018 - 01 - 23 - 0000 23 January 2018 ( 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 days ) Maharashtra ( list ) Rao, C. Vidyasagar C. Vidyasagar Rao 000000002014 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 August 2014 ( 7003127000000000000 ♠ 3 years, 174 days ) Manipur ( list ) Heptulla, Najma Najma Heptulla 000000002016 - 08 - 21 - 0000 21 August 2016 ( 7002548000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 183 days ) Meghalaya ( list ) Prasad, Ganga Ganga Prasad -- 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 5 October 2017 ( 7002138000000000000 ♠ 138 days ) Mizoram ( list ) Sharma, Nirbhay Nirbhay Sharma 000000002015 - 05 - 26 - 0000 26 May 2015 ( 7003100100000000000 ♠ 2 years, 270 days ) Nagaland ( list ) Acharya, Padmanabha Padmanabha Acharya 000000002014 - 07 - 19 - 0000 19 July 2014 ( 7003131200000000000 ♠ 3 years, 216 days ) Odisha ( list ) Jamir, S.C. S.C. Jamir -- 000000002013 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2013 ( 7003179700000000000 ♠ 4 years, 336 days ) Punjab ( list ) Badnore, V.P. Singh V.P. Singh Badnore 000000002016 - 08 - 22 - 0000 22 August 2016 ( 7002547000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 182 days ) Rajasthan ( list ) Singh, Kalyan Kalyan Singh 000000002014 - 09 - 04 - 0000 4 September 2014 ( 7003126500000000000 ♠ 3 years, 169 days ) Sikkim ( list ) Patil, Shriniwas Shriniwas Patil 000000002013 - 07 - 20 - 0000 20 July 2013 ( 7003167600000000000 ♠ 4 years, 215 days ) Tamil Nadu ( list ) Purohit, Banwarilal Banwarilal Purohit 000000002017 - 10 - 06 - 0000 6 October 2017 ( 7002137000000000000 ♠ 137 days ) Telangana ( list ) Narasimhan, E.S.L. E.S.L. Narasimhan ( Additional charge ) 000000002014 - 06 - 02 - 0000 2 June 2014 ( 7003135900000000000 ♠ 3 years, 263 days ) Tripura ( list ) Roy, Tathagata Tathagata Roy -- 000000002015 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 2015 ( 7003100700000000000 ♠ 2 years, 276 days ) Uttar Pradesh ( list ) Naik, Ram Ram Naik 000000002014 - 07 - 22 - 0000 22 July 2014 ( 7003130900000000000 ♠ 3 years, 213 days ) Uttarakhand ( list ) Paul, Krishan Kant Krishan Kant Paul -- 000000002015 - 01 - 08 - 0000 8 January 2015 ( 7003113900000000000 ♠ 3 years, 43 days ) West Bengal ( list ) Tripathi, Keshari Nath Keshari Nath Tripathi 000000002014 - 07 - 24 - 0000 24 July 2014 ( 7003130700000000000 ♠ 3 years, 211 days ) Current lieutenant governors and Administrators of union territories ( edit ) Territories with a legislature ( edit ) The first woman IPS officer, Kiran Bedi is the 24th Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry. Office and union territory ( past officeholders ) Name Took office ( tenure length ) Ref Lieutenant Governor of Delhi ( list ) Baijal, Anil Anil Baijal 000000002016 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 December 2016 ( 7002416000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 51 days ) Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry ( list ) Bedi, Kiran Kiran Bedi 000000002016 - 05 - 29 - 0000 29 May 2016 ( 7002632000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 267 days ) Territories without a legislature ( edit ) Office and union territory ( past officeholders ) Name Took office ( tenure length ) Ref Lieutenant Governor of Andaman and Nicobar Islands ( list ) Kumar Joshi, Devendra Devendra Kumar Joshi 000000002017 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 2017 ( 7002135000000000000 ♠ 135 days ) Administrator of Chandigarh ( list ) Badnore, V.P. Singh V.P. Singh Badnore 000000002016 - 08 - 22 - 0000 22 August 2016 ( 7002547000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 182 days ) Administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli ( list ) Patel, Praful Khoda Praful Khoda Patel ( Additional charge ) 000000002016 - 12 - 30 - 0000 30 December 2016 ( 7002417000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 52 days ) Administrator of Daman and Diu ( list ) Patel, Praful Khoda Praful Khoda Patel 000000002016 - 08 - 29 - 0000 29 August 2016 ( 7002540000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 175 days ) Administrator of Lakshadweep ( list ) Khan, Farooq Farooq Khan 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 6 September 2016 ( 7002532000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 167 days ) See also ( edit ) List of current Indian chief ministers List of current Indian chief justices List of current Indian legislative speakers List of current Indian opposition leaders List of female Indian governors References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Durga Das alok Basu. Introduction to the Constitution of India. 1960. 20th edition, 2011 reprint. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 559 - 9. p. 237, 241 -- 44. Jump up ^ Governors. India.gov.in. Retrieved on 3 September 2015. Jump up ^ J. Balaji. `` Narasimhan to look after Andhra Pradesh ''. The Hindu. 28 December 2009. Jump up ^ `` Brigadier BD Mishra sworn - in as Arunachal Pradesh governor ''. The Indian Express. 03 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` Jagdish Mukhi sworn in as governor of Assam ''. Hindustan Times. 10 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` Satya Pal Malik takes oath as Governor of Bihar ''. The Indian Express. 04 October 2017. Jump up ^ Pavan Dahat. `` Tandon sworn in as Chhattisgarh Governor ''. The Hindu. 26 July 2014. Jump up ^ Prakash Kamat. `` Mridula Sinha sworn - in as Goa Governor ''. The Hindu. 31 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Kohli sworn in as Gujarat Governor ''. The Hindu. 17 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Solanki sworn in as Haryana governor ''. The Hindu. 27 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Dev Vrat sworn in as H.P. Governor ''. The Hindu. 13 August 2015. Jump up ^ `` Vohra sworn in as new Jammu and Kashmir Governor ''. The Hindu. 26 June 2008. Jump up ^ `` Draupadi Murmu sworn in as first woman Governor of Jharkhand ''. The Hindu. 18 May 2015. Jump up ^ Nagesh Prabhu. `` Vala sworn in as Karnataka Governor ''. The Hindu. 1 September 2014. Jump up ^ Gireesh Menon. `` Sathasivam sworn in as Kerala Governor ''. The Hindu. 5 September 2014. Jump up ^ `` Anandiben Patel sworn in as Madhya Pradesh Governor ''. The Hindu. 23 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` Rao sworn in as Maharashtra Governor ''. The Hindu. 31 August 2014. Jump up ^ Iboyaima Laithangam. `` Najma Heptullah sworn in as Manipur Governor ''. The Hindu. 21 August 2016. Jump up ^ `` Ganga Prasad sworn in as Meghalaya Governor ''. The Indian Express. 05 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` Lt. Gen. Nirbhay Sharma sworn - in as Mizoram governor ''. Business Standard. 26 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` PB Acharya sworn in as Nagaland Governor ''. Business Standard. 19 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` S.C Jamir sworn in as new Governor of Odisha Archived 18 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. ''. Business Line. 21 March 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` V.P. Singh Badnore sworn in as new Punjab Governor ''. The Indian Express. 22 August 2016. Jump up ^ `` Kalyan Singh sworn - in as Rajasthan Governor ''. The Hindu. 4 September 2014. Jump up ^ `` Message of Hon'ble Governor of Sikkim Shri Shriniwas Patil on the assumption of Office ''. The Raj Bhavan, Gangtok, Sikkim. 20 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Banwarilal Purohit sworn in as Tamil Nadu governor ''. The Indian Express. 6 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` ESL Narasimhan sworn in as Governor of Telangana ''. The Hindu. 2 June 2014. Jump up ^ `` Tathagata Roy sworn in as Governor of Tripura ''. The Hindu. 20 May 2015. Jump up ^. `` Ram Naik sworn in as Uttar Pradesh Governor ''. India Today. 22 July 2014. Jump up ^. `` KK Paul sworn in as Uttarakhand Governor ''. The Tribune. 8 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` Mamata competent to deal with all problems of State : Governor ''. The Hindu. 25 July 2014. Jump up ^ Lt. Governors & Administrators. India.gov.in. Retrieved on 3 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` Anil Baijal sworn in as Delhi Lieutenant - Governor ''. The Hindu. 31 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Kiran Bedi takes oath as Lt. Governor of Puducherry ''. The Times of India. 29 May 2016. Jump up ^ Lt. Governors & Administrators. India.gov.in. Retrieved on 3 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` Admiral DK Joshi ( Retd. ) sworn in as the 13th Lt. Governor of A& N Islands ``. The Island Reflector. 08 October 2017. Jump up ^ List of Former Administrators. Administration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Retrieved on 30 December 2016. Jump up ^ List of Former Administrators. Administration of Daman and Diu. Retrieved on 21 September 2016. Jump up ^ Bio-data of the Hon'ble Administrator. Official Website of Union Territory of Lakshadweep. Retrieved on 21 September 2016. Lists of governors, lieutenant governors and administrators of Indian states and union territories ( and current incumbents ) Andaman and Nicobar Devendra Kumar Joshi Andhra Pradesh E.S.L. Narasimhan Arunachal Pradesh B.D. Mishra Assam Jagdish Mukhi Bihar Satya Pal Malik Chandigarh V.P. Singh Badnore Chhattisgarh Balram Das Tandon Dadra and Nagar Haveli Praful Khoda Patel Daman and Diu Praful Khoda Patel Delhi Anil Baijal Goa Mridula Sinha Gujarat Om Prakash Kohli Haryana Kaptan Singh Solanki Himachal Pradesh Acharya Dev Vrat Jammu and Kashmir Narinder Nath Vohra Jharkhand Draupadi Murmu Karnataka Vajubhai Vala Kerala P. Sathasivam Lakshadweep Farooq Khan Madhya Pradesh Anandiben Patel Maharashtra C. Vidyasagar Rao Manipur Najma Heptulla Meghalaya Ganga Prasad Mizoram Nirbhay Sharma Nagaland Padmanabha Acharya Odisha S.C. Jamir Puducherry Kiran Bedi Punjab V.P. Singh Badnore Rajasthan Kalyan Singh Sikkim Shriniwas Patil Tamil Nadu Banwarilal Purohit Telangana E.S.L. Narasimhan Tripura Tathagata Roy Uttar Pradesh Ram Naik Uttarakhand Krishan Kant Paul West Bengal Keshari Nath Tripathi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_current_Indian_governors&oldid=826692483 '' Categories : States and union territories of India - related lists Lists of governors of Indian states State governors of India Lists of current office - holders in India Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Featured lists Use dmy dates from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം Simple English தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018, at 14 : 33. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. 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{ "text": "Myers -- Briggs type Indicator - wikipedia Myers -- Briggs type Indicator Jump to : navigation, search A chart with descriptions of each Myers -- Briggs personality type and the four dichotomies central to the theory The Myers -- Briggs Type Indicator ( MBTI ) is an introspective self - report questionnaire with the purpose of indicating differing psychological preferences in how people perceive the world around them and make decisions. The MBTI was constructed by Katharine Cook Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers. It is based on the conceptual theory proposed by Carl Jung, who had speculated that humans experience the world using four principal psychological functions -- sensation, intuition, feeling, and thinking -- and that one of these four functions is dominant for a person most of the time. The MBTI was constructed for normal populations and emphasizes the value of naturally occurring differences. `` The underlying assumption of the MBTI is that we all have specific preferences in the way we construe our experiences, and these preferences underlie our interests, needs, values, and motivation. '' Although popular in the business sector, the MBTI exhibits significant psychometric deficiencies, notably including poor validity ( i.e. not measuring what it purports to measure ) and poor reliability ( giving different results for the same person on different occasions ). The four scales used in the MBTI have some correlation with four of the Big Five personality traits, which are a more commonly accepted framework. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins of the theory 1.2 Differences from Jung 1.2. 1 Structured vs. projective personality assessment 1.2. 2 Judging vs. perception 1.2. 2.1 Orientation of the tertiary function 2 Concepts 2.1 Type 2.2 Four dichotomies 2.3 Attitudes : extroversion / introversion 2.4 Functions : sensing / intuition and thinking / feeling 2.4. 1 Dominant function 2.5 Lifestyle preferences : judging / perception 3 Format and administration 3.1 Additional formats 3.2 Translations into other languages 4 Precepts and ethics 5 Type dynamics and development 6 Cognitive learning styles 6.1 Extraversion / Introversion 6.2 Sensing / Intuition 6.3 Thinking / Feeling 6.4 Judging / Perceiving 7 Correlations with other instruments 7.1 Keirsey temperaments 7.2 Big Five 7.3 Personality disorders 8 Criticism 8.1 No evidence for dichotomies 8.2 Validity and utility 8.3 Lack of objectivity 8.4 Terminology 8.5 Factor analysis 8.6 Correlates 8.7 Reliability 9 Utility 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References and further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers extrapolated their MBTI theory from Carl Jung 's writings in his book Psychological Types. Katharine Cook Briggs began her research into personality in 1917. Upon meeting her future son - in - law, she observed marked differences between his personality and that of other family members. Briggs embarked on a project of reading biographies, and subsequently developed a typology wherein she proposed four temperaments : meditative ( or thoughtful ), spontaneous, executive, and social. After the English translation of Jung 's book Psychological Types was published in 1923 ( first published in German in 1921 ), she recognized that Jung 's theory was similar to, but went far beyond, her own. Briggs 's four types were later identified as corresponding to the IXXXs, EXXPs, EXTJs and EXFJs. Her first publications were two articles describing Jung 's theory, in the journal New Republic in 1926 ( `` Meet Yourself Using the Personality Paint Box '' ) and 1928 ( `` Up From Barbarism '' ). After extensively studying the work of Jung, they turned their interest in human behavior into efforts to turn the theory of psychological types to practical use. Briggs 's daughter, Isabel Briggs Myers, added to her mother 's typological research, which she would progressively take over entirely. Myers graduated first in her class from Swarthmore College in 1919 and wrote a mystery novel, Murder Yet to Come, in 1929 using typological ideas ( which won the National Detective Murder Mystery Contest that year ). However, neither Myers nor Briggs was formally educated in the discipline of psychology, and both were self - taught in the field of psychometric testing. Myers therefore apprenticed herself to Edward N. Hay, who was then personnel manager for a large Philadelphia bank and who went on to start one of the first successful personnel consulting firms in the United States. From Hay, Myers learned rudimentary test construction, scoring, validation, and statistical methods. Briggs and Myers began creating the indicator during World War II in the belief that a knowledge of personality preferences would help women who were entering the industrial workforce for the first time to identify the sort of war - time jobs that would be `` most comfortable and effective '' for them. The Briggs Myers Type Indicator Handbook was published in 1944. The indicator changed its name to `` Myers -- Briggs Type Indicator '' in 1956. Myers ' work attracted the attention of Henry Chauncey, head of the Educational Testing Service. Under these auspices, the first MBTI Manual was published in 1962. The MBTI received further support from Donald W. MacKinnon, head of the Institute of Personality and Social Research at the University of California, Berkeley ; W. Harold Grant, a professor at Michigan State University and Auburn University ; and Mary H. McCaulley of the University of Florida. The publication of the MBTI was transferred to Consulting Psychologists Press in 1975, and the Center for Applications of Psychological Type was founded as a research laboratory. After Myers ' death in May 1980, Mary McCaulley updated the MBTI Manual and the second edition was published in 1985. The third edition appeared in 1998. Origins. of the theory ( edit ) Jung 's theory of psychological types was not based on controlled scientific studies, but instead on clinical observation, introspection, and anecdote -- methods regarded as inconclusive in the modern field of scientific psychology. Jung 's typology theories postulated a sequence of four cognitive functions ( thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition ), each having one of two polar orientations ( extraversion or introversion ), giving a total of eight dominant functions. The MBTI is based on these eight hypothetical functions, although with some differences in expression from Jung 's model ( see Differences from Jung below ). While the Jungian model offers empirical evidence for the first three dichotomies, whether the Briggs had evidence for the J-P preference is unclear. Differences from Jung ( edit ) Structured vs. projective personality assessment ( edit ) The MBTI takes what is called a `` structured '' approach to personality assessment. The responses to items are considered `` closed '' and interpreted according to the theory of the test constructers in scoring. This is contrary to the `` projective '' approach to personality assessment advocated by psychodynamic theorists such as Carl Jung. Indeed, Jung was a proponent of the `` word association '' test as a measure of the unconscious dispositions influencing behavior. This approach uses `` open - ended '' responses that need to be interpreted in the context of the `` whole '' person, and not according to the preconceived theory of the test constructers. Supporters of the projective approach to personality assessment are critical of the structured approach because defense mechanisms may distort responses to the closed items on structured tests. Judging vs. perception ( edit ) The most notable addition of Myers and Briggs ideas to Jung 's original thought is their concept that a given type 's fourth letter ( J or P ) indicates a person 's preferred extraverted function, which is the dominant function for extraverted types and the auxiliary function for introverted types. Orientation of the tertiary function ( edit ) Jung theorized that the dominant function acts alone in its preferred world : exterior for extraverts and interior for introverts. The remaining three functions, he suggested, operate together in the opposite orientation. If the dominant cognitive function is introverted the other functions are extraverted and vice versa. The MBTI Manual summarizes references in Jung 's work to the balance in psychological type as follows : `` There are several references in Jung 's writing to the three remaining functions having an opposite attitudinal character. For example, in writing about introverts with thinking dominant... Jung commented that the counterbalancing functions have an extraverted character. '' However, many MBTI practitioners hold that the tertiary function is oriented in the same direction as the dominant function. Using the INTP type as an example, the orientation would be as follows : Dominant introverted thinking Auxiliary extraverted intuition Tertiary introverted sensing Inferior extraverted feeling Concepts ( edit ) The MBTI Manual states that the indicator `` is designed to implement a theory ; therefore, the theory must be understood to understand the MBTI ''. Fundamental to the MBTI is the theory of psychological type as originally developed by Carl Jung. Jung proposed the existence of two dichotomous pairs of cognitive functions : The `` rational '' ( judging ) functions : thinking and feeling The `` irrational '' ( perceiving ) functions : sensation and intuition Jung believed that for every person, each of the functions is expressed primarily in either an introverted or extraverted form. Based on Jung 's original concepts, Briggs and Myers developed their own theory of psychological type, described below, on which the MBTI is based. However, although psychologist Hans Eysenck called the MBTI a moderately successful quantification of Jung 's original principles as outlined in Psychological Types, he also said, `` ( The MBTI ) creates 16 personality types which are said to be similar to Jung 's theoretical concepts. I have always found difficulties with this identification, which omits one half of Jung 's theory ( he had 32 types, by asserting that for every conscious combination of traits there was an opposite unconscious one ). Obviously, the latter half of his theory does not admit of questionnaire measurement, but to leave it out and pretend that the scales measure Jungian concepts is hardly fair to Jung. '' In any event, both models remain hypothetical, with no controlled scientific studies supporting either Jung 's original concept of type or the Myers -- Briggs variation. Type ( edit ) Jung 's typological model regards psychological type as similar to left or right handedness : people are either born with, or develop, certain preferred ways of perceiving and deciding. The MBTI sorts some of these psychological differences into four opposite pairs, or `` dichotomies '', with a resulting 16 possible psychological types. None of these types is `` better '' or `` worse '' ; however, Briggs and Myers theorized that people innately `` prefer '' one overall combination of type differences. In the same way that writing with the left hand is difficult for a right - hander, so people tend to find using their opposite psychological preferences more difficult, though they can become more proficient ( and therefore behaviorally flexible ) with practice and development. The 16 types are typically referred to by an abbreviation of four letters -- the initial letters of each of their four type preferences ( except in the case of intuition, which uses the abbreviation `` N '' to distinguish it from introversion ). For instance : ESTJ : extraversion ( E ), sensing ( S ), thinking ( T ), judgment ( J ) INFP : introversion ( I ), intuition ( N ), feeling ( F ), perception ( P ) These abbreviations are applied to all 16 types. Four dichotomies ( edit ) Carl Jung Subjective Objective Perception Intuition / Sensing Introversion / Extraversion 1 Judging Feeling / Thinking Introversion / Extraversion 2 Myers -- Briggs Subjective Objective Deductive Intuition / Sensing Introversion / Extraversion Inductive Feeling / Thinking Perception / Judging The four pairs of preferences or `` dichotomies '' are shown in the adjacent table. The terms used for each dichotomy have specific technical meanings relating to the MBTI, which differ from their everyday usage. For example, people who prefer judgment over perception are not necessarily more `` judgmental '' or less `` perceptive '', nor does the MBTI instrument measure aptitude ; it simply indicates for one preference over another. Someone reporting a high score for extraversion over introversion can not be correctly described as more extraverted : they simply have a clear preference. Point scores on each of the dichotomies can vary considerably from person to person, even among those with the same type. However, Isabel Myers considered the direction of the preference ( for example, E vs. I ) to be more important than the degree of the preference ( for example, very clear vs. slight ). The expression of a person 's psychological type is more than the sum of the four individual preferences. The preferences interact through type dynamics and type development. Attitudes : extroversion / introversion ( edit ) Myers -- Briggs literature uses the terms extraversion and introversion as Jung first used them. Extraversion means literally outward - turning and introversion, inward - turning. These specific definitions differ somewhat from the popular usage of the words. Extraversion is the spelling used in MBTI publications. The preferences for extraversion and introversion are often called `` attitudes ''. Briggs and Myers recognized that each of the cognitive functions can operate in the external world of behavior, action, people, and things ( `` extraverted attitude '' ) or the internal world of ideas and reflection ( `` introverted attitude '' ). The MBTI assessment sorts for an overall preference for one or the other. People who prefer extraversion draw energy from action : they tend to act, then reflect, then act further. If they are inactive, their motivation tends to decline. To rebuild their energy, extraverts need breaks from time spent in reflection. Conversely, those who prefer introversion `` expend '' energy through action : they prefer to reflect, then act, then reflect again. To rebuild their energy, introverts need quiet time alone, away from activity. An extravert 's flow is directed outward toward people and objects, whereas the introvert 's is directed inward toward concepts and ideas. Contrasting characteristics between extraverted and introverted people include : Extraverted are action - oriented, while introverted are thought - oriented. Extraverted seek breadth of knowledge and influence, while introverted seek depth of knowledge and influence. Extraverted often prefer more frequent interaction, while introverted prefer more substantial interaction. Extraverted recharge and get their energy from spending time with people, while introverted recharge and get their energy from spending time alone ; they consume their energy through the opposite process. Functions : sensing / intuition and thinking / feeling ( edit ) Jung identified two pairs of psychological functions : Two perceiving functions : sensation ( usually called sensing in MBTI writings ) and intuition Two judging functions : thinking and feeling According to Jung 's typology model, each person uses one of these four functions more dominantly and proficiently than the other three ; however, all four functions are used at different times depending on the circumstances. Sensing and intuition are the information - gathering ( perceiving ) functions. They describe how new information is understood and interpreted. People who prefer sensing are more likely to trust information that is in the present, tangible, and concrete : that is, information that can be understood by the five senses. They tend to distrust hunches, which seem to come `` out of nowhere ''. They prefer to look for details and facts. For them, the meaning is in the data. On the other hand, those who prefer intuition tend to trust information that is less dependent upon the senses, that can be associated with other information ( either remembered or discovered by seeking a wider context or pattern ). They may be more interested in future possibilities. For them, the meaning is in the underlying theory and principles which are manifested in the data. Thinking and feeling are the decision - making ( judging ) functions. The thinking and feeling functions are both used to make rational decisions, based on the data received from their information - gathering functions ( sensing or intuition ). Those who prefer thinking tend to decide things from a more detached standpoint, measuring the decision by what seems reasonable, logical, causal, consistent, and matching a given set of rules. Those who prefer feeling tend to come to decisions by associating or empathizing with the situation, looking at it ' from the inside ' and weighing the situation to achieve, on balance, the greatest harmony, consensus and fit, considering the needs of the people involved. Thinkers usually have trouble interacting with people who are inconsistent or illogical, and tend to give very direct feedback to others. They are concerned with the truth and view it as more important. As noted already, people who prefer thinking do not necessarily, in the everyday sense, `` think better '' than their feeling counterparts, in the common sense ; the opposite preference is considered an equally rational way of coming to decisions ( and, in any case, the MBTI assessment is a measure of preference, not ability ). Similarly, those who prefer feeling do not necessarily have `` better '' emotional reactions than their thinking counterparts. In many cases, however, people who use thinking functions as either dominant or auxiliary tend to have more underdeveloped feeling functions, and often have more trouble with regulating and making healthy and productive decisions based on their feelings. Dominant function ( edit ) A diagram depicting the cognitive functions of each type : A type 's background color represents its dominant function and its text color represents its auxiliary function. According to Jung, people use all four cognitive functions. However, one function is generally used in a more conscious and confident way. This dominant function is supported by the secondary ( auxiliary ) function, and to a lesser degree the tertiary function. The fourth and least conscious function is always the opposite of the dominant function. Myers called this inferior function the `` shadow ''. The four functions operate in conjunction with the attitudes ( extraversion and introversion ). Each function is used in either an extraverted or introverted way. A person whose dominant function is extraverted intuition, for example, uses intuition very differently from someone whose dominant function is introverted intuition. Lifestyle preferences : judging / perception ( edit ) Myers and Briggs added another dimension to Jung 's typological model by identifying that people also have a preference for using either the judging function ( thinking or feeling ) or their perceiving function ( sensing or intuition ) when relating to the outside world ( extraversion ). Myers and Briggs held that types with a preference for judging show the world their preferred judging function ( thinking or feeling ). So, TJ types tend to appear to the world as logical and FJ types as empathetic. According to Myers, judging types like to `` have matters settled ''. Those types who prefer perception show the world their preferred perceiving function ( sensing or intuition ). So, SP types tend to appear to the world as concrete and NP types as abstract. According to Myers, perceptive types prefer to `` keep decisions open ''. For extraverts, the J or P indicates their dominant function ; for introverts, the J or P indicates their auxiliary function. Introverts tend to show their dominant function outwardly only in matters `` important to their inner worlds ''. For example : Because the ENTJ type is extraverted, the J indicates that the dominant function is the preferred judging function ( extraverted thinking ). The ENTJ type introverts the auxiliary perceiving function ( introverted intuition ). The tertiary function is sensing and the inferior function is introverted feeling. Because the INTJ type is introverted, however, the J instead indicates that the auxiliary function is the preferred judging function ( extraverted thinking ). The INTJ type introverts the dominant perceiving function ( introverted intuition ). The tertiary function is feeling and the inferior function is extraverted sensing. Format and administration ( edit ) The current North American English version of the MBTI Step I includes 93 forced - choice questions ( 88 are in the European English version ). `` Forced - choice '' means that a person has to choose only one of two possible answers to each question. The choices are a mixture of word pairs and short statements. Choices are not literal opposites, but chosen to reflect opposite preferences on the same dichotomy. Participants may skip questions if they feel they are unable to choose. Using psychometric techniques, such as item response theory, the MBTI will then be scored and will attempt to identify the preference, and clarity of preference, in each dichotomy. After taking the MBTI, participants are usually asked to complete a `` Best Fit '' exercise ( see below ) and then given a readout of their Reported Type, which will usually include a bar graph and number ( Preference Clarity Index ) to show how clear they were about each preference when they completed the questionnaire. During the early development of the MBTI, thousands of items were used. Most were eventually discarded because they did not have high `` midpoint discrimination '', meaning the results of that one item did not, on average, move an individual score away from the midpoint. Using only items with high midpoint discrimination allows the MBTI to have fewer items on it, but still provide as much statistical information as other instruments with many more items with lower midpoint discrimination. Additional formats ( edit ) Isabel Myers had noted that people of any given type shared differences, as well as similarities. At the time of her death, she was developing a more in - depth method of measuring how people express and experience their individual type pattern. In 1987, an advanced scoring system was developed for the MBTI. From this was developed the Type Differentiation Indicator ( Saunders, 1989 ) which is a scoring system for the longer MBTI, Form J, which includes the 290 items written by Myers that had survived her previous item analyses. It yields 20 subscales ( five under each of the four dichotomous preference scales ), plus seven additional subscales for a new `` Comfort - Discomfort '' factor ( which purportedly corresponds to the missing factor of neuroticism ). This factor 's scales indicate a sense of overall comfort and confidence versus discomfort and anxiety. They also load onto one of the four type dimensions : guarded - optimistic ( also T / F ), defiant - compliant ( also T / F ), carefree - worried ( also T / F ), decisive - ambivalent ( also J / P ), intrepid - inhibited ( Also E / I ), leader - follower ( Also E / I ), and proactive - distractible ( also J / P ) Also included is a composite of these called `` strain ''. There are also scales for type - scale consistency and comfort - scale consistency. Reliability of 23 of the 27 TDI subscales is greater than 0.50, `` an acceptable result given the brevity of the subscales '' ( Saunders, 1989 ). In 1989, a scoring system was developed for only the 20 subscales for the original four dichotomies. This was initially known as `` Form K '' or the `` Expanded Analysis Report ''. This tool is now called the `` MBTI Step II ''. Form J or the TDI included the items ( derived from Myers ' and McCaulley 's earlier work ) necessary to score what became known as `` Step III ''. ( The 1998 MBTI Manual reported that the two instruments were one and the same ) It was developed in a joint project involving the following organizations : CPP, the publisher of the whole family of MBTI works ; CAPT ( Center for Applications of Psychological Type ), which holds all of Myers ' and McCaulley 's original work ; and the MBTI Trust, headed by Katharine and Peter Myers. Step III was advertised as addressing type development and the use of perception and judgment by respondents. Translations into other languages ( edit ) The MBTI has been successfully translated and adapted into over 20 languages, including reviews by subject - matter experts fluent in the native language, and statistical analysis to check that the questions still measure the same psychological concepts as the original US English questionnaire. Precepts and ethics ( edit ) These precepts are generally used in the ethical administration of the MBTI : Type not trait The MBTI sorts for type ; it does not indicate the strength of ability. It allows the clarity of a preference to be ascertained ( Bill clearly prefers introversion ), but not the strength of preference ( Jane strongly prefers extraversion ) or degree of aptitude ( Harry is good at thinking ). In this sense, it differs from trait - based tools such as 16PF. Type preferences are polar opposites : a precept of MBTI is that people fundamentally prefer one thing over the other, not a bit of both. Own best judge People are considered the best judge of their own type. While the MBTI provides a Reported Type, this is considered only an indication of their probable overall Type. A Best Fit Process is usually used to allow respondents to develop their understanding of the four dichotomies, to form their own hypothesis as to their overall Type, and to compare this against the Reported Type. In more than 20 % of cases, the hypothesis and the Reported Type differ in one or more dichotomies. Using the clarity of each preference, any potential for bias in the report, and often, a comparison of two or more whole Types may then help respondents determine their own Best Fit. No right or wrong No preference or total type is considered better or worse than another. They are all ' Gifts Differing ', as emphasized by the title of Isabel Briggs Myers ' book on this subject. Voluntary Compelling anyone to take the MBTI is considered unethical. It should always be taken voluntarily. Confidentiality The result of the MBTI Reported and Best Fit type are confidential between the individual and administrator, and ethically, not for disclosure without permission. Not for selection The results of the assessment should not be used to `` label, evaluate, or limit the respondent in any way '' ( emphasis original ). Since all types are valuable, and the MBTI measures preferences rather than aptitude, the MBTI is not considered a proper instrument for purposes of employment selection. Many professions contain highly competent individuals of different types with complementary preferences. Importance of proper feedback People should always be given detailed feedback from a trained administrator and an opportunity to undertake a Best Fit exercise to check against their Reported Type. This feedback can be given in person, by telephone or electronically. Type dynamics and development ( edit ) The Sixteen Types US Population Breakdown The table organizing the sixteen types was created by Isabel Myers ( an INFP person ). ISTJ 11 -- 14 % ISFJ 9 -- 14 % INFJ 1 -- 3 % INTJ 2 -- 4 % ISTP 4 -- 6 % ISFP 5 -- 9 % INFP 4 -- 5 % INTP 3 -- 5 % ESTP 4 -- 5 % ESFP 4 -- 9 % ENFP 6 -- 8 % ENTP 2 -- 5 % ESTJ 8 -- 12 % ESFJ 9 -- 13 % ENFJ 2 -- 5 % ENTJ 2 -- 5 % Estimated percentages of the 16 types in the United States population. The interaction of two, three, or four preferences is known as `` type dynamics ''. Although type dynamics has received little or no empirical support to substantiate its viability as a scientific theory, Myers and Briggs asserted that for each of the 16 four - preference types, one function is the most dominant and is likely to be evident earliest in life. A secondary or auxiliary function typically becomes more evident ( differentiated ) during teenaged years and provides balance to the dominant. In normal development, individuals tend to become more fluent with a third, tertiary function during mid-life, while the fourth, inferior function remains least consciously developed. The inferior function is often considered to be more associated with the unconscious, being most evident in situations such as high stress ( sometimes referred to as being `` in the grip '' of the inferior function ). However, the use of type dynamics is disputed : in the conclusion of various studies on the subject of type dynamics, James H. Reynierse writes, `` Type dynamics has persistent logical problems and is fundamentally based on a series of category mistakes ; it provides, at best, a limited and incomplete account of type related phenomena '' ; and `` type dynamics relies on anecdotal evidence, fails most efficacy tests, and does not fit the empirical facts ''. His studies gave the clear result that the descriptions and workings of type dynamics do not fit the real behavior of people. He suggests getting completely rid of type dynamics, because it does not help, but hinders understanding of personality. The presumed order of functions 1 to 4 did only occur in one out of 540 test results. The sequence of differentiation of dominant, auxiliary, and tertiary functions through life is termed type development. This is an idealized sequence that may be disrupted by major life events. The dynamic sequence of functions and their attitudes can be determined in the following way : The overall lifestyle preference ( J-P ) determines whether the judging ( T-F ) or perceiving ( S-N ) preference is most evident in the outside world ; i.e., which function has an extraverted attitude The attitude preference ( E-I ) determines whether the extraverted function is dominant or auxiliary For those with an overall preference for extraversion, the function with the extraverted attitude will be the dominant function. For example, for an ESTJ type the dominant function is the judging function, thinking, and this is experienced with an extraverted attitude. This is notated as a dominant Te. For an ESTP, the dominant function is the perceiving function, sensing, notated as a dominant Se. The auxiliary function for extraverts is the secondary preference of the judging or perceiving functions, and it is experienced with an introverted attitude : for example, the auxiliary function for ESTJ is introverted sensing ( Si ) and the auxiliary for ESTP is introverted thinking ( Ti ). For those with an overall preference for introversion, the function with the extraverted attitude is the auxiliary ; the dominant is the other function in the main four letter preference. So the dominant function for ISTJ is introverted sensing ( Si ) with the auxiliary ( supporting ) function being extraverted thinking ( Te ). The tertiary function is the opposite preference from the auxiliary. For example, if the Auxiliary is thinking then the Tertiary would be feeling. The attitude of the tertiary is the subject of some debate and therefore is not normally indicated ; i.e. if the auxiliary was Te then the tertiary would be F ( not Fe or Fi ) The inferior function is the opposite preference and attitude from the Dominant, so for an ESTJ with dominant Te the inferior would be Fi. Note that for extraverts, the dominant function is the one most evident in the external world. For introverts, however, it is the auxiliary function that is most evident externally, as their dominant function relates to the interior world. Some examples of whole types may clarify this further. Taking the ESTJ example above : Extraverted function is a judging function ( T-F ) because of the overall J preference Extraverted function is dominant because of overall E preference Dominant function is therefore extraverted thinking ( Te ) Auxiliary function is the preferred perceiving function : introverted sensing ( Si ) Tertiary function is the opposite of the Auxiliary : intuition ( N ) Inferior function is the opposite of the Dominant : introverted feeling ( Fi ) The dynamics of the ESTJ are found in the primary combination of extraverted thinking as their dominant function and introverted sensing as their auxiliary function : the dominant tendency of ESTJs to order their environment, to set clear boundaries, to clarify roles and timetables, and to direct the activities around them is supported by their facility for using past experience in an ordered and systematic way to help organize themselves and others. For instance, ESTJs may enjoy planning trips for groups of people to achieve some goal or to perform some culturally uplifting function. Because of their ease in directing others and their facility in managing their own time, they engage all the resources at their disposal to achieve their goals. However, under prolonged stress or sudden trauma, ESTJs may overuse their extraverted thinking function and fall into the grip of their inferior function, introverted feeling. Although the ESTJ can seem insensitive to the feelings of others in their normal activities, under tremendous stress, they can suddenly express feelings of being unappreciated or wounded by insensitivity. Looking at the diametrically opposite four - letter type, INFP : Extraverted function is a perceiving function ( S-N ) because of the P preference Introverted function is dominant because of the I preference Dominant function is therefore introverted feeling ( Fi ) Auxiliary function is extraverted intuition ( Ne ) Tertiary function is the opposite of the Auxiliary : sensing ( S ) Inferior function is the opposite of the Dominant : extraverted thinking ( Te ) The dynamics of the INFP rest on the fundamental correspondence of introverted feeling and extraverted intuition. The dominant tendency of the INFP is toward building a rich internal framework of values and toward championing human rights. They often devote themselves behind the scenes to causes such as civil rights or saving the environment. Since they tend to avoid the limelight, postpone decisions, and maintain a reserved posture, they are rarely found in executive - director - type positions of the organizations that serve those causes. Normally, the INFP dislikes being `` in charge '' of things. When not under stress, the INFP radiates a pleasant and sympathetic demeanor, but under extreme stress, they can suddenly become rigid and directive, exerting their extraverted thinking erratically. Every type, and its opposite, is the expression of these interactions, which give each type its unique, recognizable signature. Cognitive learning styles ( edit ) The test is scored by evaluating each answer in terms of what it reveals about the taker. Each question is relevant to one of the following cognitive learning styles. Each is not a polar opposite, but a gradual continuum. Extraversion / introversion ( edit ) The extraverted types learn best by talking and interacting with others. By interacting with the physical world, extraverts can process and make sense of new information. The introverted types prefer quiet reflection and privacy. Information processing occurs for introverts as they explore ideas and concepts internally. Sensing / intuition ( edit ) The second continuum reflects what people focus their attentions on. Sensing types enjoy a learning environment in which the material is presented in a detailed and sequential manner. Sensing types often attend to what is occurring in the present, and can move to the abstract after they have established a concrete experience. Intuitive types prefer a learning atmosphere in which an emphasis is placed on meaning and associations. Insight is valued higher than careful observation, and pattern recognition occurs naturally for intuitive types. Thinking / feeling ( edit ) The third continuum reflects a person 's decision preferences. Thinking types desire objective truth and logical principles and are natural at deductive reasoning. Feeling types place an emphasis on issues and causes that can be personalized while they consider other people 's motives. Judging / perceiving ( edit ) The fourth continuum reflects how a person regards complexity. Judging types will thrive when information is organized and structured, and they will be motivated to complete assignments in order to gain closure. Perceiving types will flourish in a flexible learning environment in which they are stimulated by new and exciting ideas. Judging types like to be on time, while perceiving types may be late and / or procrastinate. Correlations with other instruments ( edit ) Keirsey temperaments ( edit ) David W. Keirsey mapped four `` temperaments '' to the existing Myers -- Briggs system groupings : SP, SJ, NF and NT ; this often results in confusion of the two theories. However, the Keirsey Temperament Sorter is not directly associated with the official Myers -- Briggs Type Indicator. IS T J IS F J IN F J IN T J Inspector Protector Counselor Mastermind IS T P IS F P IN F P IN T P Crafter Composer Healer Architect ES T P ES F P EN F P EN T P Promoter Performer Champion Inventor ES T J ES F J EN F J EN T J Supervisor Provider Teacher Fieldmarshal Big Five ( edit ) McCrae and Costa based their Five Factor Model ( FFM ) on Goldberg 's Big Five theory. McCrae and Costa present correlations between the MBTI scales and the currently popular Big Five personality constructs measured, for example, by the NEO-PI - R. The five purported personality constructs have been labeled : extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism ( emotional instability ), although there is not universal agreement on the Big Five theory and the related Five - Factor Model ( FFM ). The following study is based on the results from 267 men followed as part of a longitudinal study of aging. ( Similar results were obtained with 201 women. ) Extraversion Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism E-I − 0.74 0.03 − 0.03 0.08 0.16 S-N 0.10 0.72 0.04 − 0.15 − 0.06 T-F 0.19 0.02 0.44 − 0.15 0.06 J-P 0.15 0.30 − 0.06 − 0.49 0.11 The closer the number is to 1.0 or − 1.0, the higher the degree of correlation. These results suggest that the four MBTI scales can be incorporated within the Big Five personality trait constructs, but that the MBTI lacks a measure for emotional stability dimension of the Big Five ( though the TDI, discussed above, has addressed that dimension ). Emotional stability ( or neuroticism ) is a predictor of depression and anxiety disorders. These correlations refer to the second letter shown, i.e., the table shows that I and P have negative correlations with extraversion and conscientiousness, respectively, while F and N have positive correlations with agreeableness and openness, respectively. These findings led McCrae and Costa to conclude that, `` correlational analyses showed that the four MBTI indices did measure aspects of four of the five major dimensions of normal personality. The five - factor model provides an alternative basis for interpreting MBTI findings within a broader, more commonly shared conceptual framework. '' However, `` there was no support for the view that the MBTI measures truly dichotomous preferences or qualitatively distinct types, instead, the instrument measures four relatively independent dimensions. '' Personality disorders ( edit ) One study found personality disorders as described by the DSM overall to correlate modestly with I, N, T, and P, although the associations varied significantly by disorder. The only two disorders with significant correlations of all four MBTI dimensions were schizotypal ( INTP ) and obsessive - compulsive personality disorder ( ISTJ ). Criticism ( edit ) The validity ( statistical validity and test validity ) of the MBTI as a psychometric instrument has been the subject of much criticism. It has been estimated that between a third and a half of the published material on the MBTI has been produced for the special conferences of the Center for the Application of Psychological Type ( which provide the training in the MBTI, and are funded by sales of the MBTI ) or as papers in the Journal of Psychological Type ( which is edited and supported by Myers -- Briggs advocates and by sales of the indicator ). It has been argued that this reflects a lack of critical scrutiny. Many of the studies that endorse MBTI are methodologically weak or unscientific. A 1996 review by Gardner and Martinko concluded : `` It is clear that efforts to detect simplistic linkages between type preferences and managerial effectiveness have been disappointing. Indeed, given the mixed quality of research and the inconsistent findings, no definitive conclusion regarding these relationships can be drawn. '' Psychometric specialist Robert Hogan wrote : `` Most personality psychologists regard the MBTI as little more than an elaborate Chinese fortune cookie... '' No evidence for dichotomies ( edit ) As described in the § Four dichotomies section, Isabel Myers considered the direction of the preference ( for example, E vs. I ) to be more important than the degree of the preference. Statistically, this would mean that scores on each MBTI scale would show a bimodal distribution with most people scoring near the ends of the scales, thus dividing people into either, e.g., an extroverted or an introverted psychological type. However, most studies have found that scores on the individual scales were actually distributed in a centrally peaked manner, similar to a normal distribution, indicating that the majority of people were actually in the middle of the scale and were thus neither clearly introverted nor extroverted. Most personality traits do show a normal distribution of scores from low to high, with about 15 % of people at the low end, about 15 % at the high end and the majority of people in the middle ranges. But in order for the MBTI to be scored, a cut - off line is used at the middle of each scale and all those scoring below the line are classified as a low type and those scoring above the line are given the opposite type. Thus, psychometric assessment research fails to support the concept of type, but rather shows that most people lie near the middle of a continuous curve. `` Although we do not conclude that the absence of bimodality necessarily proves that the MBTI developers ' theory - based assumption of categorical `` types '' of personality is invalid, the absence of empirical bimodality in IRT - based research of MBTI scores does indeed remove a potentially powerful line of evidence that was previously available to `` type '' advocates to cite in defense of their position. '' Validity and utility ( edit ) The content of the MBTI scales is problematic. In 1991, a National Academy of Sciences committee reviewed data from MBTI research studies and concluded that only the I-E scale has high correlations with comparable scales of other instruments and low correlations with instruments designed to assess different concepts, showing strong validity. In contrast, the S-N and T-F scales show relatively weak validity. The 1991 review committee concluded at the time there was `` not sufficient, well - designed research to justify the use of the MBTI in career counseling programs ''. This study based its measurement of validity on `` criterion - related validity ( i.e., does the MBTI predict specific outcomes related to interpersonal relations or career success / job performance? ). '' There is insufficient evidence to make claims about utility, particularly of the four letter type derived from a person 's responses to the MBTI items. Lack of objectivity ( edit ) The accuracy of the MBTI depends on honest self - reporting. Unlike some personality questionnaires, such as the 16PF Questionnaire, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or the Personality Assessment Inventory, the MBTI does not use validity scales to assess exaggerated or socially desirable responses. As a result, individuals motivated to do so can fake their responses, and one study found that the MBTI judgment / perception dimension correlates weakly with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire lie scale. If respondents `` fear they have something to lose, they may answer as they assume they should. '' However, the MBTI ethical guidelines state, `` It is unethical and in many cases illegal to require job applicants to take the Indicator if the results will be used to screen out applicants. '' The intent of the MBTI is to provide `` a framework for understanding individual differences, and... a dynamic model of individual development ''. Terminology ( edit ) The terminology of the MBTI has been criticized as being very `` vague and general '', so as to allow any kind of behavior to fit any personality type, which may result in the Forer effect, where people give a high rating to a positive description that supposedly applies specifically to them. Others argue that while the MBTI type descriptions are brief, they are also distinctive and precise. Some theorists, such as David Keirsey, have expanded on the MBTI descriptions, providing even greater detail. For instance, Keirsey 's descriptions of his four temperaments, which he correlated with the sixteen MBTI personality types, show how the temperaments differ in terms of language use, intellectual orientation, educational and vocational interests, social orientation, self - image, personal values, social roles, and characteristic hand gestures. Factor Analysis ( edit ) Researchers have reported that the JP and the SN scales correlate with one another. One factor - analytic study based on ( N = 1291 ) college - aged students found six different factors instead of the four purported dimensions, thereby raising doubts as to the construct validity of the MBTI. Correlates ( edit ) According to Hans Eysenck : `` The main dimension in the MBTI is called E-I, or extraversion - introversion ; this is mostly a sociability scale, correlating quite well with the MMPI social introversion scale ( negatively ) and the Eysenck Extraversion scale ( positively ). Unfortunately, the scale also has a loading on neuroticism, which correlates with the introverted end. Thus introversion correlates roughly ( i.e. averaging values for males and females ) -. 44 with dominance, -. 24 with aggression, +. 37 with abasement, +. 46 with counselling readiness, -. 52 with self - confidence, -. 36 with personal adjustment, and -. 45 with empathy. The failure of the scale to disentangle Introversion and Neuroticism ( there is no scale for neurotic and other psychopathological attributes in the MBTI ) is its worst feature, only equalled by the failure to use factor analysis in order to test the arrangement of items in the scale. '' Reliability ( edit ) The test - retest reliability of the MBTI tends to be low. Large numbers of people ( between 39 % and 76 % of respondents ) obtain different type classifications when retaking the indicator after only five weeks. In Fortune Magazine ( May 15, 2013 ), an article titled `` Have we all been duped by the Myers - Briggs Test '' stated : `` The interesting -- and somewhat alarming -- fact about the MBTI is that, despite its popularity, it has been subject to sustained criticism by professional psychologists for over three decades. One problem is that it displays what statisticians call low `` test - retest reliability. '' So if you retake the test after only a five - week gap, there 's around a 50 % chance that you will fall into a different personality category compared to the first time you took the test. A second criticism is that the MBTI mistakenly assumes that personality falls into mutually exclusive categories... The consequence is that the scores of two people labelled `` introverted '' and `` extroverted '' may be almost exactly the same, but they could be placed into different categories since they fall on either side of an imaginary dividing line. '' Within each dichotomy scale, as measured on Form G, about 83 % of categorizations remain the same when people are retested within nine months and around 75 % when retested after nine months. About 50 % of people re-administered the MBTI within nine months remain the same overall type and 36 % the same type after more than nine months. For Form M ( the most current form of the MBTI instrument ), the MBTI Manual reports that these scores are higher ( p. 163, Table 8.6 ). In one study, when people were asked to compare their preferred type to that assigned by the MBTI assessment, only half of people chose the same profile. It has been argued that criticisms regarding the MBTI mostly come down to questions regarding the validity of its origins, not questions regarding the validity of the MBTI 's usefulness. Others argue that the MBTI can be a reliable measurement of personality ; it just so happens that `` like all measures, the MBTI yields scores that are dependent on sample characteristics and testing conditions ''. Utility ( edit ) Isabel Myers claimed that the proportion of different personality types varied by choice of career or course of study. However, researchers examining the proportions of each type within varying professions report that the proportion of MBTI types within each occupation is close to that within a random sample of the population. Some researchers have expressed reservations about the relevance of type to job satisfaction, as well as concerns about the potential misuse of the instrument in labeling people. CPP became the exclusive publisher of the MBTI in 1975. They call it `` the world 's most widely used personality assessment '', with as many as two million assessments administered annually. CPP and other proponents state that the indicator meets or exceeds the reliability of other psychological instruments and cite reports of individual behavior. Although meta - analysis claim support for validity and reliability, studies suggest that the MBTI `` lacks convincing validity data '' and that it is pseudoscience. The MBTI is not a useful predictor of job performance. As noted above under Precepts and ethics, the MBTI measures preferences, not ability. The use of the MBTI as a predictor of job success is expressly discouraged in the Manual. However, the MBTI continues to be popular because many people lack psychometric sophistication, it is not difficult to understand, and there are many supporting books, websites and other sources which are readily available to the general public. See also ( edit ) Psychology portal Criticism Labeling theory Cold reading Barnum effect Aura ( paranormal ) Others Adjective Check List ( ACL ) Brain types DISC assessment Enneagram of Personality Riso -- Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator FIRO - B Forte Communication Style Profile The Highlands Ability Battery Holland Codes Humorism Interaction Styles Interpersonal compatibility Jungian Type Index List of tests § Personality tests Organizational culture § Kim Cameron and Robert Quinn Pearson - Marr Archetype Indicator ( PMAI ) Personality Assessment System Personality clash Personality psychology Revised NEO Personality Inventory Roger Birkman § The Birkman Method Socionics, a sister theory Strong Interest Inventory Thomas Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument Two - factor models of personality § Factors integrated into modern instruments ( CPI 260 ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Myers, Isabel Briggs with Peter B. Myers ( 1995 ) ( 1980 ). Gifts Differing : Understanding Personality Type. Mountain View, CA : Davies - Black Publishing. ISBN 0 - 89106 - 074 - X. ^ Jump up to : MBTI basics, The Myers - Briggs Foundation, 2014, Retrieved 18 June 2014. Jump up ^ Myers - Briggs Type Indicator ( MBTI ), CPP.com, Menlo Park, CA, 2014, Retrieved 18 June 2014. Jump up ^ Jung, Carl Gustav ( August 1, 1971 ). `` Psychological Types ''. Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Volume 6. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0 - 691 - 09770 - 4. Jump up ^ page 34 in Huber, Daniel ; Kaufmann, Heiner ; Steinmann, Martin ( 2017 ). `` The Missing Link : The Innovation Gap ''. Bridging the Innovation Gap. Management for Professionals. pp. 21 -- 41. doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 55498 - 3_3. ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 55497 - 6. Jump up ^ Pearman, Roger R. ; Albritton, Sarah C. ( 1997 ). I 'm Not Crazy, I 'm Just Not You ( 1st ed. ). Davies - Black. xiii. ISBN 0 - 89106 - 096 - 0. Jump up ^ Kaplan, R.M. ; Saccuzzo, D.P. ( 2009 ). Psychological Testing : Principles, Applications, and Issues ( 7 ed. ). Belmont, CA : Wadsworth. p. 502. ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 50636 - 2. ^ Jump up to : Pittenger, David J. ( November 1993 ). `` Measuring the MBTI... And Coming Up Short '' ( PDF ). Journal of Career Planning and Employment. 54 ( 1 ) : 48 -- 52. ^ Jump up to : Gardner, William L ; Martinko, Mark J ( 2016 ). `` Using the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator to Study Managers : A Literature Review and Research Agenda ''. Journal of Management. 22 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 83. doi : 10.1177 / 014920639602200103. ^ Jump up to : Boyle, Gregory J ( 1995 ). `` Myers - Briggs Type Indicator ( MBTI ) : Some Psychometric Limitations ''. Australian Psychologist. 30 ( 1 ) : 71 -- 4. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1742 - 9544.1995. tb01750. x. Jump up ^ McCrae, R. ; Costa, P. ( 1989 ). `` Reinterpreting the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator from the perspective of the five - factor model of personality ''. ^ Jump up to : `` The Story of Isabel Briggs Myers ''. Center for Applications of Psychological Type. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29. ^ Jump up to : `` The TYPE Writer : `` It Happened In 1943 : The Myers - Briggs Type Indicator Turns 60 Years Old '' '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 29. Jump up ^ `` Guide to the Isabel Briggs Myers Papers 1885 -- 1992 ''. University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries, Department of Special and Area Studies Collections, Gainesville, FL. 2003. Retrieved 2005 - 12 - 05. ^ Jump up to : Myers, Isabel Briggs ; McCaulley Mary H. ; Quenk, Naomi L. ; Hammer, Allen L. ( 1998 ). MBTI Manual ( A guide to the development and use of the Myers Briggs type indicator ) ( 3rd ed. ). Consulting Psychologists Press. ISBN 0 - 89106 - 130 - 4. ^ Jump up to : Carroll, Robert Todd ( January 9, 2004 ). `` Myers - Briggs Type Indicator - The Skeptic 's Dictionary ''. Retrieved 2004 - 01 - 08. Jump up ^ `` TypeLogic ''. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 14. ^ Jump up to : Myers, Isabel Briggs ; Mary H. McCaulley ( 1985 ). Manual : A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator ( 2nd ed. ). Palo Alto, California : Consulting Psychologists Press. ISBN 0 - 89106 - 027 - 8. ^ Jump up to : Eysenck, H.J. Genius : The Natural History of Creativity ( 1995 ed. ). p. 110. Jump up ^ Eysenck, H.J. Genius : The Natural History of Creativity ( 1995 ed. ). p. 179. Jump up ^ Zeisset, Carolyn ( 2006 ). The Art of Dialogue : Exploring Personality Differences for More Effective Communication. Gainesville, FL : Center for Applications of Psychological Type, Inc. p. 13. ISBN 0 - 935652 - 77 - 9. Jump up ^ Nettle, Dr. Daniel. `` Personality : A user guide ''. The Open University. Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 17. Jump up ^ Tieger, Paul D. ; Barbara Barron - Tieger ( 1999 ). The Art of SpeedReading People. New York, NY : Little, Brown and Company. p. 66. ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 84518 - 2. Jump up ^ `` Hierarchical Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2003 - 06 - 19. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 14. Jump up ^ Rebecca L. Oxford. Language learning motivation : pathways to the new century ( Google Book ). Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 27. Jump up ^ Briggs Myers, Isabel ; McCaulley, Mary H. ; Quenk, Naomi L. ; Hammer, Allen L. ; Mitchell, Wayne D. MBTI Step III Manual : Exploring Personality Development Using the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator Instrument p. 119. Consulting Psychologists Press ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Myers, Isabel Briggs ; McCaulley Mary H. ; Quenk, Naomi L. ; Hammer, Allen L. ( 1998 ). MBTI Manual ( A guide to the development and use of the Myers Briggs type indicator ) p. 131. Consulting Psychologists Press ; 3rd ed edition. ISBN 0 - 89106 - 130 - 4. Jump up ^ `` CAPT Step III ''. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 14. Jump up ^ Be Better with SkillsOne ® Jump up ^ International Test Commission ( 2010 ). 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Journal of Personality. 57 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 40. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 6494.1989. tb00759. x. PMID 2709300. Jump up ^ Costa, P.T., Jr. & McCrae, R.R. ( 1992 ). Revised NEO Personality Inventory ( NEO-PI - R ) and NEO Five - Factor Inventory ( NEO-FFI ) Manual. Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources. Jump up ^ Boyle, Gregory J ; Stankov, Lazar ; Cattell, Raymond B ( 1995 ). `` Measurement and Statistical Models in the Study of Personality and Intelligence ''. In Saklofske, Donald H. ; Zeidner, Moshe. International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence. pp. 417 -- 46. doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4757 - 5571 - 8_20. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 3239 - 6. Jump up ^ Boyle, G.J. ( 2008 ). Critique of Five - Factor Model ( FFM ). In G.J. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D.H. Saklofske. ( Eds. ), The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment : Vol. 1 - Personality Theories and Models. Los Angeles, CA : Sage. 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The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 68 ( 1 ) : 62 -- 71. doi : 10.1037 / h0043580. PMID 14105180. ^ Jump up to : Schuwirth, L ( 2004 ). `` What the educators are saying ''. BMJ. 328 ( 7450 ) : 1244. doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 328.7450. 1244. ^ Jump up to : Bess, T.L. & Harvey, R.J. ( 2001 ). `` Bimodal score distributions and the MBTI : Fact or artifact? ''. The Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego 2001. ^ Jump up to : Nowack, K. ( 1996 ). Is the Myers Briggs Type Indicator the Right Tool to Use? Performance in Practice, American Society of Training and Development, Fall 1996, 6 Jump up ^ Furnham, A ( 1990 ). `` Faking personality questionnaires : Fabricating different profiles for different purposes ''. Current Psychology. 9 : 46 -- 55. doi : 10.1007 / BF02686767. Jump up ^ Francis, Leslie J ; Jones, Susan H ( 2000 ). `` The Relationship Between the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Among Adult Churchgoers ''. Pastoral Psychology. 48 ( 5 ) : 377 -- 83. doi : 10.1023 / A : 1022036504232. Jump up ^ `` MBTI Type at Work ''. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Forer effect from the Skeptic 's Dictionary ''. ^ Jump up to : Keirsey, David ( 1998 ). Please Understand Me II : Temperament, Character, Intelligence. Del Mar, CA : Prometheus Nemesis Book Company. ISBN 1 - 885705 - 02 - 6. Jump up ^ Sipps, Gary J ; Alexander, Ralph A ; Friedt, Larry ( 2016 ). `` Item Analysis of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator ''. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 45 ( 4 ) : 789 -- 96. doi : 10.1177 / 0013164485454009. Jump up ^ Eysenck, H.J., & Eysenck, M.W. ( 1985 ). Personality and Individual Differences. New York : Plenum. Jump up ^ Grant, Adam ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ). `` Say Goodbye to MBTI, the Fad That Wo n't Die ''. LinkedIn. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29. Jump up ^ Krznaric, Roman ( May 15, 2013 ). `` Have we all been duped by the Myers - Briggs test? ''. Fortune Magazine. Jump up ^ Harvey, RJ ( 1996 ). `` Reliability and Validity ''. In Hammer, A.L. MBTI Applications : A Decade of Research on the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator. Palo Alto, California : Consulting Psychologists Press. pp. 5 -- 29. ISBN 978 - 0 - 89106 - 094 - 9. Jump up ^ Carskadon, TG & Cook, DD ( 1982 ). `` Validity of MBTI descriptions as perceived by recipients unfamiliar with type ''. Research in Psychological Type. 5 : 89 -- 94. Jump up ^ Dawes, Robyn ( 2004 ). `` Time for a critical empirical investigation of the MBTI : Case and Phillipson are right to highlight the pre-scientific roots of the MBTI, but they fail to separate the issue of the validity or usefulness of the MBTI from the issue of the validity of its origins. ( Myers - Briggs Type Indicator ) ''. European Business Forum ( 18 ). Jump up ^ Capraro, Robert ; Margaret Capraro ( 2002 ). `` Myers - Briggs Type Indicator Score Reliability across Studies : A meta - analytic reliability generalization study ''. Educational and Psychological Measurement ( 62 ) : 590 -- 602. Jump up ^ Druckman, D. ; R.A. Bjork, eds. ( 1992 ). In the Mind 's Eye : Enhancing Human Performance. Washington, DC : National Academy Press. ISBN 0 - 309 - 04747 - 1. Jump up ^ `` CPP Products ''. Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20. Jump up ^ Schaubhut, Nancy A. ; Nicole A. Herk ; Richard C. Thompson ( 2009 ). `` MBTI Form M Manual Supplement '' ( PDF ). CPP. p. 17. Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08. Jump up ^ Barron - Tieger, Barbara ; Tieger, Paul D. ( 1995 ). Do what you are : discover the perfect career for you through the secrets of personality type. Boston : Little, Brown. ISBN 0 - 316 - 84522 - 1. Jump up ^ Thompson, Bruce ; Borrello, Gloria M ( 2016 ). `` Construct Validity of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator ''. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 46 ( 3 ) : 745 -- 52. doi : 10.1177 / 0013164486463032. Jump up ^ Capraro, Robert M ; Capraro, Mary Margaret ( 2016 ). `` Myers - Briggs Type Indicator Score Reliability Across : Studies a Meta - Analytic Reliability Generalization Study ''. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 62 ( 4 ) : 590 -- 602. doi : 10.1177 / 0013164402062004004. Jump up ^ Hunsley J, Lee CM, Wood JM ( 2004 ). `` Controversial and questionable assessment techniques ''. In Lilienfeld SO, Lohr JM, Lynn SJ. Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology. Guilford. pp. 39 -- 76. ISBN 1 - 59385 - 070 - 0. Jump up ^ Kline, Paul, The Handbook of Psychological Testing, Psychology Press, 2000, ISBN 0 - 415 - 21158 - 1, ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 21158 - 1 Jump up ^ Letters to the Editor : It 's Not You, It 's Your Personality. '' ( 1992, February 3 ). Wall Street Journal ( Eastern Edition ), p. PAGE A13. Retrieved November 8, 2008, from Wall Street Journal database. ( Document ID : 27836749 ). Jump up ^ Lok, Corie ( 2012 ). `` Career development : What 's your type? ''. Nature. 488 ( 7412 ) : 545 -- 7. doi : 10.1038 / nj7412 - 545a. PMID 22919707. Jump up ^ Moshenkov, Sergei ; Wing, Tung Tang ( 2010 ). MBTI and Socionics : Legacy of Dr. Carl Jung. CreateSpace. p. 216. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4528 - 3564 - 8. References and further reading ( edit ) Hunsley, J. ; Lee, C.M. ; and Wood, J.M. ( 2004 ). Controversial and questionable assessment techniques. Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology, Lilienfeld SO, Lohr JM, Lynn SJ ( eds. ). Guilford, ISBN 1 - 59385 - 070 - 0 Bess, T.L. ; and Harvey, R.J. ( 2001, April ). Bimodal score distributions and the MBTI : Fact or artifact? Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego. Bess, T.L. ; Harvey, R.J. ; and Swartz, D. ( 2003 ). Hierarchical Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Orlando. Bourne, Dana ( 2005 ). Personality Types and the Transgender Community. Retrieved November 14, 2005 Falt, Jack. Bibliography of MBTI / Temperament Books by Author. Retrieved December 20, 2004 Georgia State University. GSU Master Teacher Program : On Learning Styles. Retrieved December 20, 2004. Jung, Carl Gustav ( 1965 ). Memories, Dreams, Reflections. Vintage Books : New York, 1965. p. 207 Jung, C.G. ( 1971 ). Psychological types ( Collected works of C.G. Jung, volume 6 ). ( 3rd ed. ). Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press. First appeared in German in 1921. ISBN 0 - 691 - 09770 - 4 Krauskopf, Charles J. and Saunders, David R. ( 1994 ) Personality and Ability : The Personality Assessment System. Maryland : University Press of America. ISBN 0 - 8191 - 9282 - 1 Schuwirth, L ( 2004 ). `` What the educators are saying ''. BMJ. 328 ( 7450 ) : 1244. doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 328.7450. 1244. Myers, Isabel Briggs ( 1980 ). Gifts Differing : Understanding Personality Type. Davies - Black Publishing ; Reprint edition ( May 1, 1995 ). ISBN 0 - 89106 - 074 - X Myers, Isabel Briggs, Mary H. McCaulley, Naomi Quenk, and Allan Hammer. ( 1998 ) MBTI Handbook : A Guide to the development and use of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator Consulting Psychologists Press, 3rd edition. ISBN 0 - 89106 - 130 - 4 Pearman, R. ; Lombardo, M. ; and Eichinger, R. ( 2005 ). YOU : Being More Effective In Your MBTI Type. Minn. : Lominger International, Inc. Pearman, R. ; and Albritton, S. ( 1996 ). I 'm Not Crazy, I 'm Just Not You : The Real Meaning of the Sixteen Personality Types. Mountain View, Ca : Davies - Black Publishing. ISBN 978 - 1 - 85788 - 470 - 8 Saunders, D. ( 1989 ). Type Differentiation Indicator Manual : A scoring system for Form J of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator. Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc. Skeptics Dictionary. `` Myers - Briggs Type Indicator '' ( 2 ) Wicklein, Robert C ; Rojewski, Jay W ( 1995 ). `` The Relationship Between Psychological Type and Professional Orientation Among Technology Education Teachers ''. Journal of Technology Education. 7 ( 1 ). doi : 10.21061 / jte. v7i1. a. 5. Long, Thomas G ( 2016 ). `` Myers - Briggs and Other Modern Astrologies ''. Theology Today. 49 ( 3 ) : 291 -- 5. doi : 10.1177 / 004057369204900301. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Myers -- Briggs Type Indicator. Wikiquote has quotations related to : Psychological Type Myers & Briggs Foundation Why the Myers - Briggs test is totally meaningless Why the Myers - Briggs test is totally meaningless on YouTube ( hide ) Myers -- Briggs Type Indicator INFP INFJ INTJ ISFJ INTP ISTJ ISTP ISFP ENFP ENFJ ENTJ ESFP ENTP ESTJ ESFJ ESTP Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myers -- Briggs_Type_Indicator&oldid = 827027534 '' Categories : Jungian tradition Personality typologies MBTI types Personality tests Carl Jung Pseudoscience Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2017 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Citation overkill Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from February 2018 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018, at 10 : 11. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "her class from Swarthmore College in 1919 and wrote a mystery novel, Murder Yet to Come, in 1929 using typological ideas ( which won the National Detective Murder Mystery Contest that year ). However, neither Myers nor Briggs was formally educated in the discipline of psychology, and both were self - taught in the field of psychometric testing. Myers therefore apprenticed herself to Edward N. Hay, who was then personnel manager for a large Philadelphia bank and who went on to start one of the first successful personnel consulting firms in the United States. From Hay, Myers learned rudimentary test construction, scoring, validation, and statistical methods. Briggs and Myers began creating the indicator during World War II in the belief that a knowledge of personality preferences would help women who were entering the industrial workforce for the first time to identify the sort of war - time jobs that would be `` most comfortable and effective '' for them. The Briggs Myers Type Indicator Handbook was published in 1944. The indicator changed its name to `` Myers -- Briggs Type Indicator '' in 1956. Myers ' work attracted the attention of Henry Chauncey, head of the Educational Testing Service. Under these auspices, the first MBTI Manual was published in 1962. The MBTI received further support from Donald W. MacKinnon, head of the Institute of Personality and Social Research at the University of California, Berkeley ; W." ], "id": [ "12075783214531075624" ], "short_answers": [ "during World War II" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Rugby World Cup - wikipedia Rugby World Cup Jump to : navigation, search `` RWC '' redirects here. For other uses, see RWC ( disambiguation ). This article is about the rugby union tournament. For the rugby league tournament, see Rugby League World Cup. Rugby World Cup The Webb Ellis Cup is awarded to the winner of the Rugby World Cup Sport Rugby union Instituted Number of teams 20 Regions Worldwide ( World Rugby ) Holders New Zealand ( 2015 ) Most titles New Zealand ( 3 titles ) Website www.rugbyworldcup.com The opening ceremony of the 2007 tournament Tournaments 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 The Rugby World Cup is a men 's rugby union tournament contested every four years between the top international teams. The tournament was first held in 1987, when the tournament was co-hosted by New Zealand and Australia. New Zealand are the current champions, having defeated Australia in the final of the 2015 tournament in England. The winners are awarded the William Webb Ellis Cup, named after William Webb Ellis, the Rugby School pupil who -- according to a popular legend -- invented rugby by picking up the ball during a football game. Four countries have won the trophy ; New Zealand have won it three times, two teams have won twice, Australia and South Africa, while England have won it once. The tournament is administered by World Rugby, the sport 's international governing body. Sixteen teams were invited to participate in the inaugural tournament in 1987, however since 1999 twenty teams have taken part. Japan will host the next event in 2019 and France will host in 2023. Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Qualification 1.2 Tournament 2 History 3 Trophy 4 Selection of hosts 5 Tournament growth 5.1 Media coverage 5.2 Attendance 5.3 Revenue 6 Results 6.1 Tournaments 6.2 Performance of nations 6.3 Team records 7 Records and statistics 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Printed sources 9.2 Notes 9.3 Citations 10 External links Format Qualification Main article : Rugby World Cup qualification Qualifying tournaments were introduced for the second tournament, where eight of the sixteen places were contested in a twenty - four - nation tournament. The inaugural World Cup in 1987, did not involve any qualifying process ; instead, the 16 places were automatically filled by seven eligible International Rugby Football Board ( IRFB, now World Rugby ) member nations, and the rest by invitation. In 2003 and 2007, the qualifying format allowed for eight of the twenty available positions to be filled by automatic qualification, as the eight quarter finalists of the previous tournament enter its successor. The remaining twelve positions were filled by continental qualifying tournaments. Positions were filled by three teams from the Americas, one from Asia, one from Africa, three from Europe and two from Oceania. Another two places were allocated for repechage. The first repechage place was determined by a match between the runners - up from the Africa and Europe qualifying tournaments, with that winner then playing the Americas runner - up to determine the place. The second repechage position was determined between the runners - up from the Asia and Oceania qualifiers. The current format allows for 12 of the 20 available positions to be filled by automatic qualification, as the teams who finish third or better in the group ( pool ) stages of the previous tournament enter its successor ( where they will be seeded ). The qualification system for the remaining eight places is region - based, with a total eight teams allocated for Europe, five for Oceania, three for the Americas, two for Africa, and one for Asia. The last place is determined by an intercontinental play - off. Tournament The 2015 tournament involved twenty nations competing over six weeks. There were two stages, a pool and a knockout. Nations were divided into four pools, A through to D, of five nations each. The teams were seeded before the start of the tournament, with the seedings taken from the World Rankings in December 2012. The four highest - ranked teams were drawn into pools A to D. The next four highest - ranked teams were then drawn into pools A to D, followed by the next four. The remaining positions in each pool were filled by the qualifiers. Nations play four pool games, playing their respective pool members once each. A bonus points system is used during pool play. If two or more teams are level on points, a system of criteria is used to determine the higher ranked ; the sixth and final criterion decides the higher rank through the official World Rankings. The winner and runner - up of each pool enter the knockout stage. The knockout stage consists of quarter - and semi-finals, and then the final. The winner of each pool is placed against a runner - up of a different pool in a quarter - final. The winner of each quarter - final goes on to the semi-finals, and the respective winners proceed to the final. Losers of the semi-finals contest for third place, called the ' Bronze Final '. If a match in the knockout stages ends in a draw, the winner is determined through extra time. If that fails, the match goes into sudden death and the next team to score any points is the winner. As a last resort, a kicking competition is used. History Main article : History of the Rugby World Cup A scrum between Samoa ( in blue ) and Wales ( in red ) during the 2011 World Cup Prior to the Rugby World Cup, there was no truly global rugby union competition, but there were a number of other tournaments. One of the oldest is the annual Six Nations Championship, which started in 1883 as the Home Nations Championship, a tournament between England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. It expanded to the Five Nations in 1910, when France joined the tournament. France did not participate from 1931 to 1939, during which period it reverted to a Home Nations championship. In 2000, Italy joined the competition, which became the Six Nations. Rugby union was also played at the Summer Olympic Games, first appearing at the 1900 Paris games and subsequently at London in 1908, Antwerp in 1920, and Paris again in 1924. France won the first gold medal, then Australasia, with the last two being won by the United States. However rugby union ceased to be on Olympic program after 1924. The idea of a Rugby World Cup had been suggested on numerous occasions going back to the 1950s, but met with opposition from most unions in the IRFB. The idea resurfaced several times in the early 1980s, with the Australian Rugby Union ( ARU ) in 1983, and the New Zealand Rugby Union ( NZRU ) in 1984 independently proposing the establishment of a world cup. A proposal was again put to the IRFB in 1985 and this time successfully passed 10 -- 6. The delegates from Australia, France, New Zealand and South Africa all voted for the proposal, and the delegates from Ireland and Scotland against ; the English and Welsh delegates were split, with one from each country for and one against. The inaugural tournament, jointly hosted by Australia and New Zealand, was held in May and June 1987, with sixteen nations taking part. New Zealand became the first ever champions, defeating France 29 -- 9 in the final. The subsequent 1991 tournament was hosted by England, with matches played throughout Britain, Ireland and France. This tournament saw the introduction of a qualifying tournament ; eight places were allocated to the quarter - finalists from 1987, and the remaining eight decided by a thirty - five nation qualifying tournament. Australia won the second tournament, defeating England 12 -- 6 in the final. In 1992, eight years after their last official series, South Africa hosted New Zealand in a one - off test match. The resumption of international rugby in South Africa came after the dismantling of the apartheid system, and was only done with permission of the African National Congress. With their return to test rugby, South Africa were selected to host the 1995 Rugby World Cup. After upsetting Australia in the opening match, South Africa continued to advance through the tournament until they met New Zealand in the final. After a tense final that went into extra time, South Africa emerged 15 -- 12 winners, with then President Nelson Mandela, wearing a Springbok jersey, presenting the trophy to South Africa 's captain, Francois Pienaar. The tournament in 1999 was hosted by Wales with matches also being held throughout the rest of the United Kingdom, Ireland and France. The tournament included a repechage system, alongside specific regional qualifying places, and an increase from sixteen to twenty participating nations. Australia claimed their second title, defeating France in the final. The 2003 event was hosted by Australia, although it was originally intended to be held jointly with New Zealand. England emerged as champions defeating Australia in extra time. England 's win was unique in that it broke the southern hemisphere 's dominance in the event. Such was the celebration of England 's victory, that an estimated 750,000 people gathered in central London to greet the team, making the day the largest sporting celebration of its kind ever in the United Kingdom. The 2007 competition was hosted by France, with matches also being held in Wales and Scotland. South Africa claimed their second title by defeating defending champions England 15 -- 6. The 2011 tournament was awarded to New Zealand in November 2005, ahead of bids from Japan and South Africa. The All Blacks reclaimed their place atop the rugby world with a narrow 8 -- 7 win over France in the 2011 final. In the 2015 edition of tournament, hosted by England, New Zealand once again won the final, this time against established rivals, Australia. In doing so, they became the first team in World Cup history to win three titles, as well as the first to successfully defend a title. It was also New Zealand 's first title victory on foreign soil. Trophy Main article : Webb Ellis Cup The Webb Ellis Cup is the prize presented to winners of the Rugby World Cup, named after William Webb Ellis. The trophy is also referred to simply as the Rugby World Cup. The trophy was chosen in 1987 as an appropriate cup for use in the competition, and was created in 1906 by Garrard 's Crown Jewellers. The trophy is restored after each game by fellow Royal Warrant holder Thomas Lyte. The words ' The International Rugby Football Board ' and ' The Webb Ellis Cup ' are engraved on the face of the cup. It stands thirty - eight centimetres high and is silver gilded in gold, and supported by two cast scroll handles, one with the head of a satyr, and the other a head of a nymph. In Australia the trophy is colloquially known as `` Bill '' -- a reference to William Webb Ellis. Selection of hosts Main article : Rugby World Cup hosts Tournaments are organised by Rugby World Cup Ltd ( RWCL ), which is itself owned by World Rugby. The selection of host is decided by a vote of World Rugby Council members. The voting procedure is managed by a team of independent auditors, and the voting kept secret. The allocation of a tournament to a host nation is now made five or six years prior to the commencement of the event, for example New Zealand were awarded the 2011 event in late 2005. The tournament has been hosted by multiple nations. For example, the 1987 tournament was co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand. World Rugby requires that the hosts must have a venue with a capacity of at least 60,000 spectators for the final. Host nations sometimes construct or upgrade stadia in preparation for the World Cup, such as Millennium Stadium -- purpose built for the 1999 tournament -- and Eden Park, upgraded for 2011. The first country outside of the traditional rugby nations of SANZAAR or the Six Nations to be awarded the hosting rights was Japan, who will host the 2019 tournament. France will host the 2023 tournament. Tournament growth Media coverage Organizers of the Rugby World Cup, as well as the Global Sports Impact, state that the Rugby World Cup is the third largest sporting event in the World, behind only the FIFA World Cup and the Olympics, although other sources question whether this is accurate. Reports emanating from World Rugby and its business partners have frequently touted the tournament 's media growth, with cumulative worldwide television audiences of 300 million for the inaugural 1987 tournament, 1.75 billion in 1991, 2.67 billion in 1995, 3 billion in 1999, 3.5 billion in 2003, and 4 billion in 2007. The 4 billion figure was widely dismissed as the global audience for television is estimated to be about 4.2 billion. However, independent reviews have called into question the methodology of those growth estimates, pointing to factual inconsistencies. The event 's supposed drawing power outside of a handful of rugby strongholds was also downplayed significantly, with an estimated 97 percent of the 33 million average audience produced by the 2007 final coming from Australasia, South Africa, the British Isles and France. Other sports have been accused of exaggerating their television reach over the years ; such claims are not exclusive to the Rugby World Cup. While the event 's global popularity remains a matter of dispute, high interest in traditional rugby nations is well documented. The 2003 final, between Australia and England, became the most watched rugby union match in the history of Australian television. Attendance See also : List of sports attendance figures Attendance figures Year Host ( s ) Total attendance Matches Avg attendance % change in avg att. Stadium capacity Attendance as % of capacity Australia New Zealand 604,500 32 20,156 -- 1,006,350 60 % 1991 England Wales France Ireland Scotland 1,007,760 32 31,493 + 56 % 1,212,800 79 % 1995 South Africa 1,100,000 32 34,375 + 9 % 1,423,850 77 % 1999 Wales 1,750,000 41 42,683 + 24 % 2,104,500 83 % 2003 Australia 1,837,547 48 38,282 -- 10 % 2,208,529 83 % 2007 France 2,263,223 48 47,150 + 23 % 2,470,660 92 % 2011 New Zealand 1,477,294 48 30,777 -- 35 % 1,732,000 85 % 2015 England 2,477,805 48 51,621 + 68 % 2,600,741 95 % 2019 Japan To be determined 48 To be determined Revenue Revenue for Rugby World Cup tournaments Source 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Gate receipts ( M £ ) -- -- 15 55 81 147 131 - Broadcasting ( M £ ) -- -- 19 44 60 82 93 - Sponsorship ( M £ ) -- -- 8 18 16 28 29 - Notes : The host union keeps revenue from gate receipts. World Rugby, through RWCL, receive revenue from sources including broadcasting rights, sponsorship and tournament fees. Results Tournaments Year Host ( s ) Final Bronze Final Number of teams Winner Score Runner - up 3rd place Score 4th place Australia & New Zealand New Zealand 29 -- 9 France Wales 22 -- 21 Australia 16 1991 Europe Australia 12 -- 6 England New Zealand 13 -- 6 Scotland 16 1995 South Africa South Africa 15 -- 12 ( aet ) New Zealand France 19 -- 9 England 16 1999 Wales Australia 35 -- 12 France South Africa 22 -- 18 New Zealand 20 2003 Australia England 20 -- 17 ( aet ) Australia New Zealand 40 -- 13 France 20 2007 France South Africa 15 -- 6 England Argentina 34 -- 10 France 20 2011 New Zealand New Zealand 8 -- 7 France Australia 21 -- 18 Wales 20 2015 England New Zealand 34 -- 17 Australia South Africa 24 -- 13 Argentina 20 2019 Japan To be determined To be determined 20 2023 France Performance of nations Map of nations ' best results ( excluding qualifying tournaments ). See also : National team appearances in the Rugby World Cup Twenty - five nations have participated at the Rugby World Cup ( excluding qualifying tournaments ). Of the eight tournaments that have been held, all but one have been won by a national team from the southern hemisphere. The southern hemisphere 's dominance has been broken only in 2003, when England beat Australia in the final. Thus far the only nations to host and win a tournament are New Zealand ( 1987 and 2011 ) and South Africa ( 1995 ). The performance of other host nations includes England ( 1991 final hosts ) and Australia ( 2003 hosts ) finishing runners - up. France ( 2007 hosts ) finished fourth, while Wales ( 1999 hosts ) failed to reach the semi-finals. Wales became the first host nation to be eliminated at the pool stages in 1991, while, England became the first solo host nation to be eliminated at the pool stages in 2015. Of the twenty - five nations that have ever participated in at least one tournament, twelve of them have never missed a tournament. Team records Team Champions Runners - up Third Fourth Quarter - finals Top 8 Apps New Zealand 3 ( 1987, 2011, 2015 ) 1 ( 1995 ) 2 ( 1991, 2003 ) 1 ( 1999 ) 1 ( 2007 ) 8 Australia 2 ( 1991, 1999 ) 2 ( 2003, 2015 ) 1 ( 2011 ) 1 ( 1987 ) 2 ( 1995, 2007 ) 8 South Africa 2 ( 1995, 2007 ) -- 2 ( 1999, 2015 ) -- 2 ( 2003, 2011 ) 6 England 1 ( 2003 ) 2 ( 1991, 2007 ) -- 1 ( 1995 ) 3 ( 1987, 1999, 2011 ) 7 France -- 3 ( 1987, 1999, 2011 ) 1 ( 1995 ) 2 ( 2003, 2007 ) 2 ( 1991, 2015 ) 8 Wales -- -- 1 ( 1987 ) 1 ( 2011 ) 3 ( 1999, 2003, 2015 ) 5 Argentina -- -- 1 ( 2007 ) 1 ( 2015 ) 2 ( 1999, 2011 ) Scotland -- -- -- 1 ( 1991 ) 6 ( details ) 7 Ireland -- -- -- -- 6 ( details ) 6 Fiji -- -- -- -- 2 ( 1987, 2007 ) Samoa -- -- -- -- 2 ( 1991, 1995 ) Canada -- -- -- -- 1 ( 1991 ) Records and Statistics Gavin Hastings is one of four players to have kicked a record eight penalties in a single World Cup match. Main articles : Records and statistics of the Rugby World Cup, Rugby World Cup try scorers, and List of Rugby World Cup hat - tricks The record for most points overall is held by English player Jonny Wilkinson, who scored 277 over his World Cup career. Grant Fox of New Zealand holds the record for most points in one competition, with 126 in 1987 ; Jason Leonard of England holds the record for most World Cup matches : 22 between 1991 and 2003. Simon Culhane holds the record for most points in a match by one player, 45, as well as the record for most conversions in a match, 20. Marc Ellis holds the record for most tries in a match, six, which he scored against Japan in 1995. All Black Jonah Lomu is the youngest player to appear in a final -- aged 20 years and 43 days at the 1995 Final. Lomu shares 2 records with South African Bryan Habana. Most tries in a tournament ( 8 ) : Lomu in 1999 and Habana in 2007 and total world cup tournament tries, both scored 15. The record for most penalties in a match is 8, held by Matt Burke, Gonzalo Quesada, Gavin Hastings and Thierry Lacroix, and the record for most penalties in a tournament, 31, is held by Gonzalo Quesada. South Africa 's Jannie de Beer kicked five drop - goals against England in 1999 -- an individual record for a single World Cup match. The most points scored in a game is 145 -- by the All Blacks against Japan in 1995, while the widest winning margin is 142, held by Australia in a match against Namibia in 2003. A total of 16 players have been sent off ( red carded ) in the tournament. Welsh lock Huw Richards was the first, while playing against New Zealand in 1987. No player has been red carded more than once. See also Rugby union portal Women 's Rugby World Cup Rugby World Cup Sevens References Printed sources Collins, Tony ( 2008 ). `` ' The First Principle of Our Game ' : The rise and fall of amateurism : 1886 -- 1995 ''. In Ryan, Greg. The Changing Face of Rugby : The Union Game and Professionalism since 1995. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 1 - 84718 - 530 - 4. Davies, Gerald ( 2004 ). The History of the Rugby World Cup Sanctuary Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1 - 86074 - 602 - 0. Farr - Jones, Nick, ( 2003 ). Story of the Rugby World Cup, Australian Post Corporation. ISBN 0 - 642 - 36811 - 2. Harding, Grant ; Williams, David ( 2000 ). The Toughest of Them All : New Zealand and South Africa : The Struggle for Rugby Supremacy. Auckland, New Zealand : Penguin Books. ISBN 0 - 14 - 029577 - 1. Martin, Gerard John ( 2005 ). The Game is not the Same -- a History of Professional Rugby in New Zealand ( Thesis ). Auckland University of Technology. Peatey, Lance ( 2011 ). In Pursuit of Bill : A Complete History of the Rugby World Cup. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978 - 1 - 74257 - 191 - 1. Phillpots, Kyle ( 2000 ). The Professionalisation of Rugby Union ( Thesis ). University of Warwick. Williams, Peter ( 2002 ). `` Battle Lines on Three Fronts : The RFU and the Lost War Against Professionalism ''. The International Journal of the History of Sport. Routledge. 19 ( 4 ) : 114 -- 136. doi : 10.1080 / 714001793. Notes Jump up ^ However an exhibition tournament did take place at the 1936 Games. Rugby will be reintroduced to the Olympics in 2016, but as men 's and women 's seven - a-side rugby ( Rugby Sevens ). Jump up ^ Against England in 1984. Jump up ^ Argentina, Australia, Canada, England, France, Ireland, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Romania, Scotland and Wales are the nations that have never missed a tournament, playing in all seven thus far. South Africa has played in all five in the post-apartheid era. Citations ^ Jump up to : Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 59. Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 34. ^ Jump up to : `` Doin ' it the Hard Way ''. Rugby News. 38 ( 9 ). 2007. p. 26. ^ Jump up to : `` Doin ' it the Hard Way ''. Rugby News. 38 ( 9 ). 2007. p. 27. Jump up ^ `` Rankings to determine RWC pools ''. BBC News. 22 February 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` AB boost as World Cup seedings confirmed ''. stuff.co.nz. NZPA. 22 February 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2013. Jump up ^ `` Caribbean kick off for RWC 2011 qualifying ''. irb.com. 3 April 2008. Archived from the original on 5 September 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Fixtures ''. World Rugby. Archived from the original on 15 August 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Tournament Rules ''. World Rugby. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` 2015 Rugby World Cup seedings take shape ''. tvnz.co.nz. AAP. 20 November 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2014. Jump up ^ `` A brief history of the Six Nations rugby tournament ''. 6 Nations Rugby. Archived from the original on 8 November 2007. Retrieved 31 October 2007. ^ Jump up to : `` History of Rugby in the Olympics ''. World Rugby. 9 November 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2015. Jump up ^ Richards, Huw ( 26 July 2012 ). `` Rugby and the Olympics ''. ESPN. Retrieved 13 April 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` The History of RWC ''. worldcupweb.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2006. Retrieved 25 April 2006. ^ Jump up to : Collins ( 2008 ), p. 13. Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 31. Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 42. Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 77. ^ Jump up to : Harding ( 2000 ), p. 137 Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 78. Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 82. Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 87. ^ Jump up to : Harding ( 2000 ), pp. 159 -- 160 Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 99. Jump up ^ Harding ( 2000 ), p. 168 Jump up ^ `` England honours World Cup stars ''. bbc.co.uk. 2003 - 12 - 09. Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 03. Jump up ^ `` Second World Cup exists, Snedden confirms ''. New Zealand Herald. 18 August 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2013. Jump up ^ Quinn, Keith ( 30 August 2011 ). `` Keith Quinn : Back - history of RWC -- part three ''. TVNZ. Retrieved 13 February 2013. Jump up ^ `` Friday Boss : Kevin Baker of silversmiths Thomas Lyte ''. BBC News. Jump up ^ `` Thomas Lyte ''. royalwarrant.org. Jump up ^ `` The History of the Webb Ellis Cup ''. Sky Sport New Zealand. Retrieved 13 February 2013. Jump up ^ `` Official Website of the Rugby World Cup ''. rugbyworldcup.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2007. Jump up ^ `` England awarded 2015 Rugby World Cup ''. ABC News Australia. AFP. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` New Zealand came close to losing Rugby World Cup 2011 ''. Rugby Week. 12 December 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2013. Jump up ^ `` Millennium Stadium, Cardiff ''. Virtual Tourist. Retrieved 23 February 2007. Jump up ^ `` Rugby World Cup 2015 Official Hospitality ''. RWC Ltd. Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 07. Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 04. Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/sport/30326825 Jump up ^ `` Rugby World Cup : Logic debunks outrageous numbers game ''. New Zealand Herald. 2011 - 10 - 23. ISSN 1170 - 0777. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03. Jump up ^ `` Rugby World Cup 2003 ''. sevencorporate.com.au. Archived from the original on April 15, 2006. Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 25. Jump up ^ `` Visa International Renews Rugby World Cup Partnership ''. corporate.visa.com. Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 27. Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 25. Jump up ^ `` Potential Impact of the Rugby World Cup on a Host Nation '' ( PDF ). Deloitte & Touche. 2008. p. 5. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014. Jump up ^ `` Digital Divide : Global Household Penetration Rates for Technology ''. VRWorld. Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01. Jump up ^ Nippert, Matt ( 2010 - 05 - 02 ). `` Filling the Cup -- cost $500 m and climbing ''. New Zealand Herald. APN New Zealand. Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 02. Jump up ^ Burgess, Michael ( 2011 - 10 - 23 ). `` Logic debunks outrageous numbers game ''. New Zealand Herald. APN New Zealand. Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 02. Jump up ^ Derriman, Phillip ( 2006 - 07 - 01 ). `` Rivals must assess impact of Cup fever ''. Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax. Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 01. ^ Jump up to : International Rugby Board Year in Review 2012. International Rugby Board. p. 62. Retrieved 21 July 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Only the Strong Survive ''. Rugby News. 38 ( 9 ). 2007. pp. 32 -- 33. ^ Jump up to : Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 243. ^ Jump up to : `` All Time RWC Statistics ''. International Rugby Board. Archived from the original on 2 December 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014. ^ Jump up to : Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 244. ^ Jump up to : Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 245. Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 242. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rugby World Cup. Wikinews has related news : Rugby World Cup Rugby World Cup -- official site World Rugby Rugby World Cup Tournaments Australia / New Zealand 1987 England / France / Ireland / Scotland / Wales 1991 South Africa 1995 Wales 1999 Australia 2003 France 2007 New Zealand 2011 England 2015 Japan 2019 France 2023 2027 2031 Qualifying 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2019 Finals 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2019 Squads 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Overview History Hosts Qualification Final Trophy Theme song Statistics Records and statistics Hat - tricks Try scorers Red cards Team appearances Overall record Rugby World Cup winners 1987 : New Zealand 1991 : Australia 1995 : South Africa 1999 : Australia 2003 : England 2007 : South Africa 2011 : New Zealand 2015 : New Zealand International rugby union competitions World Rugby Africa Asia Europe North America South America Oceania Worldwide Men World Cup World Cup Sevens Sevens Series U20 World Championship U20 Trophy Women World Cup World Cup Sevens Sevens Series Multi-sport events Olympic Games ( 7s ) Asian Games Commonwealth Games ( 7s ) Pacific Games Pan American Games Intercontinental Nations Cup Women 's Nations Cup Pacific Nations Cup Pacific Rugby Challenge The Rugby Championship Continental Africa Africa Cup African Development Trophy North African Tri Nations Rugby Africa Sevens African Rugby Under - 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "Runner - up 3rd place Score 4th place Australia & New Zealand New Zealand 29 -- 9 France Wales 22 -- 21 Australia 16 1991 Europe Australia 12 -- 6 England New Zealand 13 -- 6 Scotland 16 1995 South Africa South Africa 15 -- 12 ( aet ) New Zealand France 19 -- 9 England 16 1999 Wales Australia 35 -- 12 France South Africa 22 -- 18 New Zealand 20 2003 Australia England 20 -- 17 ( aet ) Australia New Zealand 40 -- 13 France 20 2007 France South Africa 15 -- 6 England Argentina 34 -- 10 France 20 2011 New Zealand New Zealand 8 -- 7 France Australia 21" ], "id": [ "11026652942723086642" ], "short_answers": [ "1999" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations - wikipedia Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations Current Commonwealth members ( dark blue ), current suspended members ( green ), former members ( orange ), and British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies ( light blue ) The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of 53 sovereign states. Nearly all of them are former British colonies or dependencies of those colonies. No one government in the Commonwealth exercises power over the others, as is the case in a political union. Rather, the Commonwealth is an international organisation in which countries with diverse social, political, and economic backgrounds are regarded as equal in status, and cooperate within a framework of common values and goals, as outlined in the Singapore Declaration issued in 1971. Such common values and goals include the promotion of democracy, human rights, good governance, the rule of law, individual liberty, egalitarianism, free trade, multilateralism, and world peace, which are promoted through multilateral projects and meetings, such as the Commonwealth Games, held once every four years. The symbol of this free association is Queen Elizabeth II, who serves as the Head of the Commonwealth. This position, however, does not imbue her with any political or executive power over any Commonwealth member states ; the position is purely symbolic, and it is the Commonwealth Secretary - General who is the chief executive of the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth was first officially formed in 1931 when the Statute of Westminster gave legal recognition to the sovereignty of dominions. Known as the `` British Commonwealth '', the original members were the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Irish Free State, and Newfoundland, although Australia and New Zealand did not adopt the statute until 1942 and 1947 respectively. In 1949, the London Declaration was signed and marked the birth of the modern Commonwealth and the adoption of its present name. The newest member is Rwanda, which joined on 29 November 2009. The most recent departure was the Maldives, which severed its connection with the Commonwealth on 13 October 2016. As at April 2017, of the states that are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, three are in Europe, twelve in North America and the Caribbean, one in South America, nineteen in Africa, seven in Asia, and eleven in Oceania. There are seven former members, four of which no longer exist as independent entities ( but form part of current member states ). The members have a combined population of 2.4 billion, almost a third of the world population, of whom 1.21 billion live in India, and 95 % live in Asia and Africa combined. Currently sixteen of the member states are Commonwealth realms, with the Head of the Commonwealth as their head of state. Five others are monarchies with their own individual monarchs ( Brunei, Lesotho, Malaysia, Swaziland, Tonga ) and the rest are republics. Republic of Ireland ( from 1949 ), Zimbabwe ( 2003 ), and Maldives ( 2016 ) are former members of the Commonwealth. South Africa, Pakistan and The Gambia left and later rejoined the Commonwealth. Contents ( hide ) 1 Current members 2 Former members 3 Dissolved members 4 Prospective members 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Current members ( edit ) All dates below are provided by the Commonwealth of Nations Secretariat members list, and population figures are as of 1 January 2018. Country Joined Continent Population Notes Antigua and Barbuda 1981 - 11 - 01 1 November 1981 Caribbean 94,195 Australia 1931 - 12 - 11 11 December 1931 Australia 24,772,247 Granted nominal independence ( Dominion status ) on 1 January 1901. Australia was one of the original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931, although the statute was not adopted in Australia until 1942 ( with retroactive effect from 1939 ). The Australia Act 1986 established specifically, only the State Premier could now advise the Queen on appointment or removal of a State Governor. Nonetheless, the Queen could still exercise any of her powers with respect to the State if she was `` personally present '' in the State. Bahamas 1973 - 07 - 10 10 July 1973 Caribbean 402,576 Bangladesh 1972 - 04 - 18 18 April 1972 Asia 165,867,307 Declared independence from Pakistan in 1971. Barbados 1966 - 11 - 30 30 November 1966 Caribbean 286,618 Belize 1981 - 09 - 21 21 September 1981 North America 379,636 Botswana 1966 - 09 - 30 30 September 1966 Africa 2,377,831 Brunei 1984 - 01 - 01 1 January 1984 Asia 439,022 Cameroon 1995 - 11 - 13 13 November 1995 Africa 24,836,674 Most of the country was the formerly French mandate territory ( later UN trust territory ) of Cameroun and gained independence from France on 1 January 1960, uniting with the much smaller former British mandate / trust territory of Southern Cameroons on its gaining independence from the United Kingdom on 1 October 1961. Canada 1931 - 12 - 11 11 December 1931 North America 36,885,861 Granted nominal independence ( Dominion status ) on 1 July 1867. Canada was the first among the several original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931. Incorporated another original Dominion, Newfoundland, on 31 March 1949. The Canada Act 1982 formally ended the `` request and consent '' provisions of the Statute of Westminster 1931 in relation to Canada, whereby the British parliament had a general power to pass laws extending to Canada at its own request. Cyprus 1961 - 03 - 13 13 March 1961 Eurasia 1,197,667 Gained independence from the United Kingdom on 16 August 1960. Dominica 1978 - 11 - 03 3 November 1978 Caribbean 72,975 Fiji 1970 - 10 - 10 10 October 1970 Oceania 909,024 Left in 1987 ; rejoined in 1997 ; suspended on 6 June 2000 ; suspension lifted on 20 December 2001 ; again suspended on 8 December 2006 because of the 2006 Fijian coup d'état. Suspension lifted on 26 September 2014. The Gambia 1965 - 02 - 18 18 February 1965 Africa 2,155,958 Withdrew on 3 October 2013 citing `` neo-colonialism ''. Following the election of Adama Barrow as President of Gambia in 2016, it submitted an application to re-join the Commonwealth on 22 January 2018, and rejoined on 8 February 2018. Ghana 1957 - 03 - 06 6 March 1957 Africa 29,088,849 Grenada 1974 - 02 - 07 7 February 1974 Caribbean 107,894 Guyana 1966 - 05 - 26 26 May 1966 South America 773,808 India 1947 - 08 - 15 15 August 1947 Asia 1,353,014,094 Incorporated former French India ( Chandannagar from 2 May 1950 and Puducherry, Karaikal, Yanam and Mahé from 1 November 1954 ), former Portuguese India ( Goa, Daman and Diu from 19 December 1961 and Dadra and Nagar Haveli formally from 1961 ) and Sikkim ( from 16 May 1975 ). Jamaica 1962 - 08 - 06 6 August 1962 Caribbean 2,819,888 Kenya 1963 - 12 - 12 12 December 1963 Africa 49,167,382 Kiribati 1979 - 07 - 12 12 July 1979 Oceania 117,636 Lesotho 1966 - 10 - 04 4 October 1966 Africa 2,199,492 Malawi 1964 - 07 - 06 6 July 1964 Africa 18,558,768 Malaysia 1957 - 08 - 31 31 August 1957 Asia 31,505,208 Joined as the Federation of Malaya in 1957 ; reformed as Malaysia on 16 September 1963 with its federation with Singapore ( which became a separate state on 9 August 1965 ), North Borneo, and Sarawak. Malta 1964 - 09 - 21 21 September 1964 Europe 422,212 Mauritius 1968 - 03 - 12 12 March 1968 Africa 1,286,240 Mozambique 1995 - 11 - 13 13 November 1995 Africa 29,977,238 Gained independence from Portugal on 26 June 1975. The first country to be admitted to the Commonwealth without any former colonial or constitutional links with the United Kingdom. Namibia 1990 - 03 - 21 21 March 1990 Africa 2,600,857 Gained independence from South Africa. Includes Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands transferred by South Africa at midnight 28 February 1994. Nauru 1968 - 11 - 01 † 1 November 1968 Oceania 10,387 Gained independence on 31 January 1968 from joint trusteeship of Australia, New Zealand and United Kingdom. A special member from 1 November 1968 until 1 May 1999, when it became a full member, before reverting to special status in January 2006. A full member again since June 2011. New Zealand 1931 - 12 - 11 11 December 1931 Oceania 4,609,755 Granted nominal independence ( Dominion status ) on 26 September 1907. One of the original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931, although the Statute was not adopted in New Zealand until 1947. Removed final links with the British Parliament in 1986. Nigeria 1960 - 10 - 01 1 October 1960 Africa 194,615,054 Incorporated the former British mandate / trust territory of Northern Cameroons on 31 May 1961. Suspended in 1995, suspension lifted in 1999. Pakistan 1947 - 08 - 14 14 August 1947 Asia 199,031,265 Includes the city of Gwadar, transferred from Muscat and Oman on 8 September 1958. Included Bangladesh ( then known as East Pakistan ) until 1971. Left Commonwealth in 1972, rejoined 1989 ; suspended in 1999, suspension lifted in 2004 ; again suspended in 2007, suspension lifted in 2008. Papua New Guinea 1975 - 09 - 16 16 September 1975 Australia 8,034,630 Gained independence from Australia. Rwanda 2009 - 11 - 29 29 November 2009 Africa 12,322,920 Gained independence from Belgium on 1 July 1962. The second country ( after Mozambique ) to be admitted to the Commonwealth without any former colonial or constitutional links with the United Kingdom. Unlike Mozambique, has adopted English as an official language since joining. Saint Kitts and Nevis 1983 - 09 - 19 19 September 1983 Caribbean 56,632 Saint Lucia 1979 - 02 - 22 22 February 1979 Caribbean 189,000 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1979 - 10 - 27 27 October 1979 Caribbean 109,501 A special member from 27 October 1979 until 1 June 1985. Samoa 1970 - 08 - 28 28 August 1970 Oceania 196,954 Gained independence from New Zealand on 1 January 1962. Joined as Western Samoa, subsequently changing its name to Samoa on 4 July 1997. Seychelles 1976 - 06 - 29 29 June 1976 Africa 98,248 Sierra Leone 1961 - 04 - 27 27 April 1961 Africa 6,818,117 Singapore 1965 - 10 - 15 † 9 August 1966 ( effective from 9 August 1965 ) Asia 5,889,117 Gained independence from the United Kingdom and joined Federation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963. Became independent on 9 August 1965. Solomon Islands 1978 - 07 - 07 7 July 1978 Oceania 614,497 South Africa 1931 - 12 - 11 11 December 1931 Africa 56,007,479 Granted nominal independence ( Dominion status ) on 31 May 1910. One of the original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931. Left on 31 May 1961 ; rejoined 1 June 1994. Sri Lanka 1948 - 02 - 04 4 February 1948 Asia 20,979,811 Joined as the Dominion of Ceylon, subsequently changing its name in 1972. Became a republic in 1972 and gained independence from Britain Swaziland 1968 - 09 - 06 6 September 1968 Africa 1,336,933 Tanzania 1961 - 12 - 09 9 December 1961 Africa 57,790,062 Joined as Tanganyika and later Zanzibar, which subsequently merged to form Tanzania on 26 April 1964. Tonga 1970 - 06 - 04 4 June 1970 Oceania 107,228 Trinidad and Tobago 1962 - 08 - 31 31 August 1962 Caribbean 1,376,801 Tuvalu 1978 - 10 - 01 1 October 1978 Oceania 10,116 A special member from 1 October 1978 until 1 September 2000. Uganda 1962 - 10 - 09 9 October 1962 Africa 42,288,962 United Kingdom 1931 - 12 - 11 11 December 1931 Europe 65,746,853 The Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted the Statute of Westminster 1931. Vanuatu 1980 - 07 - 30 30 July 1980 Oceania 279,953 Gained independence from joint rule of France and United Kingdom. Zambia 1964 - 10 - 24 24 October 1964 Africa 17,470,471 ^ A. Unless otherwise noted, independence was gained from the United Kingdom on the date ( shown in column 2 ) of joining the Commonwealth. ^ B. Not a member of the Commonwealth Foundation. ^ C. Though Pakistan celebrates 14 August 1947 as its independence day, independence was officially granted at midnight, 15 August 1947. Therefore, its date of joining the Commonwealth would be 15 August 1947. ^ D. Commonwealth realms, recognising Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state since the day of their independence, distinctly from her being the sovereign of the United Kingdom. ^ E. Geopolitically part of Europe, but geographically part of Asia. Former members ( edit ) Country Joined Continent Left Notes Ireland 1931 - 12 - 11 11 December 1931 Europe 1949 - 04 - 18 18 April 1949 One of the original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931. Withdrew after passing the Republic of Ireland Act in 1948, accepted by the United Kingdom in 1949 Ireland Act 1949. Maldives 1982 - 07 - 09 9 July 1982 Asia 2016 - 10 - 13 13 October 2016 Gained independence from the United Kingdom on 26 July 1965. A special member from 9 July 1982 until 20 July 1985. Announced on 13 October 2016 that it has withdrawn from the Commonwealth. Zimbabwe 1980 - 10 - 01 1 October 1980 Africa 2003 - 12 - 07 7 December 2003 Suspended on 19 March 2002. Withdrew voluntarily on 7 December 2003. Dissolved members ( edit ) Former country Joined Continent Dissolved Rejoined as part of Notes Malaya 1957 - 08 - 31 31 August 1957 Asia 1963 - 07 - 31 31 July 1963 Malaysia Reformed as the Federation of Malaysia with Singapore ( became a separate member in 1965 ), Sabah, and Sarawak. Newfoundland 1931 - 12 - 11 11 December 1931 North America 1934 - 02 - 16 31 March 1949 Canada One of the original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931. Government suspended on 16 February 1934, merged into Canada on 31 March 1949. Tanganyika 1961 - 12 - 09 9 December 1961 Africa 1964 - 04 - 26 26 April 1964 Tanzania The two countries merged to form Tanzania on 26 April 1964. Zanzibar 1963 - 12 - 10 10 December 1963 Prospective members ( edit ) Country Applied Continent Population Notes Somaliland 2009 Africa ~ 3,500,000 Somaliland is an unrecognised self - declared sovereign state internationally recognised as part of Somalia. It has applied to join the Commonwealth under observer status. Its borders approximate to those of British Somaliland, which was a protectorate from 1884 to 1960. South Sudan 2011 Africa 13,670,642 Gained independence from Britain as part of Sudan in 1956. Gained independence from Sudan in 2011. Sudan 2009 Africa 42,425,989 Sudan was a condominium of the United Kingdom and Egypt known as Anglo - Egyptian Sudan, but in practice the structure of the Condominium ensured full British control over the Sudan until its independence in 1956. Sudan has expressed an interest in joining the Commonwealth. Suriname 2012 South America 555,934 English colony of Willoughbyland from 1650 to 1667 and controlled by the British from 1799 to 1816. Subsequently, a Dutch colony. In 2012, Suriname announced plans to join the Commonwealth and the British government has made it a priority to provide guidance to Suriname in applying for Commonwealth membership. Burundi 2013 Africa 10,524,117 ^ F. The population figure is based on 2014 estimates. Other states which have expressed an interest in joining the Commonwealth over the years or states which may be eligible to join the Commonwealth include Algeria, Bahrain, Cambodia, Egypt, Eritrea, Israel, Libya, Madagascar, Palestine, United States and Yemen. See also ( edit ) Commonwealth realms portal Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria List of countries by English - speaking population List of countries where English is an official language Prospective members of the Commonwealth of Nations Representatives of the Commonwealth of Nations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FAQs ''. Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2008. Jump up ^ `` Singapore Declaration of Commonwealth Principles 1971 ''. Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2008. Jump up ^ `` Head of the Commonwealth ''. Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 30 September 2006. Retrieved 16 June 2008. Jump up ^ `` The Commonwealth -- History -- Dominion Status ''. Commonwealth of Nations. Retrieved 16 June 2008. Jump up ^ `` The Commonwealth -- History -- Modern Commonwealth ''. Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2008. ^ Jump up to : Josh Kron ( 29 November 2009 ). `` Rwanda Joins British Commonwealth ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 29 November 2009. Jump up ^ `` Country Comparisons -- Population ''. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 19 March 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2009. Jump up ^ `` Members ''. Commonwealth Secretariat. Retrieved 15 February 2008. Jump up ^ `` World population - Countrymeters ''. Retrieved 6 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` Australia ''. Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 14. Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 15. Jump up ^ There is no equivalent provision as to the Commonwealth. However, for both the Commonwealth and the States, constitutional convention effectively excludes the monarch from any personal exercise of governmental power. The 1986 proclamation was an exception, approved by Australian ministers. Jump up ^ Kohen, Marcelo G. ( 2006 ). Secession. London : Cambridge University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84928 - 9. ^ Jump up to : `` Wind of Change ''. Commonwealth of Nations. 2016. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15. Jump up ^ Pondi, Jean - Emmanuel ( October 1997 ). `` Cameroon and the Commonwealth of Nations ''. The Round Table. 86 ( 344 ) : 563 -- 570. doi : 10.1080 / 00358539708454389. Jump up ^ `` Canada -- History ''. Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 18 April 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` Dominion Status ''. Commonwealth of Nations. 2016. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15. Jump up ^ McIntyre, W. David ( January 2000 ). `` Britain and the creation of the Commonwealth Secretariat ''. Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 28 ( 1 ) : 135 -- 158. doi : 10.1080 / 03086530008583082. Jump up ^ Ingram, Derek ( July 2000 ). `` Commonwealth Update ''. The Round Table. 89 ( 355 ) : 311 -- 55. doi : 10.1080 / 00358530050083406. ^ Jump up to : Ingram, Derek ( April 2002 ). `` Commonwealth Update ''. The Round Table. 91 ( 364 ) : 131 -- 59. doi : 10.1080 / 00358530220144148. Jump up ^ Ingram, Derek ; Soal, Judith ( February 2007 ). `` Commonwealth Update ''. The Round Table. 96 ( 388 ) : 2 -- 28. doi : 10.1080 / 00358530701189734. Jump up ^ Fiji suspended from the Commonwealth Archived 2011 - 04 - 29 at the Wayback Machine... Commonwealth Secretariat, 1 September 2009 ; retrieved 11 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Statement by Commonwealth Secretary - General Kamalesh Sharma on The Gambia ''. The Commonwealth. 4 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013. Jump up ^ `` Gambia quits the Commonwealth ''. The Guardian. 2 October 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Gambia presents formal application to re-join the Commonwealth '' ( Media Release ). The Commonwealth. 23 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` The Gambia rejoins the Commonwealth ''. Commonwealth Secretariat. 8 February 2018. Jump up ^ Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 ^ Jump up to : Malaysia Act 1963 Jump up ^ `` Malaysia -- History ''. Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 3 February 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2008. Jump up ^ Ingram, Derek ( April 1996 ). `` Commonwealth Update ''. The Round Table. 85 ( 338 ) : 153 -- 165. doi : 10.1080 / 00358539608454302. ^ Jump up to : `` Rwanda becomes a member of the Commonwealth ''. BBC News. 29 November 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2009. Jump up ^ Chronology of Namibian Independence Jump up ^ `` Nauru Accedes to Full Membership of the Commonwealth ''. Commonwealth Secretariat. 12 April 1999. Archived from the original on 26 April 2009. Retrieved 30 January 2009. Jump up ^ `` Nauru -- History ''. Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 3 September 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2008. Jump up ^ `` Nauru back as full Commonwealth member ''. Radio New Zealand International. 26 June 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011. Jump up ^ `` New Zealand -- History ''. Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2008. Jump up ^ `` Nigeria The Commonwealth ''. thecommonwealth.org. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05. Jump up ^ `` Pakistan suspended from the Commonwealth ''. Commonwealth Secretariat. 22 November 2007. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2008. Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth lifts Pakistan suspension ''. Commonwealth Secretariat. 12 May 2008. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2008. Jump up ^ `` Constitution Amendment Act ( No 2 ) 1997 ''. Retrieved 27 November 2007. Jump up ^ Singapore Act 1966 Jump up ^ `` Road to Independence ''. AsiaOne. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2006. Jump up ^ `` South Africa ''. Commonwealth Secretariat. Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 25. ^ Jump up to : `` Tanzania -- History ''. Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 3 September 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2008. Jump up ^ `` Tuvalu Accedes to Full Membership of the Commonwealth ''. Commonwealth Secretariat. 14 August 2000. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2009. Jump up ^ `` Maldives -- History ''. Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2008. Jump up ^ `` The Maldives and the Commonwealth ''. Republic of Maldives. Retrieved 30 January 2009. Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Secretariat ''. 2016 - 10 - 13. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Maldives quits Commonwealth over alleged rights abuses ''. The Guardian. 13 October 2016. `` The Maldives has announced it will leave the Commonwealth after mounting pressure from the 53 - nation group over corruption and deteriorating human rights in the Indian Ocean state. The country 's government, which has been fending off rumours of an impending coup and allegations of money laundering, said the decision on Thursday to cancel its membership was ' difficult but inevitable '. Its foreign ministry said in a statement it had been treated ' unjustly and unfairly ' by the organisation 's Commonwealth ministerial action group ( CMAG ), which has been scrutinising the government since the former president, Mohamed Nasheed, was ousted in 2012 in what his supporters say was a coup. ' The CMAG and the Commonwealth secretariat seem to be convinced that the Maldives, because of the high and favourable reputation that the country enjoys internationally, and also perhaps because it is a small state that lacks material power, would be an easy object that can be used, ' the statement said. It added that it was being targeted ' in the name of democracy promotion, to increase the ( Commonwealth 's ) own relevance and leverage in international politics '. '' Jump up ^ `` Editorial : CHOGM 2003, Abuja, Nigeria ''. The Round Table. 93 ( 373 ) : 3 -- 6. January 2004. doi : 10.1080 / 0035853042000188139. ^ Jump up to : Somaliland on verge of observer status in the Commonwealth. Qaran News, 16 November 2009 Jump up ^ `` South Sudan Launches Bid to Join Commonwealth ''. gurtong.net. Jump up ^ South Sudan on Track to Join Commonwealth. Jump up ^ Howden, Daniel ( 26 November 2009 ). `` The Big Question : What is the Commonwealth 's role, and is it relevant to global politics? ''. The Independent. London. ^ Jump up to : te Velde - Ashworth, Victoria ( 10 October 2005 ). `` The future of the modern Commonwealth : Widening vs. deepening? ''. Commonwealth Policy Studies Unit. Archived from the original ( doc ) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2006. Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Allvoices ''. allvoices.com. Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 25. Jump up ^ Staff Writer. `` Suriname eying membership of Commonwealth ''. Stabroek News. Jump up ^ `` Strengthening Guyana 's participation in the Commonwealth and providing guidance to Suriname as it considers applying for membership ''. www.gov.uk. Jump up ^ `` Burundi Applies to Join Commonwealth to Bolster Angolophone Ties ''. Bloomberg.com. 13 November 2013. Jump up ^ `` Israelis and Palestinians could join Commonwealth ''. The Telegraph. 17 December 2006. Jump up ^ Howden, Daniel ( 26 November 2009 ). `` The Big Question : What is the Commonwealth 's role, and is it relevant to global politics? ''. The Independent. London. Jump up ^ Osike, Felix ( 24 November 2007 ). `` Rwanda membership delayed ''. New Vision. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2009. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Commonwealth of Nations. Wikisource has original text related to this article : British Nationality Act ( 1981 c 61 ) Annex B -- The territories forming part of the Commonwealth Commonwealth timeline `` Members ''. Commonwealth Secretariat. Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 15. `` Commonwealth of Nations ''. Commonwealth of Nations. Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 15. `` The Commonwealth ''. Directgov. Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 15. 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{ "text": "King James Version - wikipedia King James Version `` KJB '' redirects here. For other uses, see KJB ( disambiguation ) and King James Version ( disambiguation ). King James Version The title page to the 1611 first edition of the Authorized Version of the Bible by Cornelis Boel shows the Apostles Peter and Paul seated centrally above the central text, which is flanked by Moses and Aaron. In the four corners sit Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, authors of the four gospels, with their symbolic animals. The rest of the Apostles ( with Judas facing away ) stand around Peter and Paul. At the very top is the Tetragrammaton `` יְהֹוָה '' written with Hebrew diacritics. Abbreviation KJV, KJB, or AV Complete Bible published 1611 Online as King James Version at Wikisource Textual basis OT : Masoretic Text, some LXX and Vulgate influence. NT : Textus Receptus, similar to the Byzantine text - type ; some readings derived from the Vulgate. Apocrypha : Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate. Reading level US and Canada Grade 8 -- 10 Copyright Public domain due to age, publication restrictions in the United Kingdom ( See Copyright status ) Genesis 1 : 1 -- 3 In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void ; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let there be light : and there was light. Genesis 1 : 1 in other translations John 3 : 16 For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. John 3 : 16 in other translations The Bible in English Title page to the King James Version List of English Bible translations Old English ( pre-1066 ) Middle English ( 1066 -- 1500 ) Early Modern English ( 1500 -- 1800 ) Modern Christian ( 1800 -- ) Modern Jewish ( 1853 -- ) Miscellaneous Main category : Bible translations into English Bible portal The King James Version ( KJV ), also known as the King James Bible ( KJB ) or simply the Authorized Version ( AV ), is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England, begun in 1604 and completed in 1611. The books of the King James Version include the 39 books of the Old Testament, an intertestamental section containing 14 books of the Apocrypha, and the 27 books of the New Testament. It was first printed by Robert Barker, the King 's Printer, and was the third translation into English approved by the English Church authorities : The first had been the Great Bible, commissioned in the reign of King Henry VIII ( 1535 ), and the second had been the Bishops ' Bible, commissioned in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I ( 1568 ). In January 1604, King James I convened the Hampton Court Conference, where a new English version was conceived in response to the problems of the earlier translations perceived by the Puritans, a faction of the Church of England. The translation is noted for its `` majesty of style '', and has been described as one of the most important books in English culture and a driving force in the shaping of the English - speaking world. James gave the translators instructions intended to ensure that the new version would conform to the ecclesiology of, and reflect the episcopal structure of, the Church of England and its belief in an ordained clergy. The translation was done by 47 scholars, all of whom were members of the Church of England. In common with most other translations of the period, the New Testament was translated from Greek, the Old Testament from Hebrew and Aramaic, and the Apocrypha from Greek and Latin. In the Book of Common Prayer ( 1662 ), the text of the Authorized Version replaced the text of the Great Bible for Epistle and Gospel readings ( but not for the Psalter, which substantially retained Coverdale 's Great Bible version ), and as such was authorised by Act of Parliament. By the first half of the 18th century, the Authorized Version had become effectively unchallenged as the English translation used in Anglican and English Protestant churches, except for the Psalms and some short passages in the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England. Over the course of the 18th century, the Authorized Version supplanted the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English - speaking scholars. With the development of stereotype printing at the beginning of the 19th century, this version of the Bible became the most widely printed book in history, almost all such printings presenting the standard text of 1769 extensively re-edited by Benjamin Blayney at Oxford, and nearly always omitting the books of the Apocrypha. Today the unqualified title `` King James Version '' usually indicates this Oxford standard text. Contents 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Earlier English translations 2.2 Considerations for a new version 2.3 Translation committees 2.4 Printing 2.5 Authorized Version 2.6 Standard text of 1769 2.7 Editorial criticism 3 Literary attributes 3.1 Translation 3.1. 1 Old Testament 3.1. 2 New Testament 3.1. 3 Apocrypha 3.1. 4 Sources 3.2 Variations from recent translations 3.3 Style and criticism 3.4 Mistranslations 4 Influence 4.1 Copyright status 4.1. 1 Permission 4.2 Apocrypha 4.3 King James Only movement 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Name ( edit ) 1612 First KJV bible in quarto size The title of the first edition of the translation, in Early Modern English, was `` THE HOLY BIBLE, Conteyning the Old Testament, AND THE NEW : Newly Translated out of the Originall tongues : & with the former Translations diligently compared and reuised, by his Maiesties speciall Comandement ''. The title page carries the words `` Appointed to be read in Churches '', and F.F. Bruce suggests it was `` probably authorised by order in council '' but no record of the authorisation survives `` because the Privy Council registers from 1600 to 1613 were destroyed by fire in January 1618 / 19 ''. For many years it was common not to give the translation any specific name. In his Leviathan of 1651, Thomas Hobbes referred to it as the English Translation made in the beginning of the Reign of King James. A 1761 `` Brief Account of the various Translations of the Bible into English '' refers to the 1611 version merely as a new, compleat, and more accurate Translation, despite referring to the Great Bible by its name, and despite using the name `` Rhemish Testament '' for the Douay - Rheims Bible version. Similarly, a `` History of England '', whose fifth edition was published in 1775, writes merely that ( a ) new translation of the Bible, viz., that now in Use, was begun in 1607, and published in 1611. King James 's Bible is used as the name for the 1611 translation ( on a par with the `` Genevan Bible '' or the `` Rhemish Testament '' ) in Charles Butler 's Horae Biblicae ( first published 1797 ). Other works from the early 19th century confirm the widespread use of this name on both sides of the Atlantic : it is found both in a `` Historical sketch of the English translations of the Bible '' published in Massachusetts in 1815, and in an English publication from 1818, which explicitly states that the 1611 version is `` generally known by the name of King James 's Bible ''. This name was also found as King James ' Bible ( without the final `` s '' ) : for example in a book review from 1811. The phrase `` King James 's Bible '' is used as far back as 1715, although in this case it is not clear whether this is a name or merely a description. The use of Authorized Version or Authorised Version, capitalized and used as a name, is found as early as 1814. For some time before this, descriptive phrases such as `` our present, and only publicly authorised version '' ( 1783 ), `` our Authorised version '' ( 1792 ), and `` the authorized version '' ( 1801, uncapitalized ) are found. The Oxford English Dictionary records a usage in 1824. In Britain, the 1611 translation is generally known as the `` Authorised Version '' today. As early as 1814, we find King James ' version, evidently a descriptive phrase, being used. `` The King James Version '' is found, unequivocally used as a name, in a letter from 1855. The next year King James Bible, with no possessive, appears as a name in a Scottish source. In the United States, the `` 1611 translation '' ( actually editions following the standard text of 1769, see below ) is generally known as the King James Version today. History ( edit ) Earlier English translations ( edit ) See also : English translations of the Bible The followers of John Wycliffe undertook the first complete English translations of the Christian scriptures in the 14th century. These translations were banned in 1409 due to their association with the Lollards. The Wycliffe Bible pre-dated the printing press but was circulated very widely in manuscript form, often inscribed with a date earlier than 1409 to avoid the legal ban. As the text translated in the various versions of the Wycliffe Bible was the Latin Vulgate, and as it contained no heterodox readings, there was in practice no way by which the ecclesiastical authorities could distinguish the banned version ; consequently many Catholic commentators of the 15th and 16th centuries ( such as Thomas More ) took these manuscript English Bibles to represent an anonymous earlier orthodox translation. William Tyndale translated the New Testament into English in 1525. In 1525, William Tyndale, an English contemporary of Martin Luther, undertook a translation of the New Testament. Tyndale 's translation was the first printed Bible in English. Over the next ten years, Tyndale revised his New Testament in the light of rapidly advancing biblical scholarship, and embarked on a translation of the Old Testament. Despite some controversial translation choices, and in spite of Tyndale 's execution on charges of heresy for having made the translated bible, the merits of Tyndale 's work and prose style made his translation the ultimate basis for all subsequent renditions into Early Modern English. With these translations lightly edited and adapted by Myles Coverdale, in 1539, Tyndale 's New Testament and his incomplete work on the Old Testament became the basis for the Great Bible. This was the first `` authorised version '' issued by the Church of England during the reign of King Henry VIII. When Mary I succeeded to the throne in 1553, she returned the Church of England to the communion of the Roman Catholic faith and many English religious reformers fled the country, some establishing an English - speaking colony at Geneva. Under the leadership of John Calvin, Geneva became the chief international centre of Reformed Protestantism and Latin biblical scholarship. These English expatriates undertook a translation that became known as the Geneva Bible. This translation, dated to 1560, was a revision of Tyndale 's Bible and the Great Bible on the basis of the original languages. Soon after Elizabeth I took the throne in 1558, the flaws of both the Great Bible and the Geneva Bible ( namely, that the Geneva Bible did not `` conform to the ecclesiology and reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and its beliefs about an ordained clergy '' ) became painfully apparent. In 1568, the Church of England responded with the Bishops ' Bible, a revision of the Great Bible in the light of the Geneva version. While officially approved, this new version failed to displace the Geneva translation as the most popular English Bible of the age -- in part because the full Bible was only printed in lectern editions of prodigious size and at a cost of several pounds. Accordingly, Elizabethan lay people overwhelmingly read the Bible in the Geneva Version -- small editions were available at a relatively low cost. At the same time, there was a substantial clandestine importation of the rival Douay -- Rheims New Testament of 1582, undertaken by exiled Roman Catholics. This translation, though still derived from Tyndale, claimed to represent the text of the Latin Vulgate. In May 1601, King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at St Columba 's Church in Burntisland, Fife, at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English. Two years later, he ascended to the throne of England as James I. Considerations for a New Version ( edit ) The newly crowned King James convened the Hampton Court Conference in 1604. That gathering proposed a new English version in response to the perceived problems of earlier translations as detected by the Puritan faction of the Church of England. Here are three examples of problems the Puritans perceived with the Bishops and Great Bibles : First, Galatians iv. 25 ( from the Bishops ' Bible ). The Greek word susoichei is not well translated as now it is, bordereth neither expressing the force of the word, nor the apostle 's sense, nor the situation of the place. Secondly, psalm cv. 28 ( from the Great Bible ), ' They were not obedient ; ' the original being, ' They were not disobedient. ' Thirdly, psalm cvi. 30 ( also from the Great Bible ), ' Then stood up Phinees and prayed, ' the Hebrew hath, ' executed judgment. ' Instructions were given to the translators that were intended to limit the Puritan influence on this new translation. The Bishop of London added a qualification that the translators would add no marginal notes ( which had been an issue in the Geneva Bible ). King James cited two passages in the Geneva translation where he found the marginal notes offensive to the principles of divinely ordained royal supremacy : Exodus 1 : 19, where the Geneva Bible notes had commended the example of civil disobedience to the Egyptian Pharaoh showed by the Hebrew midwives, and also II Chronicles 15 : 16, where the Geneva Bible had criticized King Asa for not having executed his idolatrous ' mother ', Queen Maachah ( Maachah had actually been Asa 's grandmother, but James considered the Geneva Bible reference as sanctioning the execution of his own mother Mary, Queen of Scots ). Further, the King gave the translators instructions designed to guarantee that the new version would conform to the ecclesiology of the Church of England. Certain Greek and Hebrew words were to be translated in a manner that reflected the traditional usage of the church. For example, old ecclesiastical words such as the word `` church '' were to be retained and not to be translated as `` congregation ''. The new translation would reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and traditional beliefs about ordained clergy. James ' instructions included several requirements that kept the new translation familiar to its listeners and readers. The text of the Bishops ' Bible would serve as the primary guide for the translators, and the familiar proper names of the biblical characters would all be retained. If the Bishops ' Bible was deemed problematic in any situation, the translators were permitted to consult other translations from a pre-approved list : the Tyndale Bible, the Coverdale Bible, Matthew 's Bible, the Great Bible, and the Geneva Bible. In addition, later scholars have detected an influence on the Authorized Version from the translations of Taverner 's Bible and the New Testament of the Douay -- Rheims Bible. It is for this reason that the flyleaf of most printings of the Authorized Version observes that the text had been `` translated out of the original tongues, and with the former translations diligently compared and revised, by His Majesty 's special commandment. '' As the work proceeded, more detailed rules were adopted as to how variant and uncertain readings in the Hebrew and Greek source texts should be indicated, including the requirement that words supplied in English to ' complete the meaning ' of the originals should be printed in a different type face. The task of translation was undertaken by 47 scholars, although 54 were originally approved. All were members of the Church of England and all except Sir Henry Savile were clergy. The scholars worked in six committees, two based in each of the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge, and Westminster. The committees included scholars with Puritan sympathies, as well as High Churchmen. Forty unbound copies of the 1602 edition of the Bishops ' Bible were specially printed so that the agreed changes of each committee could be recorded in the margins. The committees worked on certain parts separately and the drafts produced by each committee were then compared and revised for harmony with each other. The scholars were not paid directly for their translation work, instead a circular letter was sent to bishops encouraging them to consider the translators for appointment to well - paid livings as these fell vacant. Several were supported by the various colleges at Oxford and Cambridge, while others were promoted to bishoprics, deaneries and prebends through royal patronage. The committees started work towards the end of 1604. King James I of England, on 22 July 1604, sent a letter to Archbishop Bancroft asking him to contact all English churchmen requesting that they make donations to his project. Right trusty and well beloved, we greet you well. Whereas we have appointed certain learned men, to the number of 4 and 50, for the translating of the Bible, and in this number, divers of them have either no ecclesiastical preferment at all, or else so very small, as the same is far unmeet for men of their deserts and yet we in ourself in any convenient time can not well remedy it, therefor we do hereby require you, that presently you write in our name as well to the Archbishop of York, as to the rest of the bishops of the province of Cant. ( erbury ) signifying unto them, that we do well and straitly charge everyone of them... that ( all excuses set apart ) when a prebend or parsonage... shall next upon any occasion happen to be void... we may commend for the same some such of the learned men, as we shall think fit to be preferred unto it... Given unto our signet at our palace of West. ( minister ) on 2 and 20 July, in the 2nd year of our reign of England, France, and of Ireland, and of Scotland xxxvii. '' They had all completed their sections by 1608, the Apocrypha committee finishing first. From January 1609, a General Committee of Review met at Stationers ' Hall, London to review the completed marked texts from each of the six committees. The General Committee included John Bois, Andrew Downes and John Harmar, and others known only by their initials, including `` AL '' ( who may be Arthur Lake ), and were paid for their attendance by the Stationers ' Company. John Bois prepared a note of their deliberations ( in Latin ) -- which has partly survived in two later transcripts. Also surviving of the translators ' working papers are a bound - together set of marked - up corrections to one of the forty Bishops ' Bibles -- covering the Old Testament and Gospels, and also a manuscript translation of the text of the Epistles, excepting those verses where no change was being recommended to the readings in the Bishops ' Bible. Archbishop Bancroft insisted on having a final say making fourteen further changes, of which one was the term `` bishopricke '' at Acts 1 : 20. Translation committees ( edit ) First Westminster Company, translated Genesis to 2 Kings : Lancelot Andrewes, John Overall, Hadrian à Saravia, Richard Clarke, John Layfield, Robert Tighe, Francis Burleigh, Geoffrey King, Richard Thomson, William Bedwell ; First Cambridge Company, translated 1 Chronicles to the Song of Solomon : Edward Lively, John Richardson, Lawrence Chaderton, Francis Dillingham, Roger Andrewes, Thomas Harrison, Robert Spaulding, Andrew Bing ; First Oxford Company, translated Isaiah to Malachi : John Harding, John Rainolds ( or Reynolds ), Thomas Holland, Richard Kilby, Miles Smith, Richard Brett, Daniel Fairclough, William Thorne ; Second Oxford Company, translated the Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, and the Book of Revelation : Thomas Ravis, George Abbot, Richard Eedes, Giles Tomson, Sir Henry Savile, John Peryn, Ralph Ravens, John Harmar, John Aglionby, Leonard Hutten ; Second Westminster Company, translated the Epistles : William Barlow, John Spenser, Roger Fenton, Ralph Hutchinson, William Dakins, Michael Rabbet, Thomas Sanderson ( who probably had already become Archdeacon of Rochester ) ; Second Cambridge Company, translated the Apocrypha : John Duport, William Branthwaite, Jeremiah Radcliffe, Samuel Ward, Andrew Downes, John Bois, Robert Ward, Thomas Bilson, Richard Bancroft. Printing ( edit ) Archbishop Richard Bancroft was the `` chief overseer '' of the production of the Authorized Version. The original printing of the Authorized Version was published by Robert Barker, the King 's Printer, in 1611 as a complete folio Bible. It was sold looseleaf for ten shillings, or bound for twelve. Robert Barker 's father, Christopher, had, in 1589, been granted by Elizabeth I the title of royal Printer, with the perpetual Royal Privilege to print Bibles in England. Robert Barker invested very large sums in printing the new edition, and consequently ran into serious debt, such that he was compelled to sub-lease the privilege to two rival London printers, Bonham Norton and John Bill. It appears that it was initially intended that each printer would print a portion of the text, share printed sheets with the others, and split the proceeds. Bitter financial disputes broke out, as Barker accused Norton and Bill of concealing their profits, while Norton and Bill accused Barker of selling sheets properly due to them as partial Bibles for ready money. There followed decades of continual litigation, and consequent imprisonment for debt for members of the Barker and Norton printing dynasties, while each issued rival editions of the whole Bible. In 1629 the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge successfully managed to assert separate and prior royal licences for Bible printing, for their own university presses -- and Cambridge University took the opportunity to print revised editions of the Authorized Version in 1629, and 1638. The editors of these editions included John Bois and John Ward from the original translators. This did not, however, impede the commercial rivalries of the London printers, especially as the Barker family refused to allow any other printers access to the authoritative manuscript of the Authorized Version. Two editions of the whole Bible are recognized as having been produced in 1611, which may be distinguished by their rendering of Ruth 3 : 15 ; the first edition reading `` he went into the city '', where the second reads `` she went into the city. '' ; these are known colloquially as the `` He '' and `` She '' Bibles. The opening of the Epistle to the Hebrews of the 1611 edition of the Authorized Version shows the original typeface. Marginal notes reference variant translations and cross references to other Bible passages. Each chapter is headed by a précis of contents. There are decorative initial letters for each Chapter, and a decorated headpiece to each Biblical Book, but no illustrations in the text. The original printing was made before English spelling was standardized, and when printers, as a matter of course, expanded and contracted the spelling of the same words in different places, so as to achieve an even column of text. They set v for initial u and v, and u for u and v everywhere else. They used long s for non-final s. The glyph j occurs only after i, as in the final letter in a Roman numeral. Punctuation was relatively heavy, and differed from current practice. When space needed to be saved, the printers sometimes used ye for the, ( replacing the Middle English thorn with the continental y ), set ã for an or am ( in the style of scribe 's shorthand ), and set & for and. On the contrary, on a few occasions, they appear to have inserted these words when they thought a line needed to be padded. Later printings regularized these spellings ; the punctuation has also been standardized, but still varies from current usage norms. The first printing used a black letter typeface instead of a roman typeface, which itself made a political and a religious statement. Like the Great Bible and the Bishops ' Bible, the Authorized Version was `` appointed to be read in churches ''. It was a large folio volume meant for public use, not private devotion ; the weight of the type mirrored the weight of establishment authority behind it. However, smaller editions and roman - type editions followed rapidly, e.g. quarto roman - type editions of the Bible in 1612. This contrasted with the Geneva Bible, which was the first English Bible printed in a roman typeface ( although black - letter editions, particularly in folio format, were issued later ). In contrast to the Geneva Bible and the Bishops ' Bible, which had both been extensively illustrated, there were no illustrations at all in the 1611 edition of the Authorized Version, the main form of decoration being the historiated initial letters provided for books and chapters -- together with the decorative title pages to the Bible itself, and to the New Testament. In the Great Bible, readings derived from the Vulgate but not found in published Hebrew and Greek texts had been distinguished by being printed in smaller roman type. In the Geneva Bible, a distinct typeface had instead been applied to distinguish text supplied by translators, or thought needful for English grammar but not present in the Greek or Hebrew ; and the original printing of the Authorized Version used roman type for this purposed, albeit sparsely and inconsistently. This results in perhaps the most significant difference between the original printed text of the King James Bible and the current text. When, from the later 17th century onwards, the Authorized Version began to be printed in roman type, the typeface for supplied words was changed to italics, this application being regularised and greatly expanded. This was intended to de-emphasise the words. The original printing contained two prefatory texts ; the first was a formal Epistle Dedicatory to `` the most high and mighty Prince '' King James. Many British printings reproduce this, while most non-British printings do not. The second preface was called Translators to the Reader, a long and learned essay that defends the undertaking of the new version. It observes the translators ' stated goal, that they, `` never thought from the beginning that ( they ) should need to make a new translation, nor yet to make of a bad one a good one,... but to make a good one better, or out of many good ones, one principal good one, not justly to be excepted against ; that hath been our endeavour, that our mark. '' They also give their opinion of previous English Bible translations, stating, `` We do not deny, nay, we affirm and avow, that the very meanest translation of the Bible in English, set forth by men of our profession, ( for we have seen none of theirs ( Roman Catholics ) of the whole Bible as yet ) containeth the word of God, nay, is the word of God. '' As with the first preface, some British printings reproduce this, while most non-British printings do not. Almost every printing that includes the second preface also includes the first. The first printing contained a number of other apparatus, including a table for the reading of the Psalms at matins and evensong, and a calendar, an almanac, and a table of holy days and observances. Much of this material became obsolete with the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar by Britain and its colonies in 1752, and thus modern editions invariably omit it. So as to make it easier to locate a particular passage, each chapter was headed by a brief precis of its contents with verse numbers. Later editors freely substituted their own chapter summaries, or omitted such material entirely. Pilcrow marks are used to indicate the beginnings of paragraphs except after the book of Acts. Authorized Version ( edit ) The Authorized Version was meant to replace the Bishops ' Bible as the official version for readings in the Church of England. No record of its authorization exists ; it was probably effected by an order of the Privy Council but the records for the years 1600 to 1613 were destroyed by fire in January 1618 / 19 and it is commonly known as the Authorized Version in the United Kingdom. The King 's Printer issued no further editions of the Bishops ' Bible, so necessarily the Authorized Version replaced it as the standard lectern Bible in parish church use in England. In the 1662 Book of Common Prayer, the text of the Authorized Version finally supplanted that of the Great Bible in the Epistle and Gospel readings -- though the Prayer Book Psalter nevertheless continues in the Great Bible version. The case was different in Scotland, where the Geneva Bible had long been the standard church bible. It was not until 1633 that a Scottish edition of the Authorized Version was printed -- in conjunction with the Scots coronation in that year of Charles I. The inclusion of illustrations in the edition raised accusations of Popery from opponents of the religious policies of Charles and William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury. However, official policy favoured the Authorized Version, and this favour returned during the Commonwealth -- as London printers succeeded in re-asserting their monopoly on Bible printing with support from Oliver Cromwell -- and the `` New Translation '' was the only edition on the market. F.F. Bruce reports that the last recorded instance of a Scots parish continuing to use the `` Old Translation '' ( i.e. Geneva ) as being in 1674. The Authorized Version 's acceptance by the general public took longer. The Geneva Bible continued to be popular, and large numbers were imported from Amsterdam, where printing continued up to 1644 in editions carrying a false London imprint. However, few if any genuine Geneva editions appear to have been printed in London after 1616, and in 1637 Archbishop Laud prohibited their printing or importation. In the period of the English Civil War, soldiers of the New Model Army were issued a book of Geneva selections called `` The Soldiers ' Bible ''. In the first half of the 17th century the Authorized Version is most commonly referred to as `` The Bible without notes '', thereby distinguishing it from the Geneva `` Bible with notes ''. There were several printings of the Authorized Version in Amsterdam -- one as late as 1715 which combined the Authorized Version translation text with the Geneva marginal notes ; one such edition was printed in London in 1649. During the Commonwealth a commission was established by Parliament to recommend a revision of the Authorized Version with acceptably Protestant explanatory notes, but the project was abandoned when it became clear that these would nearly double the bulk of the Bible text. After the English Restoration, the Geneva Bible was held to be politically suspect and a reminder of the repudiated Puritan era. Furthermore, disputes over the lucrative rights to print the Authorized Version dragged on through the 17th century, so none of the printers involved saw any commercial advantage in marketing a rival translation. The Authorized Version became the only current version circulating among English - speaking people. A small minority of critical scholars were slow to accept the latest translation. Hugh Broughton, the most highly regarded English Hebraist of his time ( but who had been excluded from the panel of translators because of his utterly uncongenial temperament ), issued in 1611 a total condemnation of the new version, criticizing especially the translators ' rejection of word - for - word equivalence and stated that `` he would rather be torn in pieces by wild horses than that this abominable translation ( KJV ) should ever be foisted upon the English people ''. Walton 's London Polyglot of 1657 disregards the Authorized Version ( and indeed the English language ) entirely. Walton 's reference text throughout is the Vulgate. The Vulgate Latin is also found as the standard text of scripture in Thomas Hobbes 's Leviathan of 1651, indeed Hobbes gives Vulgate chapter and verse numbers ( e.g., Job 41 : 24, not Job 41 : 33 ) for his head text. In Chapter 35 : ' The Signification in Scripture of Kingdom of God ', Hobbes discusses Exodus 19 : 5, first in his own translation of the ' Vulgar Latin ', and then subsequently as found in the versions he terms ``... the English translation made in the beginning of the reign of King James '', and `` The Geneva French '' ( i.e. Olivétan ). Hobbes advances detailed critical arguments why the Vulgate rendering is to be preferred. For most of the 17th century the assumption remained that, while it had been of vital importance to provide the scriptures in the vernacular for ordinary people, nevertheless for those with sufficient education to do so, Biblical study was best undertaken within the international common medium of Latin. It was only in 1700 that modern bilingual Bibles appeared in which the Authorized Version was compared with counterpart Dutch and French Protestant vernacular Bibles. In consequence of the continual disputes over printing privileges, successive printings of the Authorized Version were notably less careful than the 1611 edition had been -- compositors freely varying spelling, capitalization and punctuation -- and also, over the years, introducing about 1,500 misprints ( some of which, like the omission of `` not '' from the commandment `` Thou shalt not commit adultery '' in the `` Wicked Bible '', became notorious ). The two Cambridge editions of 1629 and 1638 attempted to restore the proper text -- while introducing over 200 revisions of the original translators ' work, chiefly by incorporating into the main text a more literal reading originally presented as a marginal note. A more thoroughly corrected edition was proposed following the Restoration, in conjunction with the revised 1662 Book of Common Prayer, but Parliament then decided against it. By the first half of the 18th century, the Authorized Version was effectively unchallenged as the sole English translation in current use in Protestant churches, and was so dominant that the Roman Catholic Church in England issued in 1750 a revision of the 1610 Douay - Rheims Bible by Richard Challoner that was very much closer to the Authorized Version than to the original. However, general standards of spelling, punctuation, typesetting, capitalization and grammar had changed radically in the 100 years since the first edition of the Authorized Version, and all printers in the market were introducing continual piecemeal changes to their Bible texts to bring them into line with current practice -- and with public expectations of standardized spelling and grammatical construction. Over the course of the 18th century, the Authorized Version supplanted the Hebrew, Greek and the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English speaking scholars and divines, and indeed came to be regarded by some as an inspired text in itself -- so much so that any challenge to its readings or textual base came to be regarded by many as an assault on Holy Scripture. This has been contemptuously labelled `` AVolatry '', a play on the name `` Authorized Version '' ( AV ) and idolatry. Standard text of 1769 ( edit ) Title page of the 1760 Cambridge edition By the mid-18th century the wide variation in the various modernized printed texts of the Authorized Version, combined with the notorious accumulation of misprints, had reached the proportion of a scandal, and the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge both sought to produce an updated standard text. First of the two was the Cambridge edition of 1760, the culmination of 20 - years work by Francis Sawyer Parris, who died in May of that year. This 1760 edition was reprinted without change in 1762 and in John Baskerville 's fine folio edition of 1763. This was effectively superseded by the 1769 Oxford edition, edited by Benjamin Blayney, though with comparatively few changes from Parris 's edition ; but which became the Oxford standard text, and is reproduced almost unchanged in most current printings. Parris and Blayney sought consistently to remove those elements of the 1611 and subsequent editions that they believed were due to the vagaries of printers, while incorporating most of the revised readings of the Cambridge editions of 1629 and 1638, and each also introducing a few improved readings of their own. They undertook the mammoth task of standardizing the wide variation in punctuation and spelling of the original, making many thousands of minor changes to the text. In addition, Blayney and Parris thoroughly revised and greatly extended the italicization of `` supplied '' words not found in the original languages by cross-checking against the presumed source texts. Blayney seems to have worked from the 1550 Stephanus edition of the Textus Receptus, rather than the later editions of Beza that the translators of the 1611 New Testament had favoured ; accordingly the current Oxford standard text alters around a dozen italicizations where Beza and Stephanus differ. Like the 1611 edition, the 1769 Oxford edition included the Apocrypha, although Blayney tended to remove cross-references to the Books of the Apocrypha from the margins of their Old and New Testaments wherever these had been provided by the original translators. Altogether, the standardization of spelling and punctuation caused Blayney 's 1769 text to differ from the 1611 text in around 24,000 places. Since that date, a few further changes have been introduced to the Oxford standard text. The Oxford University Press paperback edition of the `` Authorized King James Version '' provides Oxford 's standard text, and also includes the prefatory section `` The Translators to the Reader ''. The 1611 and 1769 texts of the first three verses from I Corinthians 13 are given below. ( 1611 ) 1. Though I speake with the tongues of men & of Angels, and haue not charity, I am become as sounding brasse or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I haue the gift of prophesie, and vnderstand all mysteries and all knowledge : and though I haue all faith, so that I could remooue mountaines, and haue no charitie, I am nothing. 3 And though I bestowe all my goods to feede the poore, and though I giue my body to bee burned, and haue not charitie, it profiteth me nothing. ( 1769 ) 1. Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not charity, I am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all mysteries, and all knowledge ; and though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have not charity, I am nothing. 3 And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and though I give my body to be burned, and have not charity, it profiteth me nothing. There are a number of superficial edits in these three verses : 11 changes of spelling, 16 changes of typesetting ( including the changed conventions for the use of u and v ), three changes of punctuation, and one variant text -- where `` not charity '' is substituted for `` no charity '' in verse two, in the erroneous belief that the original reading was a misprint. A particular verse for which Blayney 's 1769 text differs from Parris 's 1760 version is Matthew 5 : 13, where Parris ( 1760 ) has Ye are the salt of the earth : but if the salt have lost his savour, wherewith shall it be salted? it is thenceforth good for nothing but to be cast out, and to be troden under foot of men. Blayney ( 1769 ) changes ' lost his savour ' to ' lost its savour ', and troden to trodden. For a period, Cambridge continued to issue Bibles using the Parris text, but the market demand for absolute standardization was now such that they eventually adapted Blayney 's work, but omitted some of the idiosyncratic Oxford spellings. By the mid-19th century, almost all printings of the Authorized Version were derived from the 1769 Oxford text -- increasingly without Blayney 's variant notes and cross references, and commonly excluding the Apocrypha. One exception to this was a scrupulous original - spelling, page - for - page, and line - for - line reprint of the 1611 edition ( including all chapter headings, marginalia, and original italicization, but with Roman type substituted for the black letter of the original ), published by Oxford in 1833. Another important exception was the 1873 Cambridge Paragraph Bible, thoroughly revised, modernized and re-edited by F.H.A. Scrivener, who for the first time consistently identified the source texts underlying the 1611 translation and its marginal notes. Scrivener, like Blayney, opted to revise the translation where he considered the judgement of the 1611 translators had been faulty. In 2005, Cambridge University Press released its New Cambridge Paragraph Bible with Apocrypha, edited by David Norton, which followed in the spirit of Scrivener 's work, attempting to bring spelling to present - day standards. Norton also innovated with the introduction of quotation marks, while returning to a hypothetical 1611 text, so far as possible, to the wording used by its translators, especially in the light of the re-emphasis on some of their draft documents. This text has been issued in paperback by Penguin books. From the early 19th century the Authorized Version has remained almost completely unchanged -- and since, due to advances in printing technology, it could now be produced in very large editions for mass sale, it established complete dominance in public and ecclesiastical use in the English - speaking Protestant world. Academic debate through that century, however, increasingly reflected concerns about the Authorized Version shared by some scholars : ( a ) that subsequent study in oriental languages suggested a need to revise the translation of the Hebrew Bible -- both in terms of specific vocabulary, and also in distinguishing descriptive terms from proper names ; ( b ) that the Authorized Version was unsatisfactory in translating the same Greek words and phrases into different English, especially where parallel passages are found in the synoptic gospels ; and ( c ) in the light of subsequent ancient manuscript discoveries, the New Testament translation base of the Greek Textus Receptus could no longer be considered to be the best representation of the original text. Responding to these concerns, the Convocation of Canterbury resolved in 1870 to undertake a revision of the text of the Authorized Version, intending to retain the original text `` except where in the judgement of competent scholars such a change is necessary ''. The resulting revision was issued as the Revised Version in 1881 ( New Testament ), 1885 ( Old Testament ) and 1894 ( Apocrypha ) ; but, although it sold widely, the revision did not find popular favour, and it was only reluctantly in 1899 that Convocation approved it for reading in churches. By the early 20th century, editing had been completed in Cambridge 's text, with at least 6 new changes since 1769, and the reversing of at least 30 of the standard Oxford readings. The distinct Cambridge text was printed in the millions, and after the Second World War `` the unchanging steadiness of the KJB was a huge asset. '' The Cambridge edition is preferred by scholars. The Authorized Version maintained its effective dominance throughout the first half of the 20th century. New translations in the second half of the 20th century displaced its 250 years of dominance ( roughly 1700 to 1950 ), but groups do exist -- sometimes termed the King James Only movement -- that distrust anything not in agreement with the Authorized Version. Editorial criticism ( edit ) F.H.A. Scrivener and D. Norton have both written in detail on editorial variations which have occurred through the history of the publishing of the Authorized Version from 1611 to 1769. In the 19th century, there were effectively three main guardians of the text. Norton identified five variations among the Oxford, Cambridge and London ( Eyre and Spottiswoode ) texts of 1857, such as the spelling of `` farther '' or `` further '' at Matthew 26 : 39. In the 20th century, variation between the editions was reduced to comparing the Cambridge to the Oxford. Distinctly identified Cambridge readings included `` or Sheba '' ( Joshua 19 : 2 ), `` sin '' ( 2 Chronicles 33 : 19 ), `` clifts '' ( Job 30 : 6 ), `` vapour '' ( Psalm 148 : 8 ), `` flieth '' ( Nahum 3 : 16 ), `` further '' ( Matthew 26 : 39 ) and a number of other references. In effect the Cambridge was considered the current text in comparison to the Oxford. These are instances where both Oxford and Cambridge have now diverged from Blayney 's 1769 Edition. The distinctions between the Oxford and Cambridge editions have been a major point in the Bible version debate, and a potential theological issue, particularly in regard to the identification of the Pure Cambridge Edition. Cambridge University Press introduced a change at 1 John 5 : 8 in 1985, reversing its longstanding tradition of printing the word `` spirit '' in lower case by using a capital letter `` S ''. A Rev. Hardin of Bedford, Pennsylvania, wrote a letter to Cambridge inquiring about this verse, and subsequently received a reply from Dr. Cooper on June 3, 1985, admitting that it was a `` matter of some embarrassment regarding the lower case ' s ' in Spirit ''. Literary attributes ( edit ) Translation ( edit ) Like Tyndale 's translation and the Geneva Bible, the Authorized Version was translated primarily from Greek, Hebrew and Aramaic texts, although with secondary reference both to the Latin Vulgate, and to more recent scholarly Latin versions ; two books of the Apocrypha were translated from a Latin source. Following the example of the Geneva Bible, words implied but not actually in the original source were distinguished by being printed in distinct type ( albeit inconsistently ), but otherwise the translators explicitly rejected word - for - word equivalence. F.F Bruce gives an example from Romans Chapter 5 : 2 By whom also wee have accesse by faith, into this grace wherein wee stand, and rejoyce in hope of the glory of God. 3 And not onely so, but we glory in tribulations also, knowing that tribulation worketh patience : The English terms `` rejoice '' and `` glory '' stand for the same word in the Greek original. In Tyndale, Geneva and the Bishops ' Bibles, both instances are translated `` rejoice ''. In the Douay -- Rheims New Testament, both are translated `` glory ''. Only in the Authorized Version does the translation vary between the two verses. In obedience to their instructions, the translators provided no marginal interpretation of the text, but in some 8,500 places a marginal note offers an alternative English wording. The majority of these notes offer a more literal rendering of the original ( introduced as `` Heb '', `` Chal '', `` Gr '' or `` Lat '' ), but others indicate a variant reading of the source text ( introduced by `` or '' ). Some of the annotated variants derive from alternative editions in the original languages, or from variant forms quoted in the fathers. More commonly, though, they indicate a difference between the literal original language reading and that in the translators ' preferred recent Latin versions : Tremellius for the Old Testament, Junius for the Apocrypha, and Beza for the New Testament. At thirteen places in the New Testament ( e.g. Luke 17 : 36 and Acts 25 : 6 ) a marginal note records a variant reading found in some Greek manuscript copies ; in almost all cases reproducing a counterpart textual note at the same place in Beza 's editions. A few more extensive notes clarify Biblical names and units of measurement or currency. Modern reprintings rarely reproduce these annotated variants -- although they are to be found in the New Cambridge Paragraph Bible. In addition, there were originally some 9,000 scriptural cross-references, in which one text was related to another. Such cross-references had long been common in Latin Bibles, and most of those in the Authorized Version were copied unaltered from this Latin tradition. Consequently the early editions of the KJV retain many Vulgate verse references -- e.g. in the numbering of the Psalms. At the head of each chapter, the translators provided a short précis of its contents, with verse numbers ; these are rarely included in complete form in modern editions. Also in obedience to their instructions, the translators indicated ' supplied ' words in a different typeface ; but there was no attempt to regularise the instances where this practice had been applied across the different companies ; and especially in the New Testament, it was used much less frequently in the 1611 edition than would later be the case. In one verse, 1 John 2 : 23, an entire clause was printed in roman type ( as it had also been in the Great Bible and Bishop 's Bible ) ; indicating a reading then primarily derived from the Vulgate, albeit one for which the later editions of Beza had provided a Greek text. In the Old Testament the translators render the Tetragrammaton YHWH by `` the LORD '' ( in later editions in small capitals as LORD ), or `` the LORD God '' ( for YHWH Elohim, יהוה אלהים ), except in four places by `` IEHOVAH '' ( Exodus 6 : 3, Psalm 83 : 18, Isaiah 12 : 2 and Isaiah 26 : 4 ) and three times in a combination form. ( Genesis 22 : 14, Exodus 17 : 15, Judges 6 : 24 ) However, if the Tetragrammaton occurs with the Hebrew word adonai ( Lord ) then it is rendered not as the `` Lord LORD '' but as the `` Lord God ''. ( Psalm 73 : 28, etc. ) In later editions as `` Lord GOD '' with `` GOD '' in small capitals indicating to the reader that God 's name appears in the original Hebrew. Old Testament ( edit ) For their Old Testament, the translators used a text originating in the editions of the Hebrew Rabbinic Bible by Daniel Bomberg ( 1524 / 5 ), but adjusted this to conform to the Greek LXX or Latin Vulgate in passages to which Christian tradition had attached a Christological interpretation. For example, the Septuagint reading `` They pierced my hands and my feet '' was used in Psalm 22 : 16 ( vs. the Masoretes ' reading of the Hebrew `` like lions my hands and feet '' ). Otherwise, however, the Authorized Version is closer to the Hebrew tradition than any previous English translation -- especially in making use of the rabbinic commentaries, such as Kimhi, in elucidating obscure passages in the Masoretic Text ; earlier versions had been more likely to adopt LXX or Vulgate readings in such places. Following the practice of the Geneva Bible, the books of 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras in the medieval Vulgate Old Testament were renamed ' Ezra ' and ' Nehemiah ' ; 3 Esdras and 4 Esdras in the Apocrypha being renamed ' 1 Esdras ' and ' 2 Esdras '. New Testament ( edit ) For their New Testament, the translators chiefly used the 1598 and 1588 / 89 Greek editions of Theodore Beza, which also present Beza 's Latin version of the Greek and Stephanus 's edition of the Latin Vulgate. Both of these versions were extensively referred to, as the translators conducted all discussions amongst themselves in Latin. F.H.A. Scrivener identifies 190 readings where the Authorized Version translators depart from Beza 's Greek text, generally in maintaining the wording of the Bishop 's Bible and other earlier English translations. In about half of these instances, the Authorized Version translators appear to follow the earlier 1550 Greek Textus Receptus of Stephanus. For the other half, Scrivener was usually able to find corresponding Greek readings in the editions of Erasmus, or in the Complutensian Polyglot. However, in several dozen readings he notes that no printed Greek text corresponds to the English of the Authorized Version, which in these places derives directly from the Vulgate. For example, at John 10 : 16, the Authorized Version reads `` one fold '' ( as did the Bishops ' Bible, and the 16th - century vernacular versions produced in Geneva ), following the Latin Vulgate `` unum ovile '', whereas Tyndale had agreed more closely with the Greek, `` one flocke '' ( μία ποίμνη ). The Authorized Version New Testament owes much more to the Vulgate than does the Old Testament ; still, at least 80 % of the text is unaltered from Tyndale 's translation. Apocrypha ( edit ) Unlike the rest of the Bible, the translators of the Apocrypha identified their source texts in their marginal notes. From these it can be determined that the books of the Apocrypha were translated from the Septuagint -- primarily, from the Greek Old Testament column in the Antwerp Polyglot -- but with extensive reference to the counterpart Latin Vulgate text, and to Junius 's Latin translation. The translators record references to the Sixtine Septuagint of 1587, which is substantially a printing of the Old Testament text from the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209, and also to the 1518 Greek Septuagint edition of Aldus Manutius. They had, however, no Greek texts for 2 Esdras, or for the Prayer of Manasses, and Scrivener found that they here used an unidentified Latin manuscript. Sources ( edit ) The translators appear to have otherwise made no first - hand study of ancient manuscript sources, even those that -- like the Codex Bezae -- would have been readily available to them. In addition to all previous English versions ( including, and contrary to their instructions, the Rheimish New Testament which in their preface they criticized ) ; they made wide and eclectic use of all printed editions in the original languages then available, including the ancient Syriac New Testament printed with an interlinear Latin gloss in the Antwerp Polyglot of 1573. In the preface the translators acknowledge consulting translations and commentaries in Chaldee, Hebrew, Syrian, Greek, Latin, Spanish, French, Italian, and German. The translators took the Bishop 's Bible as their source text, and where they departed from that in favour of another translation, this was most commonly the Geneva Bible. However, the degree to which readings from the Bishop 's Bible survived into final text of the King James Bible varies greatly from company to company, as did the propensity of the King James translators to coin phrases of their own. John Bois 's notes of the General Committee of Review show that they discussed readings derived from a wide variety of versions and patristic sources ; including explicitly both Henry Savile 's 1610 edition of the works of John Chrysostom and the Rheims New Testament, which was the primary source for many of the literal alternative readings provided for the marginal notes. Variations from recent translations ( edit ) Main article : List of major textual variants in the New Testament See also : List of Bible verses not included in modern translations A number of Bible verses in the King James Version of the New Testament are not found in more recent Bible translations, where these are based on modern critical texts. In the early seventeenth century, the source Greek texts of the New Testament used for the production of Protestant bible versions depended mainly on manuscripts of the late Byzantine text - type, and with minor variations contained what became known as the Textus Receptus. With the subsequent identification of much earlier manuscripts, most modern textual scholars value the evidence of manuscripts belonging to the Alexandrian family as better witnesses to the original text of the biblical authors, without giving it, or any family, automatic preference. Style and criticism ( edit ) A primary concern of the translators was to produce an appropriate Bible, dignified and resonant in public reading. Although the Authorized Version 's written style is an important part of its influence on English, research has found only one verse -- Hebrews 13 : 8 -- for which translators debated the wording 's literary merits. While they stated in the preface that they used stylistic variation, finding multiple English words or verbal forms in places where the original language employed repetition, in practice they also did the opposite ; for example, 14 different Hebrew words were translated into the single English word `` prince ''. In a period of rapid linguistic change the translators avoided contemporary idioms, tending instead towards forms that were already slightly archaic, like verily and it came to pass. The pronouns thou / thee and ye / you are consistently used as singular and plural respectively, even though by this time you was often found as the singular in general English usage, especially when addressing a social superior ( as is evidenced, for example, in Shakespeare ). For the possessive of the third person pronoun, the word its, first recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1598, is avoided. The older his is usually employed, as for example at Matthew 5 : 13 : `` if the salt have lost his savour, wherewith shall it be salted? '' ; in other places of it, thereof or bare it are found. Another sign of linguistic conservativism is the invariable use of - eth for the third person singular present form of the verb, as at Matthew 2 : 13 : `` the Angel of the Lord appeareth to Joseph in a dreame ''. The rival ending - ( e ) s, as found in present - day English, was already widely used by this time ( for example, it predominates over - eth in the plays of Shakespeare and Marlowe ). Furthermore, the translators preferred which to who or whom as the relative pronoun for persons, as in Genesis 13 : 5 : `` And Lot also which went with Abram, had flocks and heards, & tents '' although who ( m ) is also found. The Authorized Version is notably more Latinate than previous English versions, especially the Geneva Bible. This results in part from the academic stylistic preferences of a number of the translators -- several of whom admitted to being more comfortable writing in Latin than in English -- but was also, in part, a consequence of the royal proscription against explanatory notes. Hence, where the Geneva Bible might use a common English word -- and gloss its particular application in a marginal note -- the Authorized Version tends rather to prefer a technical term, frequently in Anglicized Latin. Consequently, although the King had instructed the translators to use the Bishops ' Bible as a base text, the New Testament in particular owes much stylistically to the Catholic Rheims New Testament, whose translators had also been concerned to find English equivalents for Latin terminology. In addition, the translators of the New Testament books transliterate names found in the Old Testament in their Greek forms rather than in the forms closer to the Old Testament Hebrew ( e.g. `` Elias '' and `` Noe '' for `` Elijah '' and `` Noah '', respectively ). While the Authorized Version remains among the most widely sold, modern critical New Testament translations differ substantially from it in a number of passages, primarily because they rely on source manuscripts not then accessible to ( or not then highly regarded by ) early 17th - century Biblical scholarship. In the Old Testament, there are also many differences from modern translations that are based not on manuscript differences, but on a different understanding of Ancient Hebrew vocabulary or grammar by the translators. For example, in modern translations it is clear that Job 28 : 1 -- 11 is referring throughout to mining operations, which is not at all apparent from the text of the Authorized Version. Mistranslations ( edit ) The King James version contains several mistranslations ; especially in the Old Testament where the knowledge of Hebrew and cognate languages was uncertain at the time. Most of these are minor and do not significantly change the meaning compared to the source material. Among the most commonly cited errors is in the Hebrew of Job and Deuteronomy, where רֶאֵם `` Re'em '' with the probable meaning of `` wild - ox, aurochs '', is translated in the KJV as `` unicorn '' ; following in this the Vulgate unicornis and several medieval rabbinic commentators. The translators of the KJV note the alternative rendering, `` rhinocerots '' ( sic ) in the margin at Isaiah 34 : 7. On a similar note Martin Luther 's German translation had also relied on the Vulgate Latin on this point, consistently translating רֶאֵם using the German word for unicorn, `` Einhorn. '' Otherwise, the translators on several occasions mistakenly interpreted a Hebrew descriptive phrase as a proper name ( or vice versa ) ; as at 2 Samuel 1 : 18 where ' the Book of Jasher ' סֵפֶר הַיׇּשׇׁר properly refers not to a work by an author of that name, but should rather be rendered as `` the Book of the Upright. '' Influence ( edit ) Despite royal patronage and encouragement, there was never any overt mandate to use the new translation. It was not until 1661 that the Authorized Version replaced the Bishops Bible in the Epistle and Gospel lessons of the Book of Common Prayer, and it never did replace the older translation in the Psalter. In 1763 The Critical Review complained that `` many false interpretations, ambiguous phrases, obsolete words and indelicate expressions... excite the derision of the scorner ''. Blayney 's 1769 version, with its revised spelling and punctuation, helped change the public perception of the Authorized Version to a masterpiece of the English language. By the 19th century, F.W. Faber could say of the translation, `` It lives on the ear, like music that can never be forgotten, like the sound of church bells, which the convert hardly knows how he can forego. '' The Authorized Version has been called `` the most influential version of the most influential book in the world, in what is now its most influential language '', `` the most important book in English religion and culture '', and `` the most celebrated book in the English - speaking world ''. David Crystal has estimated that it is responsible for 257 idioms in English, examples include feet of clay and reap the whirlwind. Furthermore, prominent atheist figures such as the late Christopher Hitchens and Richard Dawkins have praised the King James Version as being `` a giant step in the maturing of English literature '' and `` a great work of literature '', respectively, with Dawkins then adding, `` A native speaker of English who has never read a word of the King James Bible is verging on the barbarian ''. Although the Authorized Version 's former monopoly in the English - speaking world has diminished -- for example, the Church of England recommends six other versions in addition to it -- it is still the most used translation in the United States, especially as the Scofield Reference Bible for Evangelicals. In addition, in the Orthodox Church in America, the King James Version is used liturgically, and was made `` the ' official ' translation for a whole generation of American Orthodox ''. The later Service Book of the Antiochian Archdiocese, in vogue today, also uses the King James Version. The King James Version is also one of the versions authorized to be used in the services of the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Communion, as it is the historical Bible of this Church. Copyright status ( edit ) The Authorized Version is in the public domain in most of the world. However, in the United Kingdom, the right to print, publish and distribute it is a Royal prerogative and the Crown licenses publishers to reproduce it under letters patent. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland the letters patent are held by the Queen 's Printer, and in Scotland by the Scottish Bible Board. The office of Queen 's Printer has been associated with the right to reproduce the Bible for centuries, the earliest known reference coming in 1577. In the 18th century all surviving interests in the monopoly were bought out by John Baskett. The Baskett rights descended through a number of printers and, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the Queen 's Printer is now Cambridge University Press, who inherited the right when they took over the firm of Eyre & Spottiswoode in 1990. Other royal charters of similar antiquity grant Cambridge University Press and Oxford University Press the right to produce the Authorized Version independently of the Queen 's Printer. In Scotland the Authorized Version is published by Collins under licence from the Scottish Bible Board. The terms of the letters patent prohibit any other than the holders, or those authorized by the holders, from printing, publishing or importing the Authorized Version into the United Kingdom. The protection that the Authorized Version, and also the Book of Common Prayer, enjoy is the last remnant of the time when the Crown held a monopoly over all printing and publishing in the United Kingdom. Almost all provisions granting copyright in perpetuity were abolished by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, but because the Authorized Version is protected by royal prerogative rather than copyright, it will remain protected, as specified in CDPA s171 ( 1 ) ( b ). Permission ( edit ) Cambridge University Press permits the reproduction of at most 500 verses for `` liturgical and non-commercial educational use '' if their prescribed acknowledgement is included, the quoted verses do not exceed 25 % of the publication quoting them and do not include a complete Bible book. For use beyond this, the Press is willing to consider permission requested on a case - by - case basis and in 2011 a spokesman said the Press generally does not charge a fee but tries to ensure that a reputable source text is used. Apocrypha ( edit ) Further information on the Apocrypha : Biblical canon Translations of the books of the Biblical apocrypha were necessary for the King James version, as readings from these books were included in the daily Old Testament lectionary of the Book of Common Prayer. Protestant Bibles in the 16th century included the books of the Apocrypha -- generally, following the Luther Bible, in a separate section between the Old and New Testaments to indicate they were not considered part of the Old Testament text -- and there is evidence that these were widely read as popular literature, especially in Puritan circles ; The Apocrypha of the King James Version has the same 14 books as had been found in the Apocrypha of the Bishop 's Bible ; however, following the practice of the Geneva Bible, the first two books of the Apocrypha were renamed 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras, as compared to the names in the Thirty - nine Articles, with the corresponding Old Testament books being renamed Ezra and Nehemiah. Starting in 1630, volumes of the Geneva Bible were occasionally bound with the pages of the Apocrypha section excluded. In 1644 the Long Parliament forbade the reading of the Apocrypha in Church and in 1666 the first editions of the King James Bible without the Apocrypha were bound. The standardization of the text of the Authorized Version after 1769 together with the technological development of stereotype printing made it possible to produce Bibles in large print - runs at very low unit prices. For commercial and charitable publishers, editions of the Authorized Version without the Apocrypha reduced the cost, while having increased market appeal to non-Anglican Protestant readers. With the rise of the Bible societies, most editions have omitted the whole section of Apocryphal books. The British and Foreign Bible Society withdrew subsidies for bible printing and dissemination in 1826, under the following resolution : That the funds of the Society be applied to the printing and circulation of the Canonical Books of Scripture, to the exclusion of those Books and parts of Books usually termed Apocryphal ; The American Bible Society adopted a similar policy. Both societies eventually reversed these policies in light of 20th - century ecumenical efforts on translations, the ABS doing so in 1964 and the BFBS in 1966. King James only movement ( edit ) Main article : King James Only movement The King James Only movement advocates the superiority of the King James Version over all other English translations. Most adherents of the movement believe that the Textus Receptus is very close, if not identical, to the original autographs thereby making it the ideal Greek source for the translation. They argue that most modern English translations are based on a corrupted New Testament text that relies primarily on the Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus manuscripts. See also ( edit ) Anglicanism portal Bible errata Bible translations Bishop 's Bible Dynamic and formal equivalence List of books of the King James Version Modern English Bible translations § King James Versions and derivatives Red letter edition Tyndale Bible Young 's Literal Translation Notes ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ `` And now at last,... it being brought unto such a conclusion, as that we have great hope that the Church of England ( sic ) shall reape good fruit thereby... '' Jump up ^ The Royal Privilege was a virtual monopoly. Jump up ^ The Holy Bible, an Exact Reprint Page for Page of the Authorized Version Published in the Year MDCXI. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1833 ( reprints, ISBN 0 - 8407 - 0041 - 5, 1565631625 ). According to J.R. Dore, the edition `` so far as it goes, represents the edition of 1611 so completely that it may be consulted with as much confidence as an original. The spelling, punctuation, italics, capitals, and distribution into lines and pages are all followed with the most scrupulous care. It is, however, printed in Roman instead of black letter type. '' Jump up ^ Genesis 4 : 1 Jump up ^ Genesis 2 : 4 `` אלה תולדות השמים והארץ בהבראם ביום עשות יהוה אלהים ארץ ושמים '' Jump up ^ e.g. Matthew 7 : 27 : `` great was the fall of it. '', Matthew 2 : 16 : `` in Bethlehem, and in all the coasts thereof '', Leviticus 25 : 5 : `` That which groweth of it owne accord of thy harvest ''. ( Leviticus 25 : 5 is changed to its in many modern printings ). Jump up ^ e.g. at Genesis 3 : 12 : `` The woman whom thou gavest to be with mee '' Jump up ^ That which is most used liturgically is the King James Version. It has a long and honorable tradition in our Church in America. Professor Orloff used it for his translations at the end of the last century, and Isabel Hapgood 's Service Book of 1906 and 1922 made it the `` official '' translation for a whole generation of American Orthodox. Unfortunately, both Orloff and Hapgood used a different version for the Psalms ( that of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer ), thereby giving us two translations in the same services. This was rectified in 1949 by the Service Book of the Antiochian Archdiocese, which replaced the Prayer Book psalms with those from the King James Version and made some other corrections. This beautiful translation, reproducing the stately prose of 1611, was the work of Fathers Upson and Nicholas. It is still in widespread use to this day, and has familiarized thousands of believers with the KJV. Jump up ^ The only other perpetual copyright grants Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children `` a right to a royalty in respect of the public performance, commercial publication or communication to the public of the play ' Peter Pan ' by Sir James Matthew Barrie, or of any adaptation of that work, notwithstanding that copyright in the work expired on 31st December 1987 ''. See CDPA 1988 s301 Citations Jump up ^ Cloud 2006. Jump up ^ KJV Dedicatorie 1611. ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003, p. 204. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 435. Jump up ^ Hill 1997, pp. 4 -- 5. ^ Jump up to : `` 400 years of the King James Bible ''. The Times Literary Supplement. 9 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 17. Retrieved 8 March 2011. Jump up ^ `` The King James Bible : The Book That Changed the World - BBC Two ''. BBC. ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003, p. 439. ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003, p. 436. ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003, p. 488. Jump up ^ Cross & Livingstone 1974, Authorised Version of the Bible. ^ Jump up to : Douglas 1974, Bible ( English Versions ). Jump up ^ Hobbes 2010, Chapter XXXV. Jump up ^ Pearse 1761, p. 79. Jump up ^ Kimber 1775, p. 279. Jump up ^ Butler 1807, p. 219. Jump up ^ Holmes 1815, p. 277. Jump up ^ Horne 1818, p. 14. Jump up ^ Adams, Thacher & Emerson 1811, p. 110. Jump up ^ Hacket 1715, p. 205. Jump up ^ Anon 1814, p. 356. Jump up ^ Anon 1783, p. 27. Jump up ^ Newcome 1792, p. 113. Jump up ^ Anon 1801, p. 145. Jump up ^ `` Authorized Version ''. Oxford English Dictionary ( 2nd ed. ). Oxford University Press. 1989. Jump up ^ Smith 1814, p. 209. Jump up ^ Chapman 1856, p. 270. Jump up ^ Anon 1856, pp. 530 -- 31. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 75. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 143. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 152. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 156. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 277. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 291. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 292. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 304. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 339. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 344. Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 186. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 364. Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 221. Jump up ^ Valpy, Michael ( 5 February 2011 ). `` How the mighty has fallen : The King James Bible turns 400 ''. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 8 April 2014. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 433. ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003, p. 434. Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 328. Jump up ^ Norton 2005, p. 10. ^ Jump up to : Bobrick 2001, p. 223. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 442. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 444. Jump up ^ Wallechinsky & Wallace 1975, p. 235. Jump up ^ Norton 2005, p. 11. Jump up ^ Bois, Allen & Walker 1969. Jump up ^ Norton 2005, p. 20. Jump up ^ Norton 2005, p. 16. Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 257. Jump up ^ DeCoursey 2003, pp. 331 -- 32. Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001, pp. 223 -- 44. Jump up ^ Herbert 1968, p. 309. Jump up ^ Herbert 1968, p. 310. ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003, p. 453. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 451. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 454. ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003, p. 455. Jump up ^ Herbert 1968, p. 424. Jump up ^ Herbert 1968, p. 520. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 4557. Jump up ^ Norton 2005, p. 62. Jump up ^ Anon 1996. Jump up ^ Norton 2005, p. 46. Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 261. Jump up ^ Herbert 1968, pp. 313 -- 14. Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 61. ^ Jump up to : Scrivener 1884, p. 70. Jump up ^ Norton 2005, p. 162. Jump up ^ Procter & Frere 1902, p. 187. Jump up ^ Hague 1948, p. 353. ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003, p. 458. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 459. Jump up ^ Bruce 2002, p. 92. ^ Jump up to : Hill 1993, p. 65. Jump up ^ Herbert 1968, p. 577. Jump up ^ Herbert 1968, p. 936. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 457. ^ Jump up to : Bobrick 2001, p. 264. Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 266. Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 265. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 510. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 478. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 489. Jump up ^ Norton 2005, p. 94. Jump up ^ Herbert 1968, p. 444. Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884, pp. 147 -- 94. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 515. Jump up ^ Norton 2005, p. 99. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 619. Jump up ^ Norton 2005, p. 114. Jump up ^ Norton 2005. Jump up ^ Herbert 1968, p. 1142. Jump up ^ Norton 2005, p. 106. Jump up ^ Herbert 1968, p. 1196. Jump up ^ Norton 2005, p. 113. Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 242. Jump up ^ Norton 2005, p. 120. Jump up ^ Prickett & Carroll 2008. Jump up ^ Norton 2005, p. 125. Jump up ^ Dore 1888, p. 363. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 691. Jump up ^ Norton 2005, p. 122. Jump up ^ Norton 2005, p. 131. Jump up ^ Norton 2006. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 685. Jump up ^ Chadwick 1970, pp. 40 -- 56. Jump up ^ Norton 2005, pp. 115, 126. ^ Jump up to : White 2009. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 764. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 765. Jump up ^ Norton 2005, p. 126. Jump up ^ Norton 2005, p. 144. Jump up ^ `` Settings of the King James Bible '' ( PDF ). ourkjv.com. Retrieved 13 July 2013. Jump up ^ tbsbibles.org ( 2013 ). `` Editorial Report '' ( PDF ). Quarterly Record. Trinitarian Bible Society. 603 ( 2nd Quarter ) : 10 -- 20. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` CUP letter '' ( PDF ). ourkjv.com. Retrieved 13 July 2013. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 792. Jump up ^ Bruce 2002, p. 105. Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 56. Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 43. Jump up ^ Metzger, Bruce ( 1968 ). Historical and Literary Studies. Brill. p. 144. Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 58. Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 118. Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 68. Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 254. Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 42. Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 271. Jump up ^ The Jewish Publication Society Tanakh, copyright 1985 Jump up ^ Daiches 1968, p. 208. Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 60. Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884, pp. 243 -- 63. Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 262. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 448. ^ Jump up to : Scrivener 1884, p. 47. Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 59. ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003, p. 440. Jump up ^ Bois, Allen & Walker 1969, p. xxv. Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 246. Jump up ^ KJV Translators to the Reader 1611. Jump up ^ Bois, Allen & Walker 1969, p. 118. Jump up ^ Metzger 1964, pp. 103 -- 06. Jump up ^ Metzger 1964, p. 216. Jump up ^ Metzger 1964, p. 218. Jump up ^ Barber 1997, pp. 153 -- 54. ^ Jump up to : Barber 1997, p. 150. Jump up ^ Barber 1997, pp. 150 -- 51. Jump up ^ Barber 1997, pp. 166 -- 67. Jump up ^ Barber 1997, p. 212. Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 229. Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 252. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 5. Jump up ^ Bruce 2002, p. 145. Jump up ^ `` Errors in the King James Version? by William W. Combs '' ( PDF ). DBSJ. 1999. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015. Jump up ^ `` BibleGateway - : Einhorn ''. www.biblegateway.com. Jump up ^ Hall 1881. Jump up ^ `` When the King Saved God ''. Vanity Fair. 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Why I want all our children to read the King James Bible ''. The Guardian. 20 May 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Biblical Studies ''. Department of Christian Education -- Orthodox Church in America. 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014. Jump up ^ The Canons of the General Convention of the Episcopal Church : Canon 2 : Of Translations of the Bible Archived 24 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Jump up to : Metzger & Coogan 1993, p. 618. Jump up ^ `` Bibles ''. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 11 December 2012. Jump up ^ `` Shakespeare 's Globe takes issue with the Queen over Bible royalties - The Daily Telegraph ''. Retrieved 11 December 2012. Jump up ^ `` The Queen 's Printer 's Patent ''. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2012. We grant permission to use the text, and license printing or the importation for sale within the UK, as long as we are assured of acceptable quality and accuracy. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 187. Jump up ^ Hill 1993, p. 338. Jump up ^ Kenyon 1909. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 600. Jump up ^ Daniell 2003, p. 622. Jump up ^ Browne 1859, pp. 362 --. Jump up ^ Melton 2005, p. 38. References ( edit ) Adams, David Phineas ; Thacher, Samuel Cooper ; Emerson, William ( 1811 ). The Monthly Anthology, and Boston Review. Munroe and Francis. Anon ( 1783 ). A call to the Jews. J. Johnson. Anon ( 1801 ). The Anti-Jacobin Review and Magazine. J. Whittle. Anon ( 1814 ). Missionary Register. Seeley, Jackson, & Halliday for the Church Missionary Society. Anon ( 1856 ). The Original Secession Magazine. vol. ii. Edinburgh : Moodie and Lothian. Anon ( 1996 ). The Elizabeth Perkins Prothro Bible Collection : A Checklist. Bridwell Library. ISBN 978 - 0 - 941881 - 19 - 7. Barber, Charles Laurence ( 1997 ). Early modern English ( second ed. ). Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0 - 7486 - 0835 - 4. Bobrick, Benson ( 2001 ). Wide as the waters : the story of the English Bible and the revolution it inspired. New York : Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0 - 684 - 84747 - 7. Bois, John ; Allen, Ward ; Walker, Anthony ( 1969 ). Translating for King James ; being a true copy of the only notes made by a translator of King James 's Bible, the Authorized Version, as the Final Committee of Review revised the translation of Romans through Revelation at Stationers ' Hall in London in 1610 -- 1611. Taken by John Bois... these notes were for three centuries lost, and only now are come to light, through a copy made by the hand of William Fulman. Here translated and edited by Ward Allen. Nashville : Vanderbilt University Press. OCLC 607818272. Browne, George ( 1859 ). History of the British and Foreign Bible Society. Bruce, Frederick Fyvie ( 2002 ). History of the Bible in English. Cambridge : Lutterworth Press. ISBN 0 - 7188 - 9032 - 9. Butler, Charles ( 1807 ). Horae Biblicae. Vol 1 ( fourth ed. ). London : J. White. OCLC 64048851. Chadwick, Owen ( 1970 ). The Victorian Church Part II. Edinburgh : A&C Black. ISBN 0 - 334 - 02410 - 2. Chapman, James L. ( 1856 ). Americanism versus Romanism : or the cis - Atlantic battle between Sam and the pope. Nashville, TN : the author. OCLC 1848388. Cloud, David ( 2006 ). `` Is n't the King James Bible too Antiquated and Difficult to Understand? ''. Way of Life Literature. Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2009. Daiches, David ( 1968 ). The King James Version of the English Bible : An Account of the Development and Sources of the English Bible of 1611 With Special Reference to the Hebrew Tradition. Hamden, Conn : Archon Books. ISBN 0 - 208 - 00493 - 9. Daniell, David ( 2003 ). The Bible in English : its history and influence. New Haven, Conn : Yale University Press. ISBN 0 - 300 - 09930 - 4. DeCoursey, Matthew ( 2003 ). Edward A. Malone, ed. British Rhetoricians and Logicians, 1500 - 1660 : Second series. Gale Group. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7876 - 6025 - 3. Dore, John Read ( 1888 ). Old Bibles : An Account of the Early Versions of the English Bible. 2nd edition. Eyre and Spottiswoode. Douglas, James Dixon, ed. ( 1974 ). New International Dictionary of the Christian Church. Zondervan. Melton, J. Gordon ( 2005 ). Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6983 - 5. Hacket, John ( 1715 ). Bishop Hacket 's Memoirs of the Life of Archbishop Williams... Abridg 'd : With the Most Remarkable Occurrences and Transactions in Church and State. Sam. Briscoe. Hague, Dyson ( 1948 ). Through the Prayer Book. Church Book Room Press. Hall, Isaac Hollister ( 1881 ). The Revised New Testament and History of Revisions. Hubbard Bros. Herbert, A.S. ( 1968 ). Historical Catalogue of Printed Editions of the English Bible, 1525 - 1961, Etc. British and Foreign Bible Society. Hill, Christopher ( 1993 ). The English Bible and the seventeenth - century revolution. London : Allen Lane. ISBN 0 - 7139 - 9078 - 3. Hill, Christopher ( 1997 ). Society and Puritanism in pre-revolutionary England. New York : St. Martin 's Press. ISBN 0 - 312 - 17432 - 2. Hobbes, Thomas ( 2010 ). Leviathan. Broadview Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 55481 - 003 - 1. Holmes, A. ( 1815 ). `` An Historical sketch of the English translations of the Bible ''. In Worcester, Noah. The Christian Disciple. Vol. iii. Boston, MA : Cummings & Hilliard. Horne, Thomas Hartwell ( 1818 ). An introduction to the critical study and knowledge of the holy Scriptures, Volume 2. London : T. Cadell and A Davies. Kenyon, Sir Frederic G. ( 1909 ). `` English Versions ''. In James Hastings. Hastings ' Dictionary of the Bible. New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons. ISBN 978 - 1 - 56563 - 915 - 7. Kimber, Isaac ( 1775 ). The history of England, from the earliest accounts, to the accession of his present Majesty King George III ( fifth ed. ). London : J. Buckland. OCLC 14263883. `` Epistle Dedicatorie ''. The Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible. Wikisource. 1611. `` Translators to the Reader ''. The Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible. Wikisource. 1611. Metzger, Bruce M. ( 1964 ). The Text of the New Testament. Clarendon. Metzger, Bruce M. ; Coogan, Michael D., eds. ( 1993 ). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 504645 - 5. Procter, Francis ; Frere, Walter Howard ( 1902 ). A New History of the Book of Common Prayer. MacMillan & Co. Newcome, William ( 1792 ). Historical View of the English Biblical Translations. Norton, David ( 2005 ). A Textual History of the King James Bible. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 - 521 - 77100 - 5. Norton, David, ed. ( 2006 ). The Bible. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0 - 14 - 144151 - 8. Cross, F.L. ; Livingstone, E.A., eds. ( 1974 ). Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. Pearse, Salem ( 1761 ). `` A Brief Account of the various Translations of the Bible into English ''. The Second Part of the Celestial Diary. London : Robert Brown. p. 79. Prickett, Stephen ; Carroll, Robert P., eds. ( 2008 ). The Bible : Authorized King James Version. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0 - 19 - 953594 - 9. Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose ( 1884 ). The Authorized Edition of the English Bible, 1611, its subsequent reprints and modern representatives. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Smith, William ( 1814 ). The reasonableness of setting forth the most worthy praise of Almighty God : according to the usage of the primitive church. New York : T. and J. Swords. OCLC 3512140. Story, G.M. ( 1967 ). Lancelot Andrewes Sermons. Oxford : Oxford University Press. Wallechinsky, David ; Wallace, Irving ( 1975 ). The People 's Almanac. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 04186 - 7. White, James R. ( 2009 ). The King James Only Controversy : Can You Trust Modern Translations?. Baker Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7642 - 0605 - 4. Further reading ( edit ) Chronological order of publication ( newest first ) Burke, David G., John F. Kutsko, and Philip H. Towner, eds. The King James Version at 400 : Assessing Its Genius as Bible Translation and Its Literary Influence ( Society of Biblical Literature ; 2013 ) 553 pages ; scholars examine such topics as the KJV and 17th - century religious lyric, the KJV and the language of liturgy, and the KJV in Christian Orthodox perspective. McGrath, Alister E. ( 2002 ). In the beginning : the story of the King James Bible and how it changed a nation, a language and a culture. New York : Anchor Books, a Division of Random House, Inc. ISBN 0 - 385 - 72216 - 8. Nicolson, Adam ( 2003 ). Power and Glory : Jacobean England and the Making of the King James Bible. London : HarperCollins. ISBN 0 - 00 - 710893 - 1. In US : ( 2003 ). God 's secretaries : the making of the King James Bible. London : HarperCollins. ISBN 0 - 06 - 018516 - 3. Paperback : ( 2011 ). When God Spoke English : The Making of the King James Bible. London : HarperPress. ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 743100 - 7. The Diary Of Samuel Ward : A Translator Of The 1611 King James Bible, edited by John Wilson Cowart and M.M. Knappen, contains surviving pages of Samuel Ward 's diary from 11 May 1595 to 1 July 1632. Ward, Thomas ( 1903 ). Errata of the Protestant Bible ( i.e. mostly of the Authorized `` King James '' Version ) ; or, The Truth of the English Translations Examined, in a Treatise Showing Some of the Errors That Are to Be Found in the English Translations of the Sacred Scriptures, Used by Protestants... A new ed., carefully rev. and corr., in which are add ( itions )... New York : P.J. Kennedy and Sons. N.B. : A polemical Roman Catholic work, first published in the late 17th century. Keay, Julia ( 2005 ). Alexander the Corrector : the tormented genius who unwrote the Bible. London : Harper Perennial. ISBN 0 - 00 - 713196 - 8. Hallihan, C.P. ( 2010 ). Authorized Version : A Wonderful and Unfinished History. Trinitarian Bible Society. ISBN 978 - 1 - 86228 - 049 - 6. Published to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the initial publication, in 1611, of the Authorized ( `` King James '' ) Version of the Bible Ehrman, Bart D. ( 2005 ). Misquoting Jesus : the story behind who changed the Bible and why. San Francisco : HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0 - 06 - 073817 - 0. Collection of English Almanacs for the Years 1702 -- 1835. 1761. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : King James Version Wikisource has original text related to this article : Authorized King James Version Wikimedia Commons has media related to King James Bible. `` King James Version ( text of original 1611 Bible ) ''. kingjamesbibleonline.org. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2011. Online searchable database of the original 1611 text, including the Apocrypha and introductory text. It also contains the 1769 standard edition. `` Online gallery : Sacred texts : King James Bible ''. British Library. Archived from the original on 23 August 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2007. On - line image of a page ( beginning of St John 's gospel ) with a written description by the British Library. `` The Holy Bible, conteyning the Old Testament, and the New. Imprinted at London : By Robert Barker..., 1611 ''. Schoenberg Center for Electronic Text & Imaging, University of Pennsylvania Library. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2007. On - line facsimile ( page images ) of the 1611 printing of the King James Bible, `` He '' Bible variant. `` King James Version ( facsimile of alternative 1611 edition, `` She '' Bible ) ``. Retrieved 31 August 2011. On - line facsimile ( page images ) of the 1611 printing of the King James Bible. `` King James Version of the Bible : Alexander Scourby, narrator ( 1966 ) -- Essay by Cary O'Dell '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 18 September 2017. Brief history of Alexander Scourby 's narration of King James Bible on the Library of Congress website. `` King James Bible in EPUB and MOBI formats ''. Retrieved 25 March 2018. The King James Bible in EPUB e MOBI formats for Amazon Kindle and other eBook readers. King James Version Accessible reading online. King James Version Text Source Masoretic Text ( OT ) Textus Receptus ( NT ) Derivative New King James Version ( NKJV ) 21st Century King James Version ( KJ21 ) Third Millennium Bible ( TMB ) Divine Name King James Bible ( DNKJB ) Translators Westminster Lancelot Andrewes, John Overall, Hadrian à Saravia, Richard Clarke, John Layfield, Robert Tighe, Francis Burleigh, Geoffrey King, Richard Thomson, William Bedwell William Barlow, John Spenser, Roger Fenton, Ralph Hutchinson, William Dakins, Michael Rabbet, Thomas Sanderson ( who probably had already become Archdeacon of Rochester ) Oxford John Harding, John Rainolds ( or Reynolds ), Thomas Holland, Richard Kilby, Miles Smith, Richard Brett, Daniel Fairclough, William Thorne, Thomas Ravis, George Abbot, Richard Eedes, Giles Tomson, Sir Henry Savile, John Peryn, Ralph Ravens, John Harmar, John Aglionby, Leonard Hutten Cambridge Edward Lively, John Richardson, Lawrence Chaderton, Francis Dillingham, Roger Andrewes, Thomas Harrison, Robert Spaulding, Andrew Bing, John Duport, William Branthwaite, Jeremiah Radcliffe, Samuel Ward, Andrew Downes, John Bois, Robert Ward, Thomas Bilson, Richard Bancroft Technique Formal equivalence Theology King James Only movement Verbal plenary preservation English - language translations of the Bible 5th -- 11th century Wessex Gospels Hatton gospels Old English Hexateuch Old English Bible translations Middle English Wycliffe Middle English Bible translations 16th -- 17th century Tyndale Coverdale Matthew Great Bible Taverner Geneva Bishops ' Douay -- Rheims ( DRV ) King James ( KJV ) 18th -- 19th century Challoner Brenton 's Septuagint Webster 's Young 's Literal ( YLT ) Revised ( RV ) Living Oracles Darby Emphatic Diaglott Joseph Smith Quaker Julia E. 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{ "text": "It 's Complicated ( film ) - wikipedia It 's Complicated ( film ) Jump to : navigation, search It 's Complicated Theatrical release poster Directed by Nancy Meyers Produced by Nancy Meyers Scott Rudin Written by Nancy Meyers Starring Meryl Streep Steve Martin Alec Baldwin John Krasinski Music by Hans Zimmer Heitor Pereira Cinematography John Toll Edited by Joe Hutshing David Moritz Production company Relativity Media Waverly Films Scott Rudin Productions Dentsu Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date December 25, 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 25 ) Running time 120 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $85 million Box office $219.1 million It 's Complicated is a 2009 American romantic comedy film written and directed by Nancy Meyers. It stars Meryl Streep as a successful bakery owner and single mother of three who starts a secret affair with her former husband, played by Alec Baldwin, ten years after their divorce -- only to find herself drawn to another man : her architect Adam ( portrayed by Steve Martin ). The film also features supporting performances by Lake Bell, Hunter Parrish, Zoe Kazan, John Krasinski, Mary Kay Place, Robert Curtis Brown and Rita Wilson, among others. The film was met with average reviews from critics, who praised the acting of its ensemble cast but declared its story rather predictable. It became another commercial hit for Meyers, however, upon its Christmas Day 2009 opening release in the United States and Canada. It played well through the holidays and in to January 2010, ultimately closing on April 1 with $112.7 million. Worldwide, It 's Complicated eventually grossed $219.1 million, and surpassed The Holiday ( 2006 ) to become Meyer 's third highest - grossing project to date. For their performances, the cast was awarded a National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Award for Best Ensemble Cast the same year. In addition, the film was nominated at both the Critics ' Choice Awards and the Satellite Awards and garnered Meyers two Golden Globe nominations, including Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy and Best Screenplay. Streep and Baldwin each were individually recognized with Best Actress and Best Supporting Actor nominations at the Golden Globe and BAFTA award ceremonies, respectively. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 4.3 Awards and nominations 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Jane ( Meryl Streep ), who owns a successful bakery in Santa Barbara, California, and Jake Adler ( Alec Baldwin ), a successful attorney, divorced ten years earlier. They had three children together, two girls and a boy, who are grown. Jake, who was cheating on Jane, married the much younger Agness ( Lake Bell ). Jane and Jake attend their son Luke 's graduation from college in New York City. After a dinner together, the two begin an affair, which continues in Santa Barbara. Jane is torn about the affair ; Jake is not. While Agness has Jake scheduled for regular sessions at a fertility clinic, Jake is secretly taking medication to increase sperm count for fertility, a side effect of which can cause dizziness. After one of his sessions he has a lunchtime rendezvous with Jane at a hotel. Jake collapses in the hotel room and a doctor is called. The doctor speculates that the reason for Jake 's distress may be the medication and says he should stop taking it. Jake and Jane 's children know nothing of the affair, but Harley ( John Krasinski ), who is engaged to their daughter Lauren, spots the pair and the doctor in the hotel, but keeps silent. Adam ( Steve Martin ) is an architect hired to remodel Jane 's home. Still healing from a divorce of his own, he begins to fall in love with Jane. On the night of Luke 's graduation party in Santa Barbara, Jane invites Adam to the party. She is stoned when he picks her up because she has smoked a marijuana joint that Jake had given her earlier. Before going into the party, Adam smokes some of the joint with Jane. Once inside, they are laughing and happily high, Jake becomes jealous observing them, and after pressing Jane, smokes some with her also. Agness then observes Jake and Jane dancing together and realizes they are having an affair. When they leave the party, Adam asks Jane if they could have something to eat. Jane takes him to her bakery and they make chocolate croissants together. Jake and Agness separate, although it is not clear who leaves whom. Eventually by a webcam in Jane 's bedroom, Adam sees Jake naked and realizes that the two have been having an affair. Adam tells Jane he can not continue seeing her because it will only lead to heartbreak. Jane 's kids also find out, and they are not happy about Mom and Dad getting together again because they are still recovering from the divorce. Jane tells them she is not getting back with Jake. Jane and Jake talk and end their affair on amicable terms. The film ends with Adam at Jane 's house ready to commence the remodeling. Before the credits roll, Jane and Adam are seen laughing about the chocolate croissants while walking into her house. Cast ( edit ) Meryl Streep as Jane Adler, a successful bakery owner. Steve Martin as Adam Schaffer, Jane 's architect. Alec Baldwin as Jacob `` Jake '' Adler, Jane 's ex-husband. Lake Bell as Agness Adler, Jake 's wife. Hunter Parrish as Luke David Adler, Jane and Jake 's son. Zoe Kazan as Gabby Adler, Jane and Jake 's younger daughter. Caitlin Fitzgerald as Lauren Adler, Jane and Jake 's older daughter. John Krasinski as Harley, Lauren 's fiancé. Mary Kay Place as Joanne Rita Wilson as Trisha Alexandra Wentworth as Diane James Patrick Stuart as Dr. Moss, the plastic surgeon Blanchard Ryan as Annalise Michael Rivera as Eddie Robert Curtis Brown as Peter Peter Mackenzie as Dr. Alan, Jane 's therapist. Rosalie Ward as Alex Jimmy Clabots as Chase Emjay Anthony as Pedro Adler Emily Kinney as Waitress. Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) It 's Complicated marked Steve Martin 's third collaboration with director Nancy Meyers. In May 2008, Nancy Meyers agreed to a project for Universal Studios that she would write and direct, to be co-produced with Scott Rudin. The project was referred to as The Untitled Nancy Meyers Project during its inception and early production. Establishing commitments from the principals began in 2008, with Meryl Streep and Alec Baldwin entering discussions in August, and Steve Martin joining the cast in October. Casting continued through 2009, with Zoe Kazan, Lake Bell, and Hunter Parrish joining in January, John Krasinski in February, Rita Wilson in March, and Caitlin Fitzgerald in June. Filming ( edit ) While the majority of the film is set in Santa Barbara, California, most of the filming -- including nearly all of the interiors -- took place in New York City. Principal photography began on February 18, 2009 at the Broadway Stages in the Brooklyn borough, where the interior scenes of Jane 's house were shot. Several other key locations were used during the first portion of filming in New York, including Picnic House, a large, studio - sized structure in Brooklyn 's Prospect Park, where Jane 's bakery was built inside ; the facilities at Sarabeth 's Bakery in the Chelsea Market ; and a commercial loft building in New York 's Chelsea district, where scenes at Adam 's architecture office were filmed in. As Martin was soon to embark on a concert tour to promote The Crow : New Songs for the Five - String Banjo ( 2009 ), his schedule required the team to complete shooting his scenes during the first two months of filming. Though set in Santa Barbara, the film was primarily shot in New York City. In April 2009, the company relocated to Los Angeles, where cast and crew started filming scenes taking place outside Jane 's house, for which a ranch house located in Thousand Oaks in the north of Los Angeles was used. In mid-April, the crew spent a few days filming exteriors in Montecito and Santa Barbara -- just days before wildfires took a heavy toll on the area. Additional scenes were taken in front of numerous downtown landmarks, including the Santa Barbara County Courthouse and the El Paseo section. Afterwards, the team returned to Los Angeles for completion of the scenes at Jane 's house and for the filming at the Bel - Air Bay Club in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood. In early May, principal photography returned to Brooklyn for completion. For Luke 's graduation scenes, shooting took place at St. John 's University in Queens and on Park Avenue in Manhattan. Several different locations stood in for the fictional Park Regent hotel : While a Donald Trump - owned residence building on Park Avenue and 59th Street was used for exterior shots, the lobby and Jane 's hotel room were in the JW Marriott Essex House. The hotel bar was the interior of a restaurant on Tenth Avenue. Filming eventually completed in August 2009. The sets were easy to design. Most scenes take place in the protagonist 's home and interior courtyard, and as such the architectural details had to be fastidiously worked out, but the rooms were kept bare to reflect the character 's functional tastes and limited budget. There are relatively few decorations, just `` a bunch of thrift - store things haphazardly thrown together '', in the words of production designer Jon Hutman. The building itself is a traditional 1920s Spanish - ranch - style adobe - mud house which `` epitomised the Santa Barbara area. '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) It 's Complicated received mixed reviews from film critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 57 % based on 172 reviews, with an average score of 5.8 / 10. According to the website, the critical consensus is : `` Despite fine work by an appealing cast, It 's Complicated is predictable romantic comedy fare, going for broad laughs instead of subtlety and nuance. '' Another review aggregator, Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average, gave the film a score of 57 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating `` mixed or average reviews ''. Baldwin and Streep received generally positive reviews from critics for their performances in It 's Complicated. Wesley Morris of the Boston Globe called the film `` the most emotionally sophisticated of all Meyers 's fantasies '' and praised the acting performances in it. He noted that the film felt like `` a made - for - Meryl film ( in which ) Streep deploys all her best moves (... ) in movie star mode, and she 's irresistible, '' and declared Baldwin a worthy match to her, writing : `` It 's Complicated unleashes an unabashedly, desperately romantic side of Baldwin that we have n't seen before. He does n't steal this movie so much as grant all Streep 's fluttering and twirling and hand - fanning an exuberant counterweight. '' In his review for the Washington Post, Michael O'Sullivan called the film a `` very grown - up -- and very funny -- love story ( which ) manages to be both light on its feet and heavy enough to deliver something of a message. '' He concluded : `` Food Network porn, hot, middle - age sex and a happy, if slightly bittersweet, ending. For a particular audience -- but not just for that audience -- what 's not to love? '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called the film an `` unapologetic chick flick '' and wrote that `` you do n't have to feel guilty for lapping up this froth. Just do n't expect nourishment. '' He rated the film two and a half stars out of four. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times also gave it the same rating and called the film a prime example of Meyer 's established `` cottage industry of movies about romantically inclined middle - aged people. '' He found praise for the cast of both Baldwin and Streep, the latter of which he felt `` inspires as so often our belief that she 's good at everything she does, '' but noted that while the film contained `` funny stuff '' and likeable characters, It 's Complicated was more of `` a rearrangement of the goods in Nancy Meyers ' bakery, and some of them belong on the day - old shelf. '' Writing for Time magazine, Mary Pols complimented Streep 's `` radiant, funny and endearingly vulnerable '' performance and Meyers ' `` clever and fresh (... ) intent in showing the reality of the fantasy coming true. '' She, however, felt that It 's Complicated `` is positioned more as a which - guy - will - she - choose story '' which misses `` dramatic tension to feed that plot line. '' Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - rating and declared the film a `` middle - aged porn, the specialty of Meyers, who also set ladies and interior decorators drooling over homes and gardens in 2006 's The Holiday. '' Lou Lumenick from New York Post stated that it `` coulda had more laughs, but in the spirit of seasonal good cheer, let me predict that the best - chocolate - croissant - making montage in Hollywood history is going to help this one clean up at the box office. '' He found that Martin seemed `` uncomfortable in his thankless role, '' while `` Streep and Baldwin, though, seem to be thoroughly enjoying themselves '' and compared the film to Noël Coward 's classic farce Private Lives. Salon.com writer Stephanie Zacharek dismissed the film as `` another missive from romantic - comedy hell, '' and felt that `` Alec Baldwin -- in his undershorts, no less -- saves Nancy Meyers ' latest midlife whingefest. '' Box office ( edit ) Released on December 25, 2009 in the United States, the film opened in 2,887 locations and placed fourth on the US box office after its first weekend. It charted behind Avatar, Sherlock Holmes, and Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel with $22,100,820, scoring a $7,655 average income per theatre. It played well through the holidays and into January 2010, ultimately closing on April 1 with $112.7 million in North America and a total of $214,727,200 worldwide. Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards Award Recipient ( s ) Outcome Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Best Comedy Film Film Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Meryl Streep Nominated Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy Nancy Meyers Nominated Best Screenplay Nancy Meyers Nominated National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Awards Best Ensemble Cast Film Won Satellite Awards Best Film -- Musical or Comedy Film Nominated BAFTA Awards Best Supporting Actor Alec Baldwin Nominated Home Media ( edit ) It 's Complicated became available on DVD and Blu - ray Tuesday, April 27, 2010.. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Abramowitz, Rachel ( September 12, 2009 ). `` Meryl Streep 's got legs ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 6, 2010. With the exception of `` It 's Complicated '', with a budget of $75 million (... ) Jump up ^ Fritz, Ben ( December 28, 2009 ). `` Holiday box - office take is highest in recent history ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 3, 2010. (... ) `` It 's Complicated '', which stars Meryl Streep, was n't particularly impressive given its budget of about $85 million. ^ Jump up to : `` It 's Complicated ( 2009 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 29, 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` It 's Complicated ''. Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved June 19, 2016. Jump up ^ Labrecque, Jeff ( August 7, 2009 ). `` Meryl Streep on the prowl in ' Its Complicated '' trailer ``. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 23, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Nancy Meyers Filmography ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10. Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael ( May 7, 2008 ). `` Universal woos next Meyers movie ''. Variety. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael ( August 5, 2008 ). `` Streep in deep with Meyers ''. Variety. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael ( August 14, 2008 ). `` Baldwin flirts with romantic comedy ''. Variety. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael ( October 13, 2008 ). `` Steve Martin joins Nancy Meyers film ''. Variety. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael ( January 21, 2009 ). `` Meyers casts Kazan, Bell, Parrish ''. Variety. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Matt ( February 10, 2009 ). `` John Krasinski Boards Untitled Nancy Meyers Project ''. Collider.com. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ Kemp, Stuart ( March 20, 2009 ). `` Wilson in demand ''. The Independent. London. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin ( June 7, 2009 ). `` Players ''. Variety. ^ Jump up to : `` It 's Complicated - Production Notes ''. Universal Studios. Writingstudio.co.za. Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10. Jump up ^ Reuters, Thomas ( August 14, 2009 ). `` Still the love interest ''. Screen. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ Harrison, Penny ( 2010 - 01 - 09 ). `` Home movies ''. Herald Sun. p. Home magazine, pp. 16 -- 17. Jump up ^ `` It 's Complicated Movie Reviews, Pictures ''. Rotten Tomatoes. IGN Entertainment. Retrieved June 11, 2010. Jump up ^ `` It 's Complicated ( 2009 ) : Reviews ''. Metacritic. CNET Networks. Retrieved February 11, 2010. ^ Jump up to : Morris, Wesley ( 2009 - 12 - 25 ). `` It 's Complicated ''. Boston Globe. Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10. Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` bg '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ). Jump up ^ Travers, Peter ( 2009 - 12 - 21 ). `` Movie review : ' It 's Complicated, ' with Meryl Streep, is funny food for thought ''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10. Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger ( 2009 - 12 - 23 ). `` It 's Complicated ( Review ) ''. Chicago Sun - Times. Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11. Jump up ^ Pols, Mary ( 2009 - 12 - 24 ). `` It 's Complicated ( 2009 ) ''. Time. Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10. Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum, Lisa ( 2009 - 12 - 30 ). `` It 's Complicated ( 2009 ) ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10. Jump up ^ Lumenick, Lou ( 2009 - 12 - 25 ). `` Status update : It 's cheesy ''. New York Post. Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10. Jump up ^ Zacharek, Stephanie ( 2009 - 12 - 24 ). `` Another missive from romantic - comedy hell ''. Salon.com. Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10. Jump up ^ Goldstein, Patrick ( August 17, 2009 ). `` Universal takes a public spanking for its movie flops ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ `` Universal Pictures ' Fall / Holiday 2009 Sneak Preview! ''. Movieweb. August 13, 2009. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ `` Nominations and Winners ''. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. December 15, 2009. Archived from the original on December 15, 2009. Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 15. Jump up ^ `` NBC Universal Store ''. External links ( edit ) Official website It 's Complicated on IMDb It 's Complicated at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Nancy Meyers The Parent Trap ( 1998 ) What Women Want ( 2000 ) Something 's Gotta Give ( 2003 ) The Holiday ( 2006 ) It 's Complicated ( 2009 ) The Intern ( 2015 ) Films produced by Scott Rudin Revenge of the Stepford Wives I 'm Dancing as Fast as I Can Reckless Mrs. Soffel Pacific Heights Regarding Henry Little Man Tate The Addams Family White Sands Life with Mikey The Firm Searching for Bobby Fischer Addams Family Values Sister Act 2 : Back in the Habit Nobody 's Fool Clueless Sabrina Mother The First Wives Club Ransom Marvin 's Room In & Out Twilight The Truman Show A Civil Action Bringing Out the Dead Sleepy Hollow Angela 's Ashes Wonder Boys Rules of Engagement Shaft Zoolander The Royal Tenenbaums Iris Orange County Changing Lanes The Hours Marci X School of Rock The Stepford Wives The Manchurian Candidate The Village I Heart Huckabees Team America : World Police The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou Freedomland Failure to Launch Notes on a Scandal No Country for Old Men The Darjeeling Limited Margot at the Wedding Stop - Loss Doubt Revolutionary Road Fantastic Mr. Fox It 's Complicated Greenberg The Social Network True Grit Margaret Moneyball The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close Moonrise Kingdom The Dictator Frances Ha Captain Phillips Inside Llewyn Davis The Grand Budapest Hotel Rosewater Top Five While We 're Young Aloha Steve Jobs Zoolander 2 Fences The Meyerowitz Stories Lady Bird The Legacy of a Whitetail Deer Hunter Isle of Dogs Mid-90s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_Complicated_(film)&oldid=799278246 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films Films directed by Nancy Meyers 2000s romantic comedy films Universal Pictures films Relativity Media films American sex comedy films American comedy - drama films American romantic comedy films American films Comedy of remarriage films Films set in Santa Barbara, California Films set in California Films set in New York City Film scores by Hans Zimmer Films produced by Scott Rudin Screenplays by Nancy Meyers Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017, at 19 : 00. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "It's Complicated (film)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=It%27s_Complicated_(film)&amp;oldid=799278246" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "direct, to be co-produced with Scott Rudin. The project was referred to as The Untitled Nancy Meyers Project during its inception and early production. Establishing commitments from the principals began in 2008, with Meryl Streep and Alec Baldwin entering discussions in August, and Steve Martin joining the cast in October. Casting continued through 2009, with Zoe Kazan, Lake Bell, and Hunter Parrish joining in January, John Krasinski in February, Rita Wilson in March, and Caitlin Fitzgerald in June. Filming ( edit ) While the majority of the film is set in Santa Barbara, California, most of the filming -- including nearly all of the interiors -- took place in New York City. Principal photography began on February 18, 2009 at the Broadway Stages in the Brooklyn borough, where the interior scenes of Jane 's house were shot. Several other key locations were used during the first portion of filming in New York, including Picnic House, a large, studio - sized structure in Brooklyn 's Prospect Park, where Jane 's bakery was built inside ; the facilities at Sarabeth 's Bakery in the Chelsea Market ; and a commercial loft building in New York 's Chelsea district, where scenes at Adam 's architecture office were filmed in. As Martin was soon to embark on a concert tour to promote The Crow : New Songs for the Five - String Banjo (" ], "id": [ "1057066275865327256" ], "short_answers": [ "New York City" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Eiffel tower - wikipedia Eiffel tower This article is about the landmark in Paris, France. For Other uses, see Eiffel Tower ( disambiguation ). The Eiffel Tower Tour Eiffel Seen from the Champ de Mars Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap Record height Tallest in the world from 1889 to 1930 General information Type Observation tower Broadcasting tower Location 7th arrondissement, Paris, France Coordinates 48 ° 51 ′ 29.6 '' N 2 ° 17 ′ 40.2 '' E  /  48.858222 ° N 2.294500 ° E  / 48.858222 ; 2.294500 Coordinates : 48 ° 51 ′ 29.6 '' N 2 ° 17 ′ 40.2 '' E  /  48.858222 ° N 2.294500 ° E  / 48.858222 ; 2.294500 Construction started 28 January 1887 Completed 15 March 1889 Opening 31 March 1889 ( 129 years ago ) Owner City of Paris, France Management Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel ( SETE ) Height Architectural 300 m ( 984 ft ) Tip 324 m ( 1,063 ft ) Top floor 276 m ( 906 ft ) Technical details Floor count Lifts / elevators 8 Design and construction Architect Stephen Sauvestre Structural engineer Maurice Koechlin Émile Nouguier Main contractor Compagnie des Etablissements Eiffel Website toureiffel. paris / en References I. ^ Eiffel Tower at Emporis The Eiffel Tower ( / ˈaɪfəl / EYE - fəl ; French : Tour Eiffel ( tuʁ ‿ ɛfɛl ) ( listen ) ) is a wrought iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower. Constructed from 1887 -- 1889 as the entrance to the 1889 World 's Fair, it was initially criticized by some of France 's leading artists and intellectuals for its design, but it has become a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world. The Eiffel Tower is the most - visited paid monument in the world ; 6.91 million people ascended it in 2015. The tower is 324 metres ( 1,063 ft ) tall, about the same height as an 81 - storey building, and the tallest structure in Paris. Its base is square, measuring 125 metres ( 410 ft ) on each side. During its construction, the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to become the tallest man - made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years until the Chrysler Building in New York City was finished in 1930. Due to the addition of a broadcasting aerial at the top of the tower in 1957, it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by 5.2 metres ( 17 ft ). Excluding transmitters, the Eiffel Tower is the second tallest free - standing structure in France after the Millau Viaduct. The tower has three levels for visitors, with restaurants on the first and second levels. The top level 's upper platform is 276 m ( 906 ft ) above the ground -- the highest observation deck accessible to the public in the European Union. Tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or lift to the first and second levels. The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the climb from the first level to the second. Although there is a staircase to the top level, it is usually accessible only by lift. Contents 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Artists ' protest 1.3 Construction 1.3. 1 Lifts 1.4 Inauguration and the 1889 exposition 1.5 Subsequent events 2 Design 2.1 Material 2.2 Wind considerations 2.3 Accommodation 2.4 Passenger lifts 2.5 Engraved names 2.6 Aesthetics 2.7 Maintenance 3 Tourism 3.1 Transport 3.2 Popularity 3.3 Restaurants 4 Replicas 5 Communications 5.1 FM radio 5.2 Digital television 6 Illumination copyright 7 Taller structures 7.1 Lattice towers taller than the Eiffel Tower 7.2 Structures in France taller than the Eiffel Tower 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links History Origin The design of the Eiffel Tower is attributed to Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier, two senior engineers working for the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel. It was envisioned after discussion about a suitable centrepiece for the proposed 1889 Exposition Universelle, a world 's fair to celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution. Eiffel openly acknowledged that inspiration for a tower came from the Latting Observatory built in New York City in 1853. In May 1884, working at home, Koechlin made a sketch of their idea, described by him as `` a great pylon, consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top, joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals ''. Eiffel initially showed little enthusiasm, but he did approve further study, and the two engineers then asked Stephen Sauvestre, the head of company 's architectural department, to contribute to the design. Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower, a glass pavilion to the first level, and other embellishments. First drawing of the Eiffel Tower by Maurice Koechlin including size comparison with other Parisian landmarks such as Notre Dame de Paris, the Statue of Liberty and the Vendôme Column The new version gained Eiffel 's support : he bought the rights to the patent on the design which Koechlin, Nougier, and Sauvestre had taken out, and the design was exhibited at the Exhibition of Decorative Arts in the autumn of 1884 under the company name. On 30 March 1885, Eiffel presented his plans to the Société des Ingénieurs Civils ; after discussing the technical problems and emphasising the practical uses of the tower, he finished his talk by saying the tower would symbolise, Not only the art of the modern engineer, but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living, and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument will be built as an expression of France 's gratitude. Little progress was made until 1886, when Jules Grévy was re-elected as president of France and Édouard Lockroy was appointed as minister for trade. A budget for the exposition was passed and, on 1 May, Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms of the open competition being held for a centrepiece to the exposition, which effectively made the selection of Eiffel 's design a foregone conclusion, as entries had to include a study for a 300 m ( 980 ft ) four - sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars. ( A 300 - meter tower was then considered a herculean engineering effort ). On 12 May, a commission was set up to examine Eiffel 's scheme and its rivals, which, a month later, decided that all the proposals except Eiffel 's were either impractical or lacking in details. After some debate about the exact location of the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. This was signed by Eiffel acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company, and granted him 1.5 million francs toward the construction costs : less than a quarter of the estimated 6.5 million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the next 20 years. He later established a separate company to manage the tower, putting up half the necessary capital himself. Artists ' protest Caricature of Gustave Eiffel comparing the Eiffel tower to the Pyramids The proposed tower had been a subject of controversy, drawing criticism from those who did not believe it was feasible and those who objected on artistic grounds. These objections were an expression of a long - standing debate in France about the relationship between architecture and engineering. It came to a head as work began at the Champ de Mars : a `` Committee of Three Hundred '' ( one member for each metre of the tower 's height ) was formed, led by the prominent architect Charles Garnier and including some of the most important figures of the arts, such as Adolphe Bouguereau, Guy de Maupassant, Charles Gounod and Jules Massenet. A petition called `` Artists against the Eiffel Tower '' was sent to the Minister of Works and Commissioner for the Exposition, Charles Alphand, and it was published by Le Temps on 14 February 1887 : We, writers, painters, sculptors, architects and passionate devotees of the hitherto untouched beauty of Paris, protest with all our strength, with all our indignation in the name of slighted French taste, against the erection... of this useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower... To bring our arguments home, imagine for a moment a giddy, ridiculous tower dominating Paris like a gigantic black smokestack, crushing under its barbaric bulk Notre Dame, the Tour Saint - Jacques, the Louvre, the Dome of les Invalides, the Arc de Triomphe, all of our humiliated monuments will disappear in this ghastly dream. And for twenty years... we shall see stretching like a blot of ink the hateful shadow of the hateful column of bolted sheet metal. A calligram by Guillaume Apollinaire Gustave Eiffel responded to these criticisms by comparing his tower to the Egyptian pyramids : `` My tower will be the tallest edifice ever erected by man. Will it not also be grandiose in its way? And why would something admirable in Egypt become hideous and ridiculous in Paris? '' These criticisms were also dealt with by Édouard Lockroy in a letter of support written to Alphand, ironically saying, `` Judging by the stately swell of the rhythms, the beauty of the metaphors, the elegance of its delicate and precise style, one can tell this protest is the result of collaboration of the most famous writers and poets of our time '', and he explained that the protest was irrelevant since the project had been decided upon months before, and construction on the tower was already under way. Indeed, Garnier was a member of the Tower Commission that had examined the various proposals, and had raised no objection. Eiffel was similarly unworried, pointing out to a journalist that it was premature to judge the effect of the tower solely on the basis of the drawings, that the Champ de Mars was distant enough from the monuments mentioned in the protest for there to be little risk of the tower overwhelming them, and putting the aesthetic argument for the tower : `` Do not the laws of natural forces always conform to the secret laws of harmony? '' Some of the protesters changed their minds when the tower was built ; others remained unconvinced. Guy de Maupassant supposedly ate lunch in the tower 's restaurant every day because it was the one place in Paris where the tower was not visible. By 1918, it had become a symbol of Paris and of France after Guillaume Apollinaire wrote a nationalist poem in the shape of the tower ( a calligram ) to express his feelings about the war against Germany. Today, it is widely considered to be a remarkable piece of structural art, and is often featured in films and literature. Construction Foundations of the Eiffel Tower Work on the foundations started on 28 January 1887. Those for the east and south legs were straightforward, with each leg resting on four 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) concrete slabs, one for each of the principal girders of each leg. The west and north legs, being closer to the river Seine, were more complicated : each slab needed two piles installed by using compressed - air caissons 15 m ( 49 ft ) long and 6 m ( 20 ft ) in diameter driven to a depth of 22 m ( 72 ft ) to support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m ( 20 ft ) thick. Each of these slabs supported a block of limestone with an inclined top to bear a supporting shoe for the ironwork. Each shoe was anchored to the stonework by a pair of bolts 10 cm ( 4 in ) in diameter and 7.5 m ( 25 ft ) long. The foundations were completed on 30 June, and the erection of the ironwork began. The visible work on - site was complemented by the enormous amount of exacting preparatory work that took place behind the scenes : the drawing office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detailed drawings of the 18,038 different parts needed. The task of drawing the components was complicated by the complex angles involved in the design and the degree of precision required : the position of rivet holes was specified to within 0.1 mm ( 0.0039 in ) and angles worked out to one second of arc. The finished components, some already riveted together into sub-assemblies, arrived on horse - drawn carts from a factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret and were first bolted together, with the bolts being replaced with rivets as construction progressed. No drilling or shaping was done on site : if any part did not fit, it was sent back to the factory for alteration. In all, 18,038 pieces were joined together using 2.5 million rivets. At first the legs were constructed as cantilevers, but about halfway to the first level, construction was paused in order to create a substantial timber scaffold. This renewed concerns about the structural integrity of the tower, and sensational headlines such as `` Eiffel Suicide! '' and `` Gustave Eiffel Has Gone Mad : He Has Been Confined in an Asylum '' appeared in the tabloid press. At this stage, a small `` creeper '' crane designed to move up the tower was installed in each leg. They made use of the guides for the lifts which were to be fitted in the four legs. The critical stage of joining the legs at the first level was completed by the end of March 1888. Although the metalwork had been prepared with the utmost attention to detail, provision had been made to carry out small adjustments in order to precisely align the legs ; hydraulic jacks were fitted to the shoes at the base of each leg, capable of exerting a force of 800 tonnes, and the legs were intentionally constructed at a slightly steeper angle than necessary, being supported by sandboxes on the scaffold. Although construction involved 300 on - site employees, only one person died, due to Eiffel 's safety precautions and the use of movable gangways, guardrails and screens. The start of the erection of the metalwork. 7 December 1887 : Construction of the legs with scaffolding. 20 March 1888 : Completion of the first level. 15 May 1888 : Start of construction on the second stage. 21 August 1888 : Completion of the second level. 26 December 1888 : Construction of the upper stage. 15 March 1889 : Construction of the cupola. Lifts The Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape lifts during construction. Note the drive sprockets and chain in the foreground Equipping the tower with adequate and safe passenger lifts was a major concern of the government commission overseeing the Exposition. Although some visitors could be expected to climb to the first level, or even the second, lifts clearly had to be the main means of ascent. Constructing lifts to reach the first level was relatively straightforward : the legs were wide enough at the bottom and so nearly straight that they could contain a straight track, and a contract was given to the French company Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape for two lifts to be fitted in the east and west legs. Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape used a pair of endless chains with rigid, articulated links to which the car was attached. Lead weights on some links of the upper or return sections of the chains counterbalanced most of the car 's weight. The car was pushed up from below, not pulled up from above : to prevent the chain buckling, it was enclosed in a conduit. At the bottom of the run, the chains passed around 3.9 m ( 12 ft 10 in ) diameter sprockets. Smaller sprockets at the top guided the chains. The Otis lifts originally fitted in the north and south legs Installing lifts to the second level was more of a challenge because a straight track was impossible. No French company wanted to undertake the work. The European branch of Otis Brothers & Company submitted a proposal but this was rejected : the fair 's charter ruled out the use of any foreign material in the construction of the tower. The deadline for bids was extended but still no French companies put themselves forward, and eventually the contract was given to Otis in July 1887. Otis were confident they would eventually be given the contract and had already started creating designs. The car was divided into two superimposed compartments, each holding 25 passengers, with the lift operator occupying an exterior platform on the first level. Motive power was provided by an inclined hydraulic ram 12.67 m ( 41 ft 7 in ) long and 96.5 cm ( 38.0 in ) in diameter in the tower leg with a stroke of 10.83 m ( 35 ft 6 in ) : this moved a carriage carrying six sheaves. Five fixed sheaves were mounted higher up the leg, producing an arrangement similar to a block and tackle but acting in reverse, multiplying the stroke of the piston rather than the force generated. The hydraulic pressure in the driving cylinder was produced by a large open reservoir on the second level. After being exhausted from the cylinder, the water was pumped back up to the reservoir by two pumps in the machinery room at the base of the south leg. This reservoir also provided power to the lifts to the first level. The original lifts for the journey between the second and third levels were supplied by Léon Edoux. A pair of 81 m ( 266 ft ) hydraulic rams were mounted on the second level, reaching nearly halfway up to the third level. One lift car was mounted on top of these rams : cables ran from the top of this car up to sheaves on the third level and back down to a second car. Each car only travelled half the distance between the second and third levels and passengers were required to change lifts halfway by means of a short gangway. The 10 - ton cars each held 65 passengers. Inauguration and the 1889 exposition General view of the Exposition Universelle The main structural work was completed at the end of March 1889 and, on 31 March, Eiffel celebrated by leading a group of government officials, accompanied by representatives of the press, to the top of the tower. Because the lifts were not yet in operation, the ascent was made by foot, and took over an hour, with Eiffel stopping frequently to explain various features. Most of the party chose to stop at the lower levels, but a few, including the structural engineer, Émile Nouguier, the head of construction, Jean Compagnon, the President of the City Council, and reporters from Le Figaro and Le Monde Illustré, completed the ascent. At 2 : 35 pm, Eiffel hoisted a large Tricolour to the accompaniment of a 25 - gun salute fired at the first level. There was still work to be done, particularly on the lifts and facilities, and the tower was not opened to the public until nine days after the opening of the exposition on 6 May ; even then, the lifts had not been completed. The tower was an instant success with the public, and nearly 30,000 visitors made the 1,710 - step climb to the top before the lifts entered service on 26 May. Tickets cost 2 francs for the first level, 3 for the second, and 5 for the top, with half - price admission on Sundays, and by the end of the exhibition there had been 1,896,987 visitors. After dark, the tower was lit by hundreds of gas lamps, and a beacon sent out three beams of red, white and blue light. Two searchlights mounted on a circular rail were used to illuminate various buildings of the exposition. The daily opening and closing of the exposition were announced by a cannon at the top. Illumination of the tower at night during the exposition On the second level, the French newspaper Le Figaro had an office and a printing press, where a special souvenir edition, Le Figaro de la Tour, was made. There was also a pâtisserie. At the top, there was a post office where visitors could send letters and postcards as a memento of their visit. Graffitists were also catered for : sheets of paper were mounted on the walls each day for visitors to record their impressions of the tower. Gustave Eiffel described some of the responses as vraiment curieuse ( `` truly curious '' ). Famous visitors to the tower included the Prince of Wales, Sarah Bernhardt, `` Buffalo Bill '' Cody ( his Wild West show was an attraction at the exposition ) and Thomas Edison. Eiffel invited Edison to his private apartment at the top of the tower, where Edison presented him with one of his phonographs, a new invention and one of the many highlights of the exposition. Edison signed the guestbook with this message : To M Eiffel the Engineer the brave builder of so gigantic and original specimen of modern Engineering from one who has the greatest respect and admiration for all Engineers including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu, Thomas Edison. Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years. It was to be dismantled in 1909, when its ownership would revert to the City of Paris. The City had planned to tear it down ( part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it should be easy to dismantle ) but as the tower proved to be valuable for communication purposes, it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit. Eiffel made use of his apartment at the top of the tower to carry out meteorological observations, and also used the tower to perform experiments on the action of air resistance on falling bodies. Subsequent events Play media Panoramic view during ascent of the Eiffel Tower by the Lumière brothers, 1898 Play media Franz Reichelt 's preparations and jump from the Eiffel Tower Tour Eiffel, 1926, one of the Eiffel Tower series by Robert Delaunay For the 1900 Exposition Universelle, the lifts in the east and west legs were replaced by lifts running as far as the second level constructed by the French firm Fives - Lille. These had a compensating mechanism to keep the floor level as the angle of ascent changed at the first level, and were driven by a similar hydraulic mechanism to the Otis lifts, although this was situated at the base of the tower. Hydraulic pressure was provided by pressurised accumulators located near this mechanism. At the same time the lift in the north pillar was removed and replaced by a staircase to the first level. The layout of both first and second levels was modified, with the space available for visitors on the second level. The original lift in the south pillar was removed 13 years later. On 19 October 1901, Alberto Santos - Dumont, flying his No. 6 airship, won a 100,000 - franc prize offered by Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe for the first person to make a flight from St. Cloud to the Eiffel Tower and back in less than half an hour. Many innovations took place at the Eiffel Tower in the early 20th century. In 1910, Father Theodor Wulf measured radiant energy at the top and bottom of the tower. He found more at the top than expected, incidentally discovering what are known today as cosmic rays. Just two years later, on 4 February 1912, Austrian tailor Franz Reichelt died after jumping from the first level of the tower ( a height of 57 metres ) to demonstrate his parachute design. In 1914, at the outbreak of World War I, a radio transmitter located in the tower jammed German radio communications, seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne. From 1925 to 1934, illuminated signs for Citroën adorned three of the tower 's sides, making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time. In April 1935, the tower was used to make experimental low - resolution television transmissions, using a shortwave transmitter of 200 watts power. On 17 November, an improved 180 - line transmitter was installed. On two separate but related occasions in 1925, the con artist Victor Lustig `` sold '' the tower for scrap metal. A year later, in February 1926, pilot Leon Collet was killed trying to fly under the tower. His aircraft became entangled in an aerial belonging to a wireless station. A bust of Gustave Eiffel by Antoine Bourdelle was unveiled at the base of the north leg on 2 May 1929. In 1930, the tower lost the title of the world 's tallest structure when the Chrysler Building in New York City was completed. In 1938, the decorative arcade around the first level was removed. American soldiers watch the French flag flying on the Eiffel Tower, c. 25 August 1944 Upon the German occupation of Paris in 1940, the lift cables were cut by the French. The tower was closed to the public during the occupation and the lifts were not repaired until 1946. In 1940, German soldiers had to climb the tower to hoist a swastika - centered Reichskriegsflagge, but the flag was so large it blew away just a few hours later, and was replaced by a smaller one. When visiting Paris, Hitler chose to stay on the ground. When the Allies were nearing Paris in August 1944, Hitler ordered General Dietrich von Choltitz, the military governor of Paris, to demolish the tower along with the rest of the city. Von Choltitz disobeyed the order. On 25 June, before the Germans had been driven out of Paris, the German flag was replaced with a Tricolour by two men from the French Naval Museum, who narrowly beat three men led by Lucien Sarniguet, who had lowered the Tricolour on 13 June 1940 when Paris fell to the Germans. A fire started in the television transmitter on 3 January 1956, damaging the top of the tower. Repairs took a year, and in 1957, the present radio aerial was added to the top. In 1964, the Eiffel Tower was officially declared to be a historical monument by the Minister of Cultural Affairs, André Malraux. A year later, an additional lift system was installed in the north pillar. According to interviews, in 1967, Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau negotiated a secret agreement with Charles de Gaulle for the tower to be dismantled and temporarily relocated to Montreal to serve as a landmark and tourist attraction during Expo 67. The plan was allegedly vetoed by the company operating the tower out of fear that the French government could refuse permission for the tower to be restored in its original location. Base of the Eiffel Tower In 1982, the original lifts between the second and third levels were replaced after 97 years in service. These had been closed to the public between November and March because the water in the hydraulic drive tended to freeze. The new cars operate in pairs, with one counterbalancing the other, and perform the journey in one stage, reducing the journey time from eight minutes to less than two minutes. At the same time, two new emergency staircases were installed, replacing the original spiral staircases. In 1983, the south pillar was fitted with an electrically driven Otis lift to serve the Jules Verne restaurant. The Fives - Lille lifts in the east and west legs, fitted in 1899, were extensively refurbished in 1986. The cars were replaced, and a computer system was installed to completely automate the lifts. The motive power was moved from the water hydraulic system to a new electrically driven oil - filled hydraulic system, and the original water hydraulics were retained solely as a counterbalance system. A service lift was added to the south pillar for moving small loads and maintenance personnel three years later. Robert Moriarty flew a Beechcraft Bonanza under the tower on 31 March 1984. In 1987, A.J. Hackett made one of his first bungee jumps from the top of the Eiffel Tower, using a special cord he had helped develop. Hackett was arrested by the police. On 27 October 1991, Thierry Devaux, along with mountain guide Hervé Calvayrac, performed a series of acrobatic figures while bungee jumping from the second floor of the tower. Facing the Champ de Mars, Devaux used an electric winch between figures to go back up to the second floor. When firemen arrived, he stopped after the sixth jump. The tower is the focal point of New Year 's Eve and Bastille Day ( 14 July ) celebrations in Paris. For its `` Countdown to the Year 2000 '' celebration on 31 December 1999, flashing lights and high - powered searchlights were installed on the tower. Fireworks were set off all over it. An exhibition above a cafeteria on the first floor commemorates this event. The searchlights on top of the tower made it a beacon in Paris 's night sky, and 20,000 flashing bulbs gave the tower a sparkly appearance for five minutes every hour on the hour. The lights sparkled blue for several nights to herald the new millennium On 31 December 2000. The sparkly lighting continued for 18 months until July 2001. The sparkling lights were turned on again on 21 June 2003, and the display was planned to last for 10 years before they needed replacing. The tower received its 200,000,000 th guest on 28 November 2002. The tower has operated at its maximum capacity of about 7 million visitors since 2003. In 2004, the Eiffel Tower began hosting a seasonal ice rink on the first level. A glass floor was installed on the first level during the 2014 refurbishment. Design Material The Eiffel Tower from below The puddled iron ( wrought iron ) of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tons, and the addition of lifts, shops and antennae have brought the total weight to approximately 10,100 tons. As a demonstration of the economy of design, if the 7,300 tons of metal in the structure were melted down, it would fill the square base, 125 metres ( 410 ft ) on each side, to a depth of only 6.25 cm ( 2.46 in ) assuming the density of the metal to be 7.8 tons per cubic metre. Additionally, a cubic box surrounding the tower ( 324 mx 125 mx 125 m ) would contain 6,200 tons of air, weighing almost as much as the iron itself. Depending on the ambient temperature, the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm ( 7 in ) due to thermal expansion of the metal on the side facing the sun. Wind considerations When it was built, many were shocked by the tower 's daring form. Eiffel was accused of trying to create something artistic with no regard to the principles of engineering. However, Eiffel and his team -- experienced bridge builders -- understood the importance of wind forces, and knew that if they were going to build the tallest structure in the world, they had to be sure it could withstand them. In an interview with the newspaper Le Temps published on 14 February 1887, Eiffel said : Is it not true that the very conditions which give strength also conform to the hidden rules of harmony?... Now to what phenomenon did I have to give primary concern in designing the Tower? It was wind resistance. Well then! I hold that the curvature of the monument 's four outer edges, which is as mathematical calculation dictated it should be... will give a great impression of strength and beauty, for it will reveal to the eyes of the observer the boldness of the design as a whole. He used graphical methods to determine the strength of the tower and empirical evidence to account for the effects of wind, rather than a mathematical formula. Close examination of the tower reveals a basically exponential shape. All parts of the tower were over-designed to ensure maximum resistance to wind forces. The top half was even assumed to have no gaps in the latticework. In the years since it was completed, engineers have put forward various mathematical hypotheses in an attempt to explain the success of the design. The most recent, devised in 2004 after letters sent by Eiffel to the French Society of Civil Engineers in 1885 were translated into English, is described as a non-linear integral equation based on counteracting the wind pressure on any point of the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point. The Eiffel Tower sways by up to 9 centimetres ( 3.5 in ) in the wind. Accommodation Gustave Eiffel 's apartment When originally built, the first level contained three restaurants -- one French, one Russian and one Flemish -- and an `` Anglo - American Bar ''. After the exposition closed, the Flemish restaurant was converted to a 250 - seat theatre. A promenade 2.6 - metre ( 8 ft 6 in ) wide ran around the outside of the first level. At the top, there were laboratories for various experiments, and a small apartment reserved for Gustave Eiffel to entertain guests, which is now open to the public, complete with period decorations and lifelike mannequins of Eiffel and some of his notable guests. In May 2016, an apartment was created on the first level to accommodate four competition winners during the UEFA Euro 2016 football tournament in Paris in June. The apartment has a kitchen, two bedrooms, a lounge, and views of Paris landmarks including the Seine, the Sacre Coeur, and the Arc de Triomphe. Passenger lifts The arrangement of the lifts has been changed several times during the tower 's history. Given the elasticity of the cables and the time taken to align the cars with the landings, each lift, in normal service, takes an average of 8 minutes and 50 seconds to do the round trip, spending an average of 1 minute and 15 seconds at each level. The average journey time between levels is 1 minute. The original hydraulic mechanism is on public display in a small museum at the base of the east and west legs. Because the mechanism requires frequent lubrication and maintenance, public access is often restricted. The rope mechanism of the north tower can be seen as visitors exit the lift. Engraved names Main article : List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower Names engraved on the tower Gustave Eiffel engraved on the tower the names of 72 French scientists, engineers and mathematicians in recognition of their contributions to the building of the tower. Eiffel chose this `` invocation of science '' because of his concern over the artists ' protest. At the beginning of the 20th century, the engravings were painted over, but they were restored in 1986 -- 87 by the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, a company operating the tower. Aesthetics The tower is painted in three shades : lighter at the top, getting progressively darker towards the bottom to complement the Parisian sky. It was originally reddish brown ; this changed in 1968 to a bronze colour known as `` Eiffel Tower Brown ''. The only non-structural elements are the four decorative grill - work arches, added in Sauvestre 's sketches, which served to make the tower look more substantial and to make a more impressive entrance to the exposition. A pop - culture movie cliché is that the view from a Parisian window always includes the tower. In reality, since zoning restrictions limit the height of most buildings in Paris to seven storeys, only a small number of tall buildings have a clear view of the tower. Maintenance Maintenance of the tower includes applying 60 tons of paint every seven years to prevent it from rusting. The tower has been completely repainted at least 19 times since it was built. Lead paint was still being used as recently as 2001 when the practice was stopped out of concern for the environment. Panorama of Paris and its suburbs from the top of the Eiffel Tower Tourism Transport The nearest Paris Métro station is Bir - Hakeim and the nearest RER station is Champ de Mars - Tour Eiffel. The tower itself is located at the intersection of the quai Branly and the Pont d'Iéna. Popularity Number of visitors per year between 1889 and 2004 More than 250 million people have visited the tower since it was completed in 1889. In 2015, there were 6.91 million visitors. The tower is the most - visited paid monument in the world. An average of 25,000 people ascend the tower every day which can result in long queues. Restaurants The tower has two restaurants : Le 58 Tour Eiffel on the first level, and Le Jules Verne, a gourmet restaurant with its own lift on the second level. This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide. It was run by the multi-Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse from 2007 to 2017. Starting May 2019, it will be managed by three star chef Frédéric Anton. It owes its name to the famous science - fiction writer Jules Verne. Additionally, there is a champagne bar at the top of the Eiffel Tower. Replicas Replica at the Paris Las Vegas Hotel, Nevada, United States Main article : List of Eiffel Tower replicas As one of the most iconic landmarks in the world, the Eiffel Tower has been the inspiration for the creation of many replicas and similar towers. An early example is Blackpool Tower in England. The mayor of Blackpool, Sir John Bickerstaffe, was so impressed on seeing the Eiffel Tower at the 1889 exposition that he commissioned a similar tower to be built in his town. It opened in 1894 and is 158.1 metres ( 518 ft ) tall. Tokyo Tower in Japan, built as a communications tower in 1958, was also inspired by the Eiffel Tower. There are various scale models of the tower in the United States, including a half - scale version at the Paris Las Vegas, Nevada, one in Paris, Texas built in 1993, and two 1 : 3 scale models at Kings Island, Ohio, and Kings Dominion, Virginia, amusement parks opened in 1972 and 1975 respectively. Two 1 : 3 scale models can be found in China, one in Durango, Mexico that was donated by the local French community, and several across Europe. In 2011, the TV show Pricing the Priceless on the National Geographic Channel speculated that a full - size replica of the tower would cost approximately US $480 million to build. Ironically, if accurate, that means that the replica would cost more than ten times that of the original ( with the original costing nearly 8 million in 1890 Francs ; ~ US $40 million in 2018 dollars ). Communications Top of the Eiffel Tower The tower has been used for making radio transmissions since the beginning of the 20th century. Until the 1950s, sets of aerial wires ran from the cupola to anchors on the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars. These were connected to longwave transmitters in small bunkers. In 1909, a permanent underground radio centre was built near the south pillar, which still exists today. On 20 November 1913, the Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an aerial, exchanged wireless signals with the United States Naval Observatory, which used an aerial in Arlington, Virginia. The object of the transmissions was to measure the difference in longitude between Paris and Washington, D.C. Today, radio and digital television signals are transmitted from the Eiffel Tower. FM radio Frequency kW Service 87.8 MHz 10 France Inter 89.0 MHz 10 RFI Paris 89.9 MHz 6 TSF Jazz 90.4 MHz 10 Nostalgie 90.9 MHz Chante France Digital television A television antenna was first installed on the tower in 1957, increasing its height by 18.7 m ( 61.4 ft ). Work carried out in 2000 added a further 5.3 m ( 17.4 ft ), giving the current height of 324 m ( 1,063 ft ). Analogue television signals from the Eiffel Tower ceased on 8 March 2011. Frequency VHF UHF kW Service 182.25 MHz 6 -- 100 Canal+ 479.25 MHz -- 22 500 France 2 503.25 MHz -- 25 500 TF1 527.25 MHz -- 28 500 France 3 543.25 MHz -- 30 100 France 5 567.25 MHz -- 33 100 M6 Illumination copyright The Eiffel Tower illuminated in 2015 The tower and its image have long been in the public domain. In June 1990 a French court ruled that a special lighting display on the tower in 1989 to mark the tower 's 100th anniversary was an `` original visual creation '' protected by copyright. The Court of Cassation, France 's judicial court of last resort, upheld the ruling in March 1992. The Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel ( SETE ) now considers any illumination of the tower to be a separate work of art that falls under copyright. As a result, the SNTE alleges that it is illegal to publish contemporary photographs of the lit tower at night without permission in France and some other countries for commercial use. The imposition of copyright has been controversial. The Director of Documentation for what was then called the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel ( SNTE ), Stéphane Dieu, commented in 2005 : `` It is really just a way to manage commercial use of the image, so that it is n't used in ways ( of which ) we do n't approve ''. SNTE made over € 1 million from copyright fees in 2002. However, it could also be used to restrict the publication of tourist photographs of the tower at night, as well as hindering non-profit and semi-commercial publication of images of the illuminated tower. French doctrine and jurisprudence allows pictures incorporating a copyrighted work as long as their presence is incidental or accessory to the subject being represented, a reasoning akin to the de minimis rule. Therefore, SETE may be unable to claim copyright on photographs of Paris which happen to include the lit tower. Taller structures The Eiffel Tower was the world 's tallest structure when completed in 1889, a distinction it retained until 1929 when the Chrysler Building in New York City was topped out. The tower has lost its standing both as the world 's tallest structure and the world 's tallest lattice tower but retains its status as the tallest freestanding ( non-guyed ) structure in France. Lattice towers taller than the Eiffel Tower Further information : List of tallest towers in the world and Observation deck Name Pinnacle height Year Country Town Remarks Tokyo Skytree 634 m ( 2,080 ft ) 2011 Japan Tokyo Kiev TV Tower 385 m ( 1,263 ft ) 1973 Ukraine Kiev Dragon Tower 336 m ( 1,102 ft ) 2000 China Harbin Tokyo Tower 333 m ( 1,093 ft ) 1958 Japan Tokyo Structures in France taller than the Eiffel Tower Further information : List of tallest structures in France Name Pinnacle height Year Structure type Town Remarks Longwave transmitter Allouis 350 m ( 1,150 ft ) Guyed mast Allouis HWU transmitter 350 m ( 1,150 ft )? Guyed mast Rosnay Military VLF transmitter ; multiple masts Viaduc de Millau 343 m ( 1,125 ft ) Bridge pillar Millau TV Mast Niort - Maisonnay 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) 1978 Guyed mast Niort Transmitter Le Mans - Mayet 342 m ( 1,122 ft ) Guyed mast Mayet La Regine transmitter 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) 1973 Guyed mast Saissac Military VLF transmitter Transmitter Roumoules 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) Guyed mast Roumoules Spare transmission mast for longwave ; insulated against ground See also Eiffel Tower in popular culture List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region List of tallest buildings and structures in the world List of tallest freestanding structures in the world List of tallest towers in the world Eiffel Tower, 1909 - 1928 painting series by Robert Delaunay Paris portal References ^ Jump up to : `` Eiffel Tower ''. CTBUH Skyscraper Database. ^ Jump up to : Eiffel Tower at Emporis ^ Jump up to : SETE. `` The Eiffel Tower at a glance ''. Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016. Jump up ^ Engineering News and American Railway Journal. 22. G.H. Frost. 1889. p. 482. Jump up ^ Harvie, p. 78. ^ Jump up to : Loyrette, p. 116. Jump up ^ Loyrette, p. 121. Jump up ^ Loyrette, p. 174. Jump up ^ Paul Souriau ; Manon Souriau ( 1983 ). The Aesthetics of Movement. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 100. ISBN 0 - 87023 - 412 - 9. Jump up ^ Harvie, p. 99. Jump up ^ Loyrette, p. 176. ^ Jump up to : `` The Eiffel Tower ''. News. The Times ( 32661 ). London. 1 April 1889. col B, p. 5. ( Subscription required ( help ) ). Jump up ^ Jill Jonnes ( 2009 ). Eiffel 's Tower : And the World 's Fair where Buffalo Bill Beguiled Paris, the Artists Quarreled, and Thomas Edison Became a Count. Viking. pp. 163 -- 64. ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02060 - 7. Jump up ^ Guillaume Apollinaire ( 1980 ). Anne Hyde Greet, ed. Calligrammes : Poems of Peace and War ( 1913 -- 1916 ). University of California Press. pp. 411 -- 414. ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 01968 - 3. ^ Jump up to : SETE. `` Origins and construction of the Eiffel Tower ''. Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 31 July 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2014. Jump up ^ Loyrette, p. 123. Jump up ^ Loyrette, p. 148. Jump up ^ Harvie, p. 110. Jump up ^ `` Construction of the Eiffel Tower ''. wonders-of-the-world.net. Jump up ^ Vogel, pp. 20 -- 21. ^ Jump up to : Vogel, p. 28. ^ Jump up to : Vogel, pp. 23 -- 24. Jump up ^ Eiffel, Gustave ( 1900 ). La Tour de Trois Cents Mètres ( in French ). Paris : Société des imprimeries Lemercier. pp. 171 -- 3. Jump up ^ Harvie, pp. 122 -- 23. ^ Jump up to : SETE. `` The Eiffel Tower during the 1889 Exposition Universelle ''. Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016. Jump up ^ Harvie, pp. 144 -- 45. Jump up ^ Eiffel, Gustave ( 1900 ). La Tour de Trois Cents Mètres. Paris : Lemercier. p. 335. 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Jump up ^ `` An air tragedy ''. The Sunday Times. Perth, WA. 28 February 1926. Retrieved 2 January 2012. Jump up ^ Harriss, p. 178. Jump up ^ Claudia Roth Pierpont ( 18 November 2002 ). `` The Silver Spire : How two men 's dreams changed the skyline of New York ''. The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Jump up ^ Harriss, p. 195. ^ Jump up to : Harriss, pp. 180 -- 84. Jump up ^ `` HD Stock Video Footage - The Germans unfurl Nazi flags at the captured Palace of Versailles and Eiffel Tower during the Battle of France ''. www.criticalpast.com. Jump up ^ Smith, Oliver ( 4 February 2016 ). `` Eiffel Tower : 40 fascinating facts '' -- via www.telegraph.co.uk. Jump up ^ Carlo D'Este ( 2003 ). Eisenhower : A Soldier 's Life. Henry Holt and Company. p. 574. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 5687 - 7. Jump up ^ SETE. `` The major events ''. Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2014. 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Jump up ^ `` The Eiffel Tower ''. France.com. 23 October 2003. Retrieved 16 April 2016. Jump up ^ Denis Cosnard ( 21 April 2014 ). `` Eiffel Tower renovation work aims to take profits to new heights ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 14 April 2016. Jump up ^ Darwin Porter ; Danforth Prince ; G. McDonald ; H. Mastrini ; S. Marker ; A. Princz ; C. Bánfalvy ; A. Kutor ; N. Lakos ; S. Rowan Kelleher ( 2006 ). Frommer 's Europe ( 9th ed. ). Wiley. p. 318. ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 92265 - 0. Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower gets glass floor in refurbishment project ''. BBC News. 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014. Jump up ^ David A. Hanser ( 2006 ). Architecture of France. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 66. ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31902 - 0. Jump up ^ DK Eyewitness Travel Guide : Europe. Dorling Kindersley. 2012. p. 163. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4093 - 8577 - 6. Jump up ^ Harriss, p. 60. Jump up ^ Harriss, p. 231. Jump up ^ SETE. `` Debate and controversy surrounding the Eiffel Tower ''. 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Jump up ^ SETE. `` The Eiffel Tower gets beautified '' ( PDF ). Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015. Jump up ^ SETE. `` Painting the Eiffel Tower ''. Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2017. Jump up ^ `` History : Development of clear span buildings -- Exhibition buildings ''. Architectural Teaching Resource. Tata Steel Europe, Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` The Eiffel Tower ''. France.com. Retrieved 27 January 2018. Jump up ^ SETE. `` Getting to the Eiffel Tower ''. Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` Number of Eiffel Tower visitors falls in wake of Paris attacks ''. France 24. 20 January 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016. Jump up ^ Jean - Michel Normand ( 23 July 2007 ). `` Tour Eiffel et souvenirs de Paris ''. Le Monde. France. Retrieved 24 May 2010. Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower reopens to tourists after rare closure for 2 - day strike ''. Associated Press. Fox News. 27 June 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2016. Jump up ^ Dali Wiederhoft. `` Eiffel Tower : Sightseeing, restaurants, links, transit ''. Bonjour Paris. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower in Paris ''. Paris Digest. 2018. Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 14. Jump up ^ `` The Blackpool Tower ''. History Extra. Retrieved 6 March 2014. Jump up ^ `` The red and white Eiffel Tower of Tokyo ''. KLM. Retrieved 16 April 2016. Jump up ^ Todd van Luling ( 19 August 2013 ). `` The most legit Eiffel Tower replicas you did n't know existed ''. Huffpost Travel. Retrieved 16 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower ''. Pricing the Priceless. Season 1. Episode 3. 9 May 2011. National Geographic Channel ( Australia ). Jump up ^ `` Paris time by wireless ''. The New York Times. 22 November 1913. p. 1. ^ Jump up to : Steve Schlackman ( 16 November 2014 ). `` Do night photos of the Eiffel Tower violate copyright? ''. Art Law Journal. Retrieved 15 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cour de cassation 3 mars 1992, Jus Luminum n ° J523975 '' ( in French ). Jus Luminum. Archived from the original on 16 November 2009. Jump up ^ Jimmy Wales ( 3 July 2015 ). `` If you want to keep sharing photos for free, read this ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 15 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Eiffel Tower image rights ''. Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel. Jump up ^ Hugh Morris ( 24 June 2015 ). `` Freedom of panorama : EU proposal could mean holiday snaps breach copyright ''. The Telegraph. Retrieved 15 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower : Repossessed ''. Fast Company. 2 February 2005. Retrieved 15 April 2016. Jump up ^ James Arnold ( 16 May 2003 ). `` Are things looking up for the Eiffel Tower? ''. BBC News. Retrieved 16 April 2016. Jump up ^ Notions Fondamentales Du Droit D'auteur ( in French ). World Intellectual Property Organization. 2002. p. 277. ISBN 978 - 92 - 805 - 1013 - 3. La représentation d'une œuvre située dans un lieu public n'est licite que lorsqu'elle est accessoire par rapport au sujet principal représenté ou traité Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Building - Piercing the Sky ''. CBS Forum. Retrieved May 21, 2017. Bibliography Chanson, Hubert ( 2009 ). `` Hydraulic engineering legends Listed on the Eiffel Tower ''. In Jerry R. Rogers. Great Rivers History : Proceedings and Invited Papers for the EWRI Congress and Great Rivers History Symposium. American Society of Civil Engineers. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7844 - 1032 - 5. Frémy, Dominique ( 1989 ). Quid de la tour Eiffel. R. Laffont. ISBN 978 - 2 - 221 - 06488 - 7. The Engineer : The Paris Exhibition. XLVII. London : Office for Advertisements and Publication. 3 May 1889. Harriss, Joseph ( 1975 ). The Eiffel Tower : Symbol of an Age. London : Paul Elek. ISBN 0236400363. Harvie, David I. ( 2006 ). Eiffel : The Genius Who Reinvented Himself. Stroud, Gloucestershire : Sutton. ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3309 - 7. Jonnes, Jill ( 2009 ). Eiffel 's Tower : The Thrilling Story Behind Paris 's Beloved Monument.... Penguin. ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 05251 - 8. Loyrette, Henri ( 1985 ). Eiffel, un Ingenieur et Son Oeuvre. Rizzoli. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8478 - 0631 - 7. Musée d'Orsay ( 1989 ). 1889 : la Tour Eiffel et l'Exposition Universelle. Editions de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux, Ministère de la Culture, de la Communication, des Grands Travaux et du Bicentenaire. ISBN 978 - 2 - 7118 - 2244 - 7. Vogel, Robert M. ( 1961 ). `` Elevator Systems of the Eiffel Tower, 1889 ''. United States National Museum Bulletin. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution. 228 : 20 -- 21. Watson, William ( 1892 ). Paris Universal Exposition : Civil Engineering, Public Works, and Architecture. Washington, D.C. : Government Publishing Office. External links Find more aboutEiffel Towerat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Official website Eiffel Tower at Structurae Sketches and plans of the tower 's construction at MailOnline Images of the 2014 refurbishment at ArchDaily History of transmitters at the Eiffel Tower by Pierre Dessapt ( in French ) Records Preceded by Washington Monument World 's tallest structure 1889 -- 1931 300.24 m Succeeded by Chrysler Building 7th arrondissement of Paris Neighbourhoods Faubourg Saint - Germain Quartier du Gros - Caillou Primary and secondary schools Lycée et collège Victor Duruy Établissement La Rochefoucauld Institut de l'Alma Lycée - collège Paul - Claudel Lycée d'Hulst Lycée Sainte - Jeanne Elisabeth Lycée Saint - Thomas - d'Aquin Lycée Thérèse - Chappuis Istituto Statale Italiano Leonardo Da Vinci Colleges and universities American University of Paris Sciences Po Landmarks American Church in Paris Eiffel Tower Hôtel de Boisgelin Hôtel Matignon Les Invalides Musée de l'Armée Musée des Plans - 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{ "text": "Aimee Teegarden - wikipedia Aimee Teegarden Jump to : navigation, search Aimee Teegarden Teegarden at the 2013 San Diego Comic Con International in San Diego, California. Aimee Richelle Teegarden ( 1989 - 10 - 10 ) October 10, 1989 ( age 27 ) Downey, California, U.S. Occupation Actress, model, producer Years active 2003 -- present Aimee Richelle Teegarden ( born October 10, 1989 ) is an American actress, model, and producer. She starred as Julie Taylor in the NBC drama Friday Night Lights ( 2006 -- 2011 ). In 2014, she starred as Emery Whitehill in The CW 's short - lived science fiction romantic drama Star - Crossed. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Web 4.4 Music video 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Teegarden was born and raised in Downey, California, a suburb of Los Angeles. She graduated from high school through independent study at the age of sixteen. Career ( edit ) Teegarden at the premiere of Redbelt at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival. Teegarden has modeled for campaigns including Alltel, Hollister, Old Navy, Tommy Hilfiger, and YMI Jeans. She has made several television appearances including Cold Case, Ned 's Declassified School Survival Guide, and Disney Channel 's Hannah Montana. Teegarden joined the cast of the NBC drama Friday Night Lights, opposite Kyle Chandler and Connie Britton, as Julie Taylor, the elder daughter of Eric Taylor ( Chandler ), a high school head football coach, and Tami Taylor ( Britton ), a high school guidance counselor. The show ran for five seasons from October 3, 2006 to February 9, 2011. On August 24, 2007, during the Miss Teen USA 2007 pageant, Teegarden posed the question ( `` Recent polls have shown a fifth of Americans ca n't locate the U.S. on a world map. Why do you think this is? '' ) that led to an infamous reply by contestant Caitlin Upton. In 2009, Teegarden guest - starred in three episodes of The CW 's 90210 as Rhonda, a West Beverly student who crosses paths with Ethan Ward. During the time, Teegarden guest - starred on Legend of the Seeker, portraying a teenage girl who just found out she was a confessor, and later appeared in episodes of CSI : Miami and CSI : Crime Scene Investigation. In 2010, it was reported she had been cast to star as Amanda Miles in the Warner Premiere and Dolphin Entertainment action web series, Aim High with Jackson Rathbone. The show discusses Facebook being the first `` social series '' ever created and premiered on October 18, 2011. The web series returned for the second season on December 9, 2013 on Crackle. In 2011, Teegarden co-starred in the slasher film Scream 4 as a horror loving high schooler. Also in 2011, Teegarden starred opposite Thomas McDonell in the Disney film Prom as Nova Prescott, an overachieving high school senior, bound for Georgetown University after graduation, trying to put together the prom while dealing with love, heartbreak, and pressure from her parents, and falling in love with the school bad boy Jesse Richter ( McDonnell ). In May 2011, she was named `` TV Actress of the Year '' by Young Hollywood Awards for her work on Friday Night Lights. In June 2011, she signed on to co-star in the war drama Love and Honor, with Liam Hemsworth and Teresa Palmer. Teegarden also played Abby in Beneath the Darkness. In February 2012, Teegarden had won a role with AnnaSophia Robb in Life at These Speeds opposite Douglas Booth. The same month, she was cast as America Singer in The CW pilot The Selection. However, the pilot was not picked up to air in the fall. It was reworked and expected to be picked up for a midseason replacement or the following season and the second pilot was recorded, but it was also passed by the network. Teegarden began starring in The CW science fiction romantic drama Star - Crossed as Emery Whitehill. The show ran for one season from February 17 to May 12, 2014. In 2017, she co-starred in F. Javier Gutiérrez 's horror film Rings. Personal Life ( edit ) Teegarden is a vegan. She was a member of Job 's Daughters International and is a Past Honored Queen of Bethel No. 244 in Downey, California. In 2008 she was awarded `` Honorary International Sweetheart of DeMolay International '', a young men 's group associated with Job 's Daughters. She supports Oceana, a non-profit ocean advocacy group. Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 Sailing for Madagascar Bette Warren Short film 2009 The Perfect Age of Rock ' n ' Roll Annie Genson 2009 Call of the Wild Tracy 2009 For Sale by Owner Elenore Dare Beautiful Wave Nicole Davenport Also associate producer 2011 Scream 4 Jenny Randall 2011 Prom Nova Prescott 2011 Beneath the Darkness Abby Also associate producer 2012 Strain N / A Short film, also associate producer 2013 Love and Honor Juniper / Jane 2016 Bakery in Brooklyn Vivien Also co-producer 2017 Rings Skye Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 Cold Case Tina Bayes ( 1990 ) Episode : `` Churchgoing People '' 2006 Hannah Montana Melissa Episode : `` You 're So Vain, You Probably Think This Zit is About You '' 2006 -- 2011 Friday Night Lights Julie Taylor Main role, 73 episodes 2007 Ned 's Declassified School Survival Guide Girl # 2 ( Sasha ) Episode : `` Boys & Girls '' 2009 90210 Rhonda Kimble 3 episodes 2009 CSI : Miami Brianna Faber Episode : `` Divorce Party '' 2009 Legend of the Seeker Annabelle Episode : `` Touched '' CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Molly Sinclair Episode : `` World 's End '' 2012 The Selection America Singer Unsold The CW pilot 2012 Punk 'd Herself Episode : `` Kellan Lutz '' 2013 Call Me Crazy : A Five Film Olivia Television film, segment : `` Grace '' 2014 Star - Crossed Emery Whitehill Lead role, 13 episodes 2016 The Ranch Nikki 2 episodes 2016 Notorious Ella Benjamin Main role, 10 episodes Web ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 -- 2013 Aim High Amanda Miles 16 episodes 2012 Ladies of Rap Courtney Episode : `` TV Moms '' Music video ( edit ) Year Title Artist 2008 `` Without You '' Hinder 2009 `` Kelsey '' Metro Station 2011 `` Your Surrender '' ( Prom version ) Neon Trees 2011 `` All Better Now '' Herself 2013 `` Made in the USA '' Demi Lovato Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result Refs 2007 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) - Supporting Young Actress Friday Nights Lights Nominated 2011 Young Hollywood Awards TV Actress of the Year Friday Nights Lights Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to the State of California. California Birth Index, 1905 -- 1995. Center for Health Statistics, California Department of Health Services, Sacramento, California. Searchable at http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/39461 Jump up ^ Koltnow, Barry ( April 27, 2011 ). `` O.C. actress is Disney 's ' Prom ' queen ''. The Orange County Register. Retrieved June 10, 2013. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Scott ( August 28, 2007 ). `` Miss Teen USA, Miss South Carolina, & The Power of the Web ''. Digital Media Wire. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2012. Jump up ^ FNL 's Teegarden Signs on to 90210 -- What Does It All Mean? '' TV Guide. December 2, 2008. Retrieved on December 3, 2008. Jump up ^ Kit, Borys ( November 29, 2010 ). `` McG - Produced Digital Series ' Aim High ' Gets a Cast ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 16, 2011. Jump up ^ Van Pelt, Doug. `` New tv series -- Aim High ''. HM Magazine. Archived from the original on December 4, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2011. Jump up ^ Shaw, Lucas ( September 29, 2011 ). `` Warner Bros. Creates First ' Social Series ' for Facebook ''. Reuters. Retrieved October 9, 2011. Jump up ^ Compolongo, Gabrielle ( April 15, 2011 ). `` EXCLUSIVE : Aimee Teegarden Talks About her Role in Scream 4 and Working with Director Wes Craven ''. Movie Fanatic. Retrieved February 28, 2012. Jump up ^ Virtel, Louis ( May 21, 2011 ). `` Young Hollywood Awards : Grey 's Anatomy, Pretty Little Liars, Friday Night Lights Win Big ''. TVLine. Retrieved August 10, 2011. Jump up ^ Newlin, Matthew ( June 26, 2011 ). `` Liam Hemsworth, Teresa Palmer, Aimee Teegarden & More Go ' AWOL ' In Vietnam War Drama ''. indieWire. Retrieved February 28, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Beneath the Darkness ''. DC. May 9, 2013. Jump up ^ Newman, Nick ( February 3, 2012 ). `` AnnaSophia Robb and Aimee Teegarden Board Douglas Booth and Billy Crudup - Starring ' Life at These Speeds ' ''. Retrieved February 28, 2012. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael ( February 23, 2012 ). `` Exclusive : FNL 's Aimee Teegarden to Headline CW 's Hunger Games-esque Pilot The Selection ''. TVLine. Retrieved February 26, 2012. Jump up ^ Lesley Goldberg, Lacey Rose ( May 11, 2012 ). `` CW 's ' Carrie Diaries, ' ' Arrow, ' ' Cult, ' ' First Cut, ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' Ordered to Series ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 12, 2012. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie. `` Upfront 2012 : What Pilots Are Still Alive ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 09. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( May 9, 2013 ). `` ' The Selection ' Dead At The CW ''. Deadline Hollywood. Jump up ^ `` ' Rings ' Begins Filming In Atlanta ''. Bloody Disgusting. May 9, 2013. Jump up ^ Miller, Gerri ( April 27, 2011 ). `` Aimee Teegarden : Vegan actress stars in ' Friday Night Lights ' and ' Prom ' ''. Mother Nature Network. Retrieved June 10, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Famous & Notable Jobues ''. South Dakota Job 's Daughters. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Aimee Teegarden - Biography ''. IMDb. Retrieved February 28, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Aimee Teegarden In A Bodysuit : ' Friday Night Lights ' Star Surfs To Save Oceans ( PHOTOS, VIDEO ) ''. The Huffington Post. May 9, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2010. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aimee Teegarden. Aimee Teegarden on IMDb Aimee Teegarden on Twitter VIAF : 226750436 LCCN : no2010016795 ISNI : 0000 0003 6268 7541 GND : 1024147177 BNF : cb165053942 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aimee_Teegarden&oldid=798398211 '' Categories : 1989 births 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Los Angeles American child actresses American film actresses American child models Female models from California American television actresses Living people People from Downey, California Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017, at 17 : 58. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Aimee Teegarden", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Aimee_Teegarden&amp;oldid=798398211" }

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{ "text": "Pretty Little Liars - Wikipedia Pretty Little Liars Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the TV series. For the series of books by Sara Shepard, see Pretty Little Liars ( book series ). Pretty Little Liars Genre Crime thriller Mystery Teen drama Based on Pretty Little Liars by Sara Shepard Developed by I. Marlene King Starring Troian Bellisario Ashley Benson Holly Marie Combs Lucy Hale Ian Harding Bianca Lawson Laura Leighton Chad Lowe Shay Mitchell Sasha Pieterse Tyler Blackburn Janel Parrish Andrea Parker Opening theme `` Secret '' by The Pierces Composer ( s ) Michael Suby Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 160 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) I. Marlene King Charlie Craig Oliver Goldstick Joseph Dougherty Leslie Morgenstein Bob Levy Producer ( s ) Lisa Cochran - Neilan Maya Goldsmith Carol Dunn Trussell Bryan M. Holdman Hynndie Wali Location ( s ) Los Angeles, California Vancouver, British Columbia ( pilot ) Cinematography Dana Gonzales Larry Reibman Buzz Feitshans IV Geoffrey Haley Camera setup Red Two ; single - camera Running time 41 -- 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Warner Horizon Television Alloy Entertainment Long Lake Productions Russian Hill Productions Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Freeform Original release June 8, 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 08 ) -- June 27, 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) Chronology Related shows Ravenswood Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists External links Website freeform.go.com/shows/pretty-little-liars Pretty Little Liars is an American teen drama mystery thriller television series developed by I. Marlene King, loosely based on the popular book series of the same name by Sara Shepard. The show premiered on June 8, 2010 on ABC Family and ended on June 27, 2017, for a total of seven seasons and 160 episodes. The series spawned two spin - offs : Ravenswood ( 2013 -- 2014 ) and the upcoming Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists. Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Production 2.1 Casting 2.2 Promotion 2.3 Music 3 Cast and characters 4 Setting 4.1 Rosewood 4.2 Secondary locations 5 Broadcast 6 Critical reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Awards and nominations 7 DVD releases 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Main article : List of Pretty Little Liars episodes Set in the small suburban town of Rosewood, Pennsylvania ( not far from Philadelphia ), the series follows the lives of five girls : Spencer Hastings, Alison DiLaurentis, Aria Montgomery, Hanna Marin and Emily Fields, whose clique falls apart after the leader of the group, Alison, goes missing. One year later, the remaining estranged friends are reunited as they begin receiving messages from a mysterious villain named `` A '' or `` A.D. '', who threatens and tortures them for the mistakes they have made before and after Alison was alive. At first, they think it is Alison herself, but after her body is found, the girls realize that someone else is planning on ruining their lives. Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Viewers ( in millions ) Adults ( 18 - 49 ) 22 June 8, 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 08 ) March 21, 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 21 ) 2.87 1.0 25 June 14, 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 14 ) March 19, 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 19 ) 2.68 1.0 24 June 5, 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 05 ) March 19, 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) 2.59 1.1 24 June 11, 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 11 ) March 18, 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 18 ) 2.53 1.1 5 25 June 10, 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 10 ) March 24, 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 2.01 0.9 6 20 June 2, 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 02 ) March 15, 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) 1.72 0.8 7 20 June 21, 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) June 27, 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 1.11 0.6 Production ( edit ) Originally developed as a television series by book packaging company Alloy Entertainment, the idea was described as `` Desperate Housewives for teens. '' Alloy met with author Shepard, and gave her the property to develop into a book series. With Alloy and Warner Horizon Television interested in producing Pretty Little Liars as a television series for years, it was first planned for The WB in 2005 with a different writer until the network shut down in early 2006 and reestablished as The CW later that year. The first novel was published by HarperTeen in October 2006. In June 2008, Alloy noted that it was developing a Pretty Little Liars television pilot for ABC Family, with the novels adapted for television. After the pilot was shot in Vancouver, filming for the rest of the series moved to Los Angeles. The series was primarily filmed at the Warner Bros. studio and backlot in the city of Burbank, near Los Angeles. In June 2012, the series was selected by lottery for a California film and TV tax credit. Casting ( edit ) ABC Family began casting for a Pretty Little Liars television pilot in October 2009. Lucy Hale was cast as Aria Montgomery in the project, followed by Troian Bellisario as Spencer Hastings and Ian Harding as Ezra Fitz in November 2009. In December 2009, The Futon Critic confirmed the casting of Ashley Benson as Hanna Marin and Shay Mitchell as Emily Fields, as well as the addition of Laura Leighton as Ashley Marin, Nia Peeples as Pam Fields, Roark Critchlow as Tom Marin, and Bianca Lawson as Maya. Mitchell had initially auditioned for the role of Spencer and then tried for Emily. The Hollywood Reporter also noted that Torrey DeVitto and Sasha Pieterse landed recurring roles in the pilot. The Alloy website later confirmed that Pieterse would be playing Alison DiLaurentis and DeVitto would be Melissa Hastings, also mentioning the casting of Janel Parrish as Mona Vanderwaal. On January 27, 2010, ABC Family picked up the series for 10 episodes, set to premiere in June 2010. In April 2010, the role of Aria 's father Byron was recast with Chad Lowe, and Holly Marie Combs was cast as Aria 's mother Ella. Jenna Marshall is played by Tammin Sursok. On January 7, 2011, Tilky Jones was cast as Logan Reed. On April 8, 2011, Annabeth Gish was cast for the role of Anne Sullivan, a therapist who tries to find out the characters ' secrets. On May 23, 2011, Andrea Parker signed up to appear as Jessica DiLaurentis, Alison 's mother. On June 29, 2011, it was announced that Natalie Hall would be replacing Natalie Floyd as Hanna 's soon - to - be stepsister, Kate. On January 30, 2012, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Tyler Blackburn had been promoted to series regular for the third season. In March 2012, Janel Parrish was also promoted from recurring to series regular for the third season. On March 16, 2016, TVLine reported that Andrea Parker was added as a series regular for the seventh season. Promotion ( edit ) Pretty Little Liars was called one of the most spectacular new shows of summer 2010 thanks to heavy promotion by ABC Family, including `` spicy promos and hot posters ''. ABC Family encouraged fans to host a `` Pretty Little Premiere Party '' for the show by sending the first respondents a fan kit, and selected applicants to become part of an interactive `` Secret Keeper Game '' played with iPhones provided by the network. The show 's official Facebook and Twitter accounts also promoted special fan features, including a `` Pretty Little Lie Detector ''. Los Angeles department store Kitson showcased the show in their shop window. A tie - in edition featuring the Season 1 poster and logo of the 2006 first novel in the Pretty Little Liars series was released on the date of the show 's premiere, as was the final book of the original book series, `` Wanted ''. `` Wanted '' later decidedly became the eighth book of the series, as Shepard later confirmed she would extend the series. A TV tie in of the second book `` Flawless '' featuring an altered Season 3 poster was released on December 28, 2010. Music ( edit ) The theme song for Pretty Little Liars is `` Secret '' by The Pierces, which was suggested by one of the show 's stars, Ashley Benson. The pilot episode featured music from artists such as The Fray, Ben 's Brother, MoZella, Orelia, and Colbie Caillat. The show has also featured music from Passion Pit, Lady Gaga, Pink, Florence and the Machine, Lykke Li, Selena Gomez & the Scene, McFly and Rachel Platten. Music from Katie Herzig can be heard multiple times throughout the show. A few songs being `` Hey Na Na '' and `` Where the Road Meets the Sun ''. Madi Diaz has been heard on the show with her song `` Heavy Heart '', as well as Joy Williams with `` Charmed Life '' and Foreign Slippers with `` What Are You Waiting For? ''. The last episode of season one featured a song by Alexz Johnson that she originally recorded for the soundtrack of the Canadian hit TV show Instant Star. On June 14, 2011, `` Jar of Hearts '' by Christina Perri was featured in the first episode of the second season. The song `` Follow Suit '' by Trent Dabbs has also been featured on the show. In the episode `` The Perfect Storm '', Lucy Hale sings a cover of the song `` Who Knows Where the Time Goes? '' by British band Fairport Convention. The official soundtrack was released on February 15, 2011. Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Pretty Little Liars characters The core cast of `` Pretty Little Liars '' ( excluding Janel Parrish who portrays Mona Vanderwaal ) at The Paley Center For Media 's PaleyFest 2014 Honoring `` Pretty Little Liars ''. From left : Troian Bellisario, Ashley Benson, Lucy Hale, Shay Mitchell, and Sasha Pieterse. Troian Bellisario portrays Spencer Hastings, one of the five Liars. Bellisario also portrays Alex Drake, Spencer 's identical twin sister. Spencer is an extreme perfectionist who likes to please her wealthy family and her friends. She is very competitive and an overachiever. Spencer is strong willed, smart, and kind towards everyone around her, but is n't afraid to take down someone who is a threat to something she cares about. She was in a relationship with Toby Cavanaugh ( Keegan Allen ) for most of the first six and a half seasons. Toby later joins the Rosewood Police Force to protect Spencer. Tired of being the victim, Spencer was a brief member of the `` A '' team after she thinks that she finds Toby in the woods killed by `` A '', but finds out from Mona that he is still alive and the only way to get to him is to become part of the team. She then learns that the only reason Toby joined the `` A '' team was to protect her. After the five year jump, Spencer dates Caleb Rivers ( Tyler Blackburn ) and lives in Washington, D.C. She returns home after the death of Charlotte Drake but ends up staying due to her mother running for the state senate. In the season 7 mid-season finale, it is revealed that she is the biological child of Mary Drake. After the one year time jump, it is shown she has continued with politics and is a paralegal at her mothers law firm. It is revealed that she had a twin sister, Alex Drake, who grew up in London, that became A.D to avenge Charlotte 's death. Ashley Benson portrays Hanna Marin, one of the five Liars. Hanna used to have an eating disorder. She was overweight, with the nickname ' Hefty Hanna '. After Alison DiLaurentis disappeared, Hanna lost weight and changed her style, which seemed similar to Ali 's, with the help of her new best friend Mona Vanderwaal. Over the course of the series, Hanna cares more about the people around her and tries to protect herself and her friends. She is loyal and strong. She has had few love affairs through the series and was in a relationship with Caleb Rivers. After the time jump, Hanna was engaged to Jordan and working in the fashion industry, but has moved back to Rosewood and is married to Caleb. In the series finale, it is revealed that she is pregnant. Holly Marie Combs portrays Ella Montgomery, the mother of Aria and Mike, as well as the wife of Byron. Lucy Hale portrays Aria Montgomery, one of the five Liars. Aria is the artsy chameleon who is very intelligent, caring, and has a good sense of style. She 's the one who keeps her family together. Aria spent some time as a `` goth ''. She wore black, punk - like clothing and had pink highlights in her hair. After Alison disappeared, Aria and her family moved to Iceland for a year ( because of Alison 's disappearance ), before returning to Rosewood. When Aria and her family moved back to Rosewood, she was no longer a `` goth '' as she used to be, she was a girly - girl. Aria had a relationship with her English teacher, Ezra Fitz ( Ian Harding ) from the very first episode of the entire show, but they decided to end their relationship before Aria went to college. After the time jump, Aria dates her co-worker, Liam, and then breaks up with him after she and Ezra start dating again. Ezra then proposes to her and they get engaged. Later, Aria joins the A-Team, after being blackmailed by Uber A. In the season finale, it is revealed that she is infertile which leads her to believe that she would never be able to marry Ezra however at the end of the episode she and Ezra are married Ian Harding portrays Ezra Fitz, a former English teacher at Rosewood High who begins a relationship with Aria which causes a lot of tension due to her being his student. However they keep a steady relationship until season 4 when it is revealed that he is writing a book about the disappearance of Alison DiLaurentis which causes Aria to break up with him. It is also revealed that he had a very brief relationship with Alison before she disappeared after she met him in bar near Hollis with Charlotte Drake. After the time jump, Ezra is in a very bad place due to his girlfriend Nicole being kidnapped and killed in Nicaragua while they were there doing charity work. He is writing a book about his experience which is being published through the company Aria is currently working at which causes them to rekindle their old friendship. In the season 6 finale, they have sex which causes them to talk about their relationship and Ezra proposes to Aria which after some hesitation and a confession about the death of Archer Dunhill, she accepts. They are married in the series finale. Bianca Lawson portrays Maya St. Germain, a new girl who moves into Rosewood and develops a relationship with Emily, becoming her first girlfriend. She moves into Alison 's old house which causes tension with the girls at first but they quickly begin to like her. She is killed in the season 2 finale by Lyndon James who was her stalker from a rehabilitation camp which she was sent to when Pam discovers weed in her bag. Lyndon disguises himself as her cousin who tries to get close to Emily so that he can kill her out of jealousy however, he is killed by Emily stabbing him in mid-season 3. Laura Leighton portrays Ashley Marin, the mother of Hanna. In the first season she is working as a member of the bank until she is arrested as the suspected murderer of Darren Wilden. She is released when Mona takes the blame for murder and Pastor Ted posts her bail. She then begins working for Mrs DiLaurentis until her death when she chooses to leave as Jason takes over which causes tension due to their past relationship. After the 5 year time jump, she has now turned Radley into a fancy hotel and is working as the manager. Chad Lowe portrays Byron Montgomery, the father of Aria and Mike, as well as the husband of Ella. He is the center of one of the first story lines due to him having an affair with one of his students at Hollis causing all sorts of issues with his family. Due to this, him and Ella get a divorced but later remarry in season 6 with Aria as their officiator. Chad Lowe was the first cast member to direct an episode of Pretty Little Liars, followed by Troian Bellisario. Shay Mitchell portrays Emily Fields, one of the five Liars. Emily is the sporty one in the group. She is the best swimmer on the swim team, and she 's very sweet and loyal. Emily is a shy, kind, closeted lesbian, in love with Alison DiLaurentis. Over the course of the series, Emily came out to her parents that she was in a relationship with Maya St. Germain. After Maya 's murder, Emily develops a relationship with Paige McCullers in season 3. They 're together for a while, until Paige betrays Emily 's trust. After the time jump, Emily has dropped out of the university she attended in California after the death of her father and she came back to Rosewood with a secret. She ends up donating her eggs in season 6 to help 2 start a family. As of The DArkest Knight she is now working at Rosewood High School as the swim coach. In Season 7, it is revealed that Alison is pregnant with Emily 's baby after A.D stole Emily 's eggs after she donated them and impregnated Alison while she was in Welby. Emily confronts Ali about the baby and she agrees to have it for her. Soon after, Alison confesses her feelings for Emily and the 2 enter a relationship. In the series finale, Emily and Ali are raising twin girls, Lily and Grace. Alison proposes to Emily who accepts. Sasha Pieterse portrays Alison DiLaurentis, one of the five Liars and the former `` Queen Bee '' of her clique, and the most popular girl in school before her disappearance. She enjoys using people 's deepest secrets against them to keep them in line. Charming and manipulative, Alison managed to manipulate all four of her friends in one way or another and is skilled at finding ways to blackmail others. It was later revealed that Alison is alive and was on the run from `` A ''. After the five - year time jump, Alison marries a man posing as Dr. Elliott Rollins, who was her sister Charlotte 's psychiatrist. In the beginning of Season 7, Alison finds out that he is not the `` good '' man that she thought she married and with the help of the other girls, they manage to kill him before he kills them. Alison is now an English teacher at Rosewood High. It is also revealed in season 7 that she is pregnant with Emily 's baby. Shortly after, she admits to being in love with Emily and enters a relationship with her and intends to raise the baby with her.In the series finale, she is raising twin girls, Lily and Grace, later on in the episode she proposes to Emily. Tyler Blackburn portrays Caleb Rivers, the high school boyfriend and later husband of Hanna Marin, and a professional hacker. It is revealed in season 1 that he was in the foster care system and slept in school or public places the majority of the time to avoid staying with his foster family. For a brief time he moves into Hanna 's basement before moving in with Lucas. He also reconnects with his biological parents. He departs the show mid-season 4 to go to Ravenswood, which was a sister spin - off show of Pretty Little Liars. He returns in the 100th episode with a haunting secret which causes tension between him and Hanna. They both begin drinking, him to forget Ravenswood, her coping with Alison 's return to Rosewood. After the time jump, it is revealed that he and Hanna broke up due to them working too much and he begins dating Spencer causing a love triangle between the three of them. In the mid-season 7 finale, he confesses his feeling for Hanna leading to them having sex prompting them to get back together. In `` Choose or Loose '', they elope in the courthouse and in the finale, Hanna announces she 's pregnant. Janel Parrish portrays Mona Vanderwaal, the original and first `` A ''. She is the person who stalked Alison before her disappearance, and did this as revenge for Alison crowning her `` Rosewood 's biggest loser ''. After Alison disappeared she became best friends with Hanna Marin and they transformed themselves into the most popular girls at school, taking Alison 's place. In the season two finale she is exposed as `` A '' and sent to Radley Sanitarium, where she is visited by CeCe Drake ( Charlotte ), who takes Mona 's place in the `` A '' game. In Season 3, she continues working as `` A '' and by the end of the season is kicked off the `` A '' team and becomes a victim of `` A '' along with the other girls. In Season 4 she helps the girls out with their investigations of the new `` A ''. In season 5 she creates an army so as not to be intimidated by Alison 's return. Later in the season, she fakes her own death to ferret out `` A '' but is kidnapped by `` A '' and imprisoned in `` A '' 's dollhouse. After the time jump, Mona is working for Veronica Hastings ' rival for State Senator, and is revealed to be Charlotte Drake 's killer. Andrea Parker portrays Jessica DiLaurentis / Mary Drake, twin sisters. Jessica is the mother to Alison and Jason, while Mary is revealed to be the mother of Charlotte and Spencer. Mary was admitted to Radley Sanitarium for most of her life, but has now returned to Rosewood. During the fourth season, Mary kills Jessica and attempts to frame Peter Hastings for it. However, this is not revealed until season 7. She comes back to Rosewood later, now allied with Archer Dunhill. In the nineteenth episode of season 7, she takes the blame for the death of Archer Dunhill so the Liars wo n't have to go to prison. In the season finale, it revealed that she escaped prison with the help of Mona so that she could ally with Alex Drake, her other biological daughter, Spencer 's twin sister who is revealed as A.D Setting ( edit ) Rosewood ( edit ) Rosewood is a fictional town in the United States state of Pennsylvania. It is the principal setting of the series and the books. The Liars live in this town along with most of the other characters. It contains many principal locations : the police station, the Rosewood High School, the church, the Rosewood Shopping Center, Hollis College, the Rosewood Community Hospital, the Rosewood movie theater, the mausoleum, the dental office, the Ophthalmology Cabinet, and the Rosewood Court. Virtually all these locations are actually exteriors on the backlot of the Warner Bros. studio lot in Burbank. Interior scenes are filmed separately on nearby soundstages. For example, different sides of the same building on the backlot are used for the entrances of the Rosewood police station and high school. Secondary locations ( edit ) Real towns : New York City, Cape May, Philadelphia, London, Hilton Head Island and Brookhaven Broadcast ( edit ) The intertitle in the opening credits used since the show 's inception. Pretty Little Liars premiered on June 8, 2010 in the United States, becoming ABC Family 's highest - rated series debut on record across the network 's target demographics. It ranked number one in key 12 -- 34 demos and teens, becoming the number - one scripted show in Women 18 -- 34, and Women 18 -- 49. The premiere was number two in the hour for total viewers, which generated 2.47 million unique viewers, and was ABC Family 's best delivery in the time slot since the premiere of The Secret Life of the American Teenager. The second episode retained 100 % of its premiere audience with 2.48 million viewers, despite the usual downward trend following a premiere of a show, and built on its premiere audience. It was the dominant number one of its time slot in Adults 18 -- 49, and the number one show in female teens. Subsequent episodes fluctuated between 2.09 and 2.74 million viewers. The August 10, 2010 `` Summer Finale '' episode drew an impressive 3.07 million viewers. On June 28, 2010, ABC Family ordered 12 more episodes of the show, bringing its total first - season order to 22. On January 10, 2011, ABC Family picked the show up for a second season that premiered on June 14, 2011. During the summer of 2011, Pretty Little Liars was basic cable 's top scripted series in women aged 18 -- 34 and viewers 12 -- 34. The second half of season 2 aired on Mondays at 8 / 7c, beginning on January 2, 2012. On November 29, 2011, ABC Family renewed the show for a third season, which consisted of 24 episodes. On October 4, 2012, ABC Family announced that the show was renewed for a fourth season, again comprising 24 episodes. The second half of the third season began airing on January 8, 2013 and finished March 19, 2013. Pretty Little Liars returned for Season 4 on June 11, 2013. On March 25, 2013, it was again announced that Pretty Little Liars had been renewed for a fifth season scheduled for a 2014 air date and a new spin off show entitled Ravenswood would begin airing after the season four annual Halloween special in October 2013. The second half of season four premiered on January 7, 2014. It was announced on June 10, 2014 that Pretty Little Liars was renewed for two seasons, making the show ABC Family 's longest running original hit series. On August 29, 2016, I. Marlene King announced that Pretty Little Liars would be ending after the seventh season had aired. The second half of the seventh season will begin airing later than previous season, in April instead of January. Critical reception ( edit ) Pretty Little Liars opened with mixed reviews. Metacritic gave the pilot episode 52 out of 100, based upon 14 critical reviews. The New York Daily News gave the show a positive review, commenting that it `` makes most popular vampire romances look anemic '', while concluding, `` Pretty Little Liars could go in several directions, including mundane teen clichés. It 's got an equally good shot at making us care about these imperfect pretty girls. '' A writer on Terror Hook has stated that `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' gets off to a very promising start. Great production all around, the writing keeps the viewer on their toes, and the acting just reinforces it. The overall mystery of the show in the end is dark and unpredictable, even stepping into the slasher film realm. '' The New York Post gave the show three out of five stars, stating, `` OK, so we 've established that there is no socially redeeming value in this series and that your kids should n't watch it if they are too young and impressionable. But if you can distract them enough to miss the first 15 minutes, the show is n't half - bad. Actually, it is half - good, if that makes sense. '' The Los Angeles Times wrote that the series is `` one of those shows that manages to mildly, and perhaps unintentionally, spoof its genre while fully participating in it, and that 's not a bad thing at all. '' Entertainment Weekly had a less favorable review, giving the show a letter grade of `` D − '', saying, `` Imagine the pitch for Liars : It 's I Know What You Did Last Summer meets Gossip Girl, but like not so subtle. '' It went on to say that the plot `` hits every racy teen entertainment mark so hard ( everyone 's hair is so full -- of secrets! ) that it feels like the only thing missing is a visit from the ghosts of Jennifer Love Hewitt and Freddie Prinze, Jr. '' The Hollywood Reporter compared the show to those on The CW and noted, `` Sure, there 's a lot here that sustains more eye - rolling than interested stares, but a little patience might be warranted. '' Ratings ( edit ) Since the series premiere, Pretty Little Liars has remained popular. In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that the show 's `` popularity is tilted toward women more than any other show in the data -- over 94 percent of ' likes ' come from women ''. The series earned its highest rated episode with 4.20 million total viewers, ranking among ABC Family 's top 5 telecasts in adult viewers 18 -- 34, total viewers and women viewers. The highest rated episodes include season one 's finale, with 3.64 million, and season two 's premiere and finale episodes, each yielding nearly 3.7 million viewers. The show stands as the most watched series on ABC Family, maintaining a steady viewership of over 2.5 million and currently standing as the only show to yield an average of over 2 million viewers. Ratings table Season Network Episodes Timeslot Season premiere Season finale TV season Viewers ( in millions ) Most watched episode Premiere date Viewers ( million ) Finale date Viewers ( million ) Title Viewers ( millions ) Season 1 ABC Family 22 Tuesdays 8 : 00 pm ( first set ) Mondays 8 : 00 pm ( second set ) June 8, 2010 2.47 March 21, 2011 3.64 2010 -- 11 2.87 `` Moments Later '' 4.20 Season 2 25 June 14, 2011 3.68 March 19, 2012 3.69 2011 -- 12 2.68 `` unmAsked '' 3.69 Season 3 24 Tuesdays 8 : 00 p.m. June 5, 2012 2.93 March 19, 2013 2.87 2012 -- 13 2.59 `` She 's Better Now '' 3.21 Season 4 24 June 11, 2013 2.97 March 18, 2014 3.12 2013 -- 14 2.53 `` Now You See Me, Now You Do n't '' 3.33 Season 5 25 June 10, 2014 2.72 March 24, 2015 2.65 2014 -- 15 2.01 `` EscApe From New York '' 2.72 Season 6 ABC Family ( 2015 ) Freeform ( 2016 ) 20 June 2, 2015 2.38 March 15, 2016 1.19 2015 -- 16 1.72 `` Game Over, Charles '' 3.09 Season 7 Freeform 20 June 21, 2016 1.43 June 27, 2017 1.41 2016 -- 17 1.11 `` Tick - Tock, Bitches '' 1.43 Pretty Little Liars : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Source : Nielsen Media Research Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Pretty Little Liars Won Choice Summer TV Star : Male Ian Harding Won Choice Summer TV Star : Female Lucy Hale Won 2011 NewNowNext Awards TV You Betta Watch Pretty Little Liars Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Obsession Nominated GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Drama Series Nominated Young Hollywood Awards Cast To Watch Troian Bellisario, Ashley Benson, Lucy Hale and Shay Mitchell Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Pretty Little Liars Won Choice Summer TV Star : Female Lucy Hale Won Troian Bellisario Nominated Choice Summer TV Star : Male Ian Harding Won Keegan Allen Nominated Banff Television Festival Best Continuing Series I. Marlene King, Lesli Linka Glatter and Lisa Cochran - Neilan Won Capricho Awards ( pt ) Best TV Series Pretty Little Liars Nominated Best International Actress Lucy Hale Nominated Best International Actor Ian Harding Nominated 2012 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Drama Pretty Little Liars Won GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Drama Series Nominated TV Guide Awards Favorite Guilty Pleasure Nominated Capricho Awards ( pt ) Best TV Series Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Drama Won Choice TV Actor Ian Harding Won Choice TV Actress Lucy Hale Won Choice TV Villain Janel Parrish Won Choice Summer TV Star : Female Troian Bellisario Won 2013 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Drama Pretty Little Liars Nominated Favorite TV Fan Following Little Liars Nominated Gracie Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Rising Star Lucy Hale Won TV Guide Awards Favorite Ensemble Pretty Little Liars Nominated Favorite Villain Janel Parrish and Keegan Allen Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Drama Pretty Little Liars Won Choice Summer TV Show Pretty Little Liars Won Choice TV Actor : Drama Ian Harding Won Choice TV Actress : Drama Troian Bellisario Won Choice TV Villain Janel Parrish Won Choice Summer TV Star : Female Lucy Hale Won Choice Summer TV Star : Male Keegan Allen Won Capricho Awards ( pt ) Best TV Series Pretty Little Liars Nominated Best International Actress Ashley Benson Nominated 2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Drama Pretty Little Liars Nominated Favorite Cable TV Actress Lucy Hale Won GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Drama Series Pretty Little Liars Nominated 40th Saturn Awards Best Youth - Oriented Television Series Nominated Young Hollywood Awards Bingeworthy TV series Nominated Best Cast Chemistry -- TV Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Drama Won Choice TV Actor : Drama Ian Harding Won Choice TV Actor : Drama Keegan Allen Nominated Choice TV Actress : Drama Lucy Hale Won Choice TV Actress : Drama Troian Bellisario Nominated Choice TV Villain Janel Parrish Nominated Choice Summer TV Star : Female Ashley Benson Won Choice Summer TV Star : Female Shay Mitchell Nominated Choice Summer TV Star : Male Tyler Blackburn Won Choice TV Breakout Star : Female Sasha Pieterse Won Candie 's Choice Style Icon Ashley Benson Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Actress Ashley Benson Nominated Lucy Hale Nominated Favorite Cable TV Drama Pretty Little Liars Won GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Drama Series Nominated 41st Saturn Awards Best Youth - Oriented Television Series Nominated MTV Fandom Awards Feels Freak Out Of The Year Won Ship Of The Year Shay Mitchell and Sasha Pieterse Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Drama Pretty Little Liars Won Choice TV Actor : Drama Keegan Allen Nominated Ian Harding Won Choice TV Actress : Drama Lucy Hale Won Shay Mitchell Nominated Choice Summer TV Star : Male Tyler Blackburn Won Choice Summer TV Star : Female Troian Bellisario Nominated Ashley Benson Won Choice TV Scene Stealer Sasha Pieterse Nominated Choice TV Villain `` A '' ( Vanessa Ray ) Won 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Drama Pretty Little Liars Won Favorite Cable TV Actress Ashley Benson Nominated Lucy Hale Nominated Shay Mitchell Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Drama Pretty Little Liars Won Choice TV Actor : Drama Keegan Allen Nominated Tyler Blackburn Nominated Ian Harding Won Choice TV Actress : Drama Troian Bellisario Nominated Ashley Benson Won Choice TV Villain Janel Parrish Won Choice TV Scene Stealer Sasha Pieterse Won Choice TV Chemistry Ashley Benson and Tyler Blackburn Won Choice Summer TV Actress Lucy Hale Nominated Shay Mitchell Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Actress Ashley Benson Nominated Lucy Hale Nominated Favorite Cable TV Drama Pretty Little Liars Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Show Of The Year Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Drama Nominated Choice TV Actress : Drama Troian Bellisario Nominated Ashley Benson Nominated Lucy Hale Won Shay Mitchell Nominated Sasha Pieterse Nominated Choice TV Actor : Drama Ian Harding Nominated Choice TV Villain Janel Parrish Won Choice TV Ship Shay Mitchell and Sasha Pieterse Nominated DVD releases ( edit ) DVD release dates for Pretty Little Liars Name Release dates Ep # Additional information Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete First Season June 7, 2011 September 24, 2012 November 2, 2011 22 Pretty Little Liars : Two Truths and a Lie -- Discover some fun facts and fictional fallacies about the cast of Pretty Little Liars. It All Started with a Little Lie : Making Pretty Little Liars -- Discover how the pages and characters of Sara Shepard 's novel became this ca n't miss TV series Little Secrets from the Set -- Catch up with the cast and crew of summer 's hottest show as they bring us several juicy behind - the - scenes secrets from the Pretty Little Liars set Deleted Scenes and extras The Complete Second Season June 5, 2012 November 11, 2013 September 5, 2012 25 Fashion 's Guilty Pleasure : Check out Aria 's edgy bohemian looks, Hanna 's rock ' n ' roll glamour, Emily 's laid back sporty style and Spencer 's prepster perfection Men of Mystery : Brooding brows, soulful smiles and mysterious minds... get ready for the heart - melting guys of Rosewood Deleted scenes and extras The Complete Third Season June 4, 2013 April 21, 2014 June 19, 2013 24 Featurette : `` The ' A ' Network '' The Lady Killer episode alternate endings Bonus Webisodes Deleted Scenes The Complete Fourth Season June 3, 2014 September 29, 2014 July 9, 2014 24 Featurette : `` Unhooding Red Coat : Alison Is Alive! '' Featurette : `` Confessions of ' A ' Liar '' Featurette : `` Pretty Little Scenes '' Bonus Recap Episode Deleted Scenes The Complete Fifth Season June 2, 2015 July 15, 2015 June 19, 2015 25 Featurette : `` Good Girls, Bad Lies : The Stronger PLLs '' Featurette : `` Pretty Little Liars : The Guys Are Back! '' Featurette : `` Celebrating a Pretty 100th '' Featurette : `` Christmas in Rosewood : Designing the Ice Ball '' We Love You to Death : Fan Appreciation Episode Deleted Scenes The Complete Sixth Season April 19, 2016 April 18, 2016 April 22, 2016 20 Featurette : `` We Heart the PLL Ships '' Featurette : `` A PLL Prom '' Featurette : `` Inside the 5 Years '' Featurette : `` A Homecoming : The PLLs Return '' Pretty Little Liars : 5 Years Forward Deleted Scenes The Seventh and Final Season July 25, 2017 TBA TBA 20 Featurette : `` Inside the PLL Sheets '' Featurette : `` That PLL Boy Is Mine '' Featurette : `` A PLL Proposal '' Featurette : `` A Surprising Mary Drake '' Featurette : `` Hot for Haleb '' Featurette : `` Say I Do '' Featurette : `` The Final Sendoff from Rosewood '' Featurette : `` A.D. : The Ultimate Suspect '' Featurette : `` Thank You to Fans '' Pretty Little Liars : A-List Wrap Party ( Special Episode ) Deleted Scenes The Complete Series July 25, 2017 TBA TBA 160 All previously released special features on all seven seasons. 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August 10, 2010. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 29, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2010. Jump up ^ `` 2011 NewNowNext Awards -- TV You Betta Watch ''. Logo. Viacom. Retrieved October 3, 2011. Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2011 Nominees ''. People 's Choice Awards. Retrieved January 6, 2011. Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Media Awards Nominees ''. GLAAD Media Awards. Retrieved January 20, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Awards for 2011 Announced ''. Young Hollywood Award. 2011. Archived from the original on 2011. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29. Jump up ^ Reiher, Andrea ( August 8, 2011 ). `` 2011 Teen Choice Awards winners list : Taylor Swift gets the surfboards ''. Zap2it. Retrieved January 20, 2012. Jump up ^ http://capricho.abril.com.br/awards/2011/cinema-tv.shtml/ Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2012 Nominees ''. People 's Choice Awards. Retrieved January 13, 2012. Jump up ^ `` 23rd Annual GLAAD Media Award Nominees ''. GLAAD Media Awards. Retrieved January 20, 2012. Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Awards ( 2012 ) ''. TV Guide Awards. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29. Jump up ^ `` Veja a lista completa dos indicados ao Capricho Awards 2012! ''. Febre Teen - De fã para fã!. Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich ( May 18, 2012 ). `` Teen Choice Nominations : Vampire Diaries and Idol Lead Pack, Linda Hunt Eyes Repeat Win ''. TVLine.com. Retrieved May 20, 2012. Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2013 Nominees ''. People 's Choice Awards. Retrieved February 24, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Gracies : 2013 Gracies Awards Winners ''. TheGracies.com. 2013. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved May 27, 2013. Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Awards ( 2013 ) ''. TV Guide Awards. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29. Jump up ^ Ng, Philiana ( May 22, 2013 ). `` Teen Choice Awards : ' Twilight : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ' Leads First Wave of Nominees ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 23, 2013. Jump up ^ http://ohbensonbrasil.com/blog/ashley-e-pll-sao-indicados-ao-capricho-awards-2013/ Jump up ^ `` 40th People 's Choice Awards ''. peopleschoice.com. Retrieved 12 March 2014. Jump up ^ Kenneally, Tim. `` People 's Choice Awards 2014 : The Complete Winners List ''. The Wrap. Retrieved 12 March 2014. Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Media Awards Noms Unveiled ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved January 31, 2014. Jump up ^ `` The 40th Annual Saturn Awards Nominations ''. SaturnAwards.org. Archived from the original on September 13, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2014. Jump up ^ Nordyke, Kimberly ( August 11, 2014 ). `` Teen Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 11, 2014. Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards nominees ''. People 's Choice Awards. Retrieved 12 December 2014. Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards : List of 2015 nominations ''. March 3, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2015. Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards : Winners List 2016 ''. Variety. Retrieved January 7, 2016. Jump up ^ `` PEOPLE 'S CHOICE AWARDS 2017 : FULL LIST OF WINNERS ''. People 's Choice. January 18, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars - Season 1 ( DVD ) ''. Amazon.com. Retrieved September 28, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars - The Complete 1st Season ( 5 Disc Set ) ( DVD ) ''. EzyDVD. Retrieved September 28, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : The Complete Second Season ( 2011 ) ''. Amazon.com. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars - Season 2 ( DVD ) ''. Amazon.com. Retrieved September 28, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : The Complete Second Season ''. JB Hi - Fi. Retrieved February 16, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars - Season 3 ( Exclusive to Amazon.co.uk ) ( DVD ) ''. Amazon.com. Retrieved February 18, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars S3 ''. Sanity. Retrieved February 16, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars - Season 4 ( Exclusive to Amazon.co.uk ) ( DVD ) ''. Amazon.com. Retrieved February 18, 2014. Jump up ^ `` PRETTY LITTLE LIARS - COMPLETE SEASON 4 ''. DVDland.com.au. Retrieved May 18, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars - Season 5 ( DVD ) ''. Amazon.com. Jump up ^ David Lambert ( January 6, 2016 ). `` Pretty Little Liars - Warner 's Press Release Announces ' The Complete 6th Season ' ''. TVShowsonDVD. Retrieved January 7, 2016. Jump up ^ AmazonUK ( April 18, 2016 ). `` Pretty Little Liars - AmazonUK confirms DVD Release Date : 18 April 2016'The Complete 6th Season ' ''. AmazonUK. Retrieved September 3, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Pretty Little Liars : The Complete Seventh & Final Season ''. Target.com. February 26, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2017. 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{ "text": "Radar detector - wikipedia Radar detector For the song by Darwin Deez, see Radar Detector. An early radar detector Car radar detector ( Japanese ) A radar detector is an electronic device used by motorists to detect if their speed is being monitored by police or law enforcement using a radar gun. Most radar detectors are used so the driver can reduce the car 's speed before being ticketed for speeding. In general sense, only emitting technologies, like doppler RADAR, or LIDAR can be detected. Visual speed estimating techniques, like ANPR or VASCAR can not be detected in daytime, but technically vulnerable to detection at night, when IR spotlight is used. There are no reports that piezo sensors can be detected. LIDAR devices require an optical - band sensor, although many modern detectors include LIDAR sensors. Most of today 's radar detectors detect signals across a variety of wavelength bands : usually X, K, and K. In Europe the K band is common as well. The past success of radar detectors was based on the fact that radio - wave beam can not be narrow - enough, so the detector usually senses stray and scattered radiation, giving the driver time to slow down. Based on focused laser - beam, LIDAR technology is deprived of this shortcoming ; however requires precise aiming. Modern police radars incorporate formidable computing power, producing minimum of ultra-short pulses, reusing wide beam for multi-target measurement, which renders most detectors useless. But, mobile Internet allowed for GPS navigation devices mapping police radar spots in real - time. These gadgets are also often called `` radar detectors '', while not necessary carrying an RF sensor. Contents 1 Description 2 Counter technology 2.1 Radar detector detectors 2.2 Radar scrambling 3 LIDAR detection 4 Legality 5 See also 6 References Description ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) One device law enforcement use to measure the expected speed of a moving vehicle is called Doppler radar, and it uses the Doppler effect to measure the relative speed of a vehicle. Namely, Doppler radar works by beaming a radio wave at the vehicle to then measure the expected change in frequency of the reflected wave ( that bounces off the vehicle ). Many times, law enforcement employ Doppler radar in their hand - held radar guns, on their vehicles, as well as on fixed objects such as traffic signals. Radar detectors use a superheterodyne receiver to detect these electromagnetic emissions from the radar gun, and raise an alarm to notify the motorist when a transmission is detected. False alarms can occur however due to the large number of devices, such as automatic door openers ( such as the ones at supermarkets ), speed signs, and adaptive automotive cruise control, that operate in the same part of the electromagnetic spectrum as radar guns. In recent years, some radar detectors have added GPS technology. This allows users to manually store the locations where police frequently monitor traffic, with the detector sounding an alarm when approaching that location in the future ( this is accomplished by pushing a button and does n't require coordinates to be entered ). These detectors also allow users to manually store the coordinates of sites of frequent false alarms, which the GPS enabled detector will then ignore. The detector can also be programmed to mute alerts when traveling below a preset speed, limiting unnecessary alerts. Some GPS enabled detectors can download the GPS coordinates of speed monitoring cameras and red - light cameras from the Internet, alerting the driver that they are approaching the camera. Counter technology ( edit ) Radar guns and detectors have evolved alternately over time to counter each other 's technology in a form of civilian electronic `` warfare ''. For example, as new frequencies have been introduced, radar detectors have initially been `` blind '' to them until their technology, too, has been updated. Similarly, the length of time and strength of the transmissions have been lowered to reduce the chance of detection, which in turn has resulted in more sensitive receivers and more sophisticated software counter technology. Lastly, radar detectors may combine other technologies, such as GPS - based technology with a point of interest database of known speed trapping locations, into a single device to improve their chances of success. Radar detector detectors ( edit ) Main article : Radar detector detector The superheterodyne receiver in radar detectors has a local oscillator that radiates slightly, so it is possible to build a radar - detector detector, which detects such emissions ( usually the frequency of the radar type being detected, plus about 10 MHz ). The VG - 2 Interceptor was the first device developed for this purpose, but has since been eclipsed by the Spectre III and Spectre Elite. This form of `` electronic warfare '' cuts both ways - since detector - detectors use a similar superheterodyne receiver, many early `` stealth '' radar detectors were equipped with a radar - detector - detector - detector circuit, which shuts down the main radar receiver when the detector - detector 's signal is sensed, thus preventing detection by such equipment. This technique borrows from ELINT surveillance countermeasures. In the early 1990s, BEL - Tronics, Inc. of Ontario, Canada ( where radar detector use is prohibited in most provinces ) found that the local oscillator frequency of the detector could be altered to be out of the range of the VG - 2 Interceptor ( probably by using two LO stages such that neither is near the RF frequency ). This resulted in detector manufacturers responding by changing their local oscillator frequency. Today, practically every radar detector on the market is immune to the VG - 2 Interceptor.. The VG - 2 is no longer in production and radar detectors immune to the Spectre Elite are available. Radar scrambling ( edit ) It is illegal in many countries to sell or possess any products that actively transmit radar signals intended to jam radar equipment. In the United States, actively transmitting on a frequency licensed by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) without a licence is a violation of FCC regulations, which may be punishable by fines up to $10,000 and / or up to one year imprisonment. Passport x50 Radar / Laser detector. LIDAR detection ( edit ) Main article : LIDAR detector Newer speed detection devices use pulsed laser light, commonly referred to as LIDAR, rather than radio waves. Radar detectors, which detect radio transmissions, are therefore unable to detect the infrared light emitted by LIDAR guns so a different type of device called a LIDAR detector is required. LIDAR detection, however, is not nearly as effective as radar detection because the output beam is very focused. While radar 's radio waves can expand to 85 feet ( 26 m ) across at 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) from their source, LIDAR 's light beam diffuses to only about 6 feet ( 1.8 m ). Also, a police officer targeting a car will most likely aim for the centre mass or headlight of the vehicle and, because radar detectors are mounted on the windshield away from the beam 's aim, they may not alert at all. Lastly, with such a focused beam, an officer using a LIDAR gun can target a single car in close proximity to others at ranges of up to 3,000 feet ( 910 m ). This has resulted in some manufacturers producing LIDAR jammers. Unlike radar, LIDAR 's frequencies and use are not controlled by the FCC. These jammers attempt to confuse police LIDAR into showing no speed on the display. Many times they are successful, and therefore many LIDAR manufacturers are producing LIDAR guns that have `` jam codes '' which show when they are being jammed. They will work on some LIDAR jammers and not others. In spite of this, police can often tell when they are being jammed when they get no reading on their LIDAR. Many jammer - equipped motorists using jammers now try to counter this by reducing their speed to legal limits before they turn their jammer equipment off or `` kill the equipment '' referred to as `` JTK '' or `` Jam to Kill. '' Officers can often tell this is going on by just watching for their LIDAR equipment not being able to lock in a speed properly along with visual indication of sudden deceleration of the targeted vehicle. They will then pull the offending vehicle over and look for LIDAR jammers on the front of the vehicle and can hit the motorist with an obstruction of justice charge should they be found. Some states also have laws about any police radar or LIDAR jamming. These are CA, UT, CO, OK, TX, MN, IL, TN, VA, SC. In these states the penalties can be severe. Despite the advent of LIDAR speed detection, radar remains more prevalent because of its lower price relative to LIDAR equipment and the amount of radar equipment already in service. In addition, in order to use LIDAR the officer must be stationary and can not be moving at all on account of the need for a very precise aim. Legality ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Using or possessing a radar detector or jammer is illegal in certain countries, and it may result in fines, seizure of the device, or both. These prohibitions generally are introduced under the premise that a driver who uses a radar detector will pose a greater risk of accident than a driver who does not. The table below provides information about laws regarding radar detectors in particular nations. In 1967 devices to warn drivers of radar speed traps were being manufactured in the United Kingdom ; they were deemed illegal under the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949. Country Legality Radar Bands Australia Illegal in all states besides Western Australia They are illegal to use in a moving vehicle ( as stated by the traffic laws in ) SA, NSW, ACT, NT, Queensland and Tasmania. In the state of Victoria it is an offence to sell, use or possess a radar detector, and police may confiscate such equipment if found in a vehicle. Heavy fines apply, ranging from AU $200 -- $1,700, up to nine demerit points, and confiscation of the radar detector. However, importing a unit is permitted under Australian customs regulations. Queensland = up to 40 penalty units ( approximately equal to $3,000 ) for being in or on a vehicle whether or not the device is operating or in working order. K, Ka, Laser Belgium Illegal In July 2006, a provisional seizure of a vehicle worth over € 75,000 and destruction of the radar detector was ordered by the courts. The driver 's licence was suspended for three months. Brazil Illegal in all states. Bulgaria Detectors legal, jammers illegal. Radar jammers are illegal. X, K ( fixed camera + radar ) Canada Legal in British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. Illegal in Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Regardless of whether they are used or not, police there may confiscate radar detectors, operational or not, and impose substantial fines in provinces where radar detectors are illegal. Quebec penalizes $500 CAD for use of a radar detector, along with confiscation of the device. K, Ka, Laser China Detectors legal, jammers illegal Croatia Detectors and jammers are illegal to use or to have in a motor vehicle. HRK 2000 ( € 270 ) fine if using a jammer. Only confiscation for a detector. Czech Republic Detectors legal, jammers illegal. Fine up to CZK 200,000 ( € 7750 ), penalty points. Ka Egypt Detectors and jammers are illegal. Estonia Illegal to use or have in a motor vehicle. Fine up to € 1150 as well as confiscation of the device. Finland Illegal to use or have in a motor vehicle on a public road. The fine depends on income. The detector will be confiscated. For average net income of 2200 € / month, the fine would be around 640 € plus possible speeding ticket. Ka France Detectors and jammers are illegal to own, use or sell. Regardless of whether they are used or not, police there may confiscate radar detectors, operational or not, and impose substantial fines. K 24.125 GHz, Laser Germany Legal to own, illegal to use in a moving vehicle € 75 fine, 4 Points, destruction of the radar detector. Greece Illegal € 2000 fine, 30 day driver 's license suspension, 60 days car registration license suspension and 5 SESO penalty points Hungary Detectors : legal. Jammers : legal to own, illegal to use. India Illegal Iceland Legal Radar jammers are illegal. Ireland Illegal Law Refers to ' Speed Meter Detectors ', Introduced 1991. No fixed penalty for possession, expect confiscation and hefty fine. Israel Detectors legal as of 2000. Jammers still illegal. Some cellular providers such as Pelephone actually provide radar detecting as a service powered by GPS Ka, Laser Italy Illegal Japan Legal Jordan Illegal Regardless of whether they are used or not, police there may confiscate radar detectors, operational or not. Laser ( possibly others ) Kazakhstan Legal X, K, Ka, X POP, Ka POP, Laser Latvia Legal to own, illegal to use in a vehicle 57 EUR fine and the detector will be confiscated. K, POP Ka, Laser Lithuania Detectors : legal. Jammers : legal to own, illegal to use. X, POP K, Laser Malaysia Illegal to possess, purchase, sell or use. Heavy fines apply. Radar detectors are also prohibited items under customs laws. Mexico Legal in most states Forbidden in Mexico City ( Distrito Federal ), 200 USD fine and impoundment of the vehicle. Netherlands Illegal € 420 fine and seizure of the device ( since 2004 ) New Zealand Legal Ka and Laser used also fixed speed camera and speed camera vans ( Low Powered K Band ) North Korea Illegal Confiscated in border controls along South Korea and China borders, and in airports. Norway Illegal to use. ( Legal to own, sell, and buy ) 8000 - 10000 krone fine and seizure of the device. Pakistan Legal Philippines Legal Poland Legal to own, illegal to use in a moving vehicle Jammers illegal X, K, Pulse K, Ka Narrow, Laser Portugal Illegal to own and / or use in a vehicle Law enforcement authorities can confiscate radar detectors and apply a fine. The Portuguese Tax and Customs Authority can seize any imported radar detectors. Radar jammers are also illegal. Romania Legal since 2006 Radar jammers still illegal Instant - On K Russia Detectors legal, jammers illegal. The national system for measuring the speed of vehicles and cars. National ranges work radars in X and Ku. Instant - On ( Pulse ) X ( 10, 2 - 10, 65 GHz ), Ku ( 13, 56 - 13, 62Ghz ) POP K, Laser ( 0, 8 - 1, 1 mkm ) Saudi Arabia Illegal Serbia Illegal to purchase, use, possess, sell or advertise Illegal to use or have in possession in a vehicle in traffic, to sell or advertise : an apparatus or any other means of detecting or interfering with operation of vehicle speed measuring devices, or any other apparatus used for discovering and reporting traffic violations Singapore Illegal to possess, purchase, sell or use. Heavy fines apply. Radar detectors are also prohibited items under customs laws. Slovenia Legal Laser jammers illegal ( fine up to € 500 and confiscation of the device ). South Africa Illegal to use in a moving vehicle Importing a unit is permitted under South African customs regulations. South Korea Legal Spain Radar Detectors illegal, jammers illegal. Radar and Laser jammers fine up to € 6000. Radar detectors fine up to 3 points from the driving license and € 200. Ka narrow, laser, Autovelox Switzerland Illegal 660SFr fine. Radar detectors may be confiscated and destroyed. The use of any GPS - based device to locate speed cameras is also illegal. Taiwan Legal Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : zh : 中華 民國 法律 註解 / 道路 交通 管理 處罰 條例 / 第 40 條 # 1986 年 5 月 13 日 全文 修正 5 月 21 日 公布 Effective 1 July 1987, radar detectors used in motor vehicles risked being administratively fined 1200 to 2400 new Taiwan dollars and confiscated. Effective 1 July 2006, radar detectors would no longer be banned in motor vehicles. X, K, Ku, Laser ( Possibly others ) Turkey Illegal Radar jammers are illegal UAE Illegal United Kingdom Legal, although prior to 1998 the Police would attempt prosecutions under the Wireless and Telegraphy act 1949, laser jammers are still a grey area in the use of them. United States Law varies from state to state, but detectors are generally legal in private vehicles under the Communications Act of 1934 and illegal in commercial vehicles by DOT regulation ( 49 CFR 392.71 ). Exceptions : Detectors are Illegal in all vehicles : Virginia, Washington D.C., U.S. military bases Illegal in commercial vehicles under state law : Illinois, New York, New Jersey ( specifically, commercial vehicles over 10,000 pounds ( 4,500 kg ) and all vehicles over 18,000 pounds ( 8,200 kg ) ) Also illegal in all commercial vehicles over 10000 lbs under US federal law Prohibitions against affixing items to windshield - `` obstructing vision '' ) : Minnesota, California Repealed : Connecticut ( repealed in 1992 ) Confiscation and / or destruction of the detector was once a common practice but lawsuits raised by drivers arguing violation of property rights have resulted in temporary removal while a citation is written, then return of the device after its description ( make, model and serial number ) has been entered on the ticket - usually for speeding and possession / operation of a detector. Use of a radar / lidar detector on a military installation is prohibited. Persons entering a military installation with one visibly mounted to the sun visor or windshield will be asked to remove it and put it away. Those who refuse will be denied entry onto the installation at that time. Military law enforcement may not stop a vehicle solely for a detector being in use, but along with being stopped for another moving violation, active duty personnel using a detector may be ordered to report the violation to his / her unit commanding officer. Radar jammers are not allowed under federal rule, but laser jammers are not specifically banned. Ten states are specifically banning laser jammers : California, Colorado, Illinois, Minnesota, South Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Virginia. Radar detectors are not banned in the aforementioned states ( Excluding Virginia ). X, K, Ka, Laser See also ( edit ) Laser jammer Road safety Traffic enforcement camera References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Simicon : CORDON ''. aiactive.com. Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10. 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No. 50 / 1991 -- Road Traffic ( Speed Meter Detectors ) Regulations, 1991 ''. Irishstatutebook.ie. Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17. Jump up ^ pelephone.co.il Jump up ^ `` Dutch Ministry of the Attorney General - Speed and violations ''. Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 26. Jump up ^ `` Ofte stilte spørsmål om fart '' ( in Norwegian ). politiet.no ( Norwegian Police ). 21 August 2009. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2009. Jump up ^ `` OUG 63 / 2006 Art. 44 Al. 4 - 5 ''. Jump up ^ `` Zakon o bezbednosti saobraćaja na putevima, SLUŽBENI GLASNIK : 41 - 09 ( Art. 29 ) ''. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 12 - 14. Jump up ^ http://www.elconfidencial.com/motor/2014-05-04/llevar-detector-de-radar-nos-costara-200-euros-y-3-puntos-del-carne_124276/ Jump up ^ `` Radar Detectors - AAA Digest of Motor Laws ''. AAA Digest of Motor Laws. Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Mobile Scanner & RADAR - Detector Laws In The United States ''. Afn.org. Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17. Jump up ^ DoD Traffic Safety Program Jump up ^ `` Windshield Mount Law ''. Garmin.com. Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Connecticut Repeals Detector Ban '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 11 - 18. Jump up ^ `` USA Laser Jammer Laws - Guys of LIDAR ''. www.guysoflidar.com. Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about Radar Detectors ''. Vortex Radar. 2015 - 12 - 03. Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radar_detector&oldid=856392269 '' Categories : Automotive electronics Consumer electronics Traffic law Radar Detectors Radar warning receivers Hidden categories : CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from October 2017 All articles that may contain original research All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles needing additional references from November 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Română Русский Suomi 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018, at 21 : 17 ( UTC ). 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{ "text": "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God - wikipedia Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God Jump to : navigation, search Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God A monument in Enfield, Connecticut commemorating the location where this sermon was preached. Author Jonathan Edwards Country British Colonies Language English Genre Sermon Publication date 8 July 1741 Text Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God at Wikisource `` Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God '' is a sermon written by British Colonial Christian theologian Jonathan Edwards, preached to his own congregation in Northampton, Massachusetts to unknown effect, and again on July 8, 1741 in Enfield, Connecticut. Like Edwards ' other works, it combines vivid imagery of Hell with observations of the world and citations of the scripture. It is Edwards ' most famous written work, is a fitting representation of his preaching style, and is widely studied by Christians and historians, providing a glimpse into the theology of the Great Awakening of c. 1730 -- 1755. This is a typical sermon of the Great Awakening, emphasizing the belief that Hell is a real place. Edwards hoped that the imagery and language of his sermon would awaken audiences to the horrific reality that he believed awaited them should they continue life without devotion to Christ. The underlying point is that God has given humanity a chance to rectify their sins. Edwards says that it is the will of God that keeps wicked men from the depths of Hell. This act of restraint has given humanity a chance to mend their ways and return to Christ. Contents ( hide ) 1 Doctrine 2 Purpose 3 Application 4 Effect and legacy 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Doctrine ( edit ) Edwards, Rev. Jonathan ( July 8, 1741 ), Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, A Sermon Preached at Enfield `` There is nothing that keeps wicked men at any one moment out of hell, but the mere pleasure of God. '' Most of the sermon 's text consists of ten `` considerations '' : God may cast wicked men into hell at any given moment. The Wicked deserve to be cast into hell. Divine justice does not prevent God from destroying the Wicked at any moment. The Wicked, at this moment, suffer under God 's condemnation to Hell. The Wicked, on earth - at this very moment - suffer a sample of the torments of Hell. The Wicked must not think, simply because they are not physically in Hell, that God ( in Whose hand the Wicked now reside ) is not - at this very moment - as angry with them as He is with those miserable creatures He is now tormenting in hell, and who - at this very moment - do feel and bear the fierceness of His wrath. At any moment God shall permit him, Satan stands ready to fall upon the Wicked and seize them as his own. If it were not for God 's restraints, there are, in the souls of wicked men, hellish principles reigning which, presently, would kindle and flame out into hellfire. Simply because there are not visible means of death before them at any given moment, the Wicked should not feel secure. Simply because it is natural to care for oneself or to think that others may care for them, men should not think themselves safe from God 's wrath. All that wicked men may do to save themselves from Hell 's pains shall afford them nothing if they continue to reject Christ. God has never promised to save us from Hell, except for those contained in Christ through the covenant of Grace. Purpose ( edit ) One church in Enfield, Connecticut had been largely unaffected during the Great Awakening of New England. Edwards was invited by the pastor of the church to preach to them. Edwards 's aim was to teach his listeners about the horrors of hell, the dangers of sin and the terrors of being lost. Edwards described the shaky position of those who do not follow Christ 's urgent call to receive forgiveness. Application ( edit ) In the final section of `` Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, '' Edwards shows his theological argument throughout scripture and biblical history. Invoking stories and examples throughout the whole Bible. Edwards ends the sermon with one final appeal, `` Therefore let everyone that is out of Christ, now awake and fly from the wrath to come. '' According to Edwards, only by returning to Christ can one escape the stark fate he outlines. Effect and legacy ( edit ) Jonathan Edwards was interrupted many times before finishing the sermon by people moaning and crying out, `` What shall I do to be saved? '' Although the sermon has received criticism, Edwards ' words have endured and are still read to this day. Edwards ' sermon continues to be the leading example of a Great Awakening sermon and is still used in religious and academic studies. Over the last sixty years, a number of critical perspectives were used to analyse the sermon. The first comprehensive academic analysis of `` Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God '' was published by Edwin Cady in 1949, who comments on the imagery of the sermon and distinguishes between the `` cliché '' and `` fresh '' figurative images, stressing how the former related to the colonial life. Lee Stuart questions that the message of the sermon was solely negative and attributes its success to the final passages in which the sinners are actually `` comforted ''. Rosemary Hearn argues that it is the logical structure of the sermon that constitutes its most important persuasive element. Lemay looks into the changes in the syntactic categories, like grammatical tenses, in the text of the sermon. Lukasik stresses how in the sermon Edwards appropriates Newtonian physics, especially the image of the gravitational pull that would relentlessly bring the sinners down. Gallagher focuses on the `` beat '' of the sermon, and on how the consecutive structural elements of the sermon serve different persuasive aims. Choiński suggests that the rhetorical success of the sermon consists in the use of the `` deictic shift '' that transported the hearers mentally into the figurative images of hell. See also ( edit ) Calvinism Religious Affections A Faithful Narrative Freedom of the Will American philosophy Puritans Redemption The Justice of God in the Damnation of Sinners Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stout 2006, p. 139 Jump up ^ Crocco 2006, p. 303 ; Marsden 2004, p. 219f Jump up ^ Wilson, pp. 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ Marsden 2004, p. 221 Jump up ^ Marsden 2004, p. 222 Jump up ^ Ostling 2003 Jump up ^ Choiński 2016 Jump up ^ Edwin H. Cady, 1949, The Artistry of Jonathan Edwards, New England Quarterly 22 ( 1 ), 61 - 72 https://www.jstor.org/stable/361536 Jump up ^ Robert Stuart Lee, 1976, Jonathan Edwards at Enfield : `` And Oh the Cheerfulness and Pleasantness '', American Language 48 / 1, 46 - 59. Jump up ^ Rosemary Hearn, Form as Argument in Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, 1985, College Language Association Journal 28, 452 - 459. Jump up ^ Leo J. Lemay, Rhetorical Strategies in Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God and Narrative of the Late Massacres in Lancester Country ( in : ) Benjamin Franklin, Jonathan Edwards and the Representation of American Culture ( ed. Barbara B. Oberg, Harry S. Stout ), New York : Oxford University Press, 186 - 204. Jump up ^ Christopher F. Lukasik, 2000, Feeling the Force of Certainty : The Divine Science, Newtonianism, and Jonathan Edwards 's Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, The New England Quarterly 73 ( 2 ), 222 - 245. https://www.jstor.org/stable/366801 Jump up ^ Gallagher, Edward, `` Sinners in the Hands of an Agry God : Some Unfinished Business '', The New England Quarterly, 73 ( 2 ), retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 Jump up ^ Choiński, Michał, `` A Cognitive Approach to the Hermeneutics of Jonathan Edwards 's Sermons '' ( PDF ), Theologica Wratislaviensia, VII, retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 References ( edit ) Choiński, Michał ( 25 April 2016 ), Rhetoric of the Revival : The Language of the Great Awakening, Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978 - 3 - 525 - 56023 - 5, retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 Conforti, Joseph ( 1995 ), Jonathan Edwards, Religious Tradition, & American Culture, Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4535 - 6, retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 Crocco, Stephen ( 20 November 2006 ), `` Edwards 's Intellectual Legacy '', in Stein, Stephen, The Cambridge Companion to Jonathan Edwards, New York : Cambridge University Press, pp. 300 -- 324, ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61805 - 2, retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 Hart, Darryl ; Lucas, Sean ; Nichols, Stephen ( 1 August 2003 ), The Legacy of Jonathan Edwards, Grand Rapids : Baker Academic, ISBN 978 - 0 - 8010 - 2622 - 5, retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 Kimnach, Wilson ; Maskell, Caleb ; Minkema, Kenneth ( 23 March 2010 ), Jonathan Edwards 's Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, New Haven : Yale University Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 14038 - 5, retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 Marsden, George ( 1 August 2004 ), Jonathan Edwards, New Haven : Yale University Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10596 - 4, retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 Ostling, Richard ( 4 October 2003 ), `` Theologian Still Relevant After 300 Years '', Times Daily, Associated Press, retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 Stout, Harry ( 20 November 2006 ), `` Edwards as Revivalist '', in Stein, Stephen, The Cambridge Companion to Jonathan Edwards, New York : Cambridge University Press, pp. 125 -- 143, ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61805 - 2, retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 Wilson, John, `` A History of the Work of Redemption '', WJE Online, 9, retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 External links ( edit ) Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, from DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinners_in_the_Hands_of_an_Angry_God&oldid=801599760 '' Categories : Christian sermons 1741 works 18th - century Christian texts Enfield, Connecticut History of Christianity in the United States Hidden categories : Articles that link to Wikisource Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Čeština Español 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017, at 17 : 34. About Wikipedia", "title": "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Sinners_in_the_Hands_of_an_Angry_God&amp;oldid=801599760" }

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{ "text": "Magic ( illusion ) - wikipedia Magic ( illusion ) Jump to : navigation, search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page. ( November 2017 ) For other varieties of magic, see Magic ( disambiguation ). `` Illusionist '' redirects here. For the artistic tradition, see Illusionism ( art ). For other uses, see The Illusionist ( disambiguation ). `` Magic trick '' redirects here. For the 1953 film, see Magic Trick ( film ). Magic The Conjurer, 1475 -- 1480, by Hieronymus Bosch or his workshop. Notice how the man in the back row steals another man 's purse while applying misdirection by looking at the sky. The artist even misdirects the viewer from the thief by drawing the viewer to the magician. Performing arts Ballet Circus skills Clown Dance Magic Mime Music Opera Puppetry Speech Theatre Ventriloquism Magic ( sometimes referred to as stage or street magic to distinguish it from paranormal or ritual magic ) is one of the oldest performing arts in the world in which audiences are entertained by staged tricks or illusions of seemingly impossible or supernatural feats using natural means. These feats are called magic tricks, effects, or illusions. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Magic tricks 1.2 Modern stage magic 2 Categories of effects 3 Learning magic 4 Types of magic performance 5 Misuse of magic 6 Researching magic 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) The term `` magic '' etymologically derives from the Greek word mageia ( μαγεία ). In ancient times, Greeks and Persians had been at war for centuries, and the Persian priests, called magosh in Persian, came to be known as magoi in Greek. Ritual acts of Persian priests came to be known as mageia, and then magika -- which eventually came to mean any foreign, unorthodox, or illegitimate ritual practice. The first book containing explanations of magic tricks appeared in 1584. During the 17th century, many similar books were published that described magic tricks. Until the 18th century, magic shows were a common source of entertainment at fairs. A founding figure of modern entertainment magic was Jean Eugène Robert - Houdin, who had a magic theatre in Paris in 1845. John Henry Anderson was pioneering the same transition in London in the 1840s. Towards the end of the 19th century, large magic shows permanently staged at big theatre venues became the norm. As a form of entertainment, magic easily moved from theatrical venues to television magic specials. Performances that modern observers would recognize as conjuring have been practiced throughout history. For many recorded centuries, magicians were associated with the devil and the occult. During the 19th and 20th centuries, many stage magicians even capitalized on this notion in their advertisements. The same level of ingenuity that was used to produce famous ancient deceptions such as the Trojan Horse would also have been used for entertainment, or at least for cheating in money games. They were also used by the practitioners of various religions and cults from ancient times onwards to frighten uneducated people into obedience or turn them into adherents. However, the profession of the illusionist gained strength only in the 18th century, and has enjoyed several popular vogues since. Magic tricks ( edit ) Opinions vary among magicians on how to categorize a given effect, but a number of categories have been developed. Magicians may pull a rabbit from an empty hat, make something seem to disappear, or transform a red silk handkerchief into a green silk handkerchief. Magicians may also destroy something, like cutting a head off, and then `` restore '' it, make something appear to move from one place to another, or they may escape from a restraining device. Other illusions include making something appear to defy gravity, making a solid object appear to pass through another object, or appearing to predict the choice of a spectator. Many magic routines use combinations of effects. An illustration from Reginald Scot 's The Discoverie of Witchcraft ( 1584 ), one of the earliest books on magic tricks, explaining how the `` Decollation of John Baptist '' decapitation illusion may be performed One of the earliest books on the subject is Gantziony 's work of 1489, Natural and Unnatural Magic, which describes and explains old - time tricks. In 1584 Englishman Reginald Scot, published The Discoverie of Witchcraft, part of which was devoted to debunking the claims that magicians used supernatural methods, and showing how their ' magic tricks ' were in reality accomplished. Among the tricks discussed were ' sleight - of - hand ' manipulations with rope, paper and coins. At the time, fear and belief in witchcraft was widespread and the book tried to demonstrate that these fears were misplaced. All obtainable copies were burned on the accession of James I in 1603 and those remaining are now rare. It began to reappear in print in 1651. During the 17th century, many similar books were published that described in detail the methods of a number of magic tricks, including The Art of Conjuring ( 1614 ) and The Anatomy of Legerdemain : The Art of Juggling ( c. 1675 ). Advertisement for Isaac Fawkes ' show from 1724 in which he boasts of the success of his performances for the King and Prince George Until the 18th century, magic shows were a common source of entertainment at fairs, where itinerant performers would entertain the public with magic tricks, as well as the more traditional spectacles of sword swallowing, juggling and fire breathing. In the early 18th century, as belief in witchcraft was waning, the art became increasingly respectable and shows would be put on for rich private patrons. A notable figure in this transition was the English showman, Isaac Fawkes, who began to promote his act in advertisements from the 1720s -- he even claimed to have performed for King George II. One of Fawkes ' advertisements described his routine in some detail : He takes an empty bag, lays it on the Table and turns it several times inside out, then commands 100 Eggs out of it and several showers of real Gold and silver, then the Bag beginning to swell several sorts of wild fowl run out of it upon the Table. He throws up a Pack of Cards, and causes them to be living birds flying about the room. He causes living Beasts, Birds, and other Creatures to appear upon the Table. He blows the spots of the Cards off and on, and changes them to any pictures. From 1756 to 1781, Jacob Philadelphia performed feats of magic, sometimes under the guise of scientific exhibitions, throughout Europe and in Russia. Modern stage magic ( edit ) Jean Eugène Robert - Houdin, pioneer of modern magic entertainment A founding figure of modern entertainment magic was Jean Eugène Robert - Houdin, originally a clockmaker, who opened a magic theatre in Paris in 1845. He transformed his art from one performed at fairs to a performance that the public paid to see at the theatre. His speciality was constructing mechanical automata that appeared to move and act as if alive. Many of Robert - Houdin 's mechanisms for illusion were pirated by his assistant and ended up in the performances of his rivals, John Henry Anderson and Alexander Herrmann. John Henry Anderson was pioneering the same transition in London. In 1840 he opened the New Strand Theatre, where he performed as The Great Wizard of the North. His success came from advertising his shows and captivating his audience with expert showmanship. He became one of the earliest magicians to attain a high level of world renown. He opened a second theatre in Glasgow in 1845. John Nevil Maskelyne, a famous magician and illusionist of the late 19th century. Towards the end of the century, large magic shows permanently staged at big theatre venues became the norm. The British performer JN Maskelyne and his partner Cooke were established at the Egyptian Hall in London 's Piccadilly in 1873 by their manager William Morton, and continued there for 31 years. The show incorporated stage illusions and reinvented traditional tricks with exotic ( often Oriental ) imagery. The potential of the stage was exploited for hidden mechanisms and assistants, and the control it offers over the audience 's point of view. Maskelyne and Cooke invented many of the illusions still performed today -- one of his best - known being levitation. The model for the look of a ' typical ' magician -- a man with wavy hair, a top hat, a goatee, and a tailcoat -- was Alexander Herrmann ( February 10, 1844 -- December 17, 1896 ), also known as Herrmann the Great. Herrmann was a French magician and was part of the Herrmann family name that is the `` first - family of magic. '' The escapologist and magician Harry Houdini took his stage name from Robert - Houdin and developed a range of stage magic tricks, many of them based on what became known after his death as escapology. Houdini was genuinely skilled in techniques such as lockpicking and escaping straitjackets, but also made full use of the range of conjuring techniques, including fake equipment and collusion with individuals in the audience. Houdini 's show business savvy was as great as his performance skill. There is a Houdini Museum dedicated to him in Scranton, Pennsylvania. The Magic Circle was formed in London in 1905 to promote and advance the art of stage magic. As a form of entertainment, magic easily moved from theatrical venues to television specials, which opened up new opportunities for deceptions, and brought stage magic to huge audiences. Famous magicians of the 20th century included Okito, David Devant, Harry Blackstone Sr., Harry Blackstone Jr., Howard Thurston, Theodore Annemann, Cardini, Joseph Dunninger, Dai Vernon, Fred Culpitt, Tommy Wonder, Siegfried & Roy, and Doug Henning. Popular 20th and 21st century magicians include David Copperfield, Lance Burton, James Randi, Penn and Teller, David Blaine, Criss Angel, Hans Klok and Derren Brown. Well - known women magicians include Dell O'Dell and Dorothy Dietrich. Most television magicians perform before a live audience, who provide the remote viewer with a reassurance that the illusions are not obtained with post-production visual effects. Many of the principles of stage magic are old. There is an expression, `` it 's all done with smoke and mirrors '', used to explain something baffling, but effects seldom use mirrors today, due to the amount of installation work and transport difficulties. For example, the famous Pepper 's Ghost, a stage illusion first used in 19th - century London, required a specially built theatre. Modern performers have vanished objects as large as the Taj Mahal, the Statue of Liberty, and a space shuttle, using other kinds of optical deceptions. Categories of effects ( edit ) Opinions vary among magicians as to how to categorize a given effect, and disagreement as to what categories actually exist. For instance, some magicians consider `` penetrations '' a separate category, while others consider penetrations a form of restoration or teleportation. Some magicians today, such as Guy Hollingworth and Tom Stone have begun to challenge the notion that all magic effects fit into a limited number of categories. Among magicians who believe in a limited number of categories ( such as Dariel Fitzkee, Harlan Tarbell, S.H. Sharpe ), there has been disagreement as to how many different types of effects there are. Some of these are listed below. Production : The magician produces something from nothing -- a rabbit from an empty hat, a fan of cards from thin air, a shower of coins from an empty bucket, a dove from a pan, or the magician himself or herself, appearing in a puff of smoke on an empty stage -- all of these effects are productions. Vanish : The magician makes something disappear -- a coin, a cage of doves, milk from a newspaper, an assistant from a cabinet, or even the Statue of Liberty. A vanish, being the reverse of a production, may use a similar technique in reverse. Transformation : The magician transforms something from one state into another -- a silk handkerchief changes color, a lady turns into a tiger, an indifferent card changes to the spectator 's chosen card. Play media Transformation : Change of color Restoration : The magician destroys an object -- a rope is cut, a newspaper is torn, a woman is cut in half, a borrowed watch is smashed to pieces -- then restores it to its original state. Transposition : This is whereby two or more objects are used in play. The magician will cause these objects to change places, as many times as he pleases, and in some cases, ends with a kicker by transforming the objects into something else. Transportation : The magician causes something to move from one place to another -- a borrowed ring is found inside a ball of wool, a canary inside a light bulb, an assistant from a cabinet to the back of the theater, or a coin from one hand to the other. When two objects exchange places, it is called a transposition : a simultaneous, double transportation. A transportation can be seen as a combination of a vanish and a production. When performed by a mentalist it might be called teleportation. Escape : The magician ( or less often, an assistant ) is placed in a restraining device ( i.e., handcuffs or a straitjacket ) or a death trap, and escapes to safety. Examples include being put in a straitjacket and into an overflowing tank of water, and being tied up and placed in a car being sent through a car crusher. Levitation : The magician defies gravity, either by making something float in the air, or with the aid of another object ( suspension ) -- a silver ball floats around a cloth, an assistant floats in mid-air, another is suspended from a broom, a scarf dances in a sealed bottle, the magician hovers a few inches off the floor. There are many popular ways to create this illusion, including Asrah levitation, Balducci levitation, and King levitation. The flying illusion has often been performed by David Copperfield and more recently by Peter Marvey. Harry Blackstone floated a light bulb over the heads of the public. Penetration : The magician makes a solid object pass through another -- a set of steel rings link and unlink, a candle penetrates an arm, swords pass through an assistant in a basket, a salt shaker penetrates a tabletop, or a man walks through a mirror. Sometimes referred to as `` solid - through - solid ''. Prediction : The magician accurately predicts the choice of a spectator or the outcome of an event -- a newspaper headline, the total amount of loose change in the spectator 's pocket, a picture drawn on a slate -- under seemingly impossible circumstances. Many magic routines use combinations of effects. For example, in `` cups and balls '' a magician may use vanishes, productions, penetrations, teleportation and transformations as part of the one presentation. The methodology behind magic is often referred to as a science ( often a branch of physics ) while the performance aspect is more of an art form. Learning magic ( edit ) See also : List of magic publications A stage magician using a top hat as a prop Dedication to magic can teach confidence and creativity, as well as the work ethic associated with regular practice and the responsibility that comes with devotion to an art. The teaching of performance magic was once a secretive practice. Professional magicians were unwilling to share knowledge with anyone outside the profession to prevent the laity from learning their secrets. This often made it difficult for an interested apprentice to learn anything but the basics of magic. Some had strict rules against members discussing magic secrets with anyone but established magicians. From the 1584 publication of Reginald Scot 's Discoverie of Witchcraft until the end of the 19th century, only a few books were available for magicians to learn the craft, whereas today mass - market books offer a myriad titles. Videos and DVDs are a newer medium of tuition, but many of the methods found in this format are readily found in previously published books. However, they can serve as a visual demonstration. Persons interested in learning to perform magic can join magic clubs. Here magicians, both seasoned and novitiate, can work together and help one another for mutual improvement, to learn new techniques, to discuss all aspects of magic, to perform for each other -- sharing advice, encouragement, and criticism. Before a magician can join one of these clubs, they usually have to audition. The purpose is to show to the membership they are a magician and not just someone off the street wanting to discover magic secrets. The world 's largest magic organization is the International Brotherhood of Magicians ; it publishes a monthly journal, The Linking Ring. The oldest organization is the Society of American Magicians, which publishes the monthly magazine M-U-M and of which Houdini was a member and president for several years. In London, England, there is The Magic Circle, which houses the largest magic library in Europe. Also PSYCRETS -- The British Society of Mystery Entertainers -- caters specifically to mentalists, bizarrists, storytellers, readers, spiritualist performers, and other mystery entertainers. Davenport 's Magic in London 's The Strand is the world 's oldest family - run magic shop. The Magic Castle in Hollywood, California, is home to the Academy of Magical Arts. Traditionally, magicians refuse to reveal the methods behind their tricks to the audience. Membership in professional magicians ' organizations often requires a commitment never to reveal the secrets of magic to non-magicians. Magic performances tend to fall into a few specialties or genres. Stage illusions use large - scale props and even large animals. Platform magic is performed for a medium to large audience. Close - up magic is performed with the audience close to the magician. Escapology involves escapes from confinement or restraints. Pickpocket magicians take audience members ' wallets, belts, and ties. Mentalism creates the illusion that the magician can read minds. Comedy magic is the use of magic combined with stand - up comedy, an example being Penn & Teller. Some modern illusionists believe that it is unethical to give a performance that claims to be anything other than a clever and skillful deception. Others argue that they can claim that the effects are due to magic. These apparently irreconcilable differences of opinion have led to some conflicts among performers. Another issue is the use of deceptive practices for personal gain outside the venue of a magic performance. Examples include fraudulent mediums, con men and grifters who use deception for cheating at card games. Types of magic performance ( edit ) Magic performances tend to fall into a few specialties or genres. A mentalist on stage in a mind - reading performance, 1900 Amateur magician performing `` children 's magic '' for a birthday party audience Stage illusions are performed for large audiences, typically within a theatre or auditorium. This type of magic is distinguished by large - scale props, the use of assistants and often exotic animals such as elephants and tigers. Famous stage illusionists, past and present, include Harry Blackstone, Sr., Howard Thurston, Chung Ling Soo, David Copperfield, Lance Burton, Siegfried & Roy, and Harry Blackstone, Jr. Parlor magic is done for larger audiences than close - up magic ( which is for a few people or even one person ) and for smaller audiences than stage magic. In parlor magic, the performer is usually standing and on the same level as the audience, which may be seated on chairs or even on the floor. According to the Encyclopedia of Magic and Magicians by T.A. Waters, `` The phrase ( parlor magic ) is often used as a pejorative to imply that an effect under discussion is not suitable for professional performance. '' Also, many magicians consider the term `` parlor '' old fashioned and limiting, since this type of magic is often done in rooms much larger than the traditional parlor, or even outdoors. A better term for this branch of magic may be `` platform, '' `` club '' or `` cabaret. '' Examples of such magicians include Jeff McBride, David Abbott, Channing Pollock, Black Herman, and Fred Kaps. Micromagic ( also known as close - up magic or table magic ) is performed with the audience close to the magician, sometimes even one - on - one. It usually makes use of everyday items as props, such as cards ( see Card manipulation ), coins ( see Coin magic ), and seemingly ' impromptu ' effects. This may be called `` table magic '', particularly when performed as dinner entertainment. Ricky Jay, Mahdi Moudini, and Lee Asher, following in the traditions of Dai Vernon, Slydini, and Max Malini, are considered among the foremost practitioners of close - up magic. Escapology is the branch of magic that deals with escapes from confinement or restraints. Harry Houdini is a well - known example of an escape artist or escapologist. Pickpocket magicians use magic to misdirect the audience while removing wallets, belts, ties and other personal effects. It can be presented on a stage, in a cabaret setting, before small close - up groups, or even for one spectator. Well - known pickpockets include James Freedman, David Avadon, Bob Arno, and Apollo Robbins. Mentalism creates the impression in the minds of the audience that the performer possesses special powers to read thoughts, predict events, control other minds, and similar feats. It can be presented on a stage, in a cabaret setting, before small close - up groups, or even for one spectator. Well - known mentalists of the past and present include Alexander, The Zancigs, Axel Hellstrom, Dunninger, Kreskin, Derren Brown, Rich Ferguson, Guy Bavli, Banachek, and Alain Nu. Theatrical séances simulate spiritualistic or mediumistic phenomena for theatrical effect. This genre of stage magic has been misused at times by charlatans pretending to actually be in contact with spirits. Children 's magic is performed for an audience primarily composed of children. It is typically performed at birthday parties, preschools, elementary schools, Sunday schools or libraries. This type of magic is usually comedic in nature and involves audience interaction as well as volunteer assistants. Online magic tricks were designed to function on a computer screen. The computer essentially replaces the magician. Some online magic tricks recreate traditional card tricks and require user participation, while others, like Plato 's Cursed Triangle, are based on mathematical, geometrical and / or optical illusions. One such online magic trick, called Esmeralda 's Crystal Ball, became a viral phenomenon that fooled so many computer users into believing that their computer had supernatural powers, that Snopes dedicated a page to debunking the trick. Mathemagic is a genre of stage magic that combines magic and mathematics. It is commonly used by children 's magicians and mentalists. Corporate magic or trade show magic uses magic as a communication and sales tool, as opposed to just straightforward entertainment. Corporate magicians may come from a business background and typically present at meetings, conferences and product launches. They run workshops and can sometimes be found at trade shows, where their patter and illusions enhance an entertaining presentation of the products offered by their corporate sponsors. Pioneer performers in this arena include Eddie Tullock and Guy Bavli. Gospel magic uses magic to catechize and evangelize. Gospel magic was first used by St. Don Bosco to interest children in 19th - century Turin, Italy to come back to school, to accept assistance and to attend church. Street magic is a form of street performing or busking that employs a hybrid of stage magic, platform and close - up magic, usually performed ' in the round ' or surrounded by the audience. Notable modern street magic performers include Jeff Sheridan and Gazzo. Since the first David Blaine TV special Street Magic aired in 1997, the term `` street magic '' has also come to describe a style of ' guerilla ' performance in which magicians approach and perform for unsuspecting members of the public on the street. Unlike traditional street magic, this style is almost purely designed for TV and gains its impact from the wild reactions of the public. Magicians of this type include David Blaine and Cyril Takayama. Bizarre magic uses mystical, horror, fantasy, and other similar themes in performance. Bizarre magic is typically performed in a close - up venue, although some performers have effectively presented it in a stage setting. Charles Cameron has generally been credited as the `` godfather of bizarre magic. '' Others such as Tony Andruzzi have contributed significantly to its development. Shock magic is a genre of magic that shocks the audience. Sometimes referred to as `` geek magic, '' it takes its roots from circus sideshows, in which ' freakish ' performances were shown to audiences. Common shock magic or geek magic effects include eating razor blades, needle - through - arm, string through neck and pen - through - tongue. Comedy magic is the use of magic in which is combined with stand - up comedy. Famous comedy magicians include Ed Alonzo, Penn & Teller, and Levent. Quick change magic is the use of magic which is combined with the very quick changing of costumes. Famous quick change artists include Sos & Victoria Petrosyan. Camera magic ( or `` video magic '' ) is magic that is aimed at viewers watching broadcasts or recordings. It includes tricks based on the restricted viewing angles of cameras and clever editing. Camera magic often features paid extras posing as spectators who may even be assisting in the performance. Camera magic can be done live, such as Derren Brown 's lottery prediction. Famous examples of camera magic include David Copperfield 's Floating Over the Grand Canyon and many of Criss Angel 's illusions. Misuse of magic ( edit ) Some modern illusionists believe that it is unethical to give a performance that claims to be anything other than a clever and skillful deception. Most of these performers therefore eschew the term `` magician '' ( which they view as making a claim to supernatural power ) in favor of `` illusionist '' and similar descriptions ; for example, the performer Jamy Ian Swiss makes these points by billing himself as an `` honest liar. '' Alternatively, many performers say that magical acts, as a form of theater, need no more of a disclaimer than any play or film ; this policy is advocated by the magician and mentalist Joseph Dunninger, who states `` For those who believe, no explanation is necessary ; for those who do not believe, no explanation will suffice. '' These apparently irreconcilable differences of opinion have led to some conflicts among performers. For example, more than thirty years after the hugely successful illusionist Uri Geller made his first appearances on television in the 1970s to exhibit his self - proclaimed psychic ability to bend spoons, his actions still provoke controversy among some magic performers, because he claimed he was not using conjuring techniques. On the other hand, because Geller bent -- and continues to bend -- spoons within a performance context, the Dunninger quote may be said to apply. Less fraught with controversy, however, may be the use of deceptive practices by those who employ conjuring techniques for personal gain outside the venue of a magic performance. Fraudulent mediums have long capitalized on the popular belief in paranormal phenomena to prey on the bereaved for financial gain. From the 1840s to the 1920s, during the greatest popularity of the Spiritualism religious movement as well as public interest in séances, a number of fraudulent mediums used conjuring methods to perform illusions such as table - knocking, slate - writing, and telekinetic effects, which they attributed to the actions of ghosts or other spirits. The great escapologist and illusionist Harry Houdini devoted much of his time to exposing such fraudulent operators. Magician James Randi, magic duo Penn & Teller, and the mentalist Derren Brown have also devoted much time to investigating and debunking paranormal, occult, and supernatural claims. Fraudulent faith healers have also been shown to employ sleight of hand to give the appearance of removing chicken - giblet `` tumors '' from patients ' abdomens. Con men and grifters too may use techniques of conjuring for fraudulent goals. Cheating at card games is an obvious example, and not a surprising one : one of the most respected textbooks of card techniques for magicians, The Expert at the Card Table by Erdnase, was primarily written as an instruction manual for card sharps. The card trick known as `` Find the Lady '' or `` Three - card Monte '' is an old favourite of street hustlers, who lure the victim into betting on what seems like a simple proposition : to identify, after a seemingly easy - to - track mixing sequence, which one of three face - down cards is the Queen. Another example is the shell game, in which a pea is hidden under one of three walnut shells, then shuffled around the table ( or sidewalk ) so slowly as to make the pea 's position seemingly obvious. Although these are well known as frauds, people still lose money on them ; a shell - game ring was broken up in Los Angeles as recently as December 2009. Researching magic ( edit ) Because of the secretive nature of magic, research can sometimes be a challenge. Many magic resources are privately held and most libraries only have small populist collections of magicana. However, organizations exist to band together independent collectors, writers, and researchers of magic history, including the Magic Collectors ' Association, which publishes a quarterly magazine and hosts an annual convention ; and the Conjuring Arts Research Center, which publishes a monthly newsletter and biannual magazine, and offers its members use of a searchable database of rare books and periodicals. Performance magic is particularly notable as a key area of popular culture from the mid-19th to mid-20th centuries. Many performances and performers can be followed through newspapers of the time. Many books have been written about magic tricks ; so many are written every year that at least one magic author has suggested that more books are written about magic than any other performing art. Although the bulk of these books are not seen on the shelves of libraries or public bookstores, the serious student can find many titles through specialized stores catering to the needs of magic performers. Several notable public research collections on magic are the WG Alma Conjuring Collection at the State Library of Victoria ; the R.B. Robbins Collection of Stage Magic and Conjuring at the State Library of NSW ; the H. Adrian Smith Collection of Conjuring and Magicana at Brown University ; and the Carl W. Jones Magic Collection, 1870s -- 1948 at Princeton University. See also ( edit ) Arts portal Exposure ( magic ) Intellectual rights to magic methods List of magicians Magic in fiction Magic ( paranormal ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Foley, Elise ( 3 May 2016 ). `` Do You Believe In Magic? Congress Does ''. The Huffington Post. Retrieved 22 May 2016. Jump up ^ Gibson, Bill ( 18 March 2016 ). `` David Copperfield Is The Magic Force Behind A Must - Read Congressional Resolution ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 May 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` History of Magic ''. This French site, Magiczoom, has now closed its doors. Jump up ^ Romano, Chuck ( January 1995 ). `` THE ART OF DECEPTION or The Magical Affinity Between Conjuring and Art ''. The Linking Ring. 75 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 70. Jump up ^ Houdini, Harry ( 1908 ). The Unmasking of Robert - Houdin. p. 19. Jump up ^ `` 10 Facts About Magicians -- Andi Gladwin -- Close - Up Magician ''. Illusionist.co.uk. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ Christopher, Milbourne ( 1991 ) ( 1962 ). Magic : A Picture History. New York : Courier Dover Publications. p. 16. ISBN 0 - 486 - 26373 - 8. Jump up ^ Dawes, Edwin ( 1979 ). `` The Great Illusionists ''. Chartwell Books Inc. : 161. Jump up ^ Jack Delvin. `` About The Magic Circle ''. Jump up ^ Hollingworth, Guy. `` Waiting For Inspiration. '' Genii Magazine. January 2008 -- December 2008. Jump up ^ Stone, Tom. `` Lodestones. '' Genii Magazine. February 2009 - Jump up ^ Hass, Larry & Burger, Eugene ( November 2000 ). `` The Theory and Art of Magic ''. The Linking Ring. The International Brotherhood of Magicians. Jump up ^ `` The Magician 's Oath : A Conversation with Pat Hammond on Magic, Science, and the Wind Drachen Foundation ''. www.drachen.org. Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01. Jump up ^ S.J. Drury ( web-aviso.com ). `` psycrets.org.uk ''. psycrets.org.uk. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 17. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Official website Jump up ^ ( 2 ) The Guinness World Records, Official Website Jump up ^ `` online magic tricks magical illusions ''. Real Magic. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Online Psychic Trick ''. snopes.com. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 17. Jump up ^ Bill Herz with Paul Harris. Secrets of the Astonishing Executive ( New York, NY : Avon Books, 1991 ). Jump up ^ `` Guy Bavli -- Biography ''. All About Magicians.com. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ http://www.masterofthemind.com/press/Guy%20Bavli%20-%20dream-team%20IBC%20Award-PR2000.pdf Jump up ^ Norman, Tony ( October 31, 2008 ). `` Deception 's his tool ( but he 's no politician ) ''. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Jump up ^ `` Memorable-Quotes.com ''. Memorable-Quotes.com. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ Harry Houdini. A Magician Among the Spirits ( New York : Harper and Bros., 1924 ) Jump up ^ Randi, James ( February 9, 2007 ). `` More Geller Woo - Woo ''. SWIFT Newsletter. James Randi Educational Foundation. Archived from the original on July 10, 2009. Retrieved January 29, 2007. Jump up ^ One - Million - Dollar Challenge from MIT Media Lab : Affective Computing Group Jump up ^ Robert T. Carroll ( 2009 - 02 - 23 ). `` Psychic ' surgery ' ''. The Skeptic 's Dictionary. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19. Jump up ^ Andrew Blankenstein. `` 8 Arrested in Downtown Shell - Game Operation, '' Los Angeles Times, December 10, 2009. Jump up ^ Magic & magicians http://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/magic Jump up ^ `` Magic Collectors ''. Magicana. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 17. Jump up ^ `` conjuringarts.org ''. conjuringarts.org. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Magicians -- Magic & magicians -- Research Guides at State Library of Victoria ''. Guides.slv.vic.gov.au. 2012 - 02 - 12. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 17. Jump up ^ Bart King, The Pocket Guide to Magic, Gibbs Smith, 2009 Jump up ^ `` Get started -- Magic & magicians -- Research Guides at State Library of Victoria ''. Guides.slv.vic.gov.au. 2012 - 02 - 12. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Special collections State Library of New South Wales ''. Sl.nsw.gov.au. 2010 - 02 - 03. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 17. Jump up ^ `` John Hay Library : Collections ''. Brown.edu. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Carl W. Jones Magic Collection, 1870s -- 1948 : Finding Aid ''. Arks.princeton.edu. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 17. Hawk, Mike. The Illusionist. 1st Ed. 01. Tiverton, ON : IBM, 1999. 234 -- 238. Print. ( Hawk 234 -- 238 ) Further reading ( edit ) Barrett, Caitlín E. `` Plaster Perspectives on `` Magical '' Gems : Rethinking the Meaning of `` Magic '' ``. Cornell Collection of Antiquities. Cornell University Library. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015. Burlingame, H.J. ( 1895 ). History of Magic and Magicians. Charles L. Burlingame & Company. Christopher, Maurine ; Christopher, Milbourne ( 1996 ). The Illustrated History of Magic. Heinemann. ISBN 0 - 435 - 07016 - 9. Christopher, Milbourne ( 1962 ). Panorama of Magic. Daniel, Noel ; Caveney, Mike ; Steinmeyer, Jim, eds. ( 2009 ). Magic. 1400 - 1950s. Los Angeles : Taschen. ISBN 978 - 3 - 8365 - 0977 - 0. Dunninger, Joseph. The Complete Encyclopedia of Magic. Nadis, Fred, ed. ( 2006 ). Wonder Shows : Performing Science, Magic, and Religion in America. Rutgers University Press. Frost, Thomas ( 1876 ). The Lives of the Conjurors. Tinsley Brothers. Hart, Martin T. ( 2014 ). We know how they did it!. Piddington 's Secrets. Manipulatist Books Global. Price, David ( 1985 ). Magic : A Pictorial History of Conjurers in the Theatre. Cornwall Books. Randi, James ( 1992 ). Conjuring : A Definitive History. New York : St. Martin 's Press. ISBN 0 - 312 - 08634 - 2. Stebbins, Robert A. ( 1993 ). Career, Culture and Social Psychology in a Variety Art : The Magician. Malabar, FL : Krieger. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Magic ( illusion ). Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Conjuring. Boston Public Library. Magic posters State Library of Victoria ( Australia ). Magic and magicians Research Guide Science, Math and Magic Books From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress Magic Apparatus From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress ( hide ) Magic and illusion General Assistants Clubs Conventions Exposure Mentalists Stores Genres Bizarre Card Cardistry ( history ) Children 's Close - up magic Coin Escapology Gospel Mathemagic Mental Platform Séance Stage Street Tricks and techniques Levitation Equivocation Misdirection Sleight of hand Lists Conjuring terms Films about magicians Magicians Manufacturers Museums Publications Timeline Tricks History Indian magicians The Discoverie of Witchcraft Modern Magic Tarbell Course GND : 4067401 - 0 NDL : 00566057 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&oldid=809459816 '' Categories : Secrecy Circus skills Magic ( illusion ) Deception Performing arts Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from November 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Afrikaans অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017, at 06 : 48. 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{ "text": "The Shape of Water - wikipedia The Shape of Water Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the American film. For the unrelated Italian novel, see The Shape of Water ( novel ). The Shape of Water Theatrical release poster Directed by Guillermo del Toro Produced by Guillermo del Toro J. Miles Dale Screenplay by Guillermo del Toro Vanessa Taylor Story by Guillermo del Toro Starring Sally Hawkins Michael Shannon Richard Jenkins Doug Jones Michael Stuhlbarg Octavia Spencer Music by Alexandre Desplat Cinematography Dan Laustsen Edited by Sidney Wolinsky Production companies TSG Entertainment Double Dare You Productions Distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures Release date August 31, 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) ( Venice ) December 1, 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 123 minutes Country United States Language American Sign Language English Budget $19.5 million Box office $194 million The Shape of Water is a 2017 American romantic dark fantasy drama film directed by Guillermo del Toro and written by del Toro and Vanessa Taylor. It stars Sally Hawkins, Michael Shannon, Richard Jenkins, Doug Jones, Michael Stuhlbarg, and Octavia Spencer. Set in Baltimore in 1962, the story follows a mute custodian at a high - security government laboratory who falls in love with a captured humanoid amphibian creature. The Shape of Water was screened in the main competition section of the 74th Venice International Film Festival, where it premiered on August 31, 2017, and was awarded the Golden Lion for best film in the competition. It also screened at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival. It began a limited release in two theaters in New York City on December 1, 2017, before expanding following December 8, 2017, and has grossed $194 million worldwide. A novelization by del Toro and Daniel Kraus was published on March 6, 2018. The Shape of Water received critical acclaim for its performances, screenplay, direction, visuals, production design, and musical score, with many critics calling it del Toro 's best work since Pan 's Labyrinth ; the American Film Institute selected it as one of the top 10 films of the year. The film received a number of awards and nominations, including thirteen nominations at the 90th Academy Awards, where it won for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Production Design and Best Original Score. It was nominated for seven awards at the 75th Golden Globe Awards, winning for Best Director and Best Original Score. At the 71st British Academy Film Awards, it received twelve nominations and won three awards, including Best Director. The film also earned fourteen nominations at the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards and won four awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Top - ten lists 6.4 Accolades 6.5 Lawsuit alleging plagiarism 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Elisa Esposito, who was found in a river as an orphaned child with wounds on her neck, is mute, and communicates through sign language. She lives alone in an apartment above a cinema, and works as a cleaning woman at a secret government laboratory in Baltimore at the height of the Cold War. Her friends are her closeted next - door neighbor Giles, a struggling advertising illustrator who shares a strong bond with her, and her African - American co-worker Zelda, a woman who also serves as her interpreter at work. The facility receives a mysterious creature captured from a South American river by Colonel Richard Strickland, who is in charge of the project to study it. Curious about the creature, Elisa discovers it is a humanoid amphibian. She begins visiting him in secret, and the two form a close bond. Seeking to exploit the creature to American advantage in the Space Race, General Frank Hoyt orders Strickland to vivisect it. One scientist, Robert Hoffstetler -- who is in truth a Soviet spy named Dimitri Mosenkov -- pleads unsuccessfully to keep the creature alive for further study and, at the same time, is ordered by his Soviet handlers to euthanize the creature. When Elisa learns of the Americans ' plans for the creature, she persuades Giles to help her free him. Mosenkov discovers Elisa 's plot and chooses to help her. Though initially reluctant, Zelda becomes involved in the escape, and it is successful. Elisa keeps the creature in her bathtub, adding salt to the water to keep him alive. She plans to release the creature into a nearby canal when it will be opened to the ocean in several days ' time. As part of his efforts to recover the creature, Strickland interrogates Elisa and Zelda, but the failure of his advances toward Elisa hampers his judgment, and he dismisses them. Back at the apartment, Giles discovers the creature devouring one of his cats, Pandora. Startled, the creature slashes Giles 's arm and rushes out of the apartment. The creature gets as far as the cinema downstairs before Elisa finds him and returns him to her apartment. The creature touches Giles on his balding head and his wounded arm ; the next morning, Giles discovers his hair has begun growing back and the wounds on his arm have healed. Elisa and the creature soon become romantically involved, having sex in her bathroom, which she at one point fills completely with water. Hoyt gives Strickland an ultimatum, asking him to recover the creature within 36 hours. Meanwhile, Mosenkov is told by his handlers that he will be extracted in two days. As the planned release date approaches, the creature 's health starts deteriorating. Mosenkov leaves to rendezvous with his handlers, with Strickland tailing him. At the rendezvous, Mosenkov is shot by one of his handlers, but Strickland shoots the handlers dead and then tortures Mosenkov for information. Mosenkov implicates Elisa and Zelda before dying from his wounds. Strickland then threatens Zelda in her home, causing her terrified husband to reveal that Elisa had been keeping the creature. Strickland searches Elisa 's apartment and finds a calendar note revealing when and where she plans to release him. At the canal, Elisa and Giles bid farewell to the creature, but Strickland arrives and attacks them all. Strickland knocks Giles down and shoots the creature and Elisa, who both appear to die. However, the creature heals himself and slashes Strickland 's throat, killing him. As police arrive on the scene with Zelda, the creature takes Elisa and jumps into the canal, where, deep under water, he heals her. When he applies his healing touch to the scars on her neck, they open to reveal gills like his. In a closing voice - over narration, Giles conveys his belief that Elisa lived `` happily ever after '' with the creature. Cast ( edit ) Sally Hawkins as Elisa Esposito, a mute cleaner who works at a secret government laboratory. Michael Shannon as Richard Strickland, a United States Colonel in charge of the project to study the `` asset ''. Richard Jenkins as Giles, Elisa 's neighbor and close friend who is a struggling advertising illustrator. Octavia Spencer as Zelda Delilah Fuller, Elisa 's African - American co-worker and friend who serves as her interpreter. Michael Stuhlbarg as Robert Hoffstetler / Dimitri Mosenkov, a Soviet spy working as a scientist studying the creature under an alias. Doug Jones as `` Amphibian Man '', an amphibious creature referred to as the `` asset '', with whom Elisa forms a close bond. David Hewlett as Fleming, the laboratory 's head of security. Nick Searcy as Frank Hoyt, a United States General who is Strickland 's superior. Stewart Arnott as Bernard, Giles ' employer and former lover. Nigel Bennett as Mihalkov, Mosenkov 's handler. Lauren Lee Smith as Elaine Strickland, Strickland 's wife. Martin Roach as Brewster Fuller, Zelda 's husband. Allegra Fulton as Yolanda, a cleaning woman at the laboratory. John Kapelos as Mr. Arzoumanian, the owner of the cinema who resided below Elisa and Giles ' apartments. Morgan Kelly as Pie Guy, a diner employee to whom Giles is attracted. Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( March 2018 ) The Gill - man in Creature from the Black Lagoon was an inspiration to del Toro 's concept. The idea for The Shape of Water formed during del Toro 's breakfast with Daniel Kraus in 2011, with whom he later co-wrote the novel Trollhunters. It shows similarities to the 2015 short film The Space Between Us. It was also primarily inspired by del Toro 's childhood memories of seeing Creature from the Black Lagoon and wanting to see the Gill - man and Kay Lawrence ( played by Julie Adams ) succeed in their romance. When del Toro was in talks with Universal to direct a remake of Creature from the Black Lagoon, he tried pitching a version focused more on the creature 's perspective, where the Creature ended up together with the female lead, but the studio executives rejected the concept. Del Toro set the film during the 1960s Cold War era to counteract today 's heightened tensions, specifying, `` if I say once upon a time in 1962, it becomes a fairy tale for troubled times. People can lower their guard a little bit more and listen to the story and listen to the characters and talk about the issues, rather than the circumstances of the issues. '' Filming began on August 15, 2016, in Toronto and Hamilton, Ontario, and wrapped on November 6, 2016. In an interview with IndieWire about the film, del Toro said, `` This movie is a healing movie for me... For nine movies I rephrased the fears of my childhood, the dreams of my childhood, and this is the first time I speak as an adult, about something that worries me as an adult. I speak about trust, otherness, sex, love, where we 're going. These are not concerns that I had when I was nine or seven. '' Soundtrack ( edit ) The Shape of Water ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Alexandre Desplat Released December 1, 2017 Genre Soundtrack Length 1 : 16 : 23 Label Decca Producer Dominique Lemonnier Alexandre Desplat is the composer of the film 's score. The score won the Academy Award for Best Original Score at the 90th Academy Awards. Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Alexandre Desplat, except where noted. ( show ) Track listing No. Title Length 1. `` The Shape of Water '' 3 : 42 2. `` You 'll Never Know '' ( feat. Renée Fleming ) 4 : 38 3. `` The Creature '' 1 : 46 4. `` Elisa 's Theme '' 2 : 36 5. `` Fingers '' 2 : 09 6. `` Spy Meeting '' 1 : 42 7. `` Elisa and Zelda '' 1 : 10 8. `` Five Stars General '' 1 : 31 9. `` The Silence of Love '' 1 : 35 10. `` Egg '' 2 : 13 11. `` That Is n't Good '' 1 : 43 12. `` Underwater Kiss '' 2 : 12 13. `` The Escape '' 10 : 57 14. `` Watching Ruth '' 2 : 18 15. `` Decency '' 2 : 23 16. `` He 's Coming For You '' 1 : 39 17. `` Overflow of Love '' 2 : 56 18. `` Without You '' 2 : 30 19. `` Rainy Day '' 3 : 12 20. `` A Princess Without a Voice '' 1 : 50 21. `` La Javanaise '' ( Madeleine Peyroux ) 4 : 10 22. `` I Know Why ( And So Do You ) '' ( Glenn Miller and His Orchestra ) 2 : 58 23. `` Chica Chica Boom Chic '' ( Carmen Miranda ) 2 : 19 24. `` Babalú '' ( Caterina Valente & Silvio Francesco ) 2 : 51 25. `` A Summer Place '' ( Andy Williams ) 2 : 34 26. `` You 'll Never Know '' ( feat. Renée Fleming ( Alternative Version ) ) 6 : 49 27. `` Mermaid '' ( Skøtt ) 3 : 32 28. `` Oceanful '' ( I. AM. WILLOW ) 3 : 37 Total length : 1 : 16 : 23 Release ( edit ) The Shape of Water premiered on August 31, 2017 at the 74th Venice International Film Festival. It also screened at Telluride Film Festival, the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival and BFI London Film Festival, among others. The film was released in two theaters in New York City on December 1, 2017 and then expended to several other cities the following week. It had its official wide release in the United States on December 22, 2017. Home Media ( edit ) On March 13, 2018, the film was released on Blu - ray, DVD and digital download. Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of April 17, 2018, The Shape of Water has grossed $63.8 million in the United States and Canada, and $130.1 million in other countries, for a total of $193.9 million. After grossing $4.6 million over three weeks of limited release, the film began its wide release on December 22, 2017, alongside the openings of Downsizing, Pitch Perfect 3 and Father Figures, and the wide expansion of Darkest Hour, and grossed $3 million from 726 theaters over the weekend, and $4.4 million over the four - day Christmas frame. The following weekend, the film made $3.5 million. The weekend of January 27, 2018, following the announcement of the film 's 13 Oscar nominations, the film was added to over 1,000 theaters ( for a total of 1,854 ) and made $5.9 million ( an increase of 171 % over the previous week 's $2.2 million ), finishing 8th. The weekend of March 9 -- 11, following its four Oscar wins, the film made $2.4 million. It marked a 64 % increase from the previous week 's $1.5 million and was similar to the $2.5 million made by the previous year 's Best Picture winner, Moonlight. Critical response ( edit ) Sally Hawkins ' performance garnered widespread critical acclaim and earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 92 % based on 348 reviews, with an average rating of 8.4 / 10. The website 's critical consensus reads : `` The Shape of Water finds Guillermo del Toro at his visually distinctive best -- and matched by an emotionally absorbing story brought to life by a stellar Sally Hawkins performance. '' On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 87 out of 100, based on 53 critics, indicating `` universal acclaim ''. According to CinemaScore, audience members under the age of 40 gave the film an average grade of either `` A + '' or `` A '', while those over 40 gave it an `` A '' or `` A − '', on an A+ to F scale ; PostTrak reported filmgoers gave the film an overall positive score of 80 %. Ben Croll of IndieWire gave the film an ' A ' rating and called it `` one of del Toro 's most stunningly successful works... also a powerful vision of a creative master feeling totally, joyously free. '' Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, praising Hawkins 's performance, the cinematography and del Toro 's direction, and saying : `` Even as the film plunges into torment and tragedy, the core relationship between these two unlikely lovers holds us in thrall. Del Toro is a world - class film artist. There 's no sense trying to analyze how he does it. '' For the Minnesota Daily, Haley Bennett reacted positively, writing, `` The Shape of Water has tenderness uncommon to del Toro films... While The Shape of Water is n't groundbreaking, it is elegant and mesmerizing. '' Conversely, Rex Reed of the New York Observer gave the film 1 out of 4 stars and calling it `` a loopy, lunkheaded load of drivel '' and, referring to Hawkins 's role in Maudie, described people with disabilities as `` defective creatures. '' Reed 's review was criticized for referring to Sally Hawkins ' mute character as `` mentally handicapped '' and for erroneously crediting actor Benicio del Toro as the film 's director. Top - ten lists ( edit ) The Shape of Water appeared on many critics ' year - end top - ten lists, among them : 1st -- Anne Thompson, IndieWire 1st -- Kenneth Turan, Los Angeles Times 1st -- Sasha Stone, Awards Daily 1st -- Drew McWeeny, The Tracking Board 1st -- Nicholas Barber, BBC 1st -- Mike Scott, The Times - Picayune 1st -- James Verniere, Boston Herald 1st -- Borys Kit, The Hollywood Reporter 1st -- Marjorie Baumgarten & Steve Davis, The Austin Chronicle 1st -- Joe Morgenstern, The Wall Street Journal 2nd -- David Rooney, The Hollywood Reporter 2nd -- Mark Olsen, Los Angeles Times 3rd -- Sheri Linden, The Hollywood Reporter 3rd -- Matthew Jacobs, HuffPost 3rd -- E. Oliver Whitney, ScreenCrush 3rd -- Alonso Duralde, TheWrap 4th -- Pete Hammond, Deadline Hollywood 4th -- Brian Tallerico, RogerEbert.com 4th -- Chris Bumbray, JoBlo.com 5th -- Marc Savlov, The Austin Chronicle 5th -- James Berardinelli, Reelviews 5th -- Christopher Orr, The Atlantic 5th -- Gregory Ellwood, IndieWire 5th -- Peter Hartlaub, San Francisco Chronicle 6th -- Kimber Myers, IndieWire 6th -- People 7th -- The Guardian 7th -- Peter Debruge, Variety 7th -- Peter Travers, Rolling Stone 8th -- Peter Howell, Toronto Star 9th -- Steve Erickson, RogerEbert.com 9th -- Stephen Whitty, The Star - Ledger 9th -- Ryan Oliver, IndieWire 10th -- Danny Bowes, RogerEbert.com 10th -- Paste Top 10 ( listed alphabetically, not ranked ) -- IGN Top 10 ( listed alphabetically, not ranked ) -- Ty Burr, The Boston Globe Top 10 ( listed alphabetically, not ranked ) -- Moira Macdonald, The Seattle Times Top 10 ( listed alphabetically, not ranked ) -- Walter Addiego, San Francisco Chronicle Top 10 ( listed alphabetically, not ranked ) -- Calvin Wilson, St. Louis Post-Dispatch Best of 2017 ( listed alphabetically, not ranked ) -- Newsweek Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of accolades received by The Shape of Water The Shape of Water received 13 nominations at the 90th Academy Awards, the most of any film in the 2018 race. It won in four categories : Best Production Design, Best Original Score, Best Director, and Best Picture. The film also spawned some debate about whether the fact that it was filmed in Canada, with a predominantly Canadian crew and many Canadian actors in the supporting roles, should have made it eligible to be nominated for the Canadian Screen Awards. Under Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television rules, to qualify for CSA nominations under the rules for international coproductions at least 15 per cent of a film 's funding must come from a Canadian film studio. Even the film 's Canadian co-producer, J. Miles Dale, stated that he supports the rules and does not believe the film should have been eligible. Lawsuit alleging Plagiarism ( edit ) In February 2018, the estate of Paul Zindel initiated a lawsuit in United States District Court for the Central District of California against director Guillermo del Toro and associate producer Daniel Kraus, alleging that The Shape of Water `` brazenly copies the story, elements, characters, and themes '' of Zindel 's 1969 work Let Me Hear You Whisper, which depicts a cleaning lady bonding with a dolphin and attempting to rescue it from a secret research laboratory 's nefarious uses. The complaint spends more than a dozen pages detailing alleged `` overwhelming similarities '' between the works. Del Toro denied the claim of the Zindel estate, saying that `` I have never read nor seen the play. I 'd never heard of this play before making The Shape of Water, and none of my collaborators ever mentioned the play. '' Distributor Fox Searchlight also denied the claim and said that it would `` vigorously defend '' itself in court. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Shape of Water ''. tiff. Retrieved August 31, 2017. Jump up ^ Tapley, Kristopher ( November 21, 2017 ). `` Spirit Awards : ' Call Me by Your Name, ' ' Get Out ' Soar, ' Shape of Water ' Shunned Again ''. Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved November 21, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 21, 2018. Jump up ^ `` The Shape of Water ''. British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved December 19, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Anderson, Ariston ( July 27, 2017 ). `` Venice Competition Includes Films From George Clooney, Guillermo del Toro, Darren Aronofsky ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 27, 2017. Jump up ^ Staff and agencies ( September 9, 2017 ). `` Guillermo del Toro 's The Shape of Water wins Venice Golden Lion ''. The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved September 9, 2017. Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. ( July 25, 2017 ). `` Toronto Film Festival 2017 Unveils Strong Slate ''. Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 25, 2017. Jump up ^ Lussier, Germain ( December 6, 2017 ). `` The Shape of Water Novel Does Much, Much More Than Adapt the Movie ''. io9. Gawker Media. Retrieved February 23, 2018. Jump up ^ Kiang, Jessica ( August 31, 2017 ). `` Guillermo Del Toro 's ' The Shape of Water ' Is Sweet & Scary Movie Magic ( Venice Review ) ''. The Playlist. Retrieved September 7, 2017. Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2017 ''. American Film Institute. Retrieved December 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Academy Award Winners 2018 : The Complete List ''. Variety. Penske Business Media. March 4, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Phillips, Michael ( March 5, 2018 ). `` Oscars can still surprise us ''. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 5, 2018. Jump up ^ Rubin, Rebecca ( December 11, 2017 ). `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List ''. Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved December 11, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Shape of Water leads Bafta nominations ''. BBC News. BBC. January 9, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2018. Jump up ^ del Toro, Guillermo ( @ RealGDT ) ( August 22, 2017 ). `` Shape of Water - first birthed over a looong breakfast with @ DanielDKraus in 2011. It shows next week at the Venice Film Festival '' ( Tweet ). Retrieved August 25, 2017 -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ `` Is ' The Shape of Water ' Cribbed Directly From the Short Film ' The Space Between Us '? ''. AwardsWatch. August 18, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Iconic Horror Movie Scene That Inspired ' The Shape of Water ' -- Bloody Disgusting ''. bloody-disgusting.com. Retrieved October 16, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Del Toro Talks Black Lagoon Influence On `` Shape '' ``. darkhorizons.com. Retrieved November 20, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Bennett, Haley ( December 15, 2017 ). `` ' Review : The Shape of Water ' Mermaid film noir sounds like a fishy genre, but director Guillermo del Toro navigates it with skill ''. Minnesota Daily. Retrieved December 15, 2017. Jump up ^ del Toro, Guillermo ( @ RealGDT ) ( August 10, 2016 ). `` We start shooting The Shape of Water on Monday. I will tweet some images now and then -- '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ Evry, Max ( August 15, 2016 ). `` Shape of Water : Guillermo del Toro Begins Production ''. Comingsoon.net. Retrieved May 17, 2017. Jump up ^ del Toro, Guillermo ( @ RealGDT ) ( August 15, 2016 ). `` 4 PM in Toronto. Started '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ `` Guillermo Del Toro 's staff plan Hamilton visit to talk film studio locations : mayor ''. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. September 13, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017. Jump up ^ `` All the Toronto locations that show up in Guillermo del Toro 's The Shape of Water ''. Toronto Life Magazine. January 9, 2018. Retrieved March 4, 2018. Jump up ^ del Toro, Guillermo ( @ RealGDT ) ( November 7, 2016 ). `` Wrapped shooting on The Shape of Water last night!! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ Marotta, Jenna ( November 19, 2017 ). `` Guillermo del Toro : ' The Shape of Water ' Saved My Life ''. IndieWire. Retrieved December 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Guillermo del Toro 's The Shape of Water Finds A Composer ''. Wegotthiscovered.com. December 27, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2017. Jump up ^ McNary, Dave. `` Guillermo del Toro 's ' Shape of Water ' Gets Awards Season Release Date ''. Variety. Retrieved April 19, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Shape of Water Blu - Ray & DVD ''. Amazon. Retrieved March 26, 2018. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( December 24, 2017 ). `` Last Jedi ' Lords Over Christmas Weekend B.O. With $100 M+ As ' Jumanji ' Roars $65 M+ & ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Sings $27 M ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 31, 2017 ). `` ' Last Jedi ' Has Upper Hand Over ' Jumanji ' In New Year 's Weekend Duel As 2017 B.O. Closes With $11.1 B -- Monday Update ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 1, 2018. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( January 28, 2018 ). `` Fox Controls Close To 40 % Of Weekend B.O. Led By ' Maze Runner ' & Oscar Holdovers ; ' Hostiles ' Gallops Past $10 M ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 28, 2018. Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 11, 2018 ). `` ' Black Panther ' Rules 4th Frame With $41 M+ ; ' A Wrinkle In Time ' At $33 M+ : A Diversity & Disney Dominant Weekend ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved March 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved April 23, 2018. Jump up ^ `` The Shape of Water Reviews ''. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved January 10, 2018. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( December 8, 2017 ). `` ' Coco ' Topping Another Sleepy Weekend Of Holdovers & Awards Season Breakouts Before ' Last Jedi ' Takes Over B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 11, 2017. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( January 29, 2018 ). `` How Much Of A Box Office Boost Will The Nominees Get By Oscar Night? ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 30, 2018. Jump up ^ Croll, Ben ( August 31, 2017 ). `` The Shape of Water Review : Guillermo del Toro 's Lush Fairy Tale Is a Powerful Vision of Love ''. Indiewire. Retrieved September 7, 2017. Jump up ^ Travers, Peter ( November 27, 2017 ). `` ' The Shape of Water ' Review : Guillermo del Toro 's Girl - Meets - Monster Romance Is a Gem ''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 28, 2017. Jump up ^ Reed, Rex ( December 19, 2017 ). `` One Star : The Shape of Water Is a Loopy, Lunkheaded Load of Drivel ''. New York Observer. Retrieved January 7, 2018. Jump up ^ Sharf, Zack ( December 20, 2017 ). `` Rex Reed 's Negative ' The Shape of Water ' Review Goes Viral After Crediting Benicio del Toro as Director ''. IndieWire. Retrieved March 5, 2018. Jump up ^ Dietz, Jason ( December 5, 2017 ). `` Best of 2017 : Film Critic Top Ten Lists ''. Metacritic. Retrieved January 30, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Are the Canadian Screen Awards too Canadian? ''. Toronto Star, March 8, 2018. Jump up ^ `` ' Shape Of Water ' Creators Sued Over Plagiarism Claims As Oscars Approach ''. Jump up ^ Eliza Berman, Everything to Know About the Shape of Water Plagiarism Controversy, Time ( March 1, 2018 ). Jump up ^ Colin Dwyer ( February 23, 2018 ). `` ' Shape of Water ' Creators Sued Over Plagiarism Claims As Oscars Approach ''. NPR. External links ( edit ) Find more aboutThe Shape of Waterat Wikipedia 's sister projects Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website The Shape of Water on IMDb The Shape of Water at Rotten Tomatoes The Shape of Water at Metacritic Guillermo del Toro Filmography Unrealized projects Awards and nominations Films Directed Doña Lupe ( short ; 1985 ) Geometria ( short ; 1987 ) Cronos ( 1993 ) Mimic ( 1997 ) The Devil 's Backbone ( 2001 ) Blade II ( 2002 ) Hellboy ( 2004 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2006 ) Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) Crimson Peak ( 2015 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Written only Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ( 2010 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Produced only Crónicas ( 2004 ) Insignificant Things ( 2008 ) Rudo y Cursi ( 2008 ) Julia 's Eyes ( 2010 ) Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ( 2010 ) The Book of Life ( 2014 ) Pacific Rim Uprising ( 2018 ) Novels The Strain ( 2009 ) The Fall ( 2010 ) The Night Eternal ( 2011 ) Trollhunters ( 2015 ) Television `` Treehouse of Horror XXIV '' ( 2013 ; opening sequence ) The Strain ( 2014 -- 17 ) `` Night Zero '' Tales of Arcadia Trollhunters ( 2016 -- present ) 3 Below ( 2018 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) Video games Hellboy : The Science of Evil ( 2008 ) P.T. ( 2014 ) Death Stranding ( TBA ) Sundown ( canceled ) Insane ( canceled ) Silent Hills ( canceled ) Related articles Cha Cha Cha Films Mirada Studios The Hobbit ( film series ) Awards for The Shape of Water Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver! 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Confidential ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Golden Lion winning films 1949 -- 1968 Manon ( 1949 ) Justice Is Done ( 1950 ) Rashomon ( 1951 ) Forbidden Games ( 1952 ) No award ( 1953 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1954 ) Ordet ( 1955 ) No award ( 1956 ) Aparajito ( 1957 ) Rickshaw Man ( 1958 ) General Della Rovere / The Great War ( 1959 ) Tomorrow Is My Turn ( 1960 ) Last Year at Marienbad ( 1961 ) Family Diary / Ivan 's Childhood ( 1962 ) Hands over the City ( 1963 ) Red Desert ( 1964 ) Sandra ( 1965 ) The Battle of Algiers ( 1966 ) Belle de Jour ( 1967 ) Artists Under the Big Top : Perplexed ( 1968 ) 1980 -- 2000 Atlantic City / Gloria ( 1980 ) Marianne and Juliane ( 1981 ) The State of Things ( 1982 ) First Name : Carmen ( 1983 ) A Year of the Quiet Sun ( 1984 ) Vagabond ( 1985 ) The Green Ray ( 1986 ) Au revoir les enfants ( 1987 ) The Legend of the Holy Drinker ( 1988 ) A City of Sadness ( 1989 ) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1990 ) Urga ( 1991 ) The Story of Qiu Ju ( 1992 ) Short Cuts / Three Colours : Blue ( 1993 ) Vive L'Amour / Before the Rain ( 1994 ) Cyclo ( 1995 ) Michael Collins ( 1996 ) Fireworks ( 1997 ) The Way We Laughed ( 1998 ) Not One Less ( 1999 ) The Circle ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Monsoon Wedding ( 2001 ) The Magdalene Sisters ( 2002 ) The Return ( 2003 ) Vera Drake ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Still Life ( 2006 ) Lust, Caution ( 2007 ) The Wrestler ( 2008 ) Lebanon ( 2009 ) Somewhere ( 2010 ) Faust ( 2011 ) Pietà ( 2012 ) Sacro GRA ( 2013 ) A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence ( 2014 ) From Afar ( 2015 ) The Woman Who Left ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) The Crying Game ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave / Gravity ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) The Big Short ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Shape_of_Water&oldid=838079222 '' Categories : 2017 films 2010s historical films 2010s LGBT - related films 2010s monster movies 2010s romantic drama films 2010s romantic fantasy films Ableism American films American historical films American LGBT - related films American monster movies American romantic drama films American romantic fantasy films American Sign Language films Best Picture Academy Award winners Cold War films English - language films Fantasy drama films Films about disability Films about orphans Films about prejudice Films about racism Films directed by Guillermo del Toro Films involved in plagiarism controversies Films produced by Guillermo del Toro Films scored by Alexandre Desplat Films set in 1962 Films set in Baltimore Films shot in Hamilton, Ontario Films shot in Toronto Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Direction BAFTA Award Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe Fox Searchlight Pictures films Golden Lion winners Historical romance films Magic realism films Screenplays by Guillermo del Toro Screenplays by Vanessa Taylor Zoophilia in culture Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles to be expanded from March 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018, at 20 : 03. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Shape of Water", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Shape_of_Water&amp;oldid=838079222" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Fox Searchlight Pictures Release date August 31, 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) ( Venice ) December 1, 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 123 minutes Country United States Language American Sign Language English Budget $19.5 million Box office $194 million The Shape of Water is a 2017 American romantic dark fantasy drama film directed by Guillermo del Toro and written by del Toro and Vanessa Taylor. It stars Sally Hawkins, Michael Shannon, Richard Jenkins, Doug Jones, Michael Stuhlbarg, and Octavia Spencer. Set in Baltimore in 1962, the story follows a mute custodian at a high - security government laboratory who falls in love with a captured humanoid amphibian creature. The Shape of Water was screened in the main competition section of the 74th Venice International Film Festival, where it premiered on August 31, 2017, and was awarded the Golden Lion for best film in the competition. It also screened at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival. It began a limited release in two theaters in New York City on December", "Release date August 31, 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) ( Venice ) December 1, 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 123 minutes Country United States Language American Sign Language English Budget $19.5 million Box office $194 million The Shape of Water is a 2017 American romantic dark fantasy drama film directed by Guillermo del Toro and written by del Toro and Vanessa Taylor. It stars Sally Hawkins, Michael Shannon, Richard Jenkins, Doug Jones, Michael Stuhlbarg, and Octavia Spencer. Set in Baltimore in 1962, the story follows a mute custodian at a high - security government laboratory who falls in love with a captured humanoid amphibian creature. The Shape of Water was screened in the main competition section of the 74th Venice International Film Festival, where it premiered on August 31, 2017, and was awarded the Golden Lion for best film in the competition. It also screened at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival. It began a limited release in two theaters in New York City on December 1, 2017, before expanding following December" ], "id": [ "2792757756947013835" ], "short_answers": [ "Guillermo del Toro", "Vanessa Taylor" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Vouching ( financial auditing ) - wikipedia Vouching ( financial auditing ) Jump to : navigation, search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs more links to other articles to help integrate it into the encyclopedia. Please help improve this article by adding links that are relevant to the context within the existing text. ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Vouching is a technical term, which refers to the inspection of documentary evidence supporting and substantiating a transaction, by an auditor. It is the essence of Auditing It is the practice followed in an audit, with the objective of establishing the authenticity of the transactions recorded in the primary books of account. It essentially consists of verifying a transaction recorded in the books of account with the relevant documentary evidence and the authority on the basis of which the entry has been made ; also confirming that the amount mentioned in the voucher has been posted to an appropriate account which would disclose the nature of the transaction on its inclusion in the final statements of account. Vouching does not include valuation. Vouching can be described as the essence or backbone of auditing. The success of an audit depends on the thoroughness with which vouching is done. After entering in all vouchers, only then can auditing start. Vouching is defined as the `` verification of entries in the books of account by examination of documentary evidence or vouchers, such as invoices, debit and credit notes, statements, receipts, etc. The object of vouching is to establish that the transactions recorded in the books of accounts are ( 1 ) in order and have been properly authorized and ( 2 ) are correctly recorded. `` Simple routine checking can not establish the same accuracy that vouching can. In routine checking, entries recorded in the books only show what information the bookkeeper chooses to disclose, however these entries can be fictitious without any vouching or vouchers. By using a vouching or a voucher system a company will have concrete and solid documentation and evidence of expenses, capital, and written proof in audits. Vouching is the essence or backbone of auditing because when performing an audit, an auditor must have proof of all transactions. Without the proof provided by vouching, the claims provided by the auditor are just that, only claims. In most cases, hard to detect frauds can only be discovered through the use of vouching. This means that the auditor must conduct vouching with great importance, if not, he can be charged with negligence which happened in the case of Armitage v. Brewer and Knott. Through this case, the importance of vouching was realized. In this case, the auditors were found to be guilty on negligence, because the auditors did not display enough reasonable care and skill in vouching the wage sheets and ended up failing to detect fraud in manipulation of these wage records and cash vouchers. When delivering the decision the Judge stated that `` It was clear that a good many documents were suspicious on either face and called for Inquiry ''. It was declared that it was essential that due care and attention are to be given to vouching in auditing. See also ( edit ) Financial audit References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Auditing and Assurance Vol. 1. India : The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India. 2011. p. 5.1. ISBN 978 - 81 - 8441 - 135 - 5. 1. http://www.caclubindia.com/articles/vouching-is-the-essence-of-auditing-3563.asp#.ULexzKz7KYY 2. http://www.enotes.com/business/q-and-a/vouching-said-back-bone-auditing-substantiate-132595 3. Auditing : Principles and Practice By : Ravinder Kumar, Virender Sharma Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vouching_(financial_auditing)&oldid=768214826 '' Categories : Auditing terms Hidden categories : Articles with too few wikilinks from August 2014 All articles with too few wikilinks Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2014 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing additional references from November 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 March 2017, at 13 : 53. About Wikipedia", "title": "Vouching (financial auditing)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Vouching_(financial_auditing)&amp;oldid=768214826" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "12477944983862377683" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Fifty Shades Freed ( film ) - wikipedia Fifty Shades Freed ( film ) Jump to : navigation, search Fifty Shades Freed Theatrical release poster Directed by James Foley Produced by Michael De Luca E.L. James Dana Brunetti Marcus Viscidi Screenplay by Niall Leonard Based on Fifty Shades Freed by E.L. James Starring Dakota Johnson Jamie Dornan Eric Johnson Rita Ora Luke Grimes Victor Rasuk Jennifer Ehle Marcia Gay Harden Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography John Schwartzman Edited by Richard Francis - Bruce Debra Neil - Fisher David Clark Production company Perfect World Pictures Michael De Luca Productions Trigger Street Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date February 6, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) ( Paris ) February 9, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $55 million Box office $141.8 million Fifty Shades Freed is a 2018 American erotic romantic drama film directed by James Foley and written by Niall Leonard, based on the novel of the same name by E.L. James. It is the third and final installment in the Fifty Shades film series after Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) and Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ). The film stars Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan as Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey, respectively, and follows the newlywed couple as they must deal with the sins of their past when Ana 's former boss ( Eric Johnson ) begins to stalk her. Principal photography on Fifty Shades Freed began simultaneously with Darker in February 2016 in Paris and Vancouver. The film was released in the United States on February 9, 2018 ; it had a limited IMAX release. It has grossed $141 million worldwide and, like its previous two predecessors, received negative reviews, with criticism aimed at its screenplay and performances. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 5 Music 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Newlyweds Christian Grey and Anastasia ' Ana ' Steele cut short their exotic honeymoon and return to Seattle after receiving news of a break - in at Christian 's corporate headquarters. Some computer files were stolen, and security camera tapes identify the perpetrator as Jack Hyde, Ana 's former boss who was fired for sexual assault. Meanwhile, Ana is introduced to her new personal security team. Christian surprises Ana with a new house and has hired architect Gia Matteo to rebuild it. Ana is dismayed when Gia, an attractive young woman, openly flirts with Christian in Ana 's presence. Ana privately threatens to dismiss Gia if she continues her flirtatious behavior, forcing her to stop. When Christian is away on a business trip, Ana disregards his wishes that she stay at home, and goes out for a drink with her friend, Kate Kavanagh. Kate, who is dating Christian 's younger brother, Elliot, confides to Ana that their relationship may be fizzling ; Elliot is working closely with Gia, the architect, and Kate is suspicious about their relationship. When Ana returns home, she encounters Jack Hyde, who holds her hostage and attempts to kidnap her. Ana 's security team subdue him and he is arrested. After an argument with Christian about her having sneaked out to see Kate, Ana berates Christian for being overly controlling and possessive and demands more freedom. Soon after, Christian surprises Ana with a trip to Aspen, bringing along Kate, Elliot, Mia, and José. Christian and Ana continue with their erotic sexual experimentation, but matters become complicated when Ana announces she is pregnant. Christian is deeply disturbed, saying he had other plans for their early years together. He leaves, going on a night - long drunken bender. The next day, Ana discovers that Christian had recently contacted his ex-lover and former BDSM dominant, Elena Lincoln. Meanwhile, Jack Hyde is released on a $500,000 bail. After some days, mayhem erupts when Jack Hyde phones Ana demanding a ransom for Mia, Christian 's abducted sister. Hyde demands $5,000,000 in cash in two hours or Mia will be killed. He warns Ana to tell no one and to bring the money alone. Ana takes some cash and a revolver from the house safe, then goes to the bank to withdraw the full amount. The suspicious bank manager calls Christian. He thinks Ana is leaving him but then notes the coincidence of Hyde 's recent release and Ana 's sudden large cash withdrawal. Hyde instructs Ana to get into a car parked in the alley and to hand over her phone to the driver to discard. Ana tricks Hyde by taking the bank manager 's phone. She exits the back entrance to discover that the driver and Jack 's accomplice is her co-worker, Liz. She is the woman who drove the car that chased them down. Ana arrives at the drop - off site with the money. Hyde, psychotic and vengeful, attacks Ana, kicking her in the abdomen. Liz tries to stop Jack as Ana pulls out the revolver and shoots Hyde in the leg. Christian and his security team, who electronically tracked Ana 's cell phone, arrive and apprehend Hyde and Liz. Ana blacks out as she hears Christian calling her. Ana awakens three days later in the hospital with Christian at her side. Though angry at Ana 's recklessness and still anxious about fatherhood, Christian realizes how important their baby is to her, and they reconcile. Christian 's adoptive mother, Grace, convinces Christian that Ana will not leave him. Ana returns home the next day. Christian 's private investigator, Welch, reports that Christian and Hyde shared the same foster family. It is also learned that Hyde blackmailed Liz into being his accomplice. Christian and Ana later locate where Christian 's birth mother is buried ; they visit and Christian lays flowers on her grave. Two years later, Christian and Ana have had their child who they have named Teddy. Ana is now pregnant with their second child. They play with their son in the yard of their mansion. Cast ( edit ) Dakota Johnson as Anastasia ' Ana ' Steele - Grey Jamie Dornan as Christian Grey Eric Johnson as Jack Hyde, Ana 's former boss and stalker Eloise Mumford as Katherine Kavanagh, Ana 's best friend and Elliot Grey 's fiancée Rita Ora as Mia Grey, adoptive daughter of Carrick Grey and Dr. Grace Trevelyan Grey and younger sister of Christian and Elliot Grey Luke Grimes as Elliot Grey, younger brother of Christian and Mia Grey and Katherine 's fiancée Victor Rasuk as José Rodriguez, one of Anastasia 's friends Max Martini as Jason Taylor, Christian 's bodyguard Jennifer Ehle as Carla May Wilks, Anastasia 's mother. Marcia Gay Harden as Grace Trevelyan Grey, Christian 's adoptive mother Bruce Altman as Jerry Roach Arielle Kebbel as Gia Matteo, the architect recommended by Elliot Grey to design Anastasia and Christian 's future home Callum Keith Rennie as Ray, Anastasia 's former stepfather Robinne Lee as Ros Bailey, Christian 's second in command Brant Daugherty as Luke Sawyer, Ana 's bodyguard Fay Masterson as Gail Jones, Christian 's housekeeper Amy Price - Francis as Liz Morgan, Jack 's accomplice Ashleigh LaThrop as Hannah, Ana 's co-worker and friend Tyler Hoechlin as Boyce Fox, popular author whose books are published by SIP. Hiro Kanagawa as Detective Clark Production ( edit ) A film adaptation of the first book was produced by Michael De Luca Productions, with Universal Pictures and Focus Features securing the rights to the trilogy in March 2012. At a fan screening in New York City on February 6, director Sam Taylor - Johnson announced that the book sequels Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed would also be adapted, with the first to be released in 2016. Right after the announcement, Taylor - Johnson told Digital Spy that, `` It 's not my decision ( to return ), and I have n't been privy to any of the discussions. '' On November 12, 2015, TheWrap confirmed that James Foley would direct both sequels which would be shot back - to - back in 2016, with Niall Leonard writing the script and Michael De Luca and Dana Brunetti returning to produce along with E.L. James and Marcus Viscidi. Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan would also return for lead roles. On February 8, 2016, Arielle Kebbel was cast in the film to play Gia Matteo, a beautiful architect who is hired by Christian to build his home. On February 12, 2016, Eric Johnson was cast to play Jack Hyde, Ana 's boss at SIP and stalker. On February 20, 2016, Brant Daugherty signed on to play Sawyer, the personal body guard for Anastasia Steele. Filming ( edit ) In November 2015, Universal Studios announced that Fifty Shades Darker and this film would be shot back - to - back with principal photography scheduled to commence in early 2016. Filming began in Paris and Vancouver from February 9, 2016, to July 12, 2016, under the working title, `` Further Adventures of Max and Banks 2 & 3. '' Release ( edit ) Fifty Shades Freed is scheduled to be released on February 9, 2018, by Universal Pictures. A teaser trailer was released on September 10, 2017, with a theatrical trailer being released later on November 6. Music ( edit ) The lead single from the film 's soundtrack, `` For You '' performed by Rita Ora and Liam Payne, was released on January 5, 2018. The soundtrack 's track list was released on January 8, 2018, including artists Julia Michaels, Sia, Jessie J, Black Atlass, Ellie Goulding, Hailee Steinfeld, Dua Lipa, and Miike Snow on the 22 - song album. Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) As of February 13, 2018, Fifty Shades Freed has grossed $45.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $96.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $141.8 million, against a production budget of $55 million. In the United States and Canada, Fifty Shades Freed was released alongside Peter Rabbit and The 15 : 17 to Paris, and was projected to gross $37 -- 40 million from 3,700 theaters in its opening weekend. It made $5.6 million from Thursday night previews, down 2 % from the $5.7 million made by Darker the previous year. It ended up making $38.8 million over the weekend, the lowest of the trilogy but still enough to take first place at the box office. Worldwide, the film was expected to make $80 -- 90 million from 57 countries, including France, Germany, the UK, Australia, Brazil, Mexico and Japan, in its first three days for a worldwide debut of $113 -- 130 million. It ended up grossing $98.1 million from overseas for global debut of $136.9 million ; it marked a 7 % decrease from the previous film but still finished first in 54 of the 57 markets. Its leading countries were Germany ( $10.7 million ), the United Kingdom ( $8.8 million ) and France ( $8.7 million ). Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 12 % based on 122 reviews, and an average rating of 3.2 / 10. The website 's critical consensus reads, `` Fifty Shades Freed brings its titillating trilogy to a clumsy conclusion, making for a film franchise that adds up to a distinctly dissatisfying ménage à trois. '' On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 31 out of 100 based on 41 critics, indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews. '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale, the same score earned by Darker, while comScore reported that 56 % of females ( who made up 81 % of the opening weekend ) gave the film a `` definite recommend ''. Writing for Variety, Guy Lodge was critical of the film, saying `` Indeed, a sex - free, PG - 13 version of Freed could be cut without shedding a second of narrative coherence, such as it is ; one could ask what the point of that would be, though similar queries might be leveled at the film as it stands. '' Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers gave the film zero out of four, stating `` With this last entry, we have officially hit the bottom of the barrel. Whips, chains, butt plugs and nipple clips are nothing compared to the sheer torture of watching this movie. '' Robbie Collins from The Telegraph gave the film one out of five stars, and wrote `` This is a film in which one of the more emotionally detailed performances is given by a product - placement Audi. '' Jeannette Catsoulis writing for The New York Times found the film to be significantly inferior to Kim Basinger 's 91⁄2 Weeks stating : `` Layering a damp - squib thriller subplot beneath what appears to be an ad campaign for the one - percent lifestyle, the returning director and screenwriter test the newly married couple with an inconvenient pregnancy and an unconvincing car chase. There 's an out - of - left - field abduction and a marital tiff over email addresses ; but these narrative fragments, lazily tossed together alongside a neglected supporting cast, are no more than a flimsy causeway connecting bonking sessions. '' Conversely, IndieWire reviewer Manuela Lazic gave the film three out of four stars, saying `` Finally, the Fifty Shades phenomenon has yielded a disarming comedy that makes this ridiculous material fun to watch. '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FIFTY SHADES FREED ( 18 ) ''. British Board of Film Classification. January 30, 2018. Retrieved February 5, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 14, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr, Mike ( March 26, 2012 ). `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved February 9, 2015. Jump up ^ Miller, Julie ( July 10, 2012 ). `` Fifty Shades of Grey Film Gets Oscar - Nominated Producers, Christian Grey -- Casting Inspiration ''. Vanity Fair. Retrieved February 9, 2015. Jump up ^ Schumann, Rebecka ( February 6, 2015 ). `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels Confirmed ; Fans React To ' Fifty Shades Darker ' And ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Movie Announcement ''. International Business Times. Retrieved February 9, 2015. Jump up ^ Dibdin, Emma ( February 13, 2015 ). `` Sam Taylor - Johnson on 50 Shades of Grey sequel : ' It 's not my decision ' ''. Digital Spy. Retrieved February 16, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Sneider, Jeff ( November 12, 2015 ). `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels to Shoot Back to Back, James Foley to Direct Both ( Exclusive ) ''. TheWrap. Retrieved November 15, 2015. Jump up ^ Ford, Rebecca ; Kit, Borys ( February 8, 2016 ). `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Adds ' Ballers ' Actress Arielle Kebbel ( Exclusive ) ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 9, 2016. Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin ( February 12, 2016 ). `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Adds ' The Knick 's ' Eric Johnson as Christian Grey 's Rival ( EXCLUSIVE ) ''. Variety. Retrieved February 12, 2016. Jump up ^ Evans, Greg ( February 20, 2016 ). `` Brant Daugherty Signs On For ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Sawyer Role ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved February 21, 2016. Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin ( November 12, 2015 ). `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels to Shoot Back - to - Back ''. Variety. Retrieved November 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Richford, Rhonda ( February 4, 2016 ). `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' to Shoot in Paris as Filming Rebounds After Attacks ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 4, 2016. Jump up ^ Schumann, Rebecka ( January 5, 2016 ). `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Movie 2016 Production Schedule, Location And Possible Smaller Budget Revealed ''. International Business Times. Retrieved January 6, 2016. Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Starts Filming After Delay Getting ' 50 Shades Of Grey ' Sequel To Screens? ''. Fashion & Style. January 6, 2016. Archived from the original on February 17, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2016. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( April 23, 2015 ). `` Universal Dates ' Fifty Shades ' Sequels, ' Furious 8 ′ ; ' Pacific Rim 2 ′, ' Mummy ' Moved Back -- CinemaCon Update ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved February 9, 2016. Jump up ^ Ramos, Dino - Ray ( September 10, 2017 ). `` Fifty Shades Freed ' Trailer : Things Get Darker, Sexier & Soapier In Third Installment Of Franchise ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved September 10, 2017. Jump up ^ Kyriazis, Stefan. `` Fifty Shades Freed new and final TRAILER is coming : Watch it here first ''. Daily Express. Retrieved November 4, 2017. Jump up ^ Brandle, Lars ( January 8, 2018 ). `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Track List : Sia, Ellie Goulding, Hailee Steinfeld & More ''. Billboard. Retrieved January 9, 2018. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( January 18, 2018 ). `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Looks To Lead Pre-Valentine's Day Weekend With Around $40 M -- B.O. Forecast ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved January 18, 2018. ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro, Anthony ( February 11, 2018 ). `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Builds E.L. James Trilogy To $1 Billion Climax ; ' Peter Rabbit ' Bounces To $25 M Opening ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved February 11, 2018. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( February 7, 2018 ). `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Worldwide Opening Weekend Will Steam Franchise Past $1 Billion -- B.O. Preview ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved February 7, 2018. Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy ( February 11, 2018 ). `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Collars $98 M Overseas ; ' Jumanji ' Now Sony 's # 3 WW Release Ever ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved February 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved February 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Freed Reviews ''. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved February 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Film Review : ' Fifty Shades Freed ' ''. Variety. February 7, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2018. Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( February 8, 2018 ). `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Review : Welcome to the Most Painful ' Shades ' of All ''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 8, 2018. Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/fifty-shades-freed-review-painful-prissy-even-ropier-last-one/ Jump up ^ Review : Finally, the Audience Is ' Fifty Shades Freed ', By JEANNETTE CATSOULIS, FEB. 8, 2018. ( 1 ). Jump up ^ http://www.indiewire.com/2018/02/fifty-shades-freed-review-sex-comedy-bdsm-1201925918/ External links ( edit ) Official website Official website Fifty Shades Freed on IMDb Fifty Shades franchise by E.L. James Novels Original trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Retold Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian Darker : Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian Film series Films Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Music Fifty Shades of Grey `` Earned It '' `` Love Me like You Do '' `` Crazy in Love ( Remix ) '' `` I Put a Spell on You '' `` Haunted ( Michael Diamond Remix ) '' `` Beast of Burden '' `` I 'm on Fire '' `` Witchcraft '' `` I Know You '' Fifty Shades Darker `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` Not Afraid Anymore '' `` The Scientist '' Fifty Shades Freed `` For You '' `` Capital Letters '' `` Heaven '' Parodies Fifty Shades of Oy Vey : A Parody Spank! The Fifty Shades Parody Fifty Shades of Black Films directed by James Foley Reckless ( 1984 ) At Close Range ( 1986 ) Who 's That Girl ( 1987 ) After Dark, My Sweet ( 1990 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1992 ) Two Bits ( 1995 ) Fear ( 1996 ) The Chamber ( 1996 ) The Corruptor ( 1999 ) Confidence ( 2003 ) Perfect Stranger ( 2007 ) Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) Films produced by Michael De Luca Zathura : A Space Adventure ( 2005 ) Ghost Rider ( 2007 ) 21 ( 2008 ) Brothers ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) Drive Angry ( 2011 ) Priest ( 2011 ) Fright Night ( 2011 ) Butter ( 2011 ) Moneyball ( 2011 ) The Sitter ( 2011 ) Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance ( 2012 ) Captain Phillips ( 2013 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) The Creed of Violence ( 2015 ) Inferno ( 2016 ) Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) Under the Silver Lake ( 2017 ) Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifty_Shades_Freed_(film)&oldid=825764553 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films Fifty Shades 2010s erotic films 2010s romantic drama films 2010s sequel films American erotic films American films American romantic drama films American sequel films BDSM in films Erotic drama films Erotic romance films Adultery in films Films about sexuality Films based on British novels Films based on romance novels Films directed by James Foley Films scored by Danny Elfman Films shot in Paris Films shot in Vancouver Focus Features films Pregnancy films Universal Pictures films Works based on Twilight series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018, at 07 : 48. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Fifty Shades Freed (film)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Fifty_Shades_Freed_(film)&amp;oldid=825764553" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Rita Ora Luke Grimes Victor Rasuk Jennifer Ehle Marcia Gay Harden Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography John Schwartzman Edited by Richard Francis - Bruce Debra Neil - Fisher David Clark Production company Perfect World Pictures Michael De Luca Productions Trigger Street Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date February 6, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) ( Paris ) February 9, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $55 million Box office $141.8 million Fifty Shades Freed is a 2018 American erotic romantic drama film directed by James Foley and written by Niall Leonard, based on the novel of the same name by E.L. James. It is the third and final installment in the Fifty Shades film series after Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) and Fifty Shades Darker (" ], "id": [ "18152740137304968270" ], "short_answers": [ "February 9, 2018" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Fork in the road ( metaphor ) - wikipedia Fork in the road ( metaphor ) This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2006 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Knight at the Crossroads, Viktor Vasnetsov A fork in the road is a metaphor, based on a literal expression, for a deciding moment in life or history when a major choice of options is required. Compare `` crossing the Rubicon ''. Examples ( edit ) There is a common motif in Russian folk tales, where a vityaz ( Russian knight ) comes to a fork in the road and sees a menhir with an inscription that reads : `` If you ride to the left, you will lose your horse, if you ride to the right, you will lose your head ''. The phrase appears in the Book of Ezekiel ( Ezekiel 21 : 19 -- 23 NRSV ). `` Mortal, mark out two roads for the sword of the king of Babylon to come ; both of them shall issue from the same land. And make a signpost, make it for a fork in the road leading to a city ; mark out the road for the sword to come to Rabbah of the Ammonites or to Judah and to Jerusalem the fortified. A fork in the road is mused upon by Robert Frost in his poem `` The Road Not Taken '', which begins, `` Two roads diverged in a yellow wood... '' Malapropist extraordinare Yogi Berra 's saying `` When you come to a fork in the road, take it '' made the title of his book `` When You Come to a Fork in the Road, Take It! : Inspiration and Wisdom From One of Baseball 's Greatest Heroes ''. It is also depicted in the book Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland where Alice came to a fork in the road and saw a chesire cat in the tree. The album cover of A Nice Pair includes a literal depiction of a fork in the road, a visual pun on the expression. See also ( edit ) Fork in the road ( disambiguation ) ( for other meanings of Fork in the road ) Crossroads ( culture ) Road junction References ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fork_in_the_road_(metaphor)&oldid=799992657 '' Categories : Metaphors referring to places Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2006 All articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017, at 01 : 08 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "Fork in the road (metaphor)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Fork_in_the_road_(metaphor)&amp;oldid=799992657" }

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{ "text": "Kansas City Royals - wikipedia Kansas City Royals Jump to : navigation, search Kansas City Royals 2017 Kansas City Royals season Established in 1969 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations American League ( 1969 -- present ) Central Division ( 1994 -- present ) West Division ( 1969 -- 1993 ) Current uniform Retired numbers 5 10 20 42 Colors Royal blue, gold, light blue, white Name Kansas City Royals ( 1969 -- present ) Other nicknames The Blue Crew Ballpark Kauffman Stadium ( 1973 -- present ) Municipal Stadium ( 1969 -- 1972 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 2 ) 1985 2015 AL Pennants ( 4 ) 1980 1985 2014 2015 Central Division titles ( 1 ) 2015 West Division titles ( 6 ) 1976 1977 1978 1980 1984 1985 Wild card berths ( 1 ) 2014 ( 1 ) The Royals also qualified for the 1981 American League Division Series by winning the AL West in the second half of the 1981 season, which was split by a players ' strike. Kansas City lost in the ALDS to the Oakland Athletics Front office Owner ( s ) David Glass Manager Ned Yost General Manager Dayton Moore President of Baseball Operations Dan Glass The Kansas City Royals are an American professional baseball team based in Kansas City, Missouri. The Royals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member team of the American League ( AL ) Central division. The team was founded as an expansion franchise in 1969, and has participated in four World Series, winning in 1985 and 2015, and losing in 1980 and 2014. The name Royals originates from the American Royal, a livestock show, horse show, rodeo, and championship barbeque competition held annually in Kansas City since 1899. The name also fits into something of a theme for other professional sports franchises in the city, including the Kansas City Chiefs of the NFL, the former Kansas City Kings of the NBA, and the former Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro National League. In 1968, the team held a name - the - team contest that received more than 17,000 entries. Sanford Porte, a bridge engineer from the suburb of Overland Park, Kansas was named the winner for his `` Royals '' entry. His reason had nothing to do with royalty. `` Kansas City 's new baseball team should be called the Royals because of Missouri 's billion - dollar livestock income, Kansas City 's position as the nation 's leading stocker and feeder market and the nationally known American Royal parade and pageant, '' Porte wrote. The team 's board voted 6 - 1 on the name, with the only opposition coming from team owner Ewing Kauffman, who eventually changed his vote and said the name had grown on him. Entering the American League in 1969 along with the Seattle Pilots, the club was founded by Kansas City businessman Ewing Kauffman. The franchise was established following the actions of Stuart Symington, then - United States Senator from Missouri, who demanded a new franchise for the city after the Athletics ( Kansas City 's previous major league team that played from 1955 to 1967 ) moved to Oakland, California in 1968. Since April 10, 1973, the Royals have played at Kauffman Stadium, formerly known as Royals Stadium. The new team quickly became a powerhouse, appearing in the playoffs seven times from 1976 to 1985, winning one World Series championship and another AL pennant, led by stars such as Amos Otis, Hal McRae, John Mayberry, George Brett, Frank White, Willie Wilson, and Bret Saberhagen. The team remained competitive throughout the early 1990s, but then had only one winning season from 1995 to 2012. For 28 consecutive seasons ( 1986 -- 2013 ), the Royals did not qualify to play in the Major League Baseball postseason, one of the longest postseason droughts during baseball 's current wild - card era. The team broke this streak in 2014 by securing the franchise 's first wild card berth and advancing to the World Series. The Royals followed this up by winning the team 's first Central Division title in 2015 and defeating the Mets for their first World Series title in 30 years. Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1969 -- 1979 : Taking off 1.2 1980 -- 1984 : From pennant to pine tar incident 1.3 1985 : `` The I - 70 Series '' 1.3. 1 1985 World Series 1.4 1986 -- 1994 : Staying in the picture 1.5 1995 -- 2002 : Decline in the post-Kauffman era 1.6 2003 : A winning season 1.7 2004 -- 2008 : Rock bottom 1.8 2009 -- 2012 : Kauffman renovations and further rebuilding 1.9 2013 : Return to respectability 1.10 2014 : Return to the World Series 1.11 2015 : World Series champions 2 Rivalries 2.1 St. Louis Cardinals 2.2 Historic rivalry 3 Baseball Hall of Famers 3.1 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 4 Other players of note 4.1 Team captains 4.2 Missouri Sports Hall of Fame 4.3 Retired numbers 4.4 Hall of Fame 5 Current roster 6 Managers 7 Minor league affiliations 8 Season records 9 Radio and television 10 Mascot 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the Kansas City Royals For historical Kansas City baseball franchises, see List of past and present Kansas City sports teams. 1969 -- 1979 : taking off ( edit ) The Royals began play in 1969 in Kansas City, Missouri. In their inaugural game, on April 8, 1969, the Royals defeated the Minnesota Twins 4 -- 3 in 12 innings. The Royals wore their trademark powder blue road uniforms from 1973 to 1991 and reintroduced it in 2008 as an alternate jersey. The team was quickly built through a number of trades engineered by its first General Manager, Cedric Tallis, including a trade for Lou Piniella, who won the Rookie of the Year during the Royals ' inaugural season, center fielder Amos Otis, who became the team 's first great star, first baseman John Mayberry, who provided power, second baseman Cookie Rojas, shortstop Fred Patek, designated hitter Hal McRae, and others. The Royals also invested in a strong farm system and soon developed such future stars as pitchers Paul Splittorff, Dennis Leonard, and Steve Busby, infielders George Brett and Frank White, and outfielder Al Cowens. In 1971, the Royals had their first winning season, with manager Bob Lemon leading them to a second - place finish. In 1973, under manager Jack McKeon, the Royals adopted their iconic `` powder blue '' road uniforms and moved from Municipal Stadium to the brand - new Royals Stadium ( now known as Kauffman Stadium ). The 1973 All - Star Game was hosted at Royals Stadium, with Otis and Mayberry in the AL starting lineup. The event was previously held at Municipal Stadium in 1960, when the Athletics were based in Kansas City. Manager Whitey Herzog replaced McKeon in 1975, and the Royals quickly became the dominant franchise in the American League 's Western Division, winning three straight division championships from 1976 to 1978. However, the Royals lost to the New York Yankees in three straight American League Championship Series encounters. 1980 -- 1984 : from pennant to Pine Tar Incident ( edit ) After the Royals finished in second place in 1979, Herzog was fired and replaced by Jim Frey. Under Frey, the Royals rebounded in 1980 and advanced to the ALCS, where they again faced the Yankees. The Royals vanquished the Yankees in a three - game sweep punctuated by a George Brett home run off of Yankees ' star relief pitcher Goose Gossage. After reaching their first World Series, the Royals fell to the Philadelphia Phillies in six games. Game 6 was also significant because it remains the most - watched game in World Series history with a television audience of 54.9 million viewers. The baseball bat used by third baseman George Brett in the `` Pine Tar Incident '' on July 24, 1983 In July 1983, while the Royals were headed for a second - place finish behind the Chicago White Sox another chapter in the team 's rivalry with the New York Yankees occurred. In what has come to be known as `` the Pine Tar Incident '', umpires discovered illegal placement of pine tar ( more than 18 inches up the handle ) on third baseman George Brett 's bat after he had hit a two - run home run off Gossage that put the Royals up 5 -- 4 in the top of the 9th. After Yankee Manager Billy Martin came out of the dugout to talk to home plate umpire Tim McClelland, McClelland and the other umpires mulled over the bat ( measuring it over home plate, touching it, etc. ). McClelland then pointed to Brett in the dugout and gave the `` out '' sign, disallowing the home run. Enraged, Brett stormed out of the dugout toward McClelland and Martin, and McClelland ejected Brett. The homer was later reinstated by AL President Lee MacPhail, and the Royals won the game after it was resumed several weeks later. The 1983 season was also notable for some transitional changes in the Royals organization. First, owner Ewing Kauffman sold 49 % of his interest to Memphis developer Avron Fogelman. Second, John Schuerholz was named general manager. Schuerholz soon bolstered the farm system with pitchers Bud Black, Danny Jackson, Mark Gubicza, David Cone, and Bret Saberhagen, as well as hitters such as Kevin Seitzer. Thanks to the sudden and surprising maturation ( specifically, in pitching ) of most of the aforementioned players, the Royals won their fifth division championship in 1984, relying on Brett 's bat and the young pitching staff of Saberhagen, Gubicza, Charlie Leibrandt, Black and Jackson. The Royals were then swept by the Detroit Tigers in the American League Championship Series. The Tigers went on to win the World Series. 1985 : `` the I - 70 Series '' ( edit ) For more details on this topic, see 1985 Kansas City Royals season. The Commissioner 's Trophy from the 1985 World Series at Royals Stadium In the 1985 regular season the Royals topped the Western Division for the sixth time in ten years, led by Bret Saberhagen 's Cy Young Award - winning performance and George Brett 's self described best `` all around year. '' Throughout the ensuing playoffs, the Royals came back from 2 - 0 and 3 - 1 deficits, but managed to win the Series. In game three, with KC down 2 games to 0, George Brett homered twice and doubled off the fence in right field to put Kansas City back into the series. With the Royals down three - games - to - one in the American League Championship Series against the Toronto Blue Jays, the Royals eventually rallied to win the series 4 -- 3. 1985 World Series ( edit ) Main article : 1985 World Series In the 1985 World Series ( nicknamed the `` I - 70 Series '' because the two teams are both located in the state of Missouri and connected by Interstate 70 ) against the cross-state St. Louis Cardinals, the Royals again fell behind, three games to one. The key game in their comeback was Game 6. Facing elimination, the Royals trailed 1 -- 0 in the bottom of the 9th inning, before rallying to score two runs and win. 1986 -- 1994 : staying in the picture ( edit ) The Royals maintained a reputation as one of the American League West 's top teams throughout the late 1980s. The club posted a winning record in three of the four seasons following its 1985 World Series championship, while developing young stars such as Bo Jackson, Tom Gordon, and Kevin Seitzer. The Royals finished the 1989 season with a 92 -- 70 record ( third - best in the major leagues ) but did not qualify for the playoffs, finishing second in their division behind the eventual World Series champion Oakland Athletics. George Brett bats during a 1990 game at Royals Stadium. At the end of the 1989 season, the team boasted a powerhouse pitching rotation, including the AL Cy Young Award - winner Bret Saberhagen ( who set franchise record 23 wins that year ), two - time All - Star Mark Gubicza ( a 15 - game winner in 1989 ) and 1989 AL Rookie of the Year runner - up Tom Gordon ( who won 17 games that year ). But the organization felt it was still missing a few necessary pieces to give its divisional rival Oakland Athletics a run for their money. So prior to the 1990 season, the Royals acquired Mark Davis, the 1989 National League Cy Young Award - winner and league leader in saves, signing him to a 4 - year, $13 million contract ( the largest annual salary in baseball history at the time ). The Royals also signed starting pitcher Storm Davis, who was coming off a career - high 19 - game win season ( third - best in the AL ), to a three - year $6 million contract. Despite the promising off - season moves, the team suffered critical bullpen injuries while both newly signed Davises experienced lackluster seasons in 1990. The Royals concluded the season with a 75 -- 86 record, in second - to - last place in the AL West ( and with the worst franchise record since 1970 ). Bo Jackson -- the team 's potential future franchise player -- suffered a devastating hip injury while playing football in the off - season, so the Royals waived him during spring training in 1991. Though the team dropped out of contention from 1990 to 1992, the Royals still could generally be counted on to post winning records through the strike - shortened 1994 season. With no playoff appearances despite the winning records during this era, many of the team 's highlights instead centered around the end of George Brett 's career, such as his third and final batting title in 1990 -- which made him the first player to win batting titles in three different decades -- and his 3,000 th hit. 1995 -- 2002 : decline in the post-kauffman era ( edit ) At the start of the 1990s, the Royals had been hit with a double - whammy when General Manager John Schuerholz departed in 1990 and team owner Ewing Kauffman died in 1993. Shortly before Kauffman 's death, he set up an unprecedented complex succession plan to keep the team in Kansas City. The team was donated at his death to the Greater Kansas City Community Foundation and Affiliated Trusts with operating decisions of the team decided by a five - member group chaired by Wal - Mart executive David Glass. According to the plan the Royals had six years to find a local owner for the team before opening ownership to an outside bidder. The new owners would be required to say they would keep the team in Kansas City. Kauffman had feared that new owners would move it noting, `` No one would want to buy a baseball team that consistently loses millions of dollars and had little prospect of making money because it was in a small city. '' If no owner could be found the Kauffman restrictions were to end on January 1, 2002 and the team was to be sold to the highest bidder. In 1999, New York City lawyer and minor league baseball owner Miles Prentice, vowing not to move the team, bid $75 million for the team. This was the minimum amount Kauffman had stipulated the team could be sold for. MLB rejected Prentice 's first bid without specifying any reason. In a final round of bids on March 13, 2000, the Foundation voted to accept Glass ' bid of $96 million, rejecting Prentice 's revised bid of $115 million. During the interregnum under Foundation ownership, the team declined. In 1994 season, the Royals reduced payroll by trading pitcher David Cone and outfielder Brian McRae, then continued their salary dump in the 1995 season. The team payroll, which had previously remained among the league 's highest, was sliced in half from $40.5 million in 1994 ( fourth - highest in the major leagues ) to $18.5 million in 1996 ( second - lowest in the major leagues ). As attendance slid and the average MLB salary continued to rise, rather than pay higher salaries or lose their players to free agency, the Royals traded their remaining stars such as Kevin Appier, Johnny Damon and Jermaine Dye. By 1999, the team 's payroll had fallen again to $16.5 million. Making matters worse, most of the younger players that the Royals received in exchange for these All - Stars proved of little value, setting the stage for an extended downward spiral. Indeed, the Royals set a franchise low with a. 398 winning percentage ( 64 -- 97 record ) in 1999, and lost 97 games again in 2001. In the middle of this era, in 1997, the Royals declined the opportunity to switch to the National League as part of a realignment plan to introduce the Arizona Diamondbacks and Tampa Bay Devil Rays as expansion teams. The Milwaukee Brewers made the switch instead. In 2002, the Royals set a new team record for futility, losing 100 games for the first time in franchise history. They fired manager Tony Muser, and he was replaced by Tony Peña. 2003 : a winning season ( edit ) The 2003 season saw a temporary end to the losing, when manager Tony Peña, in his first full season with the club, guided the team to its first winning record ( 83 -- 79 ) since 1994 and finished in third place in the AL Central. He was named the American League Manager of the Year for his efforts and shortstop Ángel Berroa was named AL Rookie of the Year. Gil Meche pitching in 2008 2004 -- 2008 : rock bottom ( edit ) From the 2004 season through the 2012 season, the Royals posted nine consecutive losing records -- the longest streak in team history. In six of those seasons the team finished in last place in the American League Central, and in eight of those nine seasons the team also lost at least 90 games. The worst seasons came in 2004 -- 2006, when the Royals lost at least 100 games each year and set the franchise 's all - time record for losses ( 56 -- 106 in 2005 ). Picked by many to win their division in 2004 after faring well in the free agent market, the Royals got off to a disappointing start and by late June were back in a rebuilding mode, releasing veteran reliever Curtis Leskanic and trading veteran reliever Jason Grimsley and superstar center fielder Carlos Beltrán for prospects, all within a week of each other. The team subsequently fell apart completely, losing 104 games and breaking the franchise record set just two years earlier. The Royals did, however, see promising seasons from two rookies, center fielder David DeJesus and starting pitcher Zack Greinke. The team continued a youth movement in 2005, but finished with a 56 -- 106 record (. 346 ), a full 43 games out of first place, marking the third time in four seasons that the team reestablished the mark for worst record in franchise history. The season also saw the Royals lose a franchise record 19 games in a row. During the season manager Tony Peña quit and was replaced by interim manager Bob Schaefer until the Indians ' bench coach Buddy Bell was chosen as the next manager. Looking for a quick turnaround, general manager Allard Baird signed several veteran players prior to the 2006 season, including Doug Mientkiewicz, Mark Grudzielanek, Joe Mays and Scott Elarton. Nevertheless, the Royals struggled through another 100 - loss season in 2006, becoming just the eleventh team in major league history to lose 100 games in three straight seasons. During the season Baird was fired as GM and replaced by Dayton Moore. Kansas City entered the 2007 season looking to rebound from four out of five seasons ending with at least 100 losses. The Royals outbid the Cubs and Blue Jays for free agent righty Gil Meche, signing him to five - year, $55 million contract, the largest contract in Royals history. Reliever Octavio Dotel also inked a one - year, $5 million contract. The team also added several new prospects, including Alex Gordon and Billy Butler. Among Dayton Moore 's first acts as General Manager was instating a new motto for the team : `` True. Blue. Tradition. '' In June 2007, the Royals had their first winning month since July 2003, and followed it up with a winning July. The Royals finished the season 69 -- 93, but 2007 marked the club 's first season with fewer than 100 losses since 2003. Manager Buddy Bell resigned following the 2007 season. The Royals hired Trey Hillman, formerly the manager of the Nippon Ham Fighters and a minor league manager with the New York Yankees, to be the 15th manager in franchise history. The 2008 season began with the release of fan favorite Mike Sweeney and the trade of Ángel Berroa to the Dodgers. Through 13 games in 2008, the Royals were 8 -- 5 and in first place in the AL Central, a vast improvement over their start from the previous season. However, by the All - Star break, the Royals were again in losing territory, with their record buoyed only by a 13 -- 5 record in interleague play, the best in the American League. The team finished the season in fourth place with a 75 -- 87 record. 2009 -- 2012 : Kauffman renovations and further rebuilding ( edit ) Kauffman Stadium underwent renovations in 2009, including the addition of a high - definition scoreboard. Zack Greinke did not allow an earned run in the first 24 innings of the 2009 season. Prior to the 2009 season, the Royals renovated Kauffman Stadium. After the season began, the Royals ended April at the top of the AL Central, all of which raised excitement levels among fans. However, the team faded as the season progressed and finished the year with a final record of 65 -- 97, in a fourth place tie in its division. The season was highlighted by starter Zack Greinke, who did not allow an earned run in the first 24 innings of the season, went on to finish the year with a Major League - leading 2.16 earned run average, and won the American League Cy Young Award. Greinke joined Bret Saberhagen ( in 1985 and 1989 ) and David Cone ( in 1994 ) as the only three players in Royals history to receive the award. The Royals began the 2010 season with a rocky start, and after the team 's record fell to 12 -- 23, manager Trey Hillman was fired. Former Milwaukee Brewers skipper Ned Yost took over as manager. At the end of the 2010 season, the Royals finished with a 67 -- 95 record, in last place in the division for the sixth time in seven years. The Royals also set a dubious franchise record during the season, allowing 42 runs in a three - day span from July 25 to 27. The Royals began 2011 with a hot start with a 10 -- 4 record after 14 games, but success faded as the season progressed. The Royals last had a. 500 record at 22 -- 22, and by the All - Star break, the Royals had a record of 37 -- 54, the worst in the American League. Almost all of the Royals ' bullpen was called up in 2011 and the call up of the infielders Eric Hosmer, Mike Moustakas, Manny Piña, Johnny Giavotella, and Salvador Pérez. Hosmer won the AL Rookie of the Month award in July and September and finished the season with 19 home runs. Moustakas collected a fifteen - game hitting streak, which tied the largest such streak by a Royal rookie. The Royals finished the 2011 season with a 71 -- 91 record. The 2012 team saw more of the same, as they improved by one game to 72 -- 90. The 2012 Major League Baseball All - Star Game was hosted by the Royals at Kauffman Stadium on July 10, 2012 ( in addition to the 2012 Home Run Derby, All - Star Futures Game and Taco Bell All - Star Legends and Celebrity Softball Game during the All - Star break ), which the National League won 8 -- 0. The 2012 season marked the third time the `` Midsummer Classic '' was held in Kansas City. 2013 : return to respectability ( edit ) On December 10, 2012, in an attempt to strengthen the pitching staff ( which was among the worst in baseball in 2012 ), the Royals traded for Rays pitchers James Shields and Wade Davis giving Tampa top prospects Wil Myers, Jake Odorizzi, Mike Montgomery, and Patrick Leonard. This trade helped catalyze a return to winning records. In the 2013 season, the Royals remained over. 500 nearly most of April during regular season play. The team also did not commit an error in its first seven games ( for ​ 64 ⁄ innings ) for the first time in team history. On September 22, the Royals won their 82nd game of the season to clinch the franchise 's first winning season since 2003. The Royals finished the season 86 -- 76, securing the team 's best winning percentage since 1994. 2014 : return to the World Series ( edit ) The 2014 season was even more successful, featuring a return to the postseason for the first time in 29 years, and what would unfold as a historic playoff run to the 2014 World Series. Entering the 2014 season, the Royals had the longest playoff drought of any team in the four main American professional sports leagues ( NFL, MLB, NHL, and NBA ). On July 21, 2014, the Royals had a losing record ( 48 -- 50 ) and were eight games behind the Detroit Tigers in the AL Central standings. But spurred by a 22 -- 5 record from July 22 to August 19 coinciding with a mediocre 12 - 15 stretch by the Tigers, the team surged into first - place in the AL Central. The Royals reached the top of the division standings on August 11, after winning their eighth game in a row. This marked the latest date the Royals had led their division since August 29, 2003. The team retained its division lead for a month, before falling out of first - place permanently on September 12. They finished the 2014 regular season with a record 89 -- 73, still the most wins for the Royals since 1989. Though the team finished one game behind Detroit in the AL Central, the Royals secured their first - ever wild card berth. After qualifying for the postseason, the Royals embarked on a record - setting eight - game winning streak. They hosted the Oakland Athletics in the 2014 American League Wild Card Game and won 9 -- 8 on a Salvador Pérez walk - off single in the 12th inning, having earlier rallied back from a 7 -- 3 deficit in the eighth. The Royals then swept the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in the 2014 American League Division Series. In Game 1 of the ALDS, the score was 2 -- 2 going into the 11th inning, when Mike Moustakas hit a game - winning solo home run. The next day, Kansas City beat the Angels 4 -- 1 in another extra-innings affair, in the process setting an MLB postseason record of three straight extra-inning wins. The Royals then completed the sweep at home, winning 8 -- 3 in game three and advancing to the 2014 American League Championship Series against the Baltimore Orioles. In the opening game of the ALCS on October 11, 2014, the Royals defeated the Orioles 8 -- 6, with two home runs in the 10th inning. Thus, in eight extra innings over five postseason games in 2014, they succeeded in hitting four homers in extra innings, more than any team in the history of Major League Baseball. In the second ALCS game, the Royals again beat the Orioles 6 -- 4, behind Lorenzo Cain 's four hits, including an RBI single. After game three, the ALCS was delayed one day due to rainy weather, when the Royals hosted the Orioles at Kauffman Stadium on October 14, 2014. Pitcher Jeremy Guthrie allowed only one run as KC beat the Orioles 2 -- 1, taking a 3 -- 0 lead in the series. In Game four, the Royals completed the sweep of the Orioles with another 2 -- 1 win to advance to the World Series for the first time since 1985. The win marked the team 's eighth consecutive postseason win in one year, breaking a major league record previously held by the Colorado Rockies in 2007 and Cincinnati Reds in 1976. It also marked the Royals ' 11th win in a row overall in postseason play, dating back to the franchise 's final three wins of the 1985 Series, the third - longest multi-year postseason streak in baseball history. See also : 2014 World Series The Royals faced the San Francisco Giants in the 2014 World Series. They had home - field advantage, due to the American League 's win in the 2014 All - Star Game. After setting an AL record by winning eight straight games to reach the World Series, the Royals opened the series by losing 7 -- 1 in the first game against starter Madison Bumgarner. The Royals bounced back with a 7 -- 2 win in game two to tie the series at 1 -- 1. The Royals won game three in San Francisco 3 - 2 to take the series lead for the first time. In game four, the Royals lost 11 - 4, which tied the series with the Giants. In game five, they lost 5 - 0 to the Giants against starter Madison Bumgarner. In game six, the Royals beat the Giants 10 - 0. In game seven, the Royals started RHP Jeremy Guthrie against Giants pitcher Tim Hudson. Guthrie lasted ​ 3 ⁄ innings before he was replaced by Kelvin Herrera, who himself lasted ​ 2 ⁄ innings. He was then replaced by Wade Davis, who pitched in two innings. Closer Greg Holland ended the game. On the Giants side, Hudson lasted only ​ 1 ⁄ innings before he was replaced by Jeremy Affeldt, who was later replaced by Madison Bumgarner. The Royals lost game seven, 3 -- 2, with the tying run ( Alex Gordon ) on third base in the bottom of the ninth with two outs, when Salvador Pérez fouled out to Pablo Sandoval to end the game and the series. 2015 : World Series champions ( edit ) See also : 2015 World Series Royals celebrating winning the 2015 World Series After earning a wild - card entry to the playoffs in 2014, in 2015 the Royals won the franchise 's first division title since 1985 and first Central division title ever ( the Central was created in 1994 ). The Royals went on to win the 2015 World Series -- the first championship for the Royals since 1985 -- beating the New York Mets four games to one. The Royals entered the 2015 All - Star break with the best record in the American League ( 52 -- 34 ). The team continued its momentum into the second half of the season, and on July 26, Royals management traded three prospects Brandon Finnegan, John Lamb, and Cody Reed for 2014 All - Star pitcher Johnny Cueto to help bolster its starting pitching rotation, as well as trading for super-utility player Ben Zobrist. The team ended the regular season with a record of 95 -- 67, best in the American League, and the organization 's best since 1980. The Royals faced the Houston Astros in the ALDS. Down 2 -- 1 in the series and trailing 6 -- 2 in the 8th inning of Game 4, the Royals rallied for 5 runs en route to a 9 -- 6 win before Cueto 's gem in Game 5 powered the Royals to a second consecutive ALCS. The Royals defeated the Toronto Blue Jays in Game 6, to win the 2015 ALCS and earn a trip to face the New York Mets in the 2015 World Series. The Royals beat the New York Mets 4 games to 1 to become the 2015 World Series champions. It was the Royals ' first World Series title since 1985. The series win was sealed after the Royals beat the Mets 7 - 2 in the 12th inning of Game 5. The Royals rallied in the 9th inning down 2 - 0 to tie the score 2 - 2, forcing the game into extra innings. The five - run 12th inning was initiated by a Perez single and Dyson pinch - running for him. This was followed by a single from Christian Colon, doubles from both Alcides Escobar and Lorenzo Cain, scoring runs from Jarrod Dyson, Colon, Paulo Orlando ( who reached base on an error by Daniel Murphy ), Escobar and Ben Zobrist ( who was intentionally walked ). Wade Davis, who had n't allowed a run yet that postseason, closed out the game with a flawless 12th, allowing a hit and striking out Wilmer Flores to end the game and win the World Series for the Royals. Rivalries ( edit ) St. Louis Cardinals ( edit ) Main article : Cardinals -- Royals rivalry The Royals ' most prominent rivalry is with the intrastate St. Louis Cardinals. For geographic reasons, the teams long played exhibition games, but a true rivalry began with the Royals ' victory over the Cardinals in the 1985 World Series, known as the `` I - 70 Series. '' Notably, the manager for the Cardinals in the series was Whitey Herzog, who had been the Royals ' manager from 1975 to 1979, and led Kansas City to the franchise 's first three playoff appearances -- in 1976, 1977, and 1978 -- before getting fired just shortly after the Royals were eliminated from the playoffs in 1979. Interleague play in 1997 allowed the I - 70 Series to be revived in non-exhibition games. The first few seasons of the series were rather even, with the Cardinals holding a slight advantage with a 14 -- 13 record through the 2003 season. Through the 2016 season, the Cardinals hold the series advantage 51 -- 39. Historic rivalry ( edit ) From 1976 to 1980, the Royals faced the New York Yankees four times in five years in the American League Championship Series. The Yankees won in 1976, 1977 and 1978, while the Royals won in 1980. In a 2013 article about the 1983 Pine Tar Incident involving the two teams, Lou Pinella said : `` As a team, we did n't really like Kansas City. We had played them in the ' 76, ' 77 and ' 78 postseason and beaten them every time. There was no love lost between the teams. We did n't like each other. They were our big rivals... '' George Brett agreed : `` I hated everyone on the Yankees, I really did. I hated ' em all, back in that era. '' Baseball Hall of famers ( edit ) Kansas City Royals Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Kansas City Royals George Brett Orlando Cepeda Joe Gordon Whitey Herzog Harmon Killebrew Bob Lemon Gaylord Perry John Schuerholz * Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Royals cap insignia. * Inductee 's plaque has no team 's cap or insignia. Ford C. Frick Award recipients ( edit ) Kansas City Royals Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Denny Matthews Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Royals. Other players of note ( edit ) See also : Kansas City Royals award winners and league leaders Team captains ( edit ) 5 George Brett 1989 -- 1993 20 Frank White 1989 -- 1990 29 Mike Sweeney 2003 -- 2007 Missouri Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Missouri Sports Hall of Fame Kansas City Royals in the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame No. Player Position Tenure Notes -- Ewing Kauffman Founder / Owner 1969 -- 1993 Born near Garden City, grew up in Kansas City -- Art Stewart Scout 1969 -- present -- George Toma Groundskeeper 1969 -- 1999 Fred Patek SS 1971 -- 1979 5 George Brett 3B / DH / 1B 1973 -- 1993 6 Willie Wilson CF / LF 1976 -- 1990 6 Jim Eisenreich OF 1987 -- 1992 7 John Mayberry 1B 1972 -- 1977 8 15 Mike MacFarlane 1987 -- 1994 1996 -- 1998 11 Hal McRae OF / DH / Coach Manager 1973 -- 1987 1991 -- 1994 12 John Wathan Manager 1976 -- 1985 1987 -- 1991 15 Darrell Porter 1977 -- 1980 Born in Joplin 16 Bo Jackson OF / DH 1987 -- 1990 18 Jamie Quirk 1975 -- 1976 1978 -- 1982 1985 -- 1988 20 Frank White 2B 1973 -- 1990 Attended Longview Community College in Lee 's Summit 21 Jeff Montgomery RP 1988 -- 1999 22 Dennis Leonard SP 1974 -- 1986 22 Mark Gubicza SP 1984 -- 1996 24 Whitey Herzog Manager 1975 -- 1979 Elected mainly on his performance with St. Louis Cardinals 26 Amos Otis CF 1970 -- 1983 29, 40 Vince Coleman LF 1994 -- 1995 29 Dan Quisenberry RP 1979 -- 1988 29 Mike Sweeney C / 1B / DH 1995 -- 2007 30 Orlando Cepeda 1B Elected mainly on his performance with San Francisco Giants 34 Paul Splittorff SP 1970 -- 1984 36 Gaylord Perry SP Elected mainly on his performance with San Francisco Giants 39 Al Hrabosky RP 1978 -- 1979 40 Steve Busby SP 1972 -- 1980 Retired numbers ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers George Brett 3B Retired 1994 Dick Howser Manager Retired Frank White 2B Retired 1995 Jackie Robinson All MLB Honored April 15, 1997 The Royals have retired the numbers of former players George Brett ( No. 5 ) and Frank White ( No. 20 ). Former manager Dick Howser 's No. 10 was retired following his death in 1987. Former Brooklyn Dodgers player Jackie Robinson 's No. 42 is retired throughout Major League Baseball. Hall of Fame ( edit ) Key Year Year inducted Bold Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame as a member of the Royals Bold Recipient of the Hall of Fame 's Ford C. Frick Award Kansas City Royals Hall of Fame Inducted No. Player Position Tenure 1986 40 Steve Busby SP 1972 -- 1980 26 Amos Otis CF 1970 -- 1983 10 Dick Howser Manager 1981 -- 1986 Cookie Rojas 2B 1970 -- 1977 34 Paul Splittorff SP 1970 -- 1984 1989 22 Dennis Leonard SP 1974 -- 1986 11 Hal McRae OF / DH / Coach Manager 1973 -- 1987 1991 -- 1994 1992 -- Joe Burke GM President 1974 -- 1981 1981 -- 1992 32 Larry Gura SP 1976 -- 1985 Freddie Patek SS 1971 -- 1979 1993 -- Ewing Kauffman Owner and tributary of name of Kauffman Stadium 1969 -- 1993 1994 5 George Brett 3B / DH / 1B 1973 -- 1993 1995 20 Frank White 2B 1973 -- 1990 -- Muriel Kauffman Executive and wife of Ewing 1969 -- 1995 7 John Mayberry 1B 1972 -- 1977 1998 29 Dan Quisenberry RP 1979 -- 1988 2000 24 Whitey Herzog Manager 1975 -- 1979 6 Willie Wilson CF / LF 1976 -- 1990 2003 21 Jeff Montgomery RP 1988 -- 1999 -- Denny Matthews Radio announcer 1969 -- present 2005 31 Bret Saberhagen SP 1984 -- 1991 2006 23 Mark Gubicza SP 1984 -- 1996 2008 -- Art Stewart Scout 1969 -- present 2011 55 Kevin Appier SP 1989 -- 1999 2003 -- 2004 2012 -- George Toma Groundskeeper 1969 -- 1999 2015 29 Mike Sweeney C / 1B / DH 1995 -- 2007 Current roster ( edit ) Royals at Baltimore Orioles May, 2011 Kansas City Royals 2018 spring training roster view talk 40 - man roster Non-roster invitees Coaches / Other Pitchers 54 Scott Alexander 50 Miguel Almonte -- Scott Barlow 49 Ryan Buchter 41 Danny Duffy 33 Brian Flynn 62 Sam Gaviglio 39 Jason Hammel 40 Kelvin Herrera -- Tim Hill 65 Jake Junis 55 Nate Karns -- Brad Keller 31 Ian Kennedy 59 Andrés Machado 32 Brandon Maurer 61 Kevin McCarthy -- Wily Peralta 69 Eric Skoglund -- Burch Smith 48 Joakim Soria -- Eric Stout 45 Kyle Zimmer Catchers 9 Drew Butera 36 Cam Gallagher 13 Salvador Pérez -- Meibrys Viloria Infielders 19 Cheslor Cuthbert 17 Hunter Dozier 67 Samir Duenez 15 Whit Merrifield 27 Raúl A. Mondesí 46 Ramón Torres Outfielders 38 Jorge Bonifacio 14 Billy Burns 4 Alex Gordon 16 Paulo Orlando 12 Jorge Soler 11 Bubba Starling Designated hitters 37 Brandon Moss Manager 3 Ned Yost Coaches 80 Ryan Eigsti ( bullpen catcher ) 28 Pedro Grifol ( quality control / catching / assistant hitting ) 23 Mike Jirschele ( third base ) 35 Mitch Maier ( first base ) 21 Dale Sveum ( bench ) -- Terry Bradshaw ( hitting ) -- Vance Wilson ( bullpen ) -- Cal Eldred ( pitching ) 40 active, 0 inactive, 0 non-roster invitees 7 - or 10 - day disabled list * Not on active roster Suspended list Roster, coaches, and NRIs updated December 14, 2017 Transactions Depth Chart → All MLB rosters Managers ( edit ) Main article : List of Kansas City Royals managers Statistics current through November 1, 2015 # Manager Seasons Wins Losses Pct PA PW PL WS Gordon! Joe Gordon 1969 0069! 69 0093! 93. 426 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- Metro! Charlie Metro 1970 0019! 19 0033! 33. 365 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- Lemon! Bob Lemon 1970 -- 1972 0207! 207 0218! 218. 487 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- McKeon! Jack McKeon 1973 -- 1975 0215! 215 0205! 205. 512 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 5 Herzog! Whitey Herzog 1975 -- 1979 0410! 410 0304! 304. 574 000! 3 000! 5 000! 9 000! 0 6 Frey! Jim Frey 1980 -- 1981 0127! 127 0105! 105. 547 000! 1 000! 5 000! 4 000! 0 7 Howser! Dick Howser 1981 -- 1986 0404! 404 0365! 365. 525 000! 3 000! 8 000! 12 000! 1 8 Ferraro! Mike Ferraro 1986 0036! 36 0038! 38. 486 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 9 Gardner! Billy Gardner 0062! 62 0064! 64. 492 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 10 Wathan! John Wathan 1987 -- 1991 0287! 287 0270! 270. 515 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 11 Schaefer! Bob Schaefer 1991 0001! 1 0000! 0 1.000 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 12 McRae! Hal McRae 1991 -- 1994 0286! 286 0277! 277. 508 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 13 Boone! Bob Boone 1995 -- 1997 0181! 181 0206! 206. 468 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 14 Muser! Tony Muser 1997 -- 2002 0317! 317 0431! 431. 424 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 15 Mizerock! John Mizerock 2002 0005! 5 0008! 8. 385 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 16 Peña! Tony Peña 2002 -- 2005 0198! 198 0285! 285. 410 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- -- Schaefer! Bob Schaefer 2005 0005! 5 0012! 12. 294 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 17 Bell! Buddy Bell 2005 -- 2007 0174! 174 0262! 262. 399 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 18 Hillman! Trey Hillman 2008 -- 2010 0152! 152 0207! 207. 423 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 000! -- 19 Yost! Ned Yost 2010 -- present 0468! 468 0469! 469. 499 000! 2 000! 22 000! 9 000! 1 Totals -- -- 3623 3852. 485 9 40 34 Minor league affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of Kansas City Royals minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Omaha Storm Chasers Pacific Coast League Papillion, Nebraska AA Northwest Arkansas Naturals Texas League Springdale, Arkansas Advanced A Wilmington Blue Rocks Carolina League Wilmington, Delaware Lexington Legends South Atlantic League Lexington. Kentucky Rookie - Advanced Idaho Falls Chukars Pioneer League Idaho Falls, Idaho Burlington Royals Appalachian League Burlington, North Carolina Rookie AZL Royals Arizona Summer League Surprise, AZ DSL Royals Dominican Summer League Dominican Republic Season records ( edit ) Main article : List of Kansas City Royals seasons Highest batting average :. 390, George Brett ( 1980 ) Most games : 162, Al Cowens ( 1977 ), Hal McRae ( 1977 ), Carlos Beltrán ( 2002 ), Billy Butler ( 2013 ), Alcides Escobar ( 2014, 2016 ) Most runs : 136, Johnny Damon ( 2000 ) Most hits : 230, Willie Wilson ( 1980 ) Highest slugging % :. 664, George Brett ( 1980 ) Most doubles : 54, Hal McRae ( 1977 ) Most triples : 21, Willie Wilson ( 1985 ) Most home runs : 38, Mike Moustakas ( 2017 ) Most grand slams : 3, Danny Tartabull ( 1988 ) Most RBIs : 144, Mike Sweeney ( 2000 ) Most stolen bases : 83, Willie Wilson ( 1979 ) Most wins : 23, Bret Saberhagen ( 1989 ) Lowest ERA : 2.08, Roger Nelson ( 1972 ) Strikeouts : 244, Dennis Leonard ( 1977 ) Most strikeouts, single game : 16, Danny Duffy ( 2016 ) Most strikeouts, Reliever : 109, Wade Davis ( 2014 ) Complete games : 21, Dennis Leonard ( 1977 ) Saves : 47, Greg Holland ( 2013 ) Radio and television ( edit ) As of 2012, the Royals affiliate radio station is KCSP 610AM, the station having entered into a new four - year deal starting from the 2015 season. The radio announcers are Denny Matthews and Ryan Lefebvre, with Steve Stewart and Steve Physioc. Televised games are aired on Fox Sports Kansas City, a branch of Fox Sports Midwest. For the 2012 season, Ryan Lefebvre will be joined by Jeff Montgomery for about 20 games while the rest of the broadcasts will be covered by former Angels announcer duo of Rex Hudler and Steve Physioc. During the 2016 season, the Royals averaged a 11.7 rating and 105,000 viewers on primetime TV broadcasts. On February 22, 2007, Matthews was selected as the 2007 recipient of the Ford C. Frick Award, presented annually for major contributions to baseball broadcasting. Mascot ( edit ) Sluggerrr is the mascot of the Royals. Sluggerrr is a lion, and made his first appearance on April 5, 1996. On game day, Sluggerrr can be found giving aggressive encouragement to players and fans, pitching in the `` Little K '', and firing hot dogs from an air cannon into the stands between innings. See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Kansas City Royals Baseball Academy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Royals ( 1969 -- present ) '' Archived September 18, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., sportsecyclopedia.com Jump up ^ `` The Kansas City Royals are named for cows, not kings and queens ''. October 17, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Royals to create new uniform tradition with powder blue alternates for 2008 ''. Kansas City Royals. MLB Advanced Media, LP. December 5, 2007. Archived from the original on October 31, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014. Jump up ^ Sandomir, Richard ( October 18, 2014 ). `` Baseball World Series : Postseason Vanishing From Broadcast Networks ''. The New York Times. CLXIV ( 56,657 ) : D4. Archived from the original on October 27, 2014. Retrieved October 25, 2014. Jump up ^ `` 1985 World Series Kansas City Royals over St Louis Cardinals ''. Archived from the original on November 30, 2007. Retrieved June 30, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Kansas City Royals Team History & Encyclopedia -- Baseball-Reference.com ''. Archived from the original on April 23, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2012. Jump up ^ Horst, Craig ( March 25, 1990 ). `` Royals ' lineup for 1990 is virtually set ''. The Daily Union. p. 15. Retrieved April 18, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Engel, Michael ( December 17, 2011 ). `` The Cautionary Tale of the 1990 Royals ''. Kings of Kauffman. FanSided. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Nightengale, Bob ( December 12, 1989 ). `` Royals Sign Mark Davis to $13 - Million Contract ''. Los Angeles Times. p. C1. Archived from the original on April 12, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2012. Jump up ^ Horst, Craig ( March 19, 1991 ). `` Bo no go, waive star ''. Kentucky New Era. Associated Press. p. 2B. Retrieved October 3, 2012. Jump up ^ Published. `` New Royals Owner : Greater Kansas City Community Foundation -- SportsBusiness Daily, SportsBusiness Journal ''. SportsBusiness Daily. Retrieved May 18, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Baseball rejects Prentice 's bid for Royals ''. CNN. November 11, 1999. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Royals board approves team sale to Prentice group ''. Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Word -- newsltr. 002 '' ( PDF ). Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 5, 2011. Retrieved May 18, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Baseball strikes out Prentice ; Royals must again start hunt for bidders '', Kansas City Star, November 11, 1999 Jump up ^ `` Lengthy sale process could prove beneficial '', Kansas City Star, March 15, 2000, Jason Whitlock author ^ Jump up to : Dutton, Bob ( April 4, 2010 ). `` Royals to Open 2010 Season With $70.1 million Payroll ''. Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on April 9, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2010. Jump up ^ `` USA Today Salaries Database ''. USA Today. October 24, 2007. Archived from the original on November 10, 2009. Retrieved April 5, 2010. Jump up ^ `` KC Breaking News, Sports, Weather & More -- KansasCity.com & The Kansas City Star ''. Jump up ^ Flanagan, Jeffrey. Royals reach to past with newest slogan Kansas City Star, February 28, 2007. Jump up ^ Dick Kaegel / MLB.com ( May 31, 2005 ). `` Bell stepping down as Royals skipper ''. KansasCity.Royals.MLB.com. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. Retrieved May 18, 2011. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dick Kaegel / MLB.com. `` Royals introduce Hillman as new manager, MLB.com, 22 October 2007 ''. Kansascity.royals.mlb.com. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. Retrieved May 18, 2011. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : McCullough, Andy ( August 11, 2014 ). `` Royals reclaim first place in Central with 3 -- 2 victory over Oakland ''. Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on August 14, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2014. Jump up ^ McCullough, Andy ( September 30, 2014 ). `` Royals win AL Wild Card Game in walk - off thriller, 9 -- 8 ''. Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on October 1, 2014. Retrieved September 30, 2014. Jump up ^ McCullough, Andy. `` Royals to play for American League pennant after sweeping Angels with 8 -- 3 win ''. Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 6, 2014. Jump up ^ Bertha, Mike. `` The small - ball Royals have more extra-inning, postseason home runs than any team ever ''. MLB.com Cut4. MLB.com. Retrieved October 11, 2014. Jump up ^ McCullough, Andy. Royals rally in ninth inning to beat Baltimore 6 -- 4, take 2 -- 0 lead in ALCS Archived October 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine., Kansas City Star, October 12, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Royals one win from World Series, lead ALCS 3 - 0 ''. USA TODAY. October 14, 2014. Archived from the original on October 15, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Kansas City Royals Beat New York Mets 7 - 2 to Win World Series ''. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Jump up ^ Jazayerli, Rany ( July 27, 2015 ). `` No More Royal Pains ''. Grantland. Archived from the original on July 28, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Johnny Cueto pitches Royals to ALDS victory ''. Major League Baseball. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Royals vs. New York Mets -- Play By Play -- November 01, 2015 -- ESPN ''. ESPN.com. Archived from the original on November 2, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Pine Tar Game : George Brett and most controversial HR ever ''. SI.com. Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Royals Radio Network Archived April 21, 2017, at the Wayback Machine., bizjournals.com. Retrieved April 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Royals Radio Network Archived February 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine., MLB.com. Retrieved March 10, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Steve Physioc ''. Media.610Sports.com. February 16, 2012. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2012. Jump up ^ `` 2 / 10 WW Hour 3 ''. Media.610Sports.com. Archived from the original on August 13, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2012. Jump up ^ Here Are The 2016 MLB Prime Time Television Ratings For Each Team - Maury Brown, Forbes SportsMoney, 28 September 2016 Jump up ^ `` Royals announcer Matthews wins Frick Award -- MLB -- CBSSports.com Live Scores, Stats, Schedules ''. Sportsline.com. February 22, 2007. Archived from the original on January 11, 2013. Retrieved May 18, 2011. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kansas City Royals. Kansas City Royals official website Around the Horn in KC -- Official MLBlog of the Kansas City Royals front office. CBS SportsLine.com Sports E-Cyclopedia Preceded by Detroit Tigers San Francisco Giants World Series Champions 1985 2015 Succeeded by New York Mets Chicago Cubs Preceded by Baltimore Orioles Detroit Tigers Boston Red Sox American League Champions 1980 1985 2014 & 2015 Succeeded by New York Yankees Boston Red Sox Cleveland Indians Kansas City Royals Based in Kansas City, Missouri Franchise History Expansion and draft Seasons Current roster Owners and executives Managers Opening Day starting pitchers All - time roster First - round draft picks Records No - hitters Awards and league leaders Broadcasters Kansas City Royals Baseball Academy Fox Sports Kansas City Royals Sports Television Network Ballparks Municipal Stadium Kauffman Stadium Spring training Terry Park Baseball City Stadium Surprise Stadium Culture Sluggerrr Denny Matthews Ryan Lefebvre American Royal `` Royals ( song ) '' Lore Pine Tar Incident The Call 2014 AL Wild Card Game Miracle at Minute Maid Hosmer 's Mad Dash Rivalries St. Louis Cardinals Team Hall of Fame Steve Busby Amos Otis Dick Howser Cookie Rojas Paul Splittorff Dennis Leonard Hal McRae Joe Burke Larry Gura Freddie Patek Ewing Kauffman George Brett Frank White Muriel Kauffman John Mayberry Dan Quisenberry Whitey Herzog Willie Wilson Jeff Montgomery Denny Matthews Bret Saberhagen Mark Gubicza Art Stewart Kevin Appier Mike Sweeney Minor league affiliates AAA Omaha Storm Chasers AA Northwest Arkansas Naturals A Adv. Wilmington Blue Rocks Lexington Legends Rookie Adv. Idaho Falls Chukars Burlington Royals Rookie AZL Royals DSL Royals Key personnel Owner : David Glass General Manager : Dayton Moore Manager : Ned Yost World Series championships ( 2 ) 1985 2015 American League pennants ( 4 ) 1980 1985 2014 2015 Division titles West 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 ( second half ) 1984 1985 Central 2015 Wild Card 2014 Seasons ( 50 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990s 1992 1993 1994 1995 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles Kansas City Royals 1985 World Series champions 1 Buddy Biancalana 2 Onix Concepción 3 Jorge Orta 4 Greg Pryor 5 George Brett ( ALCS MVP ) 6 Willie Wilson 8 Jim Sundberg 9 Dane Iorg 11 Hal McRae 12 John Wathan 15 Pat Sheridan 18 Jamie Quirk 20 Frank White 21 Lonnie Smith 23 Mark Gubicza 24 Darryl Motley 25 Danny Jackson 26 Steve Farr 27 Joe Beckwith 29 Dan Quisenberry 31 Bret Saberhagen ( World Series MVP ) 35 Lynn Jones 37 Charlie Leibrandt 40 Bud Black 45 Steve Balboni Manager 10 Dick Howser Coaches 14 Lee May 41 Mike Ferraro 42 José Martínez 43 Gary Blaylock 44 Jimmie Schaffer Regular season American League Championship Series Rivalry Kansas City Royals 2015 World Series champions 1 Jarrod Dyson 2 Alcides Escobar ( ALCS MVP ) 4 Alex Gordon 6 Lorenzo Cain 8 Mike Moustakas 9 Drew Butera 13 Salvador Pérez ( World Series MVP ) 15 Alex Ríos 16 Paulo Orlando 17 Wade Davis 18 Ben Zobrist 24 Christian Colón 25 Kendrys Morales 27 Raúl A. Mondesí 30 Yordano Ventura 32 Chris Young 35 Eric Hosmer 36 Edinson Vólquez 39 Kris Medlen 40 Kelvin Herrera 41 Danny Duffy 44 Luke Hochevar 45 Franklin Morales 46 Ryan Madson 47 Johnny Cueto Manager 3 Ned Yost Coaches Bench Coach 22 Don Wakamatsu First Base Coach 81 Rusty Kuntz Third Base Coach 23 Mike Jirschele Hitting Coach 21 Dale Sveum Pitching Coach 58 Dave Eiland Bullpen Coach 57 Doug Henry Catching 28 Pedro Grifol Bullpen Catcher 88 Cody Clark Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Kansas City Royals general managers Tallis Burke Schuerholz Robinson Baird Moore Kansas City Royals managers Joe Gordon ( 1969 ) Charlie Metro ( 1970 ) Bob Lemon ( 1970 -- 1972 ) Jack McKeon ( 1973 -- 1975 ) Whitey Herzog ( 1975 -- 1979 ) Jim Frey ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Dick Howser ( 1981 -- 1986 ) Mike Ferraro ( 1986 ) Billy Gardner ( 1987 ) John Wathan ( 1987 -- 1991 ) Bob Schaefer ( 1991 ) Hal McRae ( 1991 -- 1994 ) Bob Boone ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Tony Muser ( 1997 -- 2002 ) John Mizerock ( 2002 ) Tony Peña ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Bob Schaefer ( 2005 ) Buddy Bell ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Trey Hillman ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Ned Yost ( 2010 -- ) Kansas City Royals retired numbers 5 George Brett 10 Dick Howser 20 Frank White Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Luxury tax Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL American League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : National League Origins : ( History Western League ) Honorary president : Frank Robinson Current teams East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers Former, relocated, and disestablished teams Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 1967 ) Milwaukee Brewers I ( 1901 ) Milwaukee Brewers II ( 1970 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 1954 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 1953 ) Washington Senators I ( 1901 -- 1960 ) Washington Senators II ( 1961 -- 1971 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Designated hitter Professional baseball Sports teams based in Missouri Baseball MLB Kansas City Royals St. Louis Cardinals TL Springfield Cardinals FL River City Rascals AA Joplin Blasters Basketball IBA St. Louis Trotters Football NFL Kansas City Chiefs CIF Kansas City Phantoms Independent Kansas City Storm Ice hockey NHL St. Louis Blues ECHL Kansas City Mavericks NA3HL St. Louis Jr. Blues WSHL Springfield Express Roller derby WFTDA Arch Rival Roller Derby CoMo Derby Dames Springfield Roller Girls St. Chux Derby Chix MRDA St. Louis GateKeepers Rugby USAR Kansas City Blues St. Louis Bombers Soccer USL Saint Louis FC Swope Park Rangers MASL Kansas City Comets St. Louis Ambush NPSL Joplin Demize PDL Saint Louis FC U23 St. Louis Lions Tennis WTT Springfield Lasers College athletics ( NCAA Div. I ) Missouri Missouri State Saint Louis Southeast Missouri UMKC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kansas_City_Royals&oldid=816090290 '' Categories : Cactus League Kansas City Royals 1969 establishments in Missouri Major League Baseball teams Baseball teams established in 1969 Sports in the Kansas City metropolitan area Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from October 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017, at 05 : 33. 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{ "text": "Full House - wikipedia Full House Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the American television series. For other uses, see Full House ( disambiguation ). Full House Genre Sitcom Created by Jeff Franklin Starring John Stamos Bob Saget Dave Coulier Candace Cameron Jodie Sweetin Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen Lori Loughlin Andrea Barber Scott Weinger Blake and Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit Theme music composer Jesse Frederick Bennett Salvay Jeff Franklin Opening theme `` Everywhere You Look '', performed by Jesse Frederick Ending theme `` Everywhere You Look '' ( instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Jesse Frederick Bennett Salvay Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 192 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jeff Franklin Thomas L. Miller Robert L. Boyett Dennis Rinsler ( 1988 -- 95 ) Marc Warren ( 1988 -- 95 ) Producer ( s ) Don Van Atta James O'Keefe Bonnie Bogard Maier Camera setup Videotape ; Multi-camera Running time 21 -- 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Jeff Franklin Productions Miller - Boyett Productions Lorimar - Telepictures ( 1987 -- 88 ) Lorimar Television ( 1988 -- 93 ) Warner Bros. Television ( 1993 -- 95 ) Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution ( 1991 -- present ) Release Original network ABC Picture format 480i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) Original release September 22, 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 22 ) -- May 23, 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 23 ) Chronology Followed by Fuller House ( 2016 -- present ) Full House is an American sitcom created by Jeff Franklin for ABC. The show chronicles the events of widowed father, Danny Tanner, who enlists his brother - in - law and best friend to help raise his three daughters. It aired from September 22, 1987, to May 23, 1995, broadcasting eight seasons and 192 episodes. While never a critical favorite, the series was consistently in the Nielsen Top 30 ( from 1988 onward ) and gained even more popularity in syndicated reruns. It has also had tie - in merchandise marketed, such as a series of paperback books. A sequel series, Fuller House, premiered on Netflix on February 26, 2016. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Main cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Taping 3.3 Theme song 4 Episodes 5 U.S. syndication 6 Critical reception 7 Reunions 7.1 Spin - off series 8 Other media 8.1 DVD releases 8.2 Book series 8.3 Russian adaptation 8.4 The Unauthorized Full House Story 9 Awards and nominations 10 References 11 External links Plot summary ( edit ) After his wife is killed in a car accident, news anchorman Danny Tanner recruits his brother - in - law Jesse Katsopolis ( a rock musician ) and best friend Joey Gladstone ( who works as a stand - up comedian ) to help raise his three young daughters : D.J., Stephanie, and Michelle, in his San Francisco home. Over time, the three men as well as the children bond and become closer to one another. In season two, Danny is reassigned from his duties as sports anchor by his television station to become co-host of a local morning television show, Wake Up, San Francisco, and is teamed up with Nebraska native Rebecca Donaldson. Jesse and Becky eventually fall in love and get married in season four. In season five, Becky gives birth to twin sons, Nicky and Alex. Main cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Full House and Fuller House characters John Stamos as Jesse Katsopolis Bob Saget as Danny Tanner Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone Candace Cameron as D.J. Tanner Jodie Sweetin as Stephanie Tanner Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen as Michelle Tanner Lori Loughlin as Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis Andrea Barber as Kimmy Gibbler Scott Weinger as Steve Hale Blake and Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit as Nicky and Alex Katsopolis Jump up ^ The character 's surname was changed from `` Cochran '' to `` Katsopolis '' after the first season ended. Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) John Posey as Danny Tanner in the pilot ( shown with Sweetin and Cameron as Stephanie and D.J. ) The producers ' first choice to play the character of Danny Tanner was Bob Saget. Saget was not available to appear in the pilot due to his commitment as an on - air contributor to CBS 's The Morning Program. The producers instead cast actor John Posey to play Danny. Posey only appeared in the unaired pilot ( which is included on the DVD release of Season 1 ). John Stamos 's character was originally named Jesse Cochran ; Stamos reportedly wanted his character to better reflect his Greek heritage, so producers decided to change the character 's surname to Katsopolis ( beginning with season two ). To comply with child labor laws, twins Ashley and Mary - Kate Olsen were cast to alternate in the role of Michelle during tapings. The girls were jointly credited as `` Mary Kate Ashley Olsen '' in seasons two through seven because the producers did not want audiences to know that the Michelle character was played by twins. ( In an occasional running gag, both twins would occasionally appear together in fantasy sequences. ) All six of the original cast members remained with the show through its entire eight - year run, with five characters added to the cast along the way. Kimmy Gibbler, a recurring character in seasons one through four, was upgraded to a regular in season five. Rebecca Donaldson ( later Katsopolis ) originally appeared for six episodes in season two as Danny 's co-host on Wake Up, San Francisco ; producers decided to expand her role and made her a regular the following season. Nicky and Alex Katsopolis, the twin sons of Jesse and Rebecca, made their debut in season five. As babies, the children were played by Daniel and Kevin Renteria, and in season six, the roles of the twins were succeeded by Blake and Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit. The last character added was Steve Hale, who was D.J. 's boyfriend in seasons six and seven. He returned in the second half of the series finale after Kimmy set him up with D.J. to be her date for the senior prom. He was played by Scott Weinger. Comet, the family dog, was played by a golden retriever named Buddy. Buddy later appeared in the original Air Bud ( 1997 ) before dying of lung cancer at the age of nine. Taping ( edit ) The series was created by Jeff Franklin and executive produced by Franklin, along with Thomas L. Miller and Robert L. Boyett. The series was produced by Jeff Franklin Productions and Miller - Boyett Productions, in association with Lorimar - Telepictures ( 1987 -- 88 ), Lorimar Television ( 1988 -- 93 ), and then by Warner Bros. Television ( 1993 -- 95 ) after Lorimar was folded into Warner Bros. 's existing television production division. Although the series was set in San Francisco, the sitcom itself was taped at the Warner Bros. Studios in Los Angeles. Outside of certain excerpts in the opening title sequences, the only episode to have actually been taped in San Francisco was the first episode of season eight, `` Comet 's Excellent Adventure ''. There were also a few episodes which were filmed on - location elsewhere, most notably Hawaii in the season three premiere `` Tanner 's Island '', and at Walt Disney World for the two - part sixth - season finale `` The House Meets the Mouse ''. The series experienced heavy turnover with its writing staff throughout its run, the first season in particular had at least three writing staff changes with Lenny Ripps ( who remained with the show until the early part of the fourth season, by then serving as a creative consultant ) and Russell Marcus being the only writers surviving the changes through the entire season. Show creator and executive producer Jeff Franklin was the only writer to remain with the series throughout its entire eight - season run ( Franklin also wrote and directed several episodes during the first five seasons ). Marc Warren and Dennis Rinsler joined the series ' writing staff in the second season as producers and remained with the show until its 1995 cancellation ; Warren and Rinsler took over as head writers by season five and assumed showrunning duties as executive producers for the sixth season to allow Franklin to focus on Hangin ' With Mr. Cooper ( Full House served as Cooper 's lead - in when the former aired on Tuesday nights during the 1992 -- 93 season ). Theme song ( edit ) The show 's theme song, `` Everywhere You Look '', was performed by Jesse Frederick, who co-wrote the song with writing partner Bennett Salvay and series creator Jeff Franklin. Various instrumental versions of the theme song were used in the closing credits ; the version used during seasons three through eight was also used in the opening credits in some early syndication runs, although the song was almost always truncated to the chorus for broadcast. Seasons one through five used a longer version of the theme song. In syndicated airings, the line `` you miss your old familiar friends, but waiting just around the bend '' replaced the lines starting with `` how did I get delivered here, somebody tell me please... '' ( after ABC Family acquired the series in 2003, it became the first television outlet to air the long versions of the theme since the series ' ABC run, which were included only in select episodes from the first five seasons, whereas the full version was used in most episodes during those seasons ). Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Full House episodes Full House originally aired on Fridays from September 1987 to August 1991, which spanned the show 's first four seasons, and later became the flagship program of ABC 's newly launched TGIF block in September 1989. The show was briefly moved to Tuesdays during the 1987 -- 88 season and then aired twice a week on Tuesdays and Fridays for a few months in order to help the series build an audience. It remained on Fridays permanently for the next three seasons, as the show 's ratings increased. Full House was moved to Tuesdays full - time for season five and remained there until the series ended in 1995. While the show 's first season was not very successful, mostly because it was a new series placed in an 8 p.m. Eastern timeslot ( most freshman series start out in protected time slots preceded by successful lead - ins ), the show quickly became popular during its second season as it was placed immediately following the established hit show Perfect Strangers ( which was also produced by Tom Miller and Bob Boyett ). From season three onwards, it was ranked among Nielsen 's Top 30 shows ( a ratings increase which allowed the series to move back to Fridays at 8 p.m. ). By the fourth season, the series jumped to the Top 20 and remained there until the seventh season ( the series peaked at the top ten during seasons five and six ). In 1995, despite the fact the show was still rated in the top 25, ABC announced that it was canceling the show after eight seasons due to the increasing costs of producing the series. The one - hour series finale was watched by 24.3 million viewers, ranking No. 7 for the week and attracting a 14.6 household rating and a 25 percent audience share. Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 22 September 22, 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 22 ) May 6, 1988 ( 1988 - 05 - 06 ) N / A N / A 22 October 14, 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 14 ) May 5, 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 05 ) N / A N / A 24 September 22, 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 22 ) May 4, 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 04 ) 22 15.3 ( Tied with Designing Women ) 26 September 21, 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 21 ) May 3, 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 03 ) 14 15.9 5 26 September 17, 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 17 ) May 12, 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 12 ) 7 17.0 6 24 September 22, 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 22 ) May 18, 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 18 ) 10 15.8 7 24 September 14, 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 14 ) May 17, 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 17 ) 16 14.2 8 24 September 27, 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 27 ) May 23, 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 23 ) 25 12.4 Broadcast History September 1987, ABC Tuesday 8 : 30 -- 9 : 00 September 1987 -- February 1988, ABC Friday 8 : 00 -- 8 : 30 March 1988 -- July 1989, ABC Friday 8 : 30 -- 9 : 00 July 1988 -- September 1988, ABC Tuesday 8 : 30 -- 9 : 00 August 1989 -- August 1991, ABC Friday 8 : 00 -- 8 : 30 August 1991 -- August 1995, ABC Tuesday 8 : 00 -- 8 : 30 Us syndication ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Warner Bros. Television Distribution handles the domestic and international syndication rights to the series. During the summer of 1991, reruns of the early seasons began airing in a daily daytime strip on NBC. Starting in September 1991, Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution began distributing Full House for broadcast in off - network syndication and was syndicated on various local stations nationwide until 2003. In 1998, Atlanta - based cable superstation TBS ( which became a general entertainment cable channel in October 2007 ) and Chicago - based superstation WGN ( which carried the series locally in the Chicago market via WGN - TV ) obtained cable rights to the series and aired the show every weekday until 2002 when it was dropped from the schedules of both networks ; the series returned to TBS on December 9, 2013. In September 2003, ABC Family acquired the series ; as a result, ABC Family became the first network since ABC to air the original extended version of the theme song, featured in select episodes of the first five seasons ; by the time ABC Family 's rights to the series expired in December 2013, the channel ran the closing credits over the last 30 seconds of the final scene, albeit at the bottom of the screen ( it was previously played over the channel 's genericized credit sequence design ). In other broadcast and cable syndication runs ( as well as most other episodes aired on ABC Family ), a shortened version of the main theme with alternate lyrics is used for all episodes of the first five seasons ; however, an altered version of the opening credits for seasons six and seven is used, removing the lyric `` Whatever happened to predictability ; the milkman, the paperboy, evenin ' TV '' that was kept in the long version of the theme during those seasons ( the season eight title sequence airs as is ). Nick at Nite acquired the series in 2003, and aired it from October 6 of that year until April 10, 2009 ; several months later on August 31, 2009, it moved to sister channel The N and continued to air on that channel after its September 28, 2009, rebrand as TeenNick, where it remained until October 24, 2010. The following day on October 25, the series returned to Nick at Nite after a one - year absence, airing in the hour leading into the start of Nickelodeon 's broadcast day. Soon after, though, it was dropped from Nick at Nite again, returning to TeenNick until September 2012, where it was then transferred back to Nick at Nite. When NickSplat lost an hour of broadcast, the series returned to TeenNick again on October 2, 2017. In 2014, episodes have averaged 1.5 million viewers on Nick at Nite, which is up 7 percent from 2013 and a 0.4 rating in the key 18 -- 49 demographic, up 8 percent from 2013. On September 29, 2017, Hulu acquired the streaming rights to Full House along with fellow Warner Bros. TV productions Family Matters, Hangin ' with Mr. Cooper, Perfect Strangers and Step by Step in addition to Disney - ABC TV productions Boy Meets World, Dinosaurs and Home Improvement. Critical reception ( edit ) This section may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page. ( January 2017 ) Despite the show 's popularity, critical acclaim by viewers, and cult following, critics ' reviews for Full House were by most accounts mediocre, particularly in its early years but became more positive in later years. The first season holds an aggregate score of 31 / 100 ( `` Generally unfavorable reviews '' ) on Metacritic. In Slate, Willa Paskin referred to the series as `` a hackneyed and saccharine family sitcom ''. Isaac Feldberg opined that it was `` archetypally average, hiding behind a ubiquitous laugh track and obnoxiously on - the - nose life lessons. '' Reunions ( edit ) During Bob Saget 's final season as host of America 's Funniest Home Videos, six other Full House cast alumni ( John Stamos, Dave Coulier, Candace Cameron, Jodie Sweetin, Andrea Barber, and Lori Loughlin ) reunited on the May 9, 1997, episode ( the episode which preceded Saget 's final episode as host of that series ). In a December 2008 news story, it was reported that John Stamos was planning a reunion movie. This idea was quickly withdrawn, because reportedly most of the cast was not interested. In 2009, Stamos announced that a feature film based on the show was still planned. Stamos told The New York Daily News, `` I 'm working on a movie idea, but it would n't be us playing us. I 'm not 100 % sure, but it would probably take place in the first few years. '' Stamos posited Steve Carell and Tracy Morgan for the roles of Danny and Joey respectively. In 2012, eight of the Full House cast members reunited in Los Angeles for their 25th anniversary. Publicists for Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen said that they `` were n't able to attend, given their work schedules. '' On July 19, 2013, the original Jesse and the Rippers ( the band which Jesse Katsopolis served as frontman, until he was voted out in season 8 ) reunited on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon. The group performed a medley of covers including the Beach Boys ' `` Forever, '' Elvis Presley 's `` Little Sister, '' `` Hippy Hippy Shake '', and ending with the Full House theme `` Everywhere You Look ''. Bob Saget and Lori Loughlin made cameo appearances. In January 2014, Saget, Stamos, and Coulier appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon. They each reprised their characters, while Fallon dressed in child 's pajamas in a bed framed by four gigantic pencils, similar to Michelle Tanner 's bed from the show. Saget, Stamos, and Coulier said some of their famous catchphrases from the show, as well as singing `` The Teddy Bear '' song. Stamos, Saget and Coulier also appeared together in a 2014 commercial for Dannon Oikos Greek Yogurt ( for which Stamos serves as spokesperson ) that debuted during Super Bowl XLVIII, days after their appearance on Late Night. Spin - off series ( edit ) Main article : Fuller House ( TV series ) In August 2014, reports circulated that Warner Bros. Television was considering a series spin - off. John Stamos, who has an ownership stake in the show, headed up the attempt to get the series back into production. Netflix closed a deal to produce a 13 - episode sequel series tentatively titled Fuller House, with many of the original series cast members reprising their roles. Notably, Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen both declined to reprise the role of Michelle in the first season, although the creators and producers said they could still possibly appear in future seasons. Stamos would guest star as well and serve as producer. Filming began on July 25, 2015. Like the original series, the show is set in San Francisco. The original series idea was focused on D.J., a veterinarian struggling to raise three boys after her firefighter husband, Tommy Fuller is killed in the line of duty ; Stephanie, who is aspiring to become a musician ; and Kimmy, who is a party planner and a single mother to a teenage daughter, Ramona. The show 's premise follows one similar to the original series when Stephanie makes plans to put her career on hold for a while and move in with D.J. to help take care of her children. Almost immediately afterwards, Kimmy makes the same offer for her and Ramona to move in and help out. Netflix premiered the series on February 26, 2016, with the premiere episode featuring a Tanner family reunion. As of September 22, 2017 there have been three seasons of the series. Other media ( edit ) DVD Releases ( edit ) Warner Home Video released all eight seasons of the series on DVD in Region 1 between 2005 and 2007. A complete series box - set containing all 192 episodes was released on November 6, 2007. As of 2016, the complete series is available for purchase via online retailers such as Amazon. Additionally, the first four seasons were also released on DVD in Region 2 and Region 4. Title Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete First Season February 8, 2005 2007 November 16, 2005 The Complete Second Season December 6, 2005 2007 April 5, 2006 The Complete Third Season April 4, 2006 2007 August 9, 2006 The Complete Fourth Season August 15, 2006 2007 September 5, 2007 The Complete Fifth Season December 12, 2006 N / A N / A The Complete Sixth Season March 27, 2007 N / A N / A The Complete Seventh Season August 7, 2007 N / A N / A The Complete Eighth Season November 6, 2007 N / A N / A The Complete Series November 6, 2007 N / A N / A Book series ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Books based on Full House are geared toward children primarily between the ages of 8 and 14. Warner Bros., which holds the rights to Full House and its associated characters, would not permit others to use their characters, and selected who could write books based on the television series. The books are based on the Silhouette romance novels by Mills & Boon. Full House Michelle # 7 : Summer Rhapsody is a Silhouette Special Edition # 75 by Nancy John and Laura O'Neil in February 1983. The series includes the following : Full House Stephanie : These 33 books were written from the point of view of the Tanners ' middle daughter, Stephanie Tanner. They take place with Stephanie in a different middle school, likely because of a slightly different redistricting plan compared to the one mentioned in season seven 's `` Fast Friends ''. She has different best friends as well, Allie Taylor and Darcy Powell. Though these are book creations, she has known Allie since kindergarten, and there are several places in the first five seasons of Full House where fans think an unnamed extra could be Allie. This series begins with Stephanie being pressured to join a clique called the Flamingos, by completing a series of dares. She almost does the last one, though she is not sure if she wants to before D.J. catches her trying to steal Danny 's phone card. Stephanie explains tearfully what was happening, and D.J. helps her to understand what the Flamingos were really up to : they wanted to use the phone card to call their boyfriends. Stephanie and the Flamingos become fierce rivals. Hip Hop Til You Drop, Two for One Christmas Fun, and Ten Ways to Wreck a Date are the most popular. Full House Michelle : These 40 stories are told from Michelle 's point of view. The first 27 feature more of her, and the other Tanners ', home life than others, though some focus on events at school, whereas the last 14, the `` Michelle and Friends '' series, focuses mostly on Michelle and her classmates. Unlike Stephanie, Michelle goes to the same elementary school but is in a different class. Two stories were translated and published in Japan in February 2007. Super special My Best Friend is a Movie Star came out in September 1996, and along with The Substitute Teacher and How to be Cool are the most popular. Full House Sisters : These 14 books focus on Michelle and Stephanie 's friendship and comical situations that occur between them. The sisters often alternate points of view in the story. Full House : Dear Michelle : These four books were published several years after the others stopped being produced. They take place with Michelle in the third grade, where she writes an advice column for her class paper. Club Stephanie : 1997 - 2001 revival series with the Sisters series. Sweetin is younger than Nickelodeon 's Larisa Oleynik in Alex, You 're Glowing and Irene Ng in Hot Rock. Russian adaptation ( edit ) In 2006, Full House was one of a group of Warner Brothers properties licensed to Moscow - based network STS for adaptation to Russian. The show, Topsy - Turvy House ( ru : Дом кувырком ) followed the plots of the American version with changes to accommodate cultural differences. It ran for two seasons, beginning in 2009. The Unauthorized Full House story ( edit ) On August 22, 2015, a television movie called The Unauthorized Full House Story was first released by Lifetime. It tells the behind - the - scenes story of the series. Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Young Artist Awards Year Nominee ( s ) Result Best Young Actress Under Ten Years of Age in Television or Motion Pictures Jodie Sweetin Nominated The Most Promising New Fall Television Series Nominated 1990 Best Young Actor / Actress Under Five Years of Age Mary - Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen Won Best Family Television Series Nominated Best Young Actress Starring in a Television Comedy Series Candace Cameron Nominated Young Artist Award for Outstanding Young Comedienne in a Television Series Jodie Sweetin Nominated 1991 Best Young Actress Starring in a Television Series Jodie Sweetin Nominated Best Young Actress Supporting Role in a Television Series Andrea Barber Won Outstanding Performance by an Actress Under Nine Years of Age Mary - Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen Won Young Artist Award Best Young Actress Starring in a Television Series Candace Cameron Nominated Best Young Actress Supporting or Recurring Role for a TV Series Andrea Barber Won Young Artist Award Best Young Actress Starring in a Television Series Candace Cameron Nominated Outstanding Young Comedienne in a Television Series Jodie Sweetin Nominated Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress Under Ten Mary - Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen Won Best Young Actress Co-starring in a Television Series Andrea Barber Nominated Exceptional Performance by a Young Actor Under Ten Tahj Mowry Nominated Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast in a Television Series Nominated Best Young Actress Starring in a Television Series Candace Cameron Nominated Outstanding Young Comedienne in a Television Series Jodie Sweetin Nominated Best Young Actress Co-starring in a Television Series Andrea Barber Nominated Best Young Actor Guest - starring in a Television Series R.J. Williams Nominated 1995 Best Youth Actor Guest - starring in a Television Show J.D. Daniels Nominated Best Youth Comedienne in a TV Show Andrea Barber Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hale, Buddy. Everywhere You Look : The Unofficial Guide to Full House. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781329209657. Jump up ^ `` Buddy the Dog : Comet ''. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved June 27, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Top Rated Programs - 1985 - 1990 ''. chez.com. Jump up ^ `` Top Rated Programs - 1990 - 1995 ''. chez.com. Jump up ^ Brooks, Tim ; Marsh, Earle ( 2007 ). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ). Ballantine Books. p. 1692 - 1694. ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4. Jump up ^ Brooks, Tim ; Marsh, Earle ( 2007 ). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ). Ballantine Books. p. 511. ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4. Jump up ^ `` nbc_day ''. curtalliaume.com. Archived from the original on 2002 - 04 - 09. Jump up ^ `` ' Full House ' cast and producers mulling a revival ''. FoxNews. August 27, 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2014. Jump up ^ Hatchett, Keisha ( September 29, 2017 ). `` This Is Not a Drill : Boy Meets World Is Now On Hulu ''. TVGuide.com. Retrieved October 28, 2017. Jump up ^ Tassi, Paul ( February 29, 2016 ). `` I Want To Hate ' Fuller House, ' But I Just Ca n't ''. Forbes. Retrieved January 12, 2017. `` By most critical accounts, the original Full House was a pretty bad show, even by ' 90s sitcom standards. '' Jump up ^ February 25, 2016. `` Have Mercy : Full House Creator Spills 9 Shocking Secrets ''. Retrieved January 12, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Full House - Season 1 Reviews ''. Metacritic. Retrieved January 12, 2017. Jump up ^ Paskin, Willa ( February 24, 2016 ). `` Fuller House on Netflix, reviewed ''. Slate. Retrieved January 12, 2017. Jump up ^ Feldberg, Isaac ( February 25, 2016 ). `` ' Fuller House ', Like ' Full House ', Is n't Very Good ''. The Boston Globe. Retrieved January 12, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Full House invades America 's Funniest Home Videos - 5 / 9 / 97 ''. sweetin.com. Jump up ^ `` John Stamos Planning A ' Full House ' Remake? ''. starpulse.com. WENN. December 4, 2008. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18. Jump up ^ Wieselman, Jarett ( 2009 - 07 - 13 ). `` A ' Full House ' Remake, Original Recipe? ''. New York Post. Archived from the original ( XHTML ) on 2011 - 10 - 13. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18. Jump up ^ Kristin Dos Santos ( 2008 - 12 - 11 ). `` Full House Remake `` Completely Dead '' ``. Watch with Kristin. E! Online. Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21. Jump up ^ `` ROLL CALL : John Stamos Working On ' Full House ' Movie ''. NBC Bay Area News. KNTV San Francisco. Access Hollywood. 2009 - 06 - 05. Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04. Jump up ^ Krumboltz, Mike. `` A ' Full House ' reunion ''. Yahoo! Inc. Retrieved 2 October 2012. Jump up ^ Jesse & The Rippers Reunite ( Late Night with Jimmy Fallon ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Zakarin, Jordan ( January 30, 2014 ). `` The Men Of `` Full House '' Reunited To Help Jimmy Fallon With His Nightmares ``. Buzzfeed. Retrieved January 30, 2014. Jump up ^ Super Bowl 2014 ads : `` Full House '' reunion for Dannon Oikos yogurt, The Washington Post, January 23, 2014. Jump up ^ `` PEOPLE Takes You on the Set of Fuller House ''. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael. `` Full House Reunion Series Fuller House Nears 13 - Episode Netflix Order ''. TVLine. Retrieved 2 April 2015. Jump up ^ Spangler, Todd. `` ' Full House ' to Return for New Season on Netflix : Report ''. Variety. Retrieved 3 April 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Olsen Twins Are n't Returning for the Full House Revival ''. Time. Retrieved May 23, 2015. Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( January 7, 2016 ). `` ' Full House ' Creator Hopeful for Olsen Twins ' Return in Future ' Fuller House ' Seasons ''. Variety. Retrieved April 18, 2016. Jump up ^ Randee Dawn ( March 3, 2016 ). `` Olsen twins on 2nd season of ' Fuller House '? Why John Stamos has ' a good feeling ' ''. Today. Retrieved April 18, 2016. Jump up ^ Whitney Friedlander ( 2015 - 05 - 29 ). `` Bob Saget in ' Fuller House ' : Danny Tanner in ' Full House ' Reboot ''. Variety. Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 13. Jump up ^ Friedlander, Whitney ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ). `` ' Full House ' Reboot : Dave Coulier Joins ' Fuller House ' on Netflix ''. Variety. Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 13. Jump up ^ Lowe, Kinsey ( 2015 - 07 - 25 ). `` ' Fuller House ' Call : Reunion Cast Gathers For First Taping ''. deadline.com. Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 28. Jump up ^ Stern, Marlow ( May 7, 2015 ). `` D.J. Tanner Takes Us Into ' Fuller House ' : Candace Cameron Bure on Netflix 's ' Full House ' Spinoff ''. The Daily Beast. Retrieved July 17, 2015. Jump up ^ Gennis, Sadie ( December 17, 2015 ). `` Fuller House Gets First Teaser, Premiere Date ''. TVGuide.com. Retrieved December 17, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The `` Full House '' Spinoff Is Officially Coming To Netflix In 2016 ``. BuzzFeed. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael ( April 20, 2015 ). `` Fuller House Officially Snags 13 - Episode Order at Netflix -- Get Details on the Cast and ( Widow?! ) Storyline ''. TVLine.com. Retrieved April 21, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Fuller House Season 3 Netflix Release Date ''. Jump up ^ `` Full House ( 1987 ) ''. Releases for Full House. TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2011. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Warner Home Video Releases Full House : The Complete Eighth Season and Full House : The Complete Series Collection on DVD November 6 '' ( Press release ). Warner Home Video. 2007 - 07 - 19. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Best Matches ''. Results from the title search for `` Full House ''. Australia : dvd orchard. 2010. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18. Jump up ^ Brennan, Steve ( March 10, 2006 ). `` Warner Bros. opens up scripted formats in Russia ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Associated Press. Retrieved September 4, 2015. Jump up ^ Beckerman, Marty ( May 14, 2015 ). `` The Untold Story Of The Bonkers ' Full House ' Russian Remake ''. MTV News. Retrieved September 4, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Lifetime 's ' Unauthorized Full House Story ' Cast Photo Causes Twitter Backlash ''. June 4, 2015. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Full House Full House on IMDb Full House at TV.com Full House Characters Michelle Tanner Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Related articles Fuller House episodes Miller - Boyett Productions Miller - Milkis Productions TV series Petrocelli ( 1974 -- 76 ) Happy Days ( 1974 -- 84 ) Laverne & Shirley ( 1976 -- 83 ) Blansky 's Beauties ( 1977 ) Mork & Mindy ( 1978 -- 82 ) Makin ' It ( 1979 ) Out of the Blue ( 1979 ) $ weepstake $ ( 1979 ) Angie ( 1979 -- 80 ) Films The Heist ( 1972 ) The Weekend Nun ( 1972 ) Silver Streak ( 1976 ) Walkin ' Walter ( 1977 ) Foul Play ( 1978 ) Miller - Milkis - Boyett Productions TV series Goodtime Girls ( 1980 ) Bosom Buddies ( 1980 -- 82 ) Foul Play ( 1981 ) Joanie Loves Chachi ( 1982 -- 83 ) Films The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas ( 1982 ) Miller - Boyett Productions The Hogan Family ( 1986 -- 91 ) Perfect Strangers ( 1986 -- 93 ) Full House ( 1987 -- 95 ) Family Matters ( 1989 -- 98 ) The Family Man ( 1990 -- 91 ) Going Places ( 1990 -- 91 ) Step by Step ( 1991 -- 98 ) Getting By ( 1993 -- 94 ) On Our Own ( 1994 -- 95 ) Fuller House ( 2016 ) Miller - Boyett - Warren Productions Meego ( 1997 ) Two of a Kind ( 1998 -- 99 ) Robert L. Boyett Productions Partners ( 2014 ) See also Charles Fox Jesse Frederick Bickley - Warren Productions Paramount Television CBS Paramount Television CBS Television Studios Lorimar Television Warner Bros. Television This series began being produced under the Miller - Milkis - Boyett banner beginning with the 1980 -- 81 television season. Nick at Nite Current programs Full House Friends The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air George Lopez Previously - aired programs See List of programs broadcast by Nick at Nite Original series Fatherhood ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Hi - Jinks ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The Search for the Funniest Mom in America ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Glenn Martin, DDS ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Hollywood Heights ( 2012 ) Wendell & Vinnie ( 2013 ) See Dad Run ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Instant Mom ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Related articles Nickelodeon TeenNick TV Land International versions Book TGIF 1980 Perfect Strangers ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Just the Ten of Us ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Full House ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Family Matters ( 1989 -- 1997 ) T G I f 1990 New Attitude ( 1990 ) Going Places ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Baby Talk ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Dinosaurs ( 1991 -- 1993 ) Hi Honey, I 'm Home! ( 1991 ) Step By Step ( 1991 -- 1997 ) Billy ( 1992 ) Camp Wilder ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Where I Live ( 1993 ) Getting By ( 1993 ) Home Free ( 1993 ) Hangin ' with Mr. Cooper ( 1993 -- 1996 ) Boy Meets World ( 1993 -- 2000 ) Sister, Sister ( 1994 -- 1995 ) On Our Own ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Muppets Tonight ( 1996 ) Aliens in the Family ( 1996 ) Clueless ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Sabrina the Teenage Witch ( 1996 -- 2000 ) Teen Angel ( 1997 -- 1998 ) You Wish ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Two of a Kind ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Brother 's Keeper ( 1998 -- 1999 ) The Hughleys ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Odd Man Out ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 2000 George Lopez ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Life with Bonnie ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Hope & Faith ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Married to the Kellys ( 2003 -- 2004 ) The Big House ( 2004 ) 8 Simple Rules ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Complete Savages ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Less than Perfect ( 2004 -- 2005 ) 1980s portal 1990s portal Comedy portal San Francisco Bay Area portal Television in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Full_House&oldid=811591096 '' Categories : Full House 1980s American comedy television series 1990s American comedy television series 1987 American television series debuts 1995 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows American television sitcoms English - language television programs Television series about families Television series about friendship Television series about sisters Television series about show business Television series by Lorimar Television Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television shows set in San Francisco TGIF ( ABC ) Works about widowhood Television series about television Television series about radio Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles needing additional references from September 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles needing more viewpoints from January 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu La. lojban. Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017, at 16 : 49. 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{ "text": "Big Apple - wikipedia Big Apple Jump to : navigation, search For other uses, see Big Apple ( disambiguation ). ( hide ) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section may contain indiscriminate, excessive, or irrelevant examples. Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples. See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions. ( May 2017 ) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted. ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Big Apple Corner '' at 54th Street and Broadway, in Manhattan 's Theater District `` Big Apple '' is a nickname for New York City. It was first popularized in the 1920s by John J. Fitz Gerald, a sports writer for the New York Morning Telegraph. Its popularity since the 1970s is due in part to a promotional campaign by the New York tourist authorities. Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the name 2 Racing context 3 Popularity 4 In popular culture 5 References 6 External links Origin of the name ( edit ) Although the history of Big Apple was once thought a mystery, a clearer picture of the term 's history has emerged due to the work of amateur etymologist Barry Popik, and Gerald Cohen of Missouri University of Science and Technology. A number of false theories had previously existed, including a claim that the term derived from a woman named Eve who ran a brothel in the city. This was subsequently exposed as a hoax. The earliest known usage of ' big apple ' appears in the book The Wayfarer in New York ( 1909 ), in which author Edward S. Martin writes : Kansas is apt to see in New York a greedy city... It inclines to think that the big apple gets a disproportionate share of the national sap. William Safire considered this the coinage, but the Random House Dictionary of American Slang has described the usage as `` metaphorical or perhaps proverbial, rather than a concrete example of the later slang term ''. Racing context ( edit ) This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Big Apple was popularized as a name for New York City by John J. Fitz Gerald in a number of horse - racing articles for the New York Morning Telegraph in the 1920s. The earliest of these was a casual reference on 3rd May, 1921 : J.P. Smith, with Tippity Witchet and others of the L.T. Bauer string, is scheduled to start for `` the big apple '' to - morrow after a most prosperous Spring campaign at Bowie and Havre de Grace. Fitz Gerald referred to the `` big apple '' frequently thereafter. He explained his use in a column dated February 18, 1924, under the headline `` Around the Big Apple '' : The Big Apple. The dream of every lad that ever threw a leg over a thoroughbred and the goal of all horsemen. There 's only one Big Apple. That 's New York. Fitz Gerald 's reference to `` dusky '' stable hands suggests the term 's origin may lie in African - American culture. Evidence for this may be found in the Chicago Defender, an African - American newspaper that had a national circulation. Writing for the Defender on September 16, 1922, `` Ragtime '' Billy Tucker used the name `` big apple '' to refer to New York in a non-horse - racing context : I trust your trip to ' the big apple ' ( New York ) was a huge success and only wish that I had been able to make it with you. Tucker had also earlier used `` big apple '' as a reference to Los Angeles. It is possible that he simply understood `` big apple '' as a nickname for any large city : Dear Pal, Tony : No, Ragtime Billy Tucker has n't dropped completely out of existence, but is still in the ' Big Apple ', Los Angeles. Popularity ( edit ) The New York Mets Home Run Apple located in Citi Field. By the late 1920s, New York writers other than Fitz Gerald were starting to use `` Big Apple '' and were using it in contexts other than horse - racing. `` The Big Apple '' was a popular song and dance in the 1930s. Walter Winchell and other writers continued to use the term in the 1940s and 1950s, but by the 1960s it had generally come to be known as an old name for New York. In the early 1970s, however, the New York Convention and Visitors Bureau ( now NYC & Company, New York City 's official marketing and tourism organization ) began to promote the city 's `` Big Apple '' nickname under the leadership of its president, Charles Gillett. It has remained popular since then. Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani in 1997 signed legislation designating as `` Big Apple Corner '' the southwest corner of West 54th Street and Broadway, the corner on which John J. Fitz Gerald lived from 1934 to 1963. As part of the celebrations following as his election as President of the United States in 2016, Donald Trump hosted a party which he named ' The Big Apple Ball ' and which featured themed decorations and cut - outs of New York landmarks in honor of his home city. Today the name enjoys exclusive ubiquity in literature and speech referring to New York City, and is used with regularity by journalists and news - headline writers across the English - speaking world. In popular culture ( edit ) The term `` big apple '' was used by Frank Sinatra in conversation with opera singer Dorothy Kirsten on an episode of the NBC radio program Light Up Time on March 28, 1950. In Evita, Buenos Aires is referred to as `` B.A., Buenos Aires, Big Apple '' in the song Eva, Beware of the City. This line, produced by lyricist Tim Rice, does not appear to reflect any pre-existing usage. The New York Mets baseball team have featured a `` Home Run Apple '' that rises whenever a Mets player hits a home run. It has become a symbol of the Mets baseball team, recognized throughout Major League Baseball as an iconic feature of the Mets ' stadiums. It first appeared in Shea Stadium, and the original can still be seen on display at Citi Field, outside the Jackie Robinson Rotunda. Citi Field now uses a new apple, one that is much larger than original. Uses of the term abound elsewhere in the names of cultural products and events in or concerning New York, including the Big Apple Anime Fest, the Big Apple Theater Festival, Jess Teong 's The Kid from the Big Apple and Kajagoogoo 's Big Apple, and playful uses of the nickname have been seen, such as Patrick Downey 's 2008 historical study of New York City 's criminal underworld, entitled Bad Seeds in the Big Apple. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Why is New York called the Big Apple?, The Straight Dope February 18, 1977 Jump up ^ The Big Apple. Research by Barry Popik and others with the text of contemporary examples. Jump up ^ Gerald Cohen, Origin of New York City 's Nickname `` The Big Apple '' ( 1991 ), ISBN 3 - 631 - 43787 - 0 Jump up ^ False Etymologies Jump up ^ Why Is New York City Called `` The Big Apple ''? Wayback Machine archive of earlier version of web page. Jump up ^ Big Apple Whore Hoax ( 1800s! ) Jump up ^ Salwen, Peter. `` Why Is New York City Called `` The Big Apple ''? ``. Jump up ^ Safire, William ( September 17, 2000 ), `` Big Applesource '', The New York Times Magazine Jump up ^ Safire, William ( 2004 ), The Right Word in the Right Place at the Right Time, p. p. 23 Jump up ^ First `` Big Apple '' : May 3, 1921. Jump up ^ Numerous 1920s `` Big Apple '' citations in the New York Morning Telegraph. Jump up ^ First `` Big Apple '' explanation : February 18, 1924. See also the original article image. ^ Jump up to : `` Big Apple '' antedating Archived February 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. ; 1920s Vaudeville / Ragtime `` Big Apple '' Citations. Jump up ^ 1920s Non-Horseracing `` Big Apple '' Citations. Jump up ^ `` Big Apple '' song by Bob Emmerich. Jump up ^ `` Big Apple '' in the 1930s ( Two clubs, plus song and dance ). Jump up ^ The dance was mentioned by name by Mickey Rooney in the 1938 movie `` Love Finds Andy Hardy '' Jump up ^ `` Big Apple '' in the 1940s - 1950s Jump up ^ Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse - Five 265 ( 1969 ; Delta Trade Paperbacks ed. 1999 ) ( `` That 's what they used to call New York '' ). Jump up ^ About NYC and Company. Jump up ^ Big Apple 1970s Revival : Charlie Gillett and Lew Rudin. Jump up ^ `` Words and Their Stories : Nicknames for New York City ''. Voice of America. February 23, 2010. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved March 2, 2010. Jump up ^ Mayor 's Press Office, Release No. 082 - 97, Mayor Giuliani Signs Legislation Creating `` Big Apple Corner '' in Manhattan ( Feb. 12, 1997 ). Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump to hold an NYC - themed inauguration party dubbed the ' Big Apple Ball ' ''. www.nydailynews.com. New York Daily News. January 5, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Malcolm Turnbull 's big day out in the Big Apple ahead of Donald Trump meeting ''. www.smh.com.au. The Sydney Morning Herald. May 5, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Big Apple picnics : Enjoy New York like a local ''. www.usatoday.com. USA Today. April 28, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Taking a bite out of the Big Apple ''. www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk. Manchester Evening News. May 1, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Big Apple benefits from falling overseas interest in London commercial real estate ''. www.scmp.com. South China Morning Post. August 4, 2016. Jump up ^ `` big apple and frank sinatra - Google Scholar ''. scholar.google.com. Retrieved March 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Official New York Mets Site ''. Jump up ^ `` Official Major League Baseball Site ''. Jump up ^ `` A new Home Run Apple grows at Citi Field ''. NY Daily News. Retrieved February 3, 2017. External links ( edit ) Look up Big Apple in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Giuliani creates Big Apple Corner from the February 1997 Archives of the Mayor 's Press Office The Big Apple Research on the term 's history from amateur etymologist Barry Popik Straight Dope article Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Apple&oldid=832708774 '' Categories : Culture of New York City Symbols of New York City Etymologies Slang American slang City fruit nicknames Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with too many examples Articles that may contain original research from May 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use mdy dates from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018, at 15 : 32. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Big Apple", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Big_Apple&amp;oldid=832708774" }

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{ "text": "Love Will Keep Us Alive - wikipedia Love Will Keep Us Alive `` Love Will Keep Us Alive '' Single by Eagles from the album Hell Freezes Over Released November 1994 Genre Soft rock Length 4 : 02 Label Geffen Records The Eagles Recording Company II Songwriter ( s ) Jim Capaldi Paul Carrack Peter Vale Producer ( s ) Eagles, Elliot Scheiner, Rob Jacobs Eagles singles chronology `` Get Over It '' ( 1994 ) `` Love Will Keep Us Alive '' ( 1994 ) `` Learn to Be Still '' ( 1994 ) `` Get Over It '' ( 1994 ) `` Love Will Keep Us Alive '' ( 1994 ) `` Learn to Be Still '' ( 1994 ) `` Love Will Keep Us Alive '' is a song written by Jim Capaldi, Paul Carrack, and Peter Vale, and produced by the Eagles, Elliot Scheiner, and Rob Jacobs. It was first performed by the Eagles in 1994, during their `` Hell Freezes Over '' reunion tour, with lead vocals by bassist Timothy B. Schmit. Although the song was never formally released as a single in the US, and thus was not eligible to appear on the US Billboard Hot 100 under the rules then in place, it spent three weeks at number 1 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart in early 1995 and reached number 22 on Billboard 's Hot 100 Airplay chart. In the United Kingdom, `` Love Will Keep Us Alive '' was issued as a single and peaked at number 52 on the UK Singles Chart. Aside from being on the album Hell Freezes Over, the song appears on the Eagles ' box set, Selected Works 1972 - 1999 and the 2003 compilation album, The Very Best Of. Paul Carrack recorded the song for his 1996 album, Blue Views ; it also featured on his 2006 compilation album, Greatest Hits - The Story So Far. In 2011, Paul Carrack and Timothy B. Schmit recorded the song in London with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, and released it in the UK on the Carrack label. Contents 1 Background 2 Personnel 3 Charts 3.1 Year - end charts 4 Cover versions 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) According to the liner notes that accompanied their 2003 greatest hits CD, this song was written when Carrack, Capaldi, and Schmit were planning to form a band with Don Felder and Max Carl during the late eighties or early nineties. The band had the working name of Malibu Men 's Choir. This never materialized, so Schmit proposed the song for the Eagles ' reunion album. According to Felder, they sent demo tapes to the Eagles manager, Irving Azoff, who rejected it as not good enough. Felder thought it ironic that the Eagles would later record one of those rejected songs. Personnel ( edit ) Glenn Frey - harmony and backing vocals, rhythm guitar Don Henley - harmony and backing vocals, drums Don Felder - harmony and backing vocals, slide guitar Joe Walsh - harmony and backing vocals, rhythm guitar Timothy B. Schmit - lead vocals, bass guitar Charts ( edit ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 64 Cover versions ( edit ) `` Love Will Keep Us Alive '' was also recorded by Capaldi and Dave Mason on their 40,000 Headman tour and live album, and by Carrack ( duet with Lindsay Dracass ) on his 2007 album Old, New, Borrowed and Blue. The song was covered by Canadian - Australian singer Wendy Matthews in 1995 as `` Love Will Keep Me Alive '' as a track from the album The Witness Tree ( 1994 ). Terry Lin also covered this song on his 1999 compilation Love Singles. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hyatt, Wesley ( 1999 ). The Billboard Book of No. 1 Adult Contemporary Hits ( Billboard Publications ) Jump up ^ `` Chartstats.com Is For Sale ''. www.chartstats.com. Jump up ^ `` Paul Carrack - A Different Hat ''. Allmusic. Retrieved May 18, 2018. Jump up ^ Crowe, Cameron ( August 2003 ). `` Conversations with Don Henley and Glenn Frey ''. The Uncool. Retrieved April 8, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Don Felder Talks Eagles Gear, `` Hotel California '' and His Slide Guitar Influences ``. Jump up ^ Don Felder and Wendy Holden, Heaven and Hell : My Life with the Eagles ( 1974 -- 2001 ). John Wiley and Sons, 2008, 235. Jump up ^ Felder and Holden, 252. Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1995 ''. RPM. Retrieved November 26, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Love Will Keeps Us Alive ( Live ) - 林志炫 _ 无损 下载 _ 百度 云 网 盘 _ 91flac.com 无损 音乐 网 ''. www.91flac.com. External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Eagles Don Henley Timothy B. Schmit Joe Walsh Glenn Frey Bernie Leadon Randy Meisner Don Felder Studio albums Eagles Desperado On the Border One of These Nights Hotel California The Long Run Long Road Out of Eden Compilation albums Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Eagles Greatest Hits, Vol. 2 The Very Best of the Eagles Selected Works : 1972 -- 1999 The Very Best Of Eagles Live releases Eagles Live Hell Freezes Over Farewell 1 Tour : Live from Melbourne Singles `` Take It Easy '' `` Witchy Woman '' `` Peaceful Easy Feeling '' `` Tequila Sunrise '' `` Outlaw Man '' `` Already Gone '' `` James Dean '' `` Best of My Love '' `` One of These Nights '' `` Lyin ' Eyes '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` New Kid in Town '' `` Hotel California '' `` Life in the Fast Lane '' `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Heartache Tonight '' `` The Long Run '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' `` Seven Bridges Road '' `` Get Over It '' `` Love Will Keep Us Alive '' `` Hole in the World '' `` How Long '' `` Busy Being Fabulous '' Other songs `` Desperado '' `` Ol ' ' 55 '' `` The Last Resort '' `` In the City '' Tours Long Road Out of Eden Tour History of the Eagles Tour Related Discography Poco Linda Ronstadt Flying Burrito Brothers Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles History of the Eagles Heaven and Hell : My Life in the Eagles ( 1974 -- 2001 ) Book Paul Carrack Studio albums Nightbird ( 1980 ) Suburban Voodoo ( 1982 ) One Good Reason ( 1987 ) Groove Approved ( 1989 ) Blue Views ( 1996 ) Beautiful World ( 1997 ) Satisfy My Soul ( 2000 ) Groovin ' ( 2001 ) It Ai n't Over ( 2003 ) Winter Wonderland ( a.k.a. A Soulful Christmas ) ( 2005 ) Old, New, Borrowed and Blue ( 2007 ) I Know That Name ( 2008 ) A Different Hat ( 2010 ) Good Feeling ( 2012 ) Rain or Shine ( 2013 ) Soul Shadows ( 2016 ) These Days ( 2018 ) Songs `` When You Walk in the Room '' `` Do n't Shed a Tear '' `` Button Off My Shirt '' `` Love Will Keep Us Alive '' Related articles Discography Ace Squeeze Mike + the Mechanics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Will_Keep_Us_Alive&oldid=851109613 '' Categories : 1994 singles Eagles ( band ) songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs written by Jim Capaldi Paul Carrack songs Rock ballads Songs written by Peter Vale 1994 songs Geffen Records singles Songs written by Paul Carrack Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2018, at 04 : 09 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Love Will Keep Us Alive", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Love_Will_Keep_Us_Alive&amp;oldid=851109613" }

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{ "text": "Eye ( cyclone ) - wikipedia Eye ( cyclone ) Jump to : navigation, search An image of Hurricane Isabel as seen from the International Space Station showing a well - defined eye at the center of the storm. Part of a series on Tropical cyclones Formation and naming ( show ) Development Structure Effects ( show ) Warnings and watches Storm surge Notable storms Climatology and tracking ( show ) Basins RSMCs Scales Observation Forecasting Rainfall forecasting Rainfall climatology Tropical cyclone naming ( show ) Tropical cyclone naming History of tropical cyclone naming List of historic tropical cyclone names List of retired Atlantic hurricane names List of retired Pacific hurricane names List of retired Pacific typhoon names List of retired Philippine typhoon names List of retired Australian cyclone names List of retired South Pacific cyclone names Outline of tropical cyclones Tropical cyclones portal The eye is a region of mostly calm weather at the center of strong tropical cyclones. The eye of a storm is a roughly circular area, typically 30 -- 65 km ( 20 -- 40 miles ) in diameter. It is surrounded by the eyewall, a ring of towering thunderstorms where the most severe weather and highest winds occur. The cyclone 's lowest barometric pressure occurs in the eye and can be as much as 15 percent lower than the pressure outside the storm. In strong tropical cyclones, the eye is characterized by light winds and clear skies, surrounded on all sides by a towering, symmetric eyewall. In weaker tropical cyclones, the eye is less well defined and can be covered by the central dense overcast, an area of high, thick clouds that show up brightly on satellite imagery. Weaker or disorganized storms may also feature an eyewall that does not completely encircle the eye or have an eye that features heavy rain. In all storms, however, the eye is the location of the storm 's minimum barometric pressure -- where the atmospheric pressure at sea level is the lowest. Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Formation and detection 3 Associated phenomena 3.1 Eyewall replacement cycles 3.2 Moats 3.3 Eyewall mesovortices 3.4 Stadium effect 3.5 Eye - like features 4 Hazards 5 Other cyclones 5.1 Polar lows 5.2 Extratropical cyclones 5.3 Subtropical cyclones 5.4 Tornadoes 6 Extraterrestrial vortices 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) A cross section diagram of a mature tropical cyclone, with arrows indicating air flow in and around the eye A typical tropical cyclone will have an eye of approximately 30 -- 65 km ( 20 -- 40 mi ) across, usually situated at the geometric center of the storm. The eye may be clear or have spotty low clouds ( a clear eye ), it may be filled with low - and mid-level clouds ( a filled eye ), or it may be obscured by the central dense overcast. There is, however, very little wind and rain, especially near the center. This is in stark contrast to conditions in the eyewall, which contains the storm 's strongest winds. Due to the mechanics of a tropical cyclone, the eye and the air directly above it are warmer than their surroundings. While normally quite symmetric, eyes can be oblong and irregular, especially in weakening storms. A large ragged eye is a non-circular eye which appears fragmented, and is an indicator of a weak or weakening tropical cyclone. An open eye is an eye which can be circular, but the eyewall does not completely encircle the eye, also indicating a weakening, moisture - deprived cyclone. Both of these observations are used to estimate the intensity of tropical cyclones via Dvorak analysis. Eyewalls are typically circular ; however, distinctly polygonal shapes ranging from triangles to hexagons occasionally occur. While typical mature storms have eyes that are a few dozen miles across, rapidly intensifying storms can develop an extremely small, clear, and circular eye, sometimes referred to as a pinhole eye. Storms with pinhole eyes are prone to large fluctuations in intensity, and provide difficulties and frustrations for forecasters. Small / minuscule eyes -- those less than 10 nmi ( 19 km, 12 mi ) across -- often trigger eyewall replacement cycles, where a new eyewall begins to form outside the original eyewall. This can take place anywhere from fifteen to hundreds of kilometers ( ten to a few hundred miles ) outside the inner eye. The storm then develops two concentric eyewalls, or an `` eye within an eye ''. In most cases, the outer eyewall begins to contract soon after its formation, which chokes off the inner eye and leaves a much larger but more stable eye. While the replacement cycle tends to weaken storms as it occurs, the new eyewall can contract fairly quickly after the old eyewall dissipates, allowing the storm to re-strengthen. This may trigger another re-strengthen cycle of eyewall replacement. Eyes can range in size from 370 km ( 230 mi ) ( Typhoon Carmen ) to a mere 3.7 km ( 2.3 mi ) ( Hurricane Wilma ) across. While it is uncommon for storms with large eyes to become very intense, it does occur, especially in annular hurricanes. Hurricane Isabel was the eleventh most powerful North Atlantic hurricane in recorded history, and sustained a large, 65 -- 80 km ( 40 -- 50 mi ) - wide eye for a period of several days. Formation and detection ( edit ) See also : Tropical cyclogenesis Tropical cyclones form when the energy released by the condensation of moisture in rising air causes a positive feedback loop over warm ocean waters. Typically, eyes are easy to spot using weather radar. This radar image of Hurricane Andrew clearly shows the eye over southern Florida. Tropical cyclones typically form from large, disorganized areas of disturbed weather in tropical regions. As more thunderstorms form and gather, the storm develops rainbands which start rotating around a common center. As the storm gains strength, a ring of stronger convection forms at a certain distance from the rotational center of the developing storm. Since stronger thunderstorms and heavier rain mark areas of stronger updrafts, the barometric pressure at the surface begins to drop, and air begins to build up in the upper levels of the cyclone. This results in the formation of an upper level anticyclone, or an area of high atmospheric pressure above the central dense overcast. Consequently, most of this built up air flows outward anticyclonically above the tropical cyclone. Outside the forming eye, the anticyclone at the upper levels of the atmosphere enhances the flow towards the center of the cyclone, pushing air towards the eyewall and causing a positive feedback loop. However, a small portion of the built - up air, instead of flowing outward, flows inward towards the center of the storm. This causes air pressure to build even further, to the point where the weight of the air counteracts the strength of the updrafts in the center of the storm. Air begins to descend in the center of the storm, creating a mostly rain - free area -- a newly formed eye. There are many aspects of this process which remain a mystery. Scientists do not know why a ring of convection forms around the center of circulation instead of on top of it, or why the upper - level anticyclone only ejects a portion of the excess air above the storm. Many theories exist as to the exact process by which the eye forms : all that is known for sure is that the eye is necessary for tropical cyclones to achieve high wind speeds. The formation of an eye is almost always an indicator of increasing tropical cyclone organisation and strength. Because of this, forecasters watch developing storms closely for signs of eye formation. For storms with a clear eye, detection of the eye is as simple as looking at pictures from a weather satellite. However, for storms with a filled eye, or an eye completely covered by the central dense overcast, other detection methods must be used. Observations from ships and Hurricane Hunters can pinpoint an eye visually, by looking for a drop in wind speed or lack of rainfall in the storm 's center. In the United States, South Korea, and a few other countries, a network of NEXRAD Doppler weather radar stations can detect eyes near the coast. Weather satellites also carry equipment for measuring atmospheric water vapor and cloud temperatures, which can be used to spot a forming eye. In addition, scientists have recently discovered that the amount of ozone in the eye is much higher than the amount in the eyewall, due to air sinking from the ozone - rich stratosphere. Instruments sensitive to ozone perform measurements, which are used to observe rising and sinking columns of air, and provide indication of the formation of an eye, even before satellite imagery can determine its formation. Associated phenomena ( edit ) A satellite photo of Typhoon Amber of the 1997 Pacific typhoon season exhibiting an outer and inner eyewall, while undergoing an eyewall replacement cycle Eyewall replacement cycles ( edit ) Main article : Eyewall replacement cycle Eyewall replacement cycles, also called concentric eyewall cycles, naturally occur in intense tropical cyclones, generally with winds greater than 185 km / h ( 115 mph ), or major hurricanes ( Category 3 or higher on the Saffir -- Simpson hurricane scale ). When tropical cyclones reach this intensity, and the eyewall contracts or is already sufficiently small ( see above ), some of the outer rainbands may strengthen and organize into a ring of thunderstorms -- an outer eyewall -- that slowly moves inward and robs the inner eyewall of its needed moisture and angular momentum. Since the strongest winds are located in a cyclone 's eyewall, the tropical cyclone usually weakens during this phase, as the inner wall is `` choked '' by the outer wall. Eventually the outer eyewall replaces the inner one completely, and the storm can re-intensify. The discovery of this process was partially responsible for the end of the U.S. government 's hurricane modification experiment Project Stormfury. This project set out to seed clouds outside the eyewall, causing a new eyewall to form and weakening the storm. When it was discovered that this was a natural process due to hurricane dynamics, the project was quickly abandoned. Almost every intense hurricane undergoes at least one of these cycles during its existence. Hurricane Allen in 1980 went through repeated eyewall replacement cycles, fluctuating between Category 5 and Category 3 status on the Saffir - Simpson scale several times. Hurricane Juliette was a rare documented case of triple eyewalls. Moats ( edit ) A moat in a tropical cyclone is a clear ring outside the eyewall, or between concentric eyewalls, characterized by subsidence -- slowly sinking air -- and little or no precipitation. The air flow in the moat is dominated by the cumulative effects of stretching and shearing. The moat between eyewalls is an area in the storm where the rotational speed of the air changes greatly in proportion to the distance from the storm 's center ; these areas are also known as rapid filamentation zones. Such areas can potentially be found near any vortex of sufficient strength, but are most pronounced in strong tropical cyclones. Eyewall mesovortices ( edit ) Eyewall mesovortices are small scale rotational features found in the eyewalls of intense tropical cyclones. They are similar, in principle, to small `` suction vortices '' often observed in multiple - vortex tornadoes. In these vortices, wind speeds may be greater than anywhere else in the eyewall. Eyewall mesovortices are most common during periods of intensification in tropical cyclones. Eyewall mesovortices often exhibit unusual behavior in tropical cyclones. They usually rotate around the low pressure center, but sometimes they remain stationary. Eyewall mesovortices have even been documented to cross the eye of a storm. These phenomena have been documented observationally, experimentally, and theoretically. Eyewall mesovortices are a significant factor in the formation of tornadoes after tropical cyclone landfall. Mesovortices can spawn rotation in individual thunderstorms ( a mesocyclone ), which leads to tornadic activity. At landfall, friction is generated between the circulation of the tropical cyclone and land. This can allow the mesovortices to descend to the surface, causing tornadoes. Stadium effect ( edit ) View of Typhoon Maysak 's eye from the International Space Station on March 31, 2015, displaying a pronounced stadium effect. The stadium effect is a phenomenon observed in strong tropical cyclones. It is a fairly common event, where the clouds of the eyewall curve outward from the surface with height. This gives the eye an appearance resembling an open dome from the air, akin to a sports stadium. An eye is always larger at the top of the storm, and smallest at the bottom of the storm because the rising air in the eyewall follows isolines of equal angular momentum, which also slope outward with height. In tropical cyclones with very small eyes, the sloping phenomenon is much more pronounced. Eye - like features ( edit ) An eye - like structure is often found in intensifying tropical cyclones. Similar to the eye seen in hurricanes or typhoons, it is a circular area at the circulation center of the storm in which convection is absent. These eye - like features are most normally found in intensifying tropical storms and hurricanes of Category 1 strength on the Saffir - Simpson scale. For example, an eye - like feature was found in Hurricane Beta when the storm had maximum wind speeds of only 80 km / h ( 50 mph ), well below hurricane force. The features are typically not visible on visible wavelengths or infrared wavelengths from space, although they are easily seen on microwave satellite imagery. Their development at the middle levels of the atmosphere is similar to the formation of a complete eye, but the features might be horizontally displaced due to vertical wind shear. Hazards ( edit ) Play media An aircraft flying through a storm 's eyewall and into the calm eye Though the eye is by far the calmest part of the storm, with no wind at the center and typically clear skies, over the ocean it is possibly the most hazardous area. In the eyewall, wind - driven waves all travel in the same direction. In the center of the eye, however, the waves converge from all directions, creating erratic crests that can build on each other to become rogue waves. The maximum height of hurricane waves is unknown, but measurements during Hurricane Ivan when it was a Category 4 hurricane estimated that waves near the eyewall exceeded 40 m ( 130 ft ) from peak to trough. A common mistake, especially in areas where hurricanes are uncommon, is for residents to exit their homes to inspect the damage while the calm eye passes over, only to be caught off guard by the violent winds in the opposite eyewall. Other cyclones ( edit ) The North American blizzard of 2006, an extratropical storm, showed an eye - like structure at its peak intensity ( here seen just to the east of the Delmarva Peninsula ). Main article : Cyclone Though only tropical cyclones have structures officially termed `` eyes '', there are other weather systems that can exhibit eye - like features. Polar lows ( edit ) Polar lows are mesoscale weather systems, typically smaller than 1,000 km ( 600 mi ) across, found near the poles. Like tropical cyclones, they form over relatively warm water and can feature deep convection and winds of gale force or greater. Unlike storms of tropical nature, however, they thrive in much colder temperatures and at much higher latitudes. They are also smaller and last for shorter durations, with few lasting longer than a day or so. Despite these differences, they can be very similar in structure to tropical cyclones, featuring a clear eye surrounded by an eyewall and bands of rain and snow.. Extratropical cyclones ( edit ) Extratropical cyclones are areas of low pressure which exist at the boundary of different air masses. Almost all storms found at mid-latitudes are extratropical in nature, including classic North American nor'easters and European windstorms. The most severe of these can have a clear `` eye '' at the site of lowest barometric pressure, though it is usually surrounded by lower, non-convective clouds and is found near the back end of the storm. Subtropical cyclones ( edit ) Subtropical cyclones are low - pressure systems with some extratropical characteristics and some tropical characteristics. As such, they may have an eye while not being truly tropical in nature. Subtropical cyclones can be very hazardous, generating high winds and seas, and often evolve into fully tropical cyclones. For this reason, the National Hurricane Center began including subtropical storms in its naming scheme in 2002. Tornadoes ( edit ) Tornadoes are destructive, small - scale storms, which produce the fastest winds on earth. There are two main types -- single - vortex tornadoes, which consist of a single spinning column of air, and multiple - vortex tornadoes, which consist of small `` suction vortices, '' resembling mini-tornadoes themselves, all rotating around a common center. Both of these types of tornadoes are theorized to have calm eyes. These theories are supported by doppler velocity observations by weather radar and eyewitness accounts. Extraterrestrial vortices ( edit ) A hurricane - like storm on the south pole of Saturn displaying an eyewall tens of kilometers high See also : Extraterrestrial vortex NASA reported in November 2006 that the Cassini spacecraft observed a `` hurricane - like '' storm locked to the south pole of Saturn with a clearly defined eyewall. The observation was particularly notable as eyewall clouds had not previously been seen on any planet other than Earth ( including a failure to observe an eyewall in the Great Red Spot of Jupiter by the Galileo spacecraft ). In 2007, very large vortices on both poles of Venus were observed by the Venus Express mission of the European Space Agency to have a dipole eye structure. See also ( edit ) Tropical cyclones portal List of tropical cyclones Radius of maximum wind RAINEX Storm surge References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Landsea, Chris ; Goldenberg, Stan ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ). `` A : Basic definitions ''. In Dorst, Neal. Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ). 4.5. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. pp. A11 : What is the ' eye '?. Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 15. Jump up ^ Landsea, Chris ; Goldenberg, Stan ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ). `` A : Basic definitions ''. In Dorst, Neal. Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ). 4.5. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. pp. A9 : What is a `` CDO ''?. Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 15. Jump up ^ Webmaster ( 2010 - 01 - 05 ). `` Tropical Cyclone Structure ''. JetStream -- Online School for Weather. National Weather Service. Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 14. Jump up ^ Landsea, Chris ; Goldenberg, Stan ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ). `` A : Basic definitions ''. In Dorst, Neal. Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ). 4.5. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. pp. A7 : What is an extra-tropical cyclone?. Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 15. Jump up ^ Velden, Christopher S. ; Olander, Timothy L. ; Zehr, Raymond M. ( 1998 ). `` Development of an Objective Scheme to Estimate Tropical Cyclone Intensity from Digital Geostationary Satellite Infrared Imagery ''. Weather and Forecasting. American Meteorological Society. 13 ( 1 ) : 172 -- 173. Bibcode : 1998WtFor... 13... 172V. doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0434 ( 1998 ) 013 < 0172 : DOAOST > 2.0.CO ; 2. ISSN 1520 - 0434. Jump up ^ Schubert, Wayne H. ; et al. ( 1999 ). `` Polygonal Eyewalls, Asymmetric Eye Contraction, and Potential Vorticity Mixing in Hurricanes '' ( PDF ). Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. American Meteorological Society. 59 ( 9 ) : 1197 -- 1223. Bibcode : 1999JAtS... 56.1197 S. doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0469 ( 1999 ) 056 < 1197 : PEAECA > 2.0.CO ; 2. ISSN 1520 - 0469. Jump up ^ Beven, Jack ( 2005 - 10 - 08 ). Hurricane Wilma Discussion Number 14 ( Report ). Hurricane Wilma Advisory Archive. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06. ^ Jump up to : Landsea, Chris ; Goldenberg, Stan ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ). `` D : Tropical cyclone winds and energy ''. In Dorst, Neal. Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ). 4.5. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. pp. D8 : What are `` concentric eyewall cycles ''...?. Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 15. Jump up ^ Evans, Bill. It 's Raining Fish and Spiders. Hurricane Extremes : Google Ebooks. Retrieved 20 August 2015. Jump up ^ A Dictionary of Weather. Weather Records : Storm Dunlop. Retrieved 20 August 2015. Jump up ^ Beven, Jack ; Cobb, Hugh ( 2003 ). Hurricane Isabel : 6 -- 19 September 2003 ( Tropical Cyclone Report ). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06. ^ Jump up to : Vigh, Jonathan ( 2006 ). Formation of the Hurricane Eye ( PDF ). 27th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology. Monterey, California : American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07. Jump up ^ Gutro, Rob ( 2005 - 06 - 08 ). `` Ozone Levels Drop When Hurricanes Are Strengthening '' ( Press release ). NASA. Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 05. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06. Jump up ^ McNoldy, Brian D. ( 2004 ). `` Triple Eyewall in Hurricane Juliette '' ( PDF ). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. American Meteorological Society. 85 ( 11 ) : 1663 -- 1666. Bibcode : 2004BAMS... 85.1663 M. doi : 10.1175 / BAMS - 85 - 11 - 1663. ISSN 1520 - 0477. Jump up ^ Rozoff, Christopher M. ; Schubert, Wayne H. ; McNoldy, Brian D. ; Kossin, James P. ( 2006 ). `` Rapid filamentation zones in intense tropical cyclones ''. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. American Meteorological Society. 63 ( 1 ) : 325 -- 340. Bibcode : 2006JAtS... 63... 325R. doi : 10.1175 / JAS3595. 1. ISSN 1520 - 0469. ^ Jump up to : Montgomery, Michael T. ; Vladimirov, Vladimir A. ; Denissenko, Peter V. ( 2002 ). `` An experimental study on hurricane mesovortices '' ( PDF ). Journal of Fluid Mechanics. Cambridge University Press. 471 : 1 -- 32. Bibcode : 2002JFM... 471... 1M. doi : 10.1017 / S0022112002001647. ISSN 0022 - 1120. Jump up ^ Aberson, Sim D. ; Black, Michael L. ; Montgomery, Michael T. ; Bell, Michael ( 2004 ). A Record Wind Measurement in Hurricane Isabel : Direct Evidence of an Eyewall Mesocyclone? ( PDF ). 26th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology. Miami, Florida : American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07. Jump up ^ Kossin, James P. ; McNoldy, Brian D. ; Schubert, Wayne H. ( 2002 ). `` Vortical swirls in hurricane eye clouds ''. Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 130 ( 12 ) : 3144 -- 3149. Bibcode : 2002MWRv... 130.3144 K. doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 2002 ) 130 < 3144 : VSIHEC > 2.0.CO ; 2. ISSN 1520 - 0493. Jump up ^ Kossin, James. P. ; Schubert, Wayne H. ( 2001 ). `` Mesovortices, polygonal flow patterns, and rapid pressure falls in hurricane - like vortices ''. 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Bibcode : 1973JAtS... 30.1565 G. doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0469 ( 1973 ) 030 < 1565 : THICRI > 2.0.CO ; 2. ISSN 1520 - 0469. Jump up ^ Hawkins, Harry F. ; Imbembo, Stephen M. ( 1976 ). `` The structure of a Small, Intense Hurricane -- Inez 1966 ''. Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 104 ( 4 ) : 418 -- 442. Bibcode : 1976MWRv... 104... 418H. doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1976 ) 104 < 0418 : TSOASI > 2.0.CO ; 2. ISSN 1520 - 0493. Jump up ^ Beven, John L. ( 2005 - 10 - 27 ). Tropical Storm Beta Discussion Number 3 ( Report ). Hurricane Beta Advisory Archive. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07. Jump up ^ Marks, Frank D. ; Stewart, Stacy R. ( 2001 ). TRMM Satellite Data - Applications to Tropical Cyclone Analysis and Forecasting ( PDF ) ( Presentation ). TRMM Workshops. Boulder, Colorado : University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. pp. 7 -- 25. Jump up ^ `` STORM project '' ( Press release ). National Weather Service. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 12. Jump up ^ Brown, Daniel ; Roberts, Dave. `` Interpretation of passive microwave imagery '' ( Press release ). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 12. Jump up ^ Wang, David W. ; Mitchell, Douglas A. ; Teague, William J. ; Jarosz, Ewa ; Hulbert, Mark S. ( 2005 ). `` Extreme Waves Under Hurricane Ivan ''. Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 309 ( 5736 ) : 896. doi : 10.1126 / science. 1112509. PMID 16081728. Jump up ^ Webmaster ( 2010 - 01 - 05 ). `` Tropical Cyclone Safety ''. JetStream -- Online School for Weather. National Weather Service. Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 06. Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology Archived 2012 - 02 - 11 at the Wayback Machine... American Meteorological Society. Accessed 2008 - 10 - 10. Jump up ^ National Snow and Ice Data Center. `` Polar Lows ''. Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24. Jump up ^ Maue, Ryan N. ( 2006 - 04 - 25 ). `` Warm seclusion cyclone climatology ''. American Meteorological Society Conference. Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 06. Jump up ^ Cappella, Chris ( April 22, 2003 ). `` Weather Basics : Subtropical storms ''. USA Today. Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 15. Jump up ^ Monastersky, R. ( May 15, 1999 ). `` Oklahoma Tornado Sets Wind Record ''. Science News. Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 15. Jump up ^ Justice, Alonzo A. ( May 1930 ). `` Seeing the Inside of a Tornado '' ( PDF ). Monthly Weather Review. pp. 205 -- 206. Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 15. Jump up ^ `` NASA Sees into the Eye of a Monster Storm on Saturn ''. NASA. 2006 - 11 - 09. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved November 10, 2006. Jump up ^ Piccioni, G. ; et al. ( 2007 - 11 - 29 ). `` South - polar features on Venus similar to those near the north pole ''. Nature. 450 ( 7170 ) : 637 -- 40. Bibcode : 2007Natur. 450... 637P. doi : 10.1038 / nature06209. PMID 18046395. External links ( edit ) Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory Canadian Hurricane Centre : Glossary of Hurricane Terms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eye_(cyclone)&oldid=817154158 '' Categories : Tropical cyclone meteorology Vortices Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Featured articles Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017, at 14 : 44. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Eye (cyclone)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Eye_(cyclone)&amp;oldid=817154158" }

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{ "text": "Lighthouse Point, Florida - wikipedia Lighthouse Point, Florida Jump to : navigation, search Lighthouse Point, Florida City City of Lighthouse Point Seal Nickname ( s ) : LHP Location of Lighthouse Point in Broward County in State of Florida Coordinates : 26 ° 16 ′ 29 '' N 80 ° 5 ′ 22 '' W  /  26.27472 ° N 80.08944 ° W  / 26.27472 ; - 80.08944 Coordinates : 26 ° 16 ′ 29 '' N 80 ° 5 ′ 22 '' W  /  26.27472 ° N 80.08944 ° W  / 26.27472 ; - 80.08944 Country United States of America State Florida County Broward Settled ( Hillsboro Isles Settlement ) Circa 1947 - 1951 Incorporated ( Town of Lighthouse Point ) June 13, 1956 Incorporated ( City of Lighthouse Point ) June 11, 1957 Government Type Mayor - Commission Mayor Glenn Troast ( R ) Commission President Michael S. Long Commissioners Kyle Van Buskirk, Jason Joffe, Sandy Johnson and Earl Maucker City Administrator John D. Lavisky City Clerk Jennifer M. Oh Area City 2.39 sq mi ( 6.19 km ) Land 2.31 sq mi ( 5.98 km ) Water 0.08 sq mi ( 0.22 km ) 4.58 % Elevation 3 ft ( 1 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 10,344 Estimate ( 2016 ) 11,143 Density 4,825.90 / sq mi ( 1,863.63 / km ) Metro 5,564,635 Time zone EST ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP code 33064, 33074 Area code ( s ) 754, 954 FIPS code 12 - 40450 GNIS feature ID 0285506 Website http://www.lighthousepoint.com Lighthouse Point is a city in Broward County, Florida, United States. The city was named for the Hillsboro Inlet Lighthouse, which is located in nearby Hillsboro Beach. As of the 2010 census, the population of Lighthouse Point was 10,344. The city is part of the Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- Pompano Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area, which was home to 5,564,635 people at the 2010 census. Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Demographics 3 Media 4 Education 5 Notable people 6 References 7 External links Geography ( edit ) Lighthouse Point is located at 26 ° 16 ′ 29 '' N 80 ° 05 ′ 22 '' W  /  26.274691 ° N 80.089414 ° W  / 26.274691 ; - 80.089414. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.4 square miles ( 6 km ), of which 2.29 square miles ( 6 km ) is land and. 11 square miles ( 0 km ) ( 4.58 % ) is water. Lighthouse Point is located in northeastern Broward County. It is adjacent to the following municipalities : To its north : Deerfield Beach To its east : Hillsboro Beach ( across the Intracoastal Waterway ) To its west and south : Pompano Beach Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop. % ± 1960 2,453 -- 1970 9,071 269.8 % 1980 11,488 26.6 % 10,378 − 9.7 % 2000 10,767 3.7 % 10,344 − 3.9 % Est. 2016 11,143 7.7 % U.S. Decennial Census Lighthouse Point Demographics 2010 Census Lighthouse Point Broward County Florida Total population 10,344 1,748,066 18,801,310 Population, percent change, 2000 to 2010 - 3.9 % + 7.7 % + 17.6 % Population density 4,484.0 / sq mi 1,444.9 / sq mi 350.6 / sq mi White or Caucasian ( including White Hispanic ) 94.0 % 63.1 % 75.0 % ( Non-Hispanic White or Caucasian ) 87.7 % 43.5 % 57.9 % Black or African - American 1.7 % 26.7 % 16.0 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 7.5 % 25.1 % 22.5 % Asian 1.6 % 3.2 % 2.4 % Native American or Native Alaskan 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.4 % Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian 0.0 % 0.1 % 0.1 % Two or more races ( Multiracial ) 1.6 % 2.9 % 2.5 % Some Other Race 0.8 % 3.7 % 3.6 % As of 2010, there were 5,774 households out of which 15.1 % were vacant. In 2000, 19.5 % had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.7 % were married couples living together, 6.0 % had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.4 % were non-families. 33.6 % of all households were made up of individuals and 16.3 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.65. In 2000, the city the population was spread out with 16.2 % under the age of 18, 3.4 % from 18 to 24, 27.1 % from 25 to 44, 30.1 % from 45 to 64, and 23.2 % who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.4 males. As of 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $53,038, and the median income for a family was $72,418. Males had a median income of $51,897 versus $32,929 for females. The per capita income for the city was $40,839. About 2.6 % of families and 5.0 % of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.8 % of those under age 18 and 6.5 % of those age 65 or over. As of 2000, speakers of English as their first language were 89.18 %, while 4.64 % spoke Spanish as theirs. Other languages spoken as a first language are Italian 1.93 %, French 1.22 %, German at 1.06 %, while Portuguese being the mother tongue of 0.71 % of all residents. Media ( edit ) Lighthouse Point is part of the Miami - Fort Lauderdale - Hollywood media market, which is the twelfth largest radio market and the seventeenth largest television market in the United States. Its primary daily newspapers are the South Florida Sun - Sentinel and The Miami Herald, and their Spanish - language counterparts El Sentinel and El Nuevo Herald. Each house, apartment and business in Lighthouse Point receives the monthly, glossy, lifestyle magazine `` Lighthouse Point '' created and mailed by publishers Susan and Richard Rosser. Education ( edit ) Broward County Public Schools serves the community. Elementary Schools Cresthaven Elementary School ( located in Pompano Beach, Florida ) Norcrest Elementary School ( located in Pompano Beach, Florida ) Middle Schools Crystal Lake Middle School ( located in Pompano Beach, Florida ) Deerfield Beach Middle School ( located in Deerfield Beach, Florida ) Pompano Beach Middle School ( located in Pompano Beach, Florida ) High Schools Deerfield Beach High School ( located in Deerfield Beach, Florida ) Originally North Broward Preparatory School was located in the city. It was established there in 1957, but is no longer located in Lighthouse Point. Notable people ( edit ) Paul Castronovo, radio personality Bruce Nickells, harness racing driver. Mike Phipps, College Football Hall of Fame member Nevin Shapiro, University of Miami football booster who is currently imprisoned for orchestrating a $930 million Ponzi scheme John Spadavecchia, poker player Ben Klassen, founder of religion of Creativity References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` City of Lighthouse Point : History ''. http://city.lighthousepoint.com/. Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09. External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Broward - by - the - Numbers ( pages 3 - 5 ) '' ( PDF ). www.broward.org. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 10 - 10. Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09. Jump up ^ `` Broward - by - the - Numbers ( pages 3 - 5 ) '' ( PDF ). www.broward.org. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 10 - 10. Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09. Jump up ^ Gibson, William ( 9 October 2015 ). `` Prominent Broward Republicans jump on Jeb Bush campaign ''. Sun - Sentinel. Retrieved 11 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files ''. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Jul 7, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates ''. Retrieved June 9, 2017. Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder ''. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31. Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names ''. United States Geological Survey. 2007 - 10 - 25. Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31. Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010, 2000, and 1990 ''. United States Census Bureau. 2011 - 02 - 12. Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23. Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing ''. Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. Jump up ^ `` MLA Data Center results for Lighthouse Point, FL ''. Modern Language Association. Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23. Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Radio Markets Ranked By Metro 12 + Population, Spring 2005 ''. Northwestern University Media Management Center. Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 07. Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23. Jump up ^ `` Top 50 TV markets ranked by households ''. Northwestern University Media Management Center. Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 07. Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23. Jump up ^ `` Our History. '' North Broward Preparatory School. Retrieved on 26 February 2012. Jump up ^ ` Star ` Leads Nickells Down The Filly Way External links ( edit ) Miami portal City of Lighthouse Point official website Municipalities and communities of Broward County, Florida, United States County seat : Fort Lauderdale Cities Coconut Creek Cooper City Coral Springs Dania Beach Deerfield Beach Fort Lauderdale Hallandale Beach Hollywood Lauderdale Lakes Lauderhill Lighthouse Point Margate Miramar North Lauderdale Oakland Park Parkland Pembroke Pines Plantation Pompano Beach Sunrise Tamarac West Park Weston Wilton Manors Towns Davie Hillsboro Beach Lauderdale - by - the - Sea Pembroke Park Southwest Ranches Villages Lazy Lake Sea Ranch Lakes CDPs Boulevard Gardens Broadview Park Franklin Park Hillsboro Pines Roosevelt Gardens Washington Park Unincorporated community Fern Crest Village Indian reservations Big Cypress Indian Reservation Miccosukee Indian Reservation Ghost towns Andytown Hacienda Village Miami metropolitan area Population - 6,012,331 Counties Miami - Dade Broward Palm Beach Major city 441 thousand Miami Cities and towns 100k - 250k Coral Springs Fort Lauderdale Hialeah Hollywood Miami Gardens Miramar Pembroke Pines Pompano Beach West Palm Beach Cities and towns 25k - 99k Aventura Boca Raton Boynton Beach Coconut Creek Cooper City Coral Gables Cutler Bay Dania Beach Davie Deerfield Beach Delray Beach Doral Greenacres Hallandale Beach Homestead Jupiter Lake Worth Lauderdale Lakes Lauderhill Margate Miami Beach North Lauderdale North Miami North Miami Beach Oakland Park Palm Beach Gardens Plantation Riviera Beach Sunrise Tamarac West Park Weston Wilton Manors Cities and towns 10k - 25k Belle Glade Hialeah Gardens Lighthouse Point Miami Lakes Miami Springs Opa - locka Palm Beach Parkland South Miami Sunny Isles Beach Sweetwater Palm Springs A list of cities under 10,000 is available here. Greater Miami Area Miami Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach Miami metropolitan area Central business district Downtown Miami Brickell Central Business District Historic District Government Center Park West Omni Major urban areas Aventura Coconut Grove Coral Gables Dadeland Health District Hialeah Midtown Edgewater Wynwood South Beach Colleges and universities Barry University Carlos Albizu University Florida International University Florida Memorial University Johnson & Wales University University of Miami Miami Dade College Miami International University of Art & Design Nova Southeastern University St. Thomas University Parks and recreation Alice Wainwright Park Amelia Earhart Park Arch Creek The Barnacle Historic State Park Bayfront Park Big Cypress National Preserve Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park Biscayne National Park Chapman Field Park Crandon Park Dinner Key Everglades National Park Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Fort Dallas Fruit and Spice Park Greynolds Park Haulover Park Jungle Island The Kampong Margaret Pace Park Matheson Hammock Park Miami Seaquarium Monkey Jungle Museum Park Oleta River State Park Peacock Park Shark Valley Simpson Park Hammock South Pointe Park Tamiami Park Tropical Park Virginia Key Zoo Miami Attractions Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts American Airlines Arena Bass Museum Biltmore Hotel Bonita Chita Key Coral Castle Downtown Miami FIU Arena FIU Stadium Florida Grand Opera Fontainebleau Miami Beach Frost Art Museum Frost School of Music Hard Rock Stadium HistoryMiami Holocaust Memorial Homestead Jewish Museum of Florida Lowe Art Museum Lincoln Road Lummus Park MacFarlane Homestead Marlins Park Miami Beach Architectural District Miami Beach Convention Center Miami Children 's Museum Miami City Ballet Miami Conservatory Museum of Contemporary Art New World Symphony Orchestra Normandy Isles North Shore Ocean Drive Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science Pérez Art Museum Miami South Beach The Miami Line Vizcaya Museum and Gardens Watsco Center Wolfsonian - FIU Wynwood Art District Major shopping centers Aventura Mall Bal Harbour Shops Bayside Marketplace CocoWalk Collins Avenue Dadeland Mall Dolphin Mall The Falls Flagler Street Lincoln Road The Mall at 163rd Street Mall of the Americas Mary Brickell Village Miami International Mall Midtown Miami Miracle Marketplace The Shops at Sunset Place Southland Mall Shops at Merrick Park Westland Mall Transportation Broward County Transit Government Center Miami Airport Station Miami - Dade Transit Metrorail Metrobus Metromover MIA Mover Miami International Airport Palm Tran Port of Miami Tri-Rail Amtrak Major thoroughfares East 6th Avenue North 36th Street North 54th Street North 79th Street North 103rd Street North 125th Street North 135th Street West 7th Avenue West 12th Avenue West 27th Avenue West 107th Avenue Allapattah Road Alton Road Bird Road Biscayne Boulevard Brickell Avenue Broad Causeway Collins Avenue Coral Reef Drive Coral Way County Line Road Douglas Road Flagler Street Galloway Road Gratigny Ives Dairy Road Julia Tuttle Causeway Kendall Drive John F. Kennedy Causeway Killian Krome Avenue William Lehman Causeway Le Jeune Road Ludlam Road MacArthur Causeway Miami Avenue Miami Gardens Drive Milam Dairy Road Miracle Mile Okeechobee Road Old Cutler Road Port Boulevard Quail Roost Drive Red Road Rickenbacker Causeway South Dixie Highway Sunset Drive Tamiami Trail Venetian Causeway West Dixie Highway Portal WikiProject State of Florida Tallahassee ( capital ) Topics Climate Delegations Environment Geography Geology Government History Law Media Newspapers Radio TV State parks Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Florida Society Floridians Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Big Bend Central Florida Emerald Coast First Coast Florida Heartland Florida Keys Florida Panhandle Forgotten Coast Glades Gold Coast Halifax area Nature Coast North Central Florida North Florida South Florida Southwest Florida Space Coast Suncoast Tampa Bay Area Treasure Coast Metro areas Cape Coral -- Fort Myers Deltona -- Daytona Beach -- Ormond Beach Fort Walton Beach -- Crestview -- Destin Gainesville Jacksonville Lakeland -- Winter Haven Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- Pompano Beach Naples -- Marco Island North Port -- Bradenton -- Sarasota Ocala Orlando -- Kissimmee -- Sanford Palm Bay -- Melbourne -- Titusville West Palm Beach - Boca Raton Panama City -- Lynn Haven -- Panama City Beach Pensacola -- Ferry Pass -- Brent Port St. Lucie Punta Gorda Sebastian -- Vero Beach Tallahassee Tampa - St. Petersburg -- Clearwater Largest cities Jacksonville Miami Tampa Orlando St. Petersburg Hialeah Tallahassee Port St. Lucie Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach Cape Coral Pembroke Pines Hollywood Counties Alachua Baker Bay Bradford Brevard Broward Calhoun Charlotte Citrus Clay Collier Columbia DeSoto Dixie Duval Escambia Flagler Franklin Gadsden Gilchrist Glades Gulf Hamilton Hardee Hendry Hernando Highlands Hillsborough Holmes Indian River Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Lake Lee Leon Levy Liberty Madison Manatee Marion Martin Miami ‐ Dade Monroe Nassau Okaloosa Okeechobee Orange Osceola Palm Beach Pasco Pinellas Polk Putnam Santa Rosa Sarasota Seminole St. Johns St. Lucie Sumter Suwannee Taylor Union Volusia Wakulla Walton Washington Former Counties Mosquito Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse_Point,_Florida&oldid=802986478 '' Categories : Cities in Broward County, Florida Populated places on the Intracoastal Waterway in Florida Cities in Florida 1947 establishments in Florida Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Ido Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Malagasy Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe اردو Volapük 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017, at 19 : 10. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Lighthouse Point, Florida", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Lighthouse_Point,_Florida&amp;oldid=802986478" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "/ km ) Metro 5,564,635 Time zone EST ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP code 33064, 33074 Area code ( s ) 754, 954 FIPS code 12 - 40450 GNIS feature ID 0285506 Website http://www.lighthousepoint.com Lighthouse Point is a city in Broward County, Florida, United States. The city was named for the Hillsboro Inlet Lighthouse, which is located in nearby Hillsboro Beach. As of the 2010 census, the population of Lighthouse Point was 10,344. The city is part of the Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- Pompano Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area, which was home to 5,564,635 people at the 2010 census. Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Demographics 3 Media 4 Education 5 Notable people 6 References 7 External links Geography ( edit ) Lighthouse Point is located at 26 ° 16 ′ 29 '' N 80 ° 05 ′ 22 '' W  /  26.274691 ° N 80.089414 ° W  / 26.274691 ; - 80.089414." ], "id": [ "13318403868818075111" ], "short_answers": [ "Hillsboro Beach" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Fatima Al - Fihri - wikipedia Fatima Al - Fihri Fatima al - Fihre ( El - Fihriya ) Native name فاطمة الفهرية c. 800 Kairouan, Abbasid Caliphate 880 Fes, Idrisid dynasty Known for Founding oldest - surviving madrasa and university, University of Al Quaraouiyine Fatima bint Muhammad Al - Fihriya Al - Qurashiya ( Arabic : فاطمة بنت محمد الفهرية القرشية ‎ ) was an Arab Muslim woman who is credited for founding the oldest existing, continually operating and first degree - awarding educational institution in the world, The University of Al Quaraouiyine in Fes, Morocco in 859 CE. Biography. ( edit ) Karaouine Mosque and University. Al - Fihri was the daughter of a wealthy merchant, and had been educated. The family was part of a large migration to Fes from the town of Kairouan ( Qayrawan ), in modern Tunisia, which lent its name to the mosque and madrassa she would found. The madrasa Al - Fihri founded is still in operation today as the University of Al Quaraouiyine. It is the oldest continually operating educational institution in the world and is sometimes referred to as the world 's oldest university, by being the first institution to award degrees indicative of different levels of study. The mosque is also still in operation, and is one of the largest in North Africa. The library Al - Fihri founded at the university is one of the world 's oldest libraries. The library underwent restoration and reopened to the public in May 2016. The library 's collection of over 4000 manuscripts includes a 9th - century Qur'an and the earliest collection of hadiths. Mariam, Fatima 's sister, was the sponsor of the Al - Andalus mosque, also in Fes. Both were part of a larger tradition of women founding mosques. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kenney, Jeffrey T. ; Moosa, Ebrahim ( 2013 - 08 - 15 ). Islam in the Modern World. Routledge. p. 128. ISBN 9781135007959. Jump up ^ Kenney, Jeffrey T. ; Moosa, Ebrahim ( 2013 - 08 - 15 ). Islam in the Modern World. Routledge. p. 128. ISBN 9781135007959. Jump up ^ Gates Jr., Henry Louis ( ed. ). Dictionary of African Biography. 6. pp. 357 -- 359. ISBN 9780195382075. Jump up ^ Lulat, Y.G. - M. : A History Of African Higher Education From Antiquity To The Present : A Critical Synthesis Studies in Higher Education, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32061 - 3, p. 70 : As for the nature of its curriculum, it was typical of other major madrasahs such as al - Azhar and al - Qarawiyyin, though many of the texts used at the institution came from Muslim Spain... Al - Qarawiyyin began its life as a small mosque constructed in 859 C.E. by means of an endowment bequeathed by a wealthy woman of much piety, Fatima bint Muhammed al - Fahri. Jump up ^ Joseph, Suad ; Najmabadi, Afsaneh ( 2003 - 01 - 01 ). Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures : Economics, education, mobility and space. Brill. p. 314. ISBN 9789004128200. Jump up ^ Swartley, Keith E. ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ). Encountering the World of Islam. Biblica. p. 74. ISBN 9781932805246. Jump up ^ Shaheen, Kareem ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ). `` World 's oldest library reopens in Fez : ' You can hurt us, but you ca n't hurt the books ' ''. The Guardian. ISSN 0261 - 3077. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30. Jump up ^ CNN, Daisy Carrington. `` This 1,157 - year - old library gets a facelift ''. CNN. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30. Jump up ^ Kahera, Akel ; Abdulmalik, Latif ; Anz, Craig ( 2009 - 10 - 26 ). Design Criteria for Mosques and Islamic Centres. Routledge. p. 81. ISBN 9781136441271. Further reading ( edit ) `` Kairaouine Mosque, Fes ''. Sacred Destinations. `` The Al - Qarawiyyin Mosque ''. Morocco.com. LCCN : no2017090874 VIAF : 207150033020011180006 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatima_al-Fihri&oldid=844438091 '' Categories : 9th - century Moroccan people People from Fez, Morocco People from Kairouan Moroccan Muslims 880 deaths University of al - Qarawiyyin 9th - century women Moroccan people of Tunisian descent Tunisian emigrants to Morocco Fihrids Hidden categories : Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Nederlands Português Русский Shqip Suomi Svenska Türkçe اردو 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018, at 22 : 36 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "Fatima al-Fihri", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Fatima_al-Fihri&amp;oldid=844438091" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Fatima Al - Fihri - wikipedia Fatima Al - Fihri Fatima al - Fihre ( El - Fihriya ) Native name فاطمة الفهرية c. 800 Kairouan, Abbasid Caliphate 880 Fes, Idrisid dynasty Known for Founding oldest - surviving madrasa and university, University of Al Quaraouiyine Fatima bint Muhammad Al - Fihriya Al - Qurashiya ( Arabic : فاطمة بنت محمد الفهرية القرشية ‎ ) was an Arab Muslim woman who is credited for founding the oldest existing, continually operating and first degree - awarding educational institution in the world, The University of Al Quaraouiyine in Fes, Morocco in 859 CE. Biography. ( edit ) Karaouine Mosque and University. Al - Fihri was the daughter of a wealthy merchant, and had been educated. The family was part of a large migration to Fes from the town of Kairouan ( Qayrawan ), in modern Tunisia, which lent its name to the mosque and madrassa she would found. The madrasa Al - Fihri founded is still in operation today" ], "id": [ "463724357990316763" ], "short_answers": [ "Fatima bint Muhammad Al-Fihriya Al-Qurashiya" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Facial hair - wikipedia Facial hair Jump to : navigation, search Facial hair is hair grown on the face, usually on the chin, cheeks, and upper lip region. It is typically a secondary sex characteristic of human males. Men typically start developing facial hair in the later years of puberty or adolescence, between seventeen and twenty years of age, and most do not finish developing a full adult beard until their early twenties or later. This varies, as boys may first develop facial hair between fourteen and sixteen years of age, and boys as young as eleven have been known to develop facial hair. Women are also capable of developing facial hair, especially after menopause, though typically significantly less than men. Men may style their facial hair into beards, moustaches, goatees or sideburns ; others completely shave their facial hair. The term whiskers, when used to refer to human facial hair, indicates the hair on the chin and cheeks. Contents ( hide ) 1 In male adolescence 2 Military 3 In religions 4 On women 5 Styles of facial hair 6 See also 7 Further reading 8 References 9 External links In male adolescence ( edit ) Abraham Lincoln is said to have grown his beard on the recommendation of the eleven - year - old Grace Bedell. The moustache forms its own stage in the development of facial hair in adolescent males. Facial hair in males does not always appear in a specific order during puberty and varies among some individuals but may follow this process : The first facial hair to appear tends to grow at the corners of the upper lip ( age 11 -- 15 ). It then spreads to form a moustache over the entire upper lip ( age 16 -- 17 ). This is followed by the appearance of hair on the upper part of the cheeks and the area under the lower lip ( age 16 -- 18 ). It eventually spreads to the sides and lower border of the chin and the rest of the lower face to form a full beard ( age 17 -- 21 ). Although this order is commonly seen, it can vary widely, with some facial hair starting from the chin and up towards the sideburns. As with most human biological processes, this specific order may vary among some individuals depending on one 's genetic heritage or environment. Military ( edit ) Main article : Facial hair in the military Depending on the periods and countries, facial hair was prohibited in the army or, on the contrary, an integral part of the uniform. In religions ( edit ) Many religious male figures are recorded to have had facial hair ; for example, all the prophets mentioned in the Abrahamic religions ( Judaism, Christianity and Islam ) were known to grow their beards. Other religions, such as Sikhism, encourage growing beards. Amish men grow beards after marriage, but continue to shave their moustaches in order to avoid historical associations with military facial hair due to their pacifistic beliefs. There are various hadiths that describe the necessary beard as its entirety, such as Sunan Abu Dawood 33 ; 4183, which says, `` The Prophet saw a boy with part of his head shaved and part left unshaven. He forbade them to do that, saying : Shave it all or leave it all. '' Therefore, most non-taqlid Muslims such as the ghair muqallids, Salafis and Ahle Hadith view its growing as wajib and fardh. The reasoning for the command was reportedly to differ the Muslims from non-Muslims deriving from Sahih Bukhari, `` Do otherwise than those who ascribe partners to Allah ( the mushriks ). '' On women ( edit ) Women typically have little hair on the face, apart from eyebrows and the vellus hair that covers most of the body. However, in some cases, women have noticeable facial hair growth, most commonly after menopause. Excessive hairiness ( especially facially ) is known as hirsutism and is usually an indication of atypical hormonal variation. In contemporary Western culture, many women depilate facial hair that appears, as considerable social stigma is associated with facial hair on women, and freak shows and circuses have historically displayed bearded women. Many women globally choose to totally remove their facial hair by professional laser treatment. Styles of facial hair ( edit ) Main article : List of facial hairstyles Top to bottom from left to right : Stubble ( 1 ) Moustache ( 2 ) Goatee ( 3 ) French cut ( 4 ) Mutton chops ( 5 ) `` Friendly '' muttonchops ( 6 ) Van Dyke ( 7 ) Full beard ( 8 ) See also ( edit ) Eyebrow Whiskers Further reading ( edit ) Jack Passion, The Facial Hair Handbook, Jack Passion, LLC ; First edition ( May 19, 2009 ). ISBN 978 - 0 - 87975 - 551 - 5. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The No - Hair Scare ''. PBS. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 20. Jump up ^ `` whiskers ''. Retrieved 11 March 2017. Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln 's Letter to Grace Bedell ''. www.abrahamlincolnonline.org. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05. Jump up ^ `` Adolescent Reproductive Health '' ( PDF ). UNESCO Regional Training Seminar on Guidance and Counselling. 2002 - 06 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Puberty -- Changes for Males ''. pamf.org. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Trimming the beard is Sunna, not haram ''. Retrieved 11 March 2017. Jump up ^ One Thousand Beards : A Cultural History of Facial Hair, page 87, Allan Peterkin - 2001 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Facial hair. Facial hair at DMOZ Human hair List of hairstyles / facial hairstyles Classification by type Lanugo Androgenic Terminal Vellus by location Nose Ear Eyebrow Eyelash Underarm Chest Abdominal Pubic Leg Human hair color Hair color Black Blond Brown ( varieties : Chestnut Auburn ) Red ( varieties : Auburn Titian ) White / Grey Hair coloring Blue rinse Grecian Formula Hair dye stripping Hair highlighting Henna Hydrogen peroxide Blue hair Other Disappearing blonde gene Fischer -- Saller scale Fischer scale Melanocortin 1 receptor Hairstyles Afro Asymmetric cut Bangs Beehive Big hair Blowout Bob cut Bouffant Bowl cut Braid or Plait Brush cut Bun ( odango ) Bunches Burr Businessman cut Butch cut Buzz cut Caesar cut Chignon Chonmage Chupryna Comb over Conk Cornrows Crew cut Crochet braids Croydon facelift Curtained hair Devilock Dido flip Digital perm Dreadlocks Duck 's ass Extensions Feathered hair Finger wave Flattop Fontange French braid French twist Frosted tips Harvard clip High and tight Hime cut Historical Christian hairstyles Hi - top fade Induction cut Ivy League Jewfro Jheri curl Kiss curl Layered hair Liberty spikes Long hair Lob cut Marcelling Mod cut Mohawk Mullet 1950s 1980s Pageboy Part Payot Pigtail Pixie cut Pompadour Ponytail Punch perm Princeton Professional cut Queue Quiff Rattail Razor cut Regular haircut Regular taper cut Ringlets Shag Shape - Up Short back and sides Short brush cut Short hair Spiky hair Standard haircut Surfer hair Taper cut Tonsure Updo Undercut Waves Wings Facial hair Beard Chin curtain Chinstrap Designer stubble Goatee Moustache Fu Manchu handlebar horseshoe pencil toothbrush walrus Neckbeard Shenandoah Sideburns Soul patch Van Dyke Hair loss Cosmetic Removal waxing threading plucking chemical electric laser IPL Shaving head leg cream brush soap Razor electric safety straight other Alopecia areata totalis universalis Male - pattern hair loss Glabrousness Hypertrichosis Management Trichophilia Trichotillomania Pogonophobia Haircare Products Brush Clay Clipper Comb Conditioner Dryer Gel Hot comb Iron Mousse Pomade Relaxer Rollers Shampoo Spray Wax Haircare Techniques Backcombing Crimping Curly Girl Method Perm Shampoo and set Straightening Documentaries My Nappy Roots : A Journey Through Black Hair - itage ( 2008 ) Good Hair ( 2009 ) Related Topics Afro - textured hair Bearded lady Barber ( pole ) Eponymous hairstyle Good hair ( phrase ) Hairdresser Hair fetishism ( pubic ) Hair follicle Hair growth Hypertrichosis Trichotillomania Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Facial_hair&oldid=786819014 '' Categories : Facial hair Facial features Secondary sexual characteristics Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with DMOZ links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español 한국어 עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Română Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 June 2017, at 19 : 41. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Facial hair", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Facial_hair&amp;oldid=786819014" }

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{ "text": "If You Ever Want to Be in Love - Wikipedia If You Ever Want to Be in Love Jump to : navigation, search `` If You Ever Want To Be In Love '' Single by James Bay from the album Chaos and the Calm Released 29 October 2015 Format Digital download, streaming Recorded 2013 -- 14 in Nashville, Tennessee Genre Blues rock alternative rock Length 3 : 58 Label Republic Songwriter ( s ) James Bay Jimmy Hogarth Steve McEwan Producer ( s ) Jacquire King James Bay singles chronology `` Scars '' ( 2015 ) `` If You Ever Want To Be In Love '' ( 2015 ) `` Best Fake Smile '' ( 2016 ) `` Scars '' ( 2015 ) `` If You Ever Want to Be in Love '' ( 2015 ) `` Best Fake Smile '' ( 2016 ) Music video `` If You Ever Want To Be In Love '' on YouTube `` If You Ever Want To Be In Love '' is a song by English singer - songwriter James Bay. It was released in the United Kingdom on 29 October 2015 through Republic Records as the fourth single from his debut studio album Chaos and the Calm ( 2015 ) after originally being included on Bay 's 2014 Let It Go EP. The single was certified silver in the United Kingdom in February 2017. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Charts 4 Certifications 5 Release history 6 References Background ( edit ) Bay told PopCrush the song is `` about a few different experiences and scenarios '' saying `` I was really keen to ( move away from home ) when I was 18, and I moved about 2 - 3 hours away... Suddenly, I was really aware of the feeling every time I went home back to the town where I grew up in. When ( I 'd see my home town friends ) again, there was always that talk of we 're all back in this town -- it was a small town. We 'd come together and one of the stories amongst all of this is always, `` I saw that girl who I had something going on with and it really it sort of fizzled out and did n't end up being anything because we both went to different parts of the country. '' Some people have that feeling of `` what if? '' and that slight feeling of regret that they moved away. So the song is kind of referencing that whole part of your life where you leave and whenever you come back to visit, there 's those things that make you think `` What if I had n't left? '' There 's those reminders, maybe still there. Or maybe you 've come back to visit as well and it 's kind of about chance meeting between two people who started from the same place, went away and came back again. '' Music video ( edit ) A music video to accompany the release of `` If You Ever Want To Be In Love '' was first released onto YouTube on 29 October 2015 at a total length of four minutes and forth - three seconds. The clip was directed by Sophie Mueller and sees Bay performing in a small venue not dissimilar from the pubs and clubs he was playing before the album 's release. Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 - 16 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 53 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 96 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United Kingdom 29 October 2015 Digital download, streaming Republic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chaos and the Calm ( Deluxe Version ) by James Bay ''. iTunes ( UK ). Jump up ^ `` James Bay Shares ' If You Ever Want To Be In Love ' ''. Clash Music. 29 October 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2018. Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards Search '' ( To access, enter the search parameter `` James Bay '' and select `` Search by Keyword '' ). British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 9 February 2018. Jump up ^ `` JAMES BAY INTERVIEW : ' IF YOU EVER WANT TO BE IN LOVE, ' MICHAEL JACKSON + MORE ( EXCLUSIVE ) ''. Pop Crush. August 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2018. Jump up ^ `` James Bay - James Bay - If You Ever Want To Be In Love ( Official Video ) ''. YouTube. 29 October 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2018. Jump up ^ `` James Bay posts ' If You Ever Want To Be In Love ' video -- watch ''. NME. 29 October 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2018. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- James Bay -- If You Ever Want to Be In Love '' ( in Dutch ). Ultratip. Retrieved 9 February 2018. Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 9 February 2018. Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- James Bay -- IF YOU EVER WANT TO BE IN LOVE ''. British Phonographic Industry. Enter IF YOU EVER WANT TO BE IN LOVE in the search field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ `` If You Ever Want to Be In Love by James Bay ''. Spotify. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ( hide ) James Bay Studio albums Chaos and the Calm Singles `` Let It Go '' `` Hold Back the River '' `` Scars '' `` If You Ever Want to Be in Love '' `` Best Fake Smile '' `` Running '' Related articles `` Republic Records '' This 2010s single - related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_You_Ever_Want_to_Be_in_Love&oldid=827733225 '' Categories : 2015 singles 2014 songs Republic Records singles James Bay ( singer ) songs Songs written by James Bay ( singer ) Song recordings produced by Jacquire King Songs written by Jimmy Hogarth 2010s single stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018, at 12 : 08. About Wikipedia", "title": "If You Ever Want to Be in Love", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=If_You_Ever_Want_to_Be_in_Love&amp;oldid=827733225" }

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{ "text": "Tiger Woods - wikipedia Tiger Woods Tiger Woods Woods in June 2018 Full name Eldrick Tont Woods Nickname Tiger ( 1975 - 12 - 30 ) December 30, 1975 ( age 42 ) Cypress, California Height 6 ft 1 in ( 185 cm ) Weight 185 lb ( 84 kg ) Nationality United States Residence Jupiter Island, Florida Spouse Elin Nordegren ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Children Career College Stanford University ( did not graduate ) Turned professional Current tour ( s ) PGA Tour ( joined 1996 ) Professional wins 107 Number of wins by tour PGA Tour 80 ( 2nd all time ) European Tour 40 ( 3rd all time ) Japan Golf Tour Asian Tour PGA Tour of Australasia Other 16 Best results in major championships ( wins : 14 ) Masters Tournament Won : 1997, 2001, 2002, 2005 U.S. Open Won : 2000, 2002, 2008 The Open Championship Won : 2000, 2005, 2006 PGA Championship Won : 1999, 2000, 2006, 2007 Achievements and awards PGA Tour Rookie of the Year PGA Player of the Year 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2013 PGA Tour Player of the Year 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2013 PGA Tour leading money winner 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2013 Vardon Trophy 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2013 Byron Nelson Award 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009 FedEx Cup Champion 2007, 2009 ( For a full list of awards, see here ) Eldrick Tont `` Tiger '' Woods ( born December 30, 1975 ) is an American professional golfer who is among the most successful golfers of all time, and one of the most popular athletes of the 21st century. He has been one of the highest - paid athletes in the world for several years. Woods is generally considered one of the greatest golfers of all time. Following an outstanding junior, college, and amateur career, Woods was 20 years old when he turned professional at the end of summer in 1996. By the end of April 1997, he had won three PGA Tour events in addition to his first major, the 1997 Masters. Woods won this tournament by 12 strokes in a record - breaking performance and earned $486,000. He first reached the number one position in the world rankings in June 1997, less than a year after turning pro. Throughout the 2000s, Woods was the dominant force in golf -- he won the 2000 U.S. Open by a record 15 - shot margin. He was the top - ranked golfer in the world from August 1999 to September 2004 ( 264 weeks ) and again from June 2005 to October 2010 ( 281 weeks ). Woods took a self - imposed hiatus from professional golf from December 2009 to early April 2010 to resolve marital issues. Woods and his estranged wife Elin eventually divorced. His many alleged extramarital indiscretions were revealed by several women, through many worldwide media sources. This coincided with a series of injuries, treatments by the controversial doctor Anthony Galea, who had been linked to HGH, and a loss of golf form. His placement in the Official World Golf Rankings gradually fell to a low of No. 58 in November 2011. He ended a career - high winless streak of 107 weeks when he triumphed in the Chevron World Challenge in December 2011. After winning the Arnold Palmer Invitational on March 25, 2013, he ascended to the No. 1 ranking once again, holding the top spot until May 2014, by which time he had been ranked number one for a record total of 683 weeks. From 2014 -- 2017, Woods had been unable to recapture his dominant form, undergoing four back surgeries in 2014, 2015 and 2017. In May 2016, Woods dropped out of the world top 500 for the first time in his professional career. After falling to # 1199 in the World Golf Ranking in December 2017, Woods rose over 1000 places by mid-2018. In September 2018, he won his first tournament in five years with a victory at the Tour Championship and moved to # 13 in the Official World Golf Rankings. Woods has broken numerous golf records. He has been World Number One for the most consecutive weeks and for the greatest total number of weeks of any golfer. He has been awarded PGA Player of the Year a record eleven times, the Byron Nelson Award for lowest adjusted scoring average a record eight times, and has the record of leading the money list in ten different seasons. He has won 14 professional major golf championships, where he trails only Jack Nicklaus who leads with 18, and 80 PGA Tour events, second all - time behind Sam Snead ( 82 ). Woods leads all active golfers in career major wins and career PGA Tour wins. He is the youngest player to achieve the career Grand Slam, and the youngest and fastest to win 50 tournaments on tour. Additionally, Woods is only the second golfer ( after Nicklaus ) to have achieved a career Grand Slam three times. Woods has won 18 World Golf Championships, and won at least one of those events in each of the first 11 years after they began in 1999. Woods and Rory McIlroy are the only golfers to win both The Silver Medal and The Gold Medal at The Open Championship. Contents 1 Background and family 2 Early life and amateur golf career 3 College golf career 4 Professional career 4.1 Honors 4.2 Endorsements 4.3 Accumulated wealth 4.4 Tiger - proofing 5 Career achievements 5.1 Major championships 5.1. 1 Wins ( 14 ) 5.1. 2 Results timeline 5.1. 3 Summary 5.2 World Golf Championships 5.2. 1 Wins ( 18 ) 5.2. 2 Results timeline 5.3 PGA Tour career summary 5.4 Guinness Book of Records 6 Playing style 7 Equipment 8 Other ventures 8.1 Tiger Woods Foundation 8.2 Tiger Woods Design 8.3 Writings 9 Personal life 9.1 Marriage and children 9.2 Infidelity scandal and fallout 9.3 2017 arrest 9.4 Other pursuits 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background and family Woods and his father Earl at Fort Bragg, North Carolina in 2004 Woods was born in 1975 in Cypress, California, to Earl and Kultida `` Tida '' Woods. He is the only child of their marriage, and has two half - brothers, Earl Jr. and Kevin, as well as a half - sister named Royce from his father 's first marriage. Kultida ( née Punsawad ) is originally from Thailand, where Earl had met her on a tour of duty in 1968. She is of mixed Thai, Chinese, and Dutch ancestry. Earl was a retired lieutenant colonel and Vietnam War veteran who was mostly African American with traces of European descent. Earl 's mother Maude Carter was light skinned. Some people suggested that she had Native American and Chinese ancestry. Tiger refers to his ethnic make - up as `` Cablinasian '' ( a syllabic abbreviation he coined from Caucasian, Black, American Indian, and Asian ). Woods ' first name -- Eldrick -- was coined by his mother because it began with `` E '' ( for Earl ) and ended with `` K '' ( for Kultida ). His middle name Tont is a traditional Thai name. He was nicknamed Tiger in honor of his father 's friend Col. Vuong Dang Phong, who had also been known as Tiger. Woods ' niece, Cheyenne Woods, played for the Wake Forest University golf team and turned professional in 2012, when she made her pro debut in the LPGA Championship. Early Life and Amateur golf career Woods grew up in Orange County, California. He was a child prodigy who was introduced to golf before the age of two by his athletic father, Earl Woods. Earl was a single - digit handicap amateur golfer who also was one of the earliest African - American college baseball players at Kansas State University. Tiger 's father was a member of the military and had playing privileges at the Navy golf course beside the Joint Forces Training Base in Los Alamitos, which allowed Tiger to play there. Tiger also played at the par 3 Heartwell golf course in Long Beach, as well as some of the municipals in Long Beach. In 1978, Tiger putted against comedian Bob Hope in a television appearance on The Mike Douglas Show. At age three, he shot a 48 over nine holes at the Navy course. At age five, he appeared in Golf Digest and on ABC 's That 's Incredible! Before turning seven, Tiger won the Under Age 10 section of the Drive, Pitch, and Putt competition, held at the Navy Golf Course in Cypress, California. In 1984 at the age of eight, he won the 9 -- 10 boys ' event, the youngest age group available, at the Junior World Golf Championships. He first broke 80 at age eight. He went on to win the Junior World Championships six times, including four consecutive wins from 1988 to 1991. Woods ' father Earl wrote that Tiger first defeated him at the age of 11 years, with Earl trying his best. Earl lost to Tiger every time from then on. Woods first broke 70 on a regulation golf course at age 12. When Woods was 13 years old, he played in the 1989 Big I, which was his first major national junior tournament. In the final round, he was paired with pro John Daly, who was then relatively unknown. The event 's format placed a professional with each group of juniors who had qualified. Daly birdied three of the last four holes to beat Woods by only one stroke. As a young teenager, Woods first met Jack Nicklaus in Los Angeles at the Bel - Air Country Club, when Nicklaus was performing a clinic for the club 's members. Woods was part of the show, and he impressed Nicklaus and the crowd with his skills and potential. Earl Woods had researched in detail the career accomplishments of Nicklaus and had set his young son the goals of breaking those records. Woods was 15 - years - old and a student at Western High School in Anaheim when he became the youngest U.S. Junior Amateur champion ; this was a record that stood until it was broken by Jim Liu in 2010. He was named 1991 's Southern California Amateur Player of the Year ( for the second consecutive year ) and Golf Digest Junior Amateur Player of the Year. In 1992, he defended his title at the U.S. Junior Amateur Championship, becoming the tournament 's first two - time winner. He also competed in his first PGA Tour event, the Nissan Los Angeles Open ( he missed the 36 - hole cut ), and was named Golf Digest Amateur Player of the Year, Golf World Player of the Year, and Golfweek National Amateur of the Year. The following year, Woods won his third consecutive U.S. Junior Amateur Championship ; he remains the event 's only three - time winner. In 1994, at the TPC at Sawgrass in Florida, he became the youngest winner of the U.S. Amateur Championship, a record he held until 2008 when it was broken by Danny Lee. He was a member of the American team at the 1994 Eisenhower Trophy World Amateur Golf Team Championships ( winning ), and the 1995 Walker Cup ( losing ). Woods graduated from Western High School at age 18 in 1994 and was voted `` Most Likely to Succeed '' among the graduating class. He had starred for the high school 's golf team under coach Don Crosby. Woods overcame difficulties with stuttering as a boy. This was not known until he wrote a letter to a boy who contemplated suicide. Woods wrote, `` I know what it 's like to be different and to sometimes not fit in. I also stuttered as a child and I would talk to my dog and he would sit there and listen until he fell asleep. I also took a class for two years to help me, and I finally learned to stop. '' College golf career Woods was heavily recruited by college golf powers. He chose Stanford University, the 1994 NCAA champions. He enrolled at Stanford in the fall of 1994 under a golf scholarship and won his first collegiate event, the 40th Annual William H. Tucker Invitational, that September. He selected a major in economics and was nicknamed `` Urkel '' by college teammate Notah Begay III. In 1995, he successfully defended his U.S. Amateur title at the Newport Country Club in Rhode Island and was voted Pac - 10 Player of the Year, NCAA First Team All - American, and Stanford 's Male Freshman of the Year ( an award that encompasses all sports ). At age 19 ( two years before he won the tournament ), Woods participated in his first PGA Tour major, the 1995 Masters, and tied for 41st as the only amateur to make the cut. At age 20 in 1996, he became the first golfer to win three consecutive U.S. Amateur titles and won the NCAA individual golf championship. In winning the silver medal as leading amateur at The Open Championship, he tied the record for an amateur aggregate score of 281. He left college after two years in order to turn professional in the golf industry. In 1996, Woods moved out of California, stating in 2013 that it was due to the state 's high tax rate. Professional career Main article : Professional golf career of Tiger Woods Woods in 2001 Woods turned pro at age 20 in August 1996 and immediately signed advertising deals with Nike, Inc. and Titleist that ranked as the most lucrative endorsement contracts in golf history at that time. Woods was named Sports Illustrated 's 1996 Sportsman of the Year and PGA Tour Rookie of the Year. On April 13, 1997, he won his first major, the Masters, in record - breaking fashion and became the tournament 's youngest winner at age 21. Two months later, he set the record for the fastest ascent to No. 1 in the Official World Golf Rankings. After a lackluster 1998, Woods finished the 1999 season with eight wins, including the PGA Championship, a feat not achieved since 1974. In 2000, Woods won six consecutive events on the PGA Tour, which was the longest winning streak since Ben Hogan did it in 1948. One of these was the 2000 U.S. Open, where he broke or tied nine tournament records in what Sports Illustrated called `` the greatest performance in golf history '', in which Woods won the tournament by a record 15 - stroke margin and earned a check for $800,000. At age 24, he became the youngest golfer to achieve the Career Grand Slam. At the end of 2000, Woods had won nine of the twenty PGA Tour events he entered and had broken the record for lowest scoring average in tour history. He was named the Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year, the only athlete to be honored twice, and was ranked by Golf Digest magazine as the twelfth - best golfer of all time. Woods at the 2004 Ryder Cup When Woods won the 2001 Masters, he became the only player to win four consecutive major professional golf titles, although not in the same calendar year. Following a stellar 2001 and 2002 in which Woods continued to dominate the tour, Woods ' career hit a slump. He did not win a major in 2003 or 2004. In September 2004, Vijay Singh overtook Woods in the Official World Golf Rankings, ending Woods ' record streak of 264 weeks at # 1. Woods rebounded in 2005, winning six official PGA Tour money events and reclaiming the top spot in July after swapping it back and forth with Singh over the first half of the year. Woods began dominantly in 2006, winning his first two PGA tournaments but failing to capture his fifth Masters championship in April. Following the death of his father in May, Woods took a nine - week hiatus from the tour and appeared rusty upon his return at the U.S. Open at Winged Foot, where he missed the cut. However, he quickly returned to form and ended the year by winning six consecutive tour events. At the season 's close, Woods had 54 total wins that included 12 majors ; he had broken the tour records for both total wins and total majors wins over eleven seasons. Woods at the 2006 Masters Woods continued to excel in 2007 and the first part of 2008. In April 2008, he underwent knee surgery and missed the next two months on the tour. Woods returned for the 2008 U.S. Open, where he struggled the first day but ultimately claimed a dramatic sudden death victory over Rocco Mediate that followed an 18 - hole playoff, after which Mediate said, `` This guy does things that are just not normal by any stretch of the imagination, '' and Kenny Perry added, `` He beat everybody on one leg. '' Two days later, Woods announced that he would miss the remainder of the season due to additional knee surgery, and that his knee was more severely damaged than previously revealed, prompting even greater praise for his U.S. Open performance. Woods called it `` my greatest ever championship. '' In Woods ' absence, TV ratings for the remainder of the season suffered a huge decline from 2007. Woods competing at the third annual Earl Woods Memorial Pro-Am ( July 1, 2009 ) Woods had a much anticipated return to golf in 2009, when he performed well. His comeback included a spectacular performance at the 2009 Presidents Cup, but he failed to win a major, the first year since 2004 that he had not done so. After his marital infidelities came to light and received massive media coverage at the end of 2009 ( see further details below ), Woods announced in December that he would be taking an indefinite break from competitive golf. In February 2010, he delivered a televised apology for his behavior, saying `` I was wrong and I was foolish. '' During this period, several companies ended their endorsement deals with Woods. Woods returned to competition in April at the 2010 Masters, where he finished tied for fourth place. He followed the Masters with poor showings at the Quail Hollow Championship and the Players Championship, where he withdrew in the fourth round, citing injury. Shortly afterward, Hank Haney, Woods ' coach since 2003, resigned the position. In August, Woods hired Sean Foley as Haney 's replacement. The rest of the season went badly for Woods, who failed to win a single event for the first time since turning professional, while nevertheless finishing the season ranked No. 2 in the world. Woods at a Chevron World Challenge charity event ( 2011 ) In 2011, Woods ' performance continued to suffer ; this took its toll on his ranking. After falling to No. 7 in March, he rebounded to No. 5 with a strong showing at the 2011 Masters Tournament, where he tied for fourth place. Due to leg injuries incurred at the Masters, he missed several summer stops on the PGA Tour. In July, he fired his longtime caddy Steve Williams ( who was shocked by the dismissal ), and replaced him on an interim basis with friend Bryon Bell. After returning to tournament play in August, Woods continued to falter, and his ranking gradually fell to a low of # 58. He rose to No. 50 in mid-November after a third - place finish at the Emirates Australian Open, and broke his winless streak with a victory at December 's Chevron World Challenge. Woods began his 2012 season with two tournaments ( the Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship and the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am ) where he started off well, but struggled on the final rounds. Following the WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship, where he was knocked out in the second round by missing a 5 - foot putt, Woods revised his putting technique and tied for second at the Honda Classic, with the lowest final round score in his PGA Tour career. After a short time off due to another leg injury, Woods won the Arnold Palmer Invitational, his first win on the PGA Tour since the BMW Championship in September 2009. Following several dismal performances, Woods notched his 73rd PGA Tour win at the Memorial Tournament in June, tying Jack Nicklaus in second place for most PGA Tour victories ; a month later, Woods surpassed Nicklaus with a win at the AT&T National, to trail only Sam Snead, who accumulated 82 PGA tour wins. The year 2013 would bring a return of Woods ' dominating play. In January, he won the Farmers Insurance Open by four shots for his 75th PGA Tour win. It was the seventh time he had won the event. In March, he won the WGC - Cadillac Championship, also for the seventh time, giving him his 17th WGC title and first since 2009. Two weeks later, he won the Arnold Palmer Invitational, winning the event for a record - tying 8th time. The win moved him back to the top of the world rankings. To commemorate that achievement, Nike was quick to launch an ad with the tagline `` winning takes care of everything ''. During the 2013 Masters, Woods faced disqualification after unwittingly admitting in a post-round interview with ESPN that he had taken an illegal drop on the par - 5 15th hole when his third shot had bounced off the pin and into the water. After further review of television footage, Woods was assessed a two - stroke penalty for the drop but was not disqualified. He finished tied for fourth in the event. Woods won The Players Championship in May 2013, his second career win at the event, notching his fourth win of the 2013 season. It was the quickest he had gotten to four wins in any season in his professional career. Woods practicing before the 2014 Quicken Loans National Woods had a poor showing at the 2013 U.S Open as a result of an elbow injury sustained at The Players Championship. In finishing at 13 - over-par, he recorded his worst score as a professional and finished 12 strokes behind winner Justin Rose. After a prolonged break because of the injury, during which he missed the Greenbrier Classic and his own AT&T National, he returned at the Open Championship at Muirfield. Despite being in contention all week and beginning the final round only two strokes behind Lee Westwood, he struggled with the speed of the greens and could only manage a 3 - over-par 74 that left him tied for 6th place, five strokes behind eventual winner Phil Mickelson. Two weeks later, Woods returned to form at the WGC - Bridgestone Invitational, recording his 5th win of the season and 8th win at the event in its 15 - year history. His second round 61 matched his record score on the PGA Tour and could easily have been a 59 were it not for some short missed birdie putts on the closing holes. This gave him a seven stroke lead that he held onto for the rest of the tournament. Woods would never contend at the PGA Championship at Oak Hill Country Club and would come short of winning a major for the 5th full season, only contending in two of the four majors in 2013. After a slow start to 2014, Woods injured himself during the final round of the Honda Classic and was unable to finish the tournament. He withdrew after the 13th hole, citing back pain. He subsequently competed in the WGC - Cadillac Championship but was visibly in pain during much of the last round. He was forced to skip the Arnold Palmer Invitational at the end of March 2014, and after undergoing back surgery, he announced on April 1 that he would miss the Masters for the first time since 1994. Woods returned at the Quicken Loans National in June, however he stated that his expectations for the week were low. He would struggle with nearly every aspect of his game and miss the cut. He next played at The Open Championship, contested at Hoylake, where Woods had won eight years prior. Woods fired a brilliant 69 in the first round to put himself in contention, but shot 77 on Friday and would eventually finish 69th. Despite his back pain, he played at the 2014 PGA Championship where he failed to make the cut. On August 25, 2014, Woods and his swing coach Sean Foley parted ways. In the four years under Foley, he won eight times but no majors. He had previously won eight majors with Harmon and six with Haney. Woods said there is currently no timetable to find a replacement swing coach. On February 5, 2015, Woods withdrew from the Farmers Insurance Open after another back injury. Woods stated on his website that it was unrelated to his previous surgery and he would take a break from golf until his back healed. He returned for the Masters, finishing in a tie for 17th. In the final round, Woods injured his wrist after his club hit a tree root. He later stated that a bone popped out of his wrist, but he adjusted it back into place and finished the round. Woods then missed the cut at the 2015 U.S. Open and Open Championship, the first time Woods missed the cut at consecutive majors, finishing near the bottom of the leaderboard both times. He finished tied for 18th at the Quicken Loans National on August 2. In late August 2015, Woods played quite well at the Wyndham Championship finishing the tournament at 13 - under, only four strokes behind the winner, and tied for 10th place. Woods offered only a brief comment on the speculation that he was still recovering from back surgery, saying it was `` just my hip '' but offering no specifics. Woods at the 2018 U.S. Open Woods had back surgery on September 16, 2015. In late March 2016, he announced that he would miss the Masters while he recovered from the surgery ; he had also missed the 2014 Masters due to a back problem. `` I 'm absolutely making progress, and I 'm really happy with how far I 've come, '' he explained in a statement. `` But I still have no timetable to return to competitive golf. '' However, he did attend the Masters Champions Dinner on April 5, 2016. For the first time in his career, he missed all four majors in one year due to problems with his back. In October 2016, he told Charlie Rose on PBS that he still wanted to break Jack Nicklaus 's record of 18 major titles. Woods underwent back surgery in December 2016 and spent the next 15 months off the Tour. He made his return to competitive golf in the Hero World Challenge. Woods ' back problems continued to hinder him in 2017, as he missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open in January, and pulled out of a European Tour event in Dubai on February 3. On March 31, Woods announced on his website that he would not be playing in the 2017 Masters Tournament despite being cleared to play by his doctors. Woods said that although he was happy with his rehabilitation, he did not feel `` tournament ready. '' On April 20, Woods announced that he had undergone his fourth back surgery since 2014 to alleviate back and leg pain. Recovery time required up to six months, meaning that Woods would spend the rest of the year without playing any professional golf. Woods returned to competitive golf at the Hero World Challenge in the Bahamas. He shot rounds of 69 - 68 - 75 - 68 and finished tied for 9th place. His world ranking went from 1,199 th to 668th, which was the biggest jump in the world rankings in his career. On Sunday, March 11, 2018, he finished one - shot back and tied for second at the Valspar Championship in Florida, his first top - five finish on the PGA Tour since 2013. He then tied for sixth with a score of five under par at the 2018 Open Championship. At the last major of the year Woods finished second at the 2018 PGA Championship, two shots behind the winner Brooks Koepka. It was his best result in a major since 2009 ( second at the 2009 PGA Championship ) and moved up to 26th in the world rankings. His final round of 64 was his best ever final round in a major. Woods got back in the winner 's circle for the 80th time in his PGA Tour career on September 23, 2018, when he won the season - ending Tour Championship at East Lake Golf Club for the second time, and that tournament for the third time. He shot rounds of 65 - 68 - 65 - 71 to win by two strokes over Billy Horschel. He nearly also won the FedEx Cup, but Justin Rose made a birdie on the 18th hole to win by 41 points over Woods. Honors Woods checking his drive in 2007 On August 20, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and his wife Maria Shriver announced that Woods would be inducted into the California Hall of Fame. He was inducted December 5, 2007 at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts in Sacramento. In December 2009, Woods was named `` Athlete of the Decade '' by the Associated Press. He was named Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year a record - tying four times, and is one of only two people to be named Sports Illustrated 's Sportsman of the Year more than once. Since his record - breaking win at the 1997 Masters, Woods became the biggest name in golf, and his presence in tournaments drew a huge fan following. Some sources have credited him for dramatically increasing prize money in golf, generating interest in new PGA tournament audiences, and for drawing the largest TV ratings in golf history. Endorsements During the first decade of his professional career, Woods was the world 's most marketable athlete. Shortly after his 21st birthday in 1996, he signed endorsement deals with numerous companies, including General Motors, Titleist, General Mills, American Express, Accenture, and Nike, Inc. In 2000, he signed a 5 - year, $105 million contract extension with Nike, which was the largest endorsement package signed by a professional athlete at that time. Woods ' endorsement has been credited with playing a significant role in taking the Nike Golf brand from a `` start - up '' golf company earlier in the previous decade to becoming the leading golf apparel company in the world and a major player in the equipment and golf ball market. Nike Golf is one of the fastest growing brands in the sport, with an estimated $600 million in sales. Woods has been described as the `` ultimate endorser '' for Nike Golf, frequently seen wearing Nike gear during tournaments, and even in advertisements for other products. Woods receives a percentage from the sales of Nike Golf apparel, footwear, golf equipment, golf balls, and has a building named after him at Nike 's headquarters campus in Beaverton, Oregon. Woods visiting aircraft carrier USS George Washington ( CVN - 73 ) in the Persian Gulf before participating in the 2004 Dubai Desert Classic In 2002, Woods was involved in every aspect of the launch of Buick 's Rendezvous SUV. A company spokesman stated that Buick was happy with the value of Woods ' endorsement, pointing out that more than 130,000 Rendezvous vehicles were sold in 2002 and 2003. `` That exceeded our forecasts, '' he was quoted as saying, `` It has to be in recognition of Tiger. '' In February 2004, Buick renewed Woods ' endorsement contract for another five years, in a deal reportedly worth $40 million. Woods collaborated closely with TAG Heuer to develop the world 's first professional golf watch, which was released in April 2005. The lightweight, titanium - construction watch, designed to be worn while playing the game, incorporates numerous innovative design features to accommodate golf play. It is capable of absorbing up to 5,000 Gs of shock, far in excess of the forces generated by a normal golf swing. In 2006, the TAG Heuer Professional Golf Watch won the prestigious iF product design award in the Leisure / Lifestyle category. Woods preparing for a photo shoot in 2006 Woods also endorsed the Tiger Woods PGA Tour series of video games ; he has done so since 1999. In 2006, he signed a six - year contract with Electronic Arts, the series ' publisher. In February 2007, Woods, Roger Federer and Thierry Henry became ambassadors for the `` Gillette Champions '' marketing campaign. Gillette did not disclose financial terms, though an expert estimated the deal could total between $10 million and $20 million. In October 2007, Gatorade announced that Woods would have his own brand of sports drink starting in March 2008. `` Gatorade Tiger '' was his first U.S. deal with a beverage company and his first licensing agreement. Although no figures were officially disclosed, Golfweek magazine reported that it was for five years and could pay him as much as $100 million. The company decided in early fall 2009 to discontinue the drink due to weak sales. In October 2012, it was announced that Woods had signed an exclusive endorsement deal with Fuse Science, Inc, a sports nutrition firm. In 1997, Woods and golfer Arnold Palmer initiated a case against Bruce Matthews ( the owner of Gotta Have It Golf, Inc. ) and others in the effort to stop the unauthorized sale of their images and alleged signatures in the memorabilia market. Matthews and associated parties counterclaimed that Woods and his company, ETW Corporation, committed several acts including breach of contract, breach of implied duty of good faith, and violations of Florida 's Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act. Palmer also was named in the counter-suit, accused of violating the same licensing agreement in conjunction with his company Arnold Palmer Enterprises. On March 12, 2014, a Florida jury ruled in favor of Gotta Have It on its breach of contract and other related claims, rejected ETW 's counterclaims, and awarded Gotta Have It $668,346 in damages. The award may end up exceeding $1 million once interest has been factored in, though the ruling may be appealed. In August 2016, Woods announced that he would be seeking a new golf equipment partner after the news of Nike 's exit from the equipment industry. It was announced on January 25, 2017, that he would be signing a new club deal with TaylorMade. He added the 2016 M2 driver along with the 2017 M1 fairway woods, with irons to be custom made at a later date. He also added his Scotty Cameron Newport 2 GSS, a club he used to win 13 of his 14 majors. Also, in late 2016, he would add Monster Energy as his primary bag sponsor, replacing MusclePharm. Accumulated wealth According to Golf Digest, Woods made $769,440,709 from 1996 to 2007, and the magazine predicted that Woods would pass one billion dollars in earnings by 2010. In 2009, Forbes confirmed that Woods was indeed the world 's first athlete to earn over a billion dollars in his career, after accounting for the $10 million bonus Woods received for the FedEx Cup title. The same year, Forbes estimated his net worth to be $600 million, making him the second richest person of color in the United States, behind only Oprah Winfrey. In 2015, Woods ranked ninth in Forbes ' list of world 's highest - paid athletes, being the top among Asian Americans or the fourth among African Americans. Woods is currently considered to be the highest - paid golfer. Tiger - Proofing Early in Woods ' career, a small number of golf experts expressed concern about his impact on the competitiveness of the game and the public appeal of professional golf. Sportswriter Bill Lyon of Knight Ridder asked in a column, `` Is n't Tiger Woods actually bad for golf? '' ( though Lyon ultimately concluded that he was not ). At first, some pundits feared that Woods would drive the spirit of competition out of the game of golf by making existing courses obsolete and relegating opponents to simply competing for second place each week. A related effect was measured by University of California economist Jennifer Brown, who found that other golfers scored higher when competing against Woods than when he was not in the tournament. The scores of highly skilled ( exempt ) golfers are nearly one stroke higher when playing against Woods. This effect was larger when he was on winning streaks and disappeared during his well - publicized slump in 2003 -- 04. Brown explains the results by noting that competitors of similar skill can hope to win by increasing their level of effort, but that, when facing a `` superstar '' competitor, extra exertion does not significantly raise one 's level of winning while increasing risk of injury or exhaustion, leading to reduced effort. Many courses in the PGA Tour rotation ( including major championship sites like Augusta National ) have added yardage to their tees in an effort to reduce the advantage of long hitters like Woods, a strategy that became known as `` Tiger - Proofing ''. Woods said he welcomed the change, in that adding yardage to courses did not affect his ability to win. Career achievements Main article : List of career achievements by Tiger Woods Woods has won 80 official PGA Tour events, including 14 majors. He is 14 -- 1 when going into the final round of a major with at least a share of the lead. Multiple golf experts have heralded Woods as `` the greatest closer in history ''. He owns the lowest career scoring average and the most career earnings of any player in PGA Tour history. Woods ' victory at the 2013 Players Championship also marked a win in his 300th PGA Tour start. He also won golf tournaments in his 100th ( in 2000 ) and 200th ( in 2006 ) tour starts. Woods has spent the most consecutive and cumulative weeks atop the world rankings. He is one of five players ( along with Gene Sarazen, Ben Hogan, Gary Player, and Jack Nicklaus ) to have won all four professional major championships in his career, known as the Career Grand Slam, and was the youngest to do so. Woods is the only player to have won all four professional major championships in a row, accomplishing the feat in the 2000 -- 2001 seasons. PGA Tour wins ( 80 ) European Tour wins ( 40 ) Japan Golf Tour wins ( 2 ) Asian Tour wins ( 1 ) PGA Tour of Australasia wins ( 1 ) Other professional wins ( 16 ) Amateur wins ( 21 ) Major Championships Wins ( 14 ) Year Championship 54 holes Winning score Margin Runner ( s ) - up 1997 Masters Tournament 9 shot lead − 18 ( 70 - 66 - 65 - 69 = 270 ) 12 strokes Tom Kite 1999 PGA Championship Tied for lead − 11 ( 70 - 67 - 68 - 72 = 277 ) 1 stroke Sergio García 2000 U.S. Open 10 shot lead − 12 ( 65 - 69 - 71 - 67 = 272 ) 15 strokes Ernie Els, Miguel Ángel Jiménez 2000 The Open Championship 6 shot lead − 19 ( 67 - 66 - 67 - 69 = 269 ) 8 strokes Thomas Bjørn, Ernie Els 2000 PGA Championship ( 2 ) 1 shot lead − 18 ( 66 - 67 - 70 - 67 = 270 ) Playoff Bob May 2001 Masters Tournament ( 2 ) 1 shot lead − 16 ( 70 - 66 - 68 - 68 = 272 ) 2 strokes David Duval 2002 Masters Tournament ( 3 ) Tied for lead − 12 ( 70 - 69 - 66 - 71 = 276 ) 3 strokes Retief Goosen 2002 U.S. Open ( 2 ) 4 shot lead − 3 ( 67 - 68 - 70 - 72 = 277 ) 3 strokes Phil Mickelson 2005 Masters Tournament ( 4 ) 3 shot lead − 12 ( 74 - 66 - 65 - 71 = 276 ) Playoff Chris DiMarco 2005 The Open Championship ( 2 ) 2 shot lead − 14 ( 66 - 67 - 71 - 70 = 274 ) 5 strokes Colin Montgomerie 2006 The Open Championship ( 3 ) 1 shot lead − 18 ( 67 - 65 - 71 - 67 = 270 ) 2 strokes Chris DiMarco 2006 PGA Championship ( 3 ) Tied for lead − 18 ( 69 - 68 - 65 - 68 = 270 ) 5 strokes Shaun Micheel 2007 PGA Championship ( 4 ) 3 shot lead − 8 ( 71 - 63 - 69 - 69 = 272 ) 2 strokes Woody Austin 2008 U.S. Open ( 3 ) 1 shot lead − 1 ( 72 - 68 - 70 - 73 = 283 ) Playoff Rocco Mediate Defeated May in three - hole playoff by 1 stroke : Woods ( 3 - 4 - 5 = 12 ), May ( 4 - 4 - 5 = 13 ) Defeated DiMarco in a sudden - death playoff : Woods ( 3 ) and DiMarco ( 4 ). Defeated Mediate with a par on 1st sudden death hole after 18 - hole playoff was tied at even par. This was the final time an 18 - hole playoff was used in competition. Results timeline Tournament 1995 1997 1998 1999 Masters Tournament T41 LA CUT T8 T18 U.S. Open WD T82 T19 T18 T3 The Open Championship T68 T22 LA T24 T7 PGA Championship T29 T10 Tournament 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Masters Tournament 5 T15 T22 T3 T2 T6 U.S. Open T12 T20 T17 CUT T2 T6 The Open Championship T25 T28 T4 T9 T12 CUT PGA Championship T29 T39 T24 T4 Tournament 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Masters Tournament T4 T4 T40 T4 T17 T32 U.S. Open T4 T21 T32 CUT CUT The Open Championship T23 T3 T6 69 CUT T6 PGA Championship T28 CUT T11 T40 CUT CUT Win Top 10 Did not play LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half - way cut WD = withdrew `` T '' indicates a tie for a place Summary Tournament Wins 2nd 3rd Top - 5 Top - 10 Top - 25 Events Cuts made Masters Tournament 11 13 17 21 20 U.S. Open 7 8 14 20 16 The Open Championship 0 6 10 15 20 18 PGA Championship 0 8 9 11 19 16 Totals 14 7 32 40 57 80 70 Most consecutive cuts made -- 39 ( 1996 U.S. Open -- 2006 Masters ) Longest streak of top - 10s -- 8 ( 1999 U.S. Open -- 2001 Masters ) World golf Championships Wins ( 18 ) Year Championship 54 holes Winning score Margin Runner ( s ) - up 1999 WGC - NEC Invitational 5 shot lead − 10 ( 66 - 71 - 62 - 71 = 270 ) 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 1999 WGC - American Express Championship 1 shot deficit -- 6 ( 71 - 69 - 70 - 68 = 278 ) Playoff Miguel Ángel Jiménez 2000 WGC - NEC Invitational ( 2 ) 9 shot lead − 21 ( 64 - 61 - 67 - 67 = 259 ) 11 strokes Justin Leonard, Phillip Price 2001 WGC - NEC Invitational ( 3 ) 2 shot deficit − 12 ( 66 - 67 - 66 - 69 = 268 ) Playoff Jim Furyk 2002 WGC - American Express Championship ( 2 ) 5 shot lead − 25 ( 65 - 65 - 67 - 66 = 263 ) 1 stroke Retief Goosen 2003 WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship n / a 2 & 1 n / a David Toms 2003 WGC - American Express Championship ( 3 ) 2 shot lead − 6 ( 67 - 66 - 69 - 72 = 274 ) 2 strokes Stuart Appleby, Tim Herron, Vijay Singh WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship ( 2 ) n / a 3 & 2 n / a Davis Love III 2005 WGC - NEC Invitational ( 4 ) Tied for lead − 6 ( 66 - 70 - 67 - 71 = 274 ) 1 stroke Chris DiMarco 2005 WGC - American Express Championship ( 4 ) 2 shot deficit − 10 ( 67 - 68 - 68 - 67 = 270 ) Playoff John Daly 2006 WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 5 ) 1 shot deficit − 10 ( 67 - 64 - 71 - 68 = 270 ) Playoff Stewart Cink 2006 WGC - American Express Championship ( 5 ) 6 shot lead − 23 ( 63 - 64 - 67 - 67 = 261 ) 8 strokes Ian Poulter, Adam Scott 2007 WGC - CA Championship ( 6 ) 4 shot lead − 10 ( 71 - 66 - 68 - 73 = 278 ) 2 strokes Brett Wetterich 2007 WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 6 ) 1 shot deficit − 8 ( 68 - 70 - 69 - 65 = 272 ) 8 strokes Justin Rose, Rory Sabbatini 2008 WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship ( 3 ) n / a 8 & 7 n / a Stewart Cink 2009 WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 7 ) 3 shot deficit − 12 ( 68 - 70 - 65 - 65 = 268 ) 4 strokes Robert Allenby, Pádraig Harrington 2013 WGC - Cadillac Championship ( 7 ) 4 shot lead − 19 ( 66 - 65 - 67 - 71 = 269 ) 2 strokes Steve Stricker 2013 WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 8 ) 7 shot lead − 15 ( 66 - 61 - 68 - 70 = 265 ) 7 strokes Keegan Bradley, Henrik Stenson Won on the first hole of a sudden - death playoff Won on the seventh hole of a sudden - death playoff Won on the second hole of a sudden - death playoff Won on the fourth hole of a sudden - death playoff Results Timeline Tournament 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Match Play QF R64 R32 R16 R16 R32 R64 R32 R64 Championship T5 NT 9 5 T9 T10 WD T25 Invitational T4 T2 T78 T37 T8 WD T31 Champions T6 T6 Canceled following the September 11 attacks. Win Top 10 Did not play QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play WD = withdrew NT = No tournament `` T '' = tied Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009. PGA Tour career summary Season Starts Cuts made Wins ( majors ) 2nd 3rd Top 10 Top 25 Earnings ( $ ) Money list rank 1992 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- 1993 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- 1994 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- 1995 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- 11 10 0 5 8 790,594 24 1997 21 20 4 ( 1 ) 9 14 2,066,833 1998 20 19 13 17 1,841,117 1999 21 21 8 ( 1 ) 16 18 6,616,585 2000 20 20 9 ( 3 ) 17 20 9,188,321 2001 19 19 5 ( 1 ) 0 9 18 5,687,777 2002 18 18 5 ( 2 ) 13 16 6,912,625 2003 18 18 5 0 12 16 6,673,413 19 19 14 18 5,365,472 2005 21 19 6 ( 2 ) 13 17 10,628,024 2006 15 14 8 ( 2 ) 11 13 9,941,563 2007 16 16 7 ( 1 ) 0 12 15 10,867,052 2008 6 6 4 ( 1 ) 0 6 6 5,775,000 2009 17 16 6 0 14 16 10,508,163 12 11 0 0 0 7 1,294,765 68 2011 9 7 0 0 0 660,238 128 2012 19 17 9 13 6,133,158 2013 16 16 5 0 8 10 8,553,439 2014 7 5 0 0 0 0 108,275 201 2015 11 6 0 0 0 448,598 162 2016 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n / a 2017 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n / a 2018 18 16 0 7 12 5,443,841 7 Career * 346 316 80 ( 14 ) 31 19 193 261 115,504,853 * As of the 2018 season. Guinness book of records Woods claimed 17 Guinness World Records, within golf and 3 other records related to his appearance in the video game. After Usain Bolt and Michael Phelps, he holds the third highest number of Guinness World Records claimed by a sportsman within one discipline. Most consecutive US Amateur golf titles Most US PGA Tour tournament wins in the modern era Lowest score under par in the Open golf championships Most awards for Professional Golfers ' Association Tour Player of the Year Youngest winner of the golf US Masters Highest career earnings on the US Professional Golfers ' Association Tour Largest margin of victory in the golf US Masters Largest margin of victory in a golf major championships Most wins of the PGA Player of the Year award Most consecutive golf Major tournaments won Highest annual earnings for a golfer Longest golf drive on the PGA Tour Lowest total score ( 72 holes ) at the golf US Masters Longest drive in Tiger Woods PGA Tour 06 Golf, World Cup - Lowest individual score Lowest total score ( first 54 holes ) in the golf US Masters Highest annual earnings for an athlete ( ever ) Playing style Woods practicing before 2004 Ryder Cup at Oakland Hills Country Club in Bloomfield Township, Michigan When Woods first joined the PGA Tour in 1996, his long drives had a large impact on the world of golf. However, when he did not upgrade his equipment in the following years ( insisting upon the use of True Temper Dynamic Gold steel - shafted clubs and smaller steel clubheads that promoted accuracy over distance ), many opponents caught up to him. Phil Mickelson even made a joke in 2003 about Woods using `` inferior equipment '', which did not sit well with Nike, Titleist or Woods. During 2004, Woods finally upgraded his driver technology to a larger clubhead and graphite shaft, which, coupled with his clubhead speed, made him one of the Tour 's lengthiest players off the tee once again. Despite his power advantage, Woods has always focused on developing an excellent all - around game. Although in recent years he has typically been near the bottom of the Tour rankings in driving accuracy, his iron play is generally accurate, his recovery and bunker play is very strong, and his putting ( especially under pressure ) is possibly his greatest asset. He is largely responsible for a shift to higher standards of athleticism amongst professional golfers, and is known for utilizing more hours of practice than most. From mid-1993 ( while he was still an amateur ) until 2004, Woods worked almost exclusively with leading swing coach Butch Harmon. From mid-1997, Harmon and Woods fashioned a major redevelopment of Woods ' full swing, achieving greater consistency, better distance control, and better kinesiology. The changes began to pay off in 1999. From March 2004 to 2010, Woods was coached by Hank Haney, who worked on flattening his swing plane. Woods continued to win tournaments with Haney, but his driving accuracy dropped significantly. Haney resigned in May 2010 and was replaced by Sean Foley. Fluff Cowan served as Woods ' caddie from the start of his professional career until Woods dismissed him in March 1999. He was replaced by Steve Williams, who became a close friend of Woods and is often credited with helping him with key shots and putts. In June 2011, Woods dismissed Williams and replaced him with friend Bryon Bell on an interim basis. Joe LaCava, a former caddie of both Fred Couples and Dustin Johnson, was hired by Woods shortly after and has remained Woods ' caddie since then, but he has seen limited work. Equipment As of 2018 Tour Championship : Driver : TaylorMade M3 460 ( Mitsubishi Chemical Diamana D+ White Board 73TX shaft ), 9.5 degrees Fairway woods : TaylorMade M3 13 & 19 Degree ( Mitsubishi Chemical Diamana D+ White Board 83TX shaft ) Irons : TaylorMade TW Phase1 Prototype ( 3 - PW ; True Temper Dynamic Gold Tour Issue X100 shafts ) Wedges : TaylorMade Milled Grind ( 56 and 60 degrees ; True Temper Dynamic Gold Tour Issue S400 shafts ) Putter : Scotty Cameron Newport 2 GSS with Ping Blackout PP58 Grip Ball : Bridgestone Tour B XS ( with `` Tiger '' imprint ) Golf glove : Nike Dri - FIT Tour glove Golf shoes : Nike TW ' 17 Driver club cover : Frank, a plush tiger head club cover created by his mother. Frank has appeared in several commercials ( voiced by actor Paul Giamatti ) Wood covers : Stitch Brand with TGR Logo. Putter cover : Nike Putter Cover. Other ventures Tiger Woods Foundation The Tiger Woods Foundation was established in 1996 by Woods and his father Earl, with the primary goal of promoting golf among inner - city children. The foundation has conducted junior golf clinics across the country, and sponsors the Tiger Woods Foundation National Junior Golf Team in the Junior World Golf Championships. As of December 2010, TWF employed approximately 55 people. The foundation operates the Tiger Woods Learning Center, a $50 million, 35,000 - square - foot ( 3,250 m2 ) facility in Anaheim, California, providing college - access programs for underserved youth. The TWLC opened in 2006 and features seven classrooms, extensive multi-media facilities and an outdoor golf teaching area. The center has since expanded to four additional campuses : two in Washington, D.C. ; one in Philadelphia ; and one in Stuart, Florida. Woods giving a speech at We Are One : The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial ( January 2009 ) The foundation benefits from the annual Chevron World Challenge and AT&T National golf tournaments hosted by Woods. In October 2011, the foundation hosted the first Tiger Woods Invitational at Pebble Beach. Other annual fundraisers have included the concert events Block Party, last held in 2009 in Anaheim, and Tiger Jam, last held in 2011 in Las Vegas after a one - year hiatus. Tiger Woods Design In November 2006, Woods announced his intention to begin designing golf courses around the world through a new company, Tiger Woods Design. A month later, he announced that the company 's first course would be in Dubai as part of a 25.3 million - square - foot development, The Tiger Woods Dubai. The Al Ruwaya Golf Course was initially expected to finish construction in 2009. As of February 2010, only seven holes had been completed ; in April 2011, The New York Times reported that the project had been shelved permanently. In 2013, the partnership between Tiger Woods Design and Dubai Holding was dissolved. Tiger Woods Design has taken on two other courses, neither of which has materialized. In August 2007, Woods announced The Cliffs at High Carolina, a private course in the Blue Ridge Mountains near Asheville, North Carolina. After a groundbreaking in November 2008, the project suffered cash flow problems and suspended construction. A third course, in Punta Brava, Mexico, was announced in October 2008, but incurred delays due to issues with permits and an environmental impact study. Construction on the Punta Brava course has not yet begun. These projects have encountered problems that have been attributed to factors that include overly optimistic estimates of their value, declines throughout the global economy ( particularly the U.S. crash in home prices ), and the decreased appeal and marketability of Woods following his 2009 infidelity scandal. Writings Woods wrote a golf instruction column for Golf Digest magazine from 1997 to February 2011. In 2001 he wrote a best - selling golf instruction book, How I Play Golf, which had the largest print run of any golf book for its first edition, 1.5 million copies. In March 2017, he published a memoir, The 1997 Masters : My Story, co-authored by Lorne Rubenstein, which focuses on his first Masters win. Personal Life Marriage and children In November 2003, Woods became engaged to Elin Nordegren, a Swedish former model and daughter of former minister of migration Barbro Holmberg and radio journalist Thomas Nordegren. They were introduced during The Open Championship in 2001 by Swedish golfer Jesper Parnevik, who had employed her as an au pair. They married on October 5, 2004, at the Sandy Lane resort in Barbados, and lived at Isleworth, a community in Windermere, a suburb of Orlando, Florida. In 2006, they purchased a $39 - million estate in Jupiter Island, Florida, and began constructing a 10,000 - square - foot home ; Woods moved there in 2010 following the couple 's divorce. Woods and Nordegren 's first child was a girl born in 2007, whom they named Sam Alexis Woods. Woods chose the name because his own father had always called him Sam. Their son, Charlie Axel Woods, was born in 2009. Infidelity scandal and fallout In November 2009, the National Enquirer published a story claiming that Woods had had an extramarital affair with New York City nightclub manager Rachel Uchitel, who denied the claim. Two days later, around 2 : 30 a.m. on November 27, Woods was driving from his Florida mansion in his Cadillac Escalade SUV when he collided with a fire hydrant, a tree, and several hedges near his home. He was treated for minor facial lacerations and received a ticket for careless driving. Following intense media speculation about the cause of the accident, Woods released a statement on his website and took sole responsibility for the accident, calling it a `` private matter '' and crediting his wife for helping him from the car. On November 30, Woods announced that he would not be appearing at his own charity golf tournament, the Chevron World Challenge, nor any other tournaments in 2009, due to his injuries. On December 2, following Us Weekly 's previous day reporting of a purported mistress and subsequent release of a voicemail message allegedly left by Woods for the woman, Woods released a further statement. He admitted `` transgressions '' and apologized to `` all of those who have supported ( him ) over the years '', while reiterating his and his family 's right to privacy. Over the next few days, more than a dozen women claimed in various media outlets to have had affairs with Woods. On December 11, he released a third statement admitting to infidelity and apologizing again, as well as announcing that he would be taking `` an indefinite break from professional golf. '' In the days and months following Woods 's admission of multiple infidelities, several companies re-evaluated their relationships with him. Accenture, AT&T, Gatorade and General Motors completely ended their sponsorship deals, while Gillette suspended advertising featuring Woods. TAG Heuer dropped Woods from advertising in December 2009 and officially ended their deal when his contract expired in August 2011. Golf Digest suspended Woods 's monthly column beginning with the February 2010 issue. In contrast, Nike continued to support Woods, as did Electronic Arts, which was working with Woods on the game Tiger Woods PGA Tour Online. A December 2009 study estimated the shareholder loss caused by Woods 's affairs to be between $5 billion and $12 billion. On February 19, 2010, Woods gave a televised statement in which he said he had undertaken a 45 - day therapy program beginning at the end of December. He again apologized for his actions. `` I thought I could get away with whatever I wanted to, '' he said. `` I felt that I had worked hard my entire life and deserved to enjoy all the temptations around me. I felt I was entitled. Thanks to money and fame, I did n't have to go far to find them. I was wrong. I was foolish. '' He said he did not know yet when he would be returning to golf. He announced a few weeks later on March 16 that he would play in the 2010 Masters Tournament on April 8. After seven years of marriage, Woods and his wife Elin divorced on August 23, 2010. 2017 arrest On May 29, 2017, Woods was arrested near his Jupiter Island, Florida, home by the Palm Beach County Sheriff 's Office at about 3 : 00 a.m. EDT for driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. He was asleep in his car, which was stationary in a traffic lane with its engine running. He later stated that he was taking prescription drugs and did not realize how they might interact together. On July 3, 2017, Woods tweeted that he had completed an out - of - state intensive program to tackle an unspecified issue. On August 9, 2017, Woods, who skipped his arraignment, entered a not guilty plea through his attorney Douglas Duncan and agreed to take part in a first - time DUI offender program and attend another arraignment on October 25. At a hearing on October 27, 2017, Woods pleaded guilty to reckless driving. He received a year of probation, was fined $250, and ordered to undergo 50 hours of community service along with regular drug tests. He was not allowed to drink alcohol during the probation, and if he violates the probation he will be sentenced to 90 days in jail with an additional $500 fine. Other pursuits United States President Barack Obama and Woods meet in the Oval Office, April 2009 Woods shoots a handgun at a shooting range outside San Diego. Woods was raised as a Buddhist, and he actively practiced his faith from childhood until well into his adult, professional golf career. In a 2000 article, Woods was quoted as saying that he `` believes in Buddhism... not every aspect, but most of it. '' He has attributed his deviations and infidelity to his losing track of Buddhism. He said, `` Buddhism teaches me to stop following every impulse and to learn restraint. Obviously I lost track of what I was taught. '' Woods is registered as an independent voter. In January 2009, Woods delivered a speech commemorating the military at the We Are One : The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial. In April 2009, Woods visited the White House while promoting the golf tournament he hosts, the AT&T National. In December 2016 and again in November 2017, Woods played golf with President Donald Trump at the Trump International Golf Club in West Palm Beach. Woods underwent laser eye surgery in 1999. Before this surgery, he was severely myopic, his eyesight having a rating of 11 diopters. The surgery was successful ( it has meant that he does not need to wear glasses or use contact lenses ), as he immediately started winning tour events. He received money from TLC Laser Eye Centers to endorse them. In 2007, he had further laser eye surgery when his vision began to deteriorate again. On March 18, 2013, Woods announced that he and Olympic gold medal skier Lindsey Vonn were dating. They split up in May 2015. See also Career Grand Slam Champions List of golfers with most European Tour wins List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins List of golfers with most wins in one PGA Tour event List of longest PGA Tour win streaks List of men 's major championships winning golfers List of World Number One male golfers Most PGA Tour wins in a year Biography portal Golf portal United States portal References ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Woods -- Profile ''. PGA Tour. Retrieved June 7, 2015. Jump up ^ This is calculated by adding Woods ' 80 PGA Tour victories, 8 regular European Tour titles, 2 Japan Tour wins, 1 Asian Tour crown, and the 16 other wins in his career. Jump up ^ These are the 14 majors, 18 WGC events, and his eight tour wins. Jump up ^ 2009 European Tour Official Guide Section 4 Page 577 PDF 21. European Tour. Retrieved April 21, 2009. Archived January 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. ^ Jump up to : `` Divorce decree '' ( PDF ). August 23, 2010. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 17, 2014. 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Golf Magazine. Retrieved March 30, 2009. Jump up ^ `` With Tiger not a factor, preliminary ratings down for PGA ''. Sports Illustrated. Associated Press. August 20, 2001. Retrieved March 30, 2009. Jump up ^ Ziemer, Tom ( April 8, 2005 ). `` PGA jungle needs its Tiger on prowl ''. The Badger Herald. Retrieved March 30, 2009. Jump up ^ Whitmer, Michael ( April 2, 2009 ). `` Woods shows mettle again ''. The Boston Globe. Retrieved August 11, 2009. ^ Jump up to : Berger, Brian., `` Nike Golf Extends Contract with Tiger Woods '', Sports Business Radio, December 11, 2006. Retrieved September 14, 2007. ^ Jump up to : DiCarlo, Lisa ( March 18, 2004 ). `` Six Degrees Of Tiger Woods ''. Forbes. Retrieved December 17, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Branding and Celebrity Endorsements '' Archived October 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine., VentureRepublic.com. Retrieved September 14, 2007. ^ Jump up to : Park, Alice., `` Member of the Club '', Time, April 12, 2007. Retrieved September 12, 2007. Jump up ^ AP, `` Nike sees dollar signs in Woods ' magical shot '', MSNBC, April 13, 2005. Retrieved September 14, 2007. ^ Jump up to : Krakow, Gary., `` Tiger Woods watch is a technological stroke '', MSNBC.com, November 7, 2005. Retrieved June 17, 2007. Archived March 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Tag Heuer 's Innovative Creation Wins Prestigious Award '' Archived September 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine., best-watch.net Watch News, January 31, 2007. Retrieved September 11, 2007. Jump up ^ Woods, Tiger ; Rothman, Wilson ( September 26, 2004 ). `` Q&A with Tiger Woods ''. Time. Retrieved July 8, 2009. Jump up ^ Surette, Tim ( February 2, 2006 ). `` Tiger Woods to play another six with EA ''. GameSpot. Retrieved July 8, 2009. Jump up ^ Abelson, Jenn ( February 5, 2007 ). `` Gillette lands a trio of star endorsers ''. Boston Globe. Retrieved October 17, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Gatorade Unveils a Taste of Tiger ''. The Washington Post. October 17, 2007. Retrieved June 25, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Gatorade confirms it is dropping Tiger Woods drink, but decided to before fateful car wreck ''. Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. December 9, 2009. Archived from the original on December 13, 2009. Retrieved December 9, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Sports nutrition firm Fuse Science signs on as sponsor of Woods ' bag ''. PGA of America. Associated Press. Retrieved October 25, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Palmer v. Gotta Have It Golf Collectibles, Inc ''. 106 F. Supp. 2d 1289 ( 2000 ) United States District Court, S.D. Florida. June 22, 2000. Retrieved May 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Batterman, L. Robert ; Cardozo, Michael ; Freeman, Robert E. ; Ganz, Howard L. ; Katz, Wayne D. ; Leccese, Joseph M. ( May 17, 2014 ). `` Tiger Woods Misses the Cut in Golf Memorabilia Dispute ''. National Law Review. Proskauer Rose LLP. Retrieved May 24, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Gotta Have It Golf, Inc. v. Arnold Palmer Enterprises, Inc., No. 03 - 19490 ( Fla. Cir. Ct. Jury Verdict ) ''. March 12, 2014. Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ McEwan, Michael ( August 4, 2016 ). `` Tiger Woods to seek new equipment partner ''. bunkered. Jump up ^ Dennett, Craig ( August 3, 2016 ). `` Nike to exit golf equipment industry ''. bunkered. Jump up ^ Harig, Bob ( January 25, 2017 ). `` Tiger Woods ' move to TaylorMade ''. ESPN. Jump up ^ Sobel, Jason ( January 25, 2017 ). `` Tiger adds Cameron back into bag ''. ESPN. Jump up ^ Rovell, Darren ( December 1, 2016 ). `` Tiger Woods picks up Monster Energy ''. ABC News. Jump up ^ Freedman, Jonah ( 2007 ). `` The Fortunate 50 ''. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved May 20, 2008. Jump up ^ Sirak, Ron ( February 2008 ). `` The Golf Digest 50 ''. Golf Digest. Retrieved January 11, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Report : Tiger richest athlete in history ''. ESPN. October 2, 2009. Retrieved October 2, 2009. Jump up ^ Badenhausen, Kurt ( October 1, 2009 ). `` Woods is sports ' first billion - dollar man ''. Forbes. Yahoo! Sports. Archived from the original on October 6, 2009. Retrieved October 2, 2009. Jump up ^ Miller, Matthew ( May 6, 2009 ). `` The Wealthiest Black Americans ''. Forbes. Retrieved December 17, 2009. Jump up ^ Forbes ' list of world 's highest - paid athletes, Forbes. Jump up ^ `` How Much Do The World 's Top 10 Golfers Earn Per Shot? ''. November 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Lyon, Bill ( August 16, 2000 ). `` Woods bad for golf? There 's an unplayable lie ''. The Philadelphia Inquirer. Jump up ^ Brown, Jennifer ; Quitters Never Win : The ( Adverse ) Incentive Effects of Competing with Superstars Archived April 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine., Job Market Paper, November 2007 Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Press Conference : The Open Championship ''. TigerWoods.com. ASAP Sports. July 12, 2005. Archived from the original on March 16, 2007. Retrieved May 13, 2007. Jump up ^ Celizic, Mike ( July 24, 2006 ). `` Tiger is greatest closer ever ''. MSNBC. Retrieved August 12, 2007. Jump up ^ Maginnes, John ( August 12, 2007 ). `` Goliath will surely fall one day. Or will he? ''. PGA Tour. Retrieved August 12, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Cabrera wins devilish battle at U.S. Open ''. ESPN. Associated Press. June 20, 2007. Retrieved August 12, 2007. Jump up ^ Harig, Bob ( May 13, 2013 ). `` Tiger Woods shows off his command ''. ESPN. Retrieved May 15, 2013. Jump up ^ Romine, Brentley ( May 12, 2013 ). `` 5 Things : Woods captures fourth Tour title in ' 13 ''. Golfweek. Retrieved May 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Highlights : How Dufner won the 95th PGA Champ ''. Golf Channel. August 11, 2013. Jump up ^ Farrell, Andy ( July 24, 2000 ). `` Woods moves majestically to grand slam ''. The Independent. Retrieved May 20, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Career Money Leaders ''. PGA Tour. Retrieved September 23, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records online registry, the result of the linked search will display higher number of records, however many of those displayed contain the name of Usain Bolt in the description of the record but do n't belong to him ''. Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on April 16, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Woods threatens all records at the Masters ''. Canadian Online Explorer. Associated Press. April 12, 1997. Archived from the original on March 30, 2005. Retrieved August 6, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Tiger had more than just length in annihilating Augusta ''. Sports Illustrated. Associated Press. April 14, 1997. Retrieved June 20, 2009. Jump up ^ Polinski, Cara ( July 8, 2003 ). `` True Temper Wins Again! ''. The Wire. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 6, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Woods, Mickelson clear the air, put spat behind them ''. ESPN. February 13, 2003. Retrieved August 6, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Phil Mickelson clarifies Tiger comments ''. Golf Today. Retrieved August 6, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Case Study : Tiger Woods ''. Linkage Incorporated. Archived from the original on October 15, 2006. Retrieved June 24, 2009. Jump up ^ `` When Par is n't good enough ''. APMP.org. Archived from the original on July 20, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2007. Jump up ^ Bradley, Ed ( September 3, 2006 ). `` Tiger Woods Up Close And Personal ''. CBS News. Retrieved May 13, 2007. Jump up ^ Harmon, Butch ( 2006 ). The Pro : Lessons About Golf and Life from My Father, Claude Harmon, Sr. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0 - 307 - 33804 - 5. Jump up ^ `` Canadian Swing Coach Foley Helping Tiger At PGA Championship ''. Canadian Press. August 10, 2010. Retrieved August 10, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Woods Dismisses His Caddie Cowan ''. The New York Times. March 9, 1999. Retrieved May 13, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Tiger 's Caddie Reflects on `` Defining '' Moment at Medinah ``. Golf Channel. Associated Press. August 8, 2006. Retrieved May 13, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods hires caddie Joe LaCava ''. ESPN. Associated Press. September 27, 2011. Retrieved July 23, 2012. Jump up ^ https://www.pgatour.com/winners-bag/2018/09/23/golf-clubs-equipment-tiger-woods-tour-championship.html Jump up ^ Wall, Jonathan ( November 29, 2016 ). `` Tiger to debut TW ' 17 shoe at Hero World Challenge ''. PGA Tour. Jump up ^ Cannizzaro, Mark ( August 29, 2007 ). `` Tiger Pitch Ad - Nauseam ''. New York Post. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved June 24, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Tiger WITB 2017 ''. GolfWRX. November 30, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Wood covers : Stitch Brand with TGR Logo ''. Archived from the original Check url = value ( help ) on July 21, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Mattingly Expected to Retire After Sitting Out 1996 Season ''. The Los Angeles Times. January 22, 1997. Jump up ^ Brennan, Patricia ( April 13, 1997 ). `` The Changing Face of Golf ; A CBS Profile of the Hottest Guy on the Links ''. The Washington Post. ^ Jump up to : `` With Clinton at his side, Woods opens his learning center ''. GolfWeb Wire Services. February 10, 2006. Archived from the original on May 25, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Programs : TWLC : Junior Golf Team ''. Tiger Woods Foundation. Archived from the original on January 28, 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Harig, Bob ( December 1, 2010 ). `` Tiger Woods ' foundation suffered greatly ''. ESPN. Retrieved January 20, 2011. Jump up ^ Lamport - Stokes, Mark ( December 17, 2007 ). `` Tiger eyes legacy away from sport ''. Reuters. Retrieved January 20, 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger visits new TWLC Florida campus in Stuart ''. Tiger Woods Foundation. December 9, 2011. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Events : Tiger Woods Invitational ''. Tiger Woods Foundation. Archived from the original on January 26, 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2012. Jump up ^ `` The fifth annual Block Party raises more than $500,000 ''. Tiger Woods Foundation. October 18, 2009. Archived from the original on May 13, 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Speaks About Injury, PGA Tour Athlets During Jam ''. GolfLasVegasNow.com. April 30, 2011. Archived from the original on May 3, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2011. Jump up ^ Carpenter, Eric ( December 14, 2009 ). `` Tiger Woods takes hiatus from OC foundation ''. The Orange County Register. Retrieved January 20, 2011. Jump up ^ Soltau, Mark ( November 6, 2006 ). `` Tiger Woods ' next step : Design golf courses ''. ESPN. Retrieved January 20, 2011. ^ Jump up to : Wolfensberger, Marc ( December 3, 2006 ). `` Tiger Woods Will Design First Golf Course in Dubai ''. Bloomberg. Retrieved January 20, 2011. Jump up ^ Fattah, Zainab ( February 1, 2010 ). `` Tiger Woods 's Dubai Golf Resort Will Be Completed, Builder Says ''. Bloomberg. Retrieved January 20, 2011. ^ Jump up to : Sullivan, Paul ( April 2, 2011 ). `` For Tiger Woods, a Golf Course Design Business Is in the Rough ''. The New York Times. Retrieved June 19, 2013. Jump up ^ McGinley, Shane ( July 9, 2013 ). `` Dubai Holding ' dissolves ' Tiger Woods partnership ''. arabianbusiness.com. ITP Publishing Group. Jump up ^ `` Tiger to design his first U.S. course ''. ESPN. Associated Press. Retrieved August 15, 2007. Jump up ^ Louis, Brian ; Taub, Daniel ( October 7, 2008 ). `` Tiger Woods and Flagship to Build Mexico Golf Resort ''. Bloomberg. Retrieved January 5, 2010. Jump up ^ `` New deal includes instruction, Web pieces ''. ESPN. Associated Press. May 8, 2002. Retrieved June 18, 2008. Jump up ^ Snider, Mike ( October 9, 2001 ). `` Tiger Woods joins the club of golf book authors ''. USA Today. Retrieved June 20, 2008. Jump up ^ Stachura, Mike ( March 14, 2017 ). `` Tiger Woods ' new book is a vivid but cautious reflection on his landmark win ''. Golf Digest. Retrieved March 19, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Five things you did n't know about Elin Nordegren ''. CNN. December 4, 2009. Retrieved December 15, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Woods ties the knot ''. BBC Sport. October 6, 2004. Retrieved August 23, 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Woods buys $40 million estate ''. The New York Times. January 1, 2006. Retrieved August 23, 2010. Jump up ^ White, Joseph ( July 3, 2007 ). `` Woods played U.S. Open while wife was in hospital ''. USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved December 2, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Tiger becomes dad for second time ''. ESPN. Associated Press. February 9, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2009. Jump up ^ `` World Exclusive : Woman at Center of Tiger Woods Cheating Scandal Exposed!! ''. National Enquirer. November 28, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Woods admits `` transgressions, '' apologizes ``. Reuters. December 2, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2012. ^ Jump up to : DiMeglio, Steve ( December 3, 2009 ). `` Woods crash did $3,200 damage to hydrant, tree ''. USA Today. Retrieved January 23, 2012. Jump up ^ Corrigan, James ( November 28, 2009 ). `` Tiger injured in late - night car accident ''. The Independent. Retrieved January 23, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods issues statement on crash ''. USA Today. Associated Press. November 30, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2012. Jump up ^ Woods, Tiger ( November 29, 2009 ). `` Statement from Tiger Woods ''. TigerWoods.com. Archived from the original on February 11, 2012. Retrieved January 23, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Cancels Tourney Appearance ''. CBS News. November 30, 2009. Retrieved September 21, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Hear Tiger Panic to Mistress : `` My Wife May Be Calling You '' ``. Us Weekly. December 2, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2016. Jump up ^ Woods, Tiger ( December 2, 2009 ). `` Tiger comments on current events ''. TigerWoods.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2009. Retrieved December 4, 2009. Jump up ^ `` GM ends car loans for Tiger Woods ''. BBC News. London. January 13, 2010. Retrieved January 13, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods loses Gatorade sponsorship ''. BBC News. February 27, 2010. Retrieved September 5, 2010. Jump up ^ Golf Digest, February 2010. Jump up ^ Klayman, Ben ( January 4, 2010 ). `` EA Sports moves forward with Tiger game rollout ''. Reuters. Retrieved January 23, 2012. Jump up ^ Goldiner, Dave ( December 29, 2012 ). `` Tiger Woods ' mistress scandal costs shareholders of sponsors like Nike, Gatorade $12 billion ''. New York Daily News. Jump up ^ `` Transcript : Tiger 's public statement ''. Web.tigerwoods.com. ASAP Sports. February 19, 2010. Archived from the original on September 20, 2010. Retrieved September 5, 2010. Jump up ^ Rude, Jeff ( March 17, 2010 ). `` Woods ' return shows he 's ready to win ''. Fox Sports. Retrieved March 23, 2010. Jump up ^ Helling, Steve ( August 23, 2010 ). `` Tiger Woods and Elin Nordegren 's Divorce Is Final ''. People. Retrieved September 5, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Booking Blotter ''. Palm Beach County Sheriff 's Office. May 29, 2017. Jump up ^ Alexander, Harriet ; Curtis, Ben ( May 29, 2017 ). `` Tiger Woods blames driving arrest on ' prescribed medications ', not alcohol ''. The Telegraph. Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods found asleep in car at time of arrest ; no alcohol found in breath test ''. ESPN. May 30, 2017. Jump up ^ Bieler, Des ( July 3, 2017 ). `` Tiger Woods announces that he 's completed a ' private intensive program ' ''. Washington Post. Jump up ^ Winsor, Morgan ( August 9, 2017 ). `` Tiger Woods pleads not guilty to DUI charges ''. ABC News. Jump up ^ Greenlee, Will ( August 10, 2017 ). `` Tiger Woods to take part in DUI first - offender program -- Videos ''. USA Today. Jump up ^ Anderson, Curt ; Spencer, Terry ( October 27, 2017 ). `` Tiger Woods found guilty of reckless driving ''. Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods makes emotional apology for infidelity ''. BBC News. London. February 19, 2010. Retrieved February 26, 2010. Jump up ^ Wright, Robert ( July 24, 2000 ). `` Gandhi and Tiger Woods ''. Slate. Retrieved August 13, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Returns to Buddhism ''. ISKCON News. February 20, 2010. Archived from the original on April 12, 2010. Retrieved March 11, 2010. Jump up ^ Abcarian, Robin ( December 13, 2009 ). `` How did Tiger keep his secrets? ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 13, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Tiger to speak at Lincoln Memorial ''. ESPN. Associated Press. January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods gives speech at Obama inauguration ''. Golf Today. January 21, 2009. Retrieved May 4, 2009. Jump up ^ Montopoli, Brian ( April 23, 2009 ). `` Tiger Woods in the White House ''. CBS News. Retrieved May 3, 2009. Jump up ^ Porter, Kyle ( November 24, 2017 ). `` President Trump plays post-Thanksgiving golf with Tiger Woods and Dustin Johnson ''. CBS News. Retrieved November 25, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods undergoes second laser eye surgery ''. Golf Today. May 15, 2007. Retrieved June 19, 2012. Jump up ^ Bestrom, Craig ; Strege, John. `` Eyes of the Tiger : Tiger Woods -- LASIK laser eye surgery ''. Eyesurgeryusa.com. Retrieved June 19, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Woods has second laser eye surgery ''. Golf Magazine. May 15, 2007. Retrieved June 19, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods announces his relationship with Lindsey Vonn ''. USA Today. March 18, 2013. Retrieved March 18, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Woods, Vonn end relationship ''. PGA Tour. Associated Press. May 3, 2015. Further reading Andrisani, John ( 1997 ). The Tiger Woods Way : An Analysis of Tiger Woods ' Power - Swing Technique. New York : Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0 - 609 - 80139 - 2. OCLC 55124056. Clary, Jack ( 1997 ). Tiger Woods. Twickenham, England : Tiger Books International. ISBN 978 - 1 - 85501 - 954 - 6. OCLC 40859379. Feinstein, John ( 1999 ). The Majors : In Pursuit of Golf 's Holy Grail. Boston : Little, Brown. ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 27971 - 0. OCLC 40602886. Londino, Lawrence J. ( 2006 ). Tiger Woods : A Biography. Westport, Connecticut : Greenwood Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33121 - 3. OCLC 61109403. Rosaforte, Tim ( 2000 ). Raising the Bar : The Championship Years of Tiger Woods. New York : Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 27212 - 8. OCLC 45248211. Woods, Tiger ( 2001 ). How I Play Golf. New York : Warner Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 52931 - 0. OCLC 46992172. Woods, Earl ; McDaniel, Pete ( 1997 ). Training a Tiger : A Father 's Guide to Raising a Winner in Both Golf and Life. New York : HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 270178 - 7. OCLC 35925055. External links Find more aboutTiger Woodsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Official website Tiger Woods at the PGA Tour official site Tiger Woods at the European Tour official site Tiger Woods at the Japan Golf Tour official site Tiger Woods at the Official World Golf Ranking official site Tiger Woods Foundation Tiger Woods Learning Center Tiger Woods on IMDb Works by or about Tiger Woods in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Tiger Woods ' Videos on mReplay Tiger Woods Video on ESPN Video Archive Tiger Woods Video on FoxSports Video Archive Tiger Woods Family Elin Nordegren ( ex-wife ) Earl Woods ( father ) Cheyenne Woods ( niece ) Golf achievements Professional career Career achievements Tournament performances Foundation Quicken Loans National Learning Center Hero World Challenge Tiger Woods Design The Cliffs at High Carolina Al Ruwaya Golf Course Punta Brava Other ventures PGA Tour Monday Night Golf Films and television The Tiger Woods Story Related Steve Williams ( caddie ) Tiger Woods in the major championships Masters Tournament champions 1934 Horton Smith 1935 Gene Sarazen † 1936 Horton Smith 1937 Byron Nelson 1938 Henry Picard 1939 Ralph Guldahl 1940 Jimmy Demaret 1941 ‡ Craig Wood 1942 Byron Nelson † 1943 -- 45 cancelled due to World War II 1946 Herman Keiser 1947 Jimmy Demaret 1948 Claude Harmon 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Jimmy Demaret 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Sam Snead 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Sam Snead † 1955 Cary Middlecoff 1956 Jack Burke Jr. 1957 Doug Ford 1958 Arnold Palmer 1959 Art Wall Jr. 1960 ‡ Arnold Palmer 1961 Gary Player 1962 Arnold Palmer † 1963 Jack Nicklaus 1964 Arnold Palmer 1965 Jack Nicklaus 1966 Jack Nicklaus † 1967 Gay Brewer 1968 Bob Goalby 1969 George Archer 1970 Billy Casper † 1971 Charles Coody 1972 ‡ Jack Nicklaus 1973 Tommy Aaron 1974 Gary Player 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Gary Player 1979 Fuzzy Zoeller † 1980 Seve Ballesteros 1981 Tom Watson 1982 Craig Stadler † 1983 Seve Ballesteros 1984 Ben Crenshaw 1985 Bernhard Langer 1986 Jack Nicklaus 1987 Larry Mize † 1988 Sandy Lyle 1989 Nick Faldo † 1990 Nick Faldo † 1991 Ian Woosnam 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Bernhard Langer 1994 José María Olazábal 1995 Ben Crenshaw 1996 Nick Faldo 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 José María Olazábal 2000 Vijay Singh 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Mike Weir † 2004 Phil Mickelson 2005 Tiger Woods † 2006 Phil Mickelson 2007 Zach Johnson 2008 Trevor Immelman 2009 Ángel Cabrera † 2010 Phil Mickelson 2011 Charl Schwartzel 2012 Bubba Watson † 2013 Adam Scott † 2014 Bubba Watson 2015 ‡ Jordan Spieth 2016 Danny Willett 2017 Sergio García † 2018 Patrick Reed † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire U.S. Open champions 1895 Horace Rawlins 1896 James Foulis 1897 Joe Lloyd 1898 Fred Herd 1899 Willie Smith 1900 Harry Vardon 1901 Willie Anderson † 1902 Laurie Auchterlonie 1903 Willie Anderson † 1904 Willie Anderson 1905 Willie Anderson 1906 Alex Smith 1907 Alec Ross 1908 Fred McLeod † 1909 George Sargent 1910 Alex Smith † 1911 John McDermott † 1912 John McDermott 1913 Francis Ouimet # † 1914 ‡ Walter Hagen 1915 Jerome Travers # 1916 Chick Evans # 1917 -- 18 Cancelled due to World War I 1919 Walter Hagen † 1920 Ted Ray 1921 ‡ Jim Barnes 1922 Gene Sarazen 1923 Bobby Jones # † 1924 Cyril Walker 1925 Willie Macfarlane † 1926 Bobby Jones # 1927 Tommy Armour † 1928 Johnny Farrell † 1929 Bobby Jones # † 1930 Bobby Jones # 1931 Billy Burke † 1932 Gene Sarazen 1933 Johnny Goodman # 1934 Olin Dutra 1935 Sam Parks Jr. 1936 Tony Manero 1937 Ralph Guldahl 1938 Ralph Guldahl 1939 Byron Nelson † 1940 Lawson Little † 1941 Craig Wood 1942 -- 45 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Lloyd Mangrum † 1947 Lew Worsham † 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Cary Middlecoff 1950 Ben Hogan † 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Julius Boros 1953 ‡ Ben Hogan 1954 Ed Furgol 1955 Jack Fleck † 1956 Cary Middlecoff 1957 Dick Mayer † 1958 Tommy Bolt 1959 Billy Casper 1960 Arnold Palmer 1961 Gene Littler 1962 Jack Nicklaus † 1963 Julius Boros † 1964 Ken Venturi 1965 Gary Player † 1966 Billy Casper † 1967 Jack Nicklaus 1968 Lee Trevino 1969 Orville Moody 1970 ‡ Tony Jacklin 1971 Lee Trevino † 1972 Jack Nicklaus 1973 Johnny Miller 1974 Hale Irwin 1975 Lou Graham † 1976 Jerry Pate 1977 Hubert Green 1978 Andy North 1979 Hale Irwin 1980 Jack Nicklaus 1981 David Graham 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Larry Nelson 1984 Fuzzy Zoeller † 1985 Andy North 1986 Raymond Floyd 1987 Scott Simpson 1988 Curtis Strange † 1989 Curtis Strange 1990 Hale Irwin † 1991 Payne Stewart † 1992 Tom Kite 1993 Lee Janzen 1994 Ernie Els † 1995 Corey Pavin 1996 Steve Jones 1997 Ernie Els 1998 Lee Janzen 1999 Payne Stewart 2000 ‡ Tiger Woods 2001 Retief Goosen † 2002 ‡ Tiger Woods 2003 Jim Furyk 2004 Retief Goosen 2005 Michael Campbell 2006 Geoff Ogilvy 2007 Ángel Cabrera 2008 Tiger Woods † 2009 Lucas Glover 2010 Graeme McDowell 2011 ‡ Rory McIlroy 2012 Webb Simpson 2013 Justin Rose 2014 ‡ Martin Kaymer 2015 Jordan Spieth 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Brooks Koepka 2018 Brooks Koepka † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire ; # indicates the event was won by an amateur The Open Championship champions 1860 Willie Park Sr. 1861 Tom Morris Sr. 1862 Tom Morris Sr. 1863 Willie Park Sr. 1864 Tom Morris Sr. 1865 Andrew Strath 1866 Willie Park Sr. 1867 Tom Morris Sr. 1868 Tom Morris Jr. 1869 Tom Morris Jr. 1870 Tom Morris Jr. 1871 No championship 1872 Tom Morris Jr. 1873 Tom Kidd 1874 Mungo Park 1875 Willie Park Sr. 1876 Bob Martin † 1877 Jamie Anderson 1878 Jamie Anderson 1879 Jamie Anderson 1880 Bob Ferguson 1881 Bob Ferguson 1882 Bob Ferguson 1883 Willie Fernie † 1884 Jack Simpson 1885 Bob Martin 1886 David Brown 1887 Willie Park Jr. 1888 Jack Burns 1889 Willie Park Jr. † 1890 John Ball # 1891 Hugh Kirkaldy 1892 Harold Hilton # 1893 William Auchterlonie 1894 John Henry Taylor 1895 John Henry Taylor 1896 Harry Vardon † 1897 Harold Hilton # 1898 Harry Vardon 1899 Harry Vardon 1900 John Henry Taylor 1901 James Braid 1902 Sandy Herd 1903 Harry Vardon 1904 Jack White 1905 James Braid 1906 James Braid 1907 Arnaud Massy 1908 James Braid 1909 John Henry Taylor 1910 James Braid 1911 Harry Vardon † 1912 ‡ Edward Ray 1913 John Henry Taylor 1914 Harry Vardon 1915 -- 19 No Championships due to World War I 1920 George Duncan 1921 Jock Hutchison † 1922 Walter Hagen 1923 Arthur Havers 1924 Walter Hagen 1925 Jim Barnes 1926 Bobby Jones # 1927 ‡ Bobby Jones # 1928 Walter Hagen 1929 Walter Hagen 1930 Bobby Jones # 1931 Tommy Armour 1932 ‡ Gene Sarazen 1933 Denny Shute † 1934 ‡ Henry Cotton 1935 Alf Perry 1936 Alf Padgham 1937 Henry Cotton 1938 Reg Whitcombe 1939 Dick Burton 1940 -- 45 No Championships due to World War II 1946 Sam Snead 1947 Fred Daly 1948 Henry Cotton 1949 Bobby Locke † 1950 Bobby Locke 1951 Max Faulkner 1952 Bobby Locke 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Peter Thomson 1955 Peter Thomson 1956 Peter Thomson 1957 Bobby Locke 1958 Peter Thomson † 1959 Gary Player 1960 Kel Nagle 1961 Arnold Palmer 1962 Arnold Palmer 1963 Bob Charles † 1964 Tony Lema 1965 Peter Thomson 1966 Jack Nicklaus 1967 Roberto De Vicenzo 1968 Gary Player 1969 Tony Jacklin 1970 Jack Nicklaus † 1971 Lee Trevino 1972 Lee Trevino 1973 ‡ Tom Weiskopf 1974 Gary Player 1975 Tom Watson † 1976 Johnny Miller 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Jack Nicklaus 1979 Seve Ballesteros 1980 Tom Watson 1981 Bill Rogers 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Tom Watson 1984 Seve Ballesteros 1985 Sandy Lyle 1986 Greg Norman 1987 Nick Faldo 1988 Seve Ballesteros 1989 Mark Calcavecchia † 1990 Nick Faldo 1991 Ian Baker - Finch 1992 Nick Faldo 1993 Greg Norman 1994 Nick Price 1995 John Daly † 1996 Tom Lehman 1997 Justin Leonard 1998 Mark O'Meara † 1999 Paul Lawrie † 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 David Duval 2002 Ernie Els † 2003 Ben Curtis 2004 Todd Hamilton † 2005 ‡ Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Pádraig Harrington † 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Stewart Cink † 2010 Louis Oosthuizen 2011 Darren Clarke 2012 Ernie Els 2013 Phil Mickelson 2014 ‡ Rory McIlroy 2015 Zach Johnson † 2016 Henrik Stenson 2017 Jordan Spieth 2018 Francesco Molinari † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire in 72 - holes ; # indicates the event was won by an amateur PGA Championship champions Match play era 1916 Jim Barnes 1917 -- 18 Cancelled due to World War I 1919 Jim Barnes 1920 Jock Hutchison 1921 Walter Hagen 1922 Gene Sarazen 1923 Gene Sarazen 1924 Walter Hagen 1925 Walter Hagen 1926 Walter Hagen 1927 Walter Hagen 1928 Leo Diegel 1929 Leo Diegel 1930 Tommy Armour 1931 Tom Creavy 1932 Olin Dutra 1933 Gene Sarazen 1934 Paul Runyan 1935 Johnny Revolta 1936 Denny Shute 1937 Denny Shute 1938 Paul Runyan 1939 Henry Picard 1940 Byron Nelson 1941 Vic Ghezzi 1942 Sam Snead 1943 Cancelled due to World War II 1944 Bob Hamilton 1945 Byron Nelson 1946 Ben Hogan 1947 Jim Ferrier 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Chandler Harper 1951 Sam Snead 1952 Jim Turnesa 1953 Walter Burkemo 1954 Chick Harbert 1955 Doug Ford 1956 Jack Burke Jr. 1957 Lionel Hebert Stroke play era 1958 Dow Finsterwald 1959 Bob Rosburg 1960 Jay Hebert 1961 Jerry Barber † 1962 Gary Player 1963 Jack Nicklaus 1964 ‡ Bobby Nichols 1965 Dave Marr 1966 Al Geiberger 1967 Don January † 1968 Julius Boros 1969 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1970 Dave Stockton 1971 Jack Nicklaus 1972 Gary Player 1973 Jack Nicklaus 1974 Lee Trevino 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 Dave Stockton 1977 Lanny Wadkins † 1978 John Mahaffey † 1979 David Graham † 1980 Jack Nicklaus 1981 Larry Nelson 1982 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1983 ‡ Hal Sutton 1984 Lee Trevino 1985 Hubert Green 1986 Bob Tway 1987 Larry Nelson † 1988 Jeff Sluman 1989 Payne Stewart 1990 Wayne Grady 1991 John Daly 1992 Nick Price 1993 Paul Azinger † 1994 Nick Price 1995 Steve Elkington † 1996 Mark Brooks † 1997 Davis Love III 1998 Vijay Singh 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 ‡ Tiger Woods † 2001 David Toms 2002 Rich Beem 2003 Shaun Micheel 2004 Vijay Singh † 2005 Phil Mickelson 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Y.E. Yang 2010 Martin Kaymer † 2011 Keegan Bradley † 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Jason Dufner 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Jason Day 2016 Jimmy Walker 2017 Justin Thomas 2018 Brooks Koepka † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire Men 's Career Grand Slam Champion Golfers 1930 Bobby Jones ( 1 ) 1935 Gene Sarazen ( 1 ) 1953 Ben Hogan ( 1 ) 1965 Gary Player ( 1 ) 1966 Jack Nicklaus ( 1 ) 1971 Jack Nicklaus ( 2 ) 1978 Jack Nicklaus ( 3 ) 2000 Tiger Woods ( 1 ) 2005 Tiger Woods ( 2 ) 2008 Tiger Woods ( 3 ) World Golf Championships champions WGC - Championship 1999 Tiger Woods † 2000 Mike Weir 2001 Cancelled 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Ernie Els 2005 Tiger Woods † 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Geoff Ogilvy 2009 Phil Mickelson 2010 Ernie Els 2011 Nick Watney 2012 Justin Rose 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Patrick Reed 2015 Dustin Johnson 2016 Adam Scott 2017 Dustin Johnson 2018 Phil Mickelson WGC - Match Play 1999 Jeff Maggert 2000 Darren Clarke 2001 Steve Stricker 2002 Kevin Sutherland 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Tiger Woods 2005 David Toms 2006 Geoff Ogilvy 2007 Henrik Stenson 2008 Tiger Woods 2009 Geoff Ogilvy 2010 Ian Poulter 2011 Luke Donald 2012 Hunter Mahan 2013 Matt Kuchar 2014 Jason Day 2015 Rory McIlroy 2016 Jason Day 2017 Dustin Johnson 2018 Bubba Watson WGC - Invitational 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 Tiger Woods † 2002 Craig Parry 2003 Darren Clarke 2004 Stewart Cink 2005 Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods † 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Vijay Singh 2009 Tiger Woods 2010 Hunter Mahan 2011 Adam Scott 2012 Keegan Bradley 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Shane Lowry 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Hideki Matsuyama 2018 Justin Thomas WGC - Champions 2009 Phil Mickelson 2010 Francesco Molinari 2011 Martin Kaymer 2012 Ian Poulter 2013 Dustin Johnson 2014 Bubba Watson 2015 Russell Knox 2016 Hideki Matsuyama 2017 Justin Rose 2018 Xander Schauffele WGC - World Cup 2000 David Duval / Tiger Woods 2001 Ernie Els / Retief Goosen 2002 Toshimitsu Izawa / Shigeki Maruyama 2003 Trevor Immelman / Rory Sabbatini 2004 Paul Casey / Luke Donald 2005 Stephen Dodd / Bradley Dredge 2006 Bernhard Langer / Marcel Siem No longer WGC event † indicates the event was won in a playoff Players Championship champions 1974 Jack Nicklaus 1975 Al Geiberger 1976 Jack Nicklaus 1977 Mark Hayes 1978 Jack Nicklaus 1979 Lanny Wadkins 1980 Lee Trevino 1981 Raymond Floyd † 1982 Jerry Pate 1983 Hal Sutton 1984 Fred Couples 1985 Calvin Peete 1986 John Mahaffey 1987 Sandy Lyle † 1988 Mark McCumber 1989 Tom Kite 1990 Jodie Mudd 1991 Steve Elkington 1992 Davis Love III 1993 Nick Price 1994 Greg Norman 1995 Lee Janzen 1996 Fred Couples 1997 Steve Elkington 1998 Justin Leonard 1999 David Duval 2000 Hal Sutton 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Craig Perks 2003 Davis Love III 2004 Adam Scott 2005 Fred Funk 2006 Stephen Ames 2007 Phil Mickelson 2008 Sergio García † 2009 Henrik Stenson 2010 Tim Clark 2011 K.J. Choi † 2012 Matt Kuchar 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Martin Kaymer 2015 Rickie Fowler † 2016 Jason Day 2017 Kim Si - woo 2018 Webb Simpson † indicates the event was won in a playoff Tiger Woods in the Ryder Cup United States Ryder Cup team -- 1997 Fred Couples Brad Faxon Jim Furyk Scott Hoch Lee Janzen Tom Lehman Justin Leonard Davis Love III Jeff Maggert Phil Mickelson Mark O'Meara Tiger Woods Tom Kite ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 13.5 -- 14.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 1999 David Duval Jim Furyk Tom Lehman Justin Leonard Davis Love III Jeff Maggert Phil Mickelson Mark O'Meara Steve Pate Payne Stewart Hal Sutton Tiger Woods Ben Crenshaw ( non-playing captain ) Won : 14.5 -- 13.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2002 Paul Azinger Mark Calcavecchia Stewart Cink David Duval Jim Furyk Scott Hoch Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Hal Sutton David Toms Scott Verplank Tiger Woods Curtis Strange ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 12.5 -- 15.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2004 Chad Campbell Stewart Cink Chris DiMarco Fred Funk Jim Furyk Jay Haas Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Kenny Perry Chris Riley David Toms Tiger Woods Hal Sutton ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 9.5 -- 18.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2006 Chad Campbell Stewart Cink Chris DiMarco Jim Furyk J.J. Henry Zach Johnson Phil Mickelson Vaughn Taylor David Toms Scott Verplank Brett Wetterich Tiger Woods Tom Lehman ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 9.5 -- 18.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2010 Stewart Cink Rickie Fowler Jim Furyk Dustin Johnson Zach Johnson Matt Kuchar Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Jeff Overton Steve Stricker Bubba Watson Tiger Woods Corey Pavin ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 13.5 -- 14.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2012 Keegan Bradley Jason Dufner Jim Furyk Dustin Johnson Zach Johnson Matt Kuchar Phil Mickelson Webb Simpson Brandt Snedeker Steve Stricker Bubba Watson Tiger Woods Davis Love III ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 13.5 -- 14.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2018 Bryson DeChambeau Tony Finau Rickie Fowler Dustin Johnson Brooks Koepka Phil Mickelson Patrick Reed Webb Simpson Jordan Spieth Justin Thomas Bubba Watson Tiger Woods Jim Furyk ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 101⁄2 -- 171⁄2 Tiger Woods in the Presidents Cup United States Presidents Cup team -- 1998 Mark Calcavecchia Fred Couples David Duval Jim Furyk Scott Hoch John Huston Lee Janzen Justin Leonard Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Mark O'Meara Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 11.5 -- 20.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2000 Paul Azinger Notah Begay III Stewart Cink David Duval Jim Furyk Tom Lehman Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Loren Roberts Hal Sutton Kirk Triplett Tiger Woods Ken Venturi ( non-playing captain ) Won : 21.5 -- 10.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2003 Chris DiMarco Fred Funk Jim Furyk Jay Haas Charles Howell III Jerry Kelly Justin Leonard Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Kenny Perry David Toms Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Tied : 17 -- 17 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2005 Stewart Cink Fred Couples Chris DiMarco Fred Funk Jim Furyk Justin Leonard Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Kenny Perry David Toms Scott Verplank Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Won : 18.5 -- 15.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2007 Woody Austin Stewart Cink Jim Furyk Lucas Glover Charles Howell III Zach Johnson Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Steve Stricker David Toms Scott Verplank Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Won : 19.5 -- 14.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2009 Stewart Cink Jim Furyk Lucas Glover Zach Johnson Anthony Kim Justin Leonard Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Sean O'Hair Kenny Perry Steve Stricker Tiger Woods Fred Couples ( non-playing captain ) Won : 19.5 -- 14.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2011 Jim Furyk Bill Haas Dustin Johnson Matt Kuchar Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Webb Simpson Steve Stricker David Toms Nick Watney Bubba Watson Tiger Woods Fred Couples ( non-playing captain ) Won : 19 -- 15 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2013 Keegan Bradley Jason Dufner Bill Haas Zach Johnson Matt Kuchar Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Webb Simpson Brandt Snedeker Jordan Spieth Steve Stricker Tiger Woods Fred Couples ( non-playing captain ) Won : 18.5 -- 15.5 U.S. Amateur champions 1895 Charles B. Macdonald 1896 H.J. Whigham 1897 H.J. Whigham 1898 Findlay S. Douglas 1899 Herbert M. Harriman 1900 Walter Travis 1901 Walter Travis 1902 Louis N. James 1903 Walter Travis 1904 Chandler Egan 1905 Chandler Egan 1906 Eben Byers 1907 Jerome Travers 1908 Jerome Travers 1909 Robert A. Gardner 1910 William C. Fownes Jr. 1911 Harold Hilton † 1912 Jerome Travers 1913 Jerome Travers 1914 Francis Ouimet 1915 Robert A. Gardner 1916 Chick Evans 1917 -- 18 Cancelled due to World War I 1919 S. Davidson Herron 1920 Chick Evans 1921 Jesse P. Guilford 1922 Jess Sweetser 1923 Max R. Marston † 1924 Bobby Jones 1925 Bobby Jones 1926 George Von Elm 1927 Bobby Jones 1928 Bobby Jones 1929 Harrison R. Johnston 1930 Bobby Jones 1931 Francis Ouimet 1932 Ross Somerville 1933 George Dunlap 1934 Lawson Little 1935 Lawson Little 1936 John Fischer † 1937 Johnny Goodman 1938 Willie Turnesa 1939 Bud Ward 1940 Dick Chapman 1941 Bud Ward 1942 -- 45 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Ted Bishop † 1947 Skee Riegel 1948 Willie Turnesa 1949 Charles Coe 1950 Sam Urzetta † 1951 Billy Maxwell 1952 Jack Westland 1953 Gene Littler 1954 Arnold Palmer 1955 Harvie Ward 1956 Harvie Ward 1957 Hillman Robbins 1958 Charles Coe 1959 Jack Nicklaus 1960 Deane Beman 1961 Jack Nicklaus 1962 Labron Harris Jr. 1963 Deane Beman 1964 William C. Campbell 1965 Bob Murphy 1966 Gary Cowan † 1967 Bob Dickson 1968 Bruce Fleisher 1969 Steve Melnyk 1970 Lanny Wadkins 1971 Gary Cowan 1972 Vinny Giles 1973 Craig Stadler 1974 Jerry Pate 1975 Fred Ridley 1976 Bill Sander 1977 John Fought 1978 John Cook 1979 Mark O'Meara 1980 Hal Sutton 1981 Nathaniel Crosby 1982 Jay Sigel 1983 Jay Sigel 1984 Scott Verplank 1985 Sam Randolph 1986 Buddy Alexander 1987 Billy Mayfair 1988 Eric Meeks 1989 Chris Patton 1990 Phil Mickelson 1991 Mitch Voges 1992 Justin Leonard 1993 John Harris 1994 Tiger Woods 1995 Tiger Woods 1996 Tiger Woods † 1997 Matt Kuchar 1998 Hank Kuehne 1999 David Gossett 2000 Jeff Quinney † 2001 Bubba Dickerson 2002 Ricky Barnes 2003 Nick Flanagan † 2004 Ryan Moore 2005 Edoardo Molinari 2006 Richie Ramsay 2007 Colt Knost 2008 Danny Lee 2009 An Byeong - hun 2010 Peter Uihlein 2011 Kelly Kraft 2012 Steven Fox † 2013 Matthew Fitzpatrick 2014 Gunn Yang 2015 Bryson DeChambeau 2016 Curtis Luck 2017 Doc Redman 2018 Viktor Hovland † indicates the event was won in extra holes. Tiger Woods awards and achievements World Number One golfers since 1986 Seve Ballesteros Fred Couples Jason Day Luke Donald David Duval Ernie Els Nick Faldo Dustin Johnson Martin Kaymer Brooks Koepka Bernhard Langer Tom Lehman Rory McIlroy Greg Norman Nick Price Justin Rose Adam Scott Vijay Singh Jordan Spieth Justin Thomas Lee Westwood Tiger Woods Ian Woosnam Player in bold denotes current number one Official World Golf Ranking PGA Tour Rookies of the Year 1990 Robert Gamez 1991 John Daly 1992 Mark Carnevale 1993 Vijay Singh 1994 Ernie Els 1995 Woody Austin 1996 Tiger Woods 1997 Stewart Cink 1998 Steve Flesch 1999 Carlos Franco 2000 Michael Clark II 2001 Charles Howell III 2002 Jonathan Byrd 2003 Ben Curtis 2004 Todd Hamilton 2005 Sean O'Hair 2006 Trevor Immelman 2007 Brandt Snedeker 2008 Andrés Romero 2009 Marc Leishman 2010 Rickie Fowler 2011 Keegan Bradley 2012 John Huh 2013 Jordan Spieth 2014 Chesson Hadley 2015 Daniel Berger 2016 Emiliano Grillo 2017 Xander Schauffele 2018 Aaron Wise PGA and PGA Tour Players of the Year PGA Players of the Year 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Ben Hogan 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Julius Boros 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Ed Furgol 1955 Doug Ford 1956 Jack Burke Jr. 1957 Dick Mayer 1958 Dow Finsterwald 1959 Art Wall Jr. 1960 Arnold Palmer 1961 Jerry Barber 1962 Arnold Palmer 1963 Julius Boros 1964 Ken Venturi 1965 Dave Marr 1966 Billy Casper 1967 Jack Nicklaus 1968 No award 1969 Orville Moody 1970 Billy Casper 1971 Lee Trevino 1972 Jack Nicklaus 1973 Jack Nicklaus 1974 Johnny Miller 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 Jack Nicklaus 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Tom Watson 1979 Tom Watson 1980 Tom Watson 1981 Bill Rogers 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Hal Sutton 1984 Tom Watson 1985 Lanny Wadkins 1986 Bob Tway 1987 Paul Azinger 1988 Curtis Strange 1989 Tom Kite 1990 Nick Faldo 1991 Corey Pavin 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Nick Price 1994 Nick Price 1995 Greg Norman 1996 Tom Lehman 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Vijay Singh 2005 Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Tiger Woods 2010 Jim Furyk 2011 Luke Donald 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Jordan Spieth 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Justin Thomas 2018 Brooks Koepka PGA Tour Players of the Year 1990 Wayne Levi 1991 Fred Couples 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Nick Price 1994 Nick Price 1995 Greg Norman 1996 Tom Lehman 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Vijay Singh 2005 Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Tiger Woods 2010 Jim Furyk 2011 Luke Donald 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Jordan Spieth 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Justin Thomas 2018 Brooks Koepka Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Fred Lynn 1976 : Bruce Jenner 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : John McEnroe 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Carl Lewis 1984 : Carl Lewis 1985 : Dwight Gooden 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : Ben Johnson 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Michael Jordan 1993 : Michael Jordan 1994 : George Foreman 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr. 1996 : Michael Johnson 1997 : Tiger Woods 1998 : Mark McGwire 1999 : Tiger Woods 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Barry Bonds 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : Lance Armstrong 2004 : Lance Armstrong 2005 : Lance Armstrong 2006 : Tiger Woods 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Jimmie Johnson 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : Michael Phelps 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne, Judi Brown King, Kipchoge Keino, Dale Murphy, Chip Rives, Patty Sheehan, Rory Sparrow, & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr. 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve & J.J. Watt Best Male Athlete ESPY Award winners 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Bonds 1995 : Young 1996 : Ripken Jr. 1997 : Johnson 1998 : Woods / Griffey Jr. 1999 : McGwire 2000 : Woods 2001 : Woods 2002 : Woods 2003 : Armstrong 2004 : Armstrong 2005 : Armstrong 2006 : Armstrong 2007 : Tomlinson 2008 : Woods 2009 : Phelps 2010 : Brees 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : James 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Ovechkin Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year 2000 -- 01 : Tiger Woods 2002 : Michael Schumacher 2003 : Lance Armstrong * 2004 : Michael Schumacher 2005 -- 08 : Roger Federer 2009 -- 10 : Usain Bolt 2011 : Rafael Nadal 2012 : Novak Djokovic 2013 : Usain Bolt 2014 : Sebastian Vettel 2015 -- 16 : Novak Djokovic 2017 : Usain Bolt 2018 : Roger Federer PGA Tour FedEx Cup Playoff events The Northern Trust BMW Championship Tour Championship Dell Technologies Championship ( 2007 -- 2018 ) Seasons and winners 2007 : Tiger Woods 2008 : Vijay Singh 2009 : Tiger Woods 2010 : Jim Furyk 2011 : Bill Haas 2012 : Brandt Snedeker 2013 : Henrik Stenson 2014 : Billy Horschel 2015 : Jordan Spieth 2016 : Rory McIlroy 2017 : Justin Thomas 2018 : Justin Rose Point distributions Current Former Awards and achievements Preceded by Maurice Greene BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year 2000 Succeeded by Goran Ivanišević Preceded by Andre Agassi L'Équipe Champion of Champions 2000 Succeeded by Michael Schumacher WorldCat Identities BNE : XX1083888 BNF : cb13323178f ( data ) GND : 119501562 ISNI : 0000 0001 1494 6380 LCCN : n95039225 NDL : 00649830 NKC : xx0010570 NLA : 49785943 SUDOC : 035588519 VIAF : 85369508 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiger_Woods&oldid=866312306 '' Categories : Tiger Woods 1975 births Living people African - American Buddhists African - American golfers American male golfers American people of Dutch descent American people of Dutch - Indonesian descent American people of Native American descent American philanthropists American sportspeople of Chinese descent American sportspeople of Thai descent Golf writers and broadcasters Golfers from California Laureus World Sports Awards winners Men 's Career Grand Slam champion golfers Native American sportspeople People from Cypress, California People from Jupiter Island, Florida People from Windermere, Florida PGA Tour golfers Ryder Cup competitors for the United States Sportspeople from Anaheim, California Stanford Cardinal men 's golfers Winners of men 's major golf championships People named in the Panama Papers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages with URL errors Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use mdy dates from August 2018 Good articles Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 68 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018, at 16 : 14 ( UTC ). 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[ { "answer_passages": [ ") European Tour 40 ( 3rd all time ) Japan Golf Tour Asian Tour PGA Tour of Australasia Other 16 Best results in major championships ( wins : 14 ) Masters Tournament Won : 1997, 2001, 2002, 2005 U.S. Open Won : 2000, 2002, 2008 The Open Championship Won : 2000, 2005, 2006 PGA Championship Won : 1999, 2000, 2006, 2007 Achievements and awards PGA Tour Rookie of the Year PGA Player of the Year 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2013 PGA Tour Player of the Year 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2013 PGA Tour leading money winner 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2013 Vardon Trophy 1999, 2000, 2001," ], "id": [ "5024909576797344410" ], "short_answers": [ "2007" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Fifty Shades ( novel series ) - wikipedia Fifty Shades ( novel series ) For the film series, see Fifty Shades ( film series ). Fifty Shades Trilogy pack set Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Grey Darker Author E.L. James Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Erotic romance Publisher Vintage Books Published 2011 -- 2017 Media type Print ( Paperback ) Fifty Shades is a series of erotic novels by E.L. James. Initially a trilogy consisting of Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2011 ), Fifty Shades Darker, and Fifty Shades Freed ( 2012 ), the series traces the deepening relationship between a college graduate, Anastasia Steele, and a young business magnate, Christian Grey. Grey introduces Ana to the world of BDSM. James has spoken of her shock at the success of the book, `` The explosion of interest has taken me completely by surprise '' she said. James has described the Fifty Shades trilogy as `` my midlife crisis, writ large. All my fantasies in there, and that 's it. '' She did not start to write until January 2009, as she revealed while still active on FanFiction.Net : `` I started writing in January 2009 after I finished the Twilight saga, and I have n't stopped since. I discovered Fan Fiction in August 2009. Since then I have written my two fics and plan on doing at least one more. After that... who knows? '' In August 2013, sales of the trilogy saw James top the Forbes ' list of the highest - earning authors with earnings of $95 m which included $5 m for the film rights to Fifty Shades of Grey. However, the books have also been largely panned by critics, with the first entry in particular `` being ridiculed by virtually every critic who has read it. '' Since 2015 the series has been expanded with a parallel set of novels `` as told by Christian '' : Grey follows the events of Fifty Shades of Grey but from the perspective of Christian Grey, while Darker ( 2017 ) does the same for the plot of Fifty Shades Darker. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot overview 2 Main characters 3 Critical reception 3.1 Depiction of BDSM 3.2 Censorship or removal of books 4 Film adaptations 5 See also 6 Further reading 7 References 8 External links Plot overview ( edit ) Original trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2011 ) Fifty Shades Darker ( 2012 ) Fifty Shades Freed ( 2012 ) Retold by Christian series Grey ( 2015 ) Darker ( 2017 ) Main characters ( edit ) Christian Grey : 27 - year - old incredibly successful, wealthy entrepreneur and CEO of Grey Enterprises Holdings, Inc. Anastasia `` Ana '' Steele : College graduate, PA to Jack Hyde and primary love interest and wife of Christian Grey. Elena Lincoln : Christian 's longtime friend and business partner. She is described as a tall, elegant, sexy, regal platinum blonde and appears to be in her late 30s or early 40s. Elliot Grey : Adopted son of Carrick Grey and Dr. Grace Trevelyan - Grey, and older brother to Christian Grey and Mia Grey. Mia Grey : Adopted daughter of Carrick Grey and Dr. Grace Trevelyan Grey and younger sister of Christian Grey and Elliot Grey. Katherine `` Kate '' Kavanagh : Ana 's best friend and roommate. Jack Hyde : Commissioning Editor at Seattle Independent Publishing ( SIP ). Leila Williams : A former submissive of Christian. Jason Taylor : Christian 's most trusted bodyguard and the head of Christian 's security team. Dr. Grace Trevelyan - Grey : Christian 's adoptive mother. Carrick Grey : Christian 's adoptive father. Carla May Wilks : Ana 's mother. Ethan Kavanagh : Kate Kavanagh 's older brother. Critical reception ( edit ) Salman Rushdie said about the book : `` I 've never read anything so badly written that got published. It made Twilight look like War and Peace. '' Maureen Dowd described the book in The New York Times as being written `` like a Brontë devoid of talent, '' and said it was `` dull and poorly written. '' Jesse Kornbluth of The Huffington Post said : `` As a reading experience, Fifty Shades... is a sad joke, puny of plot ''. Princeton professor April Alliston wrote, `` Though no literary masterpiece, Fifty Shades is more than parasitic fan fiction based on the recent Twilight vampire series. '' Entertainment Weekly writer Lisa Schwarzbaum gave the book a `` B + '' rating and praised it for being `` in a class by itself. '' British author Jenny Colgan in The Guardian wrote `` It is jolly, eminently readable and as sweet and safe as BDSM ( bondage, discipline, sadism and masochism ) erotica can be without contravening the trade descriptions act '' and also praised the book for being `` more enjoyable '' than other `` literary erotic books ''. However, The Telegraph criticized the book as `` treacly cliché '' but also wrote that the sexual politics in Fifty Shades of Grey will have female readers `` discussing it for years to come. '' A reviewer for the Ledger - Enquirer described the book as guilty fun and escapism, but that it `` also touches on one aspect of female existence ( female submission ). And acknowledging that fact -- maybe even appreciating it -- should n't be a cause for guilt. '' The New Zealand Herald stated that the book `` will win no prizes for its prose '' and that `` there are some exceedingly awful descriptions, '' but it was also an easy read ; `` ( If you only ) can suspend your disbelief and your desire to -- if you 'll pardon the expression -- slap the heroine for having so little self respect, you might enjoy it. '' The Columbus Dispatch stated that, `` Despite the clunky prose, James does cause one to turn the page. '' Metro News Canada wrote that `` suffering through 500 pages of this heroine 's inner dialogue was torturous, and not in the intended, sexy kind of way ''. Jessica Reaves, of the Chicago Tribune, wrote that the `` book 's source material is n't great literature '', noting that the novel is `` sprinkled liberally and repeatedly with asinine phrases '', and described it as `` depressing ''. The book garnered some accolades. In December 2012, it won both `` Popular Fiction '' and `` Book of the Year '' categories in the UK National Book Awards. In that same month, Publishers Weekly named E.L. James the ' Publishing Person of the Year ', causing an `` outcry from the literary world ''. For example, `` What was Publishers Weekly thinking? '' asked Los Angeles Times writer Carolyn Kellogg, while a New York Daily News headline read, `` Civilization ends : E.L. James named Publishers Weekly 's ' Person of the Year '. '' Depiction of BDSM ( edit ) Fifty Shades trilogy has also attracted criticism due to its depictions of BDSM, with Katie Roiphe of Newsweek asking `` But why, for women especially, would free will be a burden?... It may be that power is not always that comfortable, even for those of us who grew up in it ; it may be that equality is something we want only sometimes and in some places and in some arenas ; it may be that power and all of its imperatives can be boring. '' Zap2it 's Andrea Reiher expressed frustration at Roiphe 's depiction of the series, stating that `` ( b ) eing submissive sexually is not tantamount to being the victim of abuse '' or that they 're `` giving up their power or their equality with their partner ''. Other sites such as Jezebel have responded to the article, with Jezebel listing reasons for Fifty Shades of Grey 's popularity, stating that `` the vast majority of fans fawn over the emotional relationship Anastasia and Christian have, not about the sex. '' In an interview with Salon, several dominatrices have responded that while submission can be an escape from daily stresses, they also frequently have male clients and that trust is a big factor in dominant / submissive relationships. One interviewed former dominatrix and author, Melissa Febos, stated that even if the book 's popularity was a result of women 's `` current anxieties about equality '' that it `` does n't mean that it 's ' evidence of unhappiness, or an invalidation of feminism, '... it might actually be a sign of progress that millions of women are so hungrily pursuing sexual fantasies independent of men. '' Writing in The Huffington Post, critic Soraya Chemaly argued that interest in the series was not a trend, but squarely within the tradition and success of the romance category which is driven by tales of virgins, damaged men and submission / dominance themes. Instead, she wrote, the books are notable not for transgressive sex but for how women are using technology to subvert gendered shame by exploring explicit sexual content privately using e-readers. Instead of submission fantasies representing a post-feminist discomfort with power and free will, women 's open consumption, sharing and discussion of sexual content is a feminist success. At the beginning of the media hype, Dr. Drew and sexologist Logan Levkoff discussed the book on The Today Show, about whether Fifty Shades perpetuated violence against women ; Levkoff said that while that is an important subject, this trilogy had nothing to do with it -- this was a book about a consensual relationship. Dr. Drew commented that the book was `` horribly written '' in addition to being `` disturbing '' but stated that `` if the book enhances women 's real - life sex lives and intimacy, so be it. '' Amy Bonomi, a Human Development and Family Studies professor argues that the relationship portrayed is non-consensual : `` Unable to bear the thought of being alone, Christian employs strategies to `` trap '' Anastasia, including keeping his violent tendencies private, limiting Anastasia 's availability of help and support from her friends and family through his nondisclosure agreement and through verbal and nonverbal intimidation, and attempts to convince Anastasia that she finds his punishments pleasurable '' Censorship or removal of books ( edit ) In March 2012, branches of the public library in Brevard County, Florida, removed copies of Fifty Shades of Grey from their shelves, with an official stating that it did not meet the selection criteria for the library and that reviews for the book had been poor. A representative for the library stated that it was due to the book 's sexual content and that other libraries had declined to purchase copies for their branches. Deborah Caldwell - Stone of the American Library Association commented that `` If the only reason you do n't select a book is that you disapprove of its content, but there is demand for it, there 's a question of whether you 're being fair. In a public library there is usually very little that would prevent a book from being on the shelf if there is a demand for the information. '' Brevard County public libraries later made their copies available to their patrons due to public demand. In Macaé, Brazil, Judge Raphael Queiroz Campos ruled in January 2013 that bookstores throughout the city must either remove the series entirely from their shelves or ensure that the books are wrapped and placed out of the reach of minors. The judge stated that he was prompted to make such an order after seeing children reading them, basing his decision on a law stating that `` magazines and publications whose content is improper or inadequate for children and adolescents can only be sold if sealed and with warnings regarding their content ''. Film adaptations ( edit ) Main articles : Fifty Shades ( film series ), Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ), Fifty Shades Darker ( film ), and Fifty Shades Freed ( film ) A film adaptation of the book was produced by Focus Features, Michael De Luca Productions, and Trigger Street Productions, with Universal Pictures and Focus Features securing the rights to the trilogy in March 2012. Universal is also the film 's distributor. Charlie Hunnam was originally cast in the role of Christian Grey alongside Dakota Johnson in the role of Anastasia Steele, but Hunnam gave up the part in October 2013, with Jamie Dornan announced for the role on 23 October. The film was released on 13 February 2015, and became an immediate success, making it to # 1 at the box office with $558.5 million. However, critical reactions were generally negative. After the first film premiered at a special fan screening in New York City on 6 February 2015, director Sam Taylor - Johnson confirmed two sequels to be succeeded after the first film, with Fifty Shades Darker to be released February 10, 2017. See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fifty Shades ( franchise ). BDSM in culture and media Sadism and masochism in fiction Further reading ( edit ) Upstone, Sara ( 2016 ). `` Beyond the bedroom : motherhood in E.L. James 's Fifty Shades of Grey Trilogy ''. Frontiers : A Journal of Women Studies. University of Nebraska Press. 37 ( 2 ) : 138 -- 164. JSTOR 10.5250 / fronjwomestud. 37.2. 0138. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bentley, Paul ( 17 June 2012 ). `` ' Mummy porn ' Fifty Shades Of Grey outstrips Harry Potter to become fastest selling paperback of all time ''. Daily Mail. London. Jump up ^ Julie Bosman ( 21 May 2012 ). `` Libraries Debate Stocking ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Trilogy ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ `` The Shy British Mum Behind 50 Shades of Grey ''. Time Magazine. 29 March 2012. Jump up ^ Ryan James Girdusky ( February 13, 2015 ). `` ' Fifty Shades ' is not going to ruin your daughters ''. Fox News. Retrieved February 22, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey author EL James -- Exclusive interview '' ( 16 July 2012 ) Shropshire Star. Retrieved 16 July 2012 Jump up ^ ' Fifty Shades ' author ' stunned ' at success of erotic trilogy Archived 2012 - 04 - 20 at the Wayback Machine. TODAY MSNBC Jump up ^ The Lost History of Fifty Shades of Grey Jump up ^ `` E.L. James Seals A Spot On List of Britain 's Richest Authors ''. Lia. Retrieved 23 June 2014. Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades makes EL James top - earning author ''. BBC News. 13 August 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013. Jump up ^ Hill, Libby ( September 13, 2016 ). `` First ' Fifty Shades Darker ' trailer filled with lots of plot, little kissing ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 10, 2017. `` The books were critically savaged hot messes that sold over 100 million copies for the sex. '' Jump up ^ Lyall, Sarah ( February 11, 2015 ). `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey, ' the Movie, as a Fairy Tale ''. The New York Times. Retrieved February 10, 2017. Jump up ^ Irvine, Chris ( 9 October 2012 ). `` Sir Salman Rushdie : ' Fifty Shades of Grey makes Twilight look like War and Peace ' ''. The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 30 April 2013. Jump up ^ Dowd, Maureen ( 31 March 2012 ). `` She 's Fit to Be Tied ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 30 April 2013. Jump up ^ Kornbluth, Jesse ( 12 March 2012 ). `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' : Is The Hottest - Selling Book In America Really Just ' S&M For Dummies? ' ''. The Huffington Post. Retrieved 30 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` ' Mommy porn ' novel has retro message ''. CNN. 29 March 2012. Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum, Lisa ( 21 March 2012 ). `` Fifty Shades of Grey ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 June 2012. Jump up ^ Colgan, Jenny ( 13 April 2012 ). `` Fifty Shades of Grey ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 24 June 2012. Jump up ^ Barnett, Laura ( 13 April 2012 ). `` Mommy porn? : Fifty Shades of Grey by EL James : review ''. The Daily Telegraph. London. Jump up ^ Sorich, Sonya ( 11 April 2012 ). `` Fifty Shades of Grey : The undressed review ''. Ledger - Enquirer. Jump up ^ Sheehy, Christine ( 13 April 2012 ). `` The ' mommy porn ' seducing women ''. The New Zealand Herald. Jump up ^ Osterheldt, Jenee ( 26 March 2012 ). `` Book Review -- Fifty Shades of Grey : Sultry subject spells success ''. The Columbus Dispatch. Jump up ^ Napier, Jessica ( 16 April 2012 ). `` Fifty Shades of Grey as dull as a razor blade commercial ''. Metro News Canada. Jump up ^ Reaves, Jessica ( 14 April 2012 ). `` Fifty shades of retrograde ''. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 25 April 2012. Jump up ^ Flood, Alison ( 5 December 2012 ). `` EL James comes out on top at National Book awards ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 December 2012. Jump up ^ Flood, Alison ( 26 December 2012 ). `` Fifty Shades of Grey voted the most popular book of 2012 ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 26 December 2012. Jump up ^ Driscoll, Molly ( 3 December 2012 ). `` EL James as ' Publishing Person of the Year ' draws outcry from literary world ''. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 5 December 2012. Jump up ^ Roiphe, Katie ( 15 April 2012 ). `` Spanking Goes Mainstream ''. The Daily Beast. Newsweek. Jump up ^ Reiher, Andrea ( 16 April 2012 ). `` Katie Roiphe 's Fifty Shades of Grey diatribe misses several points ''. Zap2it. Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey 's Success Has Nothing to Do with Repressed Feminist Fantasies ''. Jezebel. 16 April 2012. Jump up ^ Tomazos, Kostas ; O'Gorman, Kevin ; MacLaren, Andrew C ( June 2017 ). `` From leisure to tourism : How BDSM demonstrates the transition of deviant pursuits to mainstream products ''. Tourism Management. 60 : 30 -- 41. doi : 10.1016 / j. tourman. 2016.10. 018. Jump up ^ Clark - Flory, Tracy ( 20 April 2012 ). `` Fifty Shades of Grey : Dominatrixes ( sic ) take on Roiphe ''. Salon. Jump up ^ Chemaly, Soraya ( 20 April 2012 ). `` Virgins, Bondage and A Shameful Media Fail ''. The Huffington Post. Jump up ^ Logan Levkoff on The Today Show -- Fifty Shades of Grey on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Dr. Drew : 50 Shades of Grey pathological, poorly written ''. WTOP - FM. 22 May 2012. Jump up ^ Bonomi, Amy E., Lauren E. Altenburger, and Nicole L. Walton. `` ' Double Crap! ' Abuse And Harmed Identity In Fifty Shades Of Grey. '' Journal of Women 's Health ( 15409996 ) 22.9 ( 2013 ) : 733 - 744. SocINDEX with Full Text. Web. 20 Apr. 2016. ^ Jump up to : Schwartz, Meredith ( 11 May 2012 ). `` Florida County Pulls Fifty Shades of Grey From Shelves ''. Library Journal. Jump up ^ Clarke, Suzan ( 30 May 2012 ). `` Florida County Library Lifts Ban on 50 Shades of Grey ''. ABC News. Jump up ^ `` BRAZIL JUDGE ORDERS ' 50 SHADES OF GREY ' SEALED ''. Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 23, 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2013. Jump up ^ `` Brazil judge orders ' 50 Shades of Grey ' removed ''. USA Today. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2013. Jump up ^ `` Brazilian bondage browsers tied down by court order ''. Global Legal Post. Retrieved 1 March 2013. Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike ( 26 March 2012 ). `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey ''. Deadline Hollywood. PMC. Retrieved 7 May 2012. Jump up ^ Miller, Julie ( 10 July 2012 ). `` Fifty Shades of Grey Film Gets Oscar - Nominated Producers, Christian Grey -- Casting Inspiration ''. Vanity Fair ( online ). Retrieved 12 August 2013. Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike ( 26 March 2012 ). `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey ''. Deadline Hollywood. PMC. Retrieved 7 May 2012. Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Of Grey Movie Casts Dakota Johnson In a Lead Role ''. EntertainmentWise ( Yahoo! UK ). Archived from the original on January 5, 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2013. Jump up ^ Rice, Lynette ( 2 September 2013 ). `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' casts Dakota Johnson and Charlie Hunnam ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 3 September 2013. Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam : Quitting Fifty Shades of Grey Was `` Heartbreaking '' - Us Weekly ``. usmagazine.com. 21 July 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2015. Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin ( 23 October 2013 ). `` Jamie Dornan Will Play Christian Grey in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' ''. Variety. Retrieved 24 October 2013. Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey Reviews ''. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved February 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Schumann, Rebecka ( 6 February 2015 ). `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels Confirmed ; Fans React to ' Fifty Shades Darker ' and ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Movie Announcement ''. International Business Times. Retrieved 6 February 2015. External links ( edit ) Official website Fifty Shades of Grey Ebook Fifty Shades Novel Audiobook Series hide Fifty Shades by E.L. James Novels Original trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Retold Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian Darker : Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian Film series Films Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Music Fifty Shades of Grey `` Earned It '' `` Love Me like You Do '' `` I Know You '' Fifty Shades Darker `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` Not Afraid Anymore '' Fifty Shades Freed `` For You '' `` Capital Letters '' `` Heaven '' Parodies Fifty Shades of Oy Vey : A Parody Spank! The Fifty Shades Parody Fifty Shades of Black Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifty_Shades_(novel_series)&oldid=850545123 '' Categories : BDSM literature British erotic novels Fan fiction works Novels set in Seattle Women 's erotica and pornography Works based on Twilight series Fifty Shades Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Latviešu ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018, at 15 : 02 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Fifty Shades (novel series)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Fifty_Shades_(novel_series)&amp;oldid=850545123" }

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{ "text": "I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing - wikipedia I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing Jump to : navigation, search For the 1999 Mark Chesnutt album, see I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ( album ). `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' Single by Aerosmith from the album Armageddon : The Album B - side `` Animal Crackers '' / `` Taste of India '' Released August 18, 1998 ( U.S. ) August 31, 1998 ( UK ) Format Cassette single, CD single Recorded Genre Hard rock, Power Ballad Length 4 : 58 Label Columbia, Hollywood, Epic Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Matt Serletic Aerosmith singles chronology `` Full Circle '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1998 ) `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' ( 1998 ) `` Full Circle '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1998 ) `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' ( 1998 ) Audio sample file help `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' is a power ballad performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith for the 1998 film Armageddon which Steven Tyler 's daughter Liv Tyler starred in. Written by Diane Warren, the song debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 ( the first # 1 for the band after 28 years together ). It is one of three songs performed by the band for the film, the other two being `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' and `` Sweet Emotion ''. The song stayed at number one for four weeks from September 5 to 26, 1998. The song also stayed at number 1 for several weeks in several other countries. It sold over a million copies in the UK and reached number four on the UK Singles Chart. Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration 2 Reception 3 Track listing 4 Music video 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Decade - end charts 6 Certifications 7 Mark Chesnutt version 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Other appearances 9 References 10 External links Inspiration ( edit ) In 1997, Diane Warren was watching Barbara Walters interview James Brolin and Barbra Streisand. Brolin said he missed Streisand when they were asleep, and Warren wrote down the words `` I do n't want to miss a thing '', before there was even a song. Reception ( edit ) `` When I first heard it, '' recalled drummer Joey Kramer, `` it was just a demo with piano and singing. It was difficult to imagine what kind of touch Aerosmith could put on it and make it our own... As soon as we began playing it as a band, then it instantly became an Aerosmith song. '' This song was Aerosmith 's biggest hit, debuting at number 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, where it stayed for four weeks in September, and reaching number 1 around the world, including Australia, the Philippines, Germany, Ireland, Austria, Norway, Italy, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. The chorus is reminiscent of an earlier song Diane Warren that cowrote : `` Just Like Jesse James '', on Cher 's 1989 album Heart of Stone. The song helped introduce Aerosmith to a new generation and remains a slow dance staple. It was one of many songs written by Warren in that period. The original version was a collaboration between Chicago musician Phil Kosch of Treaty of Paris and Super Happy Fun Club, and nephew of chart topping writer Lou Bega. Bega introduced the two and they penned the initial track, but ultimately Kosch was uncredited. The song was nominated for both an Academy Award for Best Original Song and a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song. Track listing ( edit ) CD single `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' -- 4 : 57 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Rock Mix ) -- 4 : 30 `` Taste of India '' ( Rock Remix ) -- 5 : 52 `` Animal Crackers '' -- 2 : 35 The song appeared on the Argentine version and a European re-released version of the album Nine Lives. It also appeared on the Japanese version of Just Push Play. CD single 2 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Pop Mix ) -- 5 : 03 `` Pink '' ( live ) -- 3 : 48 `` Crash '' -- 4 : 30 `` Crash '' and the original `` Pink '' appeared as tracks 9 and 11, respectively, on all versions of Nine Lives. CD single 3 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' -- 4 : 57 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Rock Mix ) -- 4 : 30 `` Crash '' -- 4 : 30 `` Animal Crackers '' -- 2 : 35 Music video ( edit ) The music video for this song was shot at the Minneapolis Armory in 1998 and was directed by Francis Lawrence. It features the band playing the song intertwined with scenes from the film Armageddon. It features an appearance by Steven Tyler 's daughter Liv, who plays Grace Stamper in the film. Steven Tyler injured his knee the day before the shoot, so they used a lot of close - ups because his movement was limited. The video begins with shots of the moon in orbit and several asteroids passing by safely and then a view of Earth before zooming in to show Steven Tyler singing. The shots interchange between the band and Mission Control viewing the band singing via their monitors. As the video progresses it reveals that the band is playing in front of what appears to be the fictional Space Shuttle Freedom. Along with Aerosmith, a full hand orchestra plays in sync with the melody. Then smoke surrounds the orchestra and the members of Aerosmith as Freedom takes off from the launch pad. Finally, the screen goes out as a tearful Grace touches one of the monitors to reach out to her father ( real life father Steven Tyler in the video ; on - screen father Harry Stamper, played by Bruce Willis, in the film ). The video was highly successful and greatly contributed to the song 's success, receiving heavy airplay on MTV and went on to become the second most popular video of 1998, only behind Brandy and Monica 's `` The Boy is Mine ''. It also won awards for MTV Video Music Award for Best Video from a Film, and Best Video at Boston Music Awards. Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( RPM ) Europe ( Music & Media ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 96 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 25 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 13 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 27 Dutch Singles Chart 23 Swiss Singles Chart 5 US Billboard Hot 100 23 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 73 Preceded by `` The Boy Is Mine '' by Brandy and Monica Billboard Hot 100 number - one single September 5, 1998 -- September 26, 1998 Succeeded by `` The First Night '' by Monica Preceded by `` High '' by Lighthouse Family Australia ARIA Singles Chart number - one single September 13, 1998 -- November 22, 1998 Succeeded by `` Rollercoaster '' by B * Witched Preceded by `` Millennium '' by Robbie Williams Irish Singles Chart number - one single October 10, 1998 -- October 17, 1998 Succeeded by `` Sweetest Thing '' by U2 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI ) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 125,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 Norway ( IFPI ) Platinum 7,500 Sweden ( IFPI ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Switzerland ( IFPI ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Mark Chesnutt version ( edit ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' Single by Mark Chesnutt from the album I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing B - side `` Wherever You Are '' Released February 9, 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 09 ) Format CD single Recorded 1998 Genre Country Length 4 : 10 Label Decca Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Mark Wright Mark Chesnutt singles chronology `` Wherever You Are '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1999 ) `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' ( 1999 ) `` Wherever You Are '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1999 ) `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' ( 1999 ) In late 1998, country music artist Mark Chesnutt recorded a cover version of the song. His rendition is the first single and title track from his 1999 album of the same name. Chesnutt 's cover spent two weeks at number one on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) charts in early 1999, and is the last of his eight number ones on that chart. It is also the first of only two singles in his career to reach the Billboard Hot 100, where it peaked at number 17 in early 1999. Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 21 US Billboard Hot 100 67 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 9 Preceded by `` Stand Beside Me '' by Jo Dee Messina Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single February 20 -- 27, 1999 Succeeded by `` No Place That Far '' by Sara Evans Preceded by `` For a Little While '' by Tim McGraw RPM Country Tracks number - one single March 8 -- 15, 1999 Succeeded by `` You Were Mine '' by Dixie Chicks Other appearances ( edit ) The song features in the 2007 comedy film Blades of Glory as the backing track to one of the skating routines performed by Will Ferrell and Jon Heder 's characters. In 2011 Michael Guy Bowman covered the song for the webcomic Homestuck. It appeared in a flash animation on the webcomic in June 2012. The song was released on Homestuck Vol. 6 : Heir Transparent in January 2011. The song is featured in the 2013 video game Saints Row IV. In 2013 another country version of the song was released, this time by Derek Ryan. In 2014 Maltese child singer Veronica Rotin covered the song on her debut album, Veronica Rotin. In 2014, as part of their album, Just The Tip..., comedy rock lounge act The Lounge Kittens covered the song. AT&T / DirecTV introduced a series of advertisements for the 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament featuring CBS Sports personality Greg Gumbel and comedian Dan Finnerty, the latter performing the song with lyrics tailored to the scene ( generally people at work while March Madness games are occurring ). References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Armageddon ( 1998 ) ''. IMDb. Jump up ^ `` The 21 best power ballads ''. Jump up ^ Ami Sedghi ( November 4, 2012 ). `` UK 's million - selling singles : the full list ''. Guardian. Retrieved November 4, 2012. Jump up ^ Valiente, Alexa ( February 13, 2018 ). `` Surprising story of the song from ' Dirty Dancing ' and some of the other iconic love songs from movies ''. ABC News. Retrieved February 15, 2018. Jump up ^ Chamberlain, Rich ( May 2017 ). `` The stories behind the songs : Aerosmith -- I do n't want to miss a thing ''. Classic Rock. No. 235. p. 26. Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ' - The Vault on EN ''. EntertainmentNutz.com. Retrieved April 5, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone : Rock List : The 25 Greatest Slow Dance Songs Ever ''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 5, 2008. Jump up ^ I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing on IMDb : Filming location Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ''. ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in German ). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Dutch ). Ultratop 50. Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in French ). Ultratop 50. Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 100 Hit Tracks ''. RPM. 68 ( 1 ). September 28, 1998. ISSN 0033 - 7064. Retrieved January 15, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World ''. Billboard. 110 ( 43 ) : 60, 61. October 24, 1998. ISSN 0006 - 2510. Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith : I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Finnish ). Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland. Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in French ). Les classement single. Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ''. GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved October 27, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Dutch ). Single Top 100. Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ''. VG - lista. Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ Salaverri, Fernando ( September 2005 ). Sólo éxitos : año a año, 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed. ). Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE. ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2. Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ''. Singles Top 100. Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ''. Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved October 27, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved October 27, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Hot Latin Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved October 27, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Latin Pop Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved October 27, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved October 27, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Pop Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved October 27, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Rhythmic ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved October 27, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 1998 ''. Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts ''. Ultratop ( in Dutch ). Hung Medien. Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts ''. Ultratop ( in French ). Hung Medien. Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Dutch Charts Portal ''. GfK Dutch Charts ( in Dutch ). Hung Medien. Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - end Charts 1998 ''. Swiss Music Charts. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 1998 : The Year in Music -- Hot 100 Singles ''. Billboard. 110 ( 52 ) : YE - 42. December 26, 1998. ISSN 0006 - 2510. Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 1999 : The Year in Music -- Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s ''. Billboard. 111 ( 52 ) : YE - 20. December 25, 1999. ISSN 0006 - 2510. Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1998 Singles ''. Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved July 8, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platin ''. IFPI Austria ( in German ). Archived from the original on February 1, 2010. Type `` Aerosmith '' under Interpret to see search results. Jump up ^ `` Certifications Singles Argent - année 1998 ''. SNEP ( in French ). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Archived from the original on September 24, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank '' ( Gold - / Platinum - Database ). Bundesverband Musikindustrie ( in German ). Type `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' under Titel to see search results. Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications '' ( in Italian ). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Jump up ^ `` Japanese single certifications -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Japanese ). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved January 27, 2016. Select 2015 年 11 月 on the drop - down menu Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norsk Platebransje ''. IFPI Norway ( in Norwegian ). Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' was certified platinum in 1998. Jump up ^ `` Guld & Platinum 1987 -- 1998 '' ( PDF ). IFPI Sweden ( in Swedish ). p. 29. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 19, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( ' I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ' ) ''. IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ''. British Phonographic Industry. Enter I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing in the search field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database '' ( PHP ). Recording Industry Association of America. Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel ( 2008 ). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 93. ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2. Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ( CD5 / Cassette Single ) by Mark Chesnutt ''. CMT. February 9, 1999. Retrieved June 6, 2014. Jump up ^ Monkman, Martin. `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing review ''. Allmusic. Retrieved June 13, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 7470. '' RPM. Library and Archives Canada. March 8, 1999. Retrieved July 7, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Mark Chesnutt Chart History ( Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Jump up ^ `` Mark Chesnutt Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) ''. Billboard. Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1999 ''. RPM. December 13, 1999. Retrieved July 7, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1999 ''. Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. Retrieved July 7, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Best of 1999 : Country Songs ''. Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 1999. Retrieved August 25, 2012. Jump up ^ Bowman, Michael. `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ''. Bandcamp. Homestuck. Retrieved June 25, 2016. Jump up ^ Hussey, Andrew. `` Homestuck ''. MSPaint Adventures. Retrieved June 25, 2016. Jump up ^ Hussey, Andrew. `` Homestuck Vol. 6 : Heir Transparent ''. Bandcamp. Homestuck. Retrieved June 25, 2016. Jump up ^ Bayliss, Marc Calleja. `` Malta : Veronica Rotin in Debut Collection of Songs ''. escflashmalta. Retrieved February 20, 2015. Jump up ^ Baar, Aaron. `` AT&T Customers Wo n't ' Miss A Thing ' For Tournament ''. MarketingDaily. MediaPost. Retrieved March 26, 2017. External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Official music video on YouTube Aerosmith Steven Tyler Joe Perry Tom Hamilton Joey Kramer Brad Whitford Ray Tabano Jimmy Crespo Rick Dufay Studio albums Aerosmith Get Your Wings Toys in the Attic Rocks Draw the Line Night in the Ruts Rock in a Hard Place Done with Mirrors Permanent Vacation Pump Get a Grip Nine Lives Just Push Play Honkin ' on Bobo Music from Another Dimension! Live albums Live! Bootleg Classics Live I and II A Little South of Sanity Rockin ' the Joint Extended plays Vacation Club Made in America Singles `` Mama Kin '' `` Dream On '' `` Same Old Song and Dance '' `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' `` S.O.S. ( Too Bad ) '' `` Sweet Emotion '' `` Toys in the Attic '' `` Walk This Way '' `` You See Me Crying '' `` Last Child '' `` Home Tonight '' `` Back in the Saddle '' `` Draw the Line '' `` Kings and Queens '' `` Get It Up '' `` Come Together '' `` Chip Away the Stone '' `` Remember ( Walking in the Sand ) '' `` Lightning Strikes '' `` Bitch 's Brew '' `` Let the Music Do the Talking '' `` Shela '' `` My Fist Your Face '' `` Darkness '' `` Dude ( Looks Like a Lady ) '' `` Hangman Jury '' ( promo ) `` Angel '' `` Rag Doll '' `` Love in an Elevator '' `` F.I.N.E. * '' ( promo ) `` Janie 's Got a Gun '' `` What It Takes '' `` The Other Side '' `` Monkey on My Back '' `` Love Me Two Times '' `` Helter Skelter '' `` Livin ' on the Edge '' `` Eat the Rich '' `` Fever '' ( promo ) `` Cryin ' '' `` Amazing '' `` Shut Up and Dance '' ( UK ) `` Deuces Are Wild '' ( promo ) `` Crazy '' `` Blind Man '' `` Walk on Water '' `` Nine Lives '' `` Falling in Love ( Is Hard on the Knees ) '' `` Hole in My Soul '' `` Pink '' `` Taste of India '' `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' `` Angel 's Eye '' `` Jaded '' `` Fly Away from Here '' `` Sunshine '' `` Just Push Play '' `` Girls of Summer '' `` Baby, Please Do n't Go '' `` Devil 's Got a New Disguise '' `` Legendary Child '' `` Lover Alot '' `` What Could Have Been Love '' `` Ca n't Stop Lovin ' You '' Compilations Greatest Hits Gems Pandora 's Box Big Ones Pandora 's Toys Box of Fire Young Lust : The Aerosmith Anthology Classic Aerosmith : The Universal Masters Collection O, Yeah! Ultimate Aerosmith Hits Devil 's Got a New Disguise : The Very Best of Aerosmith Tough Love : Best of the Ballads Videos and DVDs Aerosmith Video Scrapbook Permanent Vacation 3x5 Live Texxas Jam ' 78 Things That Go Pump in the Night The Making of Pump Big Ones You Can Look At You Gotta Move Rock for the Rising Sun Concert tours Rocks Tour Live Bootleg! Tour Back in the Saddle Tour Done with Mirrors Tour Permanent Vacation Tour Pump Tour Get a Grip Tour Nine Lives Tour Roar of the Dragon Tour Just Push Play Tour Girls of Summer Tour Rocksimus Maximus Tour Honkin ' on Bobo Tour Rockin ' the Joint Tour Route of All Evil Tour Aerosmith World Tour 2007 Aerosmith / ZZ Top Tour Cocked, Locked, Ready to Rock Tour Back On the Road Tour Global Warming Tour Let Rock Rule Tour Blue Army Tour Rock ' N ' Roll Rumble Tour Aero - Vederci Baby! Tour Related articles Album discography Singles discography Videography Songs Band members Concert tours Awards Toxic Twins The Strangeurs / Chain Reaction Whitford / St. Holmes The Joe Perry Project Walk This Way : The Autobiography of Aerosmith Wherehouse Aero Force One Blue Army Rock ' n ' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith Quest for Fame Revolution X Guitar Hero : Aerosmith songs Toxic Twin Towers Ball Book Portal Mark Chesnutt Studio albums Too Cold at Home Longnecks & Short Stories Almost Goodbye What a Way to Live Wings Thank God for Believers I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing Lost in the Feeling Mark Chesnutt Savin ' the Honky Tonk Heard It in a Love Song Rollin ' with the Flow Outlaw Compilation albums Greatest Hits Notable singles `` Too Cold at Home '' `` Brother Jukebox '' `` Blame It on Texas '' `` Your Love Is a Miracle '' `` Broken Promise Land '' `` Old Flames Have New Names '' `` I 'll Think of Something '' `` Bubba Shot the Jukebox '' `` Ol ' Country '' `` It Sure Is Monday '' `` Almost Goodbye '' `` I Just Wanted You to Know '' `` Woman, Sensuous Woman '' `` She Dreams '' `` Goin ' Through the Big D '' `` Gonna Get a Life '' `` Down in Tennessee '' `` Trouble '' `` It Would n't Hurt to Have Wings '' `` Wrong Place, Wrong Time '' `` It 's a Little Too Late '' `` Let It Rain '' `` Thank God for Believers '' `` It 's Not Over '' `` I Might Even Quit Lovin ' You '' `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' `` Fallin ' Never Felt So Good '' `` Lost in the Feeling '' `` She Was '' `` The Lord Loves the Drinkin ' Man '' `` I 'm a Saint '' `` Heard It in a Love Song '' `` Rollin ' with the Flow '' `` Lovin ' Her Was Easier ( Than Anything I 'll Ever Do Again ) '' Guest singles `` A Good Way to Get on My Bad Side '' ( with Tracy Byrd ) Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Want_to_Miss_a_Thing&oldid=835715938 '' Categories : 1998 singles 1999 singles 1998 songs Aerosmith songs Mark Chesnutt songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Switzerland Number - one singles in Norway Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Diane Warren 1990s ballads Rock ballads Music videos directed by Francis Lawrence RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Columbia Records singles Hollywood Records singles Epic Records singles Decca Records singles Song recordings produced by Matt Serletic Song recordings produced by Mark Wright ( record producer ) Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Kiswahili Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018, at 10 : 19. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "What Kind of Love Are You On '' ( 1998 ) `` Full Circle '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1998 ) `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' ( 1998 ) Audio sample file help `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' is a power ballad performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith for the 1998 film Armageddon which Steven Tyler 's daughter Liv Tyler starred in. Written by Diane Warren, the song debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 ( the first # 1 for the band after 28 years together ). It is one of three songs performed by the band for the film, the other two being `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' and `` Sweet Emotion ''. The song stayed at number one for four weeks from September 5 to 26, 1998. The song also stayed at number 1 for several weeks in several other countries. It sold over a million copies in the UK and reached number four on the UK Singles Chart. Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration 2 Reception" ], "id": [ "14996522083830658239" ], "short_answers": [ "Diane Warren" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Dukes of Hazzard - wikipedia The Dukes of Hazzard For the 2005 film, see The Dukes of Hazzard ( film ). For the series score, see The Dukes of Hazzard ( soundtrack ). For the video game, see The Dukes of Hazzard ( video game ). The Dukes of Hazzard Genre Action / Adventure Family Comedy - drama Created by Gy Waldron and Jerry Rushing Starring Tom Wopat John Schneider Catherine Bach Denver Pyle Rick Hurst Sonny Shroyer Ben Jones James Best Sorrell Booke Waylon Jennings Byron Cherry Christopher Mayer Narrated by Waylon Jennings Opening theme `` Good Ol ' Boys '' performed by Waylon Jennings Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 147 ( list of episodes ) Production Camera setup Single - camera Running time 45 -- 49 minutes Production company ( s ) Paul R. Picard Productions and Piggy Productions, Inc. ( season 1 ) Lou Step Productions ( seasons 2 -- 7 ) Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Audio format Mono Original release January 26, 1979 ( 1979 - 01 - 26 ) -- February 8, 1985 ( 1985 - 02 - 08 ) Chronology Followed by The Dukes The Dukes of Hazzard Reunion! The Dukes of Hazzard : Hazzard in Hollywood The Dukes of Hazzard ( film ) The Dukes of Hazzard : The Beginning Related shows Moonrunners ( movie ) Enos External links Website The Dukes of Hazzard is an American action - comedy television series that aired on CBS from January 26, 1979, to February 8, 1985. The show aired for a total of 147 episodes spanning seven seasons. The series was inspired by the 1975 film Moonrunners, which was also created by Gy Waldron and had many identical or similar character names and concepts. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot overview 2 Production 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main characters 3.2 Recurring characters 3.3 Notable guest appearances 3.3. 1 Others 3.3. 2 The celebrity speed trap 4 Casting of Coy & Vance 4.1 Return of Bo and Luke 5 Vehicles 5.1 The General Lee ( Dodge Charger ) 5.2 Hazzard police cars ( AMC Matador, Dodge Polara, Dodge Monaco, Plymouth Fury ) 5.3 Plymouth Road Runner 5.4 Jeep CJ - 7 5.5 Ford F - 100 pickup truck 5.6 Cadillac Coupe de Ville 5.7 Ford Custom 500 6 Theme song 7 Broadcast history 7.1 Syndication 7.2 Nielsen ratings 8 Episode list 9 Spin - offs 10 Films 11 Home media 11.1 DVD 11.2 Streaming 12 Legacy and influence in popular culture 12.1 Tourist attraction 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Plot overview ( edit ) The Dukes of Hazzard had an ensemble cast, which also follows the adventures of `` The Duke Boys, '' cousins Bo Duke ( John Schneider ) and Luke Duke ( Tom Wopat ) ( including Coy and Vance Duke for most of season 5 ), who live on a family farm in fictional Hazzard County, Georgia, with their attractive female cousin Daisy ( Catherine Bach ) and their wise old Uncle Jesse ( Denver Pyle ). The Duke boys race around in their customized 1969 Dodge Charger stock car, dubbed ( The ) General Lee, evading crooked and corrupt county commissioner Boss Hogg ( Sorrell Booke ) and his bumbling and corrupt Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane ( James Best ) along with his deputy ( s ), and always managing to get caught in the middle of the various escapades and incidents that often occur in the area. Bo and Luke had previously been sentenced to probation for illegal transportation of moonshine ; their Uncle Jesse made a plea bargain with the U.S. Government to refrain from distilling moonshine in exchange for Bo and Luke 's freedom. As a result, Bo and Luke are on probation and not allowed to carry firearms -- instead, they often use compound bows, sometimes with arrows tipped with dynamite -- or to leave Hazzard County unless they get probation permission from their probation officer, Boss Hogg, although the exact details of their probation terms vary from episode to episode. Sometimes it is implied that they would be jailed for merely crossing the county line ; on other occasions, it is shown that they may leave Hazzard, as long as they are back within a certain time limit. Several other technicalities of their probation also came into play at various times. Corrupt county commissioner Jefferson Davis ( J.D. ) `` Boss '' Hogg, who either runs or has fingers in virtually everything in Hazzard County, is forever angry with the Dukes, especially Bo and Luke, for always foiling his crooked schemes. He is always looking for ways to get them out of the picture so that his plots have a chance of succeeding. Many episodes revolve around Hogg trying to engage in an illegal scheme, sometimes with aid of hired criminal help. Some of these are get - rich - quick schemes, though many others affect the financial security of the Duke farm, which Hogg has long wanted to acquire for various reasons. Other times, Hogg hires criminals from out of town to do his dirty work for him, and often tries to frame Bo and Luke for various crimes as part of these plots. Bo and Luke always seem to stumble over Hogg 's latest scheme, sometimes by curiosity, and often by sheer luck, and put it out of business. Despite the Dukes often coming to his rescue ( see below ), Hogg forever seems to have an irrational dislike of the clan, particularly Bo and Luke, often accusing them of spying on him, robbing or planning to rob him, and other supposedly nefarious actions, as he believes they are generally out to get him. The role of Boss Hogg was played by Sorrell Booke, who performed frequently on radio, stage, and film prior to his role in The Dukes of Hazzard. Boss Hogg is one of only two characters to appear in every episode of the TV series, the other being Uncle Jesse Duke. His namesake is Jefferson Davis, the President of the Confederate States of America. The other main characters of the show include local mechanic Cooter Davenport ( Ben Jones ), who in early episodes was portrayed as a wild, unshaven rebel, often breaking or treading on the edge of the law, before settling down to become the Duke family 's best friend ( he is often referred to as an `` honorary Duke '' ) and owns the local garage ; and Enos Strate ( Sonny Shroyer ), an honest but naive young deputy who, despite his friendship with the Dukes ( and his crush on Daisy ), is reluctantly forced to take part in Hogg and Rosco 's crooked schemes. In the third and fourth seasons, when Enos leaves for his own show, he is replaced by Deputy Cletus Hogg ( Rick Hurst ), Boss 's cousin, who is slightly more wily than Enos but still a somewhat reluctant player in Hogg 's plots. Owing to their fundamentally good natures, the Dukes often wind up helping Boss Hogg out of trouble, albeit grudgingly. More than once Hogg is targeted by former associates who are either seeking revenge or have double crossed him after a scheme has unraveled in one way or another. Sheriff Coltrane also finds himself targeted in some instances. On such occasions, Bo and Luke usually have to rescue their adversaries as an inevitable precursor to defeating the bad guys ; in other instances, the Dukes join forces with Hogg and Coltrane to tackle bigger threats to Hazzard or one of their respective parties. These instances became more frequent as the show progressed, and later seasons saw a number of stories where the Dukes and Hogg ( and Coltrane ) temporarily work together. Production ( edit ) The series was developed from the 1975 film Moonrunners. Created by Gy Waldron in collaboration with ex-moonshiner Jerry Rushing, this movie shares many identical and very similar names and concepts with the subsequent TV series. Although itself essentially a comedy, this original movie was much cruder and edgier than the family - friendly TV series that would evolve from it. In 1977, Waldron was approached by Warner Bros. with the idea of developing Moonrunners into a television series. Waldron reworked various elements from Moonrunners, and from it was devised what would become The Dukes of Hazzard. Production began in October 1978 with the original intention of only nine episodes being produced as mid-season filler. The first five episodes were filmed in Covington and Conyers, Georgia and surrounding areas, including some location work in nearby Atlanta. After completing production on the fifth episode, `` High Octane '', the cast and crew broke for Christmas break, expecting to return in several weeks ' time to complete the ordered run of episodes. In the meantime, executives at Warner Bros. were impressed by the rough preview cuts of the completed episodes and saw potential in developing the show into a full - running series ; part of this plan was to move production from Georgia to the Warner Bros. lot in Burbank, California, primarily to simplify production as well as develop a larger workshop to service the large number of automobiles needed for the series. Rushing appeared as shady used car dealer Ace Parker in the third episode produced, `` Repo Men '' ( the fourth to be broadcast ). Rushing believed this to be the start of a recurring role, in return for which he would supply creative ideas from his experiences : many of the Dukes ( and thus Moonrunners ) characters and situations were derived from Rushing 's experiences as a youth, and much of the character of Bo Duke he states to be based on him. However, `` Repo Men '' would turn out to be the character 's only appearance in the entire show 's run, leading to a legal dispute in the following years over the rights to characters and concepts between Rushing and Warner Bros., although he remained on good terms with cast and crew and in recent years has made appearances at several fan conventions. By the end of the first ( half ) season, the family - friendly tone of The Dukes of Hazzard was mostly in place. When the show returned for a second season in Fall 1979 ( its first full season ), with a few further minor tweaks, the show quickly found its footing as a family - friendly comedy - adventure series. By the third season, starting in Fall 1980, the template was well set in place for that which would be widely associated with the show. As well as its regular car chases, jumps and stunts, The Dukes of Hazzard relied on character familiarity, with each character effectively serving the same role within a typical episode, and with Deputy Cletus replacing Deputy Enos in Seasons 3 and 4, and Coy and Vance Duke temporarily replacing Bo and Luke ( due to a salary dispute ) for most of Season 5, being the only major cast changes through the show 's run ( Ben Jones and James Best both left temporarily during the second season due to different disputes with producers, but both returned within a few episodes ). Of the characters, only Uncle Jesse and Boss Hogg appeared in all 145 episodes ; Daisy appears in all but one, the third season 's `` To Catch a Duke ''. The General Lee also appears in all but one ( the early first - season episode `` Mary Kaye 's Baby '', the fourth to be produced and the third broadcast ). Cast and characters ( edit ) Cast of The Dukes of Hazzard ( from left ) : ( bottom ) Flash, John Schneider, Tom Wopat, Catherine Bach, Denver Pyle, Peggy Rea ; ( top ) Ben Jones, Sorrell Booke, James Best, Sonny Shroyer Character Portrayed by Season Reunion! Hazzard in Hollywood 5 6 7 Luke Duke Tom Wopat Main Recurring Main Bo Duke John Schneider Main Recurring Main Daisy Duke Catherine Bach Main Jesse Duke Denver Pyle Main Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane James Best Main Boss Hogg Sorrell Booke Main Cooter Davenport Ben Jones Main Deputy Enos Strate Sonny Shroyer Main Recurring Main Deputy Cletus Hogg Rick Hurst Recurring Main Guest Main Coy Duke Byron Cherry Main Vance Duke Christopher Mayer Main The Balladeer Waylon Jennings Main Main characters ( edit ) Luke Duke ( Tom Wopat ) is the dark - haired, older Duke boy. More mature and rational than his cousin Bo, he is typically the one who thinks of the plan that will get the two out of whatever trouble they have got into. Luke wears a checked blue shirt ( a plain blue shirt in most, though not all, second - series episodes ) and a denim jacket over it in first season and a few later second - season which means he wears Double Denim episodes and he also wears Dark Blue jeans with a belt with a fish belt buckle with black boots and later brown boots and a few other checker and plaid shirts in later episodes and seasons of the show. He is a veteran of the United States Marine Corps and a former boxer. Luke was the first Duke to perform the `` hood slide '' across The General Lee, which is seen in the opening credits of the show ( a shot taken from the second episode, `` Daisy 's Song '' ) and later told by Tom Wopat to be an accident, because his foot got caught on the side of the General Lee when he attempted to jump across the hood ; he also caught his thigh on the hood 's radio antenna, cutting himself, resulting in such antennas being removed from later versions of the General Lee which those later versions looked similar to the ones in The Dukes of Hazzard film. However, the `` hood slide '' quickly proved popular and became a regular staple of episodes. The only episode to directly reference the age difference between Luke and Bo is in the seventh season opener, the `` flashback '' episode `` Happy Birthday, General Lee, '' where it is stated that Luke had already been in the Marines while Bo was in his last year at high school. Though Bo and Luke share the CB call sign `` Lost Sheep, '' in Season One episode `` Money to Burn, '' Luke referred to himself ( singularly ) as `` Sittin ' Duck. '' Bo Duke ( John Schneider ) is the blond - haired, younger Duke boy ( Wopat and Schneider are nine years apart from each other 's age when Bo and Luke are supposed to be three years apart from each other 's age ). He is more of the `` shoot first, ask questions later '' type than Luke, and is often the one to get the duo into the various scrapes in which they find themselves, although the character did mature slightly as the series progressed ; he is also the one more likely to have his eye, or heart, distracted by a pretty girl. Bo has a crush on many women in some episodes, which proves to be the Achilles ' heel that leads the Dukes into trouble in several episode plots. Bo usually wears a cream - yellow shirt ; it is a stronger yellow in the first and second season, a lighter cream color from the third season, and in the sixth and seventh season has more of a grey hue to it, in season 6 and season 7 he wears a tan brown shirt and more of dark blue jeans. ( The only break from this norm is in the second episode produced and broadcast, `` Daisy 's Song, '' where Bo wears a red shirt for much of the story, and a sequence in the fifth episode, `` High Octane, '' where he wears a light blue shirt. Many early publicity shots show the character to be wearing a dark blue denim shirt. ) For the first two seasons he wears a blue T - shirt underneath ( brown in the first episode ) ; this was slowly phased out during the third season. An ex-stock car driver, Bo is the one who drives The General Lee most of the time with Luke riding shotgun. He and Luke take turns of driving the General Lee in some episodes as they share the car with each other ( very early episodes suggest that it belongs solely to him ; Luke is said to have a car that Cooter had wrecked shortly prior to the start of the opening episode, `` One Armed Bandits '' ). Bo is known for his rebel yell, `` Yeeeee - Haaa, '' which he usually yells when the General Lee is airborne during a jump. The Duke boys share the CB call sign or handle `` Lost Sheep ''. Daisy Duke ( Catherine Bach ) is Bo, Luke, Coy, and Vance 's cousin. She is beautiful, honest, and kind, although she can sometimes be slightly over-trusting and naïve, which has led the Duke family into trouble on a number of occasions, but for the most part can handle herself well. She sometimes aspires to be a songwriter and singer, and at other times, a reporter. She races around Hazzard with her cousins, first in a yellow and black 1974 Plymouth Road Runner ( later a 1972 model was used ) and then, from mid-Season 2 on, in her trademark white 1980 Jeep CJ - 7, christened `` Dixie '' with a golden eagle emblem on the hood ( and the name `` Dixie '' on the hood sides ). Daisy works as a waitress at the Boar 's Nest, the local bar and pub owned by Boss Hogg, as part of an agreement with Boss Hogg so that he would give Uncle Jesse and the boys a loan for a lower interest rate so the boys could purchase the entry fee for a race in which they wished to race the General Lee. The arrangement was supposed to be for an indefinite time, but there are several times throughout the series when Hogg fires her. However, he always ends up rehiring her at the end of each episode because of various circumstances. Although Hogg is a nemesis to Daisy and her family, she is best friends with Hogg 's wife Lulu. Daisy often uses her sex appeal and her position at the restaurant to get insider information to help the Dukes in foiling Hogg 's various schemes. She also has the distinction of having her trademark provocatively high - cut jean short shorts named after her : `` Daisy Dukes ''. Her CB handle is `` Bo Peep. '' Occasionally, the variant of `` Country Cousin '' is used. Jesse Duke ( Denver Pyle ), referred to by just about everyone in Hazzard other than Boss Hogg as `` Uncle Jesse '', is the patriarch of the Duke clan, and the father - figure to all Dukes who stay with him on the somewhat dilapidated `` Duke Farm. '' Jesse apparently has no children of his own, and happily provides for his nephews and niece in the unexplained absence of all of their parents ( Gy Waldron, the creator of the show, states on the DVDs that their parents were killed in a car wreck, but it was never mentioned in the show ). In the third broadcast episode, `` Mary Kaye 's Baby '', Jesse says that he has delivered many babies, including Bo and Luke. Jesse Duke, in his youth, had been a ridge - runner in direct competition with Boss Hogg whom he always calls `` JD ''. However, while both Boss Hogg and Uncle Jesse would scowl at the mention of the other 's name, the two enjoyed a lifelong `` friendship '' of sorts, with one helping the other when in desperate need. Jesse educated his nephews against Hogg, and often provides the cousins with inspirational sage advice. Uncle Jesse drives a white 1973 Ford F - 100 pickup truck. In the barn, he also has his old moonshine - running car, called `` Sweet Tillie '' in its first appearance ( in the first - season episode `` High Octane '' ), but referred to as `` Black Tillie '' in subsequent appearances. In the second - season episode `` Follow That Still '' and the sixth - season episode `` The Boars Nest Bears '', the marriage to and death of his wife is mentioned ; he also mentions marrying her in the first - season episode `` Luke 's Love Story ''. His CB handle is `` Shepherd. '' Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane ( James Best ) ( 1979 -- 1985, 1997, 2000 ) is the bumbling and corrupt sheriff of Hazzard County and right - hand man and brother - in - law of its corrupt county administrator, Jefferson Davis `` J.D. '' Hogg ( `` Boss Hogg '' ), whom Rosco calls his `` little fat buddy '', `` Little Chrome Dome '', `` Little Meadow - Muffin '', and several other names. In the early episodes, it is mentioned that Rosco spent the first 20 years of his career as a mostly honest lawman, but after the county voted away his pension Rosco joined Hogg in an effort to fund his retirement in his last couple of years as sheriff. Early episodes also portray him as a fairly hard - nosed, somewhat darker policeman character, who even shoots a criminal during the first season. As the series progressed and producers recognized how popular it had become with children, James Best altered his portrayal into a more bumbling, comical character. By the end of the first season, his origin had been virtually forgotten ( and his job as sheriff appeared to become open ended ). Rosco is also the younger brother of Lulu Coltrane Hogg ( Boss Hogg 's wife ). Rosco frequently initiates car chases with Bo and Luke Duke, but the Duke boys usually elude Rosco by outwitting him, with Rosco typically wrecking his patrol car as a result from which he would nearly always escape unscathed. ( Only two episodes -- the fourth season 's `` Coltrane vs. Duke '' and season six 's `` Too Many Roscos '' -- toy with the concept of him being injured. The first episode has him faking injury so the Duke Boys would lose the General Lee while the latter has James Best playing two characters. His normal character, Rosco, is presumed drowned while a criminal that looks like Rosco has a headache. ) These chases are often the result of Rosco setting up illegal speed traps such as false or changing speed limit signs and various other trickery, which would evolve into being increasingly more cartoonish and far - fetched as the seasons passed. While he enjoys `` hot pursuit '' he seemingly ( Boss Hogg as well ) never intends for anyone to get seriously hurt. His middle initial, ' P ', was added at the start of the second season, and only one episode ( the third season 's `` Mrs. Rosco P. Coltrane '', in which he is subjected to a scam marriage ) reveals his middle name, `` Purvis ''. Rosco also has a soft spot for his basset hound Flash, introduced at the start of the third season. His radio codename is `` Red Dog ''. When James Best briefly boycotted the show during the mid-second season, he was temporarily replaced by several `` one - off '' Sheriffs, the longest standing being Sheriff Grady Bird, played by Dick Sargent, who appeared in two episodes ( `` Jude Emery '' and `` Officer Daisy Duke '' ). Boss Jefferson Davis `` J.D. '' Hogg ( Sorrell Booke ) is the wealthiest man in Hazzard County and owns most of its property and businesses -- whether directly or by holding the mortgages over the land. Usually dressed in an all - white suit, he is the fat, greedy, corrupt County Commissioner with visions of grandeur, a voracious appetite for food, who constantly orders Rosco to `` Get them Duke Boys! '' He is also Bo and Luke 's Probation officer, when Bo and Luke need to leave Hazzard they always get permission from him. Boss Hogg is also married to ( and dominated by ) Rosco 's `` fat sister '' ( Lulu Hogg ), a point that does not always sit well with either Boss Hogg or Rosco ; Hogg sometimes claims that Rosco is indebted to him because of it, though his on - screen interactions with Lulu typically show him loving her deeply ( and giving in to her stronger personality ). In addition to his role as county commissioner he is also the police commissioner, land commissioner, and bank president. Boss is also the chief of the Hazzard Fire Department and the owner of or primary mortgage holder on most of the places in the county, including the Boar 's Nest, Rhubottem 's Store, Cooter 's garage and the Duke Farm. It is implied in some episodes that he is the Justice of the Peace but in others Hazzard relies on a circuit judge. In the episode `` Coltrane vs. Duke '', Hogg represents Rosco when he sues the Dukes, implying that he is a licensed attorney. His vehicle is a white 1970 Cadillac Coupe de Ville convertible, with bull horns mounted on the hood. In the first few seasons, he is almost always driven around by a chauffeur. His old moonshine - running car was called the `` Grey Ghost ''. Every morning, Boss Hogg would drink coffee and eat raw liver ( Sorrell Booke, a method actor, actually ate the raw liver ). Boss Hogg is described in one analysis as `` an ineffectual bad guy -- hence amusing ''. Cooter Davenport ( Ben Jones ) is the Hazzard County mechanic, nicknamed `` Crazy Cooter '' ( a `` cooter '' is a large freshwater turtle, common in the Southeast ). In the early episodes, he is a wild man, often breaking the law ( such as stealing the Sheriff 's patrol car for impounding his in `` One Armed Bandits '', reportedly borrowing Luke 's car prior to the same episode and using it to `` run the sheriff off the road to make him mad '' to facilitate the aforementioned theft of the sheriff 's car, running moonshine for Boss Hogg in `` Mary Kaye 's Baby '', seemingly breaking into Boss Hogg 's home to retrieve a trophy for an upcoming race in `` Luke 's Love Story '', and `` borrowing '' the President 's Limousine for a joy - ride ( `` Limo One Is Missing '' ) when it is accidentally left unguarded. By the end of the first season, he has settled down and become an easy going good ol ' boy. Although not mentioned in the first couple of episodes, by the mid-first season, he owns `` Cooter 's Garage '' in Hazzard County Square, directly across from the Sheriff 's Department. Cooter is an `` Honorary Duke '', as he shares the same values and often assists the Dukes in escaping Rosco 's clutches, or helps them to foil Boss Hogg 's schemes. During the second season, Ben Jones left the series for a few episodes due to a dispute over whether the character should be clean shaven or have a full beard. In his absence, Cooter 's place was filled by several of Cooter 's supposed cousins who were never mentioned before or since. Jones returned when the dispute was solved -- Cooter would be clean shaven ( although, for continuity reasons, with the episodes being broadcast in a different order to that which they were filmed, he was not clean shaven until the third season onwards ). Cooter drives a variety of trucks, including Fords, Chevys, and GMCs. His CB handle is `` Crazy Cooter '' and he often starts his CB transmissions with `` Breaker one, Breaker one, I might be crazy but I ai n't dumb, Craaaazy Cooter comin ' atcha, come on. '' Deputy Enos Strate ( Sonny Shroyer ) ( 1979 -- 1980, 1982 -- 1985, 1997, 2000 ) is a friend of the Dukes, but, while working for Rosco and Boss is often forced into pursuing the Dukes and / or arresting them on trumped - up charges. In the early episodes, Enos is shown to be a rather good driver ( and respected as such by Bo and Luke ), but by the end of the first season, he is shown to be as incompetent a driver as Rosco. When he returns from his stint in Los Angeles, he seems to be able to stand up to Boss and Rosco slightly more, and sometimes refuses to participate in their schemes. In the early episodes, Rosco frequently calls him `` jackass '', which soon evolved into the more family - friendly `` dipstick '' as the show became a hit with younger viewers ( though Boss Hogg, who would also use the term `` jackass '' of Sheriff Rosco, would occasionally return to calling Enos this in later seasons ). Enos has a crush on Daisy Duke that she often uses to the Dukes ' advantage in unraveling Hogg and Rosco 's schemes. Enos is very much in love with Daisy, and although Daisy seems to love him back, it is supposedly only as a close friend. In the penultimate episode, `` Enos and Daisy 's Wedding '', the two plan on getting married, only to have Enos call it off at the last minute due to an attack of hives, brought on by the excitement of possibly being married to Daisy. Later, in the first reunion movie, Enos and Daisy become a pair again and plan to get married, but this time Daisy backs out at the last minute, upon the unexpected sight of her ex-husband. Deputy Cletus Hogg ( Rick Hurst ) ( 1979 -- 1982, 1997, 2000 ), Boss Hogg 's second cousin twice removed, is generally friendly and dim - witted. Like Enos, Cletus is often forced by Rosco and Hogg to chase the Dukes on trumped up charges. While Cletus is good - hearted, and sometimes resentful of having to treat the Dukes in such a way, he is somewhat more willing to go along with Hogg and Rosco than Enos. Cletus has a crush ( though not as bad as Enos ' crush ) on Daisy and is even convinced she wants to marry him. Like Enos and Rosco, Cletus frequently ends up landing in a pond when pursuing the Duke boys in a car chase. Cletus makes his first appearance as the driver of a bank truck, part of Hogg 's latest get - rich - scheme, in the first - season episode `` Money To Burn '', and becomes temporary deputy while Enos is away in the second - season episodes `` The Meeting '' and `` Road Pirates ''. Leaving a job at the local junkyard, he becomes permanent deputy in the third season 's `` Enos Strate to the Top ''. After Enos ' return, the pair both serve as deputies and share the same patrol car until 1997 's reunion movie. Each of the Hazzard County Sheriff 's Department officers drives various mid - to late - 1970s Chrysler mid-size B body patrol cars, most often a Dodge Monaco or Plymouth Fury. Coy Duke ( Byron Cherry ) ( 1982 -- 1983 ), is another blond - haired cousin who moves to Uncle Jesse 's farm along with his cousin Vance after Bo and Luke left Hazzard to join the NASCAR circuit in season 5. Like his cousin Bo, he often drives the General Lee and is a bit wilder than Vance and chases women ; he and Vance are only in the first 19 episodes of season 5 and Coy and Vance are in only one episode with their cousins Bo and Luke when they return from the NASCAR Circuit. Supposedly, with cousin Vance, Coy had previously lived on the Duke farm until 1976, before the series had started. Vance Duke ( Christopher Mayer ) ( 1982 -- 1983 ), an obvious replacement for Luke, filled the void of a dark - haired Duke on the show. Like Luke, Vance is more the thinker and the planner of the duo along with being more mature than Coy and he is also a former Merchant Marine. The Balladeer ( voice of Waylon Jennings ) sings and plays the Dukes of Hazzard theme song, `` Good Ol ' Boys '', and also serves as the show 's narrator. During each episode, he provides an omniscient viewpoint of the situations presented, and regularly interjects comical asides during crucial plot points ( often, during a freeze frame of a cliffhanger scene right before a commercial break ) and `` down home '' aphorisms. ( These freeze - frame cliffhangers were often abridged in showings in some countries, such as the commercial - free BBC in the United Kingdom. ) After numerous requests from fans to see the Balladeer on - screen, Jennings finally appeared in one episode, the seventh season 's aptly titled `` Welcome, Waylon Jennings '', in which he was presented as an old friend of the Dukes. Flash ( Sandy and others ) is a slow - paced Basset Hound and Rosco 's loyal companion, who hates Hogg but loves the Dukes. She first appeared in the first official third - season episode `` Enos Strate to the Top '' ( season opener `` Carnival of Thrills '' was held over from the previous season ), although was not formally `` introduced '' in that episode. Initially referred to as a boy, Flash is later regularly a girl ( despite an occasional male reference afterwards ). Flash was added at the start of the third season, after James Best suggested to the producers that Rosco have a dog. Rosco doted on Flash, often calling her `` Velvet Ears. '' Flash was portrayed by several Basset Hounds ( distinguishable by different facial colors ), the most regular being `` Sandy ''. James Best bought a share of Sandy, who was rescued from an animal shelter and was trained by Alvin Mears of Alvin Animal Rentals. Sandy lived to age 14. A stuffed dog named Flush was used for dangerous work. The pilot episode was to include a barber modeled after Floyd Lawson on The Andy Griffith Show as a regular character, but was eliminated when the final draft of the pilot 's script was written and before the show was cast. When John Schneider auditioned for the role of Bo Duke, he came to the audition in a dilapidated pickup truck, sporting a week - long beard growth, wearing overalls and a white T - shirt with a pack of cigarettes rolled up in a sleeve collar, and carrying a can of beer, trying to look the part. At the audition, Schneider drank the beer and said he was from Snellville. The producers bought his `` Good Ol ' Boy '' act and Schneider was hired on the spot. Recurring characters ( edit ) Character Actor Info Lulu Coltrane Hogg Peggy Rea Boss Hogg 's wife, Hughie Hogg 's aunt, and Rosco 's sister. Lulu constantly challenged her husband for authority and rallied for the equality of women in Hazzard, and was one of the few people in Hazzard whom Boss was actually intimidated by, though he genuinely loved and cared for her. Although much mentioned, Lulu only appeared once during the first season ( in the episode `` Repo Men '' ) and once during the second season ( `` The Rustlers '' ), before her appearances gradually increased over the third season. By the fourth season, she was a frequently - seen recurring character. Initially in her single first and second season appearances, she was portrayed to be rather spoiled and selfish ; as her appearances increased, the character evolved into being more caring and kind -- often to the contrast of Boss, and which on occasion proved to be his downfall or Achilles ' heel. Although Boss is a nemesis to the Dukes, Lulu is best friends with Daisy. Myrtle / Mabel Tillingham Lindsay Bloom Mabel is Hogg 's cousin who runs the Hazzard Phone Company, who often sneak listens to calls and lets Hogg know what 's going on. Her name mysteriously changed from Myrtle to Mabel midway through the second season. Longstreet B. Davenport Ernie Lively ( credited as Ernie W. Brown ) L.B. was Cooter 's cousin who filled for Cooter when he was away from the garage in several second - season episodes ( in reality, this was to cover for Ben Jones ' absence, after a disagreement with producers as to whether Cooter should have a beard or not ). L.B. appeared in the episodes `` Follow that Still '', `` Duke of Duke '' `` The Runaway '', before Jones returned to the series ; the episode `` Grannie Annie '' also features another temporary Cooter replacement, Mickey Jones as B.B. Davenport. Ernie Lively also played a different character named `` Dobro Doolan '', a friend of Bo and Luke, in the first episode of the series, `` One Armed Bandits '' ( where he was credited as Ernie Brown ), and as a guard called Clyde in the later sixth - season episode `` The Ransom of Hazzard County ''. With Cooter 's temporary absence, it was never fully explained why one of his relations was suddenly running the garage in his place ; and in a similar vein to Coy and Vance in the fifth season, both of these cousins of Cooter were very much clones of the original character, and were never mentioned before or after their temporary spells replacing the original character. Hughie Hogg Jeff Altman Boss Hogg 's young nephew, said to be as crooked as -- maybe even more crooked than -- Hogg. Dressed in an all - white suit just like his Uncle Boss, Hughie drove or was chauffeured around in a white VW Beetle with bull horns on the hood, similar to Boss Hogg 's Cadillac. Typically, Boss Hogg would call in Hughie once per season to come up with a particularly dastardly scheme to get rid of the Dukes. Hughie 's seemingly flawless plots would always end up in disaster, and Boss Hogg would end up throwing him out of Hazzard at the end of the episode. Despite this, Hogg would always give Hughie `` one last chance '' on his next appearance. On some later appearances, Hughie would worm is way back into Hazzard by coming up with a scheme and then persuading Hogg to go along with it, often by bribery. The character of Hughie was first introduced in the episode `` Uncle Boss '', produced as the second episode of the second season but not broadcast until the third season ( for unknown reasons, and just several episodes prior to `` The Return of Hughie Hogg '' ). By that time, Hughie had already been seen as Temporary Sheriff in the second - season episode `` Arrest Jesse Duke '' in which he appeared in a secondary role, written in at the last minute to cover Sheriff Rosco 's absence during James Best 's temporary boycott of the show. He acted somewhat out of character of his usual conniving self in the episode, due to being given most of Rosco 's lines. Like the two Hazzard County deputies, Hughie has eyes for Daisy Duke, but his feelings are merely of a selfish lustful nature ; Daisy despises Hughie, and thus the only reason that she 'll ever appear to return Hughie 's interest is merely to charm him into relaxing his guard or lure him away from a certain area till other townspeople can prepare to act against him, thus preventing him from subjecting Hazzard County to additional corruption. Wayne / Norris Roger Torrey One of Hughie 's loyal duo of henchman. Played by the same actor but with different names on different occasions. Floyd / Barclay Pat Studstill The other of Hughie 's duo of henchman. He and Norris were both bigger than Bo and Luke, but nonetheless struggled in fights against them. Again played by the same actor, but with different names on different occasions. Emery Potter Charlie Dell Emery Potter is the part - time Hazzard County registrar and chief teller of the Hazzard Bank. Emery is a meek, soft - spoken man with a low tolerance for anything exciting. He is a friend of the Dukes, and sometimes falls under Hogg 's crooked schemes simply because he is too timid to stand up for himself. First seen in the second - season episode `` People 's Choice '', the character made several return appearances across the seasons. He has also served as Temporary Deputy on occasion. Dr. Henry `` Doc '' Petticord Patrick Cranshaw Hazzard County 's ancient, long - serving physician. Miz ( Emma ) Tisdale Nedra Volz The postmistress of the Hazzard Post Office, Miz Tisdale ( `` Emma '' to Jesse Duke ) was an elderly woman who drove a motorcycle and had a huge crush on Uncle Jesse because they knew each - other long ago. She was also a reporter for the Hazzard Gazzette. Sheriff Edward Thomas `` Big Ed '' Little Don Pedro Colley The hulking chief law enforcement officer ( driving a 1975 Plymouth Fury patrol car ) of neighboring Chickasaw County, and the only recurring character in the series played by a black actor. Sheriff Little had a tendency to punch and kick fenders and doors off of cars he wrecked, in anger. He was also not afraid to pull out his trusty 12 - gauge shotgun and open fire. He is also a Left hander Police officer, The ill - tempered sheriff hated Bo, Luke, Daisy, Coy, Vance, Uncle Jesse, Cooter, Enos and Cletus immensely and they were well aware that Bo and Luke were not allowed to enter his county. Sheriff Little was constantly irritated by the bumbling performance of Rosco and the crookedness of Hogg, although he thought highly of Enos ; Little was strict, by - the - book, and a competent law officer, everything that Sheriff Rosco was not ( although he too had little luck in capturing Bo and Luke ). He had a wife named Rachel and also a daughter. Before Sheriff Little was introduced, in the third - season episode `` My Son, Bo Hogg '', several first and second - season episodes saw several similar tough - as - nails Sheriffs from adjoining counties. Mr. Rhuebottom John Wheeler A local store owner, seen occasionally from the fourth - season episode `` Pin the Tail on the Dukes '' onwards. ( The Rhuebottom General Store shopfront is seen as early as the first - season episode `` Luke 's Love Story '' ) Dr. `` Doc '' Appleby Elmore Vincent, later Parley Baer Elderly successor to Doc Petticord. Played by Elmore Vincent on the character 's first appearance, in the fourth - season episode `` Dear Diary '', before Parley Baer took over the role in subsequent appearances. Elton Ritchie Montgomery A disc jockey on the local WHOGG radio station, seen in the sixth - season episode `` Enos 's Last Chance '' and the late seventh - season episode `` Strange Visitor To Hazzard '', and referred to along with the radio station in several other episodes. Other than actor M.C. Gainey ( who played Sheriff Rosco in the 2005 movie version and had previously played a villain in the fourth - season episode `` Bad Day in Hazzard '' ), Ritchie Montgomery is the only actor to appear in both episode ( s ) of the TV series and the 2005 movie ( where he plays the small role of a State Trooper ). Montgomery mentions this in a feature on DVD versions of the movie. Notable guest appearances ( edit ) Throughout its network television run, The Dukes of Hazzard had a consistent mix of up - and - comers and established stars make guest appearances. Robert Alda Carlos Brown / Alan Autry Anthony De Longis James Avery Norman Alden Rayford Barnes Pat Buttram Dennis Burkley Clancy Brown Regis Cordic Charles Cyphers Roz Kelly Conlan Carter Ji - Tu Cumbuka Ben Davidson Elinor Donahue Jason Evers Jonathan Frakes Janie Fricke Michael Fairman David Graf David Gale Joy Garrett M.C. Gainey Henry Gibson Burton Gilliam Dennis Haskins Ernie Hudson Kevin Peter Hall Waylon Jennings Arte Johnson Stepfanie Kramer Lance LeGault Loretta Lynn Britt Leach Jon Locke Brion James Arte Johnson L.Q. Jones Frank Marth Robin Mattson John Matuszak Donald May Gerald McRaney Louise Minchin Richard Moll Chris Mulkey Charles Napier Tim O'Connor Roy Orbison Johnny Paycheck Kim Richards Hari Rhodes Dick Sargent Ronnie Schell Avery Schreiber Judson Scott Reid Smith William Smith Les Tremayne Mel Tillis Mary Treen Lurene Tuttle Lewis Van Bergen Joseph Whipp Dottie West Hal Williams Steven Williams Terry Wilson ( his last role ) Morgan Woodward Tammy Wynette Cale Yarborough Others ( edit ) NASCAR driver Terry Labonte makes a brief, uncredited appearance as a crewman in the episode Undercover Dukes Part 1. The race cars supplied for both part 1 and part 2 of Undercover Dukes were supplied by Labonte 's race owner, Billy Hagan. However, the emblems of the sponsors of the cars ( at that time Labonte was sponsored by Budweiser ) were covered to avoid paying royalties. The celebrity speed trap ( edit ) During the show 's second season, the show 's writers began flirting with the idea of incorporating a `` celebrity speed trap '' into some of the episodes, as a means to feature top country stars of the day performing their hits. On its first couple of instances, the `` Speed Trap '' was featured early in the story, but for most of the cases, it was featured in the last few minutes of an episode, often used when the main story was running too short to fill episode time. The `` celebrity speed trap '' feature was essentially similar : Aware that a big - name country star was passing through the area, Boss Hogg would order Rosco to lower the speed limit on a particular road to an unreasonable level ( using a reversible sign, with one speed limit on one side and another, far lower, on the back ), so that the targeted singer would be in violation of the posted limit. The singer would be required to give a free performance at the Boar 's Nest in exchange for having their citations forgiven ; the performer would then perform one of their best - known hits or other popular country music standard, while the Dukes, Boss, Rosco, Enos, Cletus, Cooter, and other patrons whooped and hollered in enjoyment of the performance. More often than not, the performer would give a sarcastic parting shot to Boss and Rosco. Singers who were featured in the `` speed trap '' segments were : Hoyt Axton Donna Fargo Freddy Fender Doug Kershaw ( on the original soundtrack ) The Oak Ridge Boys ( twice ) Roy Orbison Buck Owens Johnny Paycheck ( lip - syncing an original recording ) Mel Tillis Dottie West Tammy Wynette Waylon Jennings ( the show 's narrator ) Honorable Mentions : Mickey Gilley, Loretta Lynn Gilley 's and Lynn 's appearances were not solely for the celebrity speed trap. After performing a concert in Hazzard, Gilley was nabbed while leaving and forced to do a second show to nullify his citation. Lynn was kidnapped by criminals wanting to break into the music business. Loretta Lynn was the very first country music guest star on the show in 1979 and had an entire show titled `` Find Loretta Lynn. '' Note : Janie Fricke was the only guest country star who did not perform a song, celebrity speed trap or otherwise. She played an accomplice to a robber in an episode who hid money in the dashboard of the car that was to become the General Lee. Casting of Coy & Vance ( edit ) Christopher Mayer and Byron Cherry as Vance and Coy Duke, respectively The Dukes of Hazzard was consistently among the top - rated television series ( at one point, ranking second only to Dallas, which immediately followed the show on CBS ' Friday night schedule ). With that success came huge profits in merchandising, with a wide array of Dukes of Hazzard toys and products being licensed and becoming big sellers. However, over the course of the show 's fourth season, series stars Tom Wopat and John Schneider became increasingly concerned about a contract dispute over their salaries and merchandising royalties owed to them over the high sales of Dukes products. Neither were being paid what was owed to them and this became very frustrating to the duo. As a result, in the spring of 1982, as filming was due to begin on the fifth season, Wopat and Schneider did not report to the set in protest over the matter. Catherine Bach also considered walking out due to similar concerns, but Wopat and Schneider convinced her to stay, insisting that if she left then there may not be a show to come back to, and that settling the issue was up to them. Production was pushed back by a few weeks as fairly similar looking replacements were subsequently, hastily hired : Byron Cherry as Coy Duke and Christopher Mayer as Vance Duke. Bo and Luke were said to have gone to race on the NASCAR circuit ; how they managed to do this, bearing in mind the terms of their probation, was never explained. Cherry and Mayer were originally contracted at just ten episodes as stand - ins, still with hope that a settlement might be reached with Wopat and Schneider ( in total, they made 19 episodes including 1 with Bo and Luke ). Some scripts for Coy and Vance were originally written for Bo and Luke but with their names quite literally crossed out and Coy and Vance penned in. The new Dukes -- previously - unmentioned nephews of Uncle Jesse, who were said to have left the farm in 1976, before the show had started -- were unpopular with the great majority of viewers, and the ratings immediately sank. Much of the criticism was that Coy and Vance were nothing but direct clones of Bo and Luke, with Coy a direct `` carbon copy '' replacement for Bo and Vance for Luke, with little variation in character. This was something that even show creator Gy Waldron has said was wrong, and that he insisted, unsuccessfully, that audiences would not accept direct character clones and the two replacements should be taken in a different direction characterwise, but was overridden by producers. Waldron also commented that if Bach too had walked, the show would have most probably been cancelled. It was reported that prior to filming, Cherry and Mayer were given Bo and Luke episodes to watch, to study and learn to emulate them, although Cherry has said in interviews that he does n't recall this ever happening. Hit hard by the significant drop in ratings, Warner Bros. renegotiated with Wopat and Schneider, and eventually a settlement was reached, and the original Duke boys returned to the series in early 1983, four episodes from the conclusion of the fifth season. Initially, part of the press release announcing Wopat and Schneider 's return suggested that Cherry and Mayer would remain as part of the cast ( though presumably in a reduced role ), but it was quickly realized that `` four Duke boys '' would not work within the context of the series, and due to the huge unpopularity associated with their time on the show, they were quickly written out of the same episode in which Bo and Luke returned. Return of Bo and Luke ( edit ) Although Coy and Vance were never popular with the majority, a few viewers were disappointed by their departure episode, `` Welcome Back, Bo ' N ' Luke '', which was for the most part a standard episode, with the return of Bo and Luke and the departure of Coy and Vance tacked onto the beginning ( Bo and Luke return from their NASCAR tour just as Coy and Vance leave Hazzard to tend to a sick relative ). Even a few viewers commented that they were disappointed by this, and that they would have liked to have seen both pairs of Duke boys team up to tackle a particularly dastardly plot by Boss Hogg before Coy and Vance 's departure, but as it turned out, Coy and Vance had little dialogue and were gone by the first commercial break, never to be seen again. While the return of Bo and Luke was welcomed by ardent and casual viewers alike, and as a result ratings recovered slightly, the show never completely regained its former popularity. One of Wopat and Schneider 's disputes even before they left was what they considered to be increasingly weak and formulaic scripts and episode plots. With Wopat and Schneider 's return, the producers agreed to try a wider scope of storylines. However, although it continued for two more seasons, the show never fully returned to its former glory. Many cast members decried the miniature car effects newly incorporated to depict increasingly absurd General Lee and patrol car stunts ( which had previously been performed with real cars by stunt drivers ). The miniature car effects were intended as a budget saving measure ( to save the cost of repairing or replacing damaged vehicles ) and to help compete visually with KITT from the NBC series Knight Rider. In February 1985, The Dukes of Hazzard ended its run after seven seasons. Vehicles ( edit ) Main article : General Lee ( car ) The General Lee ( Dodge Charger ) ( edit ) The General Lee Charger The General Lee on public display The General Lee was based on a 1969 Dodge Charger owned by Bo and Luke ( the series used mostly 1969 Chargers in the beginning ; later on, they also modified 1968 Chargers to look like 1969s by installing 1969 - model taillamps, taillamp panels, and grilles ). It was orange with a Confederate battle flag painted on the roof, the words `` GENERAL LEE '' over each door, and the number `` 01 '' on each door. In the original five Georgia - filmed episodes, a Confederate flag along with a checkered racing flag in a criss - cross pattern could be seen behind the rear window ; this was removed when it was felt that this extra detail did not show up enough on - screen to warrant the already very tight time constraints of preparing and repairing each example of the car. The name refers to the American Civil War Confederate General Robert E. Lee. The television show was based on the movie Moonrunners, in turn based on actual moonshine runners who used a 1958 Chrysler named Traveler, after General Lee 's horse ( with a slight spelling change ). Traveler was originally intended to be the name of the Duke boys ' stock car too, until producers agreed that General Lee had more punch to it. Since it was built as a race car, the doors were welded shut. Through the history of the show, an estimated 309 Chargers were used ; 17 are still known to exist in various states of repair. A replica was owned by John Schneider, known as `` Bo 's General Lee. '' In 2008, Schneider sold `` Bo 's General Lee '' at the Barrett - Jackson automobile auction for $230,000. An eBay auction which garnered a bid of $9,900,500 for the car was never finalized, with the purported bidder claiming his account had been hacked. The underside of the hood has the signatures of the cast from the 1997 TV movie. Schneider has also restored over 20 other General Lees to date. In 2008, a replica of the General Lee fetched a high bid of $450,000 at the Barrett - Jackson auto auction, indicating the significant interest in the car as a cultural icon. In 2012, the `` General Lee 1 '', the first car used in filming the series, was purchased at auction by golfer Bubba Watson for $110,000. The car had been scrapped after being wrecked during the famous opening jump shoot, and was later discovered in a junk - yard by the president of the North American General Lee fan club. In 2015, following a wave of sentiment against confederate symbolism in the wake of shootings in Charleston, SC, ( relating to photos where the attacker had posed with the Confederate flag ), Bubba Watson announced that he would remove the Confederate Flag from the roof of General Lee 1 and repaint it with the US National Flag. The show also used 1968 Chargers ( which shared the same sheet metal ) by changing the grille and taillight panel to the 1969 style, and removing the round side marker lights. These Chargers performed many record - breaking jumps throughout the show, almost all of them resulting in a completely destroyed car. The 1970 Chargers were modified by removing the chrome bumper and changing the taillights. The Duke boys added a custom air horn to the General Lee that played the first twelve notes of the song Dixie. The Dixie horn was not originally planned, until a Georgia local hot rod racer drove by and sounded his car 's Dixie horn. The producers immediately rushed after him asking where he had bought the horn. Warner Bros. purchased several Chargers for stunts, as they generally destroyed at least one or two cars per episode. By the end of the show 's sixth season, the Chargers were becoming harder to find, and more expensive. In addition, the television series Knight Rider began to rival the General Lee 's stunts. As such, the producers used 1 : 8 scale miniatures, filmed by Jack Sessums ' crew, or recycled stock jump footage -- the latter being a practice that had been in place to an extent since the second season, and had increased as the seasons passed. Some of the 01 and Confederate flag motifs were initially hand painted, but as production sped up, these were replaced with vinyl decals for quick application ( and removal ), as needed. During the first five episodes of the show that were filmed in Georgia, the cars involved with filming were given to the crew at H&H body shop near the filming location. At this shop, the men worked day and night to prepare the wrecked cars for the next day while still running their body shop during the day. Time was of the essence, and the men that worked at this shop worked hard hours to get the cars prepared for the show. The third episode `` Mary Kaye 's Baby '' is the only one in which the General Lee does not appear. Instead, the Dukes drove around in a blue 1975 Plymouth Fury borrowed from Cooter that Luke later destroyed by shooting an arrow at the car, whose trunk had been leaking due to the moonshine stowed in the back. The Duke boys ' CB handle was ( jointly ) `` Lost Sheep ''. Originally when the show was conceived, their handle was to be `` General Lee '' to match their vehicle, but this was only ever used on - screen on one occasion, in the second episode, `` Daisy 's Song '', when Cooter calls Bo and Luke over the CB by this handle, although they were actually driving Daisy 's Plymouth Roadrunner ( see below ) at the time. As it became obvious that the `` General Lee '' handle would be out of place when the Duke boys were in another vehicle, the `` Lost Sheep '' handle was devised ( with Uncle Jesse being `` Shepherd '' and Daisy being `` Bo Peep '' ). Hazzard police cars ( AMC Matador, Dodge Polara, Dodge Monaco, Plymouth Fury ) ( edit ) 1970 's era Plymouth Fury similar to the ones used in the series The 1975 AMC Matador was one of many different Hazzard County police cars used on the series, mostly in the first season ; they had light bars and working radios. A 1972 Dodge Polara and a 1974 Dodge Monaco were used during the pilot episode `` One Armed Bandits '', these were also seen in the show 's title sequence. From the second season, the 1977 Dodge Monaco was mostly used. From mid-season four the similar looking 1978 Plymouth Fury was used instead. The Matadors and Furies were former Los Angeles Police Department vehicles, while the Monacos were former California Highway Patrol units. Plymouth Road Runner ( edit ) A 1974 Plymouth Road Runner ( yellow with a black stripe ) was Daisy Duke 's car in the first five episodes of the first season. For the last episodes of the first season a similarly painted 1971 model with a matching `` Road Runner '' stripe was used. In the second season Bo and Luke send it off a cliff in `` The Runaway. '' Another identical Plymouth 1971 model car appeared in the background a few more episodes along with the Jeep CJ - 7 until it was finally dropped altogether. Jeep CJ - 7 ( edit ) Dixie was the name given to Daisy Duke 's white 1980 Jeep CJ - 7 `` Golden Eagle '' which had a golden eagle emblem on the hood and the name `` Dixie '' on the sides. Like other vehicles in the show, there was actually more than one Jeep used throughout the series. Sometimes it would have an automatic transmission, and other times it would be a manual. The design of the roll cage also varied across the seasons. When the Jeep was introduced at the end of the second season 's `` The Runaway '', it was seen to have doors and a slightly different paint job, but, bar one appearance in the next produced episode, `` Arrest Jesse Duke '' ( actually broadcast before `` The Runaway '', causing a continuity error ), thereafter the doors were removed and the paint job was made all - white, with `` Dixie '' painted on the sides of the hood. These Jeeps were leased to the producers of the show by American Motors Corporation in exchange for a brief mention in the closing credits of the show. Ford F - 100 pickup truck ( edit ) Uncle Jesse 's truck was a white Ford pickup truck, most commonly a Sixth generation ( 1973 -- 1977 ) F100 Styleside. However, in the earliest episodes it had a Flareside bed, and varied between F100 and F250 models throughout the show 's run. Bo, Luke and Daisy also drove Jesse 's truck on occasion. Cadillac Coupe de Ville ( edit ) A White 1970 Cadillac De Ville convertible was used as Boss Hogg 's car, notably with large bull horns as a hood ornament. In early seasons, Hogg was almost always driven by a chauffeur, who was normally nameless and had little or no dialogue, but identified on occasion as being called `` Alex '' ; and played by several different uncredited actors, including stuntman Gary Baxley. This chauffeur would often be dressed in a red plaid shirt and deep brown or black Stetson hat, but on occasion would be an older man, sometimes dressed in more typical chauffeur attire. Hogg is first seen to drive for himself in the second season opener `` Days of Shine and Roses '', where he and Jesse challenge each other to one last moonshine race. From the fourth season onward, except for a couple of brief reappearances of the chauffeur ( during the fourth season ), Hogg drove himself around in his Cadillac ( or occasionally driven by Rosco and, in the series ' finale, by Uncle Jesse ) and frequently challenged others by invoking his driving expertise from his days as a ridge - runner. Unlike other vehicles in the series, Boss Hogg 's Cadillac is typically treated with kid gloves. The car is almost always seen with its convertible top down, with the top only being seen in two episodes, `` Daisy 's Song '' ( the chauffeur was called `` Eddie '' in this episode ), the second to be produced and broadcast, and briefly in the second - season episode `` Witness for the Persecution '', when Cooter is returning it to the Court House after repairs. Ford custom 500 ( edit ) A Green and blacked out 1971 Ford Custom 500 sedan named Black Tilly was used by Uncle Jesse to make moonshine runs. Theme song ( edit ) Main article : Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) The theme song `` The Good Ol ' Boys '' was written and performed by Waylon Jennings. He was also `` The Balladeer '' ( as credited ), and served as narrator of the show. However, the version released as a single is not the same version that was used in the show 's opening credits ; the single version has a repeat of the chorus and an instrumental to pad out the length, uses a different instrumental mix that emphasizes the bass, and replaces the last verse with an inside joke about how the TV show producers `` keep on showing ( Jennings 's ) hands and not ( his ) face on TV. '' In 1980, the song reached # 1 on the American Country chart and peaked at # 21 on the Billboard Hot 100. Broadcast history ( edit ) The series was originally broadcast in America by CBS on Friday nights, at 9 : 00 p.m. and later 8 : 00 p.m., preceding Dallas. Until TNN ( The Nashville Network ) was purchased by Viacom, it aired reruns of The Dukes of Hazzard. Some months after the creation of `` The National Network '' ( shortly before its change to `` Spike TV '' ), the program was absent from much of television for quite some time. Viacom 's country music - themed cable network CMT ( the former sister network to TNN ) aired the show from 2005 to 2007 at 8 : 00 p.m. and 9 : 00 p.m. eastern time every weekday. CMT began airing the series in late February 2005. It also aired Monday -- Thursday on ABC Family. The series was broadcast by BBC1 in the United Kingdom, debuting on Saturday March 3, 1979 at 9 : 00 pm ( just several months after it began in the US ). Popular with all ages ( and as some of the more adult elements of very early episodes faded out of the series ), it quickly moved from its post-watershed position to a more family - friendly Monday evening slot at 7 : 20 pm. Soon a massive hit, it moved from Monday evenings to prime time Saturday evening ( times varied, but typically around 5 : 25 pm ), where it stayed for a number of years. Later when ratings began to dip ( partly caused by the change to Coy and Vance, and partly to do with competition from ITV, with new hit shows such as The A-Team ), it moved back to Mondays, making the odd return for short runs on Saturdays. Late episodes also popped up occasionally on Sunday afternoons, and the remaining episodes of the final season were broadcast on weekday mornings during school holidays in the late 1980s. In 1992, UK satellite channel Sky1 bought a package of the program, owning the rights to the first 60 episodes produced ( running up to `` The Fugitive '' ), showing the series on Saturday afternoons at 4 p.m. They later showed the episodes they owned again, including a stint showing it in a weekday 3 p.m. slot, running for fifty minutes ( including commercials ) with the episodes heavily edited for time as a result, often leaving gaps in the plot. Despite requests from fans, they did not secure the rights to later episodes. The series was later run on the satellite channels Granada Plus and TNT. UK satellite channel Bravo began airing reruns in August 2005. In Brazil, the series was named Os Gatões ( The Big Hunks ), which limited its popularity among the male audience. The series was also shown in the Netherlands by Dutch broadcasting organization AVRO, with Dutch subtitles, rather than being dubbed. It was shown on Nine Network in Australia from September 1979 until the end of the series, and repeated throughout the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. It was quietly rerun on Pay TV channel TV1 in the 2000s, but is now shown on Nine Network 's subchannel, Go!. The series was popular in Colombia, dubbed to Spanish. Some late - night reruns continue to the present time. In Italy the series started to air in September 1981 on Canale 5, under the title Hazzard and quickly became very popular with the viewers. CMT aired The Dukes Ride Again, a special marathon which featured episodes from the first two seasons, on the weekend of September 10, 2010 and have begun airing episodes weeknights at 7 pm and 11 pm Eastern time starting September 13, 2010. The series aired weekdays on New Zealand 's channel The Box. Previously it aired on TVNZ for its original run, being repeated on Saturday afternoons in the early 1990s. CMT began to re-air The Dukes of Hazzard reruns in high - definition, on January 5, 2014. TV Land began to air The Dukes of Hazzard reruns on June 10, 2015, but removed them just three weeks later as a response to the Charleston church shooting and the ensuing debate over the modern display of the Confederate flag. Syndication ( edit ) Soon before the series ended its original run on CBS, The Dukes of Hazzard went into off - network syndication. Although not as widely run as it was back in the 1980s and the years since, reruns of the program do continue to air in various parts of the United States. Notably, television stations that aired the show in syndication include KCOP Los Angeles, WGN - TV Chicago, KBHK San Francisco, WKBD Detroit, WTAF / WTXF Philadelphia, KTXL Sacramento, WVTV Milwaukee, KMSP Minneapolis -- Saint Paul, among others. Nationwide, the show also aired on ABC Family ( 2000 -- 2001, 2004 ) and CMT ( 2005 -- 2007, 2010 -- 2012, 2014 -- 15 ) and TV Land ( 2015 ) ; TV Land dropped the show in the wake of protests and controversy surrounding the display of the Confederate flag. The Nashville Network bought The Dukes of Hazzard from Warner Bros. in 1997 for well over $10 million ; not only did it improve the network 's ratings, the show was also popular among younger viewers, a demographic TNN had a notorious difficulty in drawing ; The Dukes of Hazzard has run either on TNN or sister network CMT ever since. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Year Viewers ( Millions ) Rating 1978 -- 1979 21.0 # 20 1979 -- 1980 18.38 # 9 1980 -- 1981 21.81 # 2 1981 -- 1982 18.41 # 6 1982 -- 1983 17.2 # 29 1983 -- 1984 16.4 # 36 1984 -- 1985 13.8 # 61 Episode list ( edit ) Main article : List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes The show ran for seven seasons and a total of 145 episodes. Many of the episodes followed a similar structure `` out - of - town crooks pull a robbery or commit a crime or scandal, Duke boys blamed, spend the rest of the hour clearing their names, the General Lee flies and the squad cars crash ''. Spin - offs ( edit ) A spin off named Enos aired on CBS starring Sonny Shroyer and lasted 18 episodes before being cancelled. An animated version of the show called The Dukes aired in 1983 and produced by Hanna - Barbera. The first season fell under the Coy and Vance era of the live - action show and thus they were adapted into animated form. By the second season, Bo and Luke had returned, and they replaced Coy and Vance in the cartoon. Several video games based on the show were created : The Dukes of Hazzard for ColecoVision ( 1984 ) and ZX Spectrum ( 1985 ) ; also planned for the Atari 2600 The Dukes of Hazzard : Racing for Home ( 1999 ) The Dukes of Hazzard II : Daisy Dukes It Out ( 2000 ) The Dukes of Hazzard : Return of the General Lee ( 2004 ) In 2005, the Humana Festival of New American Plays premiered a full - length comedy - drama entitled Hazzard County by Allison Moore. The story centers on a young widowed mother and a visit she receives from a big city television producer. Interspersed with recollections of Bo, Luke, and Daisy, the play takes a deep look at southern `` good ol ' boy '' culture and its popularization through the lens of American mass media. In 2014, AutoTrader made a commercial where Bo and Luke shop for a new car while being chased. Films ( edit ) There were two made - for - TV reunion movies that aired on CBS, The Dukes of Hazzard : Reunion! ( 1997 ) and The Dukes of Hazzard : Hazzard in Hollywood ( 2000 ). Also made were The Dukes of Hazzard in 2005 and a direct - to - video prequel The Dukes of Hazzard : The Beginning in 2007. Home media ( edit ) DVD ( edit ) Warner Home Video has released all seven seasons of The Dukes of Hazzard on DVD in Regions 1 and 2. The two TV - movies that followed the series were released on DVD in Region 1 on June 10, 2008 and in Region 4 on June 4, 2014. In Region 4, Warner has released only the first six seasons on DVD and the two TV movies. The Complete Series & 2 unrated feature films box set was released on DVD in Region 1 on November 14, 2017. DVD Name Ep # Release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete 1st Season 13 June 1, 2004 August 15, 2005 August 17, 2005 The Complete 2nd Season 23 January 25, 2005 September 26, 2005 August 17, 2005 The Complete 3rd Season 23 May 31, 2005 November 21, 2005 March 1, 2006 The Complete 4th Season 27 August 2, 2005 February 13, 2006 March 1, 2006 The Complete 5th Season 22 December 13, 2005 April 10, 2006 August 9, 2006 The Complete 6th Season 22 May 30, 2006 July 24, 2006 August 9, 2006 The Complete 7th Season 17 December 5, 2006 September 22, 2008 N / A Two Movie Collection June 10, 2008 N / A June 4, 2014 The Complete Series & Two unrated feature films box set 147 November 14, 2017 N / A N / A Streaming ( edit ) The TV series was also made available for streaming and download through a variety of services. Legacy and influence in popular culture ( edit ) In 2005, Tom Wopat and John Schneider were reunited during `` Exposed '', a fifth season episode of the television series Smallville. Wopat guest - starred as Kansas State Senator Jack Jennings, an old friend of Clark Kent 's adoptive father Jonathan Kent ( portrayed by Schneider ). In the episode, Jennings drives a 1968 Dodge Charger -- the same body style as The General Lee. Lizard Lick Towing featured an episode with its repossession specialists Ronnie Shirley and Bobby Brantley repossess a General Lee replica. In 2015, in the wake of renewed debate about the symbolism of the Confederate battle flag ( which was prominently featured on the General Lee ' s roof and panel behind the rear window in the first five episodes ), reruns of the original series were pulled from circulation. Warner Bros., which owns the property, announced it would also no longer create merchandise bearing the flag, including miniatures of the General Lee. Although this has led to people making their own custom General Lees and selling them. Tourist attraction ( edit ) Artifacts from the show are on display in Luray, Virginia, Nashville, Tennessee and in Gatlinburg, Tennessee. Cooter 's Place in Luray is overseen by Ben `` Cooter '' Jones from the series. The Gatlinburg location features a gift shop, Dukes of Hazzard - themed indoor mini golf and go - cart track, with a small display of costumes, collectibles and artifacts from the show. Covington and Conyers, Georgia ; where the original five episodes were produced, have been two major tourist attractions for Dukes of Hazzard fans. Dixie Outfitters in Branson, Missouri on Highway 76 has the General Lee and Rosco 's police car signed by Daisy, Cooter, Cletus and Enos. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Dukes of Hazzard : One Armed Bandits DVD commentary track by John Schneider and Catherine Bach Jump up ^ John Shelton Reed, Southern Folk, Plain and Fancy : Native White Social Types ( 2007 ), p. 21. Jump up ^ `` Basset Hounds ''. tvacres.com. Retrieved April 6, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Hofstede, David ( 1998 ). The Dukes Of Hazzard -- The Unofficial Companion. Renaissance Books. p. 96. Jump up ^ Hofstede, David ( 1998 ). The Dukes Of Hazzard -- The Unofficial Companion. Renaissance Books. p. 92. Jump up ^ The Dukes Of Hazzard -- The Complete Fourth Season ( The Dukes Story : Building the Legend extra ). Warner Bros. Jump up ^ Hofstede, David ( 1998 ). The Dukes Of Hazzard -- The Unofficial Companion. Renaissance Books. p. 97. Jump up ^ Hofstede, David ( 1998 ). The Dukes Of Hazzard -- The Unofficial Companion. Renaissance Books. p. 249. Jump up ^ Hofstede, David ( 1998 ). The Dukes Of Hazzard -- The Unofficial Companion. Renaissance Books. p. 86. Jump up ^ Hofstede, David ( 1998 ). The Dukes Of Hazzard -- The Unofficial Companion. Renaissance Books. p. 100. Jump up ^ `` ' General Lee ' auction? back on again - May. 11, 2007 ''. Jump up ^ `` First ' General Lee ' sells for $110,000 ''. Fox News. Jump up ^ `` Confederate flag : Bubba Watson to paint over Dukes of Hazzard car ''. BBC News. Jump up ^ `` 1974 AMC Matador in `` The Dukes of Hazzard, 1979 -- 1985 '' ``. IMCDb. Retrieved August 2, 2010. Jump up ^ `` 1972 Dodge Polara in `` The Dukes of Hazzard, 1979 -- 1985 '' ``. IMCDb. Retrieved August 2, 2010. Jump up ^ `` 1974 Dodge Monaco in `` The Dukes of Hazzard, 1979 -- 1985 '' ``. IMCDb. Retrieved April 27, 2010. Jump up ^ `` 1977 Dodge Monaco in `` The Dukes of Hazzard, 1979 - 1985 '' ``. IMCDb.org. Retrieved April 27, 2010. Jump up ^ `` 1977 Plymouth Fury in `` The Dukes of Hazzard, 1979 - 1985 '' ``. IMCDb.org. Retrieved April 27, 2010. Jump up ^ `` 1974 Plymouth Roadrunner -- White -- Front Angle ''. Seriouswheels.com. Retrieved April 27, 2010. Jump up ^ `` jesse 's truck - HazzardNet Gallery ''. Hazzardnet.com. July 18, 2006. Retrieved April 27, 2010. Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel ( 2004 ). The Billboard Book of Top 40 hits ( 8 ed. ). Billboard Books. p. 321. ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7499 - 4. Jump up ^ `` TV Land pulls ' Dukes of Hazzard ' reruns amid Confederate flag controversy ''. WFLA. Jump up ^ `` Dukes Of Hazzard Off Air Amid Rebel Flag Row ''. Sky News. Jump up ^ Flint, Joe. ( October 17, 1997 ) Divine ( TV ) Profits. EW.com. Retrieved on August 18, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Brooks, Tim and Marsh, Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, page 1253. ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings > 1970s ''. ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved April 27, 2010. Jump up ^ `` ClassicTVHits.com : TV Ratings > 1980 's ''. Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings > 1980s ''. ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved April 27, 2010. Jump up ^ `` ClassicTVHits.com : TV Ratings > 1980 's ''. Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings > 1980s ''. ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved April 27, 2010. Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings > 1980s ''. ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved April 27, 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` 27 May 1984, Page 3 - The Akron Beacon Journal at Newspapers.com ''. Newspapers.com. Retrieved May 3, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` 28 Apr 1985, Page 59 - The Index - Journal at Newspapers.com ''. Newspapers.com. Retrieved May 3, 2016. Jump up ^ Hofstede, D. ( 2011 ). 5000 Episodes and No Commercials : The Ultimate Guide to TV Shows On DVD. Ten Speed Press. p. 91. ISBN 9780307799500. Retrieved November 22, 2014. Jump up ^ `` The Dukes of Hazzard Ride Again in AutoTrader 's High - Octane Campaign ''. AdWeek. Jump up ^ `` East & Down 's Jody Hill May Reboot Dukes of Hazard At Warner Bros ''. CinemaBlend. Retrieved May 5, 2018. Jump up ^ `` The Dukes of Hazzard DVD news : Announcement for The Dukes of Hazzard - 2 TV Movie Collection ''. TVShowsOnBlu-ray.com. Archived from the original on October 7, 2010. Retrieved April 27, 2010. Jump up ^ `` The Dukes of Hazzard - Get Them Good Ol ' Boys in ' The Complete Collection ' 40 - DVD package from Warner will hit the street in the U.S. this November ''. TVShowsOnBlu-ray.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017. Jump up ^ Source : tv.com and The Dukes Of Hazzard : The Complete Fourth Season DVD box set Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dukes of Hazzard Season 1 : Philip Mandelker : Amazon Digital Services LLC ''. Jump up ^ Kelly Souders & Brian Peterson ( writers ) ; Jeannot Szwarc ( director ) ( November 3, 2005 ). `` Exposed ''. Smallville. Season 5. Episode 6. The WB. Jump up ^ Sloan, Sam ( November 3, 2005 ). `` ' The Dukes ' of Smallville are on Tonight ''. Slice of SciFi. Retrieved June 6, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Confederate flag gets ' Dukes of Hazzard ' yanked ''. USA TODAY. July 1, 2015. Further reading ( edit ) Redneck Boy in the Promised Land : The Confessions of `` Crazy Cooter '', by Ben `` Cooter '' Jones, 2008. Crown. ISBN 0307395278 The Dukes of Hazzard -- The Unofficial Companion, by David Hofstede, foreword by Catherine Bach. 1998. Renaissance Books. ISBN 1 - 58063 - 038 - 3 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Dukes of Hazzard. Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Dukes of Hazzard The Dukes of Hazzard official Facebook page Dukes of Hazzard on IMDb The Dukes of Hazzard at CMT.com Who sang the theme song and also served as the narrator on The Dukes of Hazzard? hide The Dukes of Hazzard Episodes Characters Bo Duke Luke Duke Daisy Duke Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane Boss Hogg Television films The Dukes of Hazzard : Reunion! ( 1997 ) The Dukes of Hazzard : Hazzard in Hollywood ( 2000 ) Remake films The Dukes of Hazzard ( 2005 ) The Dukes of Hazzard : The Beginning ( 2007 ) Video games The Dukes of Hazzard Racing for Home Daisy Dukes It Out Return of the General Lee Spin - offs Enos The Dukes See also The General Lee Boar 's Nest Jerry Rushing `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' Moonrunners Hazard Run LCCN : n84006879 VIAF : 177823936 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dukes_of_Hazzard&oldid=846168304 '' Categories : 1979 American television series debuts 1985 American television series endings 1970s American comedy - drama television series 1980s American comedy - drama television series American action television series American adventure television series Appalachia in fiction CBS network shows The Dukes of Hazzard English - language television programs Television series by Warner Bros. 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{ "text": "List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements by decade - wikipedia List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements by decade Jump to : navigation, search This is a listing of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements by decade. A decade for these achievements is defined as ten - year periods from years ending in ' 0 ' through years ending in ' 9 '. Since the Hot 100 was first published in Billboard magazine in the issue dated August 4, 1958, the first decade of chart achievements ranges from that first issue through the last issue of 1969. Contents ( hide ) 1 2010s 1.1 Artists by total number - one singles 1.2 Artists by total weeks at number one 1.3 Albums by total number one singles 1.4 Songs by total weeks at number one 2 2000s 2.1 Artists by total number - one singles 2.2 Artists by total weeks at number one 2.3 Top 10 songs 2.4 Songs by total weeks at number one 3 1990s 3.1 Artists by total number - one singles 3.2 Artists by total weeks at number one 3.3 Top 10 songs 3.4 Songs by total weeks at number one 4 1980s 4.1 Artists by total number - one singles 4.2 Artists by total weeks at number one 4.3 Top 10 songs 4.4 Songs by total weeks at number one 5 1970s 5.1 Artists by total number - one singles 5.2 Artists by total weeks at number one 5.3 Top 10 songs 5.4 Songs by total weeks at number one 6 1958 - 1969 6.1 Artists by total number - one singles 6.2 Artists by total weeks at number one 6.3 Top 10 songs 6.4 Songs by total weeks at number one 7 See also 8 References 2010s ( edit ) Rihanna so far has the most songs atop the Hot 100, with nine, during the 2010s. Artists by total number - one singles ( edit ) The following artists achieved three or more number - one singles during the 2010s to date. A number of artists had number - one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration. Note : Artists with an equal number of number - one singles are ordered chronologically. Artist Number - one singles Rihanna 9 Katy Perry 8 Bruno Mars 7 Justin Bieber 5 Taylor Swift Adele Eminem Kesha Drake The Weeknd Note : Rapper will.i.am has had two number - one singles during the 2010s as part of The Black Eyed Peas and as a featured solo artist on Usher 's `` OMG '', but both instances are counted separately. Note : Singer Nate Ruess has had two number - one singles during the 2010s as part of the band Fun and as a featured solo artist on Pink 's `` Just Give Me a Reason '', but both instances are counted separately. Note : Rapper Quavo has had two number - one singles during the 2010s as part of Migos and as a featured solo artist on DJ Khaled 's `` I 'm The One '', but both instances are counted separately. Artists by total weeks at number one ( edit ) The following artists topped the Hot 100 for the highest cumulative number of weeks during the 2010s, so far. Some totals include, in part or whole, weeks spent at number one as part of a collaboration. Note : Artists with an equal number of weeks are ordered chronologically. Artist Weeks at number one Rihanna 41 Bruno Mars 32 Katy Perry 26 Adele 24 Justin Bieber 23 Pharrell Williams 22 Drake 20 Taylor Swift 18 Luis Fonsi 16 Daddy Yankee Albums by total number one singles ( edit ) Album Artist Number - one singles Teenage Dream Katy Perry 5 Loud Rihanna 21 Adele Taylor Swift Purpose Justin Bieber Recovery Eminem Doo - Wops & Hooligans Bruno Mars Sorry for Party Rocking LMFAO Unorthodox Jukebox Bruno Mars The Heist Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Prism Katy Perry Beauty Behind the Madness The Weeknd Source : Songs by total weeks at number one ( edit ) The following songs topped the Hot 100 for the highest number of weeks during the 2010s, so far. Note : Songs with an equal number of weeks are ordered chronologically. Song Artist Weeks at number one `` Despacito '' Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber 16 `` Uptown Funk '' Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 14 `` Blurred Lines '' Robin Thicke featuring T.I. and Pharrell 12 `` See You Again '' Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth `` Closer '' The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey `` Shape of You '' Ed Sheeran `` We Found Love '' Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris 10 `` Happy '' Pharrell Williams `` Hello '' Adele `` One Dance '' Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla 2000s ( edit ) The singer Usher had the largest number of singles on top of the Hot 100 during the 2000s ( 7 songs ). Artists by total number - one singles ( edit ) The following artists achieved four or more number - one hits during the 2000s. A number of artists had number - one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration. Artist Number - one singles Usher 7 Rihanna 5 Beyoncé Nelly Ludacris Justin Timberlake Mariah Carey 50 Cent Alicia Keys Note : Singer Fergie had five number - one singles during the 2000s as a part of The Black Eyed Peas and as a solo artist, but both instances are counted separately. Note : Singer Beyoncé had eight number - one singles during the 2000s as a part of Destiny 's Child and as a solo artist, but both instances are counted separately. Note : Singer Justin Timberlake had five number - one singles during the 2000s as a part of ' N Sync and as a solo artist, but both instances are counted separately. Artists by total weeks at number one ( edit ) The following artists topped the Hot 100 for the highest total number of weeks during the 2000s. Artist Weeks at number one Usher 41 Beyoncé 36 The Black Eyed Peas 26 Nelly 23 50 Cent 22 Alicia Keys Jay - Z 20 Mariah Carey 19 Rihanna Ludacris 17 Note : Singer Beyoncé spent 52 weeks at number one during the 2000s as a part of Destiny 's Child and as a solo artist, but both instances are counted separately. Note : Singer Kelly Rowland spent 26 weeks at number one during the 2000s as a part of Destiny 's Child and as a solo artist, but both instances are counted separately. Top 10 songs ( edit ) The following ten songs were rated by Billboard as the best - selling and most - played songs in the US during the 2000s. # Song Artist `` We Belong Together '' Mariah Carey `` Yeah! '' Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris `` Low '' Flo Rida featuring T - Pain `` I Gotta Feeling '' The Black Eyed Peas 5 `` How You Remind Me '' Nickelback 6 `` No One '' Alicia Keys 7 `` Boom Boom Pow '' The Black Eyed Peas 8 `` Let Me Love You '' Mario 9 `` Gold Digger '' Kanye West featuring Jamie Foxx 10 `` Apologize '' Timbaland featuring OneRepublic Songs by total weeks at number one ( edit ) The following songs topped the Hot 100 for the highest total number of weeks during the 2000s. Song Artist Weeks at number one `` We Belong Together '' Mariah Carey 14 `` I Gotta Feeling '' The Black Eyed Peas `` Lose Yourself '' Eminem 12 `` Yeah! '' Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris `` Boom Boom Pow '' The Black Eyed Peas `` Independent Women '' Destiny 's Child 11 `` Maria Maria '' Santana featuring The Product G&B 10 `` Foolish '' Ashanti `` Dilemma '' Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland `` Gold Digger '' Kanye West featuring Jamie Foxx `` Irreplaceable '' Beyoncé `` Low '' Flo Rida featuring T - Pain 1990s ( edit ) The song `` One Sweet Day '', performed by Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men, had the longest stay at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 during the 1990s ( 16 weeks ). Carey also had the most number - one hits on the Hot 100 during the 1990s ( 14 songs ). She spent a total of 60 weeks at the top of the Hot 100 in the 1990s, the most for any artist. Artists by total number - one singles ( edit ) The following artists achieved three or more number - one hits during the 1990s. A number of artists had number - one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration. Artist Number - one singles Mariah Carey 14 Janet Jackson 6 Boyz II Men 5 Madonna Whitney Houston Celine Dion TLC Wilson Phillips Paula Abdul Bryan Adams Puff Daddy Monica Artists by total weeks at number one ( edit ) The following artists topped the Hot 100 for the highest total number of weeks during the 1990s. Artist Weeks at number one Mariah Carey 60 Boyz II Men 50 Monica 22 Puff Daddy 19 Whitney Houston 18 Céline Dion TLC Janet Jackson 17 Bryan Adams 15 Elton John Brandy Top 10 songs ( edit ) The following ten songs were rated by Billboard as the best - selling and most - played songs in the US during the 1990s. # Song Artist `` How Do I Live '' LeAnn Rimes `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' Los Del Rio `` Un-Break My Heart '' Toni Braxton `` Foolish Games '' / `` You Were Meant For Me '' Jewel 5 `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' Bryan Adams 6 `` I 'll Make Love to You '' Boyz II Men 7 `` Too Close '' Next 8 `` One Sweet Day '' Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men 9 `` Truly Madly Deeply '' Savage Garden 10 `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' Elton John Songs by total weeks at number one ( edit ) The following songs topped the Hot 100 for the highest total number of weeks during the 1990s. Song Artist Weeks at number one `` One Sweet Day '' Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men 16 `` I Will Always Love You '' Whitney Houston 14 `` I 'll Make Love to You '' Boyz II Men `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' Los Del Rio `` Candle in the Wind ' 97 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' Elton John `` End of the Road '' Boyz II Men 13 `` The Boy Is Mine '' Brandy and Monica `` Smooth '' Santana featuring Rob Thomas 12 `` I Swear '' All - 4 - One 11 `` Un-Break My Heart '' Toni Braxton `` I 'll Be Missing You '' Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 Note : `` Smooth '' by Santana featuring Rob Thomas topped the chart for 10 weeks in the 1990s, October 23 -- December 25, 1999, with its final 2 weeks on January 1 and 8, 2000. 1980s ( edit ) Michael Jackson had the most number - one hits on the Billboard Hot 100 during the 1980s with 9 songs. Jackson was also the artist with the most weeks spent at the top of the Hot 100 during the 1980s ( 27 weeks ). Artists by total number - one singles ( edit ) The following artists achieved four or more number - one hits during the 1980s. Artist Number - one singles Michael Jackson 9 Whitney Houston 7 Madonna Phil Collins Daryl Hall & John Oates 5 Lionel Richie George Michael Stevie Wonder Bon Jovi Prince Artists by total weeks at number one ( edit ) The following artists topped the Hot 100 for the highest total number of weeks during the 1980s. Artist Weeks at number one Michael Jackson 27 Lionel Richie 21 Paul McCartney 16 George Michael Stevie Wonder 15 Madonna Phil Collins Olivia Newton - John 14 Diana Ross 13 Whitney Houston Top 10 songs ( edit ) The following ten songs were rated by Billboard as the best - selling and most - played songs in the US during the 1980s. # Song Artist `` Physical '' Olivia Newton - John `` Bette Davis Eyes '' Kim Carnes `` Endless Love '' Lionel Richie and Diana Ross `` Eye of the Tiger '' Survivor 5 `` Every Breath You Take '' The Police 6 `` Flashdance... What a Feeling '' Irene Cara 7 `` Another One Bites the Dust '' Queen 8 `` Say Say Say '' Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson 9 `` Call Me '' Blondie 10 `` Lady '' Kenny Rogers Songs by total weeks at number one ( edit ) The following songs topped the Hot 100 for the highest total number of weeks during the 1980s. Song Artist Weeks at number one `` Physical '' Olivia Newton - John 10 `` Bette Davis Eyes '' Kim Carnes 9 `` Endless Love '' Diana Ross and Lionel Richie `` Every Breath You Take '' The Police 8 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' Joan Jett and the Blackhearts 7 `` Ebony and Ivory '' Paul McCartney and Stevie Wonder `` Billie Jean '' Michael Jackson `` Call Me '' Blondie 6 `` Lady '' Kenny Rogers `` Centerfold '' The J. Geils Band `` Eye of the Tiger '' Survivor `` Flashdance... What a Feeling '' Irene Cara `` Say, Say, Say '' Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson `` Like a Virgin '' Madonna 1970s ( edit ) The Bee Gees had the most number - one hits on the Billboard Hot 100 during the 1970s ( 9 songs ). The Bee Gees were the artist with the most weeks logged at the top of the Hot 100 during the 1970s ( 27 weeks ). Artists by total number - one singles ( edit ) The following artists achieved four or more number - one hits during the 1970s. Artist Number - one singles Bee Gees 9 Elton John 6 Paul McCartney and Wings Stevie Wonder 5 Eagles The Jackson 5 John Denver KC & The Sunshine Band Diana Ross Barbra Streisand Donna Summer Artists by total weeks at number one ( edit ) The following artists topped the Hot 100 for the highest total number of weeks during the 1970s. Artist Weeks at number one Bee Gees 27 Rod Stewart 17 Elton John 15 Paul McCartney and Wings 13 Andy Gibb Donna Summer Roberta Flack 12 The Jackson 5 10 Tony Orlando and Dawn Debby Boone Barbra Streisand Top 10 songs ( edit ) The following ten songs were rated by Billboard as the best - selling and most - played songs in the US during the 1970s. # Song Artist `` You Light Up My Life '' Debby Boone `` Tonight 's the Night ( Gonna Be Alright ) '' Rod Stewart `` Le Freak '' Chic `` How Deep Is Your Love '' Bee Gees 5 `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' Andy Gibb 6 `` Silly Love Songs '' Wings 7 `` Let 's Get It On '' Marvin Gaye 8 `` Night Fever '' Bee Gees 9 `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' Dawn featuring Tony Orlando 10 `` Shadow Dancing '' Andy Gibb Songs by total weeks at number one ( edit ) The following songs topped the Hot 100 for the highest total number of weeks during the 1970s. Song Artist Weeks at number one `` You Light Up My Life '' Debby Boone 10 `` Night Fever '' Bee Gees 8 `` Tonight 's the Night ( Gonna Be Alright ) '' Rod Stewart `` Shadow Dancing '' Andy Gibb 7 `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' Simon & Garfunkel 6 `` Joy to the World '' Three Dog Night `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' Roberta Flack `` Alone Again ( Naturally ) '' Gilbert O'Sullivan `` Le Freak '' Chic `` My Sharona '' The Knack 1958 - 1969 ( edit ) The Beatles had the highest number of top hits on the Billboard Hot 100 during 1958 -- 1969 ( 18 songs ). In addition, The Beatles remained on top of the Hot 100 the longest during 1958 -- 1969 ( 55 weeks ). Artists by total number - one singles ( edit ) The following artists achieved three or more number - one hits during 1958 -- 1969. A number of artists had number - one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration. Artist Number - one singles The Beatles 18 The Supremes 12 Elvis Presley 7 The Rolling Stones 5 Bobby Vinton The Four Seasons Connie Francis Ray Charles The Monkees Artists by total weeks at number one ( edit ) The following artists topped the Hot 100 for the highest total number of weeks during 1958 -- 1969. Artist Weeks at number one The Beatles 55 Elvis Presley 22 The Supremes The Four Seasons 15 The Rolling Stones 13 Bobby Vinton 12 The Monkees The Young Rascals 10 Bobby Darin 9 Percy Faith The 5th Dimension Top 10 songs ( edit ) The following ten songs were rated by Billboard as the best - selling and most - played songs in the US during the 1958 - 1969. # Song Artist `` The Twist '' Chubby Checker `` Mack the Knife '' Bobby Darin `` Hey Jude '' The Beatles `` Theme from A Summer Place '' Percy Faith and His Orchestra 5 `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' Bobby Lewis 6 `` The Battle of New Orleans '' Johnny Horton 7 `` It 's All in the Game '' Tommy Edwards 8 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' The Beatles 9 `` I 'm a Believer '' The Monkees 10 `` Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In '' The 5th Dimension Songs by total weeks at number one ( edit ) The following songs topped the Hot 100 for the highest total number of weeks during 1958 -- 1969. Song Artist Weeks at number one `` Mack the Knife '' Bobby Darin 9 `` Theme from A Summer Place '' Percy Faith `` Hey Jude '' The Beatles `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' Bobby Lewis 7 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' The Beatles `` I 'm a Believer '' The Monkees `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' Marvin Gaye `` It 's All in the Game '' Tommy Edwards 6 `` The Battle of New Orleans '' Johnny Horton `` Are You Lonesome Tonight? '' Elvis Presley `` Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In '' The 5th Dimension `` In the Year 2525 '' Zager and Evans See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Adele 's ' Fire ' Burns Path to Hot 100 Summit ''. Billboard.com. January 25, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Ask Billboard : Is Taylor Swift 's ' 1989 ' the Next ' Teenage Dream '? ''. Billboard.com. May 31, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Rihanna 's ' Only Girl ' Rebounds to No. 1 on Hot 100 ''. Billboard.com. November 24, 2010. Retrieved July 19, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Rihanna 's ' S&M ' Reigns on Hot 100, Lady Gaga 's ' Judas ' Debuts ''. Billboard.com. April 20, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Eminem and Rihanna Replace Katy Perry Atop Hot 100 ''. Billboard.com. July 21, 2010. Retrieved July 19, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars ' ' Grenade ' Maneuvers to Top of Hot 100 ''. Billboard.com. December 29, 2010. Retrieved July 19, 2015. Jump up ^ `` LMFAO Brings ' Sexy ' To Hot 100 Summit ''. Billboard.com. December 28, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars : Billboard Artist of the Year Cover Story ''. Billboard.com. December 13, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Macklemore & Ryan Lewis ' ' The Heist ' Passes 1 Million Sold ''. Billboard.com. August 28, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Why Katy Perry 's ' Prism ' Era Is More Impressive Than You Think ''. Billboard.com. January 20, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015. Jump up ^ Trust, Gary ( September 21, 2015 ). `` The Weeknd Replaces Himself Atop Hot 100 as ' The Hills ' Hits No. 1 ''. Billboard. Retrieved September 21, 2015. Jump up ^ Trust, Gary ( January 11, 2016 ). `` Justin Bieber 's ' Sorry ' Dethrones Adele 's ' Hello ' Atop Hot 100 ''. Billboard. Retrieved January 11, 2016. Jump up ^ Trust, Gary ( February 1, 2016 ). `` Justin Bieber Replaces Himself at No. 1 on Hot 100 With ' Love Yourself ''. Billboard. Retrieved February 1, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Top 20 Billboard Hot 100 Hits of the 2000s ''. Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 27, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Whitburn, Joel. Top Pop Singles - 12th Edition. Record Research Inc. pp. 1318 -- 1320. ISBN 0 - 89820 - 180 - 2. Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary : Most No. 1s By Artist ( 1990 - 1999 ) ''. Billboard. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012. Jump up ^ `` The Top 20 Billboard Hot 100 Hits of the 1990s ''. Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary : Most No. 1s By Artist ( 1980 - 1989 ) ''. Billboard. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012. Jump up ^ `` The Top 20 Billboard Hot 100 Hits of the 1980s ''. Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 14, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary : Most No. 1s By Artist ( 1970 - 1979 ) ''. Billboard. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012. Jump up ^ `` The Top 20 Billboard Hot 100 Hits of the 1970s ''. Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary : Most No. 1s By Artist ( 1958 - 1969 ) ''. Billboard. Archived from the original on February 1, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012. Jump up ^ `` The Top 20 Billboard Hot 100 Hits of the 1960s ''. Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time Hot 100 Songs ''. Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 27, 2017. ( hide ) Billboard charts Albums Billboard 200 Top Album Sales Top Catalog Albums Digital Albums Billboard Comprehensive Albums ( defunct ) R&B / Hip - Hop Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums Rap Albums Rock Rock Albums Alternative Albums Hard Rock Albums Folk Albums Country Top Country Albums Latin Top Latin Albums Regional Mexican Albums Latin Pop Albums Latin Rhythm Albums Tropical Albums Religious Christian Albums Other Heatseekers Albums Tastemaker Albums Dance / Electronic Albums Independent Albums Jazz Albums Reggae Albums Comedy Albums Kid Albums International Canadian Albums European Albums ( defunct ) Singles and tracks Hot 100 Radio Songs Digital Songs Digital Tracks Hot Singles Sales Streaming Songs On - Demand Songs Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles Pop Mainstream Top 40 Adult Contemporary Adult Top 40 Pop 100 ( defunct ) Top 40 Tracks ( defunct ) Dance / Electronic Dance Club Songs Hot Dance / Electronic Songs Dance / Mix Show Airplay Dance / Electronic Singles Sales ( defunct ) Dance / Electronic Digital Songs R&B / Hip - Hop Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Singles Hot Rap Songs Hot R&B Songs Mainstream R&B / Hip - Hop Adult R&B Songs Rhythmic Rock Hot Rock Songs Mainstream Rock Alternative Triple A Country Hot Country Songs Country Airplay Latin Hot Latin Songs Latin Pop Airplay Regional Mexican Airplay Tropical Airplay Latin Rhythm Airplay Religious Hot Christian Songs Other Heatseekers Songs Smooth Jazz Songs International Brasil Hot 100 Airplay Canadian Hot 100 Euro Digital Songs Japan Hot 100 Philippine Hot 100 Korea K - Pop Hot 100 ( defunct ) European Hot 100 ( defunct ) Türkiye Top 20 ( defunct ) Lists of number - one albums and singles Adult Contemporary Alternative Songs Billboard 200 Dance Club Songs Dance / Electronic Albums Dance / Mix Show Airplay Americana / Folk Albums Hot 100 Hot Country Songs Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs K - Pop Mainstream Rock Top Country Albums Year - End Lists of artists who reached number one US Canada Japan Dance Club Songs Dance / Mix Show Airplay Alternative Songs Mainstream Rock Adult Contemporary Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs Rhythmic Hot Country Songs Adult Top 40 Mainstream Top 40 Latin Songs Social 50 Artist 100 See also Billboard Radio Monitor ( defunct ) List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements by decade Hot Country Songs achievements R&R ( defunct ) Billboard Japan Billboard Greece Billboard Türkiye Billboard Brasil Billboard En Español Billboard K - Town Timeline List of K - pop on the Billboard charts Albums Songs Billboard Philippines Billboard Twitter Real - Time Uncharted ( defunct ) Joel Whitburn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_chart_achievements_by_decade&oldid=802496793 '' Categories : Billboard charts Lists of record chart achievements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017, at 14 : 47. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements by decade", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_chart_achievements_by_decade&amp;oldid=802496793" }

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{ "text": "I Can Do Bad All by Myself ( film ) - Wikipedia I Can Do Bad All by Myself ( film ) Tyler Perry 's I Can Do Bad All by Myself Theatrical release poster Directed by Tyler Perry Produced by Tyler Perry Reuben Can Written by Tyler Perry Starring Taraji P. Henson Adam Rodriguez Brian White Mary J. Blige Gladys Knight Marvin Winans Tyler Perry Music by Aaron Zigman Cinematography Alexander Gruszynski Edited by Maysie Hoy Production company Tyler Perry Studios Distributed by Lionsgate Release date September 11, 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 11 ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $19 million Box office $51.7 million Tyler Perry 's I Can Do Bad All by Myself is a 2009 romantic musical comedy - drama film which was released on September 11, 2009. The film was directed, produced, and written by Tyler Perry, who also makes an appearance in the film as his signature character Madea. Although the film and play share the same title, the film is not an adaptation of Perry 's play of the same name ; the two works have different storylines. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Differences from the stage play 4 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reaction 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The film opens with April ( Taraji P. Henson ), a self - centered, alcoholic singer, performing at a nightclub where she works. On the other side of town, Madea ( Tyler Perry ) and Joe Simmons ( Perry ) catch Jennifer ( Hope Olaidè Wilson ), Manny ( Kwesi Boakye ), and Byron ( Freddy Siglar ) breaking into their house. After hearing the children 's troubles, Madea welcomes and feeds them. Jennifer tells Madea that they 're living with their grandmother, whom they have n't seen in four days. They tell Madea that their only other relative is their Aunt April. April shares her home with her shady boyfriend, Randy ( Brian White ), who 's married with children. The next morning, Madea brings the kids to April 's house, but April does n't want to be bothered. Meanwhile, Pastor Brian ( Marvin Winans ) sends a Colombian immigrant named Sandino ( Adam Rodríguez ) to her house for work and a place to stay. April puts Sandino in her basement and wants to lock him down there because she does n't know him that well. While working around the house, Sandino surprises April by cleaning himself up and becoming very handsome. When Randy arrives, he sees April with the kids and Sandino and heckles him while making subtle advances at Jennifer. Shortly afterward, Pastor Brian and Wilma ( Gladys Knight ), a church member, come to inform April that her mother died from a fatal brain aneurysm while riding on a city bus. April is devastated by the news and seeks comfort from Randy ; however, he is sleeping and shrugs her off. Later, Sandino comforts April as she tells him about her mother 's death and the last time she spoke with her. Depressed, Jennifer goes to Madea wanting to know how to pray. However, Madea, inexperienced with prayer, attempts to instruct her in a scene that plays out comically. The same night, Wilma sings `` The Need to Be '', an uplifting song for women, and Tanya ( Mary J. Blige ), the nightclub bartender, sings `` I Can Do Bad ''. Before singing the song, Tanya is fed up with April 's attitude and tries to help her friend, despite the fact that she ca n't help April if she ca n't help herself. Over time, Sandino and April become best friends, and Sandino fixes a ruined bedroom in her house. This makes Manny and Byron happy, but upsets Jennifer, who feels April does not want them there. While on a date, Sandino tells April he does n't understand why she is with Randy and asks if she loves Randy. He tells her what true love is to him. One Sunday morning, Sandino eagerly knocks on April 's bedroom door to get April ready for church, but Randy threatens to have Sandino deported if he continues to spend time with April. Late the next night, Manny needs his insulin shot, and Jennifer goes to the kitchen to get it. As she prepares the shot, Randy approaches and attempts to rape her, but Sandino fights him off. April walks in on the fight and Randy claims Jennifer offered him sex for money. April claims to believe him and sends Randy to take a bath. When he is in the tub, April threatens to electrocute him with a plugged - in radio. Sandino arrives and tries to stop her, but April is enraged, as she explains that she was sexually assaulted by her step - father, who then lied about it to her mother, thus causing April to lose her faith in the people that cared about her. After saying does he want her to put it down twice, she drops the plugged - in radio into the water, giving Randy a severe electric shock. Randy barely jumps out just in time and Sandino orders him to leave. April goes to the bar for a drink and blames herself for not seeing the signs. Sandino tries to stop her from drinking, but she pushes him away. She then asks Sandino if he is a child molester, because of all the attention he gives the children. Sandino tells April of his childhood as a child laborer and explains that he loves the children so much because he sees himself in them. Feeling hurt at her unfair accusations, Sandino says farewell to the children and leaves. Jennifer and April begin to get along and connect after April tells Jennifer about her bad experience as a child. Jennifer tells April that she should recognize Sandino as a good man. Eventually, Sandino returns and April apologizes to him and admits that she loves him like a friend. Sandino tells her that she ca n't love anyone until she learns to love herself. He tells April that he is in love with her but he wants April to love him back the same way he loves her. He shows her by kissing her. Eventually, April and Sandino get married. April and Sandino then hold a block party for their reception with Tanya singing `` Good Woman Down '', dedicated to April, then the new couple is shown embracing and sharing a passionate kiss. Cast ( edit ) Taraji P. Henson as April Adam Rodriguez as Sandino Brian White as Randy Mary J. Blige as Tanya Gladys Knight as Wilma Marvin Winans as Pastor Brian Hope Olaidé Wilson as Jennifer Kwesi Boakye as Manny Freddy Siglar as Byron Tyler Perry as Mabel `` Madea '' Simmons and Uncle Joe Simmons Differences from the stage play ( edit ) Tyler Perry 's famous characters, Mr. Brown and Cora, had main roles in the stage play ; they are absent in the film. In the film, several characters refer to Cora, but she is not seen ; Mr. Brown is neither seen nor mentioned. The original plot ( in the stage play ) focused on two sisters feuding because Maylee is engaged to her sister Vivanne 's ex-husband, Anthony, and Anthony is holding her back from her parental responsibilities. In the film, April 's sister is a drug addict and thief who neglected her children and is deceased. Her mother assumed custody of the children but has recently disappeared without explanation, and circumstances have forced April to reluctantly take her niece and nephews in. The stage play characters Vivanne, Keisha, Bobby, Maylee, and Anthony do not exist in the film. Music ( edit ) The film features 13 songs, including two new songs by Blige. Perry was not able to produce a soundtrack album for the film due to the various record companies involved. `` Good Woman Down '' ( Robert F. Aries, Blige, Sean Garrett, Freddie Jackson, Meli'sa Morgan ) -- Mary J. Blige `` I Can Do Bad '' ( Blige, Chuck Harmon, Shaffer Smith ) -- Mary J. Blige `` Playboy '' ( Michael Akinlabi, Tasha Schumann ) -- Candy Coated Killahz `` Contagious '' ( Xavier Dphrepaulezz ) -- Chocolate Butterfly `` H.D.Y. '' ( Ronnie Garrett, Herman ( Pnut ) Johnson ) -- Club Indigo Band `` Indigo Blues '' ( Garrett, Johnson ) -- Club Indigo Band `` Lovers Heat '' ( Garrett, Johnson ) -- Club Indigo Band `` Tears of Pain '' ( Foster ) -- Ruthie Foster `` Rock Steady '' ( Aretha Franklin ) -- Cheryl Pepsii Riley `` The Need to Be '' ( Jim Weatherly ) -- Gladys Knight `` Just Do n't Wanna Know / Over It Now '' ( Winans ) -- Gladys Knight and Marvin L. Winans `` Oh Lord I Want You to Help Me '' ( Traditional, arranged by Jerome Chambers & Edward O'Neal ) -- Cheryl Pepsii Riley & Marvin L. Winans Reception ( edit ) Critical reaction ( edit ) The film has received generally positive reviews from critics, making it Perry 's most acclaimed film to date. Rotten Tomatoes reported that 63 % of critics gave positive reviews based on 43 reviews with an average score of 5.9 / 10, giving it a `` Fresh '' rating, with the general consensus being though somewhat formulaic and predictable, Perry succeeds in mixing broad humor with sincere sentimentality to palatable effect. By comparison, Metacritic gave the film a 55 % approval rating of critics based on 13 reviews. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/I-Can-Do-Bad-All-By-Myself#tab=summary Jump up ^ `` I Can Do Bad All By Myself ( 2009 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20. Jump up ^ `` I Can Do Bad All By Myself ''. Turner Classic Movies. Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ). Retrieved October 1, 2016. Jump up ^ Perry, Tyler. `` Meet the Browns starts March 21st ''. Archived from the original on March 4, 2011. Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14. Jump up ^ Internet Movie Database, https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1385912/soundtrack ^ Jump up to : `` I Can Do Bad All By Myself ( 2009 ) : Reviews ''. Metacritic. Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12. Jump up ^ `` I Can Do Bad All By Myself Reviews, Pictures ''. Rotten Tomatoes. IGN Entertainment. Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 17. External links ( edit ) Official website Tyler Perry 's I Can Do Bad All by Myself on IMDb Tyler Perry 's I Can Do Bad All by Myself at AllMovie Tyler Perry 's I Can Do Bad All by Myself at Box Office Mojo Tyler Perry 's I Can Do Bad All by Myself at Rotten Tomatoes Tyler Perry 's I Can Do Bad All by Myself at Metacritic Tyler Perry 's I Can Do Bad All by Myself at MovieSet hide Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married? Meet the Browns The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony Nobody 's Fool Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo! A Madea Halloween Boo 2! A Madea Halloween A Madea Family Funeral Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home The Paynes Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_Do_Bad_All_by_Myself_(film)&oldid=848842032 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films 2000s comedy - drama films 2000s romantic musical films 2000s romantic comedy films American films American comedy - drama films American romantic comedy films American romantic musical films Films directed by Tyler Perry African - American musical films American films based on plays Lions Gate Entertainment films Films shot in Atlanta Screenplays by Tyler Perry Films about interracial romance African - American films African - American comedy films Hidden categories : Film articles using image size parameter Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 July 2018, at 18 : 31 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "I Can Do Bad All by Myself (film)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=I_Can_Do_Bad_All_by_Myself_(film)&amp;oldid=848842032" }

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{ "text": "I Am Frankie - wikipedia I Am Frankie Jump to : navigation, search I Am Frankie Genre Drama Created by Marcela Citterio Starring Alex Hook Uriel Baldesco Armani Barrett Kristi Beckett Kyson Facer Sophia Forest Mohana Krishnan Jayce Mroz Nicole Alyse Nelson Carson Rowland J.D. Ballard Todd Allen Durken Joy Kigin Michael Laurino Carrie Schroeder Voices of Mark Jacobson Opening theme `` Getting Real '' by Matthew Tishler and Jeannie Lurie Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 19 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Eric Gaunaurd Tatiana Rodríguez Producer ( s ) Danny Mendoza Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Paradiso Pictures Nickelodeon Productions Release Original network Nickelodeon Original release September 4, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Yo Soy Franky External links Website www.nick.com/i-am-frankie/ I Am Frankie is an American drama television series created by Marcela Citterio that first aired a sneak peek of the pilot on September 4, 2017, and later officially premiered on Nickelodeon on September 11, 2017. The series stars Alex Hook in the titular role of Frankie Gaines, who is an android attempting to pass herself off as a normal school girl. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Episodes 4.1 Pilot ( 2017 ) 4.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 4.2. 1 Notes 4.3 Special 5 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Sigourney is a scientist working for the company EGG ( short for Electronic Giga Genetics ) who has developed a teenage android girl named Frankie. When the head of EGG, Mr. Kingston, plans to use Frankie for the military company WARPA ( short for Weaponized Android Research Project Agency ) for Project Q, Sigourney quits her job, smuggles Frankie out of EGG, and moves her family as far away from EGG as possible so that Frankie can live a normal life. As Frankie adapts to a normal life as a high school student at Sepulveda High, she befriends a girl named Dayton and gains a rival named Tammy. While she and her family work to keep her secret safe so that EGG does n't find her Mr. Kingston is determined to do whatever it takes to locate Frankie. Unbeknownst to Mr. Kingston, he 's not the only one who 's after her. Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Alex Hook as Frankie, an android girl who was created by Sigourney who used to work for EGG and seeks to become a real human. Uriel Baldesco as Lucia, a follower of Tammy and a member of Sepulveda High School 's Brain Squad. Armani Barrett as Byron, a member of Sepulveda High School 's Brain Squad who is into robotics. Kristi Beckett as Makayla, a follower of Tammy and a member of Sepulveda High School 's Brain Squad. Kyson Facer as Andrew, a student at Sepulveda High School who is one of Frankie and Tammy 's love interests. He is later revealed to be an android created by James. Sophia Forest as Jenny, the daughter of Sigourney who gets Frankie as an older sister. Mohana Krishnan as Tammy, a girl and leader of Sepulveda High School 's Brain Squad who becomes Frankie 's rival and seeks to find the truth about her. Jayce Mroz as Robbie, an intelligent student who follows Frankie and Dayton around. Nicole Alyse Nelson as Dayton, a girl who becomes Frankie 's best friend and one of a few people to know the truth about Frankie. Carson Rowland as Cole, the brother of Dayton who is one of Frankie 's love interests. J.D. Ballard as Mr. Kingston, the head of EGG who seeks to reclaim Frankie to be used in WARPA 's Project Q. In `` I Am... Bound for Glory '', he is later revealed to be Dayton and Cole 's father Tom operating under an alias. Todd Allen Durkin as James, a former EGG scientist who used to work with Sigourney and wants to destroy Frankie. Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough, the principal of Sepulveda High School. Michael Laurino as Will, the father of Jenny and husband of Sigourney who gains Frankie as a daughter. Carrie Schroeder as Sigourney, a former EGG scientist who built Frankie. Mark Jacobson as the Voice of `` PEGS1 '', a small floating egg - shaped robot that works for Mr. Kingston. Recurring ( edit ) Justin Jarzombeck as John Rachael Thompson as Engineer Production ( edit ) On January 20, 2016, Nickelodeon announced that it had green - lit I Am Frankie to series with its first season to contain 20 episodes. The series is the first global series to be produced at the new Viacom International Studio in Miami, Florida. The series was originally produced as Yo Soy Franky by Nickelodeon Latin America in Colombia and Catharina Ledeboer, who has previously worked on Every Witch Way and Talia in the Kitchen, adapted the series into English for global audiences. It was stated that production of the series would begin sometime in 2016. The series officially debuted on September 11, 2017, after a special sneak peek of the premiere aired on September 4, 2017. The premiere episode was made available on Nickelodeon streaming platforms starting on August 21, 2017. Nickelodeon renewed the series for a second season on November 13, 2017. Filming for the second season will begin in March 2018. Episodes ( edit ) Pilot ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` I Am... a Gaines '' Steve Wright Charlotte Owen September 4, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) 101 1.27 EGG scientist Sigourney Gaines invents an android called Frankie and sneaks her out of EGG to be a birthday present for her daughter, Jenny, as a way to keep Mr. Gilford Kingston from having WARPA use her for Project Q. In order to keep Frankie from being found by EGG, Sigourney moves her family to the next town over and they settle in with the help of former EGG employee James Peters. Once enrolled in school, Frankie befriends a girl named Dayton and gains a girl named Tammy as a rival. Guest stars : JC Casely as Casey, Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart, Kevin Harrison as Night Guard 1, Michael Sanchez as Night Guard 2 Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew, Jayce Mroz as Robbie Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No. Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` I Am... in Danger '' Steve Wright Charlotte Owen September 11, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 11 ) 101 -- 102 1.47 EGG scientist Sigourney Gaines invents an android called Frankie and sneaks her out of EGG to be a birthday present for her daughter, Jenny, as a way to keep Mr. Gilford Kingston from having WARPA use her for Project Q. In order to keep Frankie from being found by EGG, Sigourney moves her family to the next town over and they settle in with the help of former EGG employee James. Once enrolled in school, Frankie befriends a girl named Dayton and gains a girl named Tammy as a rival. Later, after Cole saves Frankie from the rain, Sigourney works to dry her out and finds that some of her circuits got fused together. Meanwhile, Mr. Kingston sends PEGS1 to search Sigourney 's old house to find the whereabouts of the Gaines family. Guest stars : JC Casely as Casey, Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart, Kevin Harrison as Night Guard 1, Michael Sanchez as Night Guard 2 Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew, Jayce Mroz as Robbie `` I Am... a Rom - Com Fan '' Steve Wright Jeff Sayers September 12, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 103 1.32 Guest stars : Katelyn Adair as Student 1, Brian Dijols as Student 2 Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew, Jayce Mroz as Robbie, Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough `` I Am... a Radio? '' Siobhan Devine Charotte Owen and Elle Andrews September 13, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) 104 1.46 Guest stars : Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart, Justin Jarzombeck as John, Rachael Thompson as Engineer Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew, Jayce Mroz as Robbie, Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough `` I Am... My Enemy 's Friend? '' Siobhan Devine Charlotte Owen September 14, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 14 ) 105 1.29 Guest stars : Jeanne Bennett as Ms. Kagan, Justin Jarzombeck as John, Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart, Rachael Thompson as Engineer, Zachery Robbins as Football Player Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew, Jayce Mroz as Robbie, Todd Allen Durkin as James 5 `` I Am... Battery Operated '' Siobhan Devine Jeff Sayers September 15, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 15 ) 106 1.30 Guest stars : Bob Schenkel as Elderly Man, Fern Katz as Elderly Woman Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew, Jayce Mroz as Robbie, Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough 6 `` I Am... Heartbroken '' Siobhan Devine Charotte Owen and Elle Andrews September 18, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 18 ) 107 1.14 Guest star : Justin Jarzombeck as John 7 `` I Am... Lost '' Siobhan Devine Jeff Sayers September 19, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) 108 1.22 Guest stars : Constance Fields as Judge, Eric Garduno as Competition Student, Justin Jarzombeck as John 8 `` I Am... Disconnected '' Steve Wright Elle Andrews September 20, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) 109 1.19 Guest stars : Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart, Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson Absent : Uriel Baldesco as Lucia, Kristi Beckett as Makayla 9 `` I Am... Crashing '' Siobhan Devine Jeff Sayers September 21, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) 110 1.10 Guest stars : Justin Jarzombeck as John, Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart, Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson Absent : Michael Laurino as Will 10 `` I Am... Speechless '' Siobhan Devine Jeff Sayers September 22, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) 111 1.33 Guest stars : JC Casely as Casey, Justin Jarzombeck as John, Katherine McDonald as Mrs. Mulligan, Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson Absent : Michael Laurino as Will 11 `` I Am... Hungry '' Siobhan Devine Elle Andrews September 25, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 112 1.17 As Sepulveda High 's halls have been vandalized by an unknown person, Frankie discovers that she has two dates to the prom. To help her blend in with her dates, Dayton works with Frankie and Sigourney into making an E-Stomach so that Frankie can eat food easily. Meanwhile at EGG, Mr. Kingston and PEGS1 start to put their plans to reclaim Frankie into motion. Guest stars : JC Casely as Casey, Anna Hinsley as Figueroa Team Member, Justin Jarzombeck as John, Nicole Kinzel as Smoothie Barista, Rita Manyette as Proctor, Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson 12 `` I Am... Remote Controlled '' Steve Wright Charlotte Owen September 26, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 113 1.07 Guest stars : Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson, Welder Santos as Busboy Absent : Jayce Mroz as Robbie, Todd Allen Durkin as James, Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough 13 `` I Am... Suspended '' Steve Wright Elle Andrews September 27, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 114 1.11 In light of the recent actions at Sepulvada High, Ms. Hough blames Frankie and has her suspended from school for the recent violent conduct. James orchestrates events that involves him deleting specific files from Frankie which leads to Sigourney having to take an action to keep Frankie from becoming a violent android. Meanwhile, representatives from WARPA confiscate PEGS1 upon Mr. Kingston 's failure to reclaim Frankie as he finds a clue on where Sigourney is hiding Frankie. At the same time, Tammy still wants to prove that Frankie is a robot and plans to get her unsuspended by pinning the blame of recent happenings at Sepulvada High on someone else. Guest stars : Justin Jarzombeck as John, Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart, David Kelley as Warpa Agent, Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew 14 `` I Am... Not Alone '' Steve Wright Jeff Sayers September 28, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 115 1.09 Now that Tammy 's plot to get Frankie unsuspended has succeeded, she still makes plans to expose Frankie as a robot where she, Lucia, and Mikayla work on a pulley - activated device that will enable her to spill water on Frankie at the Emoji - themed dance. Suspicious at the bounty fliers that Mr. Kingston has printed out, Sigourney forbids Frankie to go to the dance just in case someone catches her. Guest stars : Justin Jarzombeck as John, Elgin Aponte as DJ Absent : Jayce Mroz as Robbie, Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough 15 `` I Am... Hot on the Trail '' Steve Wright Charlotte Owen October 2, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 116 1.35 Now that Frankie and Dayton know that Andrew is an android, they plan to find out who created him. Ms. Hough begins an investigation on who attempted the water prank on Frankie. Meanwhile, operatives from WARPA plan to use PEGS1 as leverage on Mr. Kingston in order to reclaim Frankie, but PEGS1 plans his escape from WARPA. Guest stars : Justin Jarzombeck as John, Elgin Aponte as DJ, Susan Dean as Ms. Fleckenstein, David Kelley as Warpa Agent Absent : J.D. Ballard as Mr. Kingston 16 `` I Am... Hanging Out with a Boy '' Steve Wright Elle Andrews October 3, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 117 1.29 Andrew begs Frankie not to tell Sigourney about him. After her Sepulveda High School 's Brain Squad rejects her upon learning the truth, Tammy comes clean to Ms. Hough about falsely accusing Robbie of the school vandalism. Ms. Hough announces to the school that Robbie is exonerated, but she threatens to punish the entire school if the person responsible for the vandalism does n't come forward. Meanwhile, Frankie plays minigolf with Cole. Also, James orders Andrew to lure Frankie into a trap that James and Mr. Kingston have devised. Guest stars : Justin Jarzombeck as John, Katrina Rose Tandy as Girl with Phone, David Kelley as Warpa Agent 1 17 `` I Am... Bound for Glory '' Siobhan Devine Jeff Sayers October 4, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 118 1.19 WARPA has started making threats to Mr. Kingston and James to get them Frankie or else. This causes James to have Andrew lure Frankie to a position where he must get Frankie near WARPA 's clutches or else be deactivated. After Mr. Kingston visits his children in his true name of Tom Reyes, Dayton enlists Jenny to help warn Frankie as Cole wonders if Tammy is right about Frankie being a robot. Guest stars : Richard Litz as Large Student, South Miami Senior High School Cobra Band and Color Guard as Marching Band, Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson, Dan Johnson as Mechanic, David Kelley as Warpa Agent Absent : Michael Laurino as Will, Carrie Schroeder as Sigourney, Mark Jacobson as Voice of `` PEGS1 '' 18 `` I Am... Caught '' Steve Wright Elle Andrews October 5, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 119 1.28 After Cole figures out that Frankie is a robot, Dayton frantically tries to warn Frankie that her father and WARPA are closing in. Upon hearing about what happened when Cole visited Frankie, Sigourney considers moving the family again to keep Frankie safe. In addition, Dayton persuades Tammy to help her get into WARPA 's classified website in order to find out more about WARPA. Guest star : David Kelley as Warpa Agent Absent : Mark Jacobson as Voice of `` PEGS1 '' 19 `` I Am... a Sitting Duck '' Steve Wright Charlotte Owen October 6, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 120 1.13 Before the competition starts Tammy returns to the team after being taken by WARPA, who did something to her so that the team question her actions. During the Brain Squad competition, Dayton and Cole work to try to warn Frankie that WARPA is closing in on her as Andrew starts to reveal his true allegiance. Meanwhile, a girl arrives at the Gaines residence who is revealed to be Eliza, an android that Doctor Gaines made before Frankie who has a evil agenda, as Sigourney and Will look for possible places to relocate. Guest stars : Alex Hook as Eliza, David Kelley as Warpa Agent 1, Eric Gaunaurd as Stage Manager, Jake Little as Morlock Player 1, Natalia Patino as Morlock Player 2, Ame Livinston as Head Judge, Rob Iberg as Brain Squad Security 1 Absent : Sophia Forest as Jenny, Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough, Mark Jacobson as Voice of `` PEGS1 '' Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The first half of `` I Am... in Danger '' was aired as the sneak peek on Nickelodeon on September 4, 2017, and is titled `` I Am... a Gaines ''. The full episode was then shown as part of the official Nickelodeon premiere on September 11, 2017. The second half is also known as `` I Am... in a Math Bee ''. Special ( edit ) Title Original air date Prod. code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` I Am Frankie... the Download '' September 29, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 998 1.14 A clip show on what has transpired through `` I Am... Not Alone '', as well as clips from the remaining episodes of the season. Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg. viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 19 September 11, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 11 ) 1.47 October 6, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 1.13 1.24 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( January 20, 2016 ). `` Nickelodeon Sets First Global Series I Am Frankie ''. Deadline. Retrieved August 14, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Greenlights First New Global Series to Be Produced in the Viacom International Studios in Miami '' ( Press release ). Nickelodeon. January 20, 2016. Retrieved August 14, 2017 -- via The Futon Critic. Jump up ^ Leo Barraclough ( January 20, 2016 ). `` Nickelodeon 's I Am Frankie to Be First Series to Shoot at Viacom Intl. Studios in Miami ''. Variety. Retrieved August 14, 2017. Jump up ^ I Am Frankie Brand New Series Official Super Trailer. Nickelodeon. August 25, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017 -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon 's New Daily Scripted Series, `` I Am Frankie, '' Bows Monday, Sept. 11, at 7 : 30 P.M. ( ET / PT ) '' ( Press release ). Nickelodeon. August 28, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017 -- via The Futon Critic. Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( November 13, 2017 ). `` Nickelodeon Greenlights Star Falls Buddy Comedy Series ; Renews I Am Frankie for Season 2 ''. Deadline. Retrieved November 13, 2017. Jump up ^ Alex Hook ( December 12, 2017 ). `` Excited to pick things up right where they left off, filming begins in March 2018 : ) what 's everyone hoping to see in season 2? ''. Instagram. Retrieved December 13, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` I Am Frankie Episode Listings ''. The Futon Critic. ^ Jump up to : `` I Am Frankie Episode Guide ''. Zap2it. Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 6, 2017 ). `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals : 9.4. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 6, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( September 14, 2017 ). `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals : 9.11. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 14, 2017. Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 14, 2017 ). `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 9.12. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 14, 2017. Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 15, 2017 ). `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals : 9.13. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved November 15, 2017. Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 15, 2017 ). `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals : 9.14. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 15, 2017. Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 18, 2017 ). `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 9.15. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 18, 2017. Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 19, 2017 ). `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals : 9.18. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 19, 2017. Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 20, 2017 ). `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 9.19. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 21, 2017 ). `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals : 9.20. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 21, 2017. Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 22, 2017 ). `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals : 9.21. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 22, 2017. Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 25, 2017 ). `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 9.22. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 25, 2017. Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 26, 2017 ). `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals : 9.25. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 26, 2017. Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 27, 2017 ). `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 9.26. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 28, 2017 ). `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals : 9.27. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 28, 2017. Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 29, 2017 ). `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals : 9.28. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 29, 2017. Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 3, 2017 ). `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals : 10.2. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 3, 2017. Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 4, 2017 ). `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 10.3. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 4, 2017. Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 5, 2017 ). `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals : 10.4. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 5, 2017. Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 6, 2017 ). `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals : 10.5. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 6, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( October 9, 2017 ). `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 10.6. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 9, 2017. Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 2, 2017 ). `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 9.29. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 2, 2017. External links ( edit ) I Am Frankie on IMDb Nickelodeon original programming Former 1970s debuts Pinwheel ( 1977 -- 90 ) America Goes Bananaz ( 1979 -- 80 ) Nickel Flicks ( 1979 -- 80 ) Hocus Focus ( 1979 -- 80 ) Video Comic Book ( 1979 -- 81 ) 1980s debuts First Row Features ( 1980 -- 82 ) Special Delivery ( 1980 -- 93 ) Standby... Lights! Camera! Action! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "I Am Frankie", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=I_Am_Frankie&amp;oldid=817658487" }

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{ "text": "The day After We Broke up - wikipedia The day After We Broke up Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Day After We Broke Up ( Hangul : 헤어진 다음날 ; RR : Heeojin Daeumnal ) is a 2016 South Korean web series starring L and Yoon So - hee. It was released exclusively on Netflix. The Day After We Broke Up Also known as I Want to Protect You ~ One More Time ~ Genre Teen Romance Music Fantasy Starring Yoon So - hee Opening theme One More Time Country of origin South Korea No. of episodes 8 Production company ( s ) KBS2 KBS World ( Japan ) Netflix Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Supporting 3 Episodes 4 See also 5 References Plot ( edit ) Yoo Tan, the leader, and vocalist of an indie band called One More Time, which he started with his childhood friends. Tan 's been maintaining the band ever since for over ten years. The indie band flourished for a while, at one point boldly refusing to succumb to the establishment. But alas, Tan 's getting older, the popularity of his band is dwindling, and life is n't getting any easier financially, which is why he eventually signs with a label this late in the game. While enduring the difficult conditions inherent at a major music label, an unforeseeable event takes place and Tan gets swept up in it -- An unwanted time leap allows him to journey back in time to regain his girlfriend. Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) L as Yoo Tan Yoon So - hee as Moon Da - in Supporting ( edit ) Kim Ji - young as Angel Demon Shin Ji - soo as Bo - yu Kim Ki - doo as Jin - kook Kang Nam - gil as Yoo Tan 's Dad Lee Tae - im as Kang Ye - seul Kim Chang - hwan as One More Time 's Drummer Go Kyu - pil as Client Episodes ( edit ) See also ( edit ) List of original programs distributed by Netflix List of South Korean dramas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Netflix - Watch TV Shows Online, Watch Movies Online ''. www.netflix.com. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04. Episode # Musician Yoo Tan jumps off stage and declares his unending love for his girlfriend, Da - in. Seven years later, he seems to have a change of heart. From the spam phone call to the meeting with an entertainment company representative, everything seems to be a repeat of yesterday for Tan. After countless days of spending money, partying and gambling, Tan finally starts to wonder how his other band members and Da - in are doing. Determined to change how the day ends, Tan tries to eliminate everything that can go wrong and decides to take Da - in away on an unplanned trip. 5 Seven years ago on the day that Tan and Da - in met for the first time, Tan was busking with his band and Da - in became his first audience member. 6 Da - in makes a deal with the death messenger. On their first anniversary, Tan takes Da - in to an expensive restaurant and prepares a special event. 7 Tan decides to that taking his life first is the only solution to end his agony. The death messenger explains to him how he can stop the time slips. 8 Again and again, Da - in gets heartbroken and prepares for a breakup. Regardless, Tan continues to compose and practice Da - in 's new song. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Day_After_We_Broke_Up&oldid=810285312 '' Categories : 2016 web series debuts Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Korean - language text Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017, at 10 : 02. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Day After We Broke Up", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Day_After_We_Broke_Up&amp;oldid=810285312" }

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{ "text": "2017 Pacific Mini Games - wikipedia 2017 Pacific Mini Games X Pacific Mini Games Host city Port Vila, Vanuatu Motto One Ocean, One People Nations participating 24 Athletes participating 2000 Events 172 in 14 sports Opening ceremony 4 December Closing ceremony 15 December Officially opened by Tallis Obed Moses Main venue Korman Stadium < Mata - Utu 2013 Saipan 2021 > The 2017 Pacific Mini Games were held in Port Vila, Vanuatu, in December 2017. It was the tenth edition of the Pacific Mini Games, and the second to be hosted in Vanuatu ( after the 1993 games ). Contents 1 Bidding process 2 Venues 3 Participating nations 4 Medal table 5 Sports 5.1 Archery 5.2 Boxing 5.3 Golf 5.4 Judo 5.5 Karate 5.6 Rugby sevens 6 Calendar 7 Notes 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Bidding process ( edit ) Vanuatu was awarded the right to host the games at a September 2011 meeting of the Pacific Games Council 's General Assembly. Nauru and the Northern Mariana Islands were the other countries to bid. The event was originally planned for September 2017 but preparations were delayed by Cyclone Pam. Both rounds of voting took place on the 4 September 2011 with Nauru eliminated after the first round. In the final round, Vanuatu edged Northern Mariana Islands by 4 votes to earn hosting rights. 2017 Pacific Mini Games bidding results City Country Round 1 Round 2 Port Vila Vanuatu 8 13 Saipan Northern Mariana Islands 8 9 Yaren Nauru 6 -- Venues ( edit ) Korman Sports Complex Archery field - Archery Stadium - Athletics, Football, Rugby sevens, Opening and closing ceremonies Indoor Hall 1 - Boxing, Table tennis Indoor Hall 2 - Basketball 3 × 3, Judo, Karate, Netball Beach Volleyball Courts - Beach Volleyball Tennis courts - Tennis Mele Golf Course - Golf Port Vila Municipal Stadium - Football Epauto Adventist High School - Weightlifting Participating nations ( edit ) There were 24 national teams that competed at the games : American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia New Caledonia New Zealand Nauru Niue Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Wallis and Futuna Independent PGC athletes Medal table ( edit ) The final medal tally for the 2017 Pacific Mini Games. Host nation Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total New Caledonia 46 16 20 82 Papua New Guinea 32 32 21 85 Fiji 23 31 24 78 Vanuatu 22 26 27 75 5 Samoa 20 16 10 46 6 Solomon Islands 8 11 18 37 7 Tonga 12 20 8 Cook Islands 5 13 9 Kiribati 5 12 10 Marshall Islands 0 0 11 New Zealand 7 0 9 12 Wallis and Futuna 8 13 Independent PGC athletes * 0 14 Nauru 9 15 25 15 Guam 0 Tuvalu 0 17 Australia 0 0 18 American Samoa 0 0 Northern Mariana Islands 0 0 Tokelau 0 0 Totals 172 167 166 505 Sports ( edit ) Fourteen sports were hosted : 3 - on - 3 basketball ( 2 ) ( details ) Archery ( 6 ) ( details ) Athletics ( 47 ) ( details ) Beach volleyball ( 2 ) ( details ) Boxing ( 10 ) ( details ) Football ( 2 ) ( details ) Golf ( 4 ) ( details ) Judo ( 15 ) ( details ) Karate ( 16 ) ( details ) Netball ( 1 ) ( details ) Rugby sevens ( 1 ) ( details ) Table tennis ( 11 ) ( details ) Tennis ( 7 ) ( details ) Weightlifting ( 48 ) ( details ) Note : A number in parentheses indicates the number of medal events that were contested in each sport, where known. Archery ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze Mixed Compound New Caledonia ( NCL ) Henry Shiu Cecile Picot Fiji ( FIJ ) Lisa Leota Frederick Leota Mixed Recurve New Caledonia ( NCL ) Denis Moedjijo Isabelle Soero Samoa ( SAM ) Joseph Walter Jil Grete Walter Tonga ( TGA ) Arne Jansen Karoline Tatafu Mens Compound Individual Henry Shiu ( NCL ) Frederick Leota ( FIJ ) Xavier Mangoen ( NCL ) Mens Recurve Individual Robert Elder ( FIJ ) Danick Aisik ( VAN ) Arne Jansen ( TGA ) Women Compound Individual Cecile Picot ( NCL ) Lisa Leota ( FIJ ) Women Recurve Individual Isabelle Vermande née Dusol ( NCL ) Jil Grete Walter ( SAM ) Isabelle Soero ( NCL ) Boxing ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze 46 - 49kg Light flyweight Namry Berry ( VAN ) Tetekana Clinton ( SOL ) 52kg Flyweight Kalai Gill ( VAN ) Keama Charkes Feama ( PNG ) Mika Alex ( SOL ) 56kg Bantamweight Warawara Boe ( VAN ) Cook Yachen ( NRU ) Noki Beupu ( PNG ) Iiaha Denis Moses ( SOL ) 60kg Lightweight Mose Nuuuli ( SAM ) Silas Johnny ( VAN ) Oaike Allan Aukoae ( PNG ) Kia Henry ( SOL ) 64kg Light welterweight Sere Roy ( VAN ) Ume John ( PNG ) Babanisi Gerrard ( SOL ) Davule Jone ( FIJ ) 69kg Welterweight Moleni John Barry Slade ( TGA ) Aisaga Andrew Kape ( PNG ) Hill Winston ( FIJ ) Fandaux Than Guy ( NCL ) 75kg Middleweight Sivas Lui ( VAN ) Sua Ropati ( SAM ) Kometa Andrew ( KIR ) Drayton Sabastien ( NCL ) 81kg Light heavyweight Tyrell Henry ( SAM ) Jubiely Torea ( PGC ) Waritam Robert Zorro ( VAN ) Tameifuna Mercy Sione ( TGA ) 91kg Heavyweight Neuffer Heimata ( PGC ) Peneueta John ( SAM ) Missak Tuk ( VAN ) Kami Talamoni Clayton ( TGA ) + 91kg Super heavyweight Atiu Amoroa ( PGC ) Robin Peter ( VAN ) Aukoso Faamanu ( SAM ) Tusamoa Jean ( NCL ) Golf ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze Men 's team New Caledonia ( NCL ) Guillaume Castagne Morgan Dufour Anthony Cuer Norman Bonnet Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) Morgan J Annato Vagi James Philip Mek Justin Brunskill Fiji ( FIJ ) Abid Hussain Olaf Allen Won Hwang Ryan Kumar Women 's team New Caledonia ( NCL ) Emillie Ricaud Mathilde Guepy Maiwen Delamarie - le Blevic Ines Lavelua Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) Kristine Seko Wari Winchcombe Natalie Mok Danae Clamp Fiji ( FIJ ) Merelita McCarthy Jee Dawi Raina Kumar Ufemia Naisara Men 's individual Guillaume Castagne ( NCL ) Abid Hussain ( FIJ ) Morgan J Annato ( PNG ) Women 's individual Emillie Ricaud ( NCL ) Rotana Howard ( COK ) Mathilde Guepy ( NCL ) Judo ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze Men Lightweight Vincent Neris ( NCL ) Ugo Langois ( NCL ) Kaierua Kip ( NRU ) Charles Cure ( NCL ) Men - 60kg Tony Lomo ( SOL ) Charles Cure ( NCL ) Loic Michel Nasse ( VAN ) Men - 66kg Kaieura Kip ( NRU ) Joe Mahit ( VAN ) Claude Kalo ( VAN ) Ugo Langois ( NCL ) Men - 73kg Vincent Neris ( NCL ) Tom Willie ( VAN ) Ilai Ualesi Elekana Manu ( TOK ) Women - 52kg Chloe Omo - Perraut ( NCL ) Women - 57kg Jaycee Brival ( NCL ) Women Lightweight Jaycee Brival ( NCL ) Chloe Omo - Perraut ( NCL ) Men - 81kg William Fayard ( NCL ) Vincent Burani ( NCL ) Pandabela Lesley ( SOL ) Men - 90kg Teva Gouriou ( NCL ) Ovini Uera ( NRU ) Nicolas Monvoisin ( VAN ) Feao Fakaosi ( TGA ) Men - 100kg David Put ( NCL ) Men + 100kg Finetuui Moala ( TGA ) Sailosi Fua Ealelei ( TGA ) Nazario Martin Fiakaifonu ( VAN ) Men Heavyweight Teva Gouriou ( NCL ) Sailosi Fua Ealelei ( TGA ) William Fayard ( NCL ) Finetuui Moala ( TGA ) Women - 63kg Camille Geniau ( NCL ) Nathalyn Takayawa ( FIJ ) Emeline Kaddour ( NCL ) Women - 70kg Shanice Takayawa ( FIJ ) Women Heavyweight Shanice Takayawa ( FIJ ) Emeline Kaddour ( NCL ) Aykesa Atuvaha ( NCL ) Esther Dumons ( NCL ) Karate ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze Men kata Dack Vu Duc Minh ( NCL ) Lango Tumu ( VAN ) Men team kata New Caledonia ( NCL ) Dack Vu Duc Minh Faure Jean Emmanuel Pognon Kevyn Vanuatu ( VAN ) Lango Tumu Naieu Trevor Wilson Freddy Women kata Rothery Laura ( NCL ) Lango Vamule Vassy Mata ( VAN ) Mari Crystal Elizabeth Raka ( PNG ) Women team kata New Caledonia ( NCL ) Mondoloni Angelique Rothery Laura Schmidt Juliette Vanuatu ( VAN ) Lango Vamule Vassy Mata Lango Winona Yalou Augustine Men open kumite Hmana Iwe Rene ( NCL ) Bana Nigel ( PNG ) Siosi Tagoa Junior ( SOL ) Naieu Trevor ( VAN ) Men team kumite New Caledonia ( NCL ) Agamalu Dylan Annonier Mathieu Annonier Phillppe Dedieu Jonathan Faure Jean Emmanuel Haiu Lucien Hmana Iwe Rene Pognon Kevyn Vanuatu ( VAN ) Peato Petelo Perkon Lango Tumu Bule Cliford Noukout Reynold Breton Stephane Olule Christopher Pakoa Gely Robert Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) Sallawali Cosmas Walihl Bana Nigel Bougen Vincent Quentin Solomon Islands ( SOL ) Siosi Tafoa Junior Kenihiria Rex Samo Jasper Bisoka Frengy Ega Everest Foetaa Women open kumite Vacher Morane ( NCL ) Mari Crystal Elizabeth Raka ( PNG ) Lango Winona ( VAN ) Women team kumite New Caledonia ( NCL ) Rambans Romina Vacher Morane Vaysset Aurore Vanuatu ( VAN ) Lango Vamule Vassy Mata Lango Winona Tari Lynn Yalou Augustine Men kumite 60kg Di Matteo Jaremy ( NCL ) Iauko Joshua ( VAN ) Ega Everest Foetaa ( SOL ) Bana Nigel ( PNG ) Men kumite 67kg Faure Jean Emmanuel ( NCL ) Iauko Paul Henry ( VAN ) Bisoka Frengy ( SOL ) Men kumite 75kg Annonier Phillppe ( NCL ) Samo Jasper ( SOL ) Lango Tumu ( VAN ) Men kumite 84kg Breton Stephane ( VAN ) Bougen Vincent Quentin ( PNG ) Agamalu Dylan ( NCL ) Siosi Tafoa Junior ( SOL ) Men kumite 84 + kg Dedieu Jonathan ( NCL ) Peato Petelo Perkon ( VAN ) Women kumite 61kg Lango Vamule Vassy Mata ( VAN ) Mari Crystal Elizabeth Raka ( PNG ) Women kumite 68kg Vaysset Aurore ( NCL ) Yalou Augustine ( VAN ) Gwai Janet Lydia ( SOL ) Women kumite 68 + kg Rambans Romina ( NCL ) Tari Lynn ( VAN ) Rugby sevens ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze Men Samoa ( SAM ) Fiji ( FIJ ) Tonga ( TGA ) Calendar ( edit ) The following table provides a summary of the competition schedule. OC Opening ceremony Event competitions Commonwealth Games qualifying Event finals CC Closing ceremony December 2017 2nd Sat 3rd Sun 4th Mon 5th Tue 6th Wed 7th Thu 8th Fri 9th Sat 10th Sun 11th Mon 12th Tue 13th Wed 14th Thu 15th Fri Gold medals Ceremonies OC CC 3 - on - 3 basketball Archery 6 Athletics 9 11 11 16 47 Beach volleyball Boxing 10 10 Football Golf Judo 7 8 15 Karate 10 6 16 Netball Rugby sevens Table tennis 8 11 Tennis 7 Weightlifting 18 15 15 48 Total gold medals 0 0 0 18 24 25 11 19 0 9 11 16 25 14 172 Cumulative total 0 0 0 18 42 67 77 97 97 106 117 133 158 172 Notes ( edit ) ^ * No official Tahiti team took part in the 2017 Mini Games following the French Polynesian government 's decision to boycott the event. A number of Tahitian athletes competed under the banner of the Pacific Games Council. ^ a Athletics included four parasport events : men 's 100m -- ambulatory ; men 's javelin -- ambulatory ; men 's shot put -- seated ; and women 's shot put -- ambulatory. ^ b Table tennis to include four parasport events : men 's / women 's singles -- seated ; and men 's / women 's singles -- ambulatory. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sport : Officials confident 2017 Pacific Mini Games in Vanuatu remain on track ''. Radio New Zealand. 23 June 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Start date for 2017 Mini Games in Vanuatu pushed back '', Radio New Zealand, 21 January 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016. Jump up ^ `` 2017 Pacific Mini Games : Vanuatu Wins! '', Pacific Games Council. Retrieved 3 August 2016. Jump up ^ `` Spectator Guide '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ Schedule Jump up ^ Vanuatu Bid, pp. 10 -- 11. Jump up ^ Archery Jump up ^ Silver in archery warmly received Jump up ^ Archers Impress Team Fiji Boss Jump up ^ Father and daughter shooting for the stars Jump up ^ Boxing Jump up ^ Medalists Jump up ^ `` Golf ''. Jump up ^ Men result Golf Jump up ^ Women result Golf Jump up ^ Judo Results Jump up ^ Judo 1 Jump up ^ Judo 2 Jump up ^ Karate Jump up ^ Male team kata Jump up ^ Women kata Jump up ^ Rugby 7 results Jump up ^ Rugby Gold Jump up ^ Rugby bronze Jump up ^ `` Sports Schedule ''. Van2017.com. 2017. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Tahiti athletes to compete under neutral banner ''. The Vanuatu Independent. 1 December 2017. Archived from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` ONOC Chef de Mission Presentation ''. Sports TG. 10 April 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2015. Sources ( edit ) Charter - Constitution, Code of Conduct, Protocols, and Regulations adopted Apia, Samoa 14 May 2006 - As amended most recently in Wallis Island, 19 October 2012 ( PDF 0.3 MB ) ( Report ). Pacific Games Council. 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2013. Bid to host the Pacific Mini Games 2017 ( PDF 6.0 MB ) ( Report ). Government of the Republic of Vanuatu. 2011. Archived from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016. External links ( edit ) Official Website Result system Events at the 2017 Pacific Mini Games in Port Vila, Vanuatu 3 - on - 3 basketball Archery Athletics Beach volleyball Boxing Football men women Golf Judo Karate Netball Rugby sevens Table tennis Tennis Weightlifting Pacific Games Games South Pacific Suva 1963 Nouméa 1966 Port Moresby 1969 Papeete 1971 Guam 1975 Suva 1979 Apia 1983 Nouméa 1987 Port Moresby 1991 Papeete 1995 Guam 1999 Suva 2003 Apia 2007 Pacific Nouméa 2011 Port Moresby 2015 Apia 2019 Honiara 2023 Mini Games South Pacific Honiara 1981 Rarotonga 1985 Nuku'alofa 1989 Port Vila 1993 Pago Pago 1997 Kingston 2001 Koror 2005 Pacific Rarotonga 2009 Mata - Utu 2013 Port Vila 2017 Saipan 2021 By sport Archery Association football Athletics Baseball Basketball Beach volleyball Boxing Cricket Field hockey Golf Netball Rugby union ( 7s & 15s ) Rugby league ( 9s ) Sailing Surfing Swimming Table tennis Tennis Touch rugby Va'a Volleyball Weightlifting Wrestling Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Pacific_Mini_Games&oldid=854845362 '' Categories : Pacific Games 2017 in multi-sport events 2017 in Oceanian sport 2017 in Vanuatuan sport 2017 Pacific Games International sports competitions hosted by Vanuatu December 2017 sports events in Oceania Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018, at 05 : 30 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "2017 Pacific Mini Games", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=2017_Pacific_Mini_Games&amp;oldid=854845362" }

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{ "text": "Bloody Mary ( cocktail ) - wikipedia Bloody Mary ( cocktail ) Bloody Mary IBA official cocktail A Bloody Mary garnished with celery served with ice cubes in an Highball glass Type Mixed drink Primary alcohol by volume Vodka Served On the rocks ; poured over ice Standard garnish Celery stalk and lemon wedge ( optional ) Standard drinkware Highball glass IBA specified ingredients 4.5 cl ( 3 parts ) Vodka 9 cl ( 6 parts ) Tomato juice 1.5 cl ( 1 part ) Lemon juice 2 to 3 dashes of Worcestershire Sauce Tabasco Celery salt Pepper Preparation Stirring gently, pour all ingredients into highball glass. Garnish. Bloody Mary recipe at International Bartenders Association Bloody Mary A Bloody Mary is a cocktail containing vodka, tomato juice, and combinations of other spices and flavorings including Worcestershire sauce, hot sauces, garlic, herbs, horseradish, celery, olives, salt, black pepper, lemon juice, lime juice and / or celery salt. In the United States, it is usually consumed in the morning or early afternoon, and is popular as a hangover cure. The Bloody Mary was invented in the 1920s or 1930s ; there are various theories as to the origin of the drink, as well as the origin of its name. It has many variants, most notably the Red Snapper, the Virgin Mary, the Caesar, and the michelada. Seafood Bloody Mary. Surf and Turf Bloody Mary Contents 1 History 2 Origin of the name 3 Preparation and serving 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Fernand Petiot claimed to have invented the Bloody Mary in 1921, well before any of the later claims, according to his grand - daughter. He was working at the New York Bar in Paris at the time, which later became Harry 's New York Bar, a frequent Paris hangout for Ernest Hemingway and other American expatriates. The original cocktail is said to have been created on the spur - of - the - moment, according to the bar 's own traditions, consisting only of vodka and tomato juice. Harry 's Bar also claims to have created numerous other classic cocktails, including the White Lady and the Side Car. New York 's 21 Club has two claims associated with it. One is that it was invented in the 1930s by a bartender named Henry Zbikiewicz, who was charged with mixing Bloody Marys. Another attributes its invention to the comedian George Jessel, who frequented the 21 Club. In 1939, Lucius Beebe printed in his gossip column This New York one of the earliest U.S. references to this drink, along with the original recipe : `` George Jessel 's newest pick - me - up which is receiving attention from the town 's paragraphers is called a Bloody Mary : half tomato juice, half vodka ''. Fernand Petiot later claimed to have invented the modern Bloody Mary in 1934 as a refinement to Jessel 's drink, at the King Cole Room in New York 's St. Regis Hotel, according to the hotel 's own history. When Petiot spoke to The New Yorker magazine in July 1964, he said : `` I initiated the Bloody Mary of today, '' he told us. `` Jessel said he created it, but it was really nothing but vodka and tomato juice when I took it over. I cover the bottom of the shaker with four large dashes of salt, two dashes of black pepper, two dashes of cayenne pepper, and a layer of Worcestershire sauce ; I then add a dash of lemon juice and some cracked ice, put in two ounces of vodka and two ounces of thick tomato juice, shake, strain, and pour. We serve a hundred to a hundred and fifty Bloody Marys a day here in the King Cole Room and in the other restaurants and the banquet rooms. '' The cocktail was claimed as a new cocktail under the name `` Red Hammer '' in Life magazine in 1942, consisting of tomato juice, vodka, and lemon juice. Less than a month later in the same magazine, an advertisement for French 's Worcestershire Sauce suggested that it be added to a virgin `` Tomato Juice Cocktail '' along with tomato juice, salt, and pepper. The addition of salt to the alcoholic beverage was suggested that same year in a story in Hearst 's International Combined with Cosmopolitan. Origin of the name ( edit ) The name `` Bloody Mary '' is associated with a number of historical figures -- particularly Queen Mary I of England, who was nicknamed as such in Foxe 's Book of Martyrs for attempting to re-establish the Catholic Church in England -- and fictional women from folklore. Some drink aficionados believe the inspiration for the name was Hollywood star Mary Pickford. Others trace the name to a waitress named Mary who worked at a Chicago bar called the Bucket of Blood. The tradition at Harry 's New York Bar in Paris, according to manager Alain Da Silva in a 2011 interview, is that one of the patrons for whom the cocktail was first mixed in 1920 or 1921 declared, `` It looks like my girlfriend who I met in a cabaret '' ; the cabaret 's name was the Bucket of Blood and the girlfriend 's name was Mary, so the patrons and bartender `` Pete '' Petiot agreed to call it a `` Bloody Mary ''. Yet another suggested origin of `` Bloody Mary '' is that the name in English simply arose from `` a failure to pronounce the Slav syllables of a drink called Vladimir '', which gains some credibility from the anecdotal observation that the customer at The New York Bar for whom Fernand Petiot prepared the drink in 1920 / 21 was Vladimir Smirnov, of the Smirnoff vodka family. Preparation and serving ( edit ) In the United States, the Bloody Mary is a common `` Hair of the dog '' drink, reputed to cure hangovers with its combination of a heavy vegetable base ( to settle the stomach ), salt ( to replenish lost electrolytes ), and alcohol ( to relieve head and body aches ). Most medical advice suggests that the alcohol only numbs the discomfort : Only rest, water, and electrolyte replacement can cure a hangover. Nonetheless, Bloody Mary enthusiasts enjoy some relief from the numbing effects of the alcohol, as well as the placebo effect. Its reputation as a restorative beverage contributes to the popularity of the Bloody Mary in the morning and early afternoon, especially at brunches. The drink is traditionally served over ice in a tall glass, such as a highball, flared pint or hurricane glass. The two critical ingredients, vodka and tomato juice, are relatively simple ; however, the drink almost never consists of these two ingredients alone. Among the more common additions to the juice base are salt or celery salt ( either mixed in or as a salted rim ), cracked pepper, hot sauce ( such as Tabasco ), citrus juices ( especially lemon or lime ), Worcestershire sauce, celery seed, horseradish, clam juice or olive brine, brown sugar or molasses, and / or bitters. Some or all of these ingredients can come pre-mixed with the tomato juice as a single `` Bloody Mary mix '' to which the vodka is added, or the drink may be hand - constructed by the bartender from raw ingredients according to the patron 's preference. A common garnish is a celery stalk when served in a tall glass ; other common garnishes include olives, cheese cubes, a dill pickle spear, lemon wedges, dried sausage, and / or shrimp ( as the taste of the drink is often reminiscent of shrimp cocktail sauce ). There is a considerable amount of variation available in the drink 's construction and presentation including the use of different base spirits like bourbon, rye, tequila, or gin. Gin is often preferred in the UK, sometimes called a Red Snapper ( although this name is also used for other variants ), or Ruddy Mary. In addition to the aforementioned more traditional ingredients, practically anything can be added to the drink itself or as a garnish according to the drinker 's wishes or the bartender 's or establishment 's traditions. Some variations of the Bloody Mary served by restaurants are designed to be a meal as well as a drink, coming with massive `` garnishes '' on skewers inserted into the glass, including ribs, miniature hamburgers called `` sliders '', grilled or fried shrimp, kebabs, sandwich wedges, fruit slices, and even sashimi. The drink itself can be served in any of a variety of glasses, from wine glasses to schooners or beer steins, according to tradition or availability. It is a tradition in the upper Midwest, particularly in Wisconsin, to serve a Bloody Mary with a small beer chaser. A Virgin Mary, also known as a `` Bloody Virgin '' or `` Bloody Shame '' ( the latter especially in Australia ) is a non-alcoholic cocktail, generally using the same ingredients and garnish as a Bloody Mary ( according to local custom ), but with the spirits replaced by additional tomato juice or prepared mix. See also ( edit ) Drink portal Liquor portal Caesar ( cocktail ) List of cocktails Michelada References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sutcliffe, Theodora. `` Fernand Petiot ''. Difford 's Guide. Odd Firm of Sin Ltd. Retrieved 9 November 2017. Jump up ^ MacElhone, Andrew & MacElhone, Duncan ( 1996 ) ( 1986 ). Harry 's ABC of Mixing Cocktails. Souvenir Press. p. 35. ISBN 0 - 285 - 63358 - 9. ^ Jump up to : Chazan, David ( 25 November 2011 ). `` A century of Harry 's Bar in Paris ''. BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 9 November 2017. The story is that there were a few customers, a few friends, and the bartender, Pete ( sic ) Petiot, made a cocktail for them with tomato juice and vodka. Jump up ^ The History of Harry 's New York Bar - Book and Bar 's Website article Jump up ^ Smith, Andrew F. ( 2007 ). The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink. New York : Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 55. Jump up ^ Lucius Beebe ( December 2, 1939 ). `` George Jessel 's newest pick - me - up which is receiving attention from the town 's paragraphers is called Bloody Mary ''. New York Herald Tribune. p. 9. Jump up ^ `` King Cole Bar : The History Of The Red Snapper ''. The St. Regis New York. Marriott International, Inc. Retrieved 9 November 2017. Jump up ^ Park, Michael Y. ( 1 December 2008 ). `` Happy Birthday, Bloody Mary! ''. Epicurious. Retrieved 11 July 2011. Jump up ^ `` Hollywood goes Russian ''. Life magazine. 13 ( 8 ) : 38. 1942. ' Red Hammer ' is a new Hollywood cocktail. Helene Reynolds mixes one for Bob Turner at her party. It is part tomato juice and part vodka, with a dash of lemon. Jump up ^ LIFE. Time Inc. 5 October 1942. Retrieved 15 April 2014. Jump up ^ Dodge, David ( July 1942 ), `` Shear the Black Sheep '', Hearst 's international combined with Cosmopolitan, Volume 113 ( Issue 1 ), p. 144, retrieved 15 April 2014, ' A couple of Bloody Marys. ' The bartender shook his head. ' You got me, friend. ' ' A glass of tomato juice, ice, a slug of vodka and some salt. ' Jump up ^ `` Potent pick - me - up ''. Chicago Tribune. 24 July 2002. Retrieved 1 May 2012. Jump up ^ Bloody Marys at 1933 prices just the tonic for NYC Reuters, 2 December 2008 Jump up ^ Leigh Fermor, Patrick ( November 1, 1976 ). `` Auberon Herbert ''. In Joliffe, John. Auberon Herbert : A Composite Portrait. Michael Russell. ISBN 978 - 0859550482. Cited in Leigh Fermor, Patrick ( 2003 ). Cooper, Artemis, ed. Words of Mercury. John Murray. p. 160. ISBN 978 - 0719561061. Jump up ^ Samuels, Brian ( March 18, 2013 ). `` The History of the Bloody Mary ''. The Boys Club. Retrieved November 30, 2013. Jump up ^ Shoffner, Robert ( 2008 - 07 - 01 ). `` Here 's to the Bloody Mary ''. The Washingtonian. Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 09. Jump up ^ `` 9 Myths About Your Hangover '' by Dana Dudepohl, Marie Claire, at WebMD.com Jump up ^ But Does It Actually Cure Hangovers? Cracked.com Jump up ^ Mud in Your Eye ; a Sheep 's Eye in Your Drink Los Angeles Times, 30 December 2001 Jump up ^ Hangovers : There Is A Cure Huffington Post, 29 November 2011 Jump up ^ Garbarino, Steve ( 21 May 2011 ). `` The Bloody Mary Makeover ''. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 July 2011. Jump up ^ Cloake, Felicity. `` How to make the perfect bloody mary ''. theguardian. The Guardian. Retrieved 9 November 2017. ^ Jump up to : Emen, Jake ( Feb 16, 2016 ). `` A Guide to the Bloody Mary and its Many Variations ''. Eater. Vox Media. Retrieved 9 November 2017. This article lists many variations. Jump up ^ `` Ask OMC : Why do Bloodys come with beer chasers? ''. OnMilwaukee.com. Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Bartending / Cocktails / Bloody Mary ''. WikiBooks. WikiMedia. Retrieved 9 November 2017. External links ( edit ) Media related to Bloody Mary at Wikimedia Commons Alcoholic drinks History and production History of alcohol History of alcoholic beverages History of beer History of wine History of Bordeaux wine History of Champagne History of Chianti History of French wine History of Portuguese wine History of Rioja wine History of Sherry History of South African wine Production Alcohol industry Brewing Distillation Drinking establishments Fermentation Winemaking Alcoholic drinks Fermented drink Beer Cider Mead Rice wine Sake Wine Other fermented drinks Distilled drink Brandy Gin Liqueur Rum Tequila Vodka Whisky Other distilled drinks Fortified wine Madeira wine Marsala wine Port wine Sherry Vermouth Other fortified wines Distilled drinks by ingredients Fruit Apple Applejack Calvados Cashew apple Feni Coconut Arrack Fig Boukha Grape Armagnac Brandy Cognac Pisco Plum Slivovitz Țuică Pomace Chacha Grappa Marc Orujo Tsikoudia Tsipouro Zivania Various fruits Eau de vie Himbeergeist Kirschwasser Marillenschnaps Nalewka Pálinka Rakia Schnaps Cereals Barley Irish whiskey Japanese whisky Scotch whisky Maize Bourbon whiskey Corn whiskey Tennessee whiskey Rice Awamori Cheongju Rice baijiu Shochu Soju Rye Korn Rye whiskey Starka Sorghum Baijiu ( Kaoliang wine ) Multiple grains American whiskey Canadian whisky Other Agave Mezcal Tequila Buckwheat Buckwheat whisky Shochu Sugarcane or molasses Aguardiente Cachaça Clairin Guaro Rum Seco Herrerano Tharra Various starches Akvavit Horilka Poitín Shochu Vodka Liqueurs and infused distilled drinks by ingredients Almond Amaretto Crème de Noyaux Anise Absinthe Arak Hierbas Herbs de Majorca Ouzo Pastis Rakı Sambuca Blackthorn shrub Patxaran Chili peppers Pertsivka Chocolate Chocolate liqueur Cinnamon Tentura Cloudberry Lakka Coconut Malibu Coffee Kahlúa Tia Maria Egg Advocaat Hazelnut Frangelico Herbs Aquavit Bénédictine Brennivín Crème de menthe Metaxa Unicum Honey Bärenjäger Drambuie Glayva Krupnik Juniper Gin Jenever Orange Campari Cedratine Curaçao Triple sec Star anise Sassolino Sugarcane / molasses Charanda Various fruits Crème de banane Crème de cassis Limoncello Schnapps Sloe gin Portals Liquor Beer Drink Wine WikiProjects Beer Spirits Wine International Bartenders Association Official Cocktails List of IBA official cocktails The Unforgettables Alexander Americano Angel Face Aviation Bacardi cocktail Between the Sheets Casino Clover Club Daiquiri Derby Dry Martini Gin Fizz John Collins Manhattan Mary Pickford Monkey Gland Negroni Old Fashioned Paradise Planter 's Punch Porto flip Ramos Fizz Rusty Nail Sazerac Screwdriver Sidecar Stinger Tuxedo Whiskey Sour White Lady Contemporary Classics Bellini Black Russian Bloody Mary Caipirinha Champagne cocktail Cosmopolitan Cuba Libre French Connection French 75 Godfather Godmother Golden Dream Grasshopper Harvey Wallbanger Hemingway Special Horse 's Neck Irish coffee Kir Long Island Iced Tea Mai Tai Margarita Mimosa Mint julep Mojito Moscow mule Piña colada Rose Sea Breeze Sex on the Beach Singapore Sling Tequila Sunrise White Russian New Era Drinks Barracuda Bramble B - 52 Dark ' n ' Stormy Dirty Martini Espresso Martini French Martini Kamikaze Lemon drop Pisco Sour Russian Spring Punch Spritz Veneziano Tommy 's Margarita Vampiro Vesper Yellow Bird See also List of cocktails Classic cocktails Liquor portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bloody_Mary_(cocktail)&oldid=852309582 '' Categories : Cocktails with vodka Eponymous food Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages move - protected due to vandalism Articles with hRecipes All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2014 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська West - Vlams ייִדיש 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018, at 01 : 53 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "Bloody Mary (cocktail)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Bloody_Mary_(cocktail)&amp;oldid=852309582" }

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{ "text": "Virgin Active - wikipedia Virgin Active Jump to : navigation, search A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia 's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Virgin Active Limited Type Joint venture Industry Health club, gym Founded Preston, Lancashire, United Kingdom ( 1998 ( 1998 ) ) Founder Richard Branson Headquarters London, England Number of locations 253 total 61 ( UK ) 133 ( South Africa ) 33 ( Italy ) 8 ( Spain ) 4 ( Portugal ) 6 ( Australia ) 1 ( Singapore ) 4 ( Thailand ) 2 ( Namibia ) 1 ( Botswana ) Area served South Africa, Namibia, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Australia, UK, Singapore, Thailand Owner Christoffel Wiese ( 80 % ) Virgin Group ( 20 % ) Website www.virginactive.com Virgin Active is a chain of health clubs in South Africa, Namibia, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Australia, Singapore, Thailand and the United Kingdom. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Controversy 3 Accidents and Deaths 4 External links 5 References History ( edit ) The gym company launched in 1999 in Preston, Lancashire as part of Richard Branson 's Virgin Group, initially headquartered in Milton Keynes. In 2013 headquarters were moved to the Barbican in London leaving a small call centre in Milton Keynes. In South Africa the company bought the assets of the ' Health and Racquet Club ' chain after the latter 's parent company, Leisurenet, had been placed in liquidation in October 2000 for 319.6 million South African Rand ( approximately £ 24.5 m as at November 2011 ). The South African company also runs Virgin Life Care. In 2002, by which point the company had 350,000 members, Branson sold 55 percent of the company to Bridgepoint Capital for £ 40 million. In 2005, Branson bought out Bridgepoint 's stake in the business for £ 134.5 million. It subsequently expanded its operations in 2004 to Italy. By 2005 the company had 25 clubs in the UK, 77 clubs in South Africa and 12 clubs in Continental Europe. It opened its first Australian club in Sydney in late 2008, with further clubs launch in Singapore and Thailand in 2015. On 1 November 2006 it took over the UK - based operation of the more prestigious Holmes Place chain, thus increasing its UK chain of clubs from 24 to 72 overnight. On 26 April 2011 it announced the takeover of UK gym operator Esporta 's 55 clubs increasing the UK business to 124 clubs. The current Group CEO is Paul Woolf, who succeeded founder Matthew Bucknall in late 2013. In 2014 Virgin Active launched a new low - cost gym called Virgin Active RED in South Africa. The RED gyms focuses on first timers who may be intimidated by training by strategically placing exercise equipment in different stages around the gym and further having touch screen computers and other technologies placed in these predefined area 's teaching the user how to do the exercise correctly. On 16 April 2015, it was reported that Virgin Group and their private equity backers had sold 80 % of Virgin Active to the South African investment firm Brait, owned by the billionaire Christo Wiese. The sale price was £ 682 million for an 80 % stake, valuing the business at £ 1.3 billion, including debt, and the transaction was completed in July 2015. The company will continue to operate under the Virgin Active brand. In 2016 they began the sale of 35 clubs to Nuffield health In 2017 they completed a sale of 15 clubs to David Lloyd Controversy ( edit ) In December 2015, the South African Competition Tribunal announced that it is investigating Virgin Active 's South African operations and the Discovery Group for contravening the Competition Act. The investigation is ongoing. Accidents and deaths ( edit ) In March 2003, 32 year old City banker Katarzyna Woja stepped out of the lift at the Virgin Active ( then Holmes Place ) Broadgate Health Club in central London, when its cable snapped and the hydraulic cabin plunged downwards. Woja became trapped between the cabin 's mantel and the lift shaft and was dragged downwards, suffering horrific injuries. She died soon after. Although she was with seven other people in the lift, she was the only one injured in the accident, as she was the last one to step out of the lift. Following a lengthy investigation by health and safety experts Holmes Place ( bought by Virgin Active ) was charged with six breaches of the Health and Safety at Work Act while the lift manufacturer ThyssenKrupp was charged with four breaches. In December 2011 Virgin 's flag ship club in High Street Kensington was accused of covering up the death of model and city worker Elsa Carneau, who drowned in the swimming pool at the west London club. A fire crew and paramedics tried to revive the Imperial College graduate for almost an hour before she was taken to Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, where she was pronounced dead. Westminster coroner 's court heard that staff at the club administered CPR incorrectly and falsified paperwork relating to CCTV checks to pretend that they had been monitoring the pool in a `` distasteful '' attempt to cover their tracks. Firemen also described how a man, who said he was a member of staff, had stood by filming efforts to resuscitate Carneau on his mobile telephone. Pierre Carneau, the victim 's father criticised Virgin active for not apologising for the accident. He stated `` It was an accident waiting to happen. If things had been done properly, I think there 's a chance our daughter may still be alive. '' Virgin Active admitted health and safety breaches and was fined £ 100,000 at Southwark Crown Court in December last year. An investigation found `` serious shortcomings in the management of risks connected with swimming activity at the club '' going back to 2009. In April 2014, three gym goers were where injured when a suspended ceiling collapsed on to a line of rowing machines at the Virgin Active on Chiswick High Road, in West London. External links ( edit ) Virgin Active Global Portal Virgin Active Australia Virgin Active Italy Virgin Active Portugal Virgin Active Singapore Virgin Active South Africa Virgin Active Spain Virgin Active UK References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Branson set to pump £ 110m from health clubs sale into... ''. The Independent. London. 25 February 2002. Retrieved 28 November 2011. The group, which started Virgin Active in 1998, said it would pump the proceeds into developing Virgin Mobile, ^ Jump up to : Reece, Damian ( 24 February 2002 ). `` Branson sells health stake to buy new island ''. The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 28 November 2011. Jump up ^ Mathews, Charlotte ( 24 April 2002 ). `` South Africa : Legal Bills Mounting in Leisurenet Probe ''. BusinessDay. allafrica.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011. Jump up ^ Maphologela, Kgamanyane ( 18 December 2000 ). `` South Africa : Future Of Health And Racquet Club Staff Still In Doubt ''. Business Day. allafrica.com. Retrieved 27 November 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Bridgepoint sells its stake in Virgin Active back to Virgin for £ 134.5 m ''. AltAssets. 5 October 2005. Retrieved 28 November 2011. Jump up ^ Walsh, Dominic ( May 11, 2009 ). `` Virgin Active seeks to grow la dolce vita ''. London : The Times. Archived from the original on 14 May 2009. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 29. Jump up ^ Hammond, Michelle ( 18 July 2011 ). `` Branson 's Virgin Active flags Aussie expansion ''. StartupSmart. Retrieved 28 November 2011. Jump up ^ Fildes, Nic ( 4 September 2006 ). `` Virgin Active merges with Holmes Place ''. London : Independent.co.uk. Retrieved 4 September 2006. Jump up ^ `` Virgin Active buys rival Esporta ''. FT.com. Retrieved 26 April 2011. Jump up ^ Kollewe, Julia ( 16 April 2015 ). `` Virgin Active stake sold to South Africa 's Brait for £ 682m ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 16 April 2015. Jump up ^ `` Van Rensburg, Dewald ( 8 December 2015 ). Discovery accused of quashing Virgin, Planet Fitness rivals ''. City Press. Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 03. Jump up ^ `` Health club prosecuted over lift death ''. The Telegraph. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21. Jump up ^ `` Branson 's Virgin Gyms criticised after model drowns in pool ''. The Telegraph. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16. Jump up ^ `` Virgin have never said sorry, says father of former model who drowned at health club ''. The Standard. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16. Jump up ^ `` Gym worker took video of drowning swimmer ''. The Times. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16. Jump up ^ `` Richard Branson 's flagship Virgin Active club criticised by coroner after pool death of former model ''. The Mirror. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16. Jump up ^ `` Three injured after ceiling collapses at Virgin Active gym in west London ''. The Telegraph. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21. Virgin Group Assets Lifestyle Active Balloon Flights Books Care Experience Days Games Gaming Health Bank Voucher Electric Racing Wines Travel and Transport Atlantic Vacations Virgin Australia Holdings Australia Regional Tigerair Australia Galactic Orbit Holidays Travel City Direct Hotels Chicago Limited Edition Natirar Necker Roof Gardens Ulusaba Limobike Oceanic Trains East Coast West Coast Voyages Music Megastores Records Virgin EMI V Festival Money Money ( UK ) Money ( Australia ) Media Connect Media Ireland Virgin Mobile Australia Canada Chile France India Poland South Africa USA UK Produced Radio UK France Canada Toronto Montreal Vancouver Calgary Edmonton Winnipeg London, ON Italy Dubai Turkey Jordan Thailand Virgin Hitz Eazy FM Lebanon Jakarta Former Comics Festival ( North America ) Festival ( Australia ) Green Fund Heaven Ouï FM Racing ( F1 ) Radio ( Ottawa ) UK radio Classic Groove Xtreme V2 Records Virgin.net Virgin America Defunct Brides Cars Charter Cinemas Digital Digital Help Drinks Cola Vodka Electronics Energy Express Films Interactive Limousines Little Red Megastores ( UK ) Media Television Money ( US ) Nigeria Northern Rock Play Radio Free Samoa Sun Trains CrossCountry Trains ExpressCoach Vie People Richard Branson Nik Powell Other Losing My Virginity Timeline of Richard Branson 's business ventures Unite ( charity ) Virgin Earth Challenge DS Virgin Racing Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virgin_Active&oldid=801125915 '' Categories : Health clubs in the United Kingdom Virgin Group Companies established in 1998 Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017, at 20 : 33. About Wikipedia", "title": "Virgin Active", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Virgin_Active&amp;oldid=801125915" }

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{ "text": "Capitals of Brazil - Wikipedia Capitals of Brazil Jump to : navigation, search This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The current Capital of Brazil ( Brasil ) is Brasília. The city of Salvador is usually called the `` first capital of Brazil '' for being more than two centuries the seat for the Portuguese colonial administration in Brazil ( general government and viceroyalty ). History ( edit ) Salvador was established in 1549 by the first Governor - General of Portuguese South America shortly after colonisation began. The city became the seat of the first Catholic bishopric of Brazil in 1552, and is still the center of Brazilian Catholicism. In the 17th century Rio de Janeiro became a far more practical export port than Salvador, and the colonial administration was moved in 1763. In 1808 the Portuguese royal family and most of the aristocracy in the Portuguese capital Lisbon fled Portugal ahead of Napoleon 's invasion. The Portuguese capital was temporarily transferred from Europe to Rio de Janeiro. The city remained the capital after the independence of Brazil in 1822 and after the abolition of the monarchy in 1889. In the 1950s plans were considered for moving the federal capital from the east coast to the interior ; the interior was sparsely populated and it was hoped that moving the capital to the region would help populate the area. The new capital, Brasília, was inaugurated as the federal capital on 21 April 1960 after being purpose built at great cost of 2 trillion U.S. dollars. National capitals of Brazil ( edit ) São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos ( 1534 -- 1763 ) Salvador ( 1572 -- 1578 / 1581 ) -- capital city of the State of Maranhão Salvador ( 1621 -- 1640 ) -- capital city of the State of Maranhão under the Iberian Union São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro ( 1572 -- 1578 / 1581 ) -- capital city of the State of Brazil Rio de Janeiro ( 1763 -- 1815 ) -- capital city of the Viceroyalty of Brazil Rio de Janeiro ( 1815 -- 1822 ) -- capital city of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves Rio de Janeiro ( 1822 -- 1889 ) -- capital city of the Empire of Brazil Rio de Janeiro ( 1889 -- 1960 ) -- capital city of the Republic of the United States of Brazil Brasília ( 1960 -- present ) -- capital city of the Republic of the United States of Brazil, and since 1967 the Federative Republic of Brazil This article about politics in Brazil is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capitals_of_Brazil&oldid=803972289 '' Categories : Government of Brazil Political history of Brazil Capitals by country Brazil politics stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from April 2013 All articles lacking sources All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017, at 21 : 12. About Wikipedia", "title": "Capitals of Brazil", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Capitals_of_Brazil&amp;oldid=803972289" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "-- 1763 ) Salvador ( 1572 -- 1578 / 1581 ) -- capital city of the State of Maranhão Salvador ( 1621 -- 1640 ) -- capital city of the State of Maranhão under the Iberian Union São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro ( 1572 -- 1578 / 1581 ) -- capital city of the State of Brazil Rio de Janeiro ( 1763 -- 1815 ) -- capital city of the Viceroyalty of Brazil Rio de Janeiro ( 1815 -- 1822 ) -- capital city of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves Rio de Janeiro ( 1822 -- 1889 ) -- capital city of the Empire of Brazil Rio de Janeiro ( 1889 -- 1960 ) -- capital city of the Republic of the United States of Brazil Brasília ( 1960 -- present ) -- capital city of the Republic of the United States of Brazil, and since 1967 the Federative Republic of Brazil This article about politics in Brazil is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capitals_of_Brazil&oldid=803972289 '' Categories : Government of Brazil Political history of Brazil Capitals by country Brazil politics stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from April 2013 All articles lacking" ], "id": [ "1752666876201245670" ], "short_answers": [ "Rio de Janeiro" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Kath & Kimderella - wikipedia Kath & Kimderella Jump to : navigation, search Kath and Kimderella Theatrical poster Directed by Ted Emery Produced by Gina Riley Jane Turner Rick McKenna Greg Sitch Written by Gina Riley Jane Turner Magda Szubanski Starring Jane Turner Gina Riley Magda Szubanski Peter Rowsthorn Glenn Robbins Rob Sitch Richard E. Grant Barry Humphries Music by Kim Green Andrew Kotatko Cinematography David Parker Edited by Steven Robinson ASE Production company Turner Productions Screen Australia Distributed by Roadshow Films Release date 6 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 06 ) Running time 86 minutes Country Australia Language English Box office $6,150,771 Kath & Kimderella is a 2012 Australian film. It is a spin - off of the hit television series, Kath & Kim created by Gina Riley and Jane Turner, and is written by and starring Riley, Turner, and Magda Szubanski. The film was released in Australia in September 2012, and arrived on Blu - ray and DVD on 23 May 2013. It premiered on Australian television just five days after, on the Seven Network. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Box office 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Kath Day - Knight ( Jane Turner ) is still living in Fountain Lakes, Melbourne, however Kel ( Glenn Robbins ) has become a bore after their honeymoon period, and Kim ( Gina Riley ) has moved back in after a divorce with Brett ( Peter Rowsthorn ), despite receiving marriage counselling from Marion ( Marg Downey ). While visiting the local pharmacy for wart remover, Kath fills out a form for a chance to win a holiday to ( the fictional ) `` Kingdom of Papilloma '', on the heel of Italy ( with the real scenes being filmed in Positano ). Initially asking Kel, who refuses to travel because of his fear of flying and his dedication to watching the finals of MasterChef, Kath reluctantly decides to take Kim and Sharon ( Magda Szubanski ) along on the trip. Coincidentally, Prue ( Jane Turner ) and Trude ( Gina Riley ) are clandestinely embarking on a holiday to Italy at the same time. After a 50 - plus hour flight, the three arrive in Italy exhausted. Becoming energised again following a stop at a cheap knock - off fashion shop, they arrive in Papilloma to find that their accommodation has closed down. Deciding to take their complimentary trip to the castle which sits atop the hill, they meet page Alain ( Richard E. Grant ), who Sharon takes a liking to, and King Javier ( Rob Sitch ), who takes a liking to Kath, and allows all three to stay in the castle, under the impression the three are rich from their imitation - brand clothing and can save him from bankruptcy. Meanwhile, a strange noise can be heard echoing throughout the castle, eyes watch from holes in pictures, and a masked figure, revealed to be the son of Javier, Prince Julio ( Erin Mullally ), becomes attracted to Kim ( thinking that she is royalty from her top bearing the title `` Princess '' ). Javier shows Kath through the town, where it becomes apparent that he is not liked by the poor townspeople, being spat at and having a tomato thrown at him. He later invites the three to a ' 80s-esque club, where they dance to `` Wake Me Up Before You Go - Go '' before Javier arrests a gay couple who were dancing, informing Kath that homosexuality is illegal in Papilloma. At a later date, the three are invited to a royal ball, to which Kim wears a large gypsy - inspired pink dress. The masked figure approaches and proposes to Kim, who initially refuses because she thinks his mask is hiding a disfigurement. Disregarding Javier 's protests, Julio unmasks himself, revealing a handsome face, blond hair hidden by a wig and his crooked teeth to be fake. The invited townspeople gasp as it becomes apparent from his appearance he is not the queen 's son. Kim then accepts ( stating that she 's `` done worse '' ), and the imminent royal wedding makes worldwide news. The same night, a fire is noticed on one of the castle 's turrets. Rushing inside, the royals, along with Kath, Kim and Sharon, discover that the queen has appeared and set the castle on fire from Kim and Sharon 's bedroom using Kim 's hair straightener. However, the queen is suddenly killed by a falling chandelier and the fire is put out ; Javier puts the girls ' minds at ease when he explains that the queen was locked up because she was `` crazy '', jealous of his attraction to Kath and the source of the noises made around the castle. Back in Australia, Kel is watching MasterChef with Brett when a news update from Papilloma about the royal wedding interrupts the show, and Brett realises it is Kim getting hitched. Javier is then shown grabbing Kath 's backside, and Kel thinks she is having an affair. The pair decide to fly to Papilloma, but not before Kel receives hypnosis therapy from Marion to combat his fear of flying, which turns strangely sexual and programs him with the phrase `` Tray tables up ''. While on the flight with Brett and Epponnee - Rae ( Morghyne de Vries ), now a spoiled brat who participates in child beauty pageants, Kel hears the phrase during the announcement that the flight will soon be touching down. In a trance, he makes his way to the toilet, where he undresses before later collecting his luggage, opens the sealed door ( with the plane having just pulled into the airport ), triggering the evacuation slide and leaves. In Papilloma, Kath confronts Javier about being a despot, who rules Papilloma as an absolute monarch. Kel interrupts Javier attempting to put the moves on Kim, and the two engage in a sword duel for her affections ; Kel wins and Javier flees. Kim and Sharon become lost before the wedding after exploring their shared bedroom 's closet, with Kim having been sabotaged and attempted to be killed by maid Isabella ( Jessica De Gouw ), who loves Julio and earlier had been teased by Kim. After Kim and Sharon come across a disco - like chamber, it is revealed that Alain has kept all of the imprisoned townspeople and homosexuals there, and they are soon freed, as Kath and Kel, making their way to the wedding, discover the lost Kim and Sharon. Kim laments her messy hair, however Kath, in a fantasy moment, practices her amateur TAFE - learnt `` wicca '' on Kim, giving her a makeover ( but not before turning her into Dame Edna ). With the four finally arriving at the wedding, Epponnee - Rae and Brett ( who made their way to Papilloma with Prue and Trude, who are also in attendance ) interrupt Kim and Julio 's vows, and set off a heated argument in which it is revealed that Kim is not actually royalty, and that Julio ( who had earlier revealed that his mother is Elle Macpherson ) is not Javier 's son, as he fathered no children. Gary Poole ( Mick Molloy, who earlier appeared in a flashback ), Kath 's ex-husband and Kim 's father, is revealed to be an extradited royal descendant, therefore making Kath a queen and Kim a princess. Alain also confesses he was `` forced '' to make love to the queen, and fathered a daughter, the maid Isabella, who professes her love for Prince Julio. Following the unsuccessful wedding, the royals ( including Kath and Kim ) along with Kel and Brett appear on a balcony above the town square, where the townspeople chant for food. Javier decides to relinquish some of his power ( allowing Papilloma to become a democracy ), and a party with plentiful food is later thrown, which the townspeople attend. At the party, Sharon passionately kisses Alain, who tells her he ca n't return her affections because she 's gay ( which had been hinted at throughout the film, referencing Szubanski 's real - life coming out ), leaving her confused and disheartened before she meets Stephanie ( Tasneem Roc ), who shares her interest in golf and netball. Kath and Kim later discuss returning to Australia after their eventful, fairy tale - like holiday. Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Kath & Kim characters Jane Turner as Kath Day - Knight and Prue Gina Riley as Kim Craig and Trude Magda Szubanski as Sharon Strzelecki Glenn Robbins as Kel Knight Peter Rowsthorn as Brett Craig Rob Sitch as King Javier of Papilloma Richard E. Grant as Alain Barry Humphries as Dame Edna Everage Alex Perry as himself Marg Downey as Marion Nicholas Bell as Priest Glenn Butcher as Sergio George Calombaris as himself Jessica De Gouw as Isabella Julie Forsyth as Queen Christina Bryce Hardy as Bryce Waterhouse ( flight attendant ) Mick Molloy as Gary Poole Erin Mullally as Prince Julio Robert Ratti as Tony Tasneem Roc as Stephanie Murdoch Lisa Spurrell as Cloaked Person Mark Trevorrow as Marko Frank Woodley as Castle Translator Production ( edit ) The film was originally titled Kath & Kim -- The Filum. The title was later changed with Riley stating that the new title reflects the elements of the storyline of Kath and Kim in a fractured fairytale. The holiday scenes were shot in Positano, Italy and filming took a total of two weeks. Reception ( edit ) The film opened at number one at the Australian box office, taking in $2.1 million. It was the second highest opening for an Australian film in 2012, behind The Sapphires. The film received primarily negative reviews from critics, with a 26 % `` rotten '' approval rating at review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes and a 5.2 / 10 rating on IMDb. ABC Television 's film review series At the Movies rated the film two stars out of five ; critic David Stratton, who reviewed the film, admitted he was not a fan of the television show that inspired it. Box office ( edit ) As of 16 October 2012 the film had grossed $6,150,771 at the Australian box office. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Kath and Kimderella ' movie trailer released - watch ''. Digital Spy. Jump up ^ `` Kath and Kim wrap up shoot '' ( video ). Seven News. Jump up ^ `` Kath and Kim beat The Expendables 2 at the Australian box office ''. Herald Sun. Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kath_and_kimderella/ Jump up ^ `` Kath & Kimderella ( 2012 ) ''. IMDb. 6 September 2012. Jump up ^ `` Kath & Kimderella ''. At the Movies - ABC TV. Jump up ^ `` Kath & Kimderella ( 2012 ) ''. boxofficemojo.com. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kath & Kimderella. Official website Kath & Kimderella on IMDb ( hide ) Kath & Kim Characters Kath Day - Knight Kim Craig Sharon Strzelecki Brett Craig Kel Knight Episodes and films Episodes Da Kath and Kim Code ( 2005 telemovie ) Kath & Kimderella ( 2012 feature film ) American version Kath & Kim ( U.S. ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kath_%26_Kimderella&oldid=798317310 '' Categories : 2012 films English - language films 2010s comedy films Australian films Australian comedy films Films shot in Melbourne Films shot in Italy Films based on television series Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017, at 06 : 00. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Kath & Kimderella", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Kath_%26_Kimderella&amp;oldid=798317310" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Kath Day - Knight ( Jane Turner ) is still living in Fountain Lakes, Melbourne, however Kel ( Glenn Robbins ) has become a bore after their honeymoon period, and Kim ( Gina Riley ) has moved back in after a divorce with Brett ( Peter Rowsthorn ), despite receiving marriage counselling from Marion ( Marg Downey ). While visiting the local pharmacy for wart remover, Kath fills out a form for a chance to win a holiday to ( the fictional ) `` Kingdom of Papilloma '', on the heel of Italy ( with the real scenes being filmed in Positano ). Initially asking Kel, who refuses to travel because of his fear of flying and his dedication to watching the finals of MasterChef, Kath reluctantly decides to take Kim and Sharon ( Magda Szubanski ) along on the trip. Coincidentally, Prue ( Jane Turner ) and Trude ( Gina Riley ) are clandestinely embarking on a holiday to Italy at the same time. After a 50 - plus hour flight, the three arrive in Italy exhausted. Becoming energised again following a stop at a cheap knock - off fashion shop, they arrive in Papilloma to find that their accommodation has closed down. Deciding to take their complimentary trip to the castle which sits atop the hill" ], "id": [ "4978194695190481708" ], "short_answers": [ "Positano" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Configuration Management - wikipedia Configuration Management Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the broad systems engineering process. For the specific ITIL process, see Configuration Management ( ITSM ). Business administration Management of a business Accounting ( show ) Management accounting Financial accounting Financial audit Business entities ( show ) Cooperative Corporation Limited liability company Partnership Sole proprietorship State - owned enterprise Corporate governance ( show ) Annual general meeting Board of directors Supervisory board Advisory board Audit committee Corporate law ( show ) Commercial law Constitutional documents Contract Corporate crime Corporate liability Insolvency law International trade law Mergers and acquisitions Economics ( show ) Commodity Public economics Labour economics Development economics International economics Mixed economy Planned economy Econometrics Environmental economics Open economy Market economy Knowledge economy Microeconomics Macroeconomics Economic development Economic statistics Finance ( show ) Financial statement Insurance Factoring Cash conversion cycle Insider dealing Capital budgeting Commercial bank Derivative Financial statement analysis Financial risk Public finance Corporate finance Managerial finance International finance Liquidation Stock market Financial market Tax Financial institution Working capital Venture capital Marketing ( show ) Marketing Marketing research Public relations Sales Types of management ( show ) Asset Brand Business intelligence Business development Capacity Change innovation Commercial marketing Communications Configuration Conflict Content Customer relationship Distributed Earned value Electronic business Enterprise resource planning management information system Financial Human resource development Incident Integrated Knowledge Materials Network administrator Office Operations services Performance Power Problem Process Product life - cycle Product Project Quality Records Resource Risk crisis Sales Security Service Strategic Supply chain Systems administrator Talent Technology Organization ( show ) Architecture Behavior Communication Culture Conflict Development Engineering Hierarchy Patterns Space Structure Trade ( show ) Business analysis Business ethics Business plan Business judgment rule Consumer behaviour Business operations International business Business model International trade Business process Business statistics Business and economics portal Top level Configuration Management Activity model Configuration management ( CM ) is a systems engineering process for establishing and maintaining consistency of a product 's performance, functional, and physical attributes with its requirements, design, and operational information throughout its life. The CM process is widely used by military engineering organizations to manage changes throughout the system lifecycle of complex systems, such as weapon systems, military vehicles, and information systems. Outside the military, the CM process is also used with IT service management as defined by ITIL, and with other domain models in the civil engineering and other industrial engineering segments such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings. Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 History 3 Overview 4 Software 4.1 Configuration management database 4.2 Information assurance 5 Maintenance systems 5.1 Operating System configuration management 5.2 Preventive maintenance 5.3 Predictive maintenance 6 Standards 7 Guidelines 8 Construction 9 See also 10 References Introduction ( edit ) CM applied over the life cycle of a system provides visibility and control of its performance, functional, and physical attributes. CM verifies that a system performs as intended, and is identified and documented in sufficient detail to support its projected life cycle. The CM process facilitates orderly management of system information and system changes for such beneficial purposes as to revise capability ; improve performance, reliability, or maintainability ; extend life ; reduce cost ; reduce risk and liability ; or correct defects. The relatively minimal cost of implementing CM is returned many fold in cost avoidance. The lack of CM, or its ineffectual implementation, can be very expensive and sometimes can have such catastrophic consequences such as failure of equipment or loss of life. CM emphasizes the functional relation between parts, subsystems, and systems for effectively controlling system change. It helps to verify that proposed changes are systematically considered to minimize adverse effects. Changes to the system are proposed, evaluated, and implemented using a standardized, systematic approach that ensures consistency, and proposed changes are evaluated in terms of their anticipated impact on the entire system. CM verifies that changes are carried out as prescribed and that documentation of items and systems reflects their true configuration. A complete CM program includes provisions for the storing, tracking, and updating of all system information on a component, subsystem, and system basis. A structured CM program ensures that documentation ( e.g., requirements, design, test, and acceptance documentation ) for items is accurate and consistent with the actual physical design of the item. In many cases, without CM, the documentation exists but is not consistent with the item itself. For this reason, engineers, contractors, and management are frequently forced to develop documentation reflecting the actual status of the item before they can proceed with a change. This reverse engineering process is wasteful in terms of human and other resources and can be minimized or eliminated using CM. History ( edit ) Configuration Management originated in the United States Department of Defense in the 1950s as a technical management discipline for hardware material items -- and it is now a standard practice in virtually every industry. The CM process became its own technical discipline sometime in the late 1960s when the DoD developed a series of military standards called the `` 480 series '' ( i.e., MIL - STD - 480, MIL - STD - 481 and MIL - STD - 483 ) that were subsequently issued in the 1970s. In 1991, the `` 480 series '' was consolidated into a single standard known as the MIL -- STD -- 973 that was then replaced by MIL -- HDBK -- 61 pursuant to a general DoD goal that reduced the number of military standards in favor of industry technical standards supported by standards developing organizations ( SDO ). This marked the beginning of what has now evolved into the most widely distributed and accepted standard on CM, ANSI -- EIA -- 649 -- 1998. Now widely adopted by numerous organizations and agencies, the CM discipline 's concepts include systems engineering ( SE ), integrated logistics support ( ILS ), Capability Maturity Model Integration ( CMMI ), ISO 9000, Prince2 project management method, COBIT, Information Technology Infrastructure Library ( ITIL ), product lifecycle management, and application lifecycle management. Many of these functions and models have redefined CM from its traditional holistic approach to technical management. Some treat CM as being similar to a librarian activity, and break out change control or change management as a separate or stand alone discipline. Overview ( edit ) CM is the practice of handling changes systematically so that a system maintains its integrity over time. CM implements the policies, procedures, techniques, and tools that manage, evaluate proposed changes, track the status of changes, and maintain an inventory of system and support documents as the system changes. CM programs and plans provide technical and administrative direction to the development and implementation of the procedures, functions, services, tools, processes, and resources required to successfully develop and support a complex system. During system development, CM allows program management to track requirements throughout the life - cycle through acceptance and operations and maintenance. As changes inevitably occur in the requirements and design, they must be approved and documented, creating an accurate record of the system status. Ideally the CM process is applied throughout the system lifecycle. Most professionals mix up or get confused with Asset Management ( AM ), where it inventories the assets on hand. The key difference between CM and AM is that the former does not manage the financial accounting aspect but on service that the system supports. The CM process for both hardware - and software - configuration items comprises five distinct disciplines as established in the MIL -- HDBK -- 61A and in ANSI / EIA - 649. These disciplines are carried out as policies and procedures for establishing baselines and for performing a standard change - management process. The IEEE 12207 process IEEE 12207.2 also has these activities and adds `` Release management and delivery ''. The five disciplines are : CM Planning and Management : a formal document and plan to guide the CM program that includes items such as : personnel responsibilities and resources training requirements administrative meeting guidelines, including a definition of procedures and tools baselining processes configuration control and configuration - status accounting naming conventions audits and reviews subcontractor / vendor CM requirements Configuration Identification ( CI ) : consists of setting and maintaining baselines, which define the system or subsystem architecture, components, and any developments at any point in time. It is the basis by which changes to any part of a system are identified, documented, and later tracked through design, development, testing, and final delivery. CI incrementally establishes and maintains the definitive current basis for Configuration Status Accounting ( CSA ) of a system and its configuration items ( CIs ) throughout their lifecycle ( development, production, deployment, and operational support ) until disposal. Configuration Control : includes the evaluation of all change - requests and change - proposals, and their subsequent approval or disapproval. It covers the process of controlling modifications to the system 's design, hardware, firmware, software, and documentation. Configuration Status Accounting : includes the process of recording and reporting configuration item descriptions ( e.g., hardware, software, firmware, etc. ) and all departures from the baseline during design and production. In the event of suspected problems, the verification of baseline configuration and approved modifications can be quickly determined. Configuration Verification and Audit : an independent review of hardware and software for the purpose of assessing compliance with established performance requirements, commercial and appropriate military standards, and functional, allocated, and product baselines. Configuration audits verify that the system and subsystem configuration documentation complies with the functional and physical performance characteristics before acceptance into an architectural baseline. Software ( edit ) Main article : Software configuration management The traditional software configuration management ( SCM ) process is looked upon by practitioners as the best solution to handling changes in software projects. It identifies the functional and physical attributes of software at various points in time, and performs systematic control of changes to the identified attributes for the purpose of maintaining software integrity and traceability throughout the software development life cycle. The SCM process further defines the need to trace changes, and the ability to verify that the final delivered software has all of the planned enhancements that are supposed to be included in the release. It identifies four procedures that must be defined for each software project to ensure that a sound SCM process is implemented. They are : Configuration identification Configuration control Configuration status accounting Configuration audits These terms and definitions change from standard to standard, but are essentially the same. Configuration identification is the process of identifying the attributes that define every aspect of a configuration item. A configuration item is a product ( hardware and / or software ) that has an end - user purpose. These attributes are recorded in configuration documentation and baselined. Baselining an attribute forces formal configuration change control processes to be effected in the event that these attributes are changed. Configuration change control is a set of processes and approval stages required to change a configuration item 's attributes and to re-baseline them. Configuration status accounting is the ability to record and report on the configuration baselines associated with each configuration item at any moment of time. Configuration audits are broken into functional and physical configuration audits. They occur either at delivery or at the moment of effecting the change. A functional configuration audit ensures that functional and performance attributes of a configuration item are achieved, while a physical configuration audit ensures that a configuration item is installed in accordance with the requirements of its detailed design documentation. Configuration Management database ( edit ) The Information Technology Infrastructure Library ( ITIL ) specifies the use of a Configuration management system ( CMS ) or Configuration management database ( CMDB ) as a means of achieving industry best practices for Configuration Management. CMDBs are used to track Configuration Items ( CIs ) and the dependencies between them, where CIs represent the things in an enterprise that are worth tracking and managing, such as but not limited to computers, software, software licenses, racks, network devices, storage, and even the components within such items. The benefits of a CMS / CMDB includes being able to perform functions like root cause analysis, impact analysis, change management, and current state assessment for future state strategy development. Example systems, commonly identifies themselves as IT Service Management ( ITSM ) systems, include FreshService, ServiceNow and Samanage. Information assurance ( edit ) For information assurance, CM can be defined as the management of security features and assurances through control of changes made to hardware, software, firmware, documentation, test, test fixtures, and test documentation throughout the life cycle of an information system. CM for information assurance, sometimes referred to as Secure Configuration Management, relies upon performance, functional, and physical attributes of IT platforms and products and their environments to determine the appropriate security features and assurances that are used to measure a system configuration state. For example, configuration requirements may be different for a network firewall that functions as part of an organization 's Internet boundary versus one that functions as an internal local network firewall. Maintenance systems ( edit ) Configuration management is used to maintain an understanding of the status of complex assets with a view to maintaining the highest level of serviceability for the lowest cost. Specifically, it aims to ensure that operations are not disrupted due to the asset ( or parts of the asset ) overrunning limits of planned lifespan or below quality levels. In the military, this type of activity is often classed as `` mission readiness '', and seeks to define which assets are available and for which type of mission ; a classic example is whether aircraft on board an aircraft carrier are equipped with bombs for ground support or missiles for defense. Operating system configuration Management ( edit ) Configuration management can be used to maintain OS configuration files. Example systems include Ansible, Bcfg2, CFEngine, Chef, Otter, Puppet, Quattor, SaltStack, and Vagrant. Many of these systems utilize Infrastructure as Code to define and maintain configuration. A theory of configuration maintenance was worked out by Mark Burgess, with a practical implementation on present day computer systems in the software CFEngine able to perform real time repair as well as preventive maintenance. Preventive maintenance ( edit ) Main article : Preventive maintenance Understanding the `` as is '' state of an asset and its major components is an essential element in preventive maintenance as used in maintenance, repair, and overhaul and enterprise asset management systems. Complex assets such as aircraft, ships, industrial machinery etc. depend on many different components being serviceable. This serviceability is often defined in terms of the amount of usage the component has had since it was new, since fitted, since repaired, the amount of use it has had over its life and several other limiting factors. Understanding how near the end of their life each of these components is has been a major undertaking involving labor - intensive record keeping until recent developments in software. Predictive maintenance ( edit ) Main article : Predictive maintenance Many types of component use electronic sensors to capture data which provides live condition monitoring. This data is analyzed on board or at a remote location by computer to evaluate its current serviceability and increasingly its likely future state using algorithms which predict potential future failures based on previous examples of failure through field experience and modeling. This is the basis for `` predictive maintenance ''. Availability of accurate and timely data is essential in order for CM to provide operational value and a lack of this can often be a limiting factor. Capturing and disseminating the operating data to the various support organizations is becoming an industry in itself. The consumers of this data have grown more numerous and complex with the growth of programs offered by original equipment manufacturers ( OEMs ). These are designed to offer operators guaranteed availability and make the picture more complex with the operator managing the asset but the OEM taking on the liability to ensure its serviceability. Standards ( edit ) A number of standards support or include configuration management, including : ANSI / EIA - 649 - 1998 National Consensus Standard for Configuration Management EIA - 649 - A 2004 National Consensus Standard for Configuration Management TechAmerica / ANSI EIA - 649 - B 2011 Configuration Management Standard ISO 10007 : 2003 Quality management systems - Guidelines for configuration management Federal Standard 1037C GEIA Standard 836 - 2002 Configuration Management Data Exchange and Interoperability IEEE 829 Standard for Software Test Documentation 828 - 2012 IEEE Standard for Configuration Management in Systems and Software Engineering. 2012. doi : 10.1109 / IEEESTD. 2012.6170935. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7381 - 7232 - 3. MIL - STD - 973 Configuration Management ( cancelled on 20 September 2000 ) NATO STANAG 4427 Configuration Management in Systems Life Cycle Management including NATO ACMP 2000 Policy on Configuration Management NATO ACMP 2009 Guidance on Configuration Management NATO ACMP 2100 Configuration Management Contractual Requirements CMMI CMMI for Development, Version 1.2 Configuration Management CMII - 100E CMII Standard for Enterprise Configuration Management Extended List of Configuration Management & Related Standards ITIL Service Asset and Configuration Management Guidelines ( edit ) 828 - 2012 Currently active IEEE Standard which supersedes / supports older ones. MIL - HDBK - 61A Configuration Management Guidance 7 February 2001 10007 Quality management - Guidelines for configuration management NATO ACMP - 2009 - GUIDANCE ON CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT GEIA - HB - 649 - Implementation Guide for Configuration Management ANSI / EIA - 649 - 1998 National Consensus Standard for Configuration Management EIA - 836 Consensus Standard for Configuration Management Data Exchange and Interoperability ANSI / EIA - 632 - 1998 Processes for Engineering a System MIL - HDBK - 61A Configuration Management Guidelines MIL - STD - 3046 ( ARMY ) Interim Standard on Configuration Management, 6 March 2013 Defense Acquisition Guidebook, elements of CM at 4.3. 7 SE Processes, attributes of CM at 5.1. 7 Lifecycle support Systems Engineering Fundamentals, Chapter 10 Configuration Management Construction ( edit ) More recently configuration management has been applied to large construction projects which can often be very complex and have a huge amount of details and changes that need to be documented. Construction agencies such as the Federal Highway Administration have used configuration management for their infrastructure projects. There are construction - based configuration management tools that aim to document change orders and RFIs in order to ensure a project stays on schedule and on budget. These programs can also store information to aid in the maintenance and modification of the infrastructure when it is completed. One such application, ccsNet, was tested in a case study funded by the Federal Transportation Administration ( FTA ) in which the efficacy of configuration management was measured through comparing the approximately 80 % complete construction of the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transit Agency ( LACMTA ) 1st and 2nd segments of the Red Line, a $5.3 billion rail construction project. This study yielded results indicating a benefit to using configuration management on projects of this nature. See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Configuration Management. Change detection Granular Configuration Automation Comparison of open source configuration management software Dependency List of software engineering topics Interchangeable parts Infrastructure as Code Continuous configuration automation System configuration Systems management References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MIL - HDBK - 61A, `` '' Military Handbook : Configuration Management Guidance ``. Department of Defense. 7 February 2001. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2012. Jump up ^ `` ANSI / EIA - 649B, `` '' National Consensus Standard for Configuration Management ``. TechAmerica. 1 April 2011. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2012. Jump up ^ `` History and Heritage of Civil Engineering ''. ASCE. Archived from the original on 16 February 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2007. Jump up ^ `` Institution of Civil Engineers What is Civil Engineering '' ( PDF ). ICE. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 09 - 23. Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Configuration Management and the Federal Transportation Administration ( FTA ) National Lessons Learned Program ''. Federal Transportation Administration. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2007. Jump up ^ `` Systems Engineering Fundamentals '' ( PDF ). Defense Acquisition University Press. January 2001. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 February 2006. Retrieved 25 March 2012. Jump up ^ `` Memorandum, Specifications and Standards -- A New Way of Doing Business ''. Secretary of Defense. 29 June 1994. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2012. Jump up ^ `` Configuration Management Compliance Validation : Critical Review and Technology Assessment ( CR / TA ) Report '' ( PDF ). Defense Technical Information Center. Retrieved 14 May 2001. Jump up ^ Compare : `` Military Handbook : Configuration Management Guidance '' ( PDF ). Department of Defense : United States of America. p. iii - iv. Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 21. 4. CM LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING (... ) 5. CONFIGURATION IDENTIFICATION (... ) 6. CONFIGURATION CONTROL (... ) 7. CONFIGURATION STATUS ACCOUNTING (... ) 8. CONFIGURATION VERIFICATION AND AUDIT (... ) 9. DATA MANAGEMENT (... ) Jump up ^ National Information Systems Security Glossary Jump up ^ C. Lueninghoener. `` Getting Started with Configuration Management. ; login : issue : April 2011, Volume 36, Number 2 '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23. Jump up ^ Loschwitz, Martin ( 14 November 2014 ). `` Choosing between the leading open source configuration managers ''. Admin Network & Security. Lawrence, KS USA : Linux New Media USA LLC. Jump up ^ M. Burgess, Cfengine : a site configuration engine, USENIX Computing systems, Vol8, No. 3 1995 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ M. Burgess, On the theory of system administration, Science of Computer Programming 49, 2003. p1 - 46 pdf Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ M. Burgess, Configurable immunity for evolving human - computer systems, Science of Computer Programming 51 2004, p197 - 213 pdf Archived 3 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` NISTIR 7339 Analysis of Standards for Lifecycle Management of Systems for US Army '' ( PDF ). National Institute of Standards and Technology. August 2006. Jump up ^ `` Configuration Management for Transportation Management Systems Handbook ''. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved 28 March 2012. Jump up ^ `` Configuration Management Case Study ''. PACO Technologies, Inc. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2012. ( hide ) Systems engineering Subfields Aerospace engineering Biological systems engineering Configuration management Earth systems engineering and management Electrical engineering Enterprise systems engineering Performance engineering Reliability engineering Safety engineering Processes Requirements engineering Functional specification System integration Verification and validation Design review Concepts Business process System System lifecycle V - Model Systems development life cycle Tools Decision - making Function modelling IDEF Optimization Quality function deployment System dynamics Systems Modeling Language Systems analysis Systems modeling Work breakdown structure People James S. Albus Ruzena Bajcsy Benjamin S. Blanchard Wernher von Braun Kathleen Carley Harold Chestnut Wolt Fabrycky Barbara Grosz Arthur David Hall III Derek Hitchins Robert E. Machol Radhika Nagpal Simon Ramo Joseph Francis Shea Katia Sycara Manuela M. Veloso John N. Warfield Related fields Control engineering Computer engineering Industrial engineering Operations research Project management Quality management Risk management Software engineering Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Configuration_management&oldid=829624516 '' Categories : Configuration management Method engineering Technical communication Version control systems Computer occupations Systems engineering Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2016 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių 日本 語 Norsk Português اردو 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 March 2018, at 19 : 45. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Configuration management", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Configuration_management&amp;oldid=829624516" }

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{ "text": "Red Forman - Wikipedia Red Forman Jump to : navigation, search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains unsourced predictions, speculative material, or accounts of events that might not occur. Information must be verifiable and based on reliable published sources. Please help improve it by removing unsourced speculative content. ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline. Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention. If notability can not be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted. Find sources : `` Red Forman '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Red Forman That ' 70s Show character First appearance That ' 70s Pilot Last appearance That ' 70s Finale Created by Mark Brazill Portrayed by Kurtwood Smith Corey Landis ( Young Red ) Information Nickname ( s ) Red, Mr. Forman Occupation Retired : World War II veteran Korean War veteran Former : Auto parts factory supervisor Department store supervisor Muffler shop owner Family Albert Forman ( father, deceased ) Bernice Forman ( mother, deceased ) Marty Forman ( brother ) Jerry Forman ( brother ) Spouse ( s ) Kitty Forman Children Laurie Forman ( daughter, with Kitty ) Eric Forman ( son, with Kitty ) Steven Hyde ( foster son, with Kitty ) Relatives Burt Sigurdson ( father - in - law, deceased ) Bea Sigurdson ( mother - in - law ) Paula Sigurdson ( sister - in - law ) Fez ( ex son - in - law ) Nationality American Reginald Albert `` Red '' Forman is a fictional character on the Fox sitcom That ' 70s Show, portrayed by Kurtwood Smith. Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography and personality 2 Health problems 3 Political leanings 4 Relationship with the teenagers 5 References Biography and personality ( edit ) Red is the perpetually disgruntled, ill - tempered father of Eric and Laurie Forman and Kitty Forman 's husband as well as the foster father to Steven Hyde. He is seemingly insensitive to other people, but admits frequently in the series that this is to maintain his self - identity of being a `` man ''. In some episodes, his tough exterior crumbles when he encounters other people 's needs and he eventually makes decisions that show an ethical regard for doing what is right. His relationship with his children is complex. Although he dotes on his lying, manipulative, promiscuous daughter, Laurie ( with whom, tellingly, Kitty has a strained and contentious relationship ), he points out Eric 's perceived flaws and faults mercilessly. The two clash in most episodes with Eric teasing his father, or `` poking the bear ''. Red frequently threatens to `` stick my foot up your ass '' to Eric but is never seen physically disciplining his son, usually punishing him with chores, fines, and, once, by imposing a strict curfew, which leads to windows being nailed shut, bed checks, etc. until Kitty calls an end to it. Eric usually views these paternal idiosyncracies in a humorous light, even lampooning them, but sometimes seems to be holding in his own anger and doing a slow burn. On other occasions, father and son unite to collude in a scheme or plot, share a joke, or even face the displeasure of Kitty together. Many episodes show the respect between the two characters, with Red even admitting on one occasion that his love for Eric does not need to be articulated, it is `` just a given ''. Despite Red 's firm stance with his son, he protects Eric when the situation calls for it ; for example, in one episode when Bob accuses Eric of being a poor influence on his daughter, Red gives him a cold send - off. Red finds his neighbors, Bob and Midge Pinciotti, perplexing and vexatious. Bob is genial but insensitive, and Midge is rather dim - witted. Their daughter, Donna, is Eric 's girlfriend. Red dislikes spending time in their company, although frequently compelled to do so by his wife, Kitty. In particular, his views of Bob range from annoyance to contempt. Despite this antagonistic attitude, several episodes portray Red as a good neighbor who will come to the assistance of Bob when absolutely needed. Red shows very strict discipline to those with lesser authority than himself ( especially the teenagers ), from which he seems to take joy. In his youth, Red served in the U.S. Navy ( in the season 3 episode, `` Jackie Bags Hyde '', he is shown wearing the dress - blue uniform of a Chief Petty Officer for Veterans Day ) and often brings up memories of his service in Korea. Red was a Boatswain Mate in the Navy during World War II and Korea. Since he served on a destroyer but saw land combat in Guadalcanal ( August 1942 -- February 1943 ) and Korea ( 1950 -- 1953 ) it would appear that he served as a Seabee, an assault boat pilot, or in EOD ( Explosive Ordnance Disposal ). He might have also served on board a submarine, as evidenced in Season 8, Episode 6 `` Long Away ''. He is wearing Submarine Warfare ( Dolphins ) on his garrison cap during the Veterans reunion. On one occasion, when Red and Kitty are making out in their car, a policeman knocks on the window, not realizing it is a married couple inside. Red sharply dispatches him and Kitty says, `` How sweet, you let him off with a warning ''. In one episode, he and Eric have both completely forgotten about Kitty 's birthday, which deeply upsets her. After purchasing her some very low quality `` gifts '' from the only open nearby establishment, a garage, items Kitty immediately recognizes as junk, Red cheers her up by taking her square - dancing, an activity she enjoys. Red loves to drink beer and consume food which is bad for his health, having suffered from a heart attack on one occasion. Red is also shown as a die - hard fan of the Green Bay Packers, even, in one episode, threatening to kick out visiting new neighbors, Josh and Jeff who are a gay male couple, solely because they were Minnesota Vikings fans. He is also a fan of the Milwaukee Bucks and the Milwaukee Brewers. Health problems ( edit ) Red 's health has been the subject of humor on occasion. In the third and sixth seasons, he is briefly put on a diet that requires him to cut out red meat among other foods that he generally likes and, in stereotypical sitcom fashion, he is forced to eat `` healthy '' food that is good for him but that he finds unappealing. On both occasions, he defies the diet by eating `` real food '' behind Kitty 's back. When faced with mush, he comments `` This is n't food, this is what food eats! '' When faced with his diet in the sixth season, after his heart attack upon learning Laurie has married Fez ( he has a problem with foreigners, he throws the list of what he can not have away, explaining to Kitty that if he had known what he would be asked to give up, `` I would have walked straight into that bright light and never looked back! '' At one point, shortly after finding out that Eric and Donna were moving to Madison, Red went fishing to calm down, and comes back with the surprising news that he is proud of Eric for his initiative in moving away and becoming engaged, and even more so for his standing up to Red by insisting on marrying Donna despite Red 's disapproval. A surprised Kitty and an overjoyed Eric listen while Red agrees to pay for both the wedding and Eric 's college fund. He also shakes Eric 's hand, proudly telling his son that he is now a man and he has his blessing. After his heart attack, which prompts Eric to stay home, Red 's attitude towards Eric does a complete reversal, and Red goes back to calling his son `` dumbass '', presumably due to his disappointment in Eric 's failure to live up to his expectations yet again, although he told Eric that he was proud of him for deciding to stay and help the family instead of leaving for college. This reversal could be due to Eric leaving Donna at the altar and subsequently spending a year doing nothing, or the producers ' use of a `` Reset Button '' to get the status quo back. Political leanings ( edit ) For the first few seasons of the series ' run, Red is established as a blue collar conservative. He made a joke at Nixon 's expense in the first season after Eric streaked through the crowd while wearing a Nixon mask and, in a pivotal moment, expressed disdain for Gerald Ford ( when allowed to ask President Ford a question he said `` Hey ' Gerry ', here 's my question : ' How the hell could you pardon Nixon? ' '' ) in front of the entire town. However, without precedent, later seasons portrayed him to be a staunch Republican, who became angry when Eric made an anti-Nixon joke in the fifth season, which Eric tries to cover by replying, `` Nixon was framed and Kennedy was a commie. '' It is likely that, like many Republican voters in the 1970s, Red is disappointed in Nixon and Ford, but afterwards leans back to supporting the Republican Party. In addition, many Nixon supporters felt that pardoning Nixon was akin to admitting he was guilty. Red feels strongly about the founding principles of the American government, owing to his service in the Navy as a Boatswain 's Mate. He also tries to live up to what are generally considered American `` family values '' : hard work, devotion to his family and being faithful to his wife. He is disgusted by swinger sex clubs ( which he considers immoral ) and political corruption ( on hearing that Jackie 's wealthy father may be able to bribe his way out of jail, an appalled Red mutters, `` I 'm so glad I took a piece of shrapnel to make that possible '' ). Red also dislikes foreigners, which is the main reason he does n't see eye - to - eye with Fez. One episode, `` Hunting '' saw him taking offense at Fez 's remark of, `` Not everything in the Constitution makes sense. '' He dislikes anyone and anything not from America -- despite driving a Toyota. In fact out of everyone in his family he was the most comfortable and casual when Hyde 's biological father William Barnett ( an African - American ) came to his house. He once described Canada and France as `` lesser countries '', and was upset to find that his daughter Laurie 's room had posters of foreign cars on her bedroom walls after Hyde moved into it, and generally refers to the rest of the world as `` not America ''. Along with Canada and France, Red also dislikes Germany, Japan and Great Britain, though not explicitly stated, Italy ( for their role in World War II ) and, especially, North Korea as he fought there. He also seems bitter about America not winning the Vietnam War, claiming, `` We did n't lose the war, it was a tie ''. In one episode, while Hyde was stating a conspiracy theory about the government putting tracking devices in their brains, Red patriotically replied, `` Without our government, you 'd be stuck in Siberia now, sucking the juice from a rotten commie potato. Let me tell you something. If the U.S. government decides to stick a tracking device up your ass, you say, ' Thank You! and God Bless America! ' '' Insulting communists is a favorite pastime with Red such as when he calls Eric `` the laziest non-communist I ever met ''. However, when he sells his muffler shop so he can retire he says he does not care if the store is converted to a `` communist recreation center ''. Relationship with the teenagers ( edit ) Though deep down, Red genuinely does care about Eric 's friends, he does n't like them frequently hanging out in his home. One of his favorite phrases to describe Eric and his friends is `` dumbass ''. He also threatens the teens that he will put his `` foot in your ass ''. In the finale, he claims that he once put his foot in someone 's ass in Iwo Jima, but his refusal to further elaborate on the experience implies that it was not something he 's proud of. His antagonism towards the teenagers is mainly because Red prefers peace and quiet, believing that since he has worked hard and raised his children, he deserves time to himself and with Kitty. With regards to his neighbors Bob and Midge Pinciotti, it is indicated that Red used to enjoy their friendship before they started to get involved `` into every fad there is ''. Even though he feels that Bob is a `` good neighbor and a good friend '', he gets easily annoyed in Bob 's presence. He is a tough, no - nonsense father and tends to favor his daughter Laurie ( Lisa Robin Kelly & Christina Moore ) and foster son Hyde ( Danny Masterson ) over his son Eric ( Topher Grace ), whom he considers soft, skinny, twitchy and wimpy. He always sees Laurie as `` a giant apple '' instead of the mean - spirited, promiscuous person she truly is, but becomes wiser to her in the second season after finding out she lied to him about moving in with a friend when she was really living with a young man. In one episode, Kitty asks Red why he is so tough on Eric, only to have Red respond, `` The same reason my old man was so tough on me '', indicating that he went through a similar childhood to Eric 's. Though Red often puts his own son down because he wants him to `` be a man like himself '', it can not be denied that Eric is merely a younger version of his father in the sense that both have a very dry sense of humor and tend to be the sanest persons in their respective circles of friends. On a few occasions in season one, Red shows Eric affection. When the two return from a wrestling match, they wrestle for a bit before Red gave Eric a hug. Later on, when Red 's mother dies, Red calls Eric over for a hug with him and Kitty in a family moment. In the final episode of season seven, as Eric is leaving for Africa, Red has a real heart - to - heart talk with Eric, in which he admitted he loved him and that he would miss him, culminating in a hug between father and son. In the season 8 premiere, Kitty tries to get Red to say something nice for Eric on the tape recorder. Red consistently refuses and appears to revel in Eric being gone. However, when Kitty questions his feelings on the matter, Red admitted that he honestly missed Eric. ( Unbeknownst to Red, though, Kitty secretly recorded him saying this ). Red also seems to respect his son 's resistance as shown when he told Eric he respected him for staying with Donna despite Red 's efforts. Most of the time, Red treats Eric 's friend Hyde ( Danny Masterson ), who moved in with the Formans ' at the end of the first season, better than he treats his own son ; perhaps this is because Red thinks Hyde needs a father figure as his own left him. Red also shows appreciation to Hyde for his mechanical skills, evident from when he opened his own muffler store. Hyde quickly assembles muffler displays, while Eric is putting up decorations. Also, Red often more readily has heart - to - hearts with Hyde than with Eric. When Hyde is arrested for possession of marijuana ( which had actually belonged to Jackie ), he wanted to throw Hyde out, but soon had a change of heart and let him stay after learning the truth. However, this does n't stop Red from giving Hyde an extremely long scolding. Hyde assumed the Forman 's would want him to move out on his eighteenth birthday because all of Hyde 's relatives had to move out of their places when they were eighteen. Red told Hyde that he needed to stay at the Forman 's house so he would not end up like his relatives ( who were either dead, in jail, or `` pumping gas '' ). Much of this comes from Hyde 's troubled background and Red 's view that Hyde just needs some direction in life. On the other hand, a few instances have shown that Red still cares about Eric, and it is clear that Red 's being hard on him is Red 's way of trying to toughen Eric up to prepare him for the real world ( he once stated that, as Eric 's father, it was his job to make Eric a man, `` which he 's not '' ). Red once told Eric, `` I love you '', but he was drugged after a visit to the dentist. After Eric later said it back and some awkwardness ensued, Red said that you should only say that when you 're drunk, dying or in trouble -- `` Otherwise, it 's just a given ''. Like Kitty, Red is often forced to act as a parental figure for Eric 's friends Kelso ( Ashton Kutcher ), Fez ( Wilmer Valderrama ), Jackie ( Mila Kunis ), Hyde ( Danny Masterson ) and Donna ( Laura Prepon ) -- albeit reluctantly. He usually only helps out at Kitty 's insistence or simply to get the teens out of his house. Red actually likes Donna, mostly because he thinks that if Eric has a son with her he will be good at sports and both freely and cheerily admits she is too good for his own son, and also that if Eric and Donna get married Eric will leave the house. Red has a low opinion of Kelso and Fez, calling Kelso a `` Kettlehead '' and referring to Fez as the `` foreign kid '', and sometimes by the generic names of `` Haji '', `` Sabu '', `` Ali Baba '', `` Tutankhamun '' or `` Anwar ''. However, he has bonded with them both a few times throughout the series, such as when he cooperated with Kelso to change the Pong electronic game so they can make the paddles smaller, thus making the game more fun. Red also bonded with Fez when he gave Fez advice that it is not a good idea to mix women and alcohol together. Early on, Red stated that Jackie is his favorite out of all of Eric 's friends. He says unlike the others, she is `` not useless '' because she perfectly held a flashlight for him while he worked on his car, while Eric was incapable of this simple task. Jackie has hugged Red on a few occasions, at least half of which he returned. In the final season, Red takes a liking to Hyde 's new friend and co-worker, Randy Pearson ( Josh Meyers ). Red respects Randy simply because he 's the polar opposite of Eric : masculine, crafty and not at all obsessed with Star Wars ( though in one episode, it is shown that Randy is indeed a fan ). Unlike Kitty, Red had no problem with him starting a relationship with Donna. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Twiz Tv ''. ( hide ) That ' 70s Show Characters Teenagers Eric Forman Donna Pinciotti Steven Hyde Michael Kelso Jackie Burkhart Fez Adults Kitty Forman Red Forman Midge and Bob Pinciotti Leo Seasons 5 6 7 8 Related articles Home video That ' 80s Show Days Like These Point Place Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Forman&oldid=831263804 '' Categories : Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional characters from Maryland Fictional characters from Wisconsin Fictional characters introduced in 1998 Fictional Korean War veterans Fictional Republicans ( United States ) Fictional World War II veterans Male characters in television That ' 70s Show characters Hidden categories : Articles containing predictions or speculation Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with topics of unclear notability from November 2014 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2014 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018, at 17 : 43. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Red Forman", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Red_Forman&amp;oldid=831263804" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Family Albert Forman ( father, deceased ) Bernice Forman ( mother, deceased ) Marty Forman ( brother ) Jerry Forman ( brother ) Spouse ( s ) Kitty Forman Children Laurie Forman ( daughter, with Kitty ) Eric Forman ( son, with Kitty ) Steven Hyde ( foster son, with Kitty ) Relatives Burt Sigurdson ( father - in - law, deceased ) Bea Sigurdson ( mother - in - law ) Paula Sigurdson ( sister - in - law ) Fez ( ex son - in - law ) Nationality American Reginald Albert `` Red '' Forman is a fictional character on the Fox sitcom That ' 70s Show, portrayed by Kurtwood Smith. Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography and personality 2 Health problems 3 Political leanings 4 Relationship with the teenagers 5 References Biography and personality ( edit ) Red is the perpetually disgruntled, ill - tempered father of Eric and Laurie Forman and Kitty Forman 's husband as well as the foster father to Steven Hyde. He is seemingly insensitive to other people, but admits frequently in the series that this is to maintain his self - identity of being a `` man ''. In" ], "id": [ "9423083713671829088" ], "short_answers": [ "Reginald Albert \"Red\" Forman" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Orange Is the New Black - Wikipedia Orange Is the New Black Jump to : navigation, search Orange Is the New Black Genre Comedy - drama Created by Jenji Kohan Based on Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison by Piper Kerman Starring Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs Uzo Aduba Danielle Brooks Natasha Lyonne Taryn Manning Selenis Leyva Adrienne C. Moore Dascha Polanco Nick Sandow Yael Stone Samira Wiley Jackie Cruz Lea DeLaria Elizabeth Rodriguez Jessica Pimentel Theme music composer Regina Spektor Opening theme `` You 've Got Time '' Composer ( s ) Scott Doherty Brandon Jay Gwendolyn Sanford Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English ( main language ) Spanish Russian Mandarin German No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 65 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jenji Kohan Liz Friedman ( pilot ) Sara Hess Tara Herrmann Producer ( s ) Neri Kyle Tannenbaum Location ( s ) New York Camera setup Single - camera Running time 51 -- 92 minutes Production company ( s ) Lionsgate Television Tilted Productions Distributor Lionsgate Television Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 1080p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) 4K Audio format Dolby Digital Plus 5.1 with Descriptive Video Service track Original release July 11, 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) -- present External links Website www.netflix.com/orangeisthenewblack Orange Is the New Black ( sometimes abbreviated to OITNB ) is an American comedy - drama web television series created by Jenji Kohan for Netflix. The series is based on Piper Kerman 's memoir, Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ), about her experiences at FCI Danbury, a minimum - security federal prison. Orange Is the New Black premiered on July 11, 2013 on the streaming service Netflix. In February 2016, the series was renewed for a fifth, sixth, and seventh season. The fifth season was released on June 9, 2017. The series is produced by Tilted Productions in association with Lionsgate Television. Orange Is the New Black has become Netflix 's most - watched original series. It has received critical acclaim and many accolades. For its first season, the series garnered 12 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series, and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series, winning three. A new Emmy rule in 2015 forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama. For its second season, the series received four Emmy nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, and Uzo Aduba won for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series. Orange Is the New Black is the first series to score Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories. The series has also received six Golden Globe Award nominations, six Writers Guild of America Award nominations, a Producers Guild of America Award, an American Film Institute award, and a Peabody Award. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.2. 1 Inmates 2.2. 2 Staff 2.2. 3 Others 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 5 Broadcast 5.1 Ratings 6 Notes 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 July 11, 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 13 June 6, 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 13 June 11, 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 13 June 17, 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 5 13 June 9, 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) The series revolves around Piper Chapman ( Taylor Schilling ), a woman in her 30s living in New York City who is sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Penitentiary, a minimum - security women 's federal prison ( initially operated by the `` Federal Department of Corrections, '' a fictional version of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, and later acquired by Management & Correction Corporation ( MCC ), a private prison company ) in upstate New York. Piper had been convicted of transporting a suitcase full of drug money for her girlfriend Alex Vause ( Laura Prepon ), an international drug smuggler. The offense was 10 years prior to the start of the series and in that time Piper had moved on to a quiet, law - abiding life among New York 's upper middle class. Her sudden and unexpected indictment severely disrupted her relationships with her fiancé, family and friends. In prison, Piper is reunited with Alex ( who named Piper in her trial, resulting in Piper 's arrest ) and they re-examine their relationship. Simultaneously, Piper must learn how to survive in prison and how to overcome its numerous, inherent struggles. Episodes often feature flashbacks of significant events from various inmates ' and prison guards ' pasts. These flashbacks typically explain how the inmate came to be in prison or develop the character 's backstory. The show pays close attention to how corruption, drug smuggling, funding cuts, overcrowding and guard brutality affect the prisoners ' health and well - being and the prison 's basic ability to fulfil its fundamental responsibilities and ethical obligations as a federal corrections institution. One of the show 's key conflicts involves the prison Director of Human Activities, Joe Caputo, whose efforts and aims as a warden constantly conflict with the business interests of MCC, which acquired the facility when it was about to be shut down. Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black characters Main cast ( edit ) Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman, inmate Laura Prepon as Alex Vause, inmate Michael Harney as Sam Healy, correctional officer Michelle Hurst as Miss Claudette Pelage, inmate ( season 1 ) Kate Mulgrew as Galina `` Red '' Reznikov, inmate Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom, Piper 's fiancé ( season 1 -- 2, guest season 5 ) Uzo Aduba as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren, inmate Danielle Brooks as Tasha `` Taystee '' Jefferson, inmate Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols, inmate Taryn Manning as Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett, inmate Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza, inmate Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy `` Black Cindy '' Hayes, inmate Dascha Polanco as Dayanara `` Daya '' Diaz, inmate Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo, Director of Human Activities, later Warden Yael Stone as Lorna Morello, inmate Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington, inmate ( seasons 1 -- 4, guest season 5 ) Jackie Cruz as Marisol `` Flaca '' Gonzales, inmate Lea DeLaria as Carrie `` Big Boo '' Black, inmate Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz, former inmate Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz, inmate Recurring cast ( edit ) Main article : List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Inmates ( edit ) Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset Annie Golden as Norma Romano Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson Julie Lake as Angie Rice Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy Constance Shulman as Erica `` Yoga '' Jones Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang Tamara Torres as Gerrman `` Weeping Woman '' Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco Beth Fowler as Sister Jane Ingalls ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Barbara Rosenblat as Rosa `` Miss Rosa '' Cisneros ( seasons 1 -- 2, guest season 3 ) Madeline Brewer as Tricia Miller ( season 1 ) Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso ( season 2 -- present ) Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin ( season 2 -- present ) Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Lorraine Toussaint as Yvonne `` Vee '' Parker ( season 2 ) Emily Althaus as Maureen Kukudio ( season 3 -- present ) Blair Brown as Judy King ( season 3 -- present ) Ruby Rose as Stella Carlin ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) Rosal Colon as Carmen `` Ouija '' Aziza ( season 4 -- present ) Francesca Curran as Helen Van Maele ( season 4 -- present ) Daniella De Jesus as `` Zirconia '' Cabrera ( season 4 -- present ) Asia Kate Dillon as Brandy Epps ( season 4 -- present ) Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight ( season 4 -- present ) Arianda Fernandez as Michelle Carreras ( season 4 -- present ) Kelly Karbacz as Kasey Sankey ( season 4 -- present ) Miriam Morales as Ramona `` Pidge '' Contreras ( season 4 -- present ) Jolene Purdy as Stephanie Hapakuka ( season 4 -- present ) Amanda Stephen as Alison Abdullah ( season 4 -- present ) Staff Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill Matt Peters as Joel Luschek Alysia Reiner as Natalie `` Fig '' Figueroa Brendan Burke as Wade Donaldson ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Lolita Foster as Eliqua Maxwell ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Germar Terrell Gardner as Charles Ford ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Matt McGorry as John Bennett ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Pablo Schreiber as George `` Pornstache '' Mendez ( seasons 1 -- 3, guest season 5 ) Lauren Lapkus as Susan Fischer ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Alan Aisenberg as Baxter `` Gerber '' Bayley ( season 3 -- present ) Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson / `` Amelia Von Barlow '' ( season 3 -- present ) Jimmy Gary Jr. as Felix Rikerson ( season 3 -- present ) James McMenamin as Charlie `` Donuts '' Coates ( season 3 -- present ) Mike Birbiglia as Danny Pearson ( seasons 3 - 4 ) Marsha Stephanie Blake as Berdie Rogers ( season 3 ) Nick Dillenburg as Ryder Blake ( season 4 -- present ) Evan Arthur Hall as Stratman ( season 4 -- present ) Mike Houston as Lee Dixon ( season 4 -- present ) Brad William Henke as Desi Piscatella ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) John Palladino as Josh ( season 4 -- present ) Emily Tarver as Artesian McCullough ( season 4 -- present ) Michael Torpey as Thomas `` Humps '' Humphrey ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Others Michael Chernus as Cal Chapman ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Tanya Wright as Crystal Burset ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Tracee Chimo as Neri Feldman ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Berto Colon as Cesar ( seasons 1 -- 3, 5 ) Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman ( seasons 1 -- 3, 5 ) Maria Dizzia as Polly Harper ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Ian Paola as Yadriel ( season 2 -- present ) John Magaro as Vince Muccio ( season 3 -- present ) Mary Steenburgen as Delia Powell - Mendez ( season 3, guest season 5 ) Production ( edit ) The series cast at The Paley Center For Media 's PaleyFest 2014 event honoring the show Show creator Jenji Kohan read Piper Kerman 's memoir after a friend sent it to her. She then set up a meeting with Kerman to pitch her on a TV adaptation, which she notes she `` screwed up '' as she spent most of the time asking Kerman about her experiences she described in the book rather than selling her on the show. This appealed to Kerman as it let her know that she was a fan and she signed off on the adaptation. Kohan would later go on to describe the main character, Piper Chapman, as a `` trojan horse '' for the series, allowing it to focus on characters whose demographics would not normally be represented on TV. In July 2011, it was revealed that Netflix was in negotiations with Lionsgate for a 13 - episode TV adaptation of Kerman 's memoirs with Kohan as creator. In November 2011, negotiations were finalized and the series had been greenlit. Casting announcements began in August 2012 with Taylor Schilling, the first to be cast, in the lead role as Piper Chapman, followed by Jason Biggs as Piper 's fiancé Larry Bloom. Laura Prepon and Yael Stone were next to join the series. Abigail Savage, who plays Gina, and Alysia Reiner, who plays Fig, had auditioned for role of Alex Vause. Prepon initially auditioned for Piper Chapman, however Kohan felt she would not worry about her ( in prison ), noting a `` toughness and a presence to her that was n't right for the character. '' Kohan instead gave her the role of Alex. Stone had originally auditioned for the role of Nicky Nichols, but she was not considered `` tough enough '' for the character ; she was asked to audition for Lorna Morello instead. Likability was important for Morello, whom casting director Jen Euston deemed `` a very helpful, nice, sweet Italian girl. '' Laverne Cox, a black transgender woman, was cast as Sophia Burset, a transgender character. The Advocate touted Orange Is the New Black as possibly the first women - in - prison narrative to cast a transgender woman for this type of role. Natasha Lyonne was to audition for Alex, but was asked to read for the character Nicky Nichols ; `` ( Kohan knew ) she could do Nicky with her eyes closed. She was perfect, '' said Euston. Uzo Aduba read for the part of Janae Watson but was offered the character Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren. Taryn Manning was offered the role of Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett. This American Life host Ira Glass was offered a role as a public radio host, but he declined. The role instead went to Robert Stanton, who plays the fictional host Maury Kind. The series is set in a fictional prison in Litchfield, New York, which is a real town in upstate New York, but it does not have a federal penitentiary. The series began filming in the old Rockland Children 's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County, New York, on March 7, 2013. The title sequence features photos of real former female prisoners including Kerman herself. On June 27, 2013, prior to the series premiere, Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes. For the second season, Uzo Aduba, Taryn Manning, Danielle Brooks, and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars. Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts, but returned for season 3 as a regular. On May 5, 2014, the series was renewed for a third season, as revealed by actress Laura Prepon. For the third season, several actors were promoted to series regulars, including Selenis Leyva, Adrienne C. Moore, Dascha Polanco, Nick Sandow, Yael Stone, and Samira Wiley. Both Jason Biggs and Pablo Schreiber were confirmed as not returning for the third season, but Schreiber appeared in the 10th episode of the third season. The series was renewed for a fourth season on April 15, 2015, prior to its third - season premiere. For the fourth season, Jackie Cruz and Lea DeLaria were promoted to series regulars ; with Elizabeth Rodriguez also being promoted by the season 's sixth episode. On February 5, 2016, the series was renewed for a fifth, sixth and seventh season. Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 93 % ( 40 reviews ) 79 ( 32 reviews ) 98 % ( 42 reviews ) 89 ( 31 reviews ) 96 % ( 24 reviews ) 83 ( 53 reviews ) 95 % ( 39 reviews ) 86 ( 19 reviews ) 5 74 % ( 35 reviews ) 67 ( 20 reviews ) Members of the cast and crew with their Peabody Award, May 2014 Orange Is the New Black has received critical acclaim, particularly praised for humanizing prisoners and for its depiction of race, sexuality, gender and body types. The first season received positive reviews from critics, review aggregator Metacritic gave it a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics, indicating favorable reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, season one has a 93 % approval rating based on 40 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10. The site 's critical consensus is `` Orange Is the New Black is a sharp mix of black humor and dramatic heft, with interesting characters and an intriguing flashback structure. '' Hank Stuever, television critic for The Washington Post, gave Orange Is the New Black a perfect score. In his review of the series, he stated : `` In Jenji Kohan 's magnificent and thoroughly engrossing new series, Orange Is the New Black, prison is still the pits. But it is also filled with the entire range of human emotion and stories, all of which are brought vividly to life in a world where a stick of gum could ignite either a romance or a death threat. '' Maureen Ryan, of The Huffington Post, wrote : `` Orange is one of the best new programs of the year, and the six episodes I 've seen have left me hungry to see more. '' The second season also received critical acclaim. Rotten Tomatoes gave a rating of 98 %, with an average rating of 9.1 out of 10 based on 42 reviews. The site 's critical consensus reads : `` With a talented ensemble cast bringing life to a fresh round of serial drama, Orange Is the New Black 's sophomore season lives up to its predecessor 's standard for female - led television excellence. Metacritic gave the second season a score of 89 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating `` universal acclaim. '' David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the season a positive review, calling the first six episodes `` not only as great as the first season, but arguably better. '' The third season received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, it has a score of 83 out of 100 based on 24 reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 96 % rating with an average score of 8.2 out of 10 based on 53 reviews. The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Thanks to its blend of potent comedy and rich character work, Orange is the New Black remains a bittersweet pleasure in its third season. '' The fourth season received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, it has a score of 86 out of 100 based on 19 reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 95 % rating with an average score of 8.6 out of 10 based on 39 reviews. The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Orange is the New Black is back and better than ever, with a powerful fourth season full of compelling performances by the ensemble cast. '' James Poniewozik of The New York Times reviewed the fourth season as `` Do you measure the quality of a TV season as a beginning - to - end average or by how well it ends? By the first yardstick, Season 4 is ambitious but uneven ; by the latter, it 's the series ' best. '' The fifth season has received `` generally favorable reviews ''. On Metacritic, it has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 20 reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 76 % rating with an average score of 7.47 out of 10 based on 33 reviews. Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Orange Is the New Black Orange Is the New Black has received many accolades since its debut. The series has garnered 16 Emmy Award nominations and four wins. For its first season, it received 12 Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series, and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series, winning three. Taylor Schilling received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress in a Television Series -- Drama. In 2013, the American Film Institute selected the series as one of the Top 10 Television Programs of the Year. A new Emmy rule in 2015, classifying half - hour shows as comedies and hour - long shows as dramas, forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama for its second season. That year, the series received four Emmy nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, and Aduba won her second Emmy Award, for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series. Orange Is the New Black became the first series to receive Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories. For its second season, the series also received three Golden Globe Award nominations : Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy, Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy for Schilling, and Best Supporting Actress -- Series, Miniseries or Television Film for Aduba. At the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards, the series won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Aduba won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series. For its third season, Orange Is the New Black won Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series ( Aduba ). It received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy. The series has also received, among other accolades, six Writers Guild of America Award nominations, five Satellite Awards, four Critics ' Choice Television Awards, a GLAAD Media Award, an American Cinema Editors Award, a Producers Guild of America Award, and a Peabody Award. Broadcast ( edit ) Netflix is famously tight - fisted when it comes to offering up viewership data about its original series. But execs with the streaming giant have repeatedly confirmed that OITNB is its most - watched original series. That has been backed up by the efforts of outside measurement companies to track viewing in the Netflix eco-system. -- Variety The series began airing on broadcast television in New Zealand on TV2 on August 19, 2013. It premiered in Australia on October 9, 2013, on Showcase. The second season began on Showcase on July 16, 2014, and the third season premiered on June 11, 2015. The first season began airing on broadcast television in the UK on Sony Channel from April 19, 2017. In April 2017, it was reported that a cybercriminal had stolen the first ten episodes of the fifth season in a security breach of a post-production company. Netflix failed to respond to ransom demands, and the cybercriminal leaked the episodes online. Netflix confirmed the security breach and an ongoing investigation by federal law enforcement. Multichannel News reported that demand for the series significantly increased over the seven - day period following the leak of the episodes. It was also said that the leak would likely cause a decrease in demand for the fifth season when Netflix releases it in June. Ratings ( edit ) Orange Is the New Black generated more viewers and hours viewed in its first week than the other Netflix original series House of Cards and Arrested Development. In October 2013, Netflix stated that the show is a `` tremendous success '' for the streaming platform. `` It will end the year as our most watched original series ever and, as with each of our other previously launched originals, enjoys an audience comparable with successful shows on cable and broadcast TV. '' As reported in February 2016, Orange Is the New Black remains Netflix 's most - watched original series. In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Orange Is the New Black is one of the shows most watched in urban areas, and despite its `` minority - rich ensemble cast, '' the series `` appeals more to a white audience. '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael J. Harney was credited as main cast for season 5 but did not make a single appearance. See also ( edit ) Incarceration of women in the United States Prison -- industrial complex Women in Prison ( 1987 ) List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters List of LGBT characters in television and radio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dunne, Susan ( July 3, 2013 ). `` Danbury Women 's Prison Setting For Netflix Original Series ''. The Hartford Courant. Retrieved May 23, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Andreeva, Nellie ( September 17, 2012 ). `` Duo Cast in Netflix 's ' Orange Is The New Black ', Don Stark Upped on VH 's ' Bounce ' ''. Deadline. Retrieved September 17, 2012. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley ( April 30, 2013 ). `` Netflix Sets Premiere Date for Jenji Kohan 's ' Orange Is the New Black ' ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 30, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Littleton, Cynthia ( February 5, 2016 ). `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix ''. Variety. Retrieved February 5, 2016. Jump up ^ Schwartz, Ryan ( February 8, 2017 ). `` Orange Is the New Black Season 5 Set for June Release at Netflix ''. TVLine. Retrieved February 8, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Denham, Jess ( February 5, 2016 ). `` Netflix renews Orange is the New Black for three more series ''. The Independent. Jump up ^ VanDerWerff, Todd ( July 16, 2015 ). `` 7 Emmys rules and quirks that explain the 2015 nominations ''. Vox. Retrieved September 1, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum, Debra ( August 4, 2015 ). `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Boss Jenji Kohan on Running the Show Her Way ''. Variety. Retrieved September 1, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Radish, Christina ( July 7, 2013 ). `` Creator Jenji Kohan Talks ORANGE IS THE NEW BLACK, Her Research Into Prison Life, and Graphic Sex Scenes ''. Collider. Retrieved May 3, 2016. Jump up ^ `` ' Orange ' Creator Jenji Kohan : ' Piper Was My Trojan Horse ' ''. NPR. August 13, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2016. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( July 22, 2011 ). `` Netflix Eyeing Second Original Series -- Comedy From Weeds Creator Jenji Kohan ''. Deadline. Retrieved May 2, 2016. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( November 11, 2011 ). `` Netflix, Lionsgate TV Closing Deal For Jenji Kohan 's ' Orange Is The New Black ' Comedy ''. Deadline. Retrieved May 2, 2016. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( August 30, 2012 ). `` Taylor Schilling To Star in Jenji Kohan 's Netflix Series Orange Is The New Black ''. Deadline. Retrieved August 30, 2012. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley ( September 12, 2012 ). `` Jason Biggs to Co-Star in Netflix 's ' Orange Is the New Black ' ( Exclusive ) ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 12, 2012. Jump up ^ Jung, E. Alex ( July 9, 2014 ). `` Orange Is the New Black 's Fig Explains the ' Beer Can ' Scene ''. Vulture. Retrieved June 9, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Big Boo Was n't Originally Supposed To Be A Part Of ' Orange Is The New Black ' ( VIDEO ) ''. HuffPost. August 16, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017. Jump up ^ Down, Steve ( July 5, 2015 ). `` Yael Stone on Orange is the New Black : ' I was n't Sapphic enough to play Nicky ' ''. The Guardian. Retrieved June 9, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Orley, Emily ( August 13, 2014 ). `` How The `` Orange Is The New Black '' Cast Came To Be ``. BuzzFeed. Retrieved June 9, 2017. Jump up ^ Anderson, Diane ( July 10, 2013 ). `` Why You Should Watch ' Orange Is the New Black ' ''. The Advocate. Retrieved July 12, 2013. Jump up ^ Byrnes, Holly ( December 18, 2015 ). `` Orange Is The New Black 's Uzo Aduba : ' How would make someone think I 'd be right for Crazy Eyes? ' ''. News Corp Australia. Retrieved June 9, 2017. Jump up ^ Molloy, Tim ( August 13, 2013 ). `` Ira Glass ' Politely Declined ' Role on ' Orange Is the New Black ' ''. The Wrap. Retrieved August 19, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Is the ' Orange is New Black ' Prison Real? Yes, and it is Located Near Utica ''. WIBX 950 AM. January 6, 2014. Retrieved May 23, 2014. Jump up ^ Serico, Chris ( March 7, 2013 ). `` Netflix series ' Orange is the New Black ' filming in Rockland ''. Newsday. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2013. Jump up ^ Pate, Caroline ( August 21, 2013 ). `` ' Orange is the New Black ' Title Sequence Uses Actual Former Prisoners ''. Bustle. Retrieved May 3, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Netflix Renews Original Series `` Orange Is the New Black '' for Second Season '' ( Press release ). Netflix. June 27, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2015. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( August 8, 2013 ). `` Uzo Aduba Upped To Regular On ' Orange Is The New Black ', Steven Culp In ' Revolution ' ''. Deadline. Retrieved June 11, 2015. Jump up ^ Martin, Rebecca ( June 12, 2014 ). `` Orange Is the New Black Season 3 : Laura Prepon Back as Series Regular! ''. Wetpaint. Retrieved June 9, 2017. Jump up ^ Hibberd, James ( May 5, 2014 ). `` ' Orange is the New Black ' renewed for 3rd season ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 11, 2015. Jump up ^ Simms, Andrew ( June 12, 2014 ). `` ' Orange is the New Black ' season 3 promotes Dascha Polanco to series regular ''. Hypable. Retrieved June 11, 2015. Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth ( February 20, 2015 ). `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' : Jason Biggs Not Returning to Season 3 ''. Variety. Retrieved June 11, 2015. Jump up ^ Miller, Gregory E. ( July 23, 2014 ). `` ' Pornstache ' out ahead of ' Orange ' season 3 ''. New York Post. Retrieved June 11, 2015. Jump up ^ Huggins, Sarah ( June 13, 2015 ). `` Pablo Schreiber 's Pornstache has an ' OITNB ' Season 3 surprise in store for fans ''. Zap2it. Retrieved July 1, 2015. Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara ( April 15, 2015 ). `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Renewed for Season 4 by Netflix ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 15, 2015. Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie ( January 17, 2016 ). `` Netflix sets premiere dates for OITNB, Kimmy Schmidt, and more ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 17, 2016. Jump up ^ Petski, Denise ( April 28, 2014 ). `` Lea DeLaria Upped To Regular On ' Orange Is The New Black ' ''. Deadline. Retrieved June 11, 2015. Jump up ^ Abramson, Seth ( July 26, 2013 ). `` How ' Orange Is the New Black ' humanizes inmates ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved September 2, 2015. Jump up ^ Simon, Rachel ( June 17, 2014 ). `` Has ' Orange is the New Black ' Changed the Way We Think of Prisoners? Former Inmates Say No, But There 's Progress Ahead ''. Bustle. Retrieved September 2, 2015. Jump up ^ Greenwald, Andy ( July 15, 2013 ). `` The Great Orange Is the New Black Is Suddenly the Best Netflix Series Yet ''. Grantland. Retrieved September 1, 2015. Rorke, Robert ( June 4, 2014 ). `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' ignites a TV revolution for women ''. New York Post. Retrieved September 2, 2015. McClelland, Mac ( June 18, 2015 ). `` Orange is the New Black : Girls Gone Wrong ''. Rolling Stone ( 1237 ). access - date = requires url = ( help ) Ross, L.A. ( March 15, 2014 ). `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Cast Dishes on Prison Sex, Women Calling the Shots, and What Red Did ''. TheWrap. Retrieved September 2, 2015. Gennis, Sadie ( July 24, 2013 ). `` Trans Actress Laverne Cox Breaks New Ground with Orange Is the New Black ''. TV Guide. Retrieved September 2, 2015. Schroeder, Audra ( August 5, 2013 ). `` How `` Orange Is the New Black '' changed the way we talk about TV ``. The Daily Dot. Retrieved September 2, 2015. Poniewozik, James ( July 25, 2013 ). `` Dead Tree Alert : Orange Is the New Black Is the New Way of Talking About TV ''. Time. Retrieved September 2, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 1 ''. Metacritic. 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 1 ''. Rotten Tomatoes. 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2014. Jump up ^ Steuver, Hank ( July 11, 2013 ). `` Netflix 's Orange Is the New Black : Brilliance behind bars ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved August 8, 2013. Jump up ^ Ryan, Maureen ( July 10, 2013 ). `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Review : Subversive Netflix Prison Drama Proves Addictive ''. The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 8, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 2 ''. Rotten Tomatoes. 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 2 ''. Metacritic. 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2014. Jump up ^ Wiegland, David ( June 3, 2014 ). `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' review : Me vs. we ''. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 11, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 3 ''. Metacritic. 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 3 ''. Rotten Tomatoes. 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 4 ''. Metacritic. 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 4 ''. Rotten Tomatoes. 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2016. Jump up ^ Poniewozik, James ( June 22, 2016 ). `` Orange Is The New Black : It 's About Time ''. The New York Times. Retrieved September 7, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 5 ''. Metacritic. 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 5 ''. Rotten Tomatoes. 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Is The New Black ''. Television Academy. Retrieved April 14, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Orange is the New Black ''. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Retrieved June 11, 2015. Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2013 ''. American Film Institute. Retrieved April 16, 2016. Jump up ^ VanDerWerff, Todd ( July 16, 2015 ). `` 7 Emmys Rules and Quirks that Explain the 2015 Nominations ''. Vox. Retrieved September 1, 2015. Jump up ^ `` SAG Award Winners 2015 : Full List ''. Variety. January 25, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards : The Complete Winners List ''. The Hollywood Reporter. January 30, 2016. Retrieved April 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Previous Nominees & Winners ''. Writers Guild of America. Retrieved April 14, 2016. Jump up ^ `` 2013 Satellite Awards ''. International Press Academy. Retrieved April 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` 2015 Satellite Awards ''. International Press Academy. Retrieved April 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards 2014 : Complete Winners List ''. The Hollywood Reporter. June 19, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards Winners : Full List ''. Variety. May 31, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2016. Jump up ^ `` George Takei, `` Orange is the New Black, '' `` Concussion '' among # GLAADAwards recipients in New York City ``. GLAAD. May 3, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2016. Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' Among Nominees for ACE Eddie Awards for Film Editing ''. The Hollywood Reporter. January 4, 2016. Retrieved April 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` PGA Awards : ' Orange Is the New Black ' Wins Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television, Comedy ''. The Hollywood Reporter. January 24, 2015. Retrieved April 14, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Orange is the New Black ( Netflix ) ''. Peabody Awards. Retrieved April 17, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Orange Is The New Black ''. TVNZ. Retrieved August 22, 2013. Jump up ^ Knox, David ( September 9, 2013 ). `` Airdate : Orange is the New Black ''. TV Tonight. Retrieved December 5, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Most anticipated returning shows in 2014 ''. Foxtel. January 14, 2014. Retrieved July 26, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Orange is the New Black S3 : same time as the US ''. Foxtel. June 4, 2015. Retrieved June 11, 2015. Jump up ^ Szalai, Georg ( March 24, 2017 ). `` Sony Channel U.K. Takes ' Orange Is the New Black ' ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 24, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Hacker Releases New Episodes of ' Orange Is the New Black ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Associated Press. April 28, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2017. Jump up ^ Perlroth, Nicole ; Haag, Matthew ( April 29, 2017 ). `` Hacker Leaks Episodes From Netflix Show and Threatens Other Networks ''. The New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2017. Jump up ^ Baumgartner, Jeff ( May 10, 2017 ). `` Demand for ' Orange Is the New Black ' Spiked Following Hack ''. Multichannel News. Retrieved May 11, 2017. Jump up ^ Greenwald, Andy ( June 4, 2014 ). `` Brilliant ' Orange ' ''. Grantland. Retrieved September 1, 2015. Jump up ^ Kafka, Peter ( July 23, 2013 ). `` Netflix 's No - Name Show Beating `` House of Cards '' and `` Arrested Development '' ``. All Things Digital. Retrieved December 10, 2013. Jump up ^ Ha, Anthony ( October 21, 2013 ). `` Netflix : ' Orange Is The New Black ' Is Our Most - Watched Original, But Our TV Exclusives Are Even Bigger ''. TechCrunch. Retrieved February 12, 2016. Jump up ^ Hernandez, Brian Anthony ( October 21, 2013 ). `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Is Netflix 's Most - Watched Original Series ''. Mashable. Retrieved April 19, 2016. Jump up ^ Smith, Nigel M ( February 5, 2016 ). `` Orange is the New Black renewed for three additional seasons ''. The Guardian. Retrieved April 19, 2016. Jump up ^ Katz, Josh ( December 27, 2016 ). `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide ''. The New York Times. Retrieved December 28, 2016. Further reading ( edit ) Weatherford Millette, Sarah. `` The Representation of Latinas in Orange Is the New Black. '' MA Thesis. George Mason University, 2015. Piper Kerman On Her Story That Inspired The Netflix Series Orange Is The New Black. June 2014. The Diane Rehm Show. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orange Is the New Black. 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{ "text": "You ca n't have your cake and eat it - wikipedia You ca n't have your cake and eat it You ca n't have your cake and eat it ( too ) is a popular English idiomatic proverb or figure of speech. The proverb literally means `` you can not simultaneously retain your cake and eat it ''. Once the cake is eaten, it is gone. It can be used to say that one can not or should not have or want more than one deserves or is reasonable, or that one can not or should not try to have two incompatible things. The proverb 's meaning is similar to the phrases `` you ca n't have it both ways '' and `` you ca n't have the best of both worlds. '' Many people are confused by the meaning of `` have '' and `` eat '' in the order as used here, although still understand the proverb and its intent and use it in this form. Some people feel the above form of the proverb is incorrect and illogical and instead prefer : `` You ca n't eat your cake and ( then still ) have it too '', which is in fact closer to the original form of the proverb ( see further explanations below ) but uncommon today. Another variant uses `` keep '' instead of `` have ''. Having to choose whether to have or eat your cake illustrates the concept of trade - offs or opportunity cost. Contents 1 History 2 Literal meaning 3 Other languages 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The order of the clauses in the saying has been the subject of some debate, and was even used in forensic linguistics ( contributing to the identification and arrest of the so - called Unabomber ). An early recording of the phrase is in a letter on 14 March 1538 from Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, to Thomas Cromwell, as `` a man can not have his cake and eat his cake ''. The phrase occurs with the clauses reversed in John Heywood 's `` A dialogue Conteinyng the Nomber in Effect of All the Prouerbes in the Englishe Tongue '' from 1546, as `` wolde you bothe eate your cake, and have your cake? ''. In John Davies ' `` Scourge of Folly '' of 1611, the same order is used, as `` A man can not eat his cake and haue it stil. '' In Jonathan Swift 's 1738 farce `` Polite Conversation '', the character Lady Answerall says `` she can not eat her cake and have her cake. '' The order was reversed again in a posthumous adaptation of `` Polite Conversation '' in 1749, `` Tittle Tattle ; or, Taste A-la - Mode '', as `` And she can not have her Cake and eat her Cake. '' From 1812 ( R.C. Knopf 's `` Document Transcriptions of War of 1812 '' ( 1959 ) VI. 204 ) is a modern - sounding recording of `` We can not have our cake and eat it too. '' According to the Google Ngram Viewer, the eat - first order was more common until about 1935, since which time the have - first order has become much more popular. Literal meaning ( edit ) Paul Brians, Professor of English at Washington State University, points out that perhaps a more logical or easier to understand version of this saying is, `` You ca n't eat your cake and have it too. '' Professor Brians writes that a common source of confusion about this idiom stems from the verb to have which in this case indicates that once eaten, keeping possession of the cake is no longer possible, seeing that it is in your stomach ( and no longer exists as a cake ). Alternatively, the two verbs can be understood to represent a sequence of actions, so one can indeed `` have '' one 's cake and then `` eat '' it. Consequently, the literal meaning of the reversed idiom does n't match the metaphorical meaning. The phrase can also have specialized meaning in academic contexts ; Classicist Katharina Volk of Columbia University has used the phrase to describe the development of poetic imagery in Latin didactic poetry, naming the principle behind the imagery 's adoption and application the `` have - one 's - cake - and - eat - it - too principle ''. In English, `` have '' can mean `` eat '', as in `` Let 's have breakfast '' or `` I 'm having a sandwich ''. So the saying `` You ca n't have your cake and eat it too '' may mean that you ca n't eat the cake and then eat it again ; or less metaphorically, that what you want is unreasonable. This interpretation makes sense in both the `` have - eat '' and `` eat - have '' iterations of the idiom, and might explain why the earliest known iteration is `` have - eat ''. Other languages ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Various expressions are used to convey similar idioms in other languages : Albanian : Të hysh në ujë e të mos lagesh. -- To take a swim and not get wet. Bulgarian : Не може и вълкът да е сит, и агнето цяло. -- You ca n't have both the wolf fed, and the lamb intact. Bosnian : Ne možeš imati i jare i pare. -- You ca n't have both the lamb and the money. Simplified Chinese : 鱼 与 熊 掌, 不可 兼 得. ; traditional Chinese : 魚 與 熊 掌, 不可 兼 得. -- You ca n't have both the fish and the bear 's paw. ( Bear 's paw is considered a delicacy in ancient China. ) Croatian : Ne možeš imati i ovce i novce -- You ca n't have both the sheep ( pl. ) and the money. Also, I vuk sit, ovce na broju -- The wolf is full, and the sheep are all accounted for. Czech : Nejde sedět zadkem na dvou židlích -- You ca n't sit on two chairs at the same time. Also, Vlk se nažral a koza zůstala celá. - The wolf ate and the goat remained whole. Danish : Man kan ikke både blæse og have mel i munden -- You can not both blow and have flour in your mouth. Or Danish : Man kan ikke få både i pose og ( i ) sæk - You ca n't get both in bag and ( in ) sack. Dutch : Je moet kiezen of delen -- You have to choose or divide. This is based on Dutch civil law where in a division of property one person divides the property in two parts and the other person chooses the part he likes most. French : Vouloir le beurre et l'argent du beurre -- to want the butter and the money from ( selling ) the butter. The idiom can be emphasized by adding et le sourire de la crémière ( `` and a smile from the ( female ) shopkeeper '' ) or, on its more familiar version, `` et le cul de la crémière '' ( `` and the ( female ) shopkeeper 's butt '' ). Finnish : Kakkuja ei voi sekä syödä että säästää. German : Wasch mir den Pelz, aber mach mich nicht nass -- wash my fur but do n't get me wet. Also, Man kann nicht auf zwei Hochzeiten tanzen -- one can not dance at two weddings ( at the same time ). Swiss German : Du chasch nit dr Füfer und s Weggli ha -- you ca n't have the five cent coin and a bread roll. Greek : Και την πίτα ολόκληρη και τον σκύλο χορτάτο -- you want the entire pie and the dog full. Gujarati : Gujarati : બે હાથમાં લાડુ હોવા - having Laddu in both your hands. Hebrew : אי אפשר לאכול את העוגה ולהשאיר אותה שלמה ‎ -- you ca n't eat the cake and keep it whole. Also, Hebrew : אי אפשר להחזיק את המקל משני הקצוות ‎ - It is impossible to hold the stick from both ends. Hungarian : Olyan nincs, hogy a kecske is jóllakjon, és a káposzta is megmaradjon -- It is impossible that the goat has enough to eat and the cabbage remains as well. Also, Egy fenékkel nem lehet két lovat megülni -- It is impossible to ride two horses with one butt. ( The meaning is similar to the Romanian translation. ) Nem lehet egyszerre házaséletet is élni és szűznek is maradni. - It is not possible to go to the wedding bed and still remain a virgin. Icelandic : Það er ekki hægt að bæði halda og sleppa - You ca n't have and have not at the same time. Also : Bágt er að blása og hafa mjöl í munni. -- You can not both blow and have flour in your mouth. Italian : Volere la botte piena e la moglie ubriaca -- to want the barrel full and the wife drunk. Kannada : ಅಕ್ಕಿ ಮೇಲೆ ಆಸೆ, ನೆಂಟರ ಮೇಲೆ ಪ್ರೀತಿ -- Desire over rice, love over relatives. Korean : 두 마리 토끼 를 잡을 수 없다 -- You ca n't catch two rabbits ( at the same time ). Malayalam : കക്ഷത്തിലുള്ളത് പോകാനും പാടില്ല ഉത്തരത്തിലുള്ളത് വേണം താനും! -- You want both the one on the roof, and the one in your armpit. Nepali : दुवै हातमा लड्डु -- having laddu ( a sweet candy ) in both your hands. Norwegian : Man kan ikke få både i pose og sekk -- You ca n't get both in bag and sack. Papiamento : Skohe of lag'i skohe -- choose or let choose. Pashto : Dawara ghaaray ma wahaa ‎ -- You can not be on both sides. Persian : هم خدا را خواستن و هم خرما را ‎ -- wanting both God and the sugar - dates. Polish : Zjeść ciastko i mieć ciastko -- To eat the cookie and have the cookie. Portuguese : Querer ter sol na eira e chuva no nabal -- Wanting the sun to shine on the threshing floor, while it rains on the turnip field. Romanian : Nu poți împăca și capra și varza -- You ca n't reconcile the goat and the cabbage. Also, Și cu tigaia unsă și cu slănina în pod - To have the pan greased and the lard in the attic ( or the more vulgar version : Şi cu dânsa - ntr - însa, şi cu sufletu - n rai - To have ' it ' in ' it ' and the soul in heaven. ) Russian : И рыбку съесть, и в воду не лезть -- wanting to eat a fish without first catching it from the waters. Serbian : Не можеш да имаш и јаре и паре -- You ca n't have both goatling and money, and Не можеш седети на две столице -- You ca n't sit on two chairs. Spanish : Querer estar en misa y en procesión -- wishing to be both at mass and in the procession, and estar en misa y repicando ( or estar en misa y tocar la campana -- to be both at mass and in the belfry, bell - ringing. ) Argentina : la chancha y los veinte -- the pig and the twenties. ( Comes from the old piggybanks for children that used to contain coins of 20 cents. The only way to get the coins was to break the piggybank open -- hence the phrase. This can be emphasized by adding y la máquina de hacer chorizos -- and the machine to make sausage. ) Swedish : Att äta kakan och ha den kvar - To eat the cookie and still have it. Tamil : மீசைக்கும் ஆசை கூழுக்கும் ஆசை -- desire to have both the moustache and to drink the soup. Turkish : Hem karnım doysun hem pastam dursun. -- I want my tummy full and still have a cake. Vietnamese : Được cái này mất cái kia. -- You gain one thing but lose the other. Welsh : Allwch chi mo'i chael hi bob ffordd. -- You ca n't have it all ways. Also, Allwch chi ddim cadw torth a'i bwyta hi - You ca n't keep a loaf and eat it. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Definition of cake in English ''. Oxford Dictionaris. Retrieved 21 August 2013. Jump up ^ Ngram Viewer. Google. Retrieved 21 August 2013. Jump up ^ Ngram Viewer. Google. Retrieved 21 August 2013. Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick, John R ( 2006 - 06 - 15 ). John Stuart Mill 's Political Philosophy : Balancing Freedom and the Collective Good. p. 154. ISBN 9781847143440. Jump up ^ Fullbrook, Edward ( 2008 - 10 - 21 ). Ontology and Economics : Tony Lawson and His Critics. p. 17. ISBN 9780203888773. Jump up ^ Suits, Daniel Burbidge ( 1973 ). Principles of economics. p. 49. ISBN 9780060465285. Jump up ^ `` Language Log : Forensic linguistics, the Unabomber, and the etymological fallacy ''. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20. Jump up ^ Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 13 Part 1 : January - July 1538 ( p. 189 ref. 504 ). Institute of Historical Research ( `` Sponsor '' ). Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04. Jump up ^ `` cake ''. Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed. ). Oxford University Press. September 2005. ( Subscription or UK public library membership required. ) Jump up ^ Shapiro, Fred R ( 2006 ). The Yale Book of Quotations. ISBN 9780300107982. Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04. Jump up ^ Swift, Jonathan ( 1841 ). The Works of Jonathan Swift... : Containing interesting and valuable papers. Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04. Jump up ^ Timothy Fribble ( Pseud. ), Jonathan Swift ( 1749 ). Tittle Tattle. Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Have Your Cake and Eat It Too ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25. Jump up ^ `` Eat / Have, Have / Eat Your Cake! ''. ABLE Innovations Blog. Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25. Jump up ^ Speake, Jennifer ( 2008 ). `` Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. ISBN 9780199539536. Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04. Jump up ^ Graph at Google Ngram Viewer Jump up ^ Common Errors in English : Eat Cake. Washington State University. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26. Jump up ^ Katharina Volk, The Poetics of Latin Didactic. Lucretius, Vergil, Ovid, Manilius. Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05. Jump up ^ `` dict.org ''. Jump up ^ `` Redensarten-Index.de ''. Jump up ^ This is a euphemism for a common vulgar expression и рыбку съесть, и на хуй сесть first used by Alexander Pushkin in a private letter. Jump up ^ Griffiths, Bruce ; Jones, Dafydd Glyn ( 1995 ). Geiriadur yr Academi : The Welsh Academy English -- Welsh Dictionary. Cardiff : University of Wales Press. p. 191. ISBN 0708311865. External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of have one 's cake and eat it too at Wiktionary Post at `` The Phrase Finder '', quoting Wise Words and Wives ' Tales : The Origins, Meanings and Time - Honored Wisdom of Proverbs and Folk Sayings Olde and New and The Random House Dictionary of Popular Proverbs and Sayings. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_can%27t_have_your_cake_and_eat_it&oldid=856944466 '' Categories : English phrases English - language idioms Metaphors referring to food and drink Hidden categories : All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from November 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Albanian - language text Articles containing Bulgarian - language text Articles containing Bosnian - language text Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles containing Croatian - language text Articles containing Czech - language text Articles containing Danish - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Finnish - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Gujarati - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Hungarian - language text Articles containing Icelandic - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing Kannada - language text Articles containing Korean - language text Articles containing Malayalam - language text Articles containing Nepali - language text Articles containing Norwegian - language text Articles containing Papiamento - language text Articles containing Pashto - language text Articles containing Persian - language text Articles containing Polish - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Romanian - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Serbian - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles containing Tamil - language text Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles containing Vietnamese - language text Articles containing Welsh - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018, at 14 : 54 ( UTC ). 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{ "text": "Pitch Perfect 3 - wikipedia Pitch Perfect 3 Jump to : navigation, search Pitch Perfect 3 Theatrical release poster Directed by Trish Sie Produced by Elizabeth Banks Paul Brooks Max Handelman Screenplay by Kay Cannon Mike White Story by Kay Cannon Starring Anna Kendrick Rebel Wilson Hailee Steinfeld Brittany Snow Anna Camp Hana Mae Lee Alexis Knapp John Michael Higgins Elizabeth Banks Music by Christopher Lennertz Cinematography Matthew Clark Edited by Craig Alpert Colin Patton Production company Gold Circle Films Brownstone Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date November 30, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) ( Sydney ) December 22, 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 93 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $45 million Box office $183.8 million Pitch Perfect 3 is a 2017 American musical comedy film directed by Trish Sie and written by Kay Cannon and Mike White. A sequel to Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ), and the third and final installment in the Pitch Perfect series, the film stars Anna Kendrick, Anna Camp, Rebel Wilson, Brittany Snow, Hailee Steinfeld, Hana Mae Lee, Ester Dean, Chrissie Fit, Alexis Knapp, John Lithgow, Ruby Rose, Kelley Jakle, Shelley Regner, Elizabeth Banks, and John Michael Higgins. The film follows the Bellas, now graduated from college, reuniting for one final performance together during an overseas USO tour. Principal photography on the film began in January 2017 in Atlanta, Georgia and ended in April 2017. The film was released in the United States on December 22, 2017, received mixed reviews from critics, and has grossed $183 million worldwide. It became the second highest - grossing musical comedy film of all time, behind only the second film. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 The Bellas 2.2 Additional characters 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Two years after the events of the second movie, the Bellas have graduated college, but have jobs which they all hate. Desperate to see each other again to sing once more, Beca ( Anna Kendrick ), Fat Amy ( Rebel Wilson ), Chloe ( Brittany Snow ), Aubrey ( Anna Camp ), Lilly ( Hana Mae Lee ), Stacie ( Alexis Knapp ), Cynthia - Rose ( Ester Dean ), Florencia ( Chrissie Fit ), Jessica ( Kelley Jakle ), and Ashley ( Shelley Regner ) are all thrilled to learn that Emily ( Hailee Steinfeld ), now a senior at Barden and leader of the Barden Bellas, has seemingly asked for the Bellas to reunite at an event in New York Aquarium to sing with each other once more. Upon arriving at the reunion they are told that the reunion was not for the Bellas to sing together, but to watch Emily sing with the new Bellas. They later gather at a bar in disappointment and Emily apologizes as she thought it would be the only way for them to see each other again. They all express how much they miss each other. Suddenly, Aubrey convinces them to join a USO performance accessed by her Army officer father. If they win the competition, they get to open for DJ Khaled. The Bellas gladly accept, all except for Stacie who is eight months pregnant at the moment and is unable to go with them. The Bellas later arrive at a hangar where two soldiers, Chicago ( Matt Lanter ) and Zeke ( Troy Ian Hall ) introduce them to their competition, revealed to be three other groups who use instruments, unlike the Bellas. When the band Evermoist, led by their leader Calamity ( Ruby Rose ) begin to mock and belittle the Bellas, the competitors are challenged to a riff - off by the Bellas, who leave defeated when the other groups compete using their musical instruments. The Bellas are taken to a fancy hotel in Spain, where Chloe begins to catch an eye for Chicago. Fat Amy finds an old stuffed bunny sitting in her bed, which she recognizes as an old toy she used to hold when she was very little as her father Fergus ( John Lithgow ) sang her to sleep every night. Amy then realizes that her father is staying in the same hotel she is in and is shocked upon the discovery, seeing as how Fergus is an international criminal. Later that night, the Bellas are invited to a party at DJ Khaled 's suite at the hotel, where Fat Amy splits with the group when she is called to be at a poker tournament. The tournament was set up by Fergus, who promptly begs for Amy to be back in his life. A hesitant Amy finally agrees to do so after seeing how much he has changed. Beca, after having her breasts grabbed by Chloe, who develops a friendship with DJ Khaled 's music producer Theo ( Guy Burnet ), is taken to DJ Khaled 's music editing room. Beca produces a mix which impresses Theo who is prompted to send the mix to DJ Khaled. Moments later, the party is thrown into chaos when Aubrey accidentally sets the suite on fire. The Bellas are left in disgrace after the incident with no hopes of winning the competition until Stacie calls the girls to inform she has given birth to a baby girl and named her Bella. This motivates the Bellas to just perform their hearts out without trying to win. Back at the USO competition, the Bellas perform tremendously to adoring crowds through different performances, repairing their reputation and chances to win in the process. Fergus is accepted by Amy, who believes he came to one of their performances to see her. He accidentally reveals that he has not seen her perform at all, while confessing that he is only trying to acquire an offshore account Amy 's mother set up which contains US $ 180 million. After Amy shuts out Fergus again, Chicago and Zeke escort her away from her father, who swears revenge on her. Meanwhile, only Beca is asked personally by DJ Khaled to open for him, disregarding the other Bellas. Beca politely declines the offer and leaves to her room. Later, the Bellas are taken away by a Frenchman in a dark grey van out onto a yacht in a nearby harbor. The yacht belongs to Fergus, who is using the Bellas as a means to get Amy to come for him. Amy and Beca hear of the kidnapping and decide to rescue the Bellas. Beca distracts Fergus by having the Bellas perform `` Toxic '' for him and two of his men, just as Amy sets the yacht to explode. The Bellas escape the yacht just before it blows. Fergus survives the explosion and is arrested for his crimes. After the Bellas are rescued by the military, Fat Amy reveals DJ Khaled 's proposition to Beca to the others. They encourage her to take the chance, and they all agree that now it 's time to move on with their lives, with Amy using her bank account for multiple tributes to singers named Amy, Aubrey trying to be a birthing coach, Flo 's juice cart becoming part of an international brand, Chloe getting accepted into vet school, Cynthia - Rose staying at the base to get into flight school, Emily going back to Barden to prepare for her upcoming abnormal psychology test while continuing her songwriting, and Lilly revealing that the reason she was quiet was because she was possessed by Satan and the yacht incident snapped her out of it, and that her real name is Ester. They know very well they 'll be separated, but still be connected to each other as a family. Later at the USO 's final performance, Beca opens for DJ Khaled and sings on stage, and afterwards brings up the Bellas onstage for the girls to sing their final performance with the other competitors gladly watching the Bellas sing `` Freedom! ' 90 '' to their hearts content. Gail ( Elizabeth Banks ) and John ( John Michael Higgins ) ( who were the Bellas ' public announcers in the previous installments ) finish filming the Bellas as part of a documentary they have been making about the girls throughout the whole film, only to be appalled when John realizes they did n't record the Bellas ' final performance, which was supposed to be the documentary 's big ending. A series of mid credit scenes reveal the Bellas ' separate story arcs closed out to their mostly happy endings, with Lilly hanging around with DJ Dragon Nutz, whom she flirted with earlier, Chloe and Chicago making out whilst Beca, watching uncomfortably, speaks with Theo about her new job now that he works for her, and Aubrey reconnects with her father. Cast ( edit ) The Bellas ( edit ) Anna Kendrick as Beca Mitchell, an alumna and the former leader of The Barden Bellas, who works as a producer but quits due to creative differences, before joining the tour. She has been sharing an apartment in New York City with her best friends Chloe and Fat Amy for the last three years. Rebel Wilson as Patricia `` Fat Amy '' Hobart, a comedic alumna of The Barden Bellas, from Australia. She held a one - woman show, `` Fat Amy Winehouse '', before joining the tour. Brittany Snow as Chloe Beale, a Barden Bellas alumna and former co-leader, who longs for glory days with the Bellas. She applied to attend a vet school before joining the tour. Anna Camp as Aubrey Posen, a Barden Bellas alumna and former leader, before Beca, who worked at the Lodge of Fallen Leaves. Through her father, The Bellas were invited to the USO tour. Hailee Steinfeld as Emily Junk, a senior student at Barden University and the current leader of the new Barden Bellas, who joins her former seniors for the tour. Ester Dean as Cynthia Rose Adams, a lesbian Barden Bellas alumna, who failed the Flight School simulation before joining the tour. Hana Mae Lee as Lilly Onakuramara / Esther, a Barden Bellas alumna known for her quiet speaking voice and odd remarks. She worked as a tailor before joining the tour. Kelley Jakle as Jessica Smith, a Barden Bellas alumna. Shelley Regner as Ashley Jones, a Barden Bellas alumna. Chrissie Fit as Florencia `` Flo '' Fuentes, a Barden Bellas alumna, from Guatemala. She worked at a juice truck before joining the tour. Alexis Knapp as Stacie Conrad, a Barden Bellas alumna, known for being overly sexual. She works as a pilates instructor and despite wanting to, could not join the tour due to her pregnancy Additional characters ( edit ) Elizabeth Banks as Gail Abernathy - McKadden - Feinberger, an a cappella commentator making an insulting documentary about The Bellas John Michael Higgins as John Smith, an a cappella commentator making an insulting documentary about The Bellas John Lithgow as Fergus Hobart, Fat Amy 's estranged criminal father Matt Lanter as Chicago Walp, a U.S. soldier guiding the Bellas during the tour, and Chloe 's love interest. Guy Burnet as Theo, DJ Khaled 's music producer, who takes a liking to Beca DJ Khaled as himself Troy Ian Hall as Zeke, a U.S. soldier, partners with Chicago Michael Rose as Aubrey 's father Jessica Chaffin as Evan Moises Arias as Pimp - Lo Ruby Rose, Andy Allo, Venzella Joy Williams, and Hannah Fairlight as Calamity, Serenity, Charity, and Veracity, respectively, members of the band Evermoist Whiskey Shivers as Saddle Up, a country - bluegrass - based band competing against the Bellas Trinidad James and D.J. Looney as Young Sparrow and DJ Dragon Nutz, respectively Production ( edit ) On April 11, 2015, a month before the release of the second film, it was announced that Rebel Wilson would return for a third film, although she stated that she did not know if Anna Kendrick or other cast members would also reprise their roles. She added that she would be `` up for a Fat Amy spin - off. '' Director, star, and producer of the second film Elizabeth Banks acknowledged the possibility of a third film during promotion of Pitch Perfect 2, saying, `` I will say, it would be disingenuous to say that no one 's talking about a Pitch Perfect 3 ; the possibility of it. '' On June 10, 2015, a third film was officially confirmed, and Kay Cannon was set to return to write the script. On June 15, 2015, it was announced that Kendrick and Wilson would both reprise their roles, and on July 28, 2015, Brittany Snow signed on to return. Paul Brooks again produced for Gold Circle Films, along with Max Handelman and Banks for Brownstone Productions. On October 27, 2015, Banks was officially announced to return as director for the film, though she exited in that capacity on June 3, 2016. On September 1, 2016, Trish Sie was confirmed to direct the film. On December 13, 2016, it was reported that Ruby Rose was in talks to join the film, while Anna Camp also signed on to return for the sequel. Cannon wrote the script with later drafts by Mike White and Dana Fox ; White would eventually receive screenwriting credits alongside Cannon. On January 5, 2017, a table read occurred, with Ester Dean, Hana Mae Lee, Chrissie Fit, Kelley Jakle, and Shelley Regner also being confirmed to reprise their roles, and singer Andy Allo joining as Charity, a rival in a group opposing the Bellas. While it was revealed by vocal director Deke Sharon that Alexis Knapp is returning, she was n't spotted during the first month of filming, leading fans to show concerns that she might not be returning at all. However, on February 6, she posted a photo on Instagram, confirming her return, and was on set the following day. Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on January 5, 2017, and took place in Atlanta, Georgia, and Cádiz, Spain. Filming wrapped on April 3, 2017. Release ( edit ) Pitch Perfect 3 was initially scheduled for July 21, and August 4, 2017. It had its world premiere in Sydney, Australia, on November 29, 2017, and was released in the United States on December 22, 2017. Box Office ( edit ) As of February 19, 2018, Pitch Perfect 3 has grossed $104.8 million in the United States and Canada and $79 million in other territories, for a total of $183.8 million, against a production budget of $45 million. In the United States and Canada, Pitch Perfect 3 was released alongside the openings of Downsizing and Father Figures, and the wide expansions of The Shape of Water and Darkest Hour, and was projected to gross $27 -- 35 million from 3,447 theaters in its opening weekend. The film took in $2.1 million from Thursday night previews, about half of the $4.6 million earned by its predecessor. Over the three - day weekend, which included Christmas Eve, it grossed $19.9 million ( down nearly 70 % from the second film 's $69.2 million debut ), finishing third at the box office, behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi and Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle. It grossed an additional $6.5 million on Christmas Day, for a four - day total of $26.4 million. It dropped 15 % the following weekend, grossing $16.8 million, and a total of $21.7 million over the four - day New Year 's frame. Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 31 % based on 116 reviews and an average rating of 4.7 / 10. The website 's critical consensus reads, `` Pitch Perfect 3 strains to recapture the magic that helped the original spawn a franchise, but ends up sending this increasingly unnecessary trilogy out on a low note. '' On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 40 out of 100 based on 35 critics, indicating `` mixed or average reviews ''. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale, the same score earned by its predecessor. Owen Gleiberman of Variety praising the cast and said, `` The new film does n't add anything revolutionary to the Pitch Perfect formula. It still sounds like we 're in middle - period Glee written by someone who finds Ryan Murphy too solemn. But as directed by Trish Sie, the movie is bubbly, it 's fast, it 's hella synthetic - clever, and it 's an avid showcase for the personalities of its stars. '' In a review for The Hollywood Reporter, Frank Scheck wrote ``... what started out as a charmingly offbeat comic premise has inevitably degenerated into the sort of crass commercialism that probably would make the Bellas themselves turn up their noses. '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 ''. AMC Theatres. Retrieved November 22, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 ' is... fine, and you ca n't have expected more than that ''. Mashable. December 19, 2017. Retrieved December 19, 2017. Jump up ^ Jeff Giles ( December 21, 2017 ). `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle is Certified Fresh ''. Retrieved December 21, 2017. Jump up ^ `` List of Top Grossing Music Comedy Films, 1984 - Present ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 13, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' in the Works ; Rebel Wilson to Return ''. Collider.com. Complex Media. April 11, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Banks Talks PITCH PERFECT 2 ( and 3 ), WET HOT AMERICAN SUMMER and THE LEGO MOVIE Sequel ''. Collider.com. May 16, 2015. Retrieved December 8, 2017. Jump up ^ Kit, Borys ( June 10, 2015 ). `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Moving Forward at Universal With Writer Kay Cannon ( Exclusive ) ''. hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved June 16, 2015. Jump up ^ Busch, Anita ( June 15, 2015 ). `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ′ Chimes In With Summer 2017 Date ; Anna Kendrick, Rebel Wilson Back ''. deadline.com. Retrieved June 16, 2015. Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin ( July 28, 2015 ). `` Brittany Snow Set to Return for ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) ''. variety.com. Retrieved October 28, 2015. Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin ( October 27, 2015 ). `` Elizabeth Banks to Direct ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) ''. Variety.com. Retrieved October 28, 2015. Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin ( June 3, 2016 ). `` Elizabeth Banks Exits as Director of ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) ''. Variety. Retrieved June 6, 2016. Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin ( September 1, 2016 ). `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Finds New Director in Trish Sie ''. Variety. Retrieved September 2, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Kroll, Justin ( December 14, 2016 ). `` Ruby Rose in Talks to Join ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) ''. Variety. Retrieved December 20, 2016. Jump up ^ Ford, Rebecca ( December 18, 2016 ). `` Anna Camp Returning for ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( Exclusive ) ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 20, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by @ kelleyjakle Jan 5, 2017 ''. Instagram.com. Retrieved 8 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Prince Protege Andy Allo Joins ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ''. Ew.com. January 5, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Deke Sharon - Music rehearsal, day one! # PitchPerfect3 ''. Facebook.com. Retrieved 8 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by @ alexisknapp Feb 6, 2017 ''. Instagram.com. Retrieved 8 December 2017. Jump up ^ Wilson, Rebel. `` And that 's a wrap on @ PitchPerfect 3! All day today I 'm sleeping and eating chocolate xpic.twitter.com/KhW9nkvKCB ''. Twitter. Retrieved 8 December 2017. Jump up ^ Lesnick, Silas ( January 5, 2017 ). `` Pitch Perfect 3 Filming Begins! ''. ComingSoon.net. Retrieved January 6, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' is now casting extras in Atlanta ''. On Location Vacations. December 9, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 Australian Premiere ''. Facebook.com. Retrieved December 8, 2017. Jump up ^ Busch, Anita ( May 9, 2016 ). `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Moves Up To Middle Of Summer 2017 ''. Deadline. Retrieved May 10, 2016. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( November 28, 2017 ). `` Does 2017 's Domestic Box Office Stand A Chance To Eclipse Last Year 's All - Time $11.4 B Record? ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved November 29, 2017. Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 19, 2017 ). `` ' Jumanji, ' ' Greatest Showman, ' ' Pitch Perfect ' to Challenge the ' Star Wars ' Box Office Force ''. Variety. Retrieved December 19, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 24, 2017 ). `` Last Jedi ' Lords Over Christmas Weekend B.O. With $100 M+ As ' Jumanji ' Roars $65 M+ & ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Sings $27 M ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved December 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 31, 2017 ). `` ' Last Jedi ' Has Upper Hand Over ' Jumanji ' In New Year 's Weekend Duel As 2017 B.O. Closes With $11.1 B -- Monday Update ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved January 1, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved February 8, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 reviews ''. Metacritic. Retrieved December 30, 2017. Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen ( December 19, 2017 ). `` Film Review : ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ''. Variety. Retrieved December 19, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' : Film Review ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media, LLC. Retrieved December 19, 2017. External links ( edit ) Official website Pitch Perfect 3 on IMDb Pitch Perfect Films Pitch Perfect ( 2012 ) Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) Albums 2012 soundtrack 2015 soundtrack Songs `` Cups '' `` Flashlight '' Films directed by Trish Sie Step Up : All In ( 2014 ) Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pitch_Perfect_3&oldid=828262951 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s sequel films American films American sequel films Films set in New York City Films set in Paris Films set in Spain Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018, at 14 : 49. 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{ "text": "2016 Indian banknote demonetisation - Wikipedia 2016 Indian banknote demonetisation This article is about the 2016 decision to demonetise 500 - and 1000 - rupee banknotes. It is not to be confused with The High Denomination Bank Notes ( Demonetisation ) Act, 1978. 2016 Indian banknote demonetisation Queues outside a bank to exchange ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 banknotes in Birganj, Kolkata on 10 November 2016 Date 8 November 2016 Time 20 : 15 IST ( 14 : 45 UTC ) Location India Casualties Independent stats : 100 dead as of 8 December 2016 This article is part of a series about Narendra Modi Early life and education Public image Bibliography Early political career Gujarat Legislative Assembly 2002 2007 2012 Premiership Campaign Achhe din aane waale hain Swearing - in Council of Ministers Timeline Mann Ki Baat International trips National policy Union budgets 2014 2015 2016 2017 Railway budgets 2014 2015 2016 Social / Rural Schemes Antyodaya Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Sukanya Samriddhi Ujjwala OROP Housing for All Saubhagya scheme Adarsh Gram Yojana Gram Jyoti Soil health cards UDAY Krishi Sinchai Jeevan Pramaan DELP HRIDAY Economy / Financial Reforms Atal Pension Yojana 2016 banknote demonetisation Expenditure management commission Income declaration scheme, 2016 Garib Kalyan Yojana JAM Yojana Jan Dhan Yojana Jeevan Jyoti Mudra Yojana New Notes Suraksha Bima Projects Bharatmala Diamond Quadrilateral Bullet Train Sagar Mala Setu Bharatam National Agriculture Market Campaigns Accessible India Digital India Make in India Swachh Bharat Skill India Standup India Startup India Unnat Bharat Abhiyan Missions AMRUT Smart cities TB - Mission 2020 Mission Indradhanush Establishments NITI Aayog Statue of Unity War Memorial MUDRA Bank Laws Aadhaar Act Black Money Act GST Constitutional amendment Mines Act National Waterways Act Real Estate Act Road Transport and Safety Bill Securities Laws Act Operation Raahat Foreign policy Policies Asian South Asian Middle Eastern Neighbourhood first Act East policy India -- Pacific Islands Forum Yoga Day New Development Bank Solar alliance World Hindi Secretariat BIMSTEC On 8 November 2016, the Government of India announced the demonetisation of all ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series. The government claimed that the action would curtail the shadow economy and crack down on the use of illicit and counterfeit cash to fund illegal activity and terrorism. The sudden nature of the announcement and the prolonged cash shortages in the weeks that followed created significant disruption throughout the economy, threatening economic output. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the demonetisation in an unscheduled live televised address at 20 : 00 Indian Standard Time ( IST ) on 8 November. In the announcement, PM Modi declared that use of all ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series would be invalid past midnight, and announced the issuance of new ₹ 500 and ₹ 2000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi New Series in exchange for the old banknotes. The BSE SENSEX and NIFTY 50 stock indices fell over 6 percent on the day after the announcement. In the days following the demonetisation, the country faced severe cash shortages with severe detrimental effects across the economy. People seeking to exchange their bank notes had to stand in lengthy queues, and several deaths were linked to the rush to exchange cash. Initially, the move received support from several bankers as well as from some international commentators. The move has also been criticised as poorly planned and unfair, and was met with protests, litigation, and strikes against the government in several places across India. Debates also took place concerning the move in both houses of parliament. The move reduced the country 's industrial production and its GDP growth rate. By the end of August 2017, 99 % of the banned currency had been deposited in banks : only approximately ₹ 14,000 crore of the total demonetised currency had been discarded, leading analysts to state that the effort had failed to remove black money from the economy. In June 2018, Reuters reported that all the farmers they had spoken to in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh said that demonetization had made things worse for them. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Demonetisation process 2.1 Public announcement 2.2 Exchange of old notes 2.3 Withdrawal limits 2.4 Ordinance 2.5 Information leaks 3 Initial reactions 3.1 Support 3.2 Criticism 3.3 Opposition 4 Effects and analysis 4.1 Black money 4.2 Human trafficking 4.3 Radical groups 4.4 Cash shortage 4.5 Deaths 4.6 Stock market decline 4.7 Transportation disruption 4.8 Agriculture 4.9 Digital transactions and cashless economy 4.10 GDP growth 4.11 Drop in industrial output 4.12 Unemployment 4.13 Tax impacts 4.14 People left with old notes 4.15 RBI dividend decline 5 Evasion attempts 5.1 Gold purchases 5.2 Donations in temples 5.3 Multiple bank transactions 5.4 Railway bookings 5.5 Backdated accounting 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The Indian government had demonetised bank notes on two prior occasions -- once in 1946 and then in 1978 -- and in both cases, the goal was to combat tax evasion by `` black money '' held outside the formal economic system. In 1946, the pre-independence government hoped demonetisation would penalise Indian businesses that were concealing the fortunes amassed supplying the Allies in World War II. In 1978, the Janata Party coalition government demonetised banknotes of 1000, 5000 and 10,000 rupees, again in the hopes of curbing counterfeit money and black money. In 2012, the Central Board of Direct Taxes had recommended against demonetisation, saying in a report that `` demonetisation may not be a solution for tackling black money or shadow economy, which is largely held in the form of benami properties, bullion and jewellery. '' According to data from income tax probes, black money holders kept only 6 % or less of their wealth as cash, suggesting that targeting this cash would not be a successful strategy. On 28 October 2016 the total banknotes in circulation in India were valued at ₹ 17.77 trillion ( US $260 billion ) ; what proportion of this derived from ₹ 500 and ₹ 1,000 banknotes was unknown. In its annual report of March 2016, the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) stated that total bank notes in circulation valued ₹ 16.42 trillion ( US $240 billion ) of which nearly 86 % ( around ₹ 14.18 trillion ( US $210 billion ) ) derived from ₹ 500 and ₹ 1,000 banknotes. In terms of volume, the report stated that 24 % ( around 22.03 billion ) of the total 9026.6 crore ( 90.26 billion ) banknotes in circulation were ₹ 500 and ₹ 1,000 banknotes. The Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) had previously expressed opposition to demonetisation. BJP spokesperson Meenakshi Lekhi had said in 2014 that members of the public who were often illiterate and had no access to banking facilities would be adversely affected by such a policy. Demonetisation process ( edit ) Demonetized ₹ 500 of the Mahatma Gandhi Series Demonetized ₹ 1,000 of the Mahatma Gandhi Series The plan to demonetise the ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 banknotes was initiated between six and ten months before it was announced, and was kept confidential, with only ten people being completely aware of it. The preparations for printing new ₹ 500 and ₹ 2000 bank notes began in early May 2016. The Union cabinet was informed about the plan on 8 November 2016 in a meeting called by the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Public announcement ( edit ) On 8 November 2016, Modi announced the demonetisation in an unscheduled live national televised address at 20 : 15 Indian Standard Time. In the announcement, Modi declared circulation of all ₹ 500 and ₹ 1,000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series as invalid effective from the midnight of the same day, and announced the issuance of new ₹ 500 and ₹ 2,000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi New Series in exchange for the old notes. After Modi 's announcement, the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, Urjit Patel, and Economic Affairs Secretary, Shaktikanta Das, stated that while the supply of notes of all denominations had increased by 40 percent between 2011 and 2016, the ₹ 500 and ₹ 1,000 banknotes increased by 76 percent and 109 percent, respectively, owing to forgery. They said that forged cash was used to fund terrorist activities, and that the demonetisation was meant to counter this. After demonetisation, only 0.0035 % of the ₹ 1,000 banknotes were found to be fake. Patel also stated that the decision had been made about six months ago, and the printing of new banknotes of denomination ₹ 500 and ₹ 2,000 had already started. However, only the top members of the government, security agencies and the central bank were aware of the move. But media had reported in October 2016 about the introduction of ₹ 2,000 denomination well before the official announcement by RBI. This statement has led to much debate, because the Reserve Bank governor six months before the announcement was Raghuram Rajan, while the new banknotes have the signature of the newly appointed governor, Urjit Patel. Exchange of old notes ( edit ) People gathered at ATM of Axis Bank on 16 November 2016 in Mehsana, Gujarat to withdraw cash following deposit of demonetised currency notes in bank on 15 November 2016. The Reserve Bank of India stipulated that the demonetised notes could be deposited with banks over a period of fifty days until 30 December 2016. The banknotes could also be exchanged for legal tender over the counter at all banks. The limit for such exchange was ₹ 4,000 per person from 8 to 13 November, was increased to ₹ 4,500 per person from 14 to 17 November, reduced to ₹ 2,000 per person from 18 November. International airports also facilitated an exchange of notes for foreign tourists and out - bound travelers, amounting to a total value of ₹ 5,000 per person. The exchange of banknotes was stopped completely on 25 November : Modi had previously stated that the volume of exchange would be increased after 24 November. Withdrawal limits ( edit ) Cash withdrawals from bank accounts were restricted to ₹ 10,000 per day and ₹ 20,000 per week per account from 10 to 13 November. This limit was increased to ₹ 24,000 per week from 14 November 2016. A daily limit on withdrawals from ATMs was also imposed varying from ₹ 2,000 per day till 14 November, and ₹ 2,500 per day till 31 December. This limit was increased to ₹ 4,500 per day from 1 January, and again to ₹ 10,000 from 16 January 2017. Limits placed vide the circulars cited above on cash withdrawals from Current accounts / Cash credit accounts / Overdraft accounts stand withdrawn with immediate effect. RBI increased the withdrawal limit from Savings Bank account to ₹ 50,000 from the earlier ₹ 24,000 on 20 February 2017 and then on 13 March 2017, it removed all withdrawal limits from Savings Bank Accounts. Under the revised guidelines issued on 17 November 2016, families were allowed to withdraw ₹ 250,000 ( ₹ 2.5 lakh ) for wedding expenses from one account provided it was KYC compliant. The rules were also changed for farmers who are permitted to withdraw ₹ 25,000 per week from their accounts against crop loans. Ordinance ( edit ) The Specified Bank Notes ( Cessation of Liabilities ) Ordinance, 2016 was issued on 28 December 2016 ceasing the liability of the government for the banned bank notes, and also imposing fines on people found carrying out transactions with them after 8 November 2016 ; or holding more than ten of them after 30 December 2016. The ordinance also provided for the exchange of the bank notes after 30 December for non-resident citizens and others on a case by case basis. Fuel pumps, government hospitals, railway and airline booking counters, state - government recognised dairies and ration stores, and crematoriums were allowed to accept the banned ₹ 500 and ₹ 1,000 bank notes until 2 December 2016. Information leaks ( edit ) A fortnight before the official announcement, a news report in the Hindi daily Dainik Jagran quoting RBI sources speaking of the planned release of new 2000 rupee notes alongside withdrawal of 500 and 1000 rupee notes. Similar news was reported in The Hindu Business Line on 21 October 2016, also describing a forthcoming 2000 rupee note and the possible withdrawal of 500 and 1000 rupee notes. The chairman of the State Bank of India had also openly spoken in April 2016 about the possibility of demonetisation of ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 notes. Prominent businessmen stated after the announcement of demonetisation that they had received prior warning of the move, allowing them to convert their money into smaller denominations. A BJP MLA from Rajasthan, Bhawani Singh Rajawat, claimed in a video that wealthy businessmen were informed about the demonetisation before it occurred. He later denied the comments. More than 30 politicians belonging to the BJP were arrested and investigated for having unaccounted money in the new 2000 rupee denomination. Initial reactions ( edit ) Support ( edit ) The decision met with mixed initial reactions. Several bankers like Arundhati Bhattacharya ( Chairperson of State Bank of India ) and Chanda Kochhar ( MD & CEO of ICICI Bank ) appreciated the move in the sense that it would help curb black money. Businessmen Anand Mahindra ( Mahindra Group ), Sajjan Jindal ( JSW Group ), Kunal Bahl ( Snapdeal and FreeCharge ) also supported the move adding that it would also accelerate e-commerce. Infosys founder N.R. Narayana Murthy praised the move. The Indian National Congress spokesperson Randeep Surjewala welcomed the move but remained sceptical on the consequences that would follow. Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar supported the move. The demonetisation also got support from Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Nara Chandrababu Naidu. Former Chief Election Commissioner of India S.Y. Quraishi said demonetisation could lead to long term electoral reforms. Indian social activist Anna Hazare hailed demonetisation as a revolutionary step. The former President of India Pranab Mukherjee welcomed the demonetisation move by calling it bold step. The opinion of the masses varied both ways on micro-blogs and social media sites like Twitter. By and large, international response was positive which saw the move as a bold crackdown on corruption. International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) issued a statement supporting Modi 's efforts to fight corruption by the demonetisation policy. Chinese state media Global Times praised the move and termed it as `` fierce fight against black money and corruption. '' Former Prime Minister of Finland and Vice-President of European Commission Jyrki Katainen welcomed the demonetisation move stressing that bringing transparency will strengthen Indian economy. BBC 's South Asia Correspondent Justin Rowlatt in his article praised the move for its secrecy. Tim Worstall termed the demonetisation as welcome macroeconomic effect in his article in Forbes magazine. Swedish Minister of Enterprise Mikael Damberg supported the move by calling it bold decision. Indian - American economist Jagdish Bhagwati praised the demonetisation. Criticism ( edit ) The Indian Supreme Court while hearing one among a slew of cases filed against the sudden demonetisation decision in various courts, observed that it `` appears to be carpet bombing and not surgical strike '' which government repeatedly claims it to be. Nobel laureate Indian economist Amartya Sen, severely criticised the demonetisation move calling it a `` despotic action '' among other things. Former Senior Vice-President and Chief Economist of the World Bank, Kaushik Basu, called it a ' major mistake ' and said that the ' damage ' is likely to be much greater than any possible benefits. Pronab Sen, former Chief Statistician and Planning Commission of India member, called it a `` hollow move '' since it did not really address any of the purported goals of tackling black money or fake currency. Prabhat Patnaik, a former professor of economics at the Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi called the move ' witless ' and ' anti-people '. He criticised the simple way in which black money was assumed as `` a hoard of cash '', saying that it would have little effect in eliminating `` black activities '' while `` causing much hardship to common people. '' Noted economist and journalist, T.N. Ninan wrote in the Business Standard that demonetisation ' looks like a bad idea, badly executed on the basis of some half - baked notions '. Deepak Parekh ( Chairman of HDFC ) had initially appreciated the decision to ban the ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 notes, but later said that the move had derailed the economy, and expressed skepticism about its outcome. Industrialist Rajiv Bajaj criticised the demonetisation, saying that not just the execution, but the concept of demonetisation was wrong in itself. Chief Ministers of several Indian states like Mamata Banerjee, Arvind Kejriwal and Pinarayi Vijayan have criticised and led major protests against the decision in their states and in parliament. Initially, the move to demonetise and try to hinder black money was appreciated, but the manner in which it was carried out by causing hardships to common people was criticised. A Public Interest Litigation ( PIL ) was filed in Madras High Court by M Seeni Ahamed, General Secretary of the Indian National League, to scrap the decision. The High Court dismissed the PIL stating that it could not interfere in monetary policies of the government. Similar PILs were also filed in the Supreme Court of India. Supreme Court of India is yet to decide on the matter. It is listed for hearing on 2 December 2016. Several government ministers had declared before the demonetisation that they were holding large amounts of cash, including Arun Jaitley, who had more than 65 lakh rupees in cash. This led to speculation about whether and when the ministers had deposited the cash they held. Steve Forbes described the move as ' Sickening And Immoral '. He stated that `` What India has done is commit a massive theft of people 's property without even the pretense of due process -- a shocking move for a democratically elected government. '' Nobel laureate Paul Krugman said that it is difficult to see gains from demonetisation, while there may be significant costs to it. The demonetisation also came in for sharp criticism from media outside India, with the New York Times saying that the demonetisation was `` atrociously planned '' and that it did not appear to have combatted black money, while an article in The Guardian stated that `` Modi has brought havoc to India ''. The Harvard Business Review called it `` a case study in poor policy and even poorer execution '' The frequent change in the narrative on objectives of the demonetisation to its visible impact on the poorest of the poor made other critiques calling government 's narrative as spins in view of the `` pointless suffering on India 's poorest. '' A Parliamentary panel report in April 2017 stated that rural households and honest taxpayers were the worst hit by demonetisation. It said that it was not just the poor that suffered, but the manufacturing sector was impacted too. According to the panel, demonetisation created significant disruption throughout economy, because it was carried out without prior study or research. Opposition ( edit ) A Congress led opposition which includes 13 political parties, opposed the current government on the demonetisation issue in the Winter Session of the Indian Parliament on 16 November 2016. The Chief Minister of West Bengal Mamata Banerjee also met the President Pranab Mukherjee to oppose the demonetisation. The debate on demonetisation is known to be initiated by Indian National Congress and Anand Sharma in the Rajya Sabha on 16 November 2016, while Banerjee is known to be the first to oppose the current government on the demonetisation. On 16 November 2016, Banerjee led a rainbow delegation comprising political parties of Trinamool Congress, Aam Aadmi Party, BJP ally Shiv Sena, Patidar Anamat Andolan Samiti ( of Hardik Patel ) and National Conference to Rashtrapati Bhawan to protest against the decision to withdraw the ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 banknotes. A memorandum was submitted to the President of India Pranab Mukherjee demanding rollback of the decision. Outside the Parliament in a rally the same day, Saugata Roy, a member of parliament from the opposition Trinamool Congress Party, commented, `` People are in utter distress, especially the informal sector is totally disrupted. Poor people, daily wage earners, they 're all facing difficulty. '' In the demonetisation debate on the first day of the winter session of Parliament at the Rajya Sabha, Pramod Tiwari from the Indian National Congress compared Narendra Modi to Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler and Muammar Gaddafi. Prem Chand Gupta, a member of the Rashtriya Janata Dal, questioned a statement of Modi from the unscheduled TV broadcast on 8 November, `` If it was planned 10 months ago, how did RBI Governor Urjit Patel sign on new note? ''. Praful Patel, a member of the Nationalist Congress Party, stated that `` the government was not even prepared to recalibrate the ATMs while announcing the move. People 's suffering are unimaginable. Nobody is questioning the government 's intention, but you are unprepared to execute the move ''. Later, the former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh Mayawati Prabhu Das stated the situation to `` a financial emergency '', by saying `` It looks as if Bharat has shut down. '' Also, Sitaram Yechury from Communist Party of India, questioned the government on the demonetisation move by stating `` only 6 % of black money in India is in cash to drive his point that demonetisation wo n't curb illicit wealth. '' On 17 November 2016, in a rally against demonetisation of ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 notes, led by the Chief Minister of Delhi Arvind Kejriwal and his West Bengal counterpart Mamata Banerjee at Azadpur Mandi, the biggest vegetable and fruits wholesale hub in the national capital ; Kejriwal demanded the withdrawal of demonetisation in 3 days. Banerjee also stated `` I give the government 3 day ultimatum, fix things or withdraw the demonetisation scheme ''. In the demonetisation debate on the second and third day of the Winter Session of Parliament, on 17 and 18 November 2016, the opposition and the government clashed over the demonetisation issue, bringing the house to continuous halts. On 24 November 2016, in the demonetisation debate, the former prime minister of India Manmohan Singh said `` this scheme will hurt small industries, the farming sector. The GDP can decline by about 3 per cent due to this move '', while he also questioned `` I would like to ask the Prime Minister examples of countries where people have deposited their money in the banks and not allowed to withdraw their own money. '' and later also said `` It is no good that on each day banks bring out new notifications. It does n't reflect properly on Prime Minister 's Office, Finance Minister and the Reserve Bank of India. Cooperative banking system has been prevented from handling cash ''. Singh at last termed the demonetisation move as an `` organised loot, legalised plunder of the common people ''. As the demonetisation was opposed in both houses of the parliament, it triggered organised nationwide strikes across India. Opposition parties like Indian National Congress, Bahujan Samaj Party, Trinamool Congress, DMK, JD ( U ), AIADMK, Nationalist Congress Party, Left, Rashtriya Janata Dal and the Samajwadi Party decided to observe ' Akrosh Diwas ' as, a protest campaign day on 28 November and launch protests in front of banks, demanding that money be returned to people. In the state of Bihar, 15 trains were blocked and stranded, while the states of West Bengal, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh saw protest marches and rallies led by opposition parties. In the state of Kerala, shops and business establishments were shut, with school and colleges closed throughout the state, while movements of private vehicles were also disrupted in Northern Kerala. Effects and Analysis ( edit ) Black money ( edit ) The government had estimated that ₹ 3 trillion, or approximately 20 %, of the demonetised notes would be permanently removed from circulation. However, by 30 December 2016, approximately 97 % of the demonetised banknotes, or ₹ 14.97 trillion ( $220 billion ) of the ₹ 15.4 trillion that had been demonetised, had been deposited with the banking system. A Central Bank report released in August 2017 stated that a total 99 % of the ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 notes that were demonetised returned to the banking system, a figure far larger than the government had expected at the time of banning the notes. Therefore, the government failed in its aim of purging black money from the economy. Modi had stated that due to demonetisation, corrupt officials, businessmen and criminals -- popularly believed to hoard large amounts of illicit cash -- would be stuck with `` worthless pieces of paper ''. Economic analyst Vivek Kaul stated in a BBC article that `` demonetisation had been a failure of epic proportions. '' Human trafficking ( edit ) Nobel laureate Kailash Satyarthi and others working to fight human trafficking said that the note ban had led to a huge fall in sex trafficking, but that the trade had already begun rebounding by the following month. Satyarthi said the demonetisation would be effective in combating exploitation of children as well as corruption and would be a great obstacle to traffickers. However, two months later he expressed his disappointment on Rs 2000 notes being pushed into human trafficking in absence of other concrete steps. Radical groups ( edit ) Demonetisation had badly hit Maoist and Naxalites as well. The surrender rate has reached its highest since demonetisation was announced. It is said that the money these organisations collected over the years have now lost their value making them take such a decision. The move also reportedly crippled Communist guerrilla groups ( Naxalites ) financing through money laundering. On 10 November the police arrested a petrol pump owner at Ranchi when he reportedly tried to deposit ₹ 2.5 billion, belonging to a person affiliated with the banned Communist Party of India ( Maoist ). According to Chhattisgarh Police demonetisation has affected the Naxalite activities. It is reported that insurgents have stashed more than ₹ 70 billion in the Bastar region. Cash shortage ( edit ) Queue at an ATM for ₹ 100 banknotes in Howrah, on 8 November 2016, 22 : 23 ( IST ) Social media campaign ' Live ATM Alert ' for working ATMs The scarcity of cash due to demonetisation led to chaos, and most people holding old banknotes faced difficulties in exchanging them due to endless queues outside banks and ATMs across India, which became a daily routine for millions of people waiting to deposit or exchange the ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 banknotes since 9 November. ATMs were running out of cash after a few hours of being functional, and around half the ATMs in the country were non-functional. Sporadic violence was reported in New Delhi, but there were no reports of any grievous injury, people attacked bank premises and ATMs, and a ration shop was looted in Madhya Pradesh after the shop owner refused to accept ₹ 500 banknotes. The CMD of Punjab National Bank said that panic after demonetisation started fading on 19 November 2016. As of 18 December 2016, there were still long queues at banks and ATMs. Three months after the withdrawal of banknotes, a quarter of the ATMs were still short of cash. ' Live ATM Alert ' was a hashtag campaign started by a group of youngsters from a Facebook community called ' 7PM Status '. It launched a campaign for crowdsourcing locations of ATMs in their vicinity that were live and working. The public were asked to post the location and details of ATMs that were live and dispensing cash, including a hashtag # LiveATMAlert or by tagging the group in their post in Facebook or Twitter. The group would in turn collate all gathered information and broadcast it to their followers at regular intervals. The cash shortage was still ongoing in the month of April 2017, five months after the demonetisation. According to a survey, the situation was as bad as 83 % of people being unable to withdraw money in Hyderabad, while in Pune, the figure was 69 %. As of 10 December, ₹ 242 crore in new notes had been seized. Reports in the media noted that although the general public faced a severe cash shortage, some individuals were able to amass crores of rupees in new notes ; they thus described the demonetisation exercise as being futile. Deaths ( edit ) Several people were reported to have died from standing in queues for hours to exchange their old banknotes. Deaths were also attributed to lack of medical help due to refusal of old banknotes by hospitals. As of 15 November 2016, the attributed death toll was 25. and 33 deaths as of 18 November. In an interview, Chief Minister of Delhi Arvind Kejriwal lashed out at a BBC reporter who asked him to justify his 19 November claim that 55 deaths were linked to demonetisation. By the end of the year, opposition leaders claimed that over 100 people had died due to demonetisation. In March 2017, the government stated that they received no official report on deaths connected to demonetisation. Stock market decline ( edit ) As a combined effect of demonetisation and US presidential election, the stock market indices dropped to an around six - month low in the week following the announcement. The day after the demonetisation announcement, BSE SENSEX crashed nearly 1,689 points and NIFTY 50 plunged by over 541 points. By the end of the intraday trading section on 15 November 2016, the BSE SENSEX index was lower by 565 points and the NIFTY 50 index was below 8100 intraday. Transportation disruption ( edit ) After the demonetisation was announced, about 800,000 truck drivers were affected with scarcity of cash, with around 400,000 trucks stranded at major highways across India were reported. While major highway toll junctions on the Gujarat and Delhi - Mumbai highways also saw long queues as toll plaza operators refused the old banknotes. Nitin Gadkari, the Minister of Transport, subsequently announced a suspension of toll collections on all national highways across India until midnight of 11 November, later extended until 14 November and again until midnight of 18 November, and yet again till 2 December. Agriculture ( edit ) Transactions in the Indian agriculture sector are heavily dependent on cash and were adversely affected by the demonetisation of ₹ 500 and ₹ 1,000 banknotes. Due to scarcity of the new banknotes, many farmers have insufficient cash to purchase seeds, fertilisers and pesticides needed for the plantation of rabi crops usually sown around mid-November. Farmers and their unions conducted protest rallies in Gujarat, Amritsar and Muzaffarnagar against the demonetisation as well as against restrictions imposed by the Reserve Bank of India on district cooperative central banks which were ordered not to accept or exchange the demonetised banknotes. The demonetisation led to unavailability of cash to pay for food products. The reduction in demand that arose in turn led to a crash in the prices of crops. Farmers were unable to recover even the costs of transportation from their fields to the market from the low prices offered. The prices dropped as low as 50 paise per kilo for tomatoes and onions. This forced the farmers across the country to dump their products in desperation. Some farmers resorted to burying unsold vegetables. Agricultural produce such as vegetables, foodgrains, sugarcane, milk and eggs were dumped on roads. Some farmers dumped their produce in protest against the government. Digital transactions and cashless economy ( edit ) The demonetisation was initially seen by some sources as a significant step towards making India a cashless economy. Prime Minister Narendra Modi appealed to Indian population in his radio address in Dec 2016 to go cashless with slogan - ' Less - cash ' first, ' cashless society ' next. More people began using cards and e-wallets, and the demand for point of sales ( POS ) or card swipe machines increased. This led to the acceleration of installation of POS machines According to data of Pine Labs, the demand for its POS machines doubled after the decision. The company stated that the debit card transactions rose by 108 % and credit card transactions by 60 % on 9 November 2016. However concerns were raised regarding the lack security of mobile apps used for digital transactions. Several e-commerce companies hailed the demonetisation decision as an impetus to an increase in digital payments, hoping that it would lead to a decline in COD returns which could cut down their costs. In December 2016, the government launched an app called BHIM ( Bharat Interface for Money ) based on the Unified Payment Interface. In September 2017, Google launched its first India - only banking app using UPI called Google Tez, that can be used by customers of over 50 banks on the UPI platform, and is available in several Indian languages. Both the Immediate Mobile Payments System ( IMPS ) and the Unified Payments Interface ( UPI ), which support instant payments using mobile phones, have grown substantially since demonetisation, even as cash has returned to the economy. After peaking in December 2016, digital transactions declined from January 2017 onwards, thus thwarting the objective of increasing digital payments through demonetisation. GDP growth ( edit ) Global analysts cut their forecasts of India 's GDP growth rate for the financial year 2016 - 17 by 0.5 to 3 percent due to demonetisation. India 's GDP in 2016 is estimated to be US $2.25 trillion, hence, each 1 per cent reduction in growth rate represents a shortfall of US $22.5 billion ( ₹ 1.54 lakh crore ) for the Indian economy. According to Societe Generale, India 's quarterly GDP growth rates would drop below 7 % for an entire year at a stretch for the first time since June 2011. India 's GDP growth for the quarter Jan - Mar ' 17 was 6.1 % as against a forecast of 7.1 % by economists. The GDP growth for the entire fiscal year was 7.1 %, a reduction from the 8 % of the previous year. This drop in GDP was attributed to demonetisation by economists. The GDP growth rate for the quarter April - June 2017 dropped to 5.7 %, in comparison to 7.9 % for the same quarter in the previous year. This drop in GDP growth was attributed to demonetisation. This was the lowest growth in GDP since 2014. Drop in industrial output ( edit ) There was a reduction in industrial output as industries were hit by the cash crisis. The Purchasing Managers ' Index ( PMI ) fell to 46.7 in November from 54.5 in October, recording its sharpest reduction in three years. A reading above 50 indicates growth and a reading below shows contraction. This indicates a slowdown in both, manufacturing and services industries. The PMI report also showed that the reduction in inflation in November was due to shortage in money supply. The growth in eight core sectors such as cement, steel and refinery products, which constitute 38 % of the Index of Industrial Production ( IIP ), was only to 4.9 percent in November as compared with 6.6 percent in October. Unemployment ( edit ) There was a loss of jobs due to demonetisation, particularly in the unorganised and informal sector and in small enterprises. Labour union jobs were crashed. Around 1.5 million jobs were lost in first four months of 2017 ( i.e ) from January 2017 to April 2017 as an effect of demonetisation. Tax impacts ( edit ) The Finance Ministry instructed all revenue intelligence agencies to join the crackdown on foreign exchange traders, hawala operators and jewellers besides tracking movement of demonetised currency notes. It was reported that the Prime Minister 's Office ( PMO ) and the Prime Minister Modi himself were directly coordinating the raids conducted by the Income Tax, Enforcement Directorate ( ED ) and other agencies. As of 23 December, PMO received around 700 calls giving information about black money and it directly forwarded the information to various law enforcement agencies for further action. Income Tax departments raided various illegal tax - evasive businesses in Delhi, Mumbai, Chandigarh, Ludhiana and other cities that traded with demonetised currency. The Enforcement Directorate issued several FEMA notices to forex and gold traders. Large sum of cash in defunct notes were seized in different parts of the country. In Chhattisgarh liquid cash worth of ₹ 4.4 million ( US $66,000 ) was seized. The number of I-T returns filed between 1 April 2017 and 5 August 2017 grew by 24.7 per cent to 2.82 crore over the same period in 2016, and the advance tax collections between 1 April 2017 and 5 August 2017 rose 41.8 % over the corresponding period in 2016. Aarati Krishnan, writing for The Hindu, writes that the impact of demonetisation on tax base has been mostly a good news. An analysis of the economic data shows that there has been no substantial increase in the number of new tax payers or direct tax collection due to demonetisation. As the use of the demonetised notes had been allowed by the government for the payment of municipal and local body taxes, it led to people using the demonetised ₹ 500 and ₹ 1,000 notes to pay large amounts of outstanding and advance taxes. As a result, revenue collections of the local civic bodies jumped. The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation reported collecting about ₹ 1.6 billion ( US $24 million ) in cash payments of outstanding and advance taxes, within 4 days. People left with old notes ( edit ) The government had initially announced that any person who is unable to deposit the old notes by 31 December 2016 would be given an opportunity to do so until a later date. However, the government allowed only Non-Resident Indians ( NRIs ) to deposit old notes after 31 December 2016. As a result, many people with legitimately earned old notes were left stranded with old currency notes. This included housewives with hidden savings, soldiers who were on duty during the demonetisation period, people who had suffered a bereavement, and persons who had old notes received as wedding gifts before the demonetisation. Many people found small amounts of currency stashed away inside quilts, pillows, cupboards, lockers, behind old photographs and wall hangings, in some cases by family members who had died. In one case, two destitute orphans found ₹ 96,000 left by their mother and petitioned the Prime Minister for relief. A poor woman who was unable to get her old notes exchanged stripped outside the RBI office in desperation. OCIs and PIOs were also not allowed to exchange old notes. People petitioned the courts to allow deposit of the old banknotes. The Supreme Court of India also questioned the government on this matter. RBI dividend decline ( edit ) The dividend paid by the Reserve Bank to the government for the financial year 2016 - 17 was Rs. 30.7 lakh crore, as against the expectation of Rs. 74.9 lakh crore. This was less than half the dividend of Rs 65.9 lakh crore paid by the RBI in 2015 - 16. This decrease was due to demonetisation. It was estimated that this decrease in income for the government could cause the fiscal deficit for the financial year 2016 - 17 to increase from the targeted 3.2 % to 3.4 %. To avoid increasing the fiscal deficit, the government would have to reduce spending on social schemes, or increase revenue through taxes or other means. Evasion attempts ( edit ) A jewellery store in a shopping mall with a notice `` We accept ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 notes '', even after they were no longer valid banknotes. Gold purchases ( edit ) In Gujarat, Delhi and many other major cities, sales of gold increased on 9 November, with an increased 20 to 30 % premium surging the price as much as ₹ 45,000 ( US $670 ) from the ruling price of ₹ 31,900 ( US $480 ) per 10 grams ( 0.35 oz ). Income Tax officials raided multiple branches of Axis Bank and found bank officials involved in money laundering acts, exchanging old notes for gold. Donations in temples ( edit ) In India, the cash deposited into hundis, or cash collection boxes in temples and gurudwaras are exempted from inquiry by the tax department. This exemption is sometimes misused to launder money. After the note ban, there was a spike in donations in the form of the demonetised notes in temples. Authorities of Sri Jalakanteswarar temple at Vellore discovered cash worth ₹ 4.4 million ( US $66,000 ) from the temple hundi in the form of defunct notes. Multiple Bank transactions ( edit ) There have been reports of people circumventing the restrictions imposed on exchange transactions by conducting multiple transactions at different bank branches and also sending hired people, employees and followers in groups to exchange large amounts of banned currency at banks. In response, the government announced that it would start marking customers with indelible ink. This was in addition to other measures proposed to ensure that the exchange transactions are carried out only once by each person. Railway bookings ( edit ) As soon as the demonetisation was announced, it was observed by the Indian Railways authorities that a large number of people started booking tickets particularly in classes 1A and 2A for the longest distance possible, to get rid of unaccounted cash. A senior official said, `` On November 13, 42.7 million passengers were nationally booked across all classes. Of these, only 1,209 were 1A and 16,999 for 2A. It is a sharp dip from the number of passengers booked on November 9, when 27,237 passengers had booked tickets in 1A and 69,950 in 2A. '' The Railways Ministry and the Railway Board responded swiftly and decided that cancellation and refund of tickets of value ₹ 10,000 and above will not be allowed by any means involving cash. The payment can only be through cheque / electronic payment. Tickets above ₹ 10,000 can be refunded by filing ticket deposit receipt only on surrendering the original ticket. A copy of the PAN card must be submitted for any cash transaction above ₹ 50,000. The railway claimed that since the Railway Board on 10 November imposed a number of restrictions to book and cancel tickets, the number of people booking 1A and 2A tickets came down. Backdated accounting ( edit ) The Enforcement Directorate raided several forex establishments making back dated entries. Money laundering using backdated accounting was carried out by co-operative banks, jewellers, sellers of iPhones, and several other businesses. See also ( edit ) Indian black money Mahatma Gandhi New Series Income declaration scheme, 2016 Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` India 's Demonetisation Kills 100 People Apparently - This Is Not An Important Number ''. ^ Jump up to : `` Withdrawal of Legal Tender Status for ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 Notes : RBI Notice ( Revised ) ''. Reserve Bank of India. 8 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Here is what PM Modi said about the new Rs 500, Rs 2000 notes and black money ''. India Today. 8 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Notes out of circulation ''. The Times of India. 8 November 2016. Jump up ^ Saikia, Bijoy Sankar ( 18 November 2016 ). `` Demonetisation may drag India behind China in GDP growth, rob fastest - growing economy tag ''. The Economic Times. 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DNA India. 16 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Anand Sharma speaks on demonetisation ''. The Financial Express. 16 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Congress initiates demonetisation debate ''. Zeenews.India.com. 16 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Why 's Mamata Banerjee against demonetization? ''. The Times of India. 12 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation of Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes : Mamata Banerjee leads protest march to Rashtrapati Bhavan ''. The Indian Express. Retrieved 17 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation row : Congress leader compares Narendra Modi with Adolf Hitler, sparks outrage ''. The Financial Express. 16 November 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2017. Jump up ^ `` As it happened : Parliament proceedings -- November 16, 2016 ''. The Hindu. Retrieved 16 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Resolve cash crunch in 3 days or face rebellion : Mamata, Kejriwal to Govt ''. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 17 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` As it happened : RS, LS adjourned till Monday ''. The Hindu. Retrieved 18 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Parliament Proceedings - Both Houses adjourned ; PM absent ''. Retrieved 24 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Is Modi proving Manmohan Singh right with slew of U-turns on cash ban? ''. Jump up ^ `` Oppositions will protest ''. ndtv.com. 23 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Akrosh Diwas ''. Hindustan times. 23 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Opposition stands together ''. Telegraph India, Calcutta. 23 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` CPI ( M ), 28 November as Akrosh Diwas ''. Indian Express. 23 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` November 28, Akrosh Diwas by opposition ''. Hindustan Times. 23 November 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` As it happened : Bharat Bandh affects some states, business as usual in others ''. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 28 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : Rs 14 lakh crore in old notes are back, only Rs 75,000 crore out ''. The Indian Express. 9 January 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017. Jump up ^ `` Almost 97 % of the Demonetised Notes Back in Banks ''. News18. Retrieved 4 January 2017. Jump up ^ `` As Much As 97 % Of Banned Notes Are Back In Banks : Report ''. Jump up ^ `` 97 % of scrapped notes deposited with banks as on Dec 30 : Report - Times of India ''. Jump up ^ `` 99 % of scrapped 500, 1,000 notes back in system : RBI - Rediff.com Business ''. www.rediff.com. Retrieved 31 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Post-demonetisation, 99 % of Rs 1,000 notes back with RBI? - Times of India ''. Retrieved 31 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` India central bank recovers almost all banned currency notes - report ''. Retrieved 31 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : RBI data shows 99 % of banned notes returned ; it was indeed a failure ''. 30 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` India currency note ban sparks ' dramatic fall ' in sex trafficking ''. Jump up ^ `` Rs 500, Rs 1,000 ban : Move to curb black money will break back of traffickers, says Kailash Satyarthi ''. Jump up ^ `` Rs 2,000 notes too being pushed into human trafficking : Kailash Satyarthi ''. Retrieved 15 January 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation leads to highest ever surrender of Maoists in a month - Times of India ''. Jump up ^ `` Cops look for Maoists with old currency -- Times of India ''. ^ Jump up to : `` Modi 's demonetization set to cripple Naxalites financially ''. Times of India. Jump up ^ Srinivas, Rajulapudi ( 13 November 2016 ). `` Maoists depend on sympathisers to tide over cash crunch ''. The Hindu. Jump up ^ `` This Is How Big Note Ban Will Affect Maoist Activities in Chhattisgarh ''. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation to hit Maoist activities in Chhattisgarh : Police ''. 13 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend ''. The Hindu. 12 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : Sporadic violence in Delhi, cops receive 4.5 K calls ''. New Indian Express. 13 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Unrest erupts in UP towns as cashless crowds vent ire on bank staff ''. Times of India. 20 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` In western UP, violence marks day 13 of demonetisation ''. Times of India. 21 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation effect : ATM vandalism on rise ''. www.india.com. 18 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : Angry customers break bank 's glass door in Kollam ''. The Indian Express. 12 November 2016. Jump up ^ Reporter, Staff ( 13 November 2016 ). `` No cash : ' frustrated ' man smashes ATM glass wall ''. The Hindu. Jump up ^ `` Hid in Washroom For an Hour : Official After Attack at IDBI Bank ''. The Quint. Jump up ^ `` Villagers loot fair price shop after dealer refuses scrapped banknotes ''. Hindustan Times. 12 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Nerves snap in long cash wait, shop looted ''. Telegraph India. 13 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Villagers looted ration shops in Madhya Pradesh after the shop owner refused to accept old notes ''. Business Insider. 12 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation Fallout : Cashless Villagers Loot PDS Shop in MP 's Chhatarpur Village ''. News 18. 12 November 2016. Jump up ^ The Hindu Panic following withdrawal of notes has largely faded -- PNB CMD ( Accessed on 20 November 2016 ) Jump up ^ `` 28 days of demonetisation : No let - up in rush at banks, ATMs ''. The Economic Times. Jump up ^ Ganapatye, Mayuresh ( 8 December 2016 ). `` Demonetisation : Month later, long queues still outside banks and ATMs in Mumbai ''. India Today. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation pain returns : One - fourth of ATMs across India running dry again ''. Hindustan Times. 7 February 2017. Jump up ^ `` Twitter hashtag to locate live ATMs ''. Times of India. 15 November 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2017. Jump up ^ Jayan E, Anagha ( 17 November 2016 ). `` Now, spot ATMs with cash near your locality with ease ''. Manorama Online. Retrieved 30 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` As ATMs dry up, bankers say normalcy will return soon ''. The Indian Express. Retrieved 25 April 2017. Jump up ^ `` Cash in short supply, note crunch returns - The Economic Times ''. The Economic Times. 5 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017. Jump up ^ `` ATMs run out of cash in many areas ''. The Hindu. 19 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` No cash in ATMs again? This survey says Hyderabad, Pune worst affected ''. India Today. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Cash crunch? Rs 242 crore in new currency seized after demonetisation ''. 9 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Over Rs 164 crore black money seized in new notes. Has note ban failed? ''. Jump up ^ `` As India struggles for its next Rs 2,000, new currency seized across country can fill gunny bags ''. 9 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Two dead in Maharashtra, Kerala in country - wide rush to junk banned notes ''. Indian Express. 11 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : Rush for cash kills 2 in Kerala, 1 in Maharashtra ; Congress blames Modi government ''. India Today. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : 96 year - old died while standing in queue ''. United News of India. 12 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Farmer standing in line to exchange notes dies of heart attack ''. Press Trust of India. 12 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Three People Die While Waiting in Queue To Exchange Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 Currency Notes ''. Huffington Post India. 11 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` 2 die in queue to exchange banned notes at bank ''. The Times of India. 11 November 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Mumbai : Baby dies waiting for medical help as hospital refuses Rs 500 & 1000 currency notes ''. India.com. 12 November 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Doc says no to deposit in Rs 500 notes, baby dies awaiting help ''. Mumbai Mirror. Jump up ^ Sadaguru Pandit ( 12 November 2016 ). `` Infant 's death : Doc booked over claims of refusing treatment in Mumbai ''. Hindustan Times. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation crisis : 25 people dead in a week already ''. The Financial Express. 14 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` 25 deaths in a week : PM Modis demonetisation drive takes a toll on aam aadmi ''. India Today. Jump up ^ Express Web Desk New Delhi Published : 19 November 2016 Arvind Kejriwal gets angry at BBC reporter questioning him on demonetisation ( Accessed on 20 November 2016 ) Jump up ^ `` Demonetization : Government not mourning over 100 deaths due to cash - crunch, says Opposition ''. 8 December 2016. Jump up ^ IANS ( 31 December 2016 ). `` Mamata attacks Modi over cash withdrawal limit, demonetisation deaths '' -- via Business Standard. Jump up ^ `` Around 105 died, but ' Twitter king ' Modi did n't mention it : Lalu on demonetisation ''. Indo - Asian News Service. 22 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` No official report on deaths due to demonetisation : Government ''. The New Indian Express. 17 March 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Sensex sinks 514pts, Midcap down 4 % on demonetisation & earnings ''. moneycontrol.com. Retrieved 16 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Demonetization : With no cash on hand, 4 lakh trucks stranded on highways ''. Retrieved 14 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Toll tax suspended on national highways till Nov 11, banks open this weekend ''. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 10 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` No toll charges on National Highways till Nov 18 midnight ''. Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 14 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` How Demonetisation Has Affected India 's Agricultural And Food Markets ''. Huffington Post India. Retrieved 24 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : Farmers fear loss of crops and income after currency ban ''. Firstpost. 18 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : Farmers protest in Muzaffarnagar over cash shortage ''. Press Trust of India. 22 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : At Gujarat protests, farmers dump milk, vegetables on road ''. The Indian Express. 20 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Farmers in Amritsar stage protest against demonetisation, burn PM Modi 's effigy ''. Hindustan Times. 19 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : Gujarat farmers warn of stopping milk supply ; demand note - exchange at co-op banks ''. Firstpost. 19 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Farmers forced to dump their produce as note ban turns bumper crop worthless ''. Hindustan Times. 26 December 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Oh - nion : Farmers in crisis dump produce in markets instead of selling at 50 paise a kilo ''. India Today. Retrieved 15 January 2017. ^ Jump up to : Sanjoy Dey ( 13 January 2017 ). `` At 50p a kg, farmers in Jharkhand prefer dumping tomatoes to selling ''. Hindustan Times. Jump up ^ `` MP : After onions, tomatoes for ₹ 1 / kg, farmers dump produce on streets ''. Hindustan Times. 5 January 2017. Jump up ^ Reddy, R. Ravikanth. `` Upset over price slump, farmer dumps lorry load of tomatoes ''. Retrieved 15 January 2017. Jump up ^ Correspondent, Special. `` Angry onion farmers dump produce on road ''. Retrieved 15 January 2017. Jump up ^ `` Glut forces Deesa farmers to bury potatoes ''. Jump up ^ `` Farmers in Surat dump produce ''. ^ Jump up to : `` Demonetisation protest : Farmers throw vegetables on road ''. 7 January 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : At Gujarat protests, farmers dump milk, vegetables on road ''. 20 November 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2017. Jump up ^ Heller, Nathan. `` India Takes a Big Step Back from Cash ''. The New Yorker. Jump up ^ Dwivedi, Yogesh. `` India taking a step on the road to cashless economy ''. The Conversation. Jump up ^ Wade, Shepard. `` A Cashless Future Is The Real Goal Of India 's Demonetization Move ''. Forbes. Jump up ^ `` Modi launches schemes to boost cashless economy : Full text of 2016 's final Mann Ki Baat ''. First Post. ^ Jump up to : `` Demonetisation effect : more and more people are going for digital payment ''. Economic Times. ^ Jump up to : `` Demonetisation gets ' acche din ' for swipe - machine makers '', The Economic Times, 15 November 2016 Jump up ^ `` To stay afloat, Coimabtore traders seek card swipe machines '', The Times of India, 20 November 2016 Jump up ^ `` demonetization - has - spurred - e-wallet - adoption - but - how - secure - are - these - digital - transaction - apps ''. India Times. Jump up ^ `` Flipkart, Snapdeal, Shopclues say demonetisation good for e-commerce industry ''. Techcircle.in -- India startups, internet, mobile, e-commerce, software, online businesses, technology, venture capital, angel, seed funding. 17 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` People can now bank with thumb using BHIM app ''. Indian Express. Jump up ^ `` With Tez, Google joins post-note ban mobile payments race ''. The Hindu. Jump up ^ `` Google 's Tez will take India closer to digital transformation ''. Hindustan Times. Jump up ^ Wilson, James. `` Unified Payment Interface ( UPI ) transactions made a giant leapfrog ''. The Wire. Jump up ^ `` After demonetisation : As cash comes in, digital deals show sharp dip ''. The Indian Express. 4 March 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Digital Payment : Digital transactions go down with more cash coming into the system - The Economic Times ''. Economictimes.indiatimes.com. 3 April 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Digital transactions : Digital transactions declining since March - Times of India ''. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 25 February 2018. Jump up ^ Livemint ( 24 November 2016 ). `` Cash crunch : Analysts cut India GDP growth forecast ''. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation a big blow! GDP growth may dip below 6 % in FY17 ''. 26 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` World Economic Outlook Database ''. International Monetary Fund. October 2016. Jump up ^ Choudhury, Saheli Roy ( 17 January 2017 ). `` India set for slowest growth period as demonetization dents economy ''. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation effect : GDP growth slows down to 6.1 % in March quarter ''. Businesstoday.in. 1 June 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation impact : GDP dips sharply in Jan - Mar to 6.1 % ; India loses fastest growing tag ''. Firstpost.com. Retrieved 26 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation brings GDP down to 6.1 per cent : Top economists stand vindicated ''. In.news.yahoo.com. 1 June 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` GDP growth rate down to 5.7 % in April -- June, demonetisation pain lingers business news ''. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 25 February 2018. Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 1 September 2017 ). `` India paid hefty price for note ban, 5.7 % GDP growth worrying : Kaushik Basu Business Standard News ''. Business-standard.com. Retrieved 25 February 2018. Jump up ^ Business Dinesh Unnikrishnan ( 1 September 2017 ). `` GDP at 5.7 % : Narendra Modi 's note ban hits economy hard ; Manmohan Singh has the last laugh in growth debate ''. Firstpost. Retrieved 25 February 2018. Jump up ^ Correspondent, Special. `` Demonetisation hit economy : Jamir ''. The Hindu. Retrieved 26 February 2017. ^ Jump up to : Seth, Dilasha ( 6 December 2016 ). `` Slowdown due to demonetisation : PMI services shrinks in November after 17 months '' -- via Business Standard. ^ Jump up to : `` 5 Bleak Numbers That Show Demonetisation Impact On The Economy ''. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation impact : Three sets of numbers tell us how Modi 's gamble has slowed the economy ''. 3 January 2017. Jump up ^ Yadav, Anumeha. `` Cashless and demonetised : Meet three Indians who once had jobs ''. Jump up ^ PTI ( 22 January 2017 ). `` Demonetisation has negative impact on jobs, SMEs, says Assocham survey ''. Jump up ^ `` Now, Demonetisation set to cost 400,000 jobs ''. 24 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation effect : 1.5 million jobs lost in first 4 months of the year ''. Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03. ^ Jump up to : `` Enforcement Directorate issues FEMA notices to forex, gold traders ''. The Economic Times. Retrieved 16 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` PMO coordinating black money crackdown post note ban, receiving 15 - 20 calls daily ''. Retrieved 28 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` How PM Narendra Modi is managing fight against black money, corruption from ' secret war room ' ''. Retrieved 28 December 2016. Jump up ^ Rai, Arpan ( 11 November 2016 ). `` Income tax dept conducts raids across India as illegal financial institutions crop up ; shops call it a day ''. India Today. Retrieved 12 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Kolkata businessman arrested for converting Rs. 25 crore old currency ''. 22 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Rs. 13.22 lakh in cash seized ''. The Hindu. 11 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Rs 4 Crore - Worth Scrapped Notes Seized From Maharashtra Trader ''. Jump up ^ `` Rs 76 lakh cash seized from vehicle in Mandi -- Times of India ''. Jump up ^ `` Madhya Pradesh : Rs 4 crore - worth scrapped bank notes seized from trader ''. 12 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Rs. 73 lakh cash seized from two cars near Nashik ''. Retrieved 2 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Chhattisgarh : Cash worth Rs 44 lakhs in Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes seized from a man ''. Daily News & Analysis. 11 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Number of income tax returns filed goes up 24.7 % ''. 7 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation impact : Nearly 25 per cent increase in Income Tax Returns filing in current fiscal year, says CBDT ''. 7 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` What demonetisation did to tax collections '', The Hindu, 15 April 2018 Jump up ^ https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/did-demonetisation-increase-tax-base-not-really-1772370 Jump up ^ http://www.livemint.com/Politics/C4Q8mpskSbfEzmG8ZWBY9H/Can-we-measure-demonetisations-impact-on-income-tax-collect.html Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation impact : Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation collects over Rs 160 crore in just four days ''. india.com. 15 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` RBI turns away people wanting to exchange old notes ''. Tribuneindia.com. 3 January 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` India 's ' desperate housewives ' scramble to change secret savings ''. BBC News. 2016 - 11 - 11. Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 29. ^ Jump up to : `` Outside RBI : Soldier back from Siachen to man who found old notes his father left in locker ''. The Indian Express. Retrieved 26 June 2017. Jump up ^ Share on FacebookShare on Twitter. `` demonetisation of currency : Reserve Bank of India office refuses to exchange notes Ahmedabad News - Times of India ''. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 26 June 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` After the demonetisation deadline, Indians are still finding stacks of old notes in the most surprising places â € '' Quartz ``. Qz.com. 10 January 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : People stuck with scrapped notes hope for another deposit window business - news ''. Hindustan Times. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Rs 96,000 in old notes found at locked home, orphans write to PM Modi ''. The Indian Express. Retrieved 26 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Orphaned siblings write to PM seeking help to exchange Rs 96,500 in old notes india - news ''. Hindustan Times. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Woman strips after being unable to exchange old notes at RBI Business Standard News ''. Business-standard.com. 5 January 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Unable to exchange notes, woman strips at RBI ''. The Indian Express. 5 January 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Denied exchange of old notes, woman strips near RBI 's Delhi office delhi ''. Hindustan Times. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : NRIs protest outside RBI ; OCIs, PIOs feel left out : India, News - India Today ''. Indiatoday.intoday.in. 23 January 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017. Jump up ^ Nanjappa, Vicky ( 1 April 2017 ). `` Unable to deposit demonetised currency in RBI, 1,000 s to approach Supreme Court ''. Oneindia. Retrieved 26 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Why no category for those who could not exchange banned notes by Dec. 30 was created, SC asks Centre ''. The Hindu. 21 March 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` SC pulls up Modi govt on demonetisation : Why did you stop deposit after Dec 31? ''. 21 March 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` RBI dividend halves to Rs 30,659 cr : Demonetisation hero turns out to be villain for Narendra Modi govt ''. 11 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Script gone wrong : RBI takes demonetisation hit and government gets a cut ''. 11 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Half dividend, full fallacy : RBI implies Modi & Urjit Patel got demonetisation wrong ''. Retrieved 31 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Gold price recovers on renewed demand ''. Hindustan Times. 10 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016. Jump up ^ Langa, Mahesh ( 9 November 2016 ). `` Scramble for gold in Gujarat after demonetisation ''. The Hindu. Retrieved 9 November 2016. Jump up ^ Pandey, Devesh. `` Two Axis Bank managers held in Delhi for laundering Rs. 40 cr ''. Jump up ^ `` ED registers case against fake account holders in Axis Bank 's Noida branch - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis ''. 17 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Axis Bank raided again, Rs 89 crore in 19 suspicious accounts found in Ahmedabad branch ''. 22 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Rs 500 / Rs 1000 demonetisation : Temple money from hundis not to come under scanner ''. 10 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` 13 Ways In Which Indians Will Convert Their Black Money Into White Even After Demonetisation ''. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : Temples across India receive high currency notes as donations ''. 18 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Religious places getting over the ' demon ' of note ban - Times of India ''. Jump up ^ `` Rush to offer Rs 500, Rs 1000 donations at Puri Temple - Times of India ''. Jump up ^ `` Defunct notes worth Rs. 44 lakh found in temple hundi ''. The Hindu. 14 November 2016. Jump up ^ Parmar, Beena ( 13 November 2016 ). `` Despite Rs 4000 - cap on money exchange, loophole allows multiple transactions ''. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 13 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : In Chennai, To beat cash limit, they send full teams to bank ''. The Indian Express. 15 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` To reduce crowds at banks, ATMs, indelible ink to mark fingers of those who have exchanged old notes ''. The Times of India. Retrieved 15 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : Banks to use indelible ink to stop multiple transactions, curb crowd ''. firstpost. 15 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : Indelible ink mark seems like the government is panicking? ''. The Indian Express. 15 November 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Rlys sets 5000 as cash refund limit for tickets ''. Retrieved 15 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Railways say, no cash refund for tickets booked between Nov 9 - 11 ''. Retrieved 15 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Enforcement Directorate raids forex shops making back date entries ''. The Economic Times. 16 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Netas using co-op banks for backdated FDs, DDs - Times of India ''. Jump up ^ `` Jewellers issue backdated invoices to clients - The Economic Times ''. Jump up ^ Rathi, Pranshu. `` Back - dated receipts used for Apple iPhone sales after demonetisation : Report ''. Jump up ^ `` Tiffin service to dental implants : All tried to beat system, swap old notes ''. 5 December 2016. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian 500 and 1000 rupee note demonetisation. Wikinews has related news : India discontinues ₹ 500, ₹ 1000 denominations ; releases ₹ 2000 and new ₹ 500 bills What the FAQ just happened! All your questions about Rs 500 -- 1000 notes answered, India Today, 8 November 2016 FAQ answers and Guidelines on Reserve Bank of India Ministry of Finance, Government of India Litvack, L., & Vigne, S. ( 2017 ). Demonetisation in India and Emerging Challenges : A Report Delivered to the Department for the Economy, Northern Ireland and the Government of India by Queen 's University Belfast and O.P. Jindal Global University. Belfast : Queen 's University Belfast. http://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/131517443/Final_report.pdf hide Indian rupee ( ₹ ) Subunits Pie ( obsolete ) Anna ( obsolete ) Paisa Coins Present 50 p. ₹ 1 ₹ 2 ₹ 5 ₹ 10 Former 1 naya paisa 2 naye paise 5 naye paise 1 p. 2 p. 3 p. 5 p. 10 p. 20 p. 25 p. Banknotes Series Lion Capital Series Mahatma Gandhi Series Mahatma Gandhi New Series Denominations ₹ 1 ₹ 2 ₹ 5 ₹ 10 ₹ 20 ₹ 50 ₹ 100 ₹ 200 ₹ 500 ₹ 1000 ₹ 2000 Mints India Government Mint Hyderabad Kolkata Mumbai Noida Topics Reserve Bank of India Economy of India Demonetisation of ₹ 500 & ₹ 1000 notes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_Indian_banknote_demonetisation&oldid=850491064 '' Categories : 2016 in Indian economy Anti-corruption measures in India Banknotes of India Modern obsolete currencies History of money Modi administration initiatives Monetary reform Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use dmy dates from February 2018 Use Indian English from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews বাংলা भोजपुरी Deutsch Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018, at 05 : 54 ( UTC ). 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{ "text": "The Rock Show - wikipedia The Rock Show Jump to : navigation, search For other uses, see Rock Show. `` The Rock Show '' Single by Blink - 182 from the album Take Off Your Pants and Jacket Released June 25, 2001 Format CD Recorded January -- March 2001 Signature Sound ( San Diego, California ) Larrabee Studios West, Cello Studios ( Hollywood, California ) Genre Pop punk Length 2 : 51 Label MCA Songwriter ( s ) Mark Hoppus Tom DeLonge Travis Barker Producer ( s ) Jerry Finn Blink - 182 singles chronology `` Man Overboard '' ( 2000 ) `` The Rock Show '' ( 2001 ) `` First Date '' ( 2001 ) `` Man Overboard '' ( 2000 ) `` The Rock Show '' ( 2001 ) `` First Date '' ( 2001 ) `` The Rock Show '' is a song recorded by American rock band Blink - 182 for the group 's fourth studio album, Take Off Your Pants and Jacket ( 2001 ). It was released as the lead single from the album on June 25, 2001. The track was composed primarily by bassist Mark Hoppus about meeting a girl at a rock concert. It was inspired by the band 's early days touring punk rock clubs, mainly Soma in their hometown of San Diego. The song 's creation stems from Blink - 182 manager Rick DeVoe 's opinion that the album lacked a catchy, `` feel - good '' song. Hoppus composed `` The Rock Show '' in response, while guitarist Tom DeLonge composed the album 's second single, `` First Date ''. The song was influenced by bands such as the Ramones, Screeching Weasel, and the Descendents. The song peaked at number two on Billboard 's Modern Rock Tracks chart, making it the most successful single from the album. It also reached number 14 in the United Kingdom. The song 's music video finds the band given an unusually large budget for the video, and spending needlessly on random things. In promotion of the single, Blink - 182 performed the song live on late - night talk show Late Show with David Letterman. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Reception 3 Music video 4 Track listing 5 In popular culture 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Prior to recording the group 's fourth studio album, Take Off Your Pants and Jacket, Blink - 182 recorded demos at DML Studios, a small practice studio in Escondido, California, where the band had written Dude Ranch and Enema of the State. The group had written a dozen songs after three weeks and invited the band 's manager, Rick DeVoe, to be the first person outside Blink - 182 to hear the new material, which the band found `` catchy ( but with ) a definitive edge ''. DeVoe sat in the control room and quietly listened to the recordings, and pressed the band at the end on why there was no `` Blink - 182 good - time summer anthem ( thing ) ''. DeLonge and Hoppus were furious, remarking, `` You want a fucking single? I 'll write you the cheesiest, catchiest, throwaway fucking summertime single you 've ever heard! '' Hoppus went home and wrote `` The Rock Show '' in ten minutes, and DeLonge similarly wrote `` First Date '', which became the most successful singles from the record and future live staples. Hoppus wrote the song based on his memories of the San Diego club Soma. In their early days, Blink - 182 performed dozens of concerts at the venue, mainly at the 5305 Metro Street location. `` It was covered with graffiti, it stunk, it was made of concrete and metal so the sound sucked and the toilets were always over-flowing. It was the best, we loved it, '' he recalled. Barker rememberd that the song 's arrangement was worked in the Famous Stars and Straps warehouse in San Diego. The band felt the song captured `` the spirit of the Ramones and Screeching Weasel, '' and `` ( it was ) definitely influenced by bands like the Descendents. '' The band members expanded upon this in a 2001 interview with BBC Music : `` I think it 's actually as if we built a punk rock time capsule and went back to five years ago when we were writing songs. We wrote that song as a mid-tempo punk - pop song about a girl, and it ended up being one of the better ones on the record. '' Although it only peaked at number 71 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 33 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart, it reached number two on Billboard 's Modern Rock Tracks chart. Reception ( edit ) Eric Aiese of Billboard examined the song through the lens of its airplay competition : `` As the face of rock radio has yielded toward the emerging hard sounds on `` nu metal, '' Blink continues to provide a contrasting voice (... ) `` The Rock Show '' clearly shows the band 's talent for writing -- and performing -- hooks. '' Music video ( edit ) The band filmed a music video that included them trashing televisions, trains, taking the homeless for a spa makeover, handing out cash to strangers and paying dancers to mow people 's lawns. The relatively large budget for the video, reportedly $500,000, was the basis of the joke and needlessly spent. The video recalls that of `` Taxloss '' by Mansun. Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Blink - 182. The Rock Show CD Single # 1 No. Title Length 1. `` The Rock Show '' ( Radio Edit ) 2 : 51 2. `` Time to Break Up '' 3 : 05 3. `` Man Overboard '' ( Radio Edit ) 2 : 46 4. `` Man Overboard '' ( Video ) 3 : 12 The Rock Show CD Single # 2 No. Title Length 1. `` The Rock Show '' ( Album Version ) 2 : 51 2. `` Aliens Exist '' ( Live from The Mark, Tom, and Travis Show ) 3 : 43 3. `` Adam 's Song '' ( Enhanced video ) 4 : 22 The Rock Show DVD Single No. Title Length 1. `` The Rock Show '' ( Album Version ) 2 : 51 2. `` All The Small Things '' ( Video ) 2 : 53 3. `` Clips From ' The Urethra Chronicles ' '' ( Video, Four 30 Seconds Clips ) In popular culture ( edit ) `` The Rock Show '' is featured on the US edition of the compilation album Now That 's What I Call Music! 8 ( 2001 ) and the fellow compilation albums Big Shiny Tunes 6 ( 2001 ), Warped 15th Anniversary Celebration ( 2010 ) and Warped Tour 2010 Tour Compilation ( 2010 ). During the hiatus, Mark Hoppus and Travis Barker regularly played this song in their band, + 44. Craig Fairbaugh, guitarist and background vocalist of + 44, replaced DeLonge on backing vocals. `` The Rock Show '' appears in the video games Amplitude, Guitar Hero 5 and Guitar Hero Live. The song is available as DLC for both Rock Band and its portable counterpart, Rock Band Unplugged. Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 34 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 38 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 11 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 54 France ( SNEP ) 88 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 55 Ireland ( IRMA ) 28 Italy ( FIMI ) 24 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 98 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 39 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 84 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 14 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) US Hot Modern Rock Tracks ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 71 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 33 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position US Hot Modern Rock Tracks ( Billboard ) 14 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Take Off Your Pants and Jacket ( 2013 Vinyl Reissue ) ( liner notes ). Blink - 182. US : Geffen / Universal Music Special Markets. 2013. SRC025 / SRC026 / SRC027 / SRC028. This reference primarily cites the Mark Hoppus foreword. Jump up ^ `` THE TOP 10 BLINK - 182 SONGS OF ALL TIME ''. Houston Chronicle. Retrieved April 6, 2015. Jump up ^ Roger Coletti ( 2001 ). `` Blink - 182 : No Jacket Required ''. MTV News. Archived from the original on April 30, 2013. Retrieved June 22, 2010. ^ Jump up to : Nichola Browne ( November 20, 2005 ). `` Punk Rock! Nudity! Filthy Sex! Tom DeLonge Looks Back On Blink - 182 's Greatest Moments ''. Kerrang!. London : Bauer Media Group ( 1083 ). ISSN 0262 - 6624. Jump up ^ Kyle Ryan ( October 8, 2013 ). `` Blink - 182 took punk to No. 1 for the first time with a masturbation pun ''. The A.V. Club. Retrieved October 8, 2013. Jump up ^ Hoppus 2001, p. 70. Jump up ^ Blink - 182 : Take Off Your Pants and Jacket Tour 2001 Official Program. MCA Records. 2001. p. 2. Jump up ^ Barker, Travis ; Edwards, Gavin ( 2015 ). Can I Say : Living Large, Cheating Death, and Drums, Drums, Drums. William Morrow. p. 158. ISBN 978 - 0 - 062 - 31942 - 5. ^ Jump up to : Danny O'Connor ( May 16, 2001 ). `` Blink 182 Interview ''. BBC Music. Archived from the original on June 8, 2001. Retrieved January 31, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Shooman, 2010. p. 87 Jump up ^ Eric Aiese ( June 16, 2001 ). `` Reviews & Previews : Singles ''. Billboard. 113 ( 24 ) : 24. Retrieved March 18, 2015. Jump up ^ Jon Wiederhorn ( May 17, 2001 ). `` Blink - 182 Wreck Stuff For ' Rock Show ' ''. MTV News. Retrieved April 28, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Blink 182 -- The Rock Show ''. ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved September 27, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Blink 182 -- The Rock Show '' ( in German ). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved September 27, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Blink 182 -- The Rock Show '' ( in Dutch ). Ultratip. Retrieved September 27, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ). ABPD. October 6, 2001. Retrieved April 1, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Blink 182 -- The Rock Show '' ( in French ). Les classement single. Retrieved September 27, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Blink 182 Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved September 27, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 27, 2001 ''. Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved January 31, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Blink 182 -- The Rock Show ''. Top Digital Download. Retrieved February 1, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Blink 182 '' ( in Dutch ). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved September 27, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Blink 182 -- The Rock Show ''. Singles Top 100. Retrieved September 27, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Blink 182 -- The Rock Show ''. Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved September 27, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 31, 2015. Jump up ^ `` blink - 182 Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved April 9, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Blink - 182 Chart History ''. Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 31, 2015. Jump up ^ `` blink - 182 Chart History ( Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved January 31, 2015. Jump up ^ `` blink - 182 Chart History ( Pop Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved January 31, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Year in Music : 2000 -- Hot Modern Rock Tracks ''. Billboard. 113 ( 52 ) : 72. December 29, 2001. ISSN 0006 - 2510. Retrieved March 20, 2016. External links ( edit ) `` The Rock Show '' official music video on YouTube `` The Rock Show '' lyrics ( hide ) Blink - 182 Mark Hoppus Travis Barker Matt Skiba Scott Raynor Tom DeLonge Studio albums Cheshire Cat Dude Ranch Enema of the State Take Off Your Pants and Jacket Blink - 182 Neighborhoods California Live albums The Mark, Tom and Travis Show ( The Enema Strikes Back! ) Compilation albums Greatest Hits Icon Demos Buddha EPs They Came to Conquer... Uranus Lemmings / Going Nowhere Dogs Eating Dogs Video albums The Urethra Chronicles The Urethra Chronicles II : Harder Faster Faster Harder Greatest Hits Singles `` M + M 's '' `` Wasting Time '' `` Apple Shampoo '' `` Dammit '' `` Dick Lips '' `` Josie '' `` What 's My Age Again? '' `` All the Small Things '' `` Adam 's Song '' `` Man Overboard '' `` The Rock Show '' `` First Date '' `` Stay Together for the Kids '' `` I Wo n't Be Home for Christmas '' `` Feeling This '' `` I Miss You '' `` Down '' `` Always '' `` Not Now '' `` Up All Night '' `` After Midnight '' `` Bored to Death '' `` She 's Out of Her Mind '' `` Home Is Such a Lonely Place '' Other songs `` Carousel '' `` Family Reunion '' `` Dumpweed '' `` Stockholm Syndrome '' `` All of This '' `` I 'm Lost Without You '' `` Another Girl, Another Planet '' `` Ghost on the Dance Floor '' `` Heart 's All Gone '' Tours GoodTimes Tour Warped Tour 1996 Warped Tour 1997 Race Around Uranus Tour SnoCore 98 PooPoo PeePee Tour Warped Tour 1999 Loserkids Tour The Mark, Tom and Travis Show Tour Honda Civic Tour 2001 Take Off Your Pants and Jacket Tour Pop Disaster Tour DollaBill Tour Blink - 182 Tour Blink - 182 / No Doubt Summer Tour 2004 Blink - 182 in Concert 10th Annual Honda Civic Tour 20th Anniversary Tour We Are Pirates Tour California Tour Associated acts Box Car Racer Transplants + 44 Angels & Airwaves Alkaline Trio Goldfinger Related articles Awards and nominations Discography List of songs Tribute albums Goliath Management 2008 South Carolina Learjet 60 crash Hoppus on Music Riding in Vans with Boys Jerry Finn John Feldmann Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rock_Show&oldid=817382603 '' Categories : 2001 singles Blink - 182 songs 2001 songs Songs written by Mark Hoppus Songs written by Travis Barker Songs written by Tom DeLonge Music videos directed by The Malloys Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017, at 01 : 19. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Rock Show", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Rock_Show&amp;oldid=817382603" }

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{ "text": "Lobes of the brain - wikipedia Lobes of the brain Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cerebral lobes Lateral surface of cerebrum. 4 lobes are shown. Medial surface of cerebrum. 5 lobes are shown. Identifiers NeuroNames hier - 1210 NeuroLex ID Lobe of cerebral cortex TA A14. 1.09. 005 FMA 61823 77800, 61823 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The lobes of the brain were originally a purely anatomical classification, but have been shown also to be related to different brain functions. The cerebrum, the largest portion of the human brain, is divided into lobes, but so is the cerebellum. If not specified, the expression `` lobes of the brain '' refers to the cerebrum. Terminologia Anatomica ( 1998 ) divides cerebrum into 6 lobes. Contents ( hide ) 1 Frontal lobe 2 Parietal lobe 3 Occipital lobe 4 Temporal lobe 5 Limbic lobe 6 Insular cortex 7 Additional images 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Frontal lobe ( edit ) Main article : Frontal lobe The frontal lobe is located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere and positioned in front of the parietal lobe and above and in front of the temporal lobe. It is separated from parietal lobe by a space between tissues called the central sulcus, and from the temporal lobe by a deep fold called the lateral sulcus also called the Sylvian fissure. The precentral gyrus, forming the posterior border of the frontal lobe, contains the primary motor cortex, which controls voluntary movements of specific body parts. The frontal lobe contains most of the dopamine - delicate neurons in the cerebral cortex. The dopamine system is associated with reward, attention, short - term memory tasks, planning, and motivation. Dopamine tends to limit and select sensory information arriving from the thalamus to the forebrain. A report from the National Institute of Mental Health says a gene variant that reduces dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex is related to poorer performance and inefficient functioning of that brain region during working memory tasks, and to a slightly increased risk for schizophrenia. Parietal lobe ( edit ) Main article : Parietal lobe The parietal lobe is positioned above the occipital lobe and behind the frontal lobe and central sulcus. The parietal lobe integrates sensory information among various modalities, including spatial sense and navigation ( proprioception ), the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch ( mechanoreception ) in the somatosensory cortex which is just posterior to the central sulcus in the postcentral gyrus, and the dorsal stream of the visual system. The major sensory inputs from the skin ( touch, temperature, and pain receptors ), relay through the thalamus to the parietal lobe. Several areas of the parietal lobe are important in language processing. The somatosensory cortex can be illustrated as a distorted figure -- the homunculus ( Latin : `` little man '' ), in which the body parts are rendered according to how much of the somatosensory cortex is devoted to them. The superior parietal lobule and inferior parietal lobule are the primary areas of body or spatial awareness. A lesion commonly in the right superior or inferior parietal lobule leads to hemineglect. Occipital lobe ( edit ) Main article : Occipital lobe The occipital lobe is the visual processing center of the mammalian brain containing most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex. The primary visual cortex is Brodmann area 17, commonly called V1 ( visual one ). Human V1 is located on the medial side of the occipital lobe within the calcarine sulcus ; the full extent of V1 often continues onto the posterior pole of the occipital lobe. V1 is often also called striate cortex because it can be identified by a large stripe of myelin, the Stria of Gennari. Visually driven regions outside V1 are called extrastriate cortex. There are many extrastriate regions, and these are specialized for different visual tasks, such as visuospatial processing, color differentiation, and motion perception. Temporal lobe ( edit ) Main article : Temporal lobe The temporal lobe is located beneath the lateral fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain. The temporal lobe is involved in processing sensory input into derived meanings for the appropriate retention of visual memories, language comprehension, and emotion association. Limbic lobe ( edit ) Main article : Limbic lobe The limbic lobe is an arc - shaped region of cortex on the medial surface of each cerebral hemisphere of the mammalian brain, consisting of parts of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. The term is ambiguous, with some authors including the paraterminal gyrus, the subcallosal area, the cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, the dentate gyrus, the hippocampus and the subiculum ; while the Terminologia Anatomica includes the cingulate sulcus, the cingulate gyrus, the isthmus of cingulate gyrus, the fasciolar gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, the parahippocampal sulcus, the dentate gyrus, the fimbrodentate sulcus, the fimbria of hippocampus, the collateral sulcus, and the rhinal sulcus, and omits the hippocampus. Insular cortex ( edit ) Main article : Insular cortex The insular cortex is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus ( the fissure separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes ). The insulae are believed to be involved in consciousness and play a role in diverse functions usually linked to emotion or the regulation of the body 's homeostasis. These functions include perception, motor control, self - awareness, cognitive functioning, and interpersonal experience. In relation to these, it is involved in psychopathology. The insular cortex is divided into two parts : the larger anterior insula and the smaller posterior insula in which more than a dozen field areas have been identified. The cortical area overlying the insula toward the lateral surface of the brain is the operculum ( meaning lid ). The opercula are formed from parts of the enclosing frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. Additional images ( edit ) Interior view of brain. Occipital lobe Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Brain lobes. Colorings are same as the left and Insular lobe Insular lobe. Lateral View of the Brain. Brain Lobes. See also ( edit ) Poles of cerebral hemispheres List of regions in the human brain Neuroanatomy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Guilherme Carvalhal Ribas ( 2010 ). `` The Cerebral Sulci and Gyri ''. Neurosurg Focus 56 ( 2 ) : E2. PMID 20121437. Jump up ^ `` Gene Slows Frontal Lobes, Boosts Schizophrenia Risk ''. National Institute of Mental Health. May 29, 2001. Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 20. Jump up ^ http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~lngbrain/cglidden/parietal.html Jump up ^ Schacter, D.L., Gilbert, D.L. & Wegner, D.M. ( 2009 ). Psychology. ( 2nd ed. ). New Work ( NY ) : Worth Publishers. Jump up ^ `` SparkNotes : Brain Anatomy : Parietal and Occipital Lobes ''. Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 31. Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Temporal Lobe ''. Langbrain. Rice University. Retrieved 2 January 2011. Jump up ^ Smith ; Kosslyn ( 2007 ). Cognitive Psychology : Mind and Brain. New Jersey : Prentice Hall. pp. 21, 194 -- 199, 349. Jump up ^ Fix, JD ( 2008 ). `` Gross anatomy of the brain ''. Neuroanatomy ( fourth ed. ). Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 6. ISBN 0 - 7817 - 7245 - 1. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lobe of the brain. ( hide ) Anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brain Frontal lobe Superolateral Prefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 6 8 Middle frontal gyrus 9 10 46 Inferior frontal gyrus : 11 47 - Pars orbitalis Broca 's area 44 - Pars opercularis 45 - Pars triangularis Superior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal sulcus Precentral Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus Medial / inferior Prefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 6 Medial frontal gyrus 8 9 Paraterminal gyrus / Paraolfactory area 12 Straight gyrus 11 Orbital gyri / Orbitofrontal cortex 10 11 12 Ventromedial prefrontal cortex 10 Subcallosal area 25 Olfactory sulcus Orbital sulcus Precentral Paracentral lobule Paracentral sulcus Both Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex 6 Supplementary motor area 6 Supplementary eye field 6 Frontal eye fields 8 Parietal lobe Superolateral Superior parietal lobule 5 7 Inferior parietal lobule 40 - Supramarginal gyrus 39 - Angular gyrus Parietal operculum 43 Intraparietal sulcus Medial / inferior Paracentral lobule 5 Precuneus 7 Marginal sulcus Both Postcentral gyrus / Primary somatosensory cortex Secondary somatosensory cortex 5 Posterior parietal cortex 7 Occipital lobe Superolateral Occipital pole of cerebrum Lateral occipital gyrus 18 19 Lunate sulcus Transverse occipital sulcus Medial / inferior Visual cortex 17 Cuneus Lingual gyrus Calcarine sulcus Temporal lobe Superolateral Transverse temporal gyrus / Auditory cortex 41 42 Superior temporal gyrus 38 22 / Wernicke 's area Middle temporal gyrus 21 Superior temporal sulcus Medial / inferior Fusiform gyrus 37 Medial temporal lobe 27 28 34 35 36 Inferior temporal gyrus 20 Inferior temporal sulcus Interlobar sulci / fissures Superolateral Central ( frontal + parietal ) Lateral ( frontal + parietal + temporal ) Parieto - occipital Preoccipital notch Medial / inferior Longitudinal fissure Cingulate ( frontal + cingulate ) Collateral ( temporal + occipital ) Callosal sulcus Limbic lobe Parahippocampal gyrus anterior Entorhinal cortex Perirhinal cortex Postrhinal cortex Posterior parahippocampal gyrus Prepyriform area Cingulate cortex / gyrus Subgenual area 25 Anterior cingulate 24 32 33 Posterior cingulate 23 31 Isthmus of cingulate gyrus : Retrosplenial cortex 26 29 30 Hippocampal formation Hippocampal sulcus Fimbria of hippocampus Dentate gyrus Rhinal sulcus Other Supracallosal gyrus Uncus Amygdala Insular cortex Insular cortex General Operculum Poles of cerebral hemispheres Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lobes_of_the_brain&oldid=785004550 '' Categories : Brain Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2013 All articles needing additional references Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Euskara Français Galego Íslenska 日本 語 Svenska ไทย Türkçe Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2017, at 03 : 00. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Lobes of the brain", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Lobes_of_the_brain&amp;oldid=785004550" }

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{ "text": "What 'll You Do About Me - wikipedia What 'll You Do About Me `` What 'll You Do About Me '' Single by Doug Supernaw from the album Deep Thoughts from a Shallow Mind B - side `` Wishin ' Her Well '' Released January 9, 1995 Format CD single Genre Country Length 2 : 41 Label BNA Songwriter ( s ) Dennis Linde Producer ( s ) Richard Landis Doug Supernaw singles chronology `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' ( 1994 ) `` What 'll You Do About Me '' ( 1995 ) `` Not Enough Hours in the Night '' ( 1995 ) `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' ( 1994 ) `` What 'll You Do About Me '' ( 1995 ) `` Not Enough Hours in the Night '' ( 1995 ) `` What 'll You Do About Me '' is a country music song written by Dennis Linde. Originally recorded by McGuffey Lane then by Steve Earle in 1984, it has also been released as a single by The Forester Sisters and Doug Supernaw, the latter of whom took it to Top 20 on the Billboard country charts in early 1995. Contents 1 Content 2 Recording history 3 Reception 4 Chart history 4.1 Steve Earle 4.2 The Forester Sisters 4.3 Doug Supernaw 5 References 6 External links Content ( edit ) `` What 'll You Do About Me '' is an uptempo describing a stalker who is singing to his object of affection. Specifically, what initially began as a one - night stand between the narrator and the woman in question ultimately results in the narrator developing an obsessive behavior towards her that he shamelessly declares unstoppable regardless of any attempt on the woman 's part to isolate herself from the narrator or to prevent his behavior from escalating. Recording History ( edit ) McGuffey Lane was the first artist or group to record the song in 1984 on their album Day by Day for Atlantic Records. Steve Earle was the second artist to record the song, doing so also in 1984, on Epic Records. Released as a single that year, Earle 's rendition peaked at number 76 on the country charts. However, this version was not included on an album until 2005, when Koch Records included it on a reissue of the compilation album Early Tracks ( 1987 ). Other subsequent recordings of the song include John Schneider on his album Too Good to Stop Now ( 1984 ), Randy Travis on his album Always & Forever ( 1987 ), The Forester Sisters on their album I Got a Date ( 1992 ), Nitty Gritty Dirt Band on their album Not Fade Away ( 1992 ), and Doug Supernaw on his album Deep Thoughts from a Shallow Mind ( 1995 ). The Forester Sisters and Supernaw both released their versions as singles also. Supernaw 's rendition was the highest - peaking of the three, peaking at number 16 on the U.S. country charts. Reception ( edit ) In his book Steve Earle : Fearless Heart, Outlaw Poet, author David McGee describes Earle 's rendition as having `` a hard country edge and snarling, borderline confrontational vocal. '' He compared it to Travis 's recording, saying that his interpretation showed a `` cool, maybe even slightly goofy would - be paramour (... ) treating it as a humorous depiction of all - consuming love -- no harm, no foul. '' In Richard Carlin 's book Country Music : A Biographical Dictionary, the author says that since Supernaw 's version was released while the O.J. Simpson trials were underway, the trials `` offered a somewhat creepy parallel to the song, which seemed to be sympathetic toward the abusive man. '' Chart History ( edit ) Steve Earle ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles 76 The Forester Sisters ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 74 Doug Supernaw ( edit ) `` What 'll You Do About Me '' debuted at number 62 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of January 14, 1995. Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 26 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 16 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McGee, David ( 2005 ). Steve Earle : Fearless Heart, Outlaw Poet. CMP Media. p. 69. Jump up ^ Carlin, Richard ( 2003 ). Country Music : A Biographical Dictionary. Taylor & Francis. p. 393. Jump up ^ `` The Forester Sisters Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) ''. Billboard. Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 9074. '' RPM. Library and Archives Canada. March 20, 1995. Retrieved July 21, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Doug Supernaw Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) ''. Billboard. External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Steve Earle Studio albums Guitar Town Exit 0 Copperhead Road The Hard Way Train a Comin ' I Feel Alright El Corazón The Mountain ( with the Del McCoury Band ) Transcendental Blues Jerusalem The Revolution Starts Now Washington Square Serenade Townes I 'll Never Get Out of This World Alive The Low Highway Terraplane Colvin & Earle ( with Shawn Colvin ) So You Wanna Be an Outlaw Compilation albums Early Tracks Essential Steve Earle Ai n't Ever Satisfied : The Steve Earle Collection The Devil 's Right Hand : An Introduction to Steve Earle Side Tracks 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Steve Earle Live albums Shut Up and Die Like an Aviator BBC Radio 1 Live in Concert Together at the Bluebird Café ( with Guy Clark and Townes Van Zandt ) Just an American Boy Live from Austin, TX Live at Montreux 2005 Notable singles `` What 'll You Do About Me '' `` A Little Bit in Love '' `` Hillbilly Highway '' `` Guitar Town '' `` Someday '' `` Goodbye 's All We 've Got Left '' `` Nowhere Road '' `` Sweet Little ' 66 '' `` Copperhead Road '' `` Six Days on the Road '' Related articles Discography E-Squared Records The Steve Earle Show Justin Townes Earle Stacey Earle `` When You Fall in Love '' `` Sometimes She Forgets '' The Forester Sisters Christy Forester June Forester Kathy Forester Kim Forester Studio albums The Forester Sisters Talkin ' ' Bout Men Notable singles `` ( That 's What You Do ) When You 're in Love '' `` I Fell in Love Again Last Night '' `` Just in Case '' `` Mama 's Never Seen Those Eyes '' `` Lonely Alone '' `` Too Much Is Not Enough '' `` Too Many Rivers '' `` You Again '' `` Lyin ' in His Arms Again '' `` Letter Home '' `` Sincerely '' `` Do n't You '' `` Leave It Alone '' `` Drive South '' `` Men '' `` What 'll You Do About Me '' Related articles Discography Doug Supernaw Studio albums Red and Rio Grande Deep Thoughts from a Shallow Mind You Still Got Me Notable singles `` Reno '' `` I Do n't Call Him Daddy '' `` Red and Rio Grande '' `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' `` What 'll You Do About Me '' `` Not Enough Hours in the Night '' Relaled articles Phillip Supernaw Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What%27ll_You_Do_About_Me&oldid=745475401 '' Categories : 1984 singles 1992 singles 1995 singles Steve Earle songs John Schneider ( screen actor ) songs The Forester Sisters songs Doug Supernaw songs Songs written by Dennis Linde Randy Travis songs Epic Records singles Warner Bros. Records singles BNA Records singles Song recordings produced by Richard Landis 1984 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 October 2016, at 10 : 30 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "What'll You Do About Me", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=What%27ll_You_Do_About_Me&amp;oldid=745475401" }

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{ "text": "Overtime ( ice hockey ) - wikipedia Overtime ( ice hockey ) Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Overtime is a method of determining a winner in an ice hockey game when the score is tied after regulation. The main methods of determining a winner in a tied game are the overtime period ( commonly referred to as overtime ), the shootout, or a combination of both. If league rules dictate a finite time in which overtime may be played, with no penalty shoot - out to follow, the game 's winning team may or may not be necessarily determined. Contents ( hide ) 1 Overtime periods 1.1 North American overtime 1.2 International overtime 2 Shootout 2.1 International shootouts 2.2 North American shootouts 2.3 Tactics 3 List of notable overtime games 3.1 NHL 3.1. 1 Notable NHL playoff overtime games 3.2 Swedish hockey 3.3 KHL 3.4 Olympics -- Men 's Gold Medal Game 3.5 Olympics -- Women 's Gold Medal Game 3.6 Czech hockey 3.7 DEL 3.8 Norwegian hockey 3.9 Notable minor league, college and junior overtimes 3.9. 1 AHL 3.9. 2 Canadian Interuniversity Sport -- men 3.9. 3 Canadian Interuniversity Sport -- women 3.9. 4 ECHL 3.9. 5 International Hockey League 3.9. 6 VHL 3.9. 7 NCAA 3.9. 8 NCAA Women 3.9. 9 Canadian Hockey League 3.9. 10 2007 RBC Cup -- Canadian Jr A Championship 3.9. 11 OPJHL 3.9. 12 GHJHL 3.9. 13 High school 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Overtime periods ( edit ) Overtime periods are extra periods beyond the third regulation period during a game, where normal hockey rules apply. Although in the past, full - length overtime periods were played, overtimes today are golden goal ( a form of sudden death ), meaning that the game ends immediately when a player scores a goal. North American overtime ( edit ) From November 21, 1942, when overtime was eliminated due to war time restrictions and continuing until the 1983 -- 84 season, all NHL regular - season games tied after 60 minutes of play ended as ties. On June 23, 1983, the NHL introduced a regular - season overtime period of five minutes. If the five - minute overtime period ended with no scoring, the game ended as a tie ( the World Hockey Association had used a 10 - minute regular season overtime period, as had the NHL prior to World War II ). In the first games to go to overtime, on October 5, 1983, the Minnesota North Stars and Los Angeles Kings skated to a 3 -- 3 tie, and the Detroit Red Wings and Winnipeg Jets tied 6 -- 6. The first regular - season game decided by overtime was on October 8, 1983, as the New York Islanders beat the Washington Capitals 8 -- 7. In 1987 -- 88 and since 1995, the American Hockey League has awarded teams one point in the standings for an overtime loss ( OTL ). In 1998, the AHL introduced a rule where teams will play the five - minute overtime period with four skaters and a goaltender, rather than at full strength ( five skaters ), except in two - man advantage situations. In a two - man advantage situation, the team with the advantage will play with five skaters against three skaters. The rule was popular and adopted by the NHL and ECHL the next season. Alex Ovechkin has the record for most NHL overtime goals with 20. In the Stanley Cup playoffs and in all one - game playoffs, overtime periods are played like regulation periods except for the golden goal rule -- in an overtime period, the game ends when one team scores a goal ; the teams are at full strength ( five skaters, barring penalties ), there is no shootout, and each overtime period is 20 minutes with full intermissions between overtime periods. Three of the game 's legendary players, Mark Messier ( 109 playoff goals ), Mario Lemieux ( 77 goals ), and Gordie Howe ( 68 goals ) never scored a playoff overtime goal. In many leagues ( including the NHL for regular - season games since the 2005 -- 06 season ) and in international competitions, a failure to reach a decision in a single overtime may lead to a shootout. Some leagues may eschew overtime periods altogether and end games in shootout should teams be tied at the end of regulation. In the ECHL, regular season overtime periods are played four on four for one five - minute period. In the Southern Professional Hockey League, regular season overtime periods are played three on three for one five - minute period, with penalties resulting in the opponents skating one additional player on ice ( up to two additional players ) for the penalty for the first three minutes, and a penalty shot in the final two minutes. The AHL, since the 2014 -- 15 season, extended the overtime to seven minutes, with the last three minutes reduced further to three men aside and teams getting an additional skater for each opponent 's penalty. The idea of using 3 - on - 3 skaters for the entirety of a five - minute overtime period for a regular season game was adopted by the NHL on June 24, 2015, for use in the 2015 -- 16 NHL season. International overtime ( edit ) In IIHF play, rules for overtime depend on the stage of the competition. For a round robin or preliminary round game that goes to overtime, the teams will play a maximum of five minutes of 3 - on - 3 hockey in the `` golden goal '' format. If no one scores in the five minute overtime, a three - round shootout will decide the winner. In the case of a playoff game or a bronze medal game, the teams will play a maximum of ten minutes of 4 - on - 4 hockey in the `` golden goal '' format. If there is no score in the overtime, a five - round shootout will decide the winner. If the gold medal game of a top category IIHF championship goes to overtime, the teams will play a maximum of twenty minutes of 5 - on - 5 hockey in the `` golden goal '' format. If there is no winner after the overtime, a five - round shootout will decide the winner. In all cases, the teams must change ends, and defend the same side that they did in the second period. Shootout ( edit ) International shootouts ( edit ) In international competition, shootouts ( or more formally, game - winning shots ( GWS ), and, in some European countries, bullets, or bullits ), are often used. Each coach selects three skaters from their team to take penalty shots one at a time against the opposing goaltender, with teams alternating shots. Each team gets one shot per round. The winner is the team with more goals after three rounds or the team that amasses an unreachable advantage before then ( ex. a team gains a two - goal lead with only one round left ). If the shootout is tied after three rounds, tie - breaker rounds are played one at a time ( with each team taking one additional shot ) until there is a winner. The IIHF first adopted the game - winning - shot procedure in 1992 when a new playoff procedure in the Winter Olympics and World Championships required a winner for each game. At that time, the shootout was five rounds and only used for knock - out games. In 2006, it was reduced to three rounds and used for all games, eliminating the possibility of tied games at IIHF events. Tie - breaker rounds are still used as needed, and the same or new players can take the tie - break shots, which is also done in reverse order. As of May 2016, all IIHF preliminary round games that are not decided by overtime, are decided by a three - round shootout. However, all playoff, bronze medal games and gold medal games of IIHF top level championships ( especially the Olympics ) are decided by five round shootouts. North American shootouts ( edit ) Most lower minor leagues ( ECHL, Central, UHL ) have featured a shootout where, at the end of regulation, a shootout similar to the international tournament format is used. However, in 2000, the ECHL adopted the AHL 's four - on - four overtime before the shootout. For the 2004 -- 05 AHL season, the AHL adopted a five - man shootout, which was first used in that league in 1986 -- 87. The standard five - man shootout is used after four - on - four overtime for all minor leagues in North America. The AHL switched to the NHL formatted three - man shootout for the 2014 -- 15 season. The Central Collegiate Hockey Association added the shootout as of the 2008 -- 09 season. Following the lead of minor leagues, as of the 2005 -- 06 season, the NHL ends exhibition and regular season games still tied after a five - minute - length, three - skaters - per - side overtime period ( as of the 2015 -- 16 NHL season onwards ) with a shootout. The NHL format is a three - round shootout with tiebreaker rounds as needed. All skaters ( except goalies ) on a team 's roster must shoot before any player can shoot a second time. On December 16, 2014 the longest shootout in NHL history went to 20 rounds before Nick Bjugstad of the Florida Panthers scored to defeat the Washington Capitals ; the previous record was 15 rounds. The shootout is not used in the playoffs for any North American league. Instead, full 20 - minute overtime periods are played until one team scores a goal. In the National Hockey League and American Hockey League All - Star Skills Competitions, the competition ends in a penalty shootout known as the Breakaway Relay. Tactics ( edit ) Tactics are very important during penalty shots and overtime shootouts for both the shooter and the goalie. Both shooters and goalies commonly consult their teammates and coaches for advice on the opposing player 's style of play. Shooters often consider the goalie 's strengths and weaknesses ( such as a fast glove or stick save ), preferred goaltending style ( such as butterfly or stand - up ) and method of challenging the shooter. Goaltenders often consider the shooter 's shot preference, expected angle of attack, a patented move a shooter commonly uses and even handedness of the shooter. Most shooters attempt to out - deke the goalie in order to create a better scoring chance. Former Detroit Red Wings forward Pavel Datsyuk and New York Rangers forward Martin St. Louis are examples of players who commonly use this tactic. However, it is not uncommon for a shooter to simply shoot for an opening without deking. This is commonly referred to as sniping. This is most commonly performed when a goalie challenges a shooter by giving them an open hole ( by keeping a glove, pad or stick out of position or being out of sound goaltending position altogether to tempt the shooter to aim for the given opening ). Former NHL forwards Markus Näslund and Brett Hull are two players commonly referred to as snipers. Very rarely a shooter may take a slapshot or wrist shot from the point or top of the slot. This is almost exclusively performed when a shooter either has a high level of confidence in their shot or they attempt to catch the goalie by surprise. Retired player Brian Rolston, Detroit Red Wings winger Todd Bertuzzi, Philadelphia Flyers defenseman Chris Pronger, and Vancouver Canucks winger Daniel Sedin have all used this tactic with success. List of notable overtime games ( edit ) The longest overtime game in history was an in Norwegian GET - ligaen. The game ended after 157 : 14 of overtime, in the 8th overtime period. NHL ( edit ) This is a list of all National Hockey League ( NHL ) overtime games that went into at least three overtimes ( winning team is bold ). Overtime Overtime length ( min : sec ) Away Team Score Home Team Date Scorer Arena 1. 6th 116 : 30 Detroit Red Wings 1 -- 0 Montreal Maroons March 24, 1936 Mud Bruneteau Montreal Forum 2. 6th 104 : 46 Boston Bruins 0 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs April 3, 1933 † Ken Doraty Maple Leaf Gardens 3. 5th 92 : 01 Philadelphia Flyers 2 -- 1 Pittsburgh Penguins May 4, 2000 Keith Primeau Mellon Arena 4. 5th 80 : 48 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim 4 -- 3 Dallas Stars April 24, 2003 Petr Sykora American Airlines Center 5. 4th 79 : 15 Pittsburgh Penguins 3 -- 2 Washington Capitals April 24, 1996 Petr Nedved USAir Arena 6. 4th 78 : 06 Dallas Stars 4 -- 5 Vancouver Canucks April 11, 2007 Henrik Sedin General Motors Place 7. 4th 70 : 18 Toronto Maple Leafs 3 -- 2 Detroit Red Wings March 23, 1943 Jack McLean Detroit Olympia 8. 4th 69 : 03 San Jose Sharks 1 -- 2 Dallas Stars May 4, 2008 † Brenden Morrow American Airlines Center 9. 5th 68 : 52 New York Rangers 1 -- 2 Montreal Canadiens March 28, 1930 Gus Rivers Montreal Forum 10. 4th 68 : 47 New York Islanders 3 -- 2 Washington Capitals April 18, 1987 † † ( See page ) Pat LaFontaine Capital Centre 11. 4th 65 : 43 New Jersey Devils 0 -- 1 Buffalo Sabres April 27, 1994 Dave Hannan Buffalo Memorial Auditorium 12. 4th 61 : 09 Montreal Canadiens 3 -- 2 Detroit Red Wings March 27, 1951 Maurice Richard Detroit Olympia 13. 4th 60 : 40 New York Americans 3 -- 2 New York Rangers March 27, 1938 Lorne Carr Madison Square Garden 14. 3rd 59 : 32 New York Rangers 4 -- 3 Montreal Canadiens March 26, 1932 Fred Cook Montreal Forum 15. 3rd 59 : 25 Boston Bruins 2 -- 1 New York Rangers March 21, 1939 Mel Hill Madison Square Garden 16. 3rd 57 : 34 Dallas Stars 3 -- 2 Edmonton Oilers April 27, 1999 † Joe Nieuwendyk Skyreach Centre 17. 3rd 56 : 12 Chicago Blackhawks 3 -- 2 Anaheim Ducks May 19, 2015 Marcus Krüger Honda Center 18. 3rd 55 : 13 Edmonton Oilers 3 -- 2 Boston Bruins May 15, 1990 * Petr Klima Boston Garden 19. 3rd 54 : 51 Dallas Stars 2 -- 1 Buffalo Sabres June 19, 1999 * * † Brett Hull Marine Midland Arena 20. 3rd 54 : 47 Detroit Red Wings 3 -- 2 Carolina Hurricanes June 8, 2002 * Igor Larionov Raleigh Entertainment & Sports Arena 21. 3rd 54 : 41 New York Rangers 2 -- 1 Washington Capitals May 2, 2012 Marian Gaborik Verizon Center 22. 3rd 53 : 54 Philadelphia Flyers 3 -- 2 Toronto Maple Leafs April 16, 2003 Mark Recchi Air Canada Centre 23. 3rd 53 : 50 Chicago Blackhawks 3 -- 2 Montreal Canadiens April 9, 1931 * Cy Wentworth Montreal Forum 24. 3rd 52 : 12 Montreal Canadiens 1 -- 2 Chicago Blackhawks March 26, 1961 Murray Balfour Chicago Stadium 25. 3rd 52 : 08 Boston Bruins 3 -- 4 Chicago Blackhawks June 12, 2013 * Andrew Shaw United Center 26. 3rd 51 : 49 Detroit Red Wings 2 -- 1 Montreal Canadiens April 1, 1937 Hec Kilrea Montreal Forum 27. 3rd 51 : 43 Chicago Blackhawks 2 -- 2 Montreal Canadiens March 26, 1930 Howie Morenz Montreal Forum T28. 3rd 51 : 12 Tampa Bay Lightning 1 -- 2 New Jersey Devils May 2, 2003 † Grant Marshall Continental Airlines Arena T28. 3rd 51 : 12 San Jose Sharks 3 -- 4 Nashville Predators May 5, 2016 Mike Fisher Bridgestone Arena 30. 3rd 50 : 02 Chicago Blackhawks 2 -- 1 Calgary Flames April 23, 1996 † Joe Murphy Canadian Airlines Saddledome 31. 3rd 49 : 57 Pittsburgh Penguins 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings June 2, 2008 * Petr Sykora Joe Louis Arena 32. 3rd 48 : 00 New York Rangers 1 -- 2 Boston Bruins April 2, 1939 Mel Hill Boston Garden 33. 3rd 47 : 37 New Jersey Devils 3 -- 4 Montreal Canadiens April 24, 1997 Patrice Brisebois Molson Centre 34. 3rd 47 : 06 Ottawa Senators 4 -- 3 Pittsburgh Penguins April 22, 2010 Matt Carkner Mellon Arena 35. 3rd 46 : 21 Dallas Stars 1 -- 0 New Jersey Devils June 8, 2000 * Mike Modano Continental Airlines Arena 36. 2nd 45 : 35 Boston Bruins 2 -- 1 Montreal Maroons March 20, 1930 Harry Oliver Montreal Forum 37. 3rd 44 : 52 Montreal Canadiens 1 -- 2 Detroit Red Wings March 22, 1949 Max McNab Detroit Olympia 38. 3rd 44 : 33 Colorado Avalanche 3 -- 2 Chicago Blackhawks May 8, 1996 Joe Sakic United Center 39. 3rd 44 : 31 Colorado Avalanche 1 -- 0 Florida Panthers June 10, 1996 * * † Uwe Krupp Miami Arena 40. 3rd 44 : 30 Ottawa Senators 2 -- 3 Toronto Maple Leafs May 4, 2002 Gary Roberts Air Canada Centre 41. 3rd 44 : 03 Tampa Bay Lightning 2 -- 1 Washington Capitals April 20, 2003 † Martin St. Louis MCI Center 42. 3rd 43 : 18 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim 2 -- 1 Detroit Red Wings April 10, 2003 Paul Kariya Joe Louis Arena 43. 3rd 43 : 00 Toronto Maple Leafs 5 -- 4 Detroit Red Wings March 27, 1960 Frank Mahovlich Detroit Olympia 44. 3rd 42 : 28 Vancouver Canucks 5 -- 4 Calgary Flames April 17, 2004 Brendan Morrison Pengrowth Saddledome 45. 3rd 42 : 24 San Jose Sharks 2 -- 3 Edmonton Oilers May 10, 2006 Shawn Horcoff Rexall Place 46. 3rd 42 : 20 Montreal Canadiens 1 -- 0 Detroit Red Wings March 29, 1951 Maurice Richard Detroit Olympia 47. 3rd 41 : 31 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim 2 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings May 4, 1997 Vyacheslav Kozlov Joe Louis Arena 48. 3rd 41 : 19 Chicago Blackhawks 2 -- 3 New York Rangers April 29, 1971 Pete Stemkowski Madison Square Garden 49. 3rd 41 : 15 Anaheim Ducks 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings May 3, 2009 Todd Marchant Joe Louis Arena 50. 3rd 41 : 00 Nashville Predators 2 -- 3 Chicago Blackhawks April 21, 2015 Brent Seabrook United Center 51. 3rd 40 : 26 Chicago Blackhawks 3 -- 4 St. Louis Blues April 17, 2014 Alexander Steen Scottrade Center * Stanley Cup Finals game * * Stanley Cup winning goal † Series - Clinching Goal † † Game 7 Notable NHL playoff overtime games ( edit ) March 24, 1936 : The Detroit Red Wings ' Mud Bruneteau ends the longest Stanley Cup playoff game to date, scoring the game 's only goal in a 1 -- 0 victory over the Montreal Maroons. The goal comes at 16 : 30 of sextuple overtime for a total of 176 : 30 of game play. It is also the longest NHL ice hockey game ever played. The game is a mere 3 : 30 short of the equivalent of playing three games back - to - back - to - back. February 4, 1939 : The Boston Bruins ' Mel Hill scores his third overtime goal of the Bruins ' Stanley Cup semi-final series against the New York Rangers, setting an unsurpassed ( as of now ) NHL record for most overtime goals in a single playoff series, earning him the nickname thereafter of `` Sudden Death '' Hill. The series itself involves four overtime games, two of which go to triple overtime. April 23, 1950 : Pete Babando scores at 8 : 31 of double overtime to give the Detroit Red Wings a 4 -- 3 win in the seventh game of the 1950 Stanley Cup Finals over the New York Rangers. It is the first time that a seventh game of a Final series goes to overtime. April 21, 1951 : Bill Barilko scores at 2 : 53 of overtime to give the Toronto Maple Leafs a 3 -- 2 win in the fifth game of the 1951 Stanley Cup Finals over the Montreal Canadiens. All five games in the series need to have overtime to be decided. April 16, 1954 : Tony Leswick 's shot hit Montreal Canadiens ' defenceman Doug Harvey 's glove and went into the net at 4 : 20 of overtime to give the Detroit Red Wings a 2 -- 1 win in the seventh game of the 1954 Stanley Cup Finals over the Canadiens. No seventh game of a Final series has gone to overtime since. April 23, 1964 : Bobby Baun of the Toronto Maple Leafs nets a game winner against Detroit 1 : 43 into overtime in game six of the Finals to tie the series 3 -- all. The goal is notable because Baun broke his ankle earlier in the game. It was frozen and taped, and Baun returned to the ice to score the winning goal. May 10, 1970 : One of the most indelible moments in sports history is the sight of Bobby Orr 's `` in flight '' goal that gave the Boston Bruins a 4 -- 3 win and a four - game sweep of the St. Louis Blues in the Stanley Cup Finals. May 24, 1980 : Bob Nystrom of the New York Islanders scores the Stanley Cup clinching goal at 7 : 11 of overtime, beating the Philadelphia Flyers in six games for the title. April 14, 1981 : After sitting on the bench for the entire game, Mike Crombeen scored the winning goal at 5 : 16 of double overtime to give the St. Louis Blues a 4 - 3 win over the Pittsburgh Penguins. April 10, 1982 : `` Miracle on Manchester '' -- Rookie Daryl Evans gives the Los Angeles Kings a 6 -- 5 win over the Edmonton Oilers at 2 : 35 of overtime. The Kings had trailed the Oilers 5 -- 0 after the second period of game three of the Smythe Division Semi-final. This still remains the largest single game playoff comeback in NHL history. May 5, 1986 : Doug Wickenheiser 's overtime goal gives the St. Louis Blues a 6 -- 5 win over the Calgary Flames in game six of the Campbell Conference Final. The goal, known as the `` Monday Night Miracle '', caps a 5 -- 2 comeback and makes it more impressive that the three goals needed to tie the game were scored in the last ten minutes of the third period. May 18, 1986 : A Brian Skrudland goal ends the shortest overtime in NHL history at just nine seconds. The winning goal gives the Montreal Canadiens a 3 -- 2 victory over the Calgary Flames in game two of the 1986 Stanley Cup Finals. April 18, 1987 : `` Easter Epic '' -- Pat LaFontaine of New York Islanders scores a goal against Washington Capitals at 8 : 47 of quadruple overtime which ends the longest game seven in NHL playoff history. Islanders goaltender Kelly Hrudey makes a record 73 saves. May 15, 1990 : After hardly playing in overtime, Petr Klima came off the bench late in triple overtime and scored almost immediately to end the longest overtime in NHL Finals history, with 4 : 47 left. The goal gave the Edmonton Oilers a 3 -- 2 victory over the Boston Bruins to open the 1990 Stanley Cup Finals, setting the stage for the Oilers ' fifth cup in seven years. April 24, 1993 : In game four of the Adams division semi-final between the Buffalo Sabres and the Boston Bruins, Sabres forward Brad May scores in overtime to give Buffalo a 6 -- 5 win and sweep the Bruins in the series, four games to none. Due to Buffalo commentator Rick Jeanneret 's colorful play call when May scored, this game has been referred to in Buffalo as `` May Day ''. April to June 1993 : After losing in overtime of game one of the Adams division semi-final to the Quebec Nordiques, the Montreal Canadiens go on to win ten consecutive overtime games en route to winning the Stanley Cup. The Habs score another overtime winner the following year against the Boston Bruins, making it eleven consecutive playoff overtime wins. May 14, 1993 : In game seven of the Patrick Division Finals, David Volek who spent most of the season as a healthy scratch, scored the series winning goal to give the New York Islanders a 4 - 3 victory ending the Pittsburgh Penguins chances at a threepeat. April 27, 1994 : Dominik Hašek of the Buffalo Sabres stops all 70 shots produced by the New Jersey Devils as Dave Hannan scores the lone goal over a sprawling Martin Brodeur at 5 : 43 of quadruple overtime in game six of the Eastern Conference quarterfinal matchup. April 30, 1994 : Pavel Bure scores 2 : 20 into double overtime of the seventh game of the opening round of Vancouver 's playoff series with Calgary. The win gives the Vancouver Canucks three consecutive overtime wins over the favored Calgary Flames, who squander a 3 -- 1 series lead. May 27, 1994 : Stéphane Matteau scores the game - winning goal at 4 : 24 of double overtime with a wrap - around, beating Martin Brodeur and the New Jersey Devils in game seven, advancing the New York Rangers to the Stanley Cup Finals ( where they would ultimately win it for the first time since 1940 ). It is Matteau 's second goal in double overtime periods of the series. April 24, 1996 : Petr Nedved scores with 44.6 seconds remaining in quadruple overtime to give the Pittsburgh Penguins a 3 -- 2 win over the Washington Capitals to tie their Eastern Conference quarter - final series at two games apiece. June 6, 1996 : Uwe Krupp became the 12th player in NHL history to end the Stanley Cup Finals in overtime, scoring a goal at 4 : 31 of triple overtime, giving the Colorado Avalanche a 1 -- 0 win and a sweep of the Florida Panthers. June 19, 1999 : Brett Hull scores with 5 : 09 left in triple overtime of game six to win the Stanley Cup for the Dallas Stars over the Buffalo Sabres. The goal is considered controversial by some fans due to disagreement on if the goal by Hull was legal or not. ( see 1999 Stanley Cup Finals ). May 5, 2000 : Keith Primeau of the Philadelphia Flyers put a shot over the left shoulder of Pittsburgh Penguins goaltender Ron Tugnutt with 7 : 59 left in quintuple overtime, ending the longest game since 1936. June 6, 2000 : Jason Arnott scores on Dallas Stars ' goalie Ed Belfour in double overtime of game six to give the New Jersey Devils their second Stanley Cup. April 12, 2007 : Roberto Luongo, goaltender for the Vancouver Canucks, wins his first career playoff game while making 72 saves, one shy of Kelly Hrudey 's record. The game is the sixth longest ever, going into quadruple overtime. Henrik Sedin scores the winning goal in the Western Quarterfinals, beating the Dallas Stars 5 -- 4 in game 1. The game is Vancouver 's longest in history, and the Star 's second longest, behind their five - overtime loss to Anaheim in 2003. May 5, 2008 : Brenden Morrow scores on San Jose Sharks goalie Evgeni Nabokov at 9 : 03 of quadruple overtime in game six of the Western Conference Semi-final between the Sharks and Stars. The game sees an incredible goaltending duel as Nabokov makes 53 saves in the loss while Marty Turco of Dallas makes 61 saves for the win. June 6, 2008 : In game five of the 2008 Stanley Cup Finals, the Pittsburgh Penguins ' Petr Sykora told Pierre Maguire of NBC that he would score the winning goal in overtime. At 9 : 57 of triple overtime, Sykora scored on Detroit Red Wings ' goaltender Chris Osgood and sent the series back to Pittsburgh for game six. June 6, 2010 : Patrick Kane of the Chicago Blackhawks shoots a goal past Philadelphia Flyers goalie Michael Leighton 4 : 10 into overtime of game six of the Stanley Cup Finals to give the Blackhawks a 4 -- 3 win over the Flyers for their first Stanley Cup Championship since 1961. April 26, 2011 : Alexandre Burrows of the Vancouver Canucks scored at 5 : 22 of overtime past Corey Crawford of the Chicago Blackhawks to win the series 4 -- 3 and the game 2 -- 1, sending the Canucks to the Western Conference Semifinals, avoiding squandering a 3 -- 0 series lead and a 1 -- 0 lead in game seven in the third period. June 6, 2011 : Another Burrows goal ends the second - shortest overtime in NHL history at just eleven seconds. The winning goal gives the Vancouver Canucks a 3 -- 2 victory over the Boston Bruins in game two of the Stanley Cup Finals. May 25, 2012 : Adam Henrique of the New Jersey Devils scored at 1 : 03 into overtime past Henrik Lundqvist of the New York Rangers in game six of the Eastern Conference Final to send the Devils to the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time since 2003. May 13, 2013 : Patrice Bergeron of the Boston Bruins scored at 6 : 05 of overtime past James Reimer of the Toronto Maple Leafs to win the series 4 -- 3 and the game 5 -- 4, to send the Bruins to the Conference Semifinals to face the Rangers. It also capped a historic comeback in a game seven, coming back from a three - goal deficit in the third period. With fifty -- one seconds to go, they tied the game. The tying goal was also scored by Bergeron. The 2012 -- 13 Boston Bruins became the first team in NHL history to do so in the Stanley Cup playoffs. June 6, 2013 : Andrew Shaw scored with 7 : 52 left in triple overtime as the Chicago Blackhawks beat the Boston Bruins 4 - 3 to open the Stanley Cup Finals, ending the fifth - longest game in Stanley Cup Finals history. June 13, 2014 : Alec Martinez scored with 5 : 17 left in double overtime in game five of the 2014 Stanley Cup Finals, becoming the 16th player to win the Stanley Cup with an overtime goal as the Los Angeles Kings beat the Rangers 3 -- 2, clinching the title 4 -- 1. He became the first player to score two series - clinching playoff overtime goals in the same season since Martin Gelinas in 2004 ; on June 1, he scored 5 : 47 into overtime to defeat the Chicago Blackhawks 5 -- 4 in game seven of the Western Conference Finals. May 13, 2015 : Derek Stepan scored with 8 : 36 left in the first overtime in game seven in the Eastern Conference Second Round against the Washington Capitals to send the New York Rangers to the Eastern Conference Finals. The Capitals also had a 3 -- 1 series lead before losing the final three games and ultimately losing the series. May 19, 2015 : Marcus Kruger scored with 3 : 48 left in the third overtime in game two of the Western Conference Finals, as the Chicago Blackhawks beat the Anaheim Ducks, 3 -- 2, tying the series at 1 -- 1. This was Anaheim 's first playoff loss at home that season and Chicago 's longest overtime game to date. Chicago goalie Corey Crawford made 60 saves while defenceman Duncan Keith played seconds shy of 50 minutes on ice. Earlier in the second overtime period, Andrew Shaw used his head to direct the puck into the net, but the goal did not count. April 24, 2016 : John Tavares scored the series - winner with 9 : 19 left in double overtime in game six of the Eastern Conference First Round as the New York Islanders won a playoff series for the first time since 1993, beating the Florida Panthers 2 -- 1, to win the series 4 -- 2. He beat Roberto Luongo off a rebound of his own shot with a wraparound. It ended the longest home game in Islanders ' history. Tavares also scored with 53.2 seconds left in regulation to force overtime. Three of those games in this series have gone to overtime, this and game five needed two. May 6, 2016 : Mike Fisher scored with 8 : 48 left in triple overtime in game four of the Western Conference Second Round as the Nashville Predators beat the San Jose Sharks, 4 -- 3, to tie the series at two games all. His goal ended the longest playoff game in Predators ' history. Joe Pavelski could have won it at 7 : 34 of overtime, but officials waved it off as he crashed into Pekka Rinne, pinning him down before the puck crossed the goal line. May 25, 2017 : Chris Kunitz scored at 5 : 09 of double overtime as the Pittsburgh Penguins beat the Ottawa Senators to advance to play the Nashville Predators in the Stanley Cup Finals in winning game seven of the Eastern Conference Finals, 3 - 2. Sidney Crosby sent a soft backhand pass to Kunitz, whose knuckling shot beat Craig Anderson from the right faceoff circle. April 13, 2018 : The Vegas Golden Knights won their first - ever playoff overtime game when Erik Haula scored with 4 : 37 left in double overtime to beat the Los Angeles Kings 2 -- 1 to take a 2 -- 0 lead in the Western Conference First Round. Haula made it to the right wing after a James Neal pass, faked his shot, then beat Jonathan Quick with a forehand. May 7, 2018 : Evgeny Kuznetsov scored at 5 : 27 of overtime as the Washington Capitals eliminated the two - time defending champion Pittsburgh Penguins in game six of the Eastern Conference Second Round to advance to the Conference Finals for the first time in 20 years. Alexander Ovechkin passed the puck back to Kuznetsov, who tapped it away from Sidney Crosby on a turnover before beating Matt Murray between the pads. Swedish hockey ( edit ) This is a list of the longest games in the highest Swedish leagues. Overtime Overtime length ( min : sec ) League Home Team Score Away Team Date Scorer 1. 5th 80 : 41 Play - off to Kvalserien IF Troja / Ljungby 2 -- 1 Bofors IK March 20, 2002 Mika Välilä 2. 4th 73 : 38 Play - off to Division 1 Olofströms IK 3 -- 4 Kristianstads IK March 7, 1995 Roman Steblecki 3. 4th 68 : 42 Play - off to Division 1 Osby IK 5 -- 4 Mariestad BoIS HC February 28, 1993 Jonas Evaldsson 4. 3rd 59 : 16 Elitserien Semi-finals Leksands IF 3 -- 2 Färjestad BK March 23, 1997 Andreas Karlsson 5. 3rd 57 : 37 Play - off to Kvalserien IFK Arboga IK 3 -- 2 Bofors IK March 13, 2002 Fredrik Gustavsson 6. 3rd 52 : 17 Elitserien Quarterfinals Timrå IK 2 -- 1 Luleå HF March 3, 2003 Marcus Åkerblom 7. 3rd 50 : 55 Play - off to SHL Karlskrona HK 3 -- 2 AIK March 19, 2016 Vyacheslav Trukhno 8. 3rd 47 : 14 Play - off to Division 1 IFK Österåkers IK 4 -- 3 Lidingö HC March 10, 1996 Mikael Lindqvist 9. 3rd 41 : 56 Elitserien Finals Västra Frölunda HC 4 -- 3 Färjestad BK April 7, 2003 Tomi Kallio 10. 3rd 41 : 14 Play - off to Kvalserien Timrå IK 5 -- 4 Huddinge IK February 26, 1989 Ove Öström Khl ( edit ) This is a list of Kontinental Hockey League games that went to at least the third overtime. Overtime Overtime length ( min : sec ) Home Team Score Away Team Date Scorer Ref 1. 5th 82 : 09 HC CSKA Moscow 1 -- 2 Jokerit March 22, 2018 Mika Niemi 2. 4th 66 : 14 Lev Praha 3 -- 4 HC Donbass March 21, 2014 Andrei Konev 3. 3rd 58 : 48 Severstal Cherepovets 3 -- 2 Lokomotiv Yaroslavl February 25, 2013 Denis Kazionov 4. 3rd 56 : 35 Admiral Vladivostok 2 -- 3 Metallurg Magnitogorsk March 12, 2014 Danis Zaripov 5. 3rd 49 : 11 Metallurg Magnitogorsk 2 -- 3 Avangard Omsk March 15, 2011 Andrei Pervyshin 6. 3rd 48 : 54 Traktor Chelyabinsk 1 -- 2 Ak Bars Kazan March 22, 2012 Danis Zaripov 7. 3rd 41 : 39 HC CSKA Moscow 3 -- 2 SKA St. Petersburg March 28, 2015 Roman Lyubimov The longest game in Belarusian extraleague is game first of the 2015 Semi-finals on March 7, 2015. Yunost Minsk beat the HK Gomel, 2 -- 1, at Gomel Ice Palace of Sports on a goal by Vitaly Kiryuschenkov at 5 : 11 of the sixth 20 - minute overtime period. Alexander Tsetkovsky was the winning goaltender for the Yunost, making 107 saves. Olympics -- men 's gold medal game ( edit ) This is a list of Gold Medal men 's games from the Olympics that needed overtime. Overtime Overtime length ( min : sec ) Winning country Score Losing country Year Scorer 1st 9 : 40 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 4 - 3 Germany ( GER ) 2018 Kirill Kaprizov 7 : 40 Canada ( CAN ) 3 - 2 United States ( USA ) Sidney Crosby Olympics -- women 's gold medal game ( edit ) This is a list of Gold Medal women 's games from the Olympics that needed overtime. Overtime Overtime length ( min : sec ) Winning country Score Losing country Year Scorer 2nd 20 : 00 ( 6th round ) * United States ( USA ) 3 - 2 Canada ( CAN ) 2018 Jocelyne Lamoureux 1st 8 : 10 Canada ( CAN ) United States ( USA ) 2014 Marie - Philip Poulin * Game went to shootout. Czech hockey ( edit ) Overtime Overtime length ( min : sec ) League Home Team Score Away Team Date Scorer 1. 3rd 53 : 51 Extraliga ledního hokeje HC Mountfield 2 -- 3 HC Vítkovice Steel March 7, 2013 † † Peter Húževka 2. 2nd 36 : 15 Extraliga ledního hokeje PSG Zlín 3 -- 4 HC Škoda Plzeň April 21, 2013 * * Martin Straka 3. 2nd 25 : 09 Extraliga ledního hokeje HC Sparta Praha 1 -- 2 Bílí Tygři Liberec April 24, 2016 * * Martin Bakoš * Play - off finals game * * Play - off winning goal † Series - clinching goal † † Game 7 ( Game 5 in a best - of - 5 series ) Del ( edit ) March 22, 2008 : Philip Gogulla of the Cologne Sharks ends the longest German hockey game ever and the third longest worldwide, scoring the ninth - overall goal in a 5 : 4 victory over the Mannheim Eagles. The goal comes 8 : 16 into the sixth overtime period for a total of 108 : 16 of overtime. It is the third quarter - final game ( best of seven ) in the Kölnarena in Cologne in front of an audience of 17,000. The game had begun at 5 : 30 pm and ends at 12 : 15 am. Norwegian hockey ( edit ) March 12, 2017 : Joakim Jensen of the Storhamar Ishockey ends the longest hockey game in history, scoring with 2 : 46 left in octuple overtime for a total of 157 : 14 of overtime, and 217 : 14 of hockey played. It was Game 5 of the quarter - finals of the 2016 -- 17 GET - ligaen playoffs against the Sparta Warriors in the CC Amfi. About 1,000 out of the 5,500 people that attended the game watched the entire game. The game started at 18 : 00 and ended at 2 : 32 the next morning. Overtime Overtime length ( min : sec ) Away Team Score Home Team Date Scorer Arena 1. 8th 157 : 14 Sparta Sarpsborg 1 -- 2 Storhamar Ishockey March 12, 2017 Joakim Jensen CC Amfi 2. 4th 67 : 02 Vålerenga 5 -- 4 Trondheim Black Panthers March 8, 2003 Joakim Backlund Leangen Ishall 3. 2nd 45 : 58 Storhamar Dragons 4 -- 5 Vålerenga March 28, 2000 Johan Brummer Jordal Amfi Notable minor League, College and junior overtimes ( edit ) AHL ( edit ) The longest game in AHL history is game four of the 2018 Atlantic Division Final on May 9, 2018. The Lehigh Valley Phantoms beat the Charlotte Checkers, 2 -- 1, at Bojangles Coliseum on a goal by Alex Krushelnyski at 6 : 48 of quintuple overtime. Alex Lyon was the winning goaltender for the Phantoms, making 94 saves. Longest American Hockey League ( AHL ) overtime games Overtime Length ( min : sec ) Away Team Score Home Team Date 1. 86 : 48 Lehigh Valley Phantoms 2 -- 1 Charlotte Checkers May 9, 2018 2. 82 : 58 Philadelphia Phantoms 3 -- 2 Albany River Rats April 24, 2008 3. 74 : 56 * * Houston Aeros 1 -- 2 Hamilton Bulldogs May 30, 2003 4. 74 : 08 Rochester Americans 2 -- 3 New Haven Nighthawks April 10, 1982 5. 62 : 42 Syracuse Stars 3 -- 2 Cleveland Barons April 4, 1938 6. 61 : 46 Cleveland Barons 2 -- 3 Pittsburgh Hornets April 14, 1953 7. 60 : 16 Oklahoma City Barons 2 -- 1 Utica Comets May 7, 2015 8. 59 : 47 Providence Reds 2 -- 3 Cleveland Barons March 28, 1939 9. 53 : 02 Philadelphia Phantoms 2 -- 1 Norfolk Admirals April 28, 2004 10. 52 : 26 Binghamton Senators 2 -- 3 Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Penguins April 25, 2005 11. 50 : 16 Cleveland Barons 4 -- 3 Springfield Indians April 4, 1962 12. 47 : 49 Worcester IceCats 3 -- 4 Hartford Wolf Pack May 5, 2004 13. 46 : 15 Pittsburgh Hornets 2 -- 1 Springfield Indians March 22, 1941 14. 46 : 00 Worcester IceCats 3 -- 2 Manchester Monarchs April 22, 2004 15. 45 : 17 * Nova Scotia Voyageurs 4 -- 3 Maine Mariners April 11, 1985 16. 44 : 48 * * Cleveland Barons 4 -- 5 Philadelphia Ramblers April 4, 1939 17. 44 : 30 Pittsburgh Hornets 3 -- 2 Hershey Bears March 31, 1951 18. 44 : 18 Baltimore Clippers 3 -- 4 Rochester Americans April 16, 1967 19. 44 : 13 Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Penguins 3 -- 4 Manchester Monarchs May 6, 2015 20. 44 : 02 Pittsburgh Hornets 2 -- 3 Cleveland Barons April 3, 1956 * Overtime format was one five - minute period followed by 20 - minute periods * * Calder Cup Finals game Canadian interuniversity SPORT -- men ( edit ) The University of New Brunswick Varsity Reds needed 61 : 53 of overtime ( four extra periods ) to defeat the Acadia University Axemen 3 -- 2 on February 27, 2011 in game two of a best - of - five AUS semi-final series at Fredericton, New Brunswick. Nick MacNeil scored the game - winner at 11 : 53 of the seventh period overall. York University Lions and Lakehead University Thunderwolves went to a fourth overtime period ( 50 : 13 minutes of overtime ) on February 14, 2007 in Thunder Bay, Ontario, to decide a winner in OUA men 's playoff hockey action. Lakehead won the game at the 13 - second mark of the fourth overtime period. Canadian interuniversity SPORT -- women ( edit ) Morgan McHaffie scored at 17 : 14 of the sixth overtime period to lead the Queen 's Golden Gaels to a 2 -- 1 win over the host Guelph Gryphons in the first game of the best - of - three OUA women 's hockey final, March 2, 2011. The game, which lasted 167 minutes and 14 seconds, including 107 : 14 of extra time, is the longest on record in CIS or NCAA hockey -- women 's or men 's. Winning goaltender Mel Dodd - Moher made 66 saves, while Danielle Skoufranis made 44 saves in a losing cause. It is the longest game ever played sanctioned by Hockey Canada. ECHL ( edit ) Overtime Length ( min : sec ) Away Team Score Home Team Date 1. 77 : 18 Colorado Eagles 2 -- 3 Idaho Steelheads April 28 -- 29, 2014 2. 66 : 10 Elmira Jackals 5 -- 4 Trenton Devils April 10, 2009 3. 64 : 19 South Carolina Stingrays 4 -- 3 Gwinnett Gladiators April 6 -- 7, 2012 4. 61 : 24 Louisiana IceGators 2 -- 3 Greenville Grrrowl May 5, 2000 5. 55 : 19 Jackson Bandits 5 -- 4 Louisiana IceGators April 5, 2002 6. 53 : 30 Las Vegas Wranglers 3 -- 4 Alaska Aces May 2, 2006 7. 50 : 37 South Carolina Stingrays 3 -- 4 Mississippi Sea Wolves April 13, 1999 8. 48 : 13 Idaho Steelheads 3 -- 2 Las Vegas Wranglers April 6, 2011 9. 46 : 30 Mississippi Sea Wolves 3 -- 4 Pee Dee Pride May 2, 1999 10. 46 : 23 Utah Grizzlies 4 -- 3 Fresno Falcons April 14, 2008 11. 45 : 47 Hampton Roads Admirals 2 -- 1 Greensboro Monarchs April 9, 1991 * 12. 45 : 38 Florida Everblades 2 -- 1 South Carolina Stingrays May 6, 2015 13. 45 : 30 South Carolina Stingrays 1 -- 0 Toledo Walleye May 27, 2015 * * 14. 44 : 03 Wheeling Nailers 2 - 1 Reading Royals May 5, 2016 15. 44 : 02 Kalamazoo Wings 3 -- 4 Greenville Road Warriors April 26, 2014 16. 43 : 07 Toledo Walleye 4 - 5 Colorado Eagles May 19, 2017 17. 42 : 31 Colorado Eagles 5 - 4 Utah Grizzlies April 17, 2016 18. 40 : 36 Idaho Steelheads 0 -- 1 Stockton Thunder May 5, 2010 * Championship Series game. * * Game 7 International hockey League ( edit ) On May 12, 2008, one of the longest games in IHL history, if not the longest, took place in Fort Wayne, Indiana. It was the seventh game of the Turner Cup Final between the hometown Fort Wayne Komets and Port Huron Icehawks. The game was tied 2 -- 2 through regulation. The first two extra periods solved nothing, but 23 seconds into the third overtime period, at some point after midnight ET, Justin Hodgman scored the winning goal to give the Komets their fifth Turner Cup title. It was the club 's first since 1993, and their sixth overall, with their last championship being the Colonial Cup in 2003. The Komets would win again the following year with an easy game five victory at home, which was the first time in franchise history they won back - to - back championships. They would follow up with a third consecutive Turner Cup in 2010, again clinching on home ice, securing a dynasty. VHL ( edit ) On April 25, 2018, in game 5 of the 2018 VHL finals, SKA - Neva defeated HC Dinamo Saint Petersburg 4 - 3 in a game that needed 103 : 36 of overtime to be settled. Svyatoslav Grebinshchikov scored the game - winning goal 3 : 36 of sextuple overtime. NCAA ( edit ) The longest game in NCAA hockey history was played on March 6 -- 7, 2015. UMass beat Notre Dame, 4 -- 3, in the Hockey East first - round playoff game after 91 : 42 of overtime. Shane Walsh scored the winning goal for UMass. Overall game length ( min : sec ) Overtime length Number of overtimes Winning team Score Losing team Where it occurred Date 151 : 42 91 : 42 5 UMass 4 -- 3 Notre Dame Hockey East First Round ( Game 1, Best of 3 ) March 7, 2015 150 : 22 90 : 22 5 Quinnipiac University 3 -- 2 Union College ECACH Quarter - Finals ( Game 1, Best of 3 ) March 12, 2010 141 : 35 81 : 35 5 Yale University 3 -- 2 Union College ECACHL First Round ( Game 2, Best of 3 ) March 4, 2006 129 : 30 69 : 30 Colorado College 1 -- 0 Wisconsin Badgers WCHA First Round ( Game 2, Best of 3 ) March 3, 1997 123 : 53 63 : 53 St. Lawrence 3 -- 2 Boston University NCAA East Regional ( Second round ) March 26, 2000 121 : 05 61 : 05 Colgate University 4 -- 3 Dartmouth College ECAC Quarterfinal ( Game 1, Best of 3 ) March 14, 2003 The longest game in NCAA hockey history was played at Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana on March 6, 2015. UMass beat Notre Dame, 4 -- 3, in the Hockey East first round with 8 : 18 left in quintuple overtime. Shane Walsh scored the winning goal just after 1 : 00 am local time. The previous longest was played on March 12, 2010. Quinnipiac University beat Union College, 3 -- 2, in the ECAC Quarterfinals, as Greg Holt scored with 9 : 38 left in quintuple overtime. The 3rd longest game in NCAA hockey history was played on March 5, 2006. Yale University beat Union College, 3 -- 2, in the ECAC Hockey League first - round playoff game after 81 : 35 of overtime. David Meckler scored the winning goal with Yale shorthanded. The longest game in NCAA Division III hockey history, and the fourth longest in NCAA history overall, began at 7 : 05 pm on February 27, 2010 and ended at 12 : 35 am of the following day. Gustavus Adolphus College beat Augsburg College, 6 -- 5, to advance to the MIAC championship game after 78 : 38 of overtime. Eric Bigham scored the winning goal. A 2000 NCAA regional final in men 's ice hockey between St. Lawrence University and Boston University ended with 63 : 53 of overtime. Manitoba native and minor hockey buddy of Craig McAulay, Robin Carruthers scored the gwg after four periods of overtime play A March 30, 1991 game between Northern Michigan University and Boston University ended with Northern Michigan earning an 8 -- 7 victory over Boston University. Unlikely hero Darryl Plandowski scores in the third overtime period and fifth hour of play to give the Wildcats the title. A March 8, 1997 game between Colorado College and the University of Wisconsin -- Madison ended with Colorado College winning, 1 -- 0, after 69 : 30. A March 14, 2003 ECAC Quarterfinal game between Colgate University and Dartmouth ended, 4 -- 3 for Colgate, after 61 : 05 in overtime. On March 26, 2006, the Wisconsin Badgers beat the Cornell Big Red 1 -- 0 at 11 : 13 into the third overtime at the Midwest Regional Final in the NCAA Tournament at the Resch Center in Green Bay. It was the second - longest NCAA Tournament game in its history and the longest 1 -- 0 game in tournament history. It is currently the ninth - longest game all - time in NCAA Division I history. An March 11, 2007 game between St. Cloud State University and University of Minnesota Duluth during the first round of the WCHA playoffs ended with SCSU winning, 3 -- 2, after 51 : 33 of overtime. It is the eighth - longest NCAA Division I game in history. In the first round of the 2008 WCHA hockey tournament featuring the fourth - seeded Minnesota State University, Mankato Mavericks hosting the seventh - seeded University of Minnesota Golden Gophers, the Friday and Sunday games both went into double overtime, and the Saturday night game went into one overtime. The Gophers prevailed two games to one in the series, winning Saturday and Sunday. On March 3, 2012, in the first round of the 2012 ECAC Hockey hockey tournament featuring the seventh - seeded Clarkson Golden Knights men 's ice hockey team hosting the tenth - seeded RPI Engineers men 's ice hockey team, Clarkson beat RPI 4 -- 3 at 13 : 48 in the third overtime period, after 113 : 48 of play. It is currently the seventh - longest game all - time in NCAA Division I history. NCAA women ( edit ) On March 10, 1996, New Hampshire defeated Providence, 3 -- 2, in an ECAC Women 's Championship game after 85 : 35 of overtime. ( This is not an NCAA record, as the NCAA did not officially recognize women 's hockey until the 2001 season ; however, it stands as the longest women 's college hockey game ) On March 10, 2007, Wisconsin defeated Harvard, 1 -- 0, in an NCAA Women 's Quarterfinal game after 67 : 09 of overtime at the Kohl Center in Madison WI. Wisconsin went on to win the national championship. On March 10, 2012, Cornell University defeated Boston University, 8 -- 7, in an NCAA Women 's Quarterfinal game after 59 : 50 of overtime at Lynah Rink in Ithaca, New York, surpassing the men 's game from the previous night as the longest hockey game to be played at the rink. On March 21, 2010, Minnesota - Duluth defeated Cornell 3 -- 2 in the NCAA championship game, after 59 : 26 of overtime ( 119 : 26 total game time ), the longest men 's or women 's hockey championship game in NCAA history. Canadian hockey League ( edit ) The longest game in Memorial Cup history was played on May 23, 2014 in London, Ontario, where in the semi-final game, Curtis Lazar scored at 2 : 42 of triple overtime as the Edmonton Oil Kings beat the Val - d'Or Foreurs 4 -- 3 to advance to the championship game. The entire overtime lasted 42 : 42, the overall game time played was 102 : 42. The longest game in WHL & CHL history was played on April 2, 2017 in Victoria, BC, in Game 6 of Round 1 between the Everett Silvertips and Victoria Royals. Cal Babych scored with 8 : 24 left in quintuple overtime to beat the Royals 3 - 2 to win the series 4 - 2. The total game time played was 151 : 36. The longest game in QMJHL history was played on April 3, 2016 in Boisbriand, Quebec, where in a first - round game, Philippe Sanche scored with 7 : 34 left in triple overtime as the Blainville - Boisbriand Armada beat the Val - d'Or Foreurs 3 - 2 to advance to the quarterfinals. The entire overtime lasted 52 : 26, the overall game time played was 112 : 26. 2007 RBC Cup -- canadian Jr a championship ( edit ) The semi-final game for the 2007 RBC Cup, saw the host Prince George Spruce Kings taking on the Camrose Kodiaks. The game ended up being the longest game in Royal Bank Cup history at 146 minutes and 1 second. The Spruce Kings broke a 2 -- 2 tie just over six minutes into the fifth overtime period to win 3 -- 2 and clinch a berth in the RBC Cup Final against the Aurora Tigers. Jason Yuel of the Spruce Kings scored the winner while goaltender Jordan White stopped 91 of 93 shots for the victory. OPJHL ( edit ) On February 10, 2007, the Toronto Jr. Canadiens defeated the Pickering Panthers, 4 -- 3, to take a 2 -- 0 series lead in the first round of the OPJHL playoffs, after 104 : 32 of overtime. It is the second longest game ever played sanctioned by Hockey Canada. GHJHL ( edit ) February 1999, the St. Catharines Falcons defeated the Port Colborne Sailors 7 -- 6 to take a 2 -- 1 series lead in the semi-finals of the Golden Horseshoe Jr. B Hockey League Playoffs. Peter Lacey scored 11 minutes into the fifth overtime period, ending the game at 2 : 18 am. The game started at 7 : 30 pm. It is the longest junior hockey game sanctioned by Hockey Canada High School ( edit ) Marquette vs Orchard Lake St Marys went eight overtimes during the Michigan State Ice Hockey Division 1 Championship game before Tournament officials stopped the game in consideration of the health and welfare of the players on March 8, 2008. The 1 -- 1 tie resulted in the two teams being declared co-champions. The game lasted 109 minutes. Ryan Morley Stockton of St. Mary 's had a MHSAA - record 58 saves. The longest game in high school history was in a 1996 FCIAC quarterfinal matchup in Darien, Connecticut between archrivals Wilton and Ridgefield that went to a tenth eight - minute overtime period after 45 minutes of regulation ( 125 : 00 of hockey ). Chris Ludwig of Wilton scored the game - winner while being hauled down in front of the Ridgefield net in the tenth overtime period. The previous record belonged to the Aurora High School -- Solon High School game in which Aurora won in the eighth overtime period of the Ohio state playoffs. The winning goal was scored with 3 : 52 left in the 8th overtime ( 105th minute ), setting an American record. Since 2015, all state tournaments allow up to 5 overtime periods ( 4 - on - 4 after first overtime ), after which best - of - 3 - round shootouts and extra rounds if needed are conducted, to eliminate co-champions. See also ( edit ) National Hockey League American Hockey League Ice hockey Ice hockey rules Breakaway ( hockey ) Season ( sport ) Overtime ( sports ) Easter Epic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NHL Guide Jump up ^ `` World 's first regular season NHL overtime game ''. Thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Retrieved February 17, 2014. ^ Jump up to : http://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/hockeyozone/2014/07/10/ot-in-ahl-now-7-minutes/12485519/ Jump up ^ Rosen, Dan ( June 24, 2015 ). `` Board of Governors OKs 3 - on - 3 OT, coach 's challenge ''. www.nhl.com. National Hockey League. Retrieved June 25, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 IIHF SPORT REGULATIONS '' ( PDF ). www.iihf.com. International Ice Hockey Federation. May 2016. Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06. Jump up ^ Jeff Z. Klein, `` Hockey Night in Europe : Goodbye, Columbus '', New York Times, October 25, 2008. Jump up ^ V. Lychyk, `` English borrowings in recent Soviet Russian '', Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics 29 ( 1994 ), p. 153. Jump up ^ `` Format & Rules ''. Iihf.com. Retrieved February 17, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Panthers outlast Capitals in longest NHL shootout when Nick Bjugstad scores in 20th round ''. NHL.com. December 16, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2017. Jump up ^ Teams played a 10 - minute `` regular '' overtime period, followed by 15 - minute `` extra '' overtime periods. The winning goal was scored at 13 : 52 of the fourth `` extra '' overtime period. Montreal Gazette, March 29, 1930, page 20 and Toronto Daily Star, March 29, 1930, page 10. Jump up ^ This was the second game of a two - game total - goals series. Montreal won the first game 1 - 0. Chicago won the second game 2 - 1, making the aggregate score 2 - 2. Sudden - death overtime was used to break the tie, and was considered part of the second game. Teams played a 10 - minute `` regular '' overtime period, followed by a 30 - minute `` extra '' overtime period, and another `` extra '' overtime period. The winning goal was scored at 11 : 43 of the second `` extra '' overtime period. Montreal Gazette, March 27, 1930, page 16. Jump up ^ Teams played a 10 - minute `` regular '' overtime period followed by a continuous, unlimited, sudden - death overtime period. The winning goal was scored at 35 : 35 of that period. Montreal Gazette, March 21, 1930, page 18. Jump up ^ Svensk elithockeys längsta matcher http://www.svenskafans.com/hockeyzon/194752.aspx Jump up ^ http://en.khl.ru/report/245/?idgame=41390 Jump up ^ http://en.khl.ru/report/223/?idgame=37496 Jump up ^ http://en.khl.ru/report/245/?idgame=41265 Jump up ^ http://en.khl.ru/report/186/?idgame=30498 Jump up ^ http://en.khl.ru/report/203/?idgame=34026 Jump up ^ http://en.khl.ru/game/267/45820/resume/ Jump up ^ http://hcgomel.by/news/17282/7.03.2015-23-j-ochrb.-1/2.-gomel-1-2-ot-yunost/ Jump up ^ http://extraliga.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2637546 Jump up ^ http://www.vg.no/sport/ishockey/norsk-ishockey/verdensrekord-paa-hamar-i-natt-storhamar-vant-etter-8-timer-og-32-minutter/a/23947532/ Jump up ^ http://online.vhlru.ru/online/69653.html Jump up ^ `` Almanac... Longest Games ''. College Hockey News. Retrieved March 7, 2015. Jump up ^ Longest game list Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived September 3, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Men 's Hockey Defeats Augsburg 6 -- 5 in Four Overtimes, Sets NCAA Record For Longest Game In Division III History Jump up ^ USCHO.com : : U.S. College Hockey Online : : NCAA Longest_games Archived March 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Rougeau 's Triple - Overtime Game - Winner Sends Women 's Hockey to Frozen Four ''. Cornell University Athletics. Retrieved March 10, 2012. Jump up ^ 2010 NCAA National Collegiate Women 's Ice Hockey Tournament Jump up ^ Mary Buckheit ( March 17, 2008 ). `` After eight overtimes, is a tie wrong? ''. Sports.espn.go.com. Retrieved February 17, 2014. Jump up ^ MHSAA : Games - 2008 Ice Hockey Tournament Jump up ^ 2007 State Ice Hockey Tournament Results Jump up ^ The Remaining Top 24 High School Sports Stories of 2007 -- cleveland.com The National Hockey League Official Guide and Record Book Diamond, Dan ; ( 1992 ), The Official National Hockey League Stanley Cup Centennial Book The American Hockey League Guide & Record Book External links ( edit ) List of all NHL overtime games by decade Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overtime_(ice_hockey)&oldid=840594964 '' Categories : Ice hockey rules Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from August 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本 語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018, at 21 : 25. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Overtime (ice hockey)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Overtime_(ice_hockey)&amp;oldid=840594964" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "three on three for one five - minute period, with penalties resulting in the opponents skating one additional player on ice ( up to two additional players ) for the penalty for the first three minutes, and a penalty shot in the final two minutes. The AHL, since the 2014 -- 15 season, extended the overtime to seven minutes, with the last three minutes reduced further to three men aside and teams getting an additional skater for each opponent 's penalty. The idea of using 3 - on - 3 skaters for the entirety of a five - minute overtime period for a regular season game was adopted by the NHL on June 24, 2015, for use in the 2015 -- 16 NHL season. International overtime ( edit ) In IIHF play, rules for overtime depend on the stage of the competition. For a round robin or preliminary round game that goes to overtime, the teams will play a maximum of five minutes of 3 - on - 3 hockey in the `` golden goal '' format. If no one scores in the five minute overtime, a three - round shootout will decide the winner. In the case of a playoff game or a bronze medal game, the teams will play a maximum of ten minutes of 4 - on - 4 hockey in the `` golden goal '' format. If there is no score in the overtime," ], "id": [ "249321648712703108" ], "short_answers": [ "2015–16 NHL season" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement - wikipedia International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement Jump to : navigation, search `` Red Cross '' redirects here. For other uses, see Red Cross ( disambiguation ). International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement The Geneva Conventions ' three emblems in use : Red Cross, Red Crescent, Red Crystal The Movement logo in the six official languages : Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish Founded 1863 ; 155 years ago ( 1863 ) ( ICRC ) 1919 ( 1919 ) ( IFRC ) idea by Dunant was in 1859 Founder Henry Dunant, Gustave Moynier, Théodore Maunoir, Guillaume - Henri Dufour, Louis Appia Type Non-governmental organization, Non-profit organization Focus Humanitarianism Location Geneva, Switzerland Area served Worldwide Method Aid Volunteers Around 17 million Website www.icrc.org The Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems, the symbols from which the movement derives its name, Genève 2005 The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide which was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, and to prevent and alleviate human suffering. The movement consists of several distinct organizations that are legally independent from each other, but are united within the movement through common basic principles, objectives, symbols, statutes and governing organisations. The movement 's parts are : The International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) is a private humanitarian institution founded in 1863 in Geneva, Switzerland, in particular by Henry Dunant and Gustave Moynier. Its 25 - member committee has a unique authority under international humanitarian law to protect the life and dignity of the victims of international and internal armed conflicts. The ICRC was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on three occasions ( in 1917, 1944 and 1963 ). The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) was founded in 1919 and today it coordinates activities between the 190 National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies within the Movement. On an international level, the Federation leads and organizes, in close cooperation with the National Societies, relief assistance missions responding to large - scale emergencies. The International Federation Secretariat is based in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1963, the Federation ( then known as the League of Red Cross Societies ) was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with the ICRC. National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies exist in nearly every country in the world. Currently 190 National Societies are recognized by the ICRC and admitted as full members of the Federation. Each entity works in its home country according to the principles of international humanitarian law and the statutes of the international Movement. Depending on their specific circumstances and capacities, National Societies can take on additional humanitarian tasks that are not directly defined by international humanitarian law or the mandates of the international Movement. In many countries, they are tightly linked to the respective national health care system by providing emergency medical services. Contents 1 History of the movement 1.1 The International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) 1.1. 1 Solferino, Jean - Henri Dunant and the foundation of the ICRC 1.1. 2 The ICRC during World War I 1.1. 3 The ICRC and World War II 1.1. 4 The ICRC after World War II 1.1. 5 Afghanistan 1.2 The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) 1.2. 1 History 1.2. 2 Presidents of the IFRC 2 Activities 2.1 Organization of the Movement 2.2 Fundamental Principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 2.3 Activities and organization of the International Conference and the Standing Commission 2.4 Activities and organization of the ICRC 2.4. 1 The mission of the ICRC and its responsibilities within the Movement 2.4. 2 Legal status and organization 2.4. 3 Funding and financial matters 2.5 Activities and organization of the International Federation 2.5. 1 The Mission of the IFRC and its responsibilities within the Movement 2.5. 2 Legal status and organization 2.5. 3 Funding and financial matters 2.6 National societies within the movement 2.6. 1 Official recognition of a national society 2.6. 2 Activities of national societies on a national and international stage 3 History of the emblems 3.1 Emblems in use 3.1. 1 The Red Cross 3.1. 2 The Red Crescent 3.1. 3 The Red Crystal 3.2 Recognized emblems in disuse 3.2. 1 The Red Lion and Sun 3.3 Unrecognized emblems 3.3. 1 The Red Star of David ( Magen David Adom ) 4 1996 hostage crisis allegations 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Books 7.2 Journal articles 8 External links History of the Movement ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) ( edit ) Solferino, Jean - Henri Dunant and the foundation of the ICRC ( edit ) Jean - Henri Dunant, author of A Memory of Solferino. Until the middle of the 19th century, there were no organized and / or well - established army nursing systems for casualties and no safe and protected institutions to accommodate and treat those who were wounded on the battlefield. A devout Reformed Christian, the Swiss businessman Jean - Henri Dunant, in June 1859, traveled to Italy to meet French emperor Napoléon III with the intention of discussing difficulties in conducting business in Algeria, at that time occupied by France. He arrived in the small town of Solferino on the evening of 24 June after the Battle of Solferino, an engagement in the Austro - Sardinian War. In a single day, about 40,000 soldiers on both sides died or were left wounded on the field. Jean - Henri Dunant was shocked by the terrible aftermath of the battle, the suffering of the wounded soldiers, and the near - total lack of medical attendance and basic care. He completely abandoned the original intent of his trip and for several days he devoted himself to helping with the treatment and care for the wounded. He took point in organizing an overwhelming level of relief assistance with the local villagers to aid without discrimination. Original document of the First Geneva Convention, 1864 Back in his home in Geneva, he decided to write a book entitled A Memory of Solferino which he published using his own money in 1862. He sent copies of the book to leading political and military figures throughout Europe, and people he thought could help him make a change. In addition to penning a vivid description of his experiences in Solferino in 1859, he explicitly advocated the formation of national voluntary relief organizations to help nurse wounded soldiers in the case of war, an idea that was inspired by Christian teaching regarding social responsibility, as well as his experience after the battlefield of Solferino. In addition, he called for the development of an international treaty to guarantee the protection of medics and field hospitals for soldiers wounded on the battlefield. In 1863, Gustave Moynier, a Geneva lawyer and president of the Geneva Society for Public Welfare, received a copy of Dunant 's book and introduced it for discussion at a meeting of that society. As a result of this initial discussion the society established an investigatory commission to examine the feasibility of Dunant 's suggestions and eventually to organize an international conference about their possible implementation. The members of this committee, which has subsequently been referred to as the `` Committee of the Five, '' aside from Dunant and Moynier were physician Louis Appia, who had significant experience working as a field surgeon ; Appia 's friend and colleague Théodore Maunoir, from the Geneva Hygiene and Health Commission ; and Guillaume - Henri Dufour, a Swiss Army general of great renown. Eight days later, the five men decided to rename the committee to the `` International Committee for Relief to the Wounded ''. In October ( 26 -- 29 ) 1863, the international conference organized by the committee was held in Geneva to develop possible measures to improve medical services on the battlefield. The conference was attended by 36 individuals : eighteen official delegates from national governments, six delegates from other non-governmental organizations, seven non-official foreign delegates, and the five members of the International Committee. The states and kingdoms represented by official delegates were : Austrian Empire, Grand Duchy of Baden, Kingdom of Bavaria, Second French Empire, Kingdom of Hanover, Grand Duchy of Hesse, Kingdom of Italy, Kingdom of the Netherlands, Kingdom of Prussia, Russian Empire, Kingdom of Saxony, Spanish Empire, United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. `` Committee of the Five '' : Gustave Moynier, Guillaume - Henri Dufour, Henry Dunant, Louis Appia, Théodore Maunoir Among the proposals written in the final resolutions of the conference, adopted on 29 October 1863, were : The foundation of national relief societies for wounded soldiers ; Neutrality and protection for wounded soldiers ; The utilization of volunteer forces for relief assistance on the battlefield ; The organization of additional conferences to enact these concepts ; The introduction of a common distinctive protection symbol for medical personnel in the field, namely a white armlet bearing a red cross. Memorial commemorating the first use of the Red Cross symbol in an armed conflict during the Battle of Dybbøl ( Denmark ) in 1864 ; jointly erected in 1989 by the national Red Cross societies of Denmark and Germany. War 1939 - 1945. Geneva, Central Prisoners of war Agency, Electoral building / Palace of the General Council Only one year later, the Swiss government invited the governments of all European countries, as well as the United States, Brazil, and Mexico, to attend an official diplomatic conference. Sixteen countries sent a total of twenty - six delegates to Geneva. On 22 August 1864, the conference adopted the first Geneva Convention `` for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field ''. Representatives of 12 states and kingdoms signed the convention : Grand Duchy of Baden Kingdom of Belgium Kingdom of Denmark Second French Empire Grand Duchy of Hesse Kingdom of Italy Kingdom of the Netherlands Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves Kingdom of Prussia Switzerland Kingdom of Spain Kingdom of Württemberg The convention contained ten articles, establishing for the first time legally binding rules guaranteeing neutrality and protection for wounded soldiers, field medical personnel, and specific humanitarian institutions in an armed conflict. Directly following the establishment of the Geneva Convention, the first national societies were founded in Belgium, Denmark, France, Oldenburg, Prussia, Spain, and Württemberg. Also in 1864, Louis Appia and Charles van de Velde, a captain of the Dutch Army, became the first independent and neutral delegates to work under the symbol of the Red Cross in an armed conflict. Three years later in 1867, the first International Conference of National Aid Societies for the Nursing of the War Wounded was convened. Also in 1867, Jean - Henri Dunant was forced to declare bankruptcy due to business failures in Algeria, partly because he had neglected his business interests during his tireless activities for the International Committee. Controversy surrounding Dunant 's business dealings and the resulting negative public opinion, combined with an ongoing conflict with Gustave Moynier, led to Dunant 's expulsion from his position as a member and secretary. He was charged with fraudulent bankruptcy and a warrant for his arrest was issued. Thus, he was forced to leave Geneva and never returned to his home city. In the following years, national societies were founded in nearly every country in Europe. The project resonated well with patriotic sentiments that were on the rise in the late - nineteenth - century, and national societies were often encouraged as signifiers of national moral superiority. In 1876, the committee adopted the name `` International Committee of the Red Cross '' ( ICRC ), which is still its official designation today. Five years later, the American Red Cross was founded through the efforts of Clara Barton. More and more countries signed the Geneva Convention and began to respect it in practice during armed conflicts. In a rather short period of time, the Red Cross gained huge momentum as an internationally respected movement, and the national societies became increasingly popular as a venue for volunteer work. When the first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1901, the Norwegian Nobel Committee opted to give it jointly to Jean - Henri Dunant and Frédéric Passy, a leading international pacifist. More significant than the honor of the prize itself, this prize marked the overdue rehabilitation of Jean - Henri Dunant and represented a tribute to his key role in the formation of the Red Cross. Dunant died nine years later in the small Swiss health resort of Heiden. Only two months earlier his long - standing adversary Gustave Moynier had also died, leaving a mark in the history of the Committee as its longest - serving president ever. In 1906, the 1864 Geneva Convention was revised for the first time. One year later, the Hague Convention X, adopted at the Second International Peace Conference in The Hague, extended the scope of the Geneva Convention to naval warfare. Shortly before the beginning of the First World War in 1914, 50 years after the foundation of the ICRC and the adoption of the first Geneva Convention, there were already 45 national relief societies throughout the world. The movement had extended itself beyond Europe and North America to Central and South America ( Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Mexico, Peru, El Salvador, Uruguay, Venezuela ), Asia ( the Republic of China, Japan, Korea, Siam ), and Africa ( Union of South Africa ). The ICRC during World War I ( edit ) French postcard celebrating the role of Red Cross nurses during the First World War, 1915 Ernest Hemingway in uniform as a Red Cross ambulance driver With the outbreak of World War I, the ICRC found itself confronted with enormous challenges that it could handle only by working closely with the national Red Cross societies. Red Cross nurses from around the world, including the United States and Japan, came to support the medical services of the armed forces of the European countries involved in the war. On 15 August 1914, immediately after the start of the war, the ICRC set up its International Prisoners - of - War ( POW ) Agency, which had about 1,200 mostly volunteer staff members by the end of 1914. By the end of the war, the Agency had transferred about 20 million letters and messages, 1.9 million parcels, and about 18 million Swiss francs in monetary donations to POWs of all affected countries. Furthermore, due to the intervention of the Agency, about 200,000 prisoners were exchanged between the warring parties, released from captivity and returned to their home country. The organizational card index of the Agency accumulated about 7 million records from 1914 to 1923. The card index led to the identification of about 2 million POWs and the ability to contact their families. The complete index is on loan today from the ICRC to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum in Geneva. The right to access the index is still strictly restricted to the ICRC. During the entire war, the ICRC monitored warring parties ' compliance with the Geneva Conventions of the 1907 revision and forwarded complaints about violations to the respective country. When chemical weapons were used in this war for the first time in history, the ICRC vigorously protested against this new type of warfare. Even without having a mandate from the Geneva Conventions, the ICRC tried to ameliorate the suffering of civil populations. In territories that were officially designated as `` occupied territories '', the ICRC could assist the civilian population on the basis of the Hague Convention 's `` Laws and Customs of War on Land '' of 1907. This convention was also the legal basis for the ICRC 's work for prisoners of war. In addition to the work of the International Prisoner - of - War Agency as described above this included inspection visits to POW camps. A total of 524 camps throughout Europe were visited by 41 delegates from the ICRC until the end of the war. Between 1916 and 1918, the ICRC published a number of postcards with scenes from the POW camps. The pictures showed the prisoners in day - to - day activities such as the distribution of letters from home. The intention of the ICRC was to provide the families of the prisoners with some hope and solace and to alleviate their uncertainties about the fate of their loved ones. After the end of the war, between 1920 and 1922, the ICRC organized the return of about 500,000 prisoners to their home countries. In 1920, the task of repatriation was handed over to the newly founded League of Nations, which appointed the Norwegian diplomat and scientist Fridtjof Nansen as its `` High Commissioner for Repatriation of the War Prisoners ''. His legal mandate was later extended to support and care for war refugees and displaced persons when his office became that of the League of Nations `` High Commissioner for Refugees ''. Nansen, who invented the Nansen passport for stateless refugees and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1922, appointed two delegates from the ICRC as his deputies. Red Cross ambulance from 1917 A year before the end of the war, the ICRC received the 1917 Nobel Peace Prize for its outstanding wartime work. It was the only Nobel Peace Prize awarded in the period from 1914 to 1918. In 1923, the International Committee of the Red Cross adopted a change in its policy regarding the selection of new members. Until then, only citizens from the city of Geneva could serve in the Committee. This limitation was expanded to include Swiss citizens. As a direct consequence of World War I, an treaty was adopted in 1925 which outlawed the use of suffocating or poisonous gases and biological agents as weapons. Four years later, the original Convention was revised and the second Geneva Convention `` relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War '' was established. The events of World War I and the respective activities of the ICRC significantly increased the reputation and authority of the Committee among the international community and led to an extension of its competencies. As early as in 1934, a draft proposal for an additional convention for the protection of the civil population in occupied territories during an armed conflict was adopted by the International Red Cross Conference. Unfortunately, most governments had little interest in implementing this convention, and it was thus prevented from entering into force before the beginning of World War II. The ICRC and World War II ( edit ) Red Cross message from Łódź, Poland, 1940. The legal basis of the work of the ICRC during World War II were the Geneva Conventions in their 1929 revision. The activities of the Committee were similar to those during World War I : visiting and monitoring POW camps, organizing relief assistance for civilian populations, and administering the exchange of messages regarding prisoners and missing persons. By the end of the war, 179 delegates had conducted 12,750 visits to POW camps in 41 countries. The Central Information Agency on Prisoners - of - War ( Agence centrale des prisonniers de guerre ) had a staff of 3,000, the card index tracking prisoners contained 45 million cards, and 120 million messages were exchanged by the Agency. One major obstacle was that the Nazi - controlled German Red Cross refused to cooperate with the Geneva statutes including blatant violations such as the deportation of Jews from Germany and the mass murders conducted in the Nazi concentration camps. Moreover, two other main parties to the conflict, the Soviet Union and Japan, were not party to the 1929 Geneva Conventions and were not legally required to follow the rules of the conventions. During the war, the ICRC was unable to obtain an agreement with Nazi Germany about the treatment of detainees in concentration camps, and it eventually abandoned applying pressure in order to avoid disrupting its work with POWs. The ICRC was also unable to obtain a response to reliable information about the extermination camps and the mass killing of European Jews, Roma, et al. After November 1943, the ICRC achieved permission to send parcels to concentration camp detainees with known names and locations. Because the notices of receipt for these parcels were often signed by other inmates, the ICRC managed to register the identities of about 105,000 detainees in the concentration camps and delivered about 1.1 million parcels, primarily to the camps Dachau, Buchenwald, Ravensbrück, and Sachsenhausen. It is known that Dr Maurice Rossel during World War II had been sent to Berlin as a delegate of the International Red Cross, as such he visited Theresienstadt in 1944. Claude Lanzmann recorded his experiences in 1979, producing a documentary entitled Visitor from the living. Marcel Junod, delegate of the ICRC, visiting POWs in Germany On 12 March 1945, ICRC president Jacob Burckhardt received a message from SS General Ernst Kaltenbrunner accepting the ICRC 's demand to allow delegates to visit the concentration camps. This agreement was bound by the condition that these delegates would have to stay in the camps until the end of the war. Ten delegates, among them Louis Haefliger ( Camp Mauthausen ), Paul Dunant ( Camp Theresienstadt ) and Victor Maurer ( Camp Dachau ), accepted the assignment and visited the camps. Louis Haefliger prevented the forceful eviction or blasting of Mauthausen - Gusen by alerting American troops, thereby saving the lives of about 60,000 inmates. Another example of great humanitarian spirit was Friedrich Born ( 1903 -- 1963 ), an ICRC delegate in Budapest who saved the lives of about 11,000 to 15,000 Jewish people in Hungary. Marcel Junod ( 1904 -- 1961 ), a physician from Geneva, was another famous delegate during the Second World War. An account of his experiences, which included being one of the first foreigners to visit Hiroshima after the atomic bomb was dropped, can be found in the book Warrior without Weapons. In 1944, the ICRC received its second Nobel Peace Prize. As in World War I, it received the only Peace Prize awarded during the main period of war, 1939 to 1945. At the end of the war, the ICRC worked with national Red Cross societies to organize relief assistance to those countries most severely affected. In 1948, the Committee published a report reviewing its war - era activities from 1 September 1939 to 30 June 1947. Since January 1996, the ICRC archive for this period has been open to academic and public research. Budapest 1945. Repatriation of 2000 Italian prisoners of war The ICRC after World War II ( edit ) The ICRC Headquarters in Geneva On 12 August 1949, further revisions to the existing two Geneva Conventions were adopted. An additional convention `` for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea '', now called the second Geneva Convention, was brought under the Geneva Convention umbrella as a successor to the 1907 Hague Convention X. The 1929 Geneva convention `` relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War '' may have been the second Geneva Convention from a historical point of view ( because it was actually formulated in Geneva ), but after 1949 it came to be called the third Convention because it came later chronologically than the Hague Convention. Reacting to the experience of World War II, the Fourth Geneva Convention, a new Convention `` relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War '', was established. Also, the additional protocols of 8 June 1977 were intended to make the conventions apply to internal conflicts such as civil wars. Today, the four conventions and their added protocols contain more than 600 articles, a remarkable expansion when compared to the mere 10 articles in the first 1864 convention. In celebration of its centennial in 1963, the ICRC, together with the League of Red Cross Societies, received its third Nobel Peace Prize. Since 1993, non-Swiss individuals have been allowed to serve as Committee delegates abroad, a task which was previously restricted to Swiss citizens. Indeed, since then, the share of staff without Swiss citizenship has increased to about 35 %. On 16 October 1990, the UN General Assembly decided to grant the ICRC observer status for its assembly sessions and sub-committee meetings, the first observer status given to a private organization. The resolution was jointly proposed by 138 member states and introduced by the Italian ambassador, Vieri Traxler, in memory of the organization 's origins in the Battle of Solferino. An agreement with the Swiss government signed on 19 March 1993, affirmed the already long - standing policy of full independence of the Committee from any possible interference by Switzerland. The agreement protects the full sanctity of all ICRC property in Switzerland including its headquarters and archive, grants members and staff legal immunity, exempts the ICRC from all taxes and fees, guarantees the protected and duty - free transfer of goods, services, and money, provides the ICRC with secure communication privileges at the same level as foreign embassies, and simplifies Committee travel in and out of Switzerland. At the end of the Cold War, the ICRC 's work actually became more dangerous. In the 1990s, more delegates lost their lives than at any point in its history, especially when working in local and internal armed conflicts. These incidents often demonstrated a lack of respect for the rules of the Geneva Conventions and their protection symbols. Among the slain delegates were : Frédéric Maurice. He died on 19 May 1992 at the age of 39, one day after a Red Cross transport he was escorting was attacked in the Bosnian city of Sarajevo. Fernanda Calado ( Spain ), Ingeborg Foss ( Norway ), Nancy Malloy ( Canada ), Gunnhild Myklebust ( Norway ), Sheryl Thayer ( New Zealand ), and Hans Elkerbout ( Netherlands ). They were murdered at point - blank range while sleeping in the early hours of 17 December 1996 in the ICRC field hospital in the Chechen city of Nowije Atagi near Grozny. Their murderers have never been caught and there was no apparent motive for the killings. Rita Fox ( Switzerland ), Véronique Saro ( Democratic Republic of Congo, formerly Zaire ), Julio Delgado ( Colombia ), Unen Ufoirworth ( DR Congo ), Aduwe Boboli ( DR Congo ), and Jean Molokabonge ( DR Congo ). On 26 April 2001, they were en route with two cars on a relief mission in the northeast of the Democratic Republic of Congo when they came under fatal fire from unknown attackers. Ricardo Munguia ( El Salvador ). He was working as a water engineer in Afghanistan and travelling with local colleagues on 27 March 2003 when their car was stopped by unknown armed men. He was killed execution - style at point - blank range while his colleagues were allowed to escape. He was 39 years old. The killing prompted the ICRC to temporarily suspend operations across Afghanistan. Vatche Arslanian ( Canada ). Since 2001, he worked as a logistics coordinator for the ICRC mission in Iraq. He died when he was travelling through Baghdad together with members of the Iraqi Red Crescent. On 8 April 2003 their car accidentally came into the cross fire of fighting in the city. Nadisha Yasassri Ranmuthu ( Sri Lanka ). He was killed by unknown attackers on 22 July 2003 when his car was fired upon near the city of Hilla in the south of Baghdad. Emmerich Pregetter ( Austria ). He was an ICRC Logistics Specialist who was killed by a swarm of killer bees on 11 August 2008 while travelling with a convoy of ICRC trucks carrying construction material for rehabilitation of a surgical health clinic in the area of Jebel Marra, West Darfur, Sudan. Afghanistan ( edit ) ICRC is active in the Afghanistan conflict areas and has set up six physical rehabilitation centers to help land mine victims. Their support extends to the national and international armed forces, civilians and the armed opposition. They regularly visit detainees under the custody of the Afghan government and the international armed forces, but have also occasionally had access since 2009 to people detained by the Taliban. They have provided basic first aid training and aid kits to both the Afghan security forces and Taliban members because, according to an ICRC spokesperson, `` ICRC 's constitution stipulates that all parties harmed by warfare will be treated as fairly as possible ''. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent societies ( IFRC ) ( edit ) History ( edit ) Henry Davison, Founding father of the League of Red Cross societies. In 1919, representatives from the national Red Cross societies of Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the US came together in Paris to found the `` League of Red Cross Societies ''. The original idea was Henry Davison 's, then president of the American Red Cross. This move, led by the American Red Cross, expanded the international activities of the Red Cross movement beyond the strict mission of the ICRC to include relief assistance in response to emergency situations which were not caused by war ( such as man - made or natural disasters ). The ARC already had great disaster relief mission experience extending back to its foundation. The formation of the League, as an additional international Red Cross organization alongside the ICRC, was not without controversy for a number of reasons. The ICRC had, to some extent, valid concerns about a possible rivalry between both organizations. The foundation of the League was seen as an attempt to undermine the leadership position of the ICRC within the movement and to gradually transfer most of its tasks and competencies to a multilateral institution. In addition to that, all founding members of the League were national societies from countries of the Entente or from associated partners of the Entente. The original statutes of the League from May 1919 contained further regulations which gave the five founding societies a privileged status and, due to the efforts of Henry P. Davison, the right to permanently exclude the national Red Cross societies from the countries of the Central Powers, namely Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey, and in addition to that the national Red Cross society of Russia. These rules were contrary to the Red Cross principles of universality and equality among all national societies, a situation which furthered the concerns of the ICRC. The first relief assistance mission organized by the League was an aid mission for the victims of a famine and subsequent typhus epidemic in Poland. Only five years after its foundation, the League had already issued 47 donation appeals for missions in 34 countries, an impressive indication of the need for this type of Red Cross work. The total sum raised by these appeals reached 685 million Swiss francs, which were used to bring emergency supplies to the victims of famines in Russia, Germany, and Albania ; earthquakes in Chile, Persia, Japan, Colombia, Ecuador, Costa Rica, and Turkey ; and refugee flows in Greece and Turkey. The first large - scale disaster mission of the League came after the 1923 earthquake in Japan which killed about 200,000 people and left countless more wounded and without shelter. Due to the League 's coordination, the Red Cross society of Japan received goods from its sister societies reaching a total worth of about $100 million. Another important new field initiated by the League was the creation of youth Red Cross organizations within the national societies. A stamp from Turkey to support the Red Crescent, 1938. A joint mission of the ICRC and the League in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922 marked the first time the movement was involved in an internal conflict, although still without an explicit mandate from the Geneva Conventions. The League, with support from more than 25 national societies, organized assistance missions and the distribution of food and other aid goods for civil populations affected by hunger and disease. The ICRC worked with the Russian Red Cross society and later the society of the Soviet Union, constantly emphasizing the ICRC 's neutrality. In 1928, the `` International Council '' was founded to coordinate cooperation between the ICRC and the League, a task which was later taken over by the `` Standing Commission ''. In the same year, a common statute for the movement was adopted for the first time, defining the respective roles of the ICRC and the League within the movement. During the Abyssinian war between Ethiopia and Italy from 1935 to 1936, the League contributed aid supplies worth about 1.7 million Swiss francs. Because the Italian fascist regime under Benito Mussolini refused any cooperation with the Red Cross, these goods were delivered solely to Ethiopia. During the war, an estimated 29 people lost their lives while being under explicit protection of the Red Cross symbol, most of them due to attacks by the Italian Army. During the Civil War in Spain from 1936 to 1939 the League once again joined forces with the ICRC with the support of 41 national societies. In 1939 on the brink of the Second World War, the League relocated its headquarters from Paris to Geneva to take advantage of Swiss neutrality. Peace Nobel Prize ceremony in 1963 ; From left to right : Crown Prince Harald of Norway, King Olav of Norway, ICRC President Leopold Boissier, League Chairman John A. MacAulay. In 1952, the 1928 common statute of the movement was revised for the first time. Also, the period of decolonization from 1960 to 1970 was marked by a huge jump in the number of recognized national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. By the end of the 1960s, there were more than 100 societies around the world. On December 10, 1963, the Federation and the ICRC received the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1983, the League was renamed to the `` League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies '' to reflect the growing number of national societies operating under the Red Crescent symbol. Three years later, the seven basic principles of the movement as adopted in 1965 were incorporated into its statutes. The name of the League was changed again in 1991 to its current official designation the `` International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ''. In 1997, the ICRC and the IFRC signed the Seville Agreement which further defined the responsibilities of both organizations within the movement. In 2004, the IFRC began its largest mission to date after the tsunami disaster in South Asia. More than 40 national societies have worked with more than 22,000 volunteers to bring relief to the countless victims left without food and shelter and endangered by the risk of epidemics. Presidents of the IFRC ( edit ) As of November 2009, the president of the IFRC is Tadateru Konoe ( Japanese Red Cross ). The vice presidents are Annemarie Huber - Hotz ( Switzerland ), Osvaldo Manuel Ferrero ( Argentina ), Abbas Gullet ( Kenya ), Francesco Rocca ( Italy ) and Baige Zhao ( China ). Former presidents ( until 1977 titled `` Chairman '' ) have been : 1919 -- 1922 : Henry Davison ( U.S. ) 1922 -- 1935 : John Barton Payne ( U.S. ) 1935 -- 1938 : Cary Travers Grayson ( U.S. ) 1938 -- 1944 : Norman Davis ( U.S. ) 1944 -- 1945 : Jean de Muralt ( Switzerland ) 1945 -- 1950 : Basil O'Connor ( U.S. ) 1950 -- 1959 : Emil Sandström ( Sweden ) 1959 -- 1965 : John MacAulay ( Canada ) 1965 -- 1977 : José Barroso Chávez ( Mexico ) 1977 -- 1981 : Adetunji Adefarasin ( Nigeria ) 1981 -- 1987 : Enrique de la Mata ( Spain ) 1987 -- 1997 : Mario Enrique Villarroel Lander ( Venezuela ) 1997 -- 2000 : Astrid Nøklebye Heiberg ( Norway ) 2001 -- 2009 : Juan Manuel del Toro y Rivera ( Spain ) 2009 -- : Tadateru Konoé ( Japan ) Activities ( edit ) Organization of the Movement ( edit ) Entry to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum in Geneva. Altogether, there are about 97 million people worldwide who serve with the ICRC, the International Federation, and the National Societies, the majority with the latter. The 1965 International Conference in Vienna adopted seven basic principles which should be shared by all parts of the Movement, and they were added to the official statutes of the Movement in 1986. Fundamental principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement ( edit ) At the 20th International Conference in Neue Hofburg, Vienna, from 2 -- 9 October 1965, `` proclaimed '' seven fundamental principles which are shared by all components of the Movement, and they were added to the official statutes of the Movement in 1986. The durability and universal acceptance is a result of the process through which they came into being in the form they have. Rather than an effort to arrive at agreement, it was an attempt to answer the question of what did they have in common, over the past 100 years, those operations and organisational units that were successful? As a result, the Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross and Red Crescent were not revealed, but found - through a deliberate and participative process of discovery. That makes it even more important to note that the text that appears under each `` heading '' is an integral part of the Principle in question and not an interpretation that can vary with time and place. Humanity The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, born of a desire to bring assistance without discrimination to the wounded on the battlefield, endeavours, in its international and national capacity, to prevent and alleviate human suffering wherever it may be found. Its purpose is to protect life and health and to ensure respect for the human being. It promotes mutual understanding, friendship, cooperation and lasting peace amongst all peoples. Impartiality It makes no discrimination as to nationality, race, religious beliefs, class or political opinions. It endeavours to relieve the suffering of individuals, being guided solely by their needs, and to give priority to the most urgent cases of distress. Neutrality In order to continue to enjoy the confidence of all, the Movement may not take sides in hostilities or engage at any time in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature. Independence The Movement is independent. The National Societies, while auxiliaries in the humanitarian services of their governments and subject to the laws of their respective countries, must always maintain their autonomy so that they may be able at all times to act in accordance with the principles of the Movement. Voluntary Service It is a voluntary relief movement not prompted in any manner by desire for gain. Unity There can be only one Red Cross or one Red Crescent Society in any one country. It must be open to all. It must carry on its humanitarian work throughout its territory. Universality The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, in which all Societies have equal status and share equal responsibilities and duties in helping each other, is worldwide. Activities and organization of the International conference and the Standing Commission ( edit ) Main article : Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent The International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, which occurs once every four years, is the highest institutional body of the Movement. It gathers delegations from all of the national societies as well as from the ICRC, the IFRC and the signatory states to the Geneva Conventions. In between the conferences, the Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent acts as the supreme body and supervises implementation of and compliance with the resolutions of the conference. In addition, the Standing Commission coordinates the cooperation between the ICRC and the IFRC. It consists of two representatives from the ICRC ( including its president ), two from the IFRC ( including its president ), and five individuals who are elected by the International Conference. The Standing Commission convenes every six months on average. Moreover, a convention of the Council of Delegates of the Movement takes place every two years in the course of the conferences of the General Assembly of the International Federation. The Council of Delegates plans and coordinates joint activities for the Movement. Activities and organization of the ICRC ( edit ) The mission of the ICRC and its responsibilities within the Movement ( edit ) The emblem of the International Committee of the Red Cross ( French : Comité international de la croix - rouge ). The official mission of the ICRC as an impartial, neutral, and independent organization is to stand for the protection of the life and dignity of victims of international and internal armed conflicts. According to the 1997 Seville Agreement, it is the `` Lead Agency '' of the Movement in conflicts. The core tasks of the Committee, which are derived from the Geneva Conventions and its own statutes, are the following : to monitor compliance of warring parties with the Geneva Conventions to organize nursing and care for those who are wounded on the battlefield to supervise the treatment of prisoners of war to help with the search for missing persons in an armed conflict ( tracing service ) to organize protection and care for civil populations to arbitrate between warring parties in an armed conflict Legal status and organization ( edit ) The ICRC is headquartered in the Swiss city of Geneva and has external offices in about 80 countries. It has about 12,000 staff members worldwide, about 800 of them working in its Geneva headquarters, 1,200 expatriates with about half of them serving as delegates managing its international missions and the other half being specialists like doctors, agronomists, engineers or interpreters, and about 10,000 members of individual national societies working on site. According to Swiss law, the ICRC is defined as a private association. Contrary to popular belief, the ICRC is not a non-governmental organization in the most common sense of the term, nor is it an international organization. As it limits its members ( a process called cooptation ) to Swiss nationals only, it does not have a policy of open and unrestricted membership for individuals like other legally defined NGOs. The word `` international '' in its name does not refer to its membership but to the worldwide scope of its activities as defined by the Geneva Conventions. The ICRC has special privileges and legal immunities in many countries, based on national law in these countries or through agreements between the Committee and respective national governments. According to its statutes it consists of 15 to 25 Swiss - citizen members, which it coopts for a period of four years. There is no limit to the number of terms an individual member can have although a three - quarters majority of all members is required for re-election after the third term. The leading organs of the ICRC are the Directorate and the Assembly. The Directorate is the executive body of the Committee. It consists of a general director and five directors in the areas of `` Operations '', `` Human Resources '', `` Resources and Operational Support '', `` Communication '', and `` International Law and Cooperation within the Movement ''. The members of the Directorate are appointed by the Assembly to serve for four years. The Assembly, consisting of all of the members of the Committee, convenes on a regular basis and is responsible for defining aims, guidelines, and strategies and for supervising the financial matters of the Committee. The president of the Assembly is also the president of the Committee as a whole. Furthermore, the Assembly elects a five - member Assembly Council which has the authority to decide on behalf of the full Assembly in some matters. The Council is also responsible for organizing the Assembly meetings and for facilitating communication between the Assembly and the Directorate. Due to Geneva 's location in the French - speaking part of Switzerland, the ICRC usually acts under its French name Comité international de la Croix - Rouge ( CICR ). The official symbol of the ICRC is the Red Cross on white background with the words `` COMITE INTERNATIONAL GENEVE '' circling the cross. Funding and financial matters ( edit ) The 2009 budget of the ICRC amounts to more than 1 billion Swiss francs. Most of that money comes from the States, including Switzerland in its capacity as the depositary state of the Geneva Conventions, from national Red Cross societies, the signatory states of the Geneva Conventions, and from international organizations like the European Union. All payments to the ICRC are voluntary and are received as donations based on two types of appeals issued by the Committee : an annual Headquarters Appeal to cover its internal costs and Emergency Appeals for its individual missions. The ICRC is asking donors for more than 1.1 billion Swiss francs to fund its work in 2010. Afghanistan is projected to become the ICRC 's biggest humanitarian operation ( at 86 million Swiss francs, an 18 % increase over the initial 2009 budget ), followed by Iraq ( 85 million francs ) and Sudan ( 76 million francs ). The initial 2010 field budget for medical activities of 132 million francs represents an increase of 12 million francs over 2009. Activities and organization of the International Federation ( edit ) The mission of the IFRC and its responsibilities within the Movement ( edit ) Emblem of the IFRC The IFRC coordinates cooperation between national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies throughout the world and supports the foundation of new national societies in countries where no official society exists. On the international stage, the IFRC organizes and leads relief assistance missions after emergencies such as natural disasters, manmade disasters, epidemics, mass refugee flights, and other emergencies. As per the 1997 Seville Agreement, the IFRC is the Lead Agency of the Movement in any emergency situation which does not take place as part of an armed conflict. The IFRC cooperates with the national societies of those countries affected -- each called the Operating National Society ( ONS ) -- as well as the national societies of other countries willing to offer assistance -- called Participating National Societies ( PNS ). Among the 187 national societies admitted to the General Assembly of the International Federation as full members or observers, about 25 -- 30 regularly work as PNS in other countries. The most active of those are the American Red Cross, the British Red Cross, the German Red Cross, and the Red Cross societies of Sweden and Norway. Another major mission of the IFRC which has gained attention in recent years is its commitment to work towards a codified, worldwide ban on the use of land mines and to bring medical, psychological, and social support for people injured by land mines. The tasks of the IFRC can therefore be summarized as follows : to promote humanitarian principles and values to provide relief assistance in emergency situations of large magnitude, such as natural disasters to support the national societies with disaster preparedness through the education of voluntary members and the provision of equipment and relief supplies to support local health care projects to support the national societies with youth - related activities Legal status and organization ( edit ) The IFRC has its headquarters in Geneva. It also runs five zone offices ( Africa, Americas, Asia Pacific, Europe, Middle East - North Africa ), 14 permanent regional offices and has about 350 delegates in more than 60 delegations around the world. The legal basis for the work of the IFRC is its constitution. The executive body of the IFRC is a secretariat, led by a secretary general. The secretariat is supported by five divisions including `` Programme Services '', `` Humanitarian values and humanitarian diplomacy '', `` National Society and Knowledge Development '' and `` Governance and Management Services ''. The highest decision making body of the IFRC is its General Assembly, which convenes every two years with delegates from all of the national societies. Among other tasks, the General Assembly elects the secretary general. Between the convening of General Assemblies, the Governing Board is the leading body of the IFRC. It has the authority to make decisions for the IFRC in a number of areas. The Governing Board consists of the president and the vice presidents of the IFRC, the chairpersons of the Finance and Youth Commissions, and twenty elected representatives from national societies. The symbol of the IFRC is the combination of the Red Cross ( left ) and Red Crescent ( right ) on a white background surrounded by a red rectangular frame. Funding and financial matters ( edit ) The main parts of the budget of the IFRC are funded by contributions from the national societies which are members of the IFRC and through revenues from its investments. The exact amount of contributions from each member society is established by the Finance Commission and approved by the General Assembly. Any additional funding, especially for unforeseen expenses for relief assistance missions, is raised by `` appeals '' published by the IFRC and comes for voluntary donations by national societies, governments, other organizations, corporations, and individuals. National societies within the Movement ( edit ) Official recognition of a national society ( edit ) An ambulance owned by the Mexican Red Cross An Israeli stamp commemorating the 25th. anniversary of Magen David Adom, Date of issue 01.11. 1955 National Red Cross and Red Crescent societies exist in nearly every country in the world. Within their home country, they take on the duties and responsibilities of a national relief society as defined by International Humanitarian Law. Within the Movement, the ICRC is responsible for legally recognizing a relief society as an official national Red Cross or Red Crescent society. The exact rules for recognition are defined in the statutes of the Movement. Article 4 of these statutes contains the `` Conditions for recognition of National Societies. '' In order to be recognized in terms of Article 5, paragraph 2 b ) as a National Society, the Society shall meet the following conditions : Be constituted on the territory of an independent State where the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field is in force. Be the only National Red Cross and - or Red Crescent Society of the said State and be directed by a central body which shall alone be competent to represent it in its dealings with other components of the Movement. Be duly recognized by the legal government of its country on the basis of the Geneva Conventions and of the national legislation as a voluntary aid society, auxiliary to the public authorities in the humanitarian field. Have an autonomous status which allows it to operate in conformity with the Fundamental Principles of the Movement. Use the name and emblem of the Red Cross or Red Crescent in conformity with the Geneva Conventions. Be so organized as to be able to fulfill the tasks defined in its own statutes, including the preparation in peace time for its statutory tasks in case of armed conflict. Extend its activities to the entire territory of the State. Recruit its voluntary members and its staff without consideration of race, sex, class, religion or political opinions. Adhere to the present Statutes, share in the fellowship which unites the components of the Movement and co-operate with them. Respect the Fundamental Principles of the Movement and be guided in its work by the principles of international humanitarian law. Once a National Society has been recognized by the ICRC as a component of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement ( the Movement ), it is in principle admitted to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in accordance with the terms defined in the Constitution and Rules of Procedure of the International Federation. There are today 190 National Societies recognized within the Movement and which are members of the International Federation. The most recent National Societies to have been recognized within the Movement are the Maldives Red Crescent Society ( 9 November 2011 ), the Cyprus Red Cross Society and the South Sudan Red Cross Society ( 12 November 2013 ). Activities of national societies on a national and International stage ( edit ) Despite formal independence regarding its organizational structure and work, each national society is still bound by the laws of its home country. In many countries, national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies enjoy exceptional privileges due to agreements with their governments or specific `` Red Cross Laws '' granting full independence as required by the International Movement. The duties and responsibilities of a national society as defined by International Humanitarian Law and the statutes of the Movement include humanitarian aid in armed conflicts and emergency crises such as natural disasters through activities such as Restoring Family Links. Depending on their respective human, technical, financial, and organizational resources, many national societies take on additional humanitarian tasks within their home countries such as blood donation services or acting as civilian Emergency Medical Service ( EMS ) providers. The ICRC and the International Federation cooperate with the national societies in their international missions, especially with human, material, and financial resources and organizing on - site logistics. History of the emblems ( edit ) For more details on this topic, see Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. Emblems in use ( edit ) The Red Cross ( edit ) The flag of Switzerland is where the original Red Cross was derived from. The Red Cross emblem was officially approved in Geneva in 1863. The Red Cross flag is not to be confused with the Saint George 's Cross which is on the flag of England, Barcelona, Georgia, Freiburg im Breisgau, and several other places. In order to avoid this confusion the protected symbol is sometimes referred to as the `` Greek Red Cross '' ( now Hellenic Red Cross ) ; that term is also used in United States law to describe the Red Cross. The red cross of the Saint George cross extends to the edge of the flag, whereas the red cross on the Red Cross flag does not. The Red Cross flag is the colour - switched version of the Flag of Switzerland. In 1906, to put an end to the argument of the Ottoman Empire that the flag took its roots from Christianity, it was decided to promote officially the idea that the Red Cross flag had been formed by reversing the federal colours of Switzerland, although no clear evidence of this origin had ever been found. The Red Crescent ( edit ) Flag of the Ottoman Empire. This is where the original Red Crescent was derived from. The Red Crescent emblem was first used by ICRC volunteers during the armed conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Russia ( 1876 -- 1878 ). The symbol was officially adopted in 1929, and so far 33 states in the Muslim world have recognized it. In common with the official promotion of the red cross symbol as a colour reversal of the Swiss flag ( rather than a religious symbol ), the red crescent is similarly presented as being derived from a colour reversal of the flag of the Ottoman Empire. Nowadays, the Red Crescent symbol is used within a few Muslim countries including Turkey, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Malaysia, and Bangladesh. The Red Crystal ( edit ) International emblem for Magen David Adom outside Israel On 8 December 2005, in response to growing pressure to accommodate Magen David Adom ( MDA ), Israel 's national emergency medical, disaster, ambulance and blood bank service, as a full member of the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement, a new emblem ( officially the Third Protocol Emblem, but more commonly known as the Red Crystal ) was adopted by an amendment of the Geneva Conventions known as Protocol III. Recognized emblems in disuse ( edit ) The Red Lion and Sun ( edit ) The Red Lion and Sun Society of Iran was established in 1922 and admitted to the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement in 1923. However, some report the symbol was introduced at Geneva in 1864 as a counter example to the crescent and cross used by two of Iran 's rivals, the Ottoman and the Russian empires. Though that claim is inconsistent with the Red Crescent 's history, that history also suggests that the Red Lion and Sun, like the Red Crescent, may have been conceived during the 1877 -- 1878 war between Russia and Turkey. Due to the emblem 's association with the Iranian monarchy, the Islamic Republic of Iran replaced the Red Lion and Sun with the Red Crescent in 1980, consistent with two existing Red Cross and Red Crescent symbols. Though the Red Lion and Sun has now fallen into disuse, Iran has in the past reserved the right to take it up again at any time ; the Geneva Conventions continue to recognize it as an official emblem, and that status was confirmed by Protocol III in 2005 even as it added the Red Crystal. Unrecognized emblems ( edit ) The Red Star of David ( Magen David Adom ) ( edit ) A Magen David Adom worker in the Tel Aviv civil defense, 1939 For over 50 years, Israel requested the addition of a red Star of David, arguing that since Christian and Muslim emblems were recognized, the corresponding Jewish emblem should be as well. This emblem has been used by Magen David Adom ( MDA ), or Red Star of David, the national first - aid society of Israel of 1930, but it is not recognized by the Geneva Conventions as a protected symbol. The first use of the '' Magen David Adom '' was during the Anglo Boer War in South Africa ( 1899 - 1902 ) when it was used by the Ambulance Corps founded by Ben Zion Aaron in Johannesburg as a first aid corps to assist the Boer forces. Permission was given by President Paul Kruger of the South African Republic for the Star of David to be used as its insignia, rather than the conventional red cross. The Red Cross and Red Crescent movement repeatedly rejected Israel 's request over the years, stating that the Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems were not meant to represent Christianity and Islam but was colour reversals of the Swiss and the Ottoman flags, and also that if Jews ( or another group ) were to be given another emblem, there would be no end to the number of religious or other groups claiming an emblem for themselves. They reasoned that a proliferation of red symbols would detract from the original intention of the Red Cross emblem, which was to be a single emblem to mark vehicles and buildings protected on humanitarian grounds. Certain Arab nations, such as Syria, also protested against the entry of MDA into the Red Cross movement, making consensus impossible for a time. However, from 2000 to 2006 the American Red Cross withheld its dues ( a total of $42 million ) to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) because of IFRC 's refusal to admit MDA ; this ultimately led to the creation of the Red Crystal emblem and the admission of MDA on June 22, 2006. The Red Star of David is not recognized as a protected symbol outside Israel ; instead the MDA uses the Red Crystal emblem during international operations in order to ensure protection. Depending on the circumstances, it may place the Red Star of David inside the Red Crystal, or use the Red Crystal alone. 1996 hostage crisis allegations ( edit ) The Australian TV network ABC and the indigenous rights group Friends of Peoples Close to Nature released a documentary called Blood on the Cross in 1999. It alleged the involvement of the Red Cross with the British and Indonesian military in a massacre in the Southern Highlands of West Papua during the World Wildlife Fund hostage crisis of May 1996, when Western and Indonesian activists were held hostage by separatists. Following the broadcast of the documentary, the Red Cross announced publicly that it would appoint an individual outside the organization to investigate the allegations made in the film and any responsibility on its part. Piotr Obuchowicz was appointed to investigate the matter. The report categorically states that the Red Cross personnel accused of involvement were proven not to have been present ; that a white helicopter was probably used in a military operation, but the helicopter was not a Red Cross helicopter, and must have been painted by one of several military organizations operating in the region at the time. Perhaps the Red Cross logo itself was also used, although no hard evidence was found for this ; that this was part of the military operation to free the hostages, but was clearly intended to achieve surprise by deceiving the local people into thinking that a Red Cross helicopter was landing ; and that the Red Cross should have responded more quickly and thoroughly to investigate the allegations than it did. See also ( edit ) Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement First Aid Convention Europe International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) List of National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies World Red Cross and Red Crescent Day Red Swastika Society References ( edit ) ^ `` IFRC annual report 2015 '' ( PDF ). ^ `` Take a Class ''. Red Cross. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18. ^ `` Nobel Laureates Facts -- Organizations ''. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 13. ^ Young, John ; Hoyland, Greg ( 14 July 2016 ). Christianity : A Complete Introduction. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 354. ISBN 9781473615779. ^ Sending, Ole Jacob ; Pouliot, Vincent ; Neumann, Iver B. ( 20 August 2015 ). Diplomacy and the Making of World Politics. Cambridge University Press. p. 181. ISBN 9781316368787. ^ Stefon, Matt ( 2011 ). Christianity : History, Belief, and Practice. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 221. ISBN 9781615304936. ^ `` Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 22 August 1864 ''. Geneva, Switzerland : International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 11. ^ Dromi, Shai M. ( 2016 ). `` For good and country : nationalism and the diffusion of humanitarianism in the late nineteenth century ''. The Sociological Review. 64 ( 2 ) : 79 -- 97. doi : 10.1002 / 2059 - 7932.12003. ^ `` The Story of My Childhood ''. World Digital Library. 1907. Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09. ^ `` VIVANT QUI PASSE. AUSCHWITZ 1943 - THERESIENSTADT 1944. R : Lanzmann ( FR, 1997 ) ''. Cine-holocaust.de. Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 19. Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14. ^ `` Swiss ICRC delegate murdered ''. www.irinnews.org. IRIN. 28 March 2003. Retrieved 8 March 2016. Ricardo Munguia, a Swiss citizen of Salvadorian origin was travelling with Afghan colleagues on an assignment to improve the water supply to the district. He was shot in cold blood on Thursday by a group of unidentified assailants who stopped the vehicles transporting them... the assailants had shot the 39 - year - old water and habitat engineer in the head and burned one car, warning two Afghans accompanying him not to work for foreigners... Asked what action ICRC was taking, Bouvier explained that ' for the time being, the ICRC has decided to temporarily freeze all field trips in Afghanistan, calling all staff to the main delegation 's offices. ' ^ `` Afghanistan : first ICRC visit to detainees in Taliban custody ''. Icrc.org. 2009 - 12 - 15. Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10. ^ `` Red Cross in Afghanistan gives Taliban first aid help ''. BBC News. 2010 - 05 - 26. Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10. ^ `` The Governing Board - IFRC ''. www.ifrc.org. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26. ^ `` Role and Mandate of the Standing Commission ''. Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2014. ^ `` Appeals ''. IFRC. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18. ^ `` Two new members join IFRC family ''. IFRC. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18. ^ `` The history of the emblems ''. ICRC. 2007 - 01 - 14. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18. ^ Pierre Boissier. `` From Solferino to Tsushima ( 1985 edition ) ''. Open Library. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18. ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28. Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14. ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 04. Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14. ^ `` Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem ( Protocol III ), 8 December 2005 Article 1 - Respect for and scope of application of this Protocol ''. Icrc.org. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18. ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 01. Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04. ^ South African Jewish year Book 1929, The Jews in South Africa : Saron and Hotz ^ `` American Red Cross Welcomes Israel 's Magen David Adom and Palestine Red Crescent Society to International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement '' ( Press release ). American Red Cross. 21 June 2006. Archived from the original on 21 August 2009. ^ `` Blood On the Cross -- EngageMedia ''. Engagemedia.org. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18. ^ Leith, Denise ( 2002 ). The politics of power : Freeport in Suharto 's Indonesia. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0 - 8248 - 2566 - 7. ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 12. Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 12. ^ Paul Barber, TAPOL, the Indonesia Human Rights Campaign, Irian Jaya : The Record, April 20 - April 30, 2000. Further reading ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Bennett, Angela. The Geneva Convention : The Hidden Origins of the Red Cross. Sutton Publishing, Gloucestershire, England, 2005. ISBN 0 - 7509 - 4147 - 2 Boissier, Pierre. History of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Volume I : From Solferino to Tsushima. Henry Dunant Institute, Geneva, 1985. ISBN 2 - 88044 - 012 - 2 Bugnion, François. The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Protection of War Victims. ICRC & Macmillan ( ref. 0503 ), Geneva, 2003. ISBN 0 - 333 - 74771 - 2 Dunant, Henry. A Memory of Solferino. ICRC, Geneva 1986. ISBN 2 - 88145 - 006 - 7 Durand, André. History of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Volume II : From Sarajevo to Hiroshima. Henry Dunant Institute, Geneva, 1984. ISBN 2 - 88044 - 009 - 2 Farmborough, Florence. With the Armies of the Tsar : A Nurse at the Russian Front 1914 - 1918. Stein and Day, New York, 1975. ISBN 0 - 8128 - 1793 - 1 Favez, Jean - Claude. The Red Cross and the Holocaust, Cambridge University Press, 1999. Forsythe, David P. Humanitarian Politics : The International Committee of the Red Cross. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1978. ISBN 0 - 8018 - 1983 - 0 Forsythe, David P. The Humanitarians : The International Committee of the Red Cross. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2005. ISBN 0 - 521 - 61281 - 0 Haug, Hans. Humanity for All : The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. Henry Dunant Institute, Geneva in association with Paul Haupt Publishers, Bern, 1993. ISBN 3 - 258 - 04719 - 7 Handbook of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. 13th edition, International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, 1994. ISBN 2 - 88145 - 074 - 1 Hutchinson, John F. Champions of Charity : War and the Rise of the Red Cross. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1997. ISBN 0 - 8133 - 3367 - 9 Moorehead, Caroline. Dunant 's Dream : War, Switzerland and the History of the Red Cross. HarperCollins, London, 1998. ISBN 0 - 00 - 255141 - 1 ( Hardcover edition ) ; HarperCollins, London 1999, ISBN 0 - 00 - 638883 - 3 ( Paperback edition ) Willemin, Georges ; Heacock, Roger. International Organization and the Evolution of World Society. Volume 2 : The International Committee of the Red Cross. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston, 1984. ISBN 90 - 247 - 3064 - 3 Journal articles ( edit ) Bugnion, François. The emblem of the Red Cross : a brief history. ICRC ( ref. 0316 ), Geneva, 1977. Bugnion, François. Towards a comprehensive Solution to the Question of the Emblem. Revised 4th edition. ICRC ( ref. 0778 ), Geneva, 2006. Forsythe, David P. `` The International Committee of the Red Cross and International Humanitarian Law. '' In : Humanitäres Völkerrecht -- Informationsschriften. The Journal of International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict. 2 / 2003, German Red Cross and Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict, p. 64 -- 77. ISSN 0937 - 5414 Lavoyer, Jean - Philippe ; Maresca, Louis. The Role of the ICRC in the Development of International Humanitarian Law. In : International Negotiation. 4 ( 3 ) / 1999. Brill Academic Publishers, p. 503 -- 527. ISSN 1382 - 340X Walters, William C. ( 2004 ). An assessment of the capacity of the Red Cross National Societies to address the psychological and social needs of survivors of disasters and complex emergencies in Central and South America ) ( M.S.W. thesis ). Wilfrid Laurier University. Wylie, Neville. The Sound of Silence : The History of the International Committee of the Red Cross as Past and Present. In : Diplomacy and Statecraft. 13 ( 4 ) / 2002. Routledge / Taylor & Francis, p. 186 -- 204, ISSN 0959 - 2296 External Links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. The International RCRC Movement - Who we are The magazine of the international RCRC Movement International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement in the Dodis database of the Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement International Organisations International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) National Societies Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan The Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Congo, Democratic Republic of Cook Islands Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea ( pending recognition and admission ) Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Republic of Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, Democratic People 's Republic of Korea, the Republic of Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People 's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia, Federated States of Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ( pending recognition and admission ) Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino, Republic of Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania, United Republic of Thailand Timor - Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Sources www.icrc.org www.ifrc.org/address/rclinks.asp Disasters portal International relations portal War portal Coordinates : 46 ° 13 ′ 40 '' N 6 ° 8 ′ 14 '' E  /  46.22778 ° N 6.13722 ° E  / 46.22778 ; 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "Cross and Red Crescent Movement Jump to : navigation, search `` Red Cross '' redirects here. For other uses, see Red Cross ( disambiguation ). International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement The Geneva Conventions ' three emblems in use : Red Cross, Red Crescent, Red Crystal The Movement logo in the six official languages : Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish Founded 1863 ; 155 years ago ( 1863 ) ( ICRC ) 1919 ( 1919 ) ( IFRC ) idea by Dunant was in 1859 Founder Henry Dunant, Gustave Moynier, Théodore Maunoir, Guillaume - Henri Dufour, Louis Appia Type Non-governmental organization, Non-profit organization Focus Humanitarianism Location Geneva, Switzerland Area served Worldwide Method Aid Volunteers Around 17 million Website www.icrc.org The Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems, the symbols from which the movement derives its name, Genève 2005 The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers, members and", "Crescent Movement Jump to : navigation, search `` Red Cross '' redirects here. For other uses, see Red Cross ( disambiguation ). International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement The Geneva Conventions ' three emblems in use : Red Cross, Red Crescent, Red Crystal The Movement logo in the six official languages : Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish Founded 1863 ; 155 years ago ( 1863 ) ( ICRC ) 1919 ( 1919 ) ( IFRC ) idea by Dunant was in 1859 Founder Henry Dunant, Gustave Moynier, Théodore Maunoir, Guillaume - Henri Dufour, Louis Appia Type Non-governmental organization, Non-profit organization Focus Humanitarianism Location Geneva, Switzerland Area served Worldwide Method Aid Volunteers Around 17 million Website www.icrc.org The Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems, the symbols from which the movement derives its name, Genève 2005 The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide which", "Jump to : navigation, search `` Red Cross '' redirects here. For other uses, see Red Cross ( disambiguation ). International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement The Geneva Conventions ' three emblems in use : Red Cross, Red Crescent, Red Crystal The Movement logo in the six official languages : Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish Founded 1863 ; 155 years ago ( 1863 ) ( ICRC ) 1919 ( 1919 ) ( IFRC ) idea by Dunant was in 1859 Founder Henry Dunant, Gustave Moynier, Théodore Maunoir, Guillaume - Henri Dufour, Louis Appia Type Non-governmental organization, Non-profit organization Focus Humanitarianism Location Geneva, Switzerland Area served Worldwide Method Aid Volunteers Around 17 million Website www.icrc.org The Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems, the symbols from which the movement derives its name, Genève 2005 The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide which was founded to", "navigation, search `` Red Cross '' redirects here. For other uses, see Red Cross ( disambiguation ). International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement The Geneva Conventions ' three emblems in use : Red Cross, Red Crescent, Red Crystal The Movement logo in the six official languages : Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish Founded 1863 ; 155 years ago ( 1863 ) ( ICRC ) 1919 ( 1919 ) ( IFRC ) idea by Dunant was in 1859 Founder Henry Dunant, Gustave Moynier, Théodore Maunoir, Guillaume - Henri Dufour, Louis Appia Type Non-governmental organization, Non-profit organization Focus Humanitarianism Location Geneva, Switzerland Area served Worldwide Method Aid Volunteers Around 17 million Website www.icrc.org The Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems, the symbols from which the movement derives its name, Genève 2005 The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide which was founded to protect human life and health", "Cross '' redirects here. For other uses, see Red Cross ( disambiguation ). International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement The Geneva Conventions ' three emblems in use : Red Cross, Red Crescent, Red Crystal The Movement logo in the six official languages : Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish Founded 1863 ; 155 years ago ( 1863 ) ( ICRC ) 1919 ( 1919 ) ( IFRC ) idea by Dunant was in 1859 Founder Henry Dunant, Gustave Moynier, Théodore Maunoir, Guillaume - Henri Dufour, Louis Appia Type Non-governmental organization, Non-profit organization Focus Humanitarianism Location Geneva, Switzerland Area served Worldwide Method Aid Volunteers Around 17 million Website www.icrc.org The Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems, the symbols from which the movement derives its name, Genève 2005 The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide which was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure" ], "id": [ "2148208835257529394" ], "short_answers": [ "Henry Dunant", "Gustave Moynier", "Théodore Maunoir", "Guillaume-Henri Dufour", "Louis Appia" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Three Rivers Park - wikipedia Three Rivers Park This article is about the park in Pittsburgh. For the stadium in Pittsburgh, see Three Rivers Stadium. For the park district in Minnesota, see Three Rivers Park District. For other uses, see Three Rivers ( disambiguation ). Three Rivers Park Type Municipal Park Location Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Coordinates 40 ° 26 ′ 30 '' N 80 ° 00 ′ 46 '' W  /  40.44173 ° N 80.0127 ° W  / 40.44173 ; - 80.0127 Coordinates : 40 ° 26 ′ 30 '' N 80 ° 00 ′ 46 '' W  /  40.44173 ° N 80.0127 ° W  / 40.44173 ; - 80.0127 Operated by Riverlife Website http://www.riverlifepgh.org/ Logo of Three Rivers Park Three Rivers Park is a public urban waterfront park along the Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio Rivers in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The park, under development since 2000, is currently defined by the boundaries of the West End Bridge over the Ohio River, the 31st Street Bridge over the Allegheny River, and the Hot Metal Bridge over the Monongahela River. The wishbone - shaped loop of Three Rivers Park encompasses the Pittsburgh Peninsula and Point State Park at its center, and spans over 13 miles of interconnected trails and green space with over 800 acres of public open space. Contents 1 Overview 2 Completed segments 3 History of development 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) Three Rivers Park is composed of several capital projects, with Riverlife, formerly known as Riverlife Task Force overseeing implementation of the park with the cooperation of public and private property owners and community groups. The park is being designed to open the three rivers to public access in a way that was impossible during Pittsburgh 's Industrial Age. Three Rivers Park offers continuous trails and green space along a more than 13 - mile waterfront loop. Contained within the project site boundaries are shorelines, public and private property, and several bridges. The Three Rivers Heritage Trail regional trail system runs through the park, as does the multi-state Great Allegheny Passage trail. The logo of Three Rivers Park is the outline shape of Fort Pitt, the 18th century outpost of the British Empire at the confluence of the Monongahela, Allegheny, and Ohio Rivers. The design aims to capture the historical significance of Pittsburgh, with added graphic elements of water and leaf shapes to acknowledge the region 's natural history. The logo appears on signage throughout Three Rivers Park and mile markers embedded in the trail which reference Point State Park 's fountain as Mile 0. Completed segments ( edit ) North Shore Riverfront Park Allegheny Riverfront Park Point State Park South Shore Riverfront Park Station Square Mon Wharf Landing Strip District Riverfront Trail Washington 's Landing David L. Lawrence Convention Center Riverfront Plaza Allegheny Riverfront Park / Cultural District Riverfront History of development ( edit ) In 1999 Riverlife ( then known as Riverlife Task Force ) held an international request for proposals for the creation of a vision plan for the redevelopment of Pittsburgh 's riverfronts. The winning firm chosen was Chan Krieger Sieniewicz of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Chan Krieger and Riverlife held dozens of public meetings to garner feedback from Pittsburgh citizens about the future of the riverfronts. The vision for Three Rivers Park was first unveiled in Riverlife 's 2001 `` A Vision Plan for Pittsburgh 's Riverfronts. '' The vision plan was accepted by the City of Pittsburgh. See also ( edit ) Pittsburgh portal Parks in Pittsburgh References ( edit ) Patricia Lowry ( 2007 ). Riverlife Task Force profile : story by Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved May 14, 2007. External links ( edit ) Three Rivers Park website Three Rivers Park. Parks of Pittsburgh Allegheny Arsenal Allegheny Commons Allegheny Riverfront ArtGardens Buhl Community Chatham University Arboretum Frank Curto Frick Emerald View Highland Market Square Mellon Mellon Green Mellon Square North Shore Riverfront Phillips Point of View Point State PPG Place Riverview Roberto Clemente Memorial Rodef Shalom Biblical Botanical Garden Schenley Schenley Plaza South Shore Riverfront South Side Three Rivers West End Overlook Westinghouse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_Rivers_Park&oldid=836413564 '' Categories : Parks in Pittsburgh Urban public parks Allegheny River Monongahela River Ohio River Regional parks in the United States Urban forests in the United States Redeveloped ports and waterfronts in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018, at 17 : 32 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "Three Rivers Park", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Three_Rivers_Park&amp;oldid=836413564" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Three Rivers Park Type Municipal Park Location Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Coordinates 40 ° 26 ′ 30 '' N 80 ° 00 ′ 46 '' W  /  40.44173 ° N 80.0127 ° W  / 40.44173 ; - 80.0127 Coordinates : 40 ° 26 ′ 30 '' N 80 ° 00 ′ 46 '' W  /  40.44173 ° N 80.0127 ° W  / 40.44173 ; - 80.0127 Operated by Riverlife Website http://www.riverlifepgh.org/ Logo of Three Rivers Park Three Rivers Park is a public urban waterfront park along the Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio Rivers in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The park, under development since 2000, is currently defined by the boundaries of the West End Bridge over the Ohio River, the 31st Street Bridge over the Allegheny River, and the Hot Metal Bridge over the Monongahela River. The wishbone - shaped loop of Three Rivers Park encompasses the Pittsburgh Peninsula and Point State Park at its center, and spans over 13 miles of interconnected trails and green space with over 800 acres of public open space. Contents 1 Overview 2 Completed segments 3 History of development 4 See also 5 References 6", "Three Rivers Park Type Municipal Park Location Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Coordinates 40 ° 26 ′ 30 '' N 80 ° 00 ′ 46 '' W  /  40.44173 ° N 80.0127 ° W  / 40.44173 ; - 80.0127 Coordinates : 40 ° 26 ′ 30 '' N 80 ° 00 ′ 46 '' W  /  40.44173 ° N 80.0127 ° W  / 40.44173 ; - 80.0127 Operated by Riverlife Website http://www.riverlifepgh.org/ Logo of Three Rivers Park Three Rivers Park is a public urban waterfront park along the Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio Rivers in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The park, under development since 2000, is currently defined by the boundaries of the West End Bridge over the Ohio River, the 31st Street Bridge over the Allegheny River, and the Hot Metal Bridge over the Monongahela River. The wishbone - shaped loop of Three Rivers Park encompasses the Pittsburgh Peninsula and Point State Park at its center, and spans over 13 miles of interconnected trails and green space with over 800 acres of public open space. Contents 1 Overview 2 Completed segments 3 History of development 4 See also 5 References 6 External links", "Type Municipal Park Location Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Coordinates 40 ° 26 ′ 30 '' N 80 ° 00 ′ 46 '' W  /  40.44173 ° N 80.0127 ° W  / 40.44173 ; - 80.0127 Coordinates : 40 ° 26 ′ 30 '' N 80 ° 00 ′ 46 '' W  /  40.44173 ° N 80.0127 ° W  / 40.44173 ; - 80.0127 Operated by Riverlife Website http://www.riverlifepgh.org/ Logo of Three Rivers Park Three Rivers Park is a public urban waterfront park along the Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio Rivers in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The park, under development since 2000, is currently defined by the boundaries of the West End Bridge over the Ohio River, the 31st Street Bridge over the Allegheny River, and the Hot Metal Bridge over the Monongahela River. The wishbone - shaped loop of Three Rivers Park encompasses the Pittsburgh Peninsula and Point State Park at its center, and spans over 13 miles of interconnected trails and green space with over 800 acres of public open space. Contents 1 Overview 2 Completed segments 3 History of development 4 See also 5 References 6 External links" ], "id": [ "1015200867676776703" ], "short_answers": [ "Allegheny", "Monongahela", "Ohio" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Watts truce - wikipedia Watts truce The Watts truce was a 1992 peace agreement among rival street gangs in Los Angeles, California, declared in the neighborhood of Watts. The truce was declared in the days just before the 1992 Los Angeles riots, and although not universally adhered to, was a major component of the decline of street violence in the city during the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 1992 Truce 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) The truce was influenced by the decision between two rival sets ( sub-groups ) within the extensive Crips gang to call a ceasefire. Many of the large American street gangs, such as the Crips and their primary rivals the Bloods, had formed in the late 1960s and the 1970s to fight each other, but by the 1980s disorganization and the growth of crack cocaine had led to infighting among sets within the gangs. By the early 1990s, after 20 years of increasing internecine gang warfare across public housing projects that saw peak crime rates in Los Angeles, gang members themselves began trying to stem the violence. 1992 truce ( edit ) In late April 1992, sets from Crips and Bloods in the Watts neighborhood in southern Los Angeles convened to negotiate peace. The Grape Street Crips from the Jordan Downs Projects, the P Jay Watts Crips from the Imperial Courts housing projects, and the Bounty Hunter Bloods from the Nickerson Gardens housing projects met in the Imperial Courts Project gym. Football legend and activist Jim Brown, and hip - hop artists of the West Coast Rap All - Stars, helped the rivals to negotiate their truce, and the factions would go on to draft a formal peace treaty modelled on a ceasefire 1949 Armistice Agreements reached between Israel and Egypt. Within days of the truce, despite the relative lawlessness caused by the 1992 Los Angeles riots, most of the African - American and Latino gangs in the city declared themselves at peace and there were no major flare ups in violence. The Watts truce is generally credited with contributing to the trend in declining street violence rates in Los Angeles. See also ( edit ) Crime in Los Angeles Hoe Avenue peace meeting Bangin ' on Wax References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Duane, Daniel ( January 2006 ). `` Straight Outta Boston Why is the `` Boston Miracle '' -- the only tactic proven to reduce gang violence -- being dissed by the L.A.P.D., the FBI, and Congress? ``. Mother Jones. Retrieved November 9, 2013. Jump up ^ Stoltze, Frank ( April 28, 2012 ). `` Forget the LA Riots -- historic 1992 Watts gang truce was the big news ''. 89.3 KPCC Southern California Public Radio. Retrieved November 9, 2013. External links ( edit ) Catching Hell in the city of Angels Ex-Gang Members Look to Mideast for a Peace Plan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watts_truce&oldid=830764090 '' Categories : Gangs in Los Angeles Modern street gangs Organized crime events in the United States Ceasefires Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018, at 20 : 10 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Watts truce", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Watts_truce&amp;oldid=830764090" }

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{ "text": "Unitary state - wikipedia Unitary state Jump to : navigation, search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the English - speaking world and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Unitary states Federations The pathway of regional integration or separation Part of the Politics series Basic forms of government Power structure Separation Associated state Dominion Chiefdom Federalism Federation Confederation Devolution Integration Empire Hegemony Unitary state Administrative division Power source Democracy power of many Direct Representative Semi others Oligarchy power of few Aristocracy Military junta Plutocracy Stratocracy Timocracy Theocracy Kritarchy Particracy Autocracy power of one Despotism Illiberal democracy Semi-authoritarian Dictatorship Hybrids Anocracy Power ideology Monarchy vs. Republic socio - political ideologies Absolute Constitutional Directorial Legalist Parliamentary Semi-presidential Presidential Authoritarian vs. Libertarian socio - economic ideologies Capitalism Colonialism Communism Distributism Feudalism Socialism Anarchism vs. Statism civil - liberties ideologies Anarchy Minarchy Totalitarianism Global vs. Local geo - cultural ideologies Central City - state National unity World Politics portal A unitary state is a state governed as a single power in which the central government is ultimately supreme and any administrative divisions ( sub-national units ) exercise only the powers that the central government chooses to delegate. The majority of states in the world have a unitary system of government. Of the 192 UN member states, 165 are governed as unitary states. In a unitary state, sub-national units are created and abolished ( an example being the 22 mainland regions of France being merged into 13 ), and their powers may be broadened and narrowed, by the central government. Although political power may be delegated through devolution to local governments by statute, the central government remains supreme ; it may abrogate the acts of devolved governments or curtail their powers. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is an example of a unitary state. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have a degree of autonomous devolved power, but such power is delegated by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which may enact laws unilaterally altering or abolishing devolution ( England does not have any devolved power ). Many unitary states have no areas possessing a degree of autonomy. In such countries, sub-national regions can not decide their own laws. Examples are the Republic of Ireland and the Kingdom of Norway. In federal states, the sub-national governments share powers with the central government as equal actors through a written constitution, to which the consent of both is required to make amendments. This means that the sub-national units have a right of existence and powers that can not be unilaterally changed by the central government. Unitary states are contrasted with federations. An example of a federation is the United States of America. Under the U.S. Constitution, powers are shared between the federal government and the states. The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution grants unenumerated powers to the states ; however, in practice, the federal government 's ability to deny funding of federal programs to non-compliant states is a powerful method of persuasion. Contents ( hide ) 1 List of unitary states 1.1 Unitary republics 1.2 Unitary monarchies 1.3 5 largest unitary states by nominal GDP 1.4 5 largest unitary states by population 1.5 5 largest unitary states by area 2 See also 3 References 4 External links List of unitary states ( edit ) Italics : States with limited recognition Unitary republics ( edit ) Abkhazia Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Armenia Artsakh, Republic of Azerbaijan Bangladesh Belarus Benin Bolivia Botswana Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China, People 's Republic of China, Republic of ( Taiwan ) ( federation before 1949 ) Colombia Congo Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Donetsk People 's Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland Indonesia ( federation before 1950 ) Iran Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Liberia Libya Lithuania Luhansk People 's Republic Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nicaragua Niger North Korea Northern Cyprus Palau Palestine Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Rwanda Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somaliland South Africa South Korea ( federation before 1960 ) South Ossetia Sri Lanka Suriname Syria Tajikistan Tanzania Togo Transnistria Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Peru Unitary monarchies ( edit ) Andorra Antigua and Barbuda Bahrain Bahamas Barbados Belize Bhutan Brunei Cambodia Denmark Grenada Jamaica Japan Jordan Kuwait Lesotho Liechtenstein Luxembourg Monaco Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Norway Oman Papua New Guinea Qatar Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saudi Arabia Solomon Islands Spain Sweden Thailand Tonga Tuvalu United Kingdom Vatican City 5 largest unitary states by nominal GDP ( edit ) China, People 's Republic of Japan United Kingdom France Italy 5 largest unitary states by population ( edit ) China, People 's Republic of Indonesia Bangladesh Japan Philippines 5 largest unitary states by area ( edit ) China, People 's Republic of Kazakhstan Algeria Democratic Republic of the Congo Iran See also ( edit ) Centralized government Constitutional economics Political economy Regional state Rule according to higher law Unitary authority References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Devolution within a unitary state, like federalism, may be symmetrical, with all sub-national units having the same powers and status, or asymmetric, with sub-national units varying in their powers and status. Jump up ^ `` unitary system government ''. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11. Jump up ^ Svalbard has even less autonomy than the mainland. It is directly controlled by the government and has no local rule. Jump up ^ Many federal states also have unitary lower levels of government ; while the United States is federal, the states themselves are unitary under Dillon 's Rule -- counties and municipalities have only the authority granted to them by the state governments under their state constitution or by legislative acts. For example, in the state of Connecticut, county government was abolished in 1960. Jump up ^ Roy Bin Wong. China Transformed : Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience. Cornell University Press. Jump up ^ `` Story : Nation and government -- From colony to nation ''. The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 29 August 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2014. Jump up ^ `` Social policy in the UK ''. An introduction to Social Policy. Robert Gordon University - Aberdeen Business School. Retrieved 19 April 2014. External links ( edit ) Open University -- The UK model of devolution Open University -- Devolution in Scotland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unitary_state&oldid=806868636 '' Categories : Forms of government Political geography Constitutional state types Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from February 2011 Pages in non-existent country centric categories Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017, at 17 : 13. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Unitary state", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Unitary_state&amp;oldid=806868636" }

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{ "text": "Battles of Lexington and Concord - wikipedia Battles of Lexington and Concord `` Battle of Lexington '' redirects here. For the American Civil War battles, see Battle of Lexington ( disambiguation ). Battles of Lexington and Concord Part of the American Revolutionary War Romanticized 19th - century depiction of Battle of Lexington Date April 19, 1775 ; 243 years ago ( 1775 - 04 - 19 ) Location Middlesex County, Massachusetts Lexington : 42 ° 26 ′ 58.7 '' N 71 ° 13 ′ 51.0 '' W  /  42.449639 ° N 71.230833 ° W  / 42.449639 ; - 71.230833  ( Lexington ) Coordinates : 42 ° 26 ′ 58.7 '' N 71 ° 13 ′ 51.0 '' W  /  42.449639 ° N 71.230833 ° W  / 42.449639 ; - 71.230833  ( Lexington ) Concord : 42 ° 28 ′ 08.54 '' N 71 ° 21 ′ 02.08 '' W  /  42.4690389 ° N 71.3505778 ° W  / 42.4690389 ; - 71.3505778  ( Concord ) Result Strategic American victory British forces succeed in destroying cannon and supplies in Concord Militia successfully drive British back to Boston Start of the American Revolutionary War Belligerents Massachusetts Bay Great Britain Commanders and leaders John Parker James Barrett John Buttrick John Robinson William Heath Joseph Warren Isaac Davis † Francis Smith John Pitcairn ( WIA ) Hugh Percy Strength Lexington : 77 Concord : 400 End of Battle : 3,960 Departing Boston : 700 Lexington : 400 Concord : 100 End of Battle : 1,500 Casualties and losses 49 killed 39 wounded 5 missing 73 killed 174 wounded 53 missing Boston campaign 1774 -- 1776 Powder Alarm Suffolk Resolves Lexington and Concord Boston Thompson 's War Chelsea Creek Machias Bunker Hill Gloucester Falmouth Knox artillery train Dorchester Heights The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. The battles were fought on April 19, 1775 in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy ( present - day Arlington ), and Cambridge. They marked the outbreak of armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in America. In late 1774, Colonial leaders adopted the Suffolk Resolves in resistance to the alterations made to the Massachusetts colonial government by the British parliament following the Boston Tea Party. The colonial assembly responded by forming a Patriot provisional government known as the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and calling for local militias to train for possible hostilities. The Colonial government exercised effective control of the colony outside of British - controlled Boston. In response, the British government in February 1775 declared Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion. About 700 British Army regulars in Boston, under Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith, were given secret orders to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies reportedly stored by the Massachusetts militia at Concord. Through effective intelligence gathering, Patriot leaders had received word weeks before the expedition that their supplies might be at risk and had moved most of them to other locations. On the night before the battle, warning of the British expedition had been rapidly sent from Boston to militias in the area by several riders, including Paul Revere and Samuel Prescott, with information about British plans. The initial mode of the Army 's arrival by water was signaled from the Old North Church in Boston to Charlestown using lanterns to communicate `` one if by land, two if by sea ''. The first shots were fired just as the sun was rising at Lexington. Eight militiamen were killed, including Ensign Robert Munroe, their third in command. The British suffered only one casualty. The militia were outnumbered and fell back, and the regulars proceeded on to Concord, where they broke apart into companies to search for the supplies. At the North Bridge in Concord, approximately 400 militiamen engaged 100 regulars from three companies of the King 's troops at about 11 : 00 am, resulting in casualties on both sides. The outnumbered regulars fell back from the bridge and rejoined the main body of British forces in Concord. The British forces began their return march to Boston after completing their search for military supplies, and more militiamen continued to arrive from neighboring towns. Gunfire erupted again between the two sides and continued throughout the day as the regulars marched back towards Boston. Upon returning to Lexington, Lt. Col. Smith 's expedition was rescued by reinforcements under Brigadier General Hugh Percy, a future duke of Northumberland styled at this time by the courtesy title Earl Percy. The combined force of about 1,700 men marched back to Boston under heavy fire in a tactical withdrawal and eventually reached the safety of Charlestown. The accumulated militias then blockaded the narrow land accesses to Charlestown and Boston, starting the Siege of Boston. Ralph Waldo Emerson describes the first shot fired by the Patriots at the North Bridge in his `` Concord Hymn '' as the `` shot heard round the world ''. Contents 1 Background 1.1 British government preparations 1.2 American preparations 1.3 Militia forces assemble 1.4 British forces advance 2 The Battles 2.1 Lexington 2.1. 1 First shot 2.2 Concord 2.2. 1 The search for militia supplies 2.2. 2 The North Bridge 2.2. 3 After the fight 2.3 Return march 2.3. 1 Concord to Lexington 2.3. 2 Percy 's rescue 2.3. 3 Lexington to Menotomy 2.3. 4 Menotomy to Charlestown 3 Aftermath 4 Legacy 5 Commemorations 5.1 Centennial commemoration 5.2 Sesquicentennial commemoration 5.3 Bicentennial commemoration 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background Further information : Boston campaign Thomas Gage The British Army 's infantry was nicknamed `` redcoats '' and sometimes `` devils '' by the colonists. They had occupied Boston since 1768 and had been augmented by naval forces and marines to enforce what the colonists called The Intolerable Acts, which had been passed by the British Parliament to punish the Province of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party and other acts of defiance. General Thomas Gage was the military governor of Massachusetts and commander - in - chief of the roughly 3,000 British military forces garrisoned in Boston. He had no control over Massachusetts outside of Boston, however, where implementation of the Acts had increased tensions between the Patriot Whig majority and the pro-British Tory minority. Gage 's plan was to avoid conflict by removing military supplies from Whig militias using small, secret, and rapid strikes. This struggle for supplies led to one British success and several Patriot successes in a series of nearly bloodless conflicts known as the Powder Alarms. Gage considered himself to be a friend of liberty and attempted to separate his duties as governor of the colony and as general of an occupying force. Edmund Burke described Gage 's conflicted relationship with Massachusetts by saying in Parliament, `` An Englishman is the unfittest person on Earth to argue another Englishman into slavery. '' The colonists had been forming militias since the very beginnings of Colonial settlement for the purpose of defense against Indian attacks. These forces also saw action in the French and Indian War between 1754 and 1763 when they fought alongside British regulars. Under the laws of each New England colony, all towns were obligated to form militia companies composed of all males 16 years of age and older ( there were exemptions for some categories ), and to ensure that the members were properly armed. The Massachusetts militias were formally under the jurisdiction of the provincial government, but militia companies throughout New England elected their own officers. Gage effectively dissolved the provincial government under the terms of the Massachusetts Government Act, and these existing connections were employed by the colonists under the Massachusetts Provincial Congress for the purpose of resistance to the military threat from Britain. British government preparations A February 1775 address to King George III, by both houses of Parliament, declared that a state of rebellion existed : We... find that a part of your Majesty ' s subjects, in the Province of the Massachusetts Bay, have proceeded so far to resist the authority of the supreme Legislature, that a rebellion at this time actually exists within the said Province ; and we see, with the utmost concern, that they have been countenanced and encouraged by unlawful combinations and engagements entered into by your Majesty 's subjects in several of the other Colonies, to the injury and oppression of many of their innocent fellow - subjects, resident within the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the rest of your Majesty ' s Dominions... We... shall... pay attention and regard to any real grievances... laid before us ; and whenever any of the Colonies shall make a proper application to us, we shall be ready to afford them every just and reasonable indulgence. At the same time we... beseech your Majesty that you will... enforce due obedience to the laws and authority of the supreme Legislature ; and... it is our fixed resolution, at the hazard of our lives and properties, to stand by your Majesty against all rebellious attempts in the maintenance of the just rights of your Majesty, and the two Houses of Parliament. On April 14, 1775, Gage received instructions from Secretary of State William Legge, Earl of Dartmouth, to disarm the rebels and to imprison the rebellion 's leaders, but Dartmouth gave Gage considerable discretion in his commands. Gage 's decision to act promptly may have been influenced by information he received on April 15, from a spy within the Provincial Congress, telling him that although the Congress was still divided on the need for armed resistance, delegates were being sent to the other New England colonies to see if they would cooperate in raising a New England army of 18,000 colonial soldiers. Francis Smith, commander of the military expedition, in a 1763 portrait On the morning of April 18, Gage ordered a mounted patrol of about 20 men under the command of Major Mitchell of the 5th Regiment of Foot into the surrounding country to intercept messengers who might be out on horseback. This patrol behaved differently from patrols sent out from Boston in the past, staying out after dark and asking travelers about the location of Samuel Adams and John Hancock. This had the unintended effect of alarming many residents and increasing their preparedness. The Lexington militia in particular began to muster early that evening, hours before receiving any word from Boston. A well - known story alleges that after nightfall one farmer, Josiah Nelson, mistook the British patrol for the colonists and asked them, `` Have you heard anything about when the regulars are coming out? '' upon which he was slashed on his scalp with a sword. However, the story of this incident was not published until over a century later, which suggests that it may be little more than a family myth. Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith received orders from Gage on the afternoon of April 18 with instructions that he was not to read them until his troops were underway. He was to proceed from Boston `` with utmost expedition and secrecy to Concord, where you will seize and destroy... all Military stores... But you will take care that the soldiers do not plunder the inhabitants or hurt private property. '' Gage used his discretion and did not issue written orders for the arrest of rebel leaders, as he feared doing so might spark an uprising. American preparations Margaret Kemble Gage may have given military intelligence to the rebels. On March 30, 1775, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress issued the following resolution : Whenever the army under command of General Gage, or any part thereof to the number of five hundred, shall march out of the town of Boston, with artillery and baggage, it ought to be deemed a design to carry into execution by force the late acts of Parliament, the attempting of which, by the resolve of the late honourable Continental Congress, ought to be opposed ; and therefore the military force of the Province ought to be assembled, and an army of observation immediately formed, to act solely on the defensive so long as it can be justified on the principles of reason and self - preservation. The rebellion 's leaders -- with the exception of Paul Revere and Joseph Warren -- had all left Boston by April 8. They had received word of Dartmouth 's secret instructions to General Gage from sources in London well before they reached Gage himself. Adams and Hancock had fled Boston to the home of one of Hancock 's relatives in Lexington, where they thought they would be safe from the immediate threat of arrest. The Massachusetts militias had indeed been gathering a stock of weapons, powder, and supplies at Concord and much further west in Worcester. An expedition from Boston to Concord was widely anticipated. After a large contingent of regulars alarmed the countryside by an expedition from Boston to Watertown on March 30, The Pennsylvania Journal, a newspaper in Philadelphia, reported, `` It was supposed they were going to Concord, where the Provincial Congress is now sitting. A quantity of provisions and warlike stores are lodged there... It is... said they are intending to go out again soon. '' On April 18, Paul Revere began the `` midnight ride '' to Concord to warn the inhabitants that the British appeared to be planning an expedition. The ride was finished by Samuel Prescott. Upon hearing Prescott 's news, the townspeople decided to remove the stores and distribute them among other towns nearby. The colonists were also aware that April 19 would be the date of the expedition, despite Gage 's efforts to keep the details hidden from all the British rank and file and even from the officers who would command the mission. There is reasonable speculation that the confidential source of this intelligence was Margaret Gage, General Gage 's New Jersey - born wife, who had sympathies with the Colonial cause and a friendly relationship with Warren. Between 9 and 10 pm on the night of April 18, 1775, Joseph Warren told Revere and William Dawes that the British troops were about to embark in boats from Boston bound for Cambridge and the road to Lexington and Concord. Warren 's intelligence suggested that the most likely objectives of the regulars ' movements later that night would be the capture of Adams and Hancock. They did not worry about the possibility of regulars marching to Concord, since the supplies at Concord were safe, but they did think their leaders in Lexington were unaware of the potential danger that night. Revere and Dawes were sent out to warn them and to alert colonial militias in nearby towns. Militia forces assemble Further information : Minutemen Dawes covered the southern land route by horseback across Boston Neck and over the Great Bridge to Lexington. Revere first gave instructions to send a signal to Charlestown using lanterns hung in the steeple of Boston 's Old North Church. He then traveled the northern water route, crossing the mouth of the Charles River by rowboat, slipping past the British warship HMS Somerset at anchor. Crossings were banned at that hour, but Revere safely landed in Charlestown and rode west to Lexington, warning almost every house along the route. Additional riders were sent north from Charlestown. Silversmith Paul Revere and several other messengers on horseback sounded the alarm that the regulars were leaving Boston. After they arrived in Lexington, Revere, Dawes, Hancock, and Adams discussed the situation with the militia assembling there. They believed that the forces leaving the city were too large for the sole task of arresting two men and that Concord was the main target. The Lexington men dispatched riders to the surrounding towns, and Revere and Dawes continued along the road to Concord accompanied by Samuel Prescott. In Lincoln, they ran into the British patrol led by Major Mitchell. Revere was captured, Dawes was thrown from his horse, and only Prescott escaped to reach Concord. Additional riders were sent out from Concord. The ride of Revere, Dawes, and Prescott triggered a flexible system of `` alarm and muster '' that had been carefully developed months before, in reaction to the colonists ' impotent response to the Powder Alarm. This system was an improved version of an old notification network for use in times of emergency. The colonists had periodically used it during the early years of Indian wars in the colony, before it fell into disuse in the French and Indian War. In addition to other express riders delivering messages, bells, drums, alarm guns, bonfires and a trumpet were used for rapid communication from town to town, notifying the rebels in dozens of eastern Massachusetts villages that they should muster their militias because over 500 regulars were leaving Boston. This system was so effective that people in towns 25 miles ( 40 km ) from Boston were aware of the army 's movements while they were still unloading boats in Cambridge. These early warnings played a crucial role in assembling a sufficient number of colonial militia to inflict heavy damage on the British regulars later in the day. Adams and Hancock were eventually moved to safety, first to what is now Burlington and later to Billerica. A National Park Service map showing the routes of the initial Patriot messengers and of the British expedition British forces advance Around dusk, General Gage called a meeting of his senior officers at the Province House. He informed them that instructions from Lord Dartmouth had arrived, ordering him to take action against the colonials. He also told them that the senior colonel of his regiments, Lieutenant Colonel Smith, would command, with Major John Pitcairn as his executive officer. The meeting adjourned around 8 : 30 pm, after which Earl Percy mingled with town folk on Boston Common. According to one account, the discussion among people there turned to the unusual movement of the British soldiers in the town. When Percy questioned one man further, the man replied, `` Well, the regulars will miss their aim. '' `` What aim? '' asked Percy. `` Why, the cannon at Concord '' was the reply. Upon hearing this, Percy quickly returned to Province House and relayed this information to General Gage. Stunned, Gage issued orders to prevent messengers from getting out of Boston, but these were too late to prevent Dawes and Revere from leaving. 1775 map of the battles and of the Siege of Boston The British regulars, around 700 infantry, were drawn from 11 of Gage 's 13 occupying infantry regiments. Major Pitcairn commanded ten elite light infantry companies, and Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Bernard commanded 11 grenadier companies, under the overall command of Lieutenant Colonel Smith. Of the troops assigned to the expedition, 350 were from grenadier companies drawn from the 4th ( King 's Own ), 5th, 10th, 18th ( Royal Irish ), 23rd, 38th, 43rd, 47th, 52nd and 59th Regiments of Foot, and the 1st Battalion of His Majesty 's Marine Forces. Protecting the grenadier companies were about 320 light infantry from the 4th, 5th, 10th, 23rd, 38th, 43rd, 47th, 52nd, and 59th Regiments, and the 1st Battalion of the Marines. Each company had its own lieutenant, but the majority of the captains commanding them were volunteers attached to them at the last minute, drawn from all the regiments stationed in Boston. This lack of familiarity between commander and company would cause problems during the battle. The British began to awaken their troops at 9 pm on the night of April 18 and assembled them on the water 's edge on the western end of Boston Common by 10 pm. Colonel Smith was late in arriving, and there was no organized boat - loading operation, resulting in confusion at the staging area. The boats used were naval barges that were packed so tightly that there was no room to sit down. When they disembarked near Phipps Farm in Cambridge, it was into waist - deep water at midnight. After a lengthy halt to unload their gear, the regulars began their 17 miles ( 27 km ) march to Concord at about 2 am. During the wait they were provided with extra ammunition, cold salt pork, and hard sea biscuits. They did not carry knapsacks, since they would not be encamped. They carried their haversacks ( food bags ), canteens, muskets, and accoutrements, and marched off in wet, muddy shoes and soggy uniforms. As they marched through Menotomy, sounds of the colonial alarms throughout the countryside caused the few officers who were aware of their mission to realize they had lost the element of surprise. At about 3 am, Colonel Smith sent Major Pitcairn ahead with six companies of light infantry under orders to quick march to Concord. At about 4 am Smith made the wise but belated decision to send a messenger back to Boston asking for reinforcements. The Battles Lexington BEP engraved vignette Battle of Lexington which appeared on the $20 National Bank Note Battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775, New York Public Library Although often styled a battle, in reality the engagement at Lexington was a minor brush or skirmish. As the regulars ' advance guard under Pitcairn entered Lexington at sunrise on April 19, 1775, about 80 Lexington militiamen emerged from Buckman Tavern and stood in ranks on the village common watching them, and between 40 and 100 spectators watched from along the side of the road. Their leader was Captain John Parker, a veteran of the French and Indian War, who was suffering from tuberculosis and was at times difficult to hear. Of the militiamen who lined up, nine had the surname Harrington, seven Munroe ( including the company 's orderly sergeant, William Munroe ), four Parker, three Tidd, three Locke, and three Reed ; fully one quarter of them were related to Captain Parker in some way. This group of militiamen was part of Lexington 's `` training band '', a way of organizing local militias dating back to the Puritans, and not what was styled a minuteman company. After having waited most of the night with no sign of any British troops ( and wondering if Paul Revere 's warning was true ), at about 4 : 15 a.m., Parker got his confirmation. Thaddeus Bowman, the last scout that Parker had sent out, rode up at a gallop and told him that they were not only coming, but coming in force and they were close. Captain Parker was clearly aware that he was outmatched in the confrontation and was not prepared to sacrifice his men for no purpose. He knew that most of the colonists ' powder and military supplies at Concord had already been hidden. No war had been declared. ( The Declaration of Independence was a year in the future. ) He also knew the British had gone on such expeditions before in Massachusetts, found nothing, and marched back to Boston. Parker had every reason to expect that to occur again. The Regulars would march to Concord, find nothing, and return to Boston, tired but empty - handed. He positioned his company carefully. He placed them in parade - ground formation, on Lexington Common. They were in plain sight ( not hiding behind walls ), but not blocking the road to Concord. They made a show of political and military determination, but no effort to prevent the march of the Regulars. Many years later, one of the participants recalled Parker 's words as being what is now engraved in stone at the site of the battle : `` Stand your ground ; do n't fire unless fired upon, but if they mean to have a war, let it begin here. '' According to Parker 's sworn deposition taken after the battle : I... ordered our Militia to meet on the Common in said Lexington to consult what to do, and concluded not to be discovered, nor meddle or make with said Regular Troops ( if they should approach ) unless they should insult or molest us ; and, upon their sudden Approach, I immediately ordered our Militia to disperse, and not to fire : -- Immediately said Troops made their appearance and rushed furiously, fired upon, and killed eight of our Party without receiving any Provocation therefor from us. -- John Parker Rather than turn left towards Concord, Marine Lieutenant Jesse Adair, at the head of the advance guard, decided on his own to protect the flank of the British column by first turning right and then leading the companies onto the Common itself, in a confused effort to surround and disarm the militia. Major Pitcairn arrived from the rear of the advance force and led his three companies to the left and halted them. The remaining companies under Colonel Smith lay further down the road toward Boston. First shot A British officer ( probably Pitcairn, but accounts are uncertain, as it may also have been Lieutenant William Sutherland ) then rode forward, waving his sword, and called out for the assembled militia to disperse, and may also have ordered them to `` lay down your arms, you damned rebels! '' Captain Parker told his men instead to disperse and go home, but, because of the confusion, the yelling all around, and due to the raspiness of Parker 's tubercular voice, some did not hear him, some left very slowly, and none laid down their arms. Both Parker and Pitcairn ordered their men to hold fire, but a shot was fired from an unknown source. The first of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775. Doolittle visited the battle sites and interviewed soldiers and witnesses. Contains controversial elements, possibly inaccuracies. Fire from the militia may have occurred but is not depicted. ( A ) t 5 o'clock we arrived ( in Lexington ), and saw a number of people, I believe between 200 and 300, formed in a common in the middle of town ; we still continued advancing, keeping prepared against an attack though without intending to attack them ; but on our coming near them they fired on us two shots, upon which our men without any orders, rushed upon them, fired and put them to flight ; several of them were killed, we could not tell how many, because they were behind walls and into the woods. We had a man of the 10th light Infantry wounded, nobody else was hurt. We then formed on the Common, but with some difficulty, the men were so wild they could hear no orders ; we waited a considerable time there, and at length proceeded our way to Concord. -- Lieutenant John Barker, 4th Regiment of Foot According to one member of Parker 's militia, none of the Americans had discharged their muskets as they faced the oncoming British troops. The British did suffer one casualty, a slight wound, the particulars of which were corroborated by a deposition made by Corporal John Munroe. Munroe stated that : After the first fire of the regulars, I thought, and so stated to Ebenezer Munroe... who stood next to me on the left, that they had fired nothing but powder ; but on the second firing, Munroe stated they had fired something more than powder, for he had received a wound in his arm ; and now, said he, to use his own words, ' I 'll give them the guts of my gun. ' We then both took aim at the main body of British troops the smoke preventing our seeing anything but the heads of some of their horses and discharged our pieces. Some witnesses among the regulars reported the first shot was fired by a colonial onlooker from behind a hedge or around the corner of a tavern. Some observers reported a mounted British officer firing first. Both sides generally agreed that the initial shot did not come from the men on the ground immediately facing each other. Speculation arose later in Lexington that a man named Solomon Brown fired the first shot from inside the tavern or from behind a wall, but this has been discredited. Some witnesses ( on each side ) claimed that someone on the other side fired first ; however, many more witnesses claimed to not know. Yet another theory is that the first shot was one fired by the British, that killed Asahel Porter, their prisoner who was running away ( he had been told to walk away and he would be let go, though he panicked and began to run ). Historian David Hackett Fischer has proposed that there may actually have been multiple near - simultaneous shots. Historian Mark Urban claims the British surged forward with bayonets ready in an undisciplined way, provoking a few scattered shots from the militia. In response the British troops, without orders, fired a devastating volley. This lack of discipline among the British troops had a key role in the escalation of violence. Witnesses at the scene described several intermittent shots fired from both sides before the lines of regulars began to fire volleys without receiving orders to do so. A few of the militiamen believed at first that the regulars were only firing powder with no ball, but when they realized the truth, few if any of the militia managed to load and return fire. The rest ran for their lives. We Nathaniel Mulliken, Philip Russell, ( and 32 other men... ) do testify and declare, that on the nineteenth in the morning, being informed that... a body of regulars were marching from Boston towards Concord... About five o'clock in the morning, hearing our drum beat, we proceeded towards the parade, and soon found that a large body of troops were marching towards us, some of our company were coming to the parade, and others had reached it, at which time, the company began to disperse, whilst our backs were turned on the troops, we were fired on by them, and a number of our men were instantly killed and wounded, not a gun was fired by any person in our company on the regulars to our knowledge before they fired on us, and continued firing until we had all made our escape. The regulars then charged forward with bayonets. Captain Parker 's cousin Jonas was run through. Eight Lexington men were killed, and ten were wounded. The only British casualty was a soldier who was wounded in the thigh. The eight colonists killed were John Brown, Samuel Hadley, Caleb Harrington, Jonathon Harrington, Robert Munroe, Isaac Muzzey, Asahel Porter, and Jonas Parker. Jonathon Harrington, fatally wounded by a British musket ball, managed to crawl back to his home, and died on his own doorstep. One wounded man, Prince Estabrook, was a black slave who was serving in the militia. The companies under Pitcairn 's command got beyond their officers ' control in part because they were unaware of the actual purpose of the day 's mission. They fired in different directions and prepared to enter private homes. Colonel Smith, who was just arriving with the remainder of the regulars, heard the musket fire and rode forward from the grenadier column to see the action. He quickly found a drummer and ordered him to beat assembly. The grenadiers arrived shortly thereafter, and once order was restored among the soldiers, the light infantry were permitted to fire a victory volley, after which the column was reformed and marched on toward Concord. Concord The second of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775, depicting the British entering Concord In response to the raised alarm, the militiamen of Concord and Lincoln had mustered in Concord. They received reports of firing at Lexington, and were not sure whether to wait until they could be reinforced by troops from towns nearby, or to stay and defend the town, or to move east and greet the British Army from superior terrain. A column of militia marched down the road toward Lexington to meet the British, traveling about 1.5 miles ( 2 km ) until they met the approaching column of regulars. As the regulars numbered about 700 and the militia at this time only numbered about 250, the militia column turned around and marched back into Concord, preceding the regulars by a distance of about 500 yards ( 457 m ). The militia retreated to a ridge overlooking the town, and their officers discussed what to do next. Caution prevailed, and Colonel James Barrett withdrew from the town of Concord and led the men across the North Bridge to a hill about a mile north of town, where they could continue to watch the troop movements of the British and the activities in the center of town. This step proved fortuitous, as the ranks of the militia continued to grow as minuteman companies arriving from the western towns joined them there. The search for militia supplies When the British troops arrived in the village of Concord, Lt. Col. Smith divided them to carry out Gage 's orders. The 10th Regiment 's company of grenadiers secured South Bridge under Captain Mundy Pole, while seven companies of light infantry under Captain Parsons, numbering about 100, secured the North Bridge, where they were visible across the cleared fields to the assembling militia companies. Captain Parsons took four companies from the 5th, 23rd, 38th and 52nd Regiments up the road 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) beyond the North Bridge to search Barrett 's Farm, where intelligence indicated supplies would be found. Two companies from the 4th and 10th Regiments were stationed to guard their return route, and one company from the 43rd remained guarding the bridge itself. These companies, which were under the relatively inexperienced command of Captain Walter Laurie, were aware that they were significantly outnumbered by the 400 - plus militiamen. The concerned Captain Laurie sent a messenger to Lt. Col. Smith requesting reinforcements. Using detailed information provided by Loyalist spies, the grenadier companies searched the small town for military supplies. When they arrived at Ephraim Jones 's tavern, by the jail on the South Bridge road, they found the door barred shut, and Jones refused them entry. According to reports provided by local Loyalists, Pitcairn knew cannon had been buried on the property. Jones was ordered at gunpoint to show where the guns were buried. These turned out to be three massive pieces, firing 24 - pound shot, that were much too heavy to use defensively, but very effective against fortifications, with sufficient range to bombard the city of Boston from other parts of nearby mainland. The grenadiers smashed the trunnions of these three guns so they could not be mounted. They also burned some gun carriages found in the village meetinghouse, and when the fire spread to the meetinghouse itself, local resident Martha Moulton persuaded the soldiers to help in a bucket brigade to save the building. Nearly a hundred barrels of flour and salted food were thrown into the millpond, as were 550 pounds of musket balls. Of the damage done, only that done to the cannon was significant. All of the shot and much of the food was recovered after the British left. During the search, the regulars were generally scrupulous in their treatment of the locals, including paying for food and drink consumed. This excessive politeness was used to advantage by the locals, who were able to misdirect searches from several smaller caches of militia supplies. Barrett 's Farm had been an arsenal weeks before, but few weapons remained now, and according to family legend, these were quickly buried in furrows to look like a crop had been planted. The troops sent there did not find any supplies of consequence. The North bridge The reconstructed North Bridge in Minute Man National Historical Park, Concord Colonel Barrett 's troops, upon seeing smoke rising from the village square as the British burned cannon carriages, and seeing only a few light infantry companies directly below them, decided to march back toward the town from their vantage point on Punkatasset Hill to a lower, closer flat hilltop about 300 yards ( 274 m ) from the North Bridge. As the militia advanced, the two British companies from the 4th and 10th Regiments that held the position near the road retreated to the bridge and yielded the hill to Barrett 's men. Five full companies of Minutemen and five more of militia from Acton, Concord, Bedford and Lincoln occupied this hill as more groups of men streamed in, totaling at least 400 against Captain Laurie 's light infantry companies, a force totaling 90 -- 95 men. Barrett ordered the Massachusetts men to form one long line two abreast on the highway leading down to the bridge, and then he called for another consultation. While overlooking North Bridge from the top of the hill, Barrett, Lt. Col. John Robinson of Westford and the other Captains discussed possible courses of action. Captain Isaac Davis of Acton, whose troops had arrived late, declared his willingness to defend a town not their own by saying, `` I 'm not afraid to go, and I have n't a man that 's afraid to go. '' Barrett told the men to load their weapons but not to fire unless fired upon, and then ordered them to advance. Laurie ordered the British companies guarding the bridge to retreat across it. One officer then tried to pull up the loose planks of the bridge to impede the colonial advance, but Major Buttrick began to yell at the regulars to stop harming the bridge. The Minutemen and militia from Concord, Acton and a handful of Westford Minutemen, advanced in column formation, two by two, led by Major Buttrick, Lt. Col. Robinson, then Capt. Davis, on the light infantry, keeping to the road, since it was surrounded by the spring floodwaters of the Concord River. The third of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775, depicting the engagement at the North Bridge Captain Laurie then made a poor tactical decision. Since his summons for help had not produced any results, he ordered his men to form positions for `` street firing '' behind the bridge in a column running perpendicular to the river. This formation was appropriate for sending a large volume of fire into a narrow alley between the buildings of a city, but not for an open path behind a bridge. Confusion reigned as regulars retreating over the bridge tried to form up in the street - firing position of the other troops. Lieutenant Sutherland, who was in the rear of the formation, saw Laurie 's mistake and ordered flankers to be sent out. But as he was from a company different from the men under his command, only three soldiers obeyed him. The remainder tried as best they could in the confusion to follow the orders of the superior officer. A shot rang out. It was likely a warning shot fired by a panicked, exhausted British soldier from the 43rd, according to Captain Laurie 's report to his commander after the fight. Two other regulars then fired immediately after that, shots splashing in the river, and then the narrow group up front, possibly thinking the order to fire had been given, fired a ragged volley before Laurie could stop them. Two of the Acton Minutemen, Private Abner Hosmer and Captain Isaac Davis, who were at the head of the line marching to the bridge, were hit and killed instantly. Rev. Dr. Ripley recalled : The Americans commenced their march in double file... In a minute or two, the Americans being in quick motion and within ten or fifteen rods of the bridge, a single gun was fired by a British soldier, which marked the way, passing under Col. Robinson 's arm and slightly wounding the side of Luther Blanchard, a fifer, in the Acton Company. Four more men were wounded. Major Buttrick then yelled to the militia, `` Fire, for God 's sake, fellow soldiers, fire! '' At this point the lines were separated by the Concord River and the bridge, and were only 50 yards ( 46 m ) apart. The few front rows of colonists, bound by the road and blocked from forming a line of fire, managed to fire over each other 's heads and shoulders at the regulars massed across the bridge. Four of the eight British officers and sergeants, who were leading from the front of their troops, were wounded by the volley of musket fire. At least three privates ( Thomas Smith, Patrick Gray, and James Hall, all from the 4th ) were killed or mortally wounded, and nine were wounded. In 1824, Reverend and Minuteman Joseph Thaxter wrote : I was an eyewitness to the following facts. The people of Westford and Acton, some few of Concord, were the first who faced the British at Concord bridge. The British had placed about ninety men as a guard at the North Bridge ; we had then no certain information that any had been killed at Lexington, we saw the British making destruction in the town of Concord ; it was proposed to advance to the bridge ; on this Colonel Robinson, of Westford, together with Major Buttrick, took the lead ; strict orders were given not to fire, unless the British fired first ; when they advanced about halfway on the causeway the British fired one gun, a second, a third, and then the whole body ; they killed Colonel Davis, of Acton, and a Mr. Hosmer. Our people then fired over one another 's heads, being in a long column, two and two ; they killed two and wounded eleven. Lieutenant Hawkstone, said to be the greatest beauty of the British army, had his cheeks so badly wounded that it disfigured him much, of which he bitterly complained. On this, the British fled, and assembled on the hill, the north side of Concord, and dressed their wounded, and then began their retreat. As they descended the hill near the road that comes out from Bedford they were pursued ; Colonel Bridge, with a few men from Bedford and Chelmsford, came up, and killed several men. The regulars found themselves trapped in a situation where they were both outnumbered and outmaneuvered. Lacking effective leadership and terrified at the superior numbers of the enemy, with their spirit broken, and likely not having experienced combat before, they abandoned their wounded, and fled to the safety of the approaching grenadier companies coming from the town center, isolating Captain Parsons and the companies searching for arms at Barrett 's Farm. After the fight Statue memorializing the battle at the North Bridge, inscribed with verse from Emerson 's `` Concord Hymn '' The colonists were stunned by their success. No one had actually believed either side would shoot to kill the other. Some advanced ; many more retreated ; and some went home to see to the safety of their homes and families. Colonel Barrett eventually began to recover control. He moved some of the militia back to the hilltop 300 yards ( 274 m ) away and sent Major Buttrick with others across the bridge to a defensive position on a hill behind a stone wall. Lieutenant Colonel Smith heard the exchange of fire from his position in the town moments after he received the request for reinforcements from Laurie. He quickly assembled two companies of grenadiers to lead toward the North Bridge himself. As these troops marched, they met the shattered remnants of the three light infantry companies running towards them. Smith was concerned about the four companies that had been at Barrett 's, since their route to town was now unprotected. When he saw the Minutemen in the distance behind their wall, he halted his two companies and moved forward with only his officers to take a closer look. One of the Minutemen behind that wall observed, `` If we had fired, I believe we could have killed almost every officer there was in the front, but we had no orders to fire and there was n't a gun fired. '' During a tense standoff lasting about 10 minutes, a mentally ill local man named Elias Brown wandered through both sides selling hard cider. At this point, the detachment of regulars sent to Barrett 's farm marched back from their fruitless search of that area. They passed through the now mostly - deserted battlefield, and saw dead and wounded comrades lying on the bridge. There was one who looked to them as if he had been scalped, which angered and shocked the British soldiers. They crossed the bridge and returned to the town by 11 : 30 a.m., under the watchful eyes of the colonists, who continued to maintain defensive positions. The regulars continued to search for and destroy colonial military supplies in the town, ate lunch, reassembled for marching, and left Concord after noon. This delay in departure gave colonial militiamen from outlying towns additional time to reach the road back to Boston. Return march Concord to Lexington A National Park Service map showing the retreat from Concord and Percy 's rescue Lieutenant Colonel Smith, concerned about the safety of his men, sent flankers to follow a ridge and protect his forces from the roughly 1,000 colonials now in the field as the British marched east out of Concord. This ridge ended near Meriam 's Corner, a crossroads about a mile ( 2 km ) outside the village of Concord, where the main road came to a bridge across a small stream. To cross the narrow bridge, the British had to pull the flankers back into the main column and close ranks to a mere three soldiers abreast. Colonial militia companies arriving from the north and east had converged at this point, and presented a clear numerical advantage over the regulars. The British were now witnessing once again what General Gage had hoped to avoid by dispatching the expedition in secrecy and in the dark of night : the ability of the colonial militiamen to rise and converge by the thousands when British forces ventured out of Boston. As the last of the British column marched over the narrow bridge, the British rear guard wheeled and fired a volley at the colonial militiamen, who had been firing irregularly and ineffectively from a distance but now had closed to within musket range. The colonists returned fire, this time with deadly effect. Two regulars were killed and perhaps six wounded, with no colonial casualties. Smith sent out his flanking troops again after crossing the small bridge. On Brooks Hill ( also known as Hardy 's Hill ) about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) past Meriam 's Corner, nearly 500 militiamen had assembled to the south of the road, awaiting opportunity to fire down upon the British column on the road below. Smith 's leading forces charged up the hill to drive them off, but the colonists did not withdraw, inflicting significant casualties on the attackers. Smith withdrew his men from Brooks Hill, and the column continued on to another small bridge into Lincoln, at Brooks Tavern, where more militia companies intensified the attack from the north side of the road. This statue known as The Lexington Minuteman is commonly believed to depict Captain John Parker. It is by Henry Hudson Kitson and stands at the town green of Lexington, Massachusetts. The regulars soon reached a point in the road now referred to as the `` Bloody Angle '' where the road rises and curves sharply to the left through a lightly - wooded area. At this place, the militia company from Woburn had positioned themselves on the southeast side of the bend in the road in a rocky, lightly - wooded field. Additional militia flowing parallel to the road from the engagement at Meriam 's Corner positioned themselves on the northwest side of the road, catching the British in a crossfire, while other militia companies on the road closed from behind to attack. Some 500 yards ( 460 m ) further along, the road took another sharp curve, this time to the right, and again the British column was caught by another large force of militiamen firing from both sides. In passing through these two sharp curves, the British force lost thirty soldiers killed or wounded, and four colonial militia were also killed, including Captain Jonathan Wilson of Bedford, Captain Nathan Wyman of Billerica, Lt. John Bacon of Natick, and Daniel Thompson of Woburn. The British soldiers escaped by breaking into a trot, a pace that the colonials could not maintain through the woods and swampy terrain. Colonial forces on the road itself behind the British were too densely packed and disorganized to mount more than a harassing attack from the rear. As militia forces from other towns continued to arrive, the colonial forces had risen to about 2,000 men. The road now straightened to the east, with cleared fields and orchards along the sides. Lt. Col. Smith sent out flankers again, who succeeded in trapping some militia from behind and inflicting casualties. British casualties were also mounting from these engagements and from persistent long - range fire from the militiamen, and the exhausted British were running out of ammunition. When the British column neared the boundary between Lincoln and Lexington, it encountered another ambush from a hill overlooking the road, set by Captain John Parker 's Lexington militiamen, including some of them bandaged up from the encounter in Lexington earlier in the day. At this point, Lt. Col. Smith was wounded in the thigh and knocked from his horse. Major John Pitcairn assumed effective command of the column and sent light infantry companies up the hill to clear the militia forces. The light infantry cleared two additional hills as the column continued east -- `` The Bluff '' and `` Fiske Hill '' -- and took still more casualties from ambushes set by fresh militia companies joining the battle. In one of the musket volleys from the colonial soldiers, Major Pitcairn 's horse bolted in fright, throwing Pitcairn to the ground and injuring his arm. Now both principal leaders of the expedition were injured or unhorsed, and their men were tired, thirsty, and exhausting their ammunition. A few surrendered or were captured ; some now broke formation and ran forward toward Lexington. In the words of one British officer, `` we began to run rather than retreat in order... We attempted to stop the men and form them two deep, but to no purpose, the confusion increased rather than lessened... the officers got to the front and presented their bayonets, and told the men if they advanced they should die. Upon this, they began to form up under heavy fire. '' Only one British officer remained uninjured among the three companies at the head of the British column as it approach Lexington Center. He understood the column 's perilous situation : `` There were very few men had any ammunition left, and so fatigued that we could not keep flanking parties out, so that we must soon have laid down our arms, or been picked off by the Rebels at their pleasure -- nearer to -- and we were not able to keep them off. '' He then heard cheering further ahead. A full brigade, about 1,000 men with artillery under the command of Earl Percy, had arrived to rescue them. It was about 2 : 30 p.m., and the British column had now been on the march since 2 o'clock in the morning. Westford Minuteman, Rev. Joseph Thaxter, wrote of his account : We pursued them and killed some ; when they got to Lexington, they were so close pursued and fatigued, that they must have soon surrendered, had not Lord Percy met them with a large reinforcement and two field - pieces. They fired them, but the balls went high over our heads. But no cannon ever did more execution, such stories of their effects had been spread by the tories through our troops, that from this time more wont back than pursed. We pursued to Charlestown Common, and then retired to Cambridge. When the army collected at Cambridge, Colonel Prescott with his regiment of minute men, and John Robinson, his Lieutenant Colonel, were prompt at being at their post. In their accounts afterward, British officers and soldiers alike noted their frustration that the colonial militiamen fired at them from behind trees and stone walls, rather than confronting them in large, linear formations in the style of European warfare. This image of the individual colonial farmer, musket in hand and fighting under his own command, has also been fostered in American myth : `` Chasing the red - coats down the lane / Then crossing the fields to emerge again / Under the trees at the turn of the road, / And only pausing to fire and load. '' To the contrary, beginning at the North Bridge and throughout the British retreat, the colonial militias repeatedly operated as coordinated companies, even when dispersed to take advantage of cover. Reflecting on the British experience that day, Earl Percy understood the significance of the American tactics : During the whole affair the Rebels attacked us in a very scattered, irregular manner, but with perseverance & resolution, nor did they ever dare to form into any regular body. Indeed, they knew too well what was proper, to do so. Whoever looks upon them as an irregular mob, will find himself much mistaken. They have men amongst them who know very well what they are about, having been employed as Rangers against the Indians & Canadians, & this country being much covered with wood, and hilly, is very advantageous for their method of fighting. Percy 's rescue The fourth of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775, showing Percy 's rescue in Lexington General Gage had anticipated that Lt. Col. Smith 's expedition might require reinforcement, so Gage drafted orders for reinforcing units to assemble in Boston at 4 a.m. But in his obsession for secrecy, Gage had sent only one copy of the orders to the adjutant of the 1st Brigade, whose servant then left the envelope on a table. Also at about 4 a.m., the British column was within three miles of Lexington, and Lt. Col. Smith now had clear indication that all element of surprise had been lost and that alarm was spreading throughout the countryside. So he sent a rider back to Boston with a request for reinforcements. At about 5 a.m., the rider reached Boston, and the 1st Brigade was ordered to assemble : the line infantry companies of the 4th, 23rd, and 47th Regiments, and a battalion of Royal Marines, under the command of Earl Percy. Unfortunately for the British, once again only one copy of the orders were sent to each commander, and the order for the Royal Marines was delivered to the desk of Major John Pitcairn, who was already on the Lexington Common with Smith 's column at that hour. After these delays, Percy 's brigade, about 1,000 strong, left Boston at about 8 : 45 a.m., headed toward Lexington. Along the way, the story is told, they marched to the tune of `` Yankee Doodle '' to taunt the inhabitants of the area. By the Battle of Bunker Hill less than two months later, the song would become a popular anthem for the colonial forces. Percy took the land route across Boston Neck and over the Great Bridge, which some quick - thinking colonists had stripped of its planking to delay the British. His men then came upon an absent - minded tutor at Harvard College and asked him which road would take them to Lexington. The Harvard man, apparently oblivious to the reality of what was happening around him, showed him the proper road without thinking. ( He was later compelled to leave the country for inadvertently supporting the enemy. ) Percy 's troops arrived in Lexington at about 2 : 00 p.m. They could hear gunfire in the distance as they set up their cannon and deployed lines of regulars on high ground with commanding views of the town. Colonel Smith 's men approached like a fleeing mob with the full complement of colonial militia in close formation pursuing them. Percy ordered his artillery to open fire at extreme range, dispersing the colonial militiamen. Smith 's men collapsed with exhaustion once they reached the safety of Percy 's lines. Against the advice of his Master of Ordnance, Percy had left Boston without spare ammunition for his men or for the two artillery pieces they brought with them, thinking the extra wagons would slow him down. Each man in Percy 's brigade had only 36 rounds, and each artillery piece was supplied with only a few rounds carried in side - boxes. After Percy had left the city, Gage directed two ammunition wagons guarded by one officer and thirteen men to follow. This convoy was intercepted by a small party of older, veteran militiamen still on the `` alarm list, '' who could not join their militia companies because they were well over 60 years of age. These men rose up in ambush and demanded the surrender of the wagons, but the regulars ignored them and drove their horses on. The old men opened fire, shot the lead horses, killed two sergeants, and wounded the officer. The British survivors ran, and six of them threw their weapons into a pond before they surrendered. Lexington to Menotomy Percy 's return to Charlestown ( detail from 1775 map of the battle ) Percy assumed control of the combined forces of about 1,700 men and let them rest, eat, drink, and have their wounds tended at field headquarters ( Munroe Tavern ) before resuming the march. They set out from Lexington at about 3 : 30 p.m., in a formation that emphasized defense along the sides and rear of the column. Wounded regulars rode on the cannon and were forced to hop off when they were fired at by gatherings of militia. Percy 's men were often surrounded, but they had the tactical advantage of interior lines. Percy could shift his units more easily to where they were needed, while the colonial militia were required to move around the outside of his formation. Percy placed Smith 's men in the middle of the column, while the 23rd Regiment 's line companies made up the column 's rear guard. Because of information provided by Smith and Pitcairn about how the Americans were attacking, Percy ordered the rear guard to be rotated every mile or so, to allow some of his troops to rest briefly. Flanking companies were sent to both sides of the road, and a powerful force of Marines acted as the vanguard to clear the road ahead. During the respite at Lexington, Brigadier General William Heath arrived and took command of the militia. Earlier in the day, he had traveled first to Watertown to discuss tactics with Joseph Warren, who had left Boston that morning, and other members of the Massachusetts Committee of Safety. Heath and Warren reacted to Percy 's artillery and flankers by ordering the militiamen to avoid close formations that would attract cannon fire. Instead, they surrounded Percy 's marching square with a moving ring of skirmishers at a distance to inflict maximum casualties at minimum risk. A few mounted militiamen on the road would dismount, fire muskets at the approaching regulars, then remount and gallop ahead to repeat the tactic. Unmounted militia would often fire from long range, in the hope of hitting somebody in the main column of soldiers on the road and surviving, since both British and colonials used muskets with an effective combat range of about 50 yards ( 46 m ). Infantry units would apply pressure to the sides of the British column. When it moved out of range, those units would move around and forward to re-engage the column further down the road. Heath sent messengers out to intercept arriving militia units, directing them to appropriate places along the road to engage the regulars. Some towns sent supply wagons to assist in feeding and rearming the militia. Heath and Warren did lead skirmishers in small actions into battle themselves, but it was the presence of effective leadership that probably had the greatest impact on the success of these tactics. Percy wrote of the colonial tactics, `` The rebels attacked us in a very scattered, irregular manner, but with perseverance and resolution, nor did they ever dare to form into any regular body. Indeed, they knew too well what was proper, to do so. Whoever looks upon them as an irregular mob, will find himself very much mistaken. '' The Jason Russell House in Arlington The fighting grew more intense as Percy 's forces crossed from Lexington into Menotomy. Fresh militia poured gunfire into the British ranks from a distance, and individual homeowners began to fight from their own property. Some homes were also used as sniper positions, turning the situation into a soldier 's nightmare : house - to - house fighting. Jason Russell pleaded for his friends to fight alongside him to defend his house by saying, `` An Englishman 's home is his castle. '' He stayed and was killed in his doorway. His friends, depending on which account is to be believed, either hid in the cellar, or died in the house from bullets and bayonets after shooting at the soldiers who followed them in. The Jason Russell House still stands and contains bullet holes from this fight. A militia unit that attempted an ambush from Russell 's orchard was caught by flankers, and eleven men were killed, some allegedly after they had surrendered. Percy lost control of his men, and British soldiers began to commit atrocities to repay for the supposed scalping at the North Bridge and for their own casualties at the hands of a distant, often unseen enemy. Based on the word of Pitcairn and other wounded officers from Smith 's command, Percy had learned that the Minutemen were using stone walls, trees and buildings in these more thickly settled towns closer to Boston to hide behind and shoot at the column. He ordered the flank companies to clear the colonial militiamen out of such places. Many of the junior officers in the flank parties had difficulty stopping their exhausted, enraged men from killing everyone they found inside these buildings. For example, two innocent drunks who refused to hide in the basement of a tavern in Menotomy were killed only because they were suspected of being involved with the day 's events. Although many of the accounts of ransacking and burnings were exaggerated later by the colonists for propaganda value ( and to get financial compensation from the colonial government ), it is certainly true that taverns along the road were ransacked and the liquor stolen by the troops, who in some cases became drunk themselves. One church 's communion silver was stolen but was later recovered after it was sold in Boston. Aged Menotomy resident Samuel Whittemore killed three regulars before he was attacked by a British contingent and left for dead. ( He recovered from his wounds and later died in 1793 at age 98. ) All told, far more blood was shed in Menotomy and Cambridge than elsewhere that day. The colonists lost 25 men killed and nine wounded there, and the British lost 40 killed and 80 wounded, with the 47th Foot and the Marines suffering the highest casualties. Each was about half the day 's fatalities. Menotomy to Charlestown The British troops crossed the Menotomy River ( today known as Alewife Brook ) into Cambridge, and the fight grew more intense. Fresh militia arrived in close array instead of in a scattered formation, and Percy used his two artillery pieces and flankers at a crossroads called Watson 's Corner to inflict heavy damage on them. Earlier in the day, Heath had ordered the Great Bridge to be dismantled. Percy 's brigade was about to approach the broken - down bridge and a riverbank filled with militia when Percy directed his troops down a narrow track ( now Beech Street, near present - day Porter Square ) and onto the road to Charlestown. The militia ( now numbering about 4,000 ) were unprepared for this movement, and the circle of fire was broken. An American force moved to occupy Prospect Hill ( in modern - day Somerville ), which dominated the road, but Percy moved his cannon to the front and dispersed them with his last rounds of ammunition. A large militia force arrived from Salem and Marblehead. They might have cut off Percy 's route to Charlestown, but these men halted on nearby Winter Hill and allowed the British to escape. Some accused the commander of this force, Colonel Timothy Pickering, of permitting the troops to pass because he still hoped to avoid war by preventing a total defeat of the regulars. Pickering later claimed that he had stopped on Heath 's orders, but Heath denied this. It was nearly dark when Pitcairn 's Marines defended a final attack on Percy 's rear as they entered Charlestown. The regulars took up strong positions on the hills of Charlestown. Some of them had been without sleep for two days and had marched 40 miles ( 64 km ) in 21 hours, eight hours of which had been spent under fire. But now they held high ground protected by heavy guns from HMS Somerset. Gage quickly sent over line companies of two fresh regiments -- the 10th and 64th -- to occupy the high ground in Charlestown and build fortifications. Although they were begun, the fortifications were never completed and would later be a starting point for the militia works built two months later in June before the Battle of Bunker Hill. General Heath studied the position of the British Army and decided to withdraw the militia to Cambridge. Aftermath The Siege of Boston 1775 -- 1776 In the morning, Boston was surrounded by a huge militia army, numbering over 15,000, which had marched from throughout New England. Unlike the Powder Alarm, the rumors of spilled blood were true, and the Revolutionary War had begun. Now under the leadership of General Artemas Ward, who arrived on the 20th and replaced Brigadier General William Heath, they formed a siege line extending from Chelsea, around the peninsulas of Boston and Charlestown, to Roxbury, effectively surrounding Boston on three sides. In the days immediately following, the size of the colonial forces grew, as militias from New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut arrived on the scene. The Second Continental Congress adopted these men into the beginnings of the Continental Army. Even now, after open warfare had started, Gage still refused to impose martial law in Boston. He persuaded the town 's selectmen to surrender all private weapons in return for promising that any inhabitant could leave town. The battle was not a major one in terms of tactics or casualties. However, in terms of supporting the British political strategy behind the Intolerable Acts and the military strategy behind the Powder Alarms, the battle was a significant failure because the expedition contributed to the fighting it was intended to prevent, and because few weapons were actually seized. The battle was followed by a war for British political opinion. Within four days of the battle, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress had collected scores of sworn testimonies from militiamen and from British prisoners. When word leaked out a week after the battle that Gage was sending his official description of events to London, the Provincial Congress sent a packet of these detailed depositions, signed by over 100 participants in the events, on a faster ship. The documents were presented to a sympathetic official and printed by the London newspapers two weeks before Gage 's report arrived. Gage 's official report was too vague on particulars to influence anyone 's opinion. George Germain, no friend of the colonists, wrote, `` the Bostonians are in the right to make the King 's troops the aggressors and claim a victory. '' Politicians in London tended to blame Gage for the conflict instead of their own policies and instructions. The British troops in Boston variously blamed General Gage and Colonel Smith for the failures at Lexington and Concord. The day after the battle, John Adams left his home in Braintree to ride along the battlefields. He became convinced that `` the Die was cast, the Rubicon crossed. '' Thomas Paine in Philadelphia had previously thought of the argument between the colonies and the Home Country as `` a kind of law - suit '', but after news of the battle reached him, he `` rejected the hardened, sullen - tempered Pharaoh of England forever. '' George Washington received the news at Mount Vernon and wrote to a friend, `` the once - happy and peaceful plains of America are either to be drenched in blood or inhabited by slaves. Sad alternative! But can a virtuous man hesitate in his choice? '' A group of hunters on the frontier named their campsite Lexington when they heard news of the battle in June. It eventually became the city of Lexington, Kentucky. Legacy Gravemarkers along Battle Road in Lexington are maintained with Britain 's 1775 version of the Union Flag. It was important to the early American government that an image of British fault and American innocence be maintained for this first battle of the war. The history of Patriot preparations, intelligence, warning signals, and uncertainty about the first shot was rarely discussed in the public sphere for decades. The story of the wounded British soldier at the North Bridge, hors de combat, struck down on the head by a Minuteman using a hatchet, the purported `` scalping '', was strongly suppressed. Depositions mentioning some of these activities were not published and were returned to the participants ( this notably happened to Paul Revere ). Paintings portrayed the Lexington fight as an unjustified slaughter. The issue of which side was to blame grew during the early nineteenth century. For example, older participants ' testimony in later life about Lexington and Concord differed greatly from their depositions taken under oath in 1775. All now said the British fired first at Lexington, whereas fifty or so years before, they were n't sure. All now said they fired back, but in 1775, they said few were able to. The `` Battle '' took on an almost mythical quality in the American consciousness. Legend became more important than truth. A complete shift occurred, and the Patriots were portrayed as actively fighting for their cause, rather than as suffering innocents. Paintings of the Lexington skirmish began to portray the militia standing and fighting back in defiance. Ralph Waldo Emerson immortalized the events at the North Bridge in his 1837 `` Concord Hymn ''. The `` Concord Hymn '' became important because it commemorated the beginning of the American Revolution, and that for much of the 19th century it was a means by which Americans learned about the Revolution, helping to forge the identity of the nation. After 1860, several generations of schoolchildren memorized Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's poem `` Paul Revere 's Ride ''. Historically it is inaccurate ( for example, Paul Revere never made it to Concord ), but it captures the idea that an individual can change the course of history. By the rude bridge that arched the flood Their flag to April 's breeze unfurled Here once the embattled farmers stood And fired the shot heard round the world. -- First verse of Emerson 's `` Concord Hymn '' In the 20th century, popular and historical opinion varied about the events of the historic day, often reflecting the political mood of the time. Isolationist anti-war sentiments before the World Wars bred skepticism about the nature of Paul Revere 's contribution ( if any ) to the efforts to rouse the militia. Anglophilia in the United States after the turn of the twentieth century led to more balanced approaches to the history of the battle. During World War I, a film about Paul Revere 's ride was seized under the Espionage Act of 1917 for promoting discord between the United States and Britain. During the Cold War, Revere was used not only as a patriotic symbol, but also as a capitalist one. In 1961, novelist Howard Fast published April Morning, an account of the battle from a fictional 15 - year - old 's perspective, and reading of the book has been frequently assigned in American secondary schools. A film version was produced for television in 1987, starring Chad Lowe and Tommy Lee Jones. In the 1990s, parallels were drawn between American tactics in the Vietnam War and those of the British Army at Lexington and Concord. The site of the battle in Lexington is now known as the Lexington Battle Green, has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and is a National Historic Landmark. Several memorials commemorating the battle have been established there. The lands surrounding the North Bridge in Concord, as well as approximately 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) of the road along with surrounding lands and period buildings between Meriam 's Corner and western Lexington are part of Minuteman National Historical Park. There are walking trails with interpretive displays along routes that the colonists might have used that skirted the road, and the Park Service often has personnel ( usually dressed in period dress ) offering descriptions of the area and explanations of the events of the day. A bronze bas relief of Major Buttrick, designed by Daniel Chester French and executed by Edmond Thomas Quinn in 1915, is in the park, along with French 's Minute Man statue. The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have saved one acre of the battlefield at the site of Parker 's Revenge. Four current units of the Massachusetts National Guard units ( 181st Infantry, 182nd Infantry, 101st Engineer Battalion, and 125th Quartermaster Company ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battles of Lexington and Concord. There are only thirty current units of the U.S. Army with colonial roots. Several ships of the United States Navy, including two World War II aircraft carriers, were named in honor of the Battle of Lexington. Commemorations Daniel Chester French 's Minute Man Patriots ' Day, an observed legal holiday is celebrated annually in honor of the battle in Massachusetts. It is recognized by that state, as well as by Connecticut, Maine, and by the Wisconsin public schools, on the third Monday in April. Re-enactments of Paul Revere 's ride are staged, as are the battle on the Lexington Green, and ceremonies and firings are held at the North Bridge. Centennial commemoration On April 19, 1875, President Ulysses S. Grant and members of his cabinet joined 50,000 people to mark the 100th anniversary of the battles. The sculpture by Daniel Chester French, The Minute Man, located at the North Bridge, was unveiled on that day. A formal ball took place in the evening at the Agricultural Hall in Concord. Sesquicentennial commemoration In April 1925 the United States Post Office issued three stamps commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Battles at Lexington and Concord. The Lexington -- Concord commemorative stamps were the first of many commemoratives issued to honor the 150th anniversaries of events that surrounded America 's War of Independence. The three stamps were first placed on sale in Washington, D.C. and in five Massachusetts cities and towns that played major roles in the Lexington and Concord story : Lexington, Concord, Boston, Cambridge, and Concord Junction ( as West Concord was then known ). This is not to say that other locations were not involved in the battles. Washington at Cambridge Shot heard round the World Birth of Liberty, by Henry Sandham The Minute Man by Daniel Chester French Issues of 1925 Bicentennial commemoration 1970 Franklin Mint medallion commemorating Lexington and Concord 1775 The Town of Concord invited 700 prominent U.S. citizens and leaders from the worlds of government, the military, the diplomatic corps, the arts, sciences, and humanities to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the battles. On April 19, 1975, as a crowd estimated at 110,000 gathered to view a parade and celebrate the Bicentennial in Concord, President Gerald Ford delivered a major speech near the North Bridge, which was televised to the nation. Freedom was nourished in American soil because the principles of the Declaration of Independence flourished in our land. These principles, when enunciated 200 years ago, were a dream, not a reality. Today, they are real. Equality has matured in America. Our inalienable rights have become even more sacred. There is no government in our land without consent of the governed. Many other lands have freely accepted the principles of liberty and freedom in the Declaration of Independence and fashioned their own independent republics. It is these principles, freely taken and freely shared, that have revolutionized the world. The volley fired here at Concord two centuries ago, ' the shot heard round the world ', still echoes today on this anniversary. -- President Gerald R. Ford President Ford laid a wreath at the base of The Minute Man statue and then respectfully observed as Sir Peter Ramsbotham, the British Ambassador to the United States, laid a wreath at the grave of British soldiers killed in the battle. A citizen of Acton and Members of the Acton Fife and Drum Corps march to Concord on the Isaac Davis Trail during the 2016 annual Patriots ' Day celebration. See also American Revolutionary War portal Philadelphia portal List of American Revolutionary War battles Notes ^ Jump up to : The exact number of militia on the Lexington common when the clash occurred is a matter of debate. Coburn, p. 165 -- 67, identifies 77 individuals by name who mustered for the encounter, but he also notes that no official roll was ever submitted to the Provincial Congress. Fischer, pp. 400, 183, cites contemporaneous accounts and those of other historians that put the number between 50 and 70 militia, but notes that Sylvanus Wood, in an account taken 50 years later, recalled only counting 38 militia. Jump up ^ Chidsey, p. 29, estimates the colonial force at 500 by the time the confrontation occurred at the North Bridge. Coburn, pp. 80 -- 81, counts about 300 specifically, plus several uncounted companies. Jump up ^ The peak strength of militias that massed around the British column on April 19 is uncertain. Many of the militiamen who joined the battle at various locations during the day continued to follow the British column all the way to Charlestown, but some also dropped out and returned home. Coburn located muster rolls for 79 militia and minute companies engaged that day, listing 3,960 officers and soldiers in all. But there are no tallies for six of these companies, and some units known to be present during the day ( such as the Lincoln militia company ) are not included at all. Jump up ^ Chidsey, p. 6. This is the total size of Smith 's force. Jump up ^ Coburn, p. 64. This force is six light infantry companies under Pitcairn. Jump up ^ Coburn, p. 77 and other sources indicate `` three companies ''. Chidsey, p. 28 gives a company size `` nominally of 28 ''. Jump up ^ Coburn, p. 114 gives the size of Percy 's force at 1,000. This count reflects that estimate plus the departing strength, less casualties. ^ Jump up to : Chidsey, p. 47, cites all casualty figures except missing - in - action. Coburn, pp. 156 -- 59, cites by town and name the American losses, and by company the British losses, including missing - in - action ( from Gage 's report ). Chidsey, Coburn, and Fischer disagree on some American counts : Chidsey and Fischer count 39 wounded, Coburn says 42. Fischer, pp. 320 -- 21, also records 50 American killed - in - action, in contrast to Chidsey and Coburn 's 49. Jump up ^ French, pp. 2, 272 - 273. A controversial interpretation holds that the Battle of Point Pleasant on October 10, 1774 in what is now West Virginia was the initial military engagement of the Revolutionary War, and a 1908 United States Senate resolution designating it as such. However, few historians subscribe to this interpretation, even in West Virginia. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Captain Parker 's Company of Militia ''. The Lexington Minute Men. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12. Jump up ^ Emerson 's Concord Hymn Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 30 Jump up ^ Fred Anderson, A People 's Army, and John Shy, `` A New Look at Colonial Militias, '' pp. 29 -- 41 Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 51 Jump up ^ Journals of the House of Commons, Volume 35, February 6, 1775, p. 99 Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 75 -- 76 Jump up ^ French, pp. 23 - 28. Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 89 Jump up ^ Hafner discusses this incident in detail, noting how the story can be reconciled with other established facts. Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 85 Jump up ^ Tourtellot, p. 51 Jump up ^ Tourtellot, pp. 71 -- 72 ( colonists have intelligence in late March ) & p. 87 ( Gage receives instructions April 16 ) Jump up ^ Tourtellot, p. 70 Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 80 -- 85 Jump up ^ Moore, p. 62. Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 87. ^ Jump up to : Fischer, p. 96 Jump up ^ Paul Revere, Letter to Jeremy Belknap, January, 1798, and Paul Revere, Deposition, April, 1775. Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 97 Jump up ^ Paul Revere, Letter to Jeremy Belknap, January, 1798. Jump up ^ Paul Revere, Deposition of April, 1775. Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 138 -- 145 Jump up ^ Frothingham, p. 60 Jump up ^ Frothingham, p. 58 ^ Jump up to : Tourtellot, pp. 105 -- 107 Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 70, 121 Jump up ^ Tourtellot, pp. 109 -- 115 Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 127 -- 128 Jump up ^ The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army ( 1994 ) p. 122 Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 400 Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 158 Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 153 Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 151. Jump up ^ Tourtellot, A pp. 116 - 126. Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 43, 75 -- 86. Jump up ^ Galvin, pp. 120 - 124. Jump up ^ Coburn, p. 63 ^ Jump up to : Isaiah Thomas deposition Jump up ^ Tourtellot, p. 123 Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 189 -- 190 Jump up ^ Deposition of Elijah Sanderson, April 25, 1775 : `` I heard one of the Regulars, whom I took to be an officer, say ' damn them, we will have them ; ' and immediately the Regulars shouted aloud, run, and fired on the Lexington Company, which did not fire a gun before the Regulars discharged on them. '' Deposition of Thomas Price Willard, April 23, 1775 : `` Directly after this an officer rode before the Regulars to the other side of the body, and hallooed after the militia of said Lexington, and said ' Lay down your arms, damn you ; why do n't you lay down your arms? ' '' Deposition of John Robbins, April 25, 1775 : ``... I being in the front rank, there suddenly appeared a number of the King 's troops... at a distance of about sixty or seventy yards from us, huzzaing and on a quick pace toward us, with three officers in their front on horseback, and on full gallop towards us ; the foremost of which cried, ' Throw down you arms, ye villains, ye rebels ; ' upon which said ( Lexington ) Company dispersing, the foremost of the three officers ordered their men, saying ' Fire, by God, fire ; ' at which moment we received a very heavy and close fire from them ; '' Journals of the Continental Congress, May 11, 1775. Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 190 -- 191 Jump up ^ John Barker 's Diary, p. 32 Jump up ^ Chronology06. Motherbedford.com. Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 16. Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 193 Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 402 Jump up ^ Fischer discusses the shot on pp. 193 -- 194, with detailed footnotes on pp. 399 -- 403, in which he discusses some of the testimony in detail. Jump up ^ Urban, pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 194 -- 195 Jump up ^ Benjamin Quarles, p. 10. Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 198 -- 200 Jump up ^ Tourtellot, p. 152 Jump up ^ Tourtellot, p. 154 Jump up ^ Frothingham, p. 67 Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 215 Jump up ^ Fischer p. 207 Jump up ^ Martha Moulton deposition Jump up ^ Tourtellot, pp. 155 -- 158. In his orders to Lt. Col. Smith for the expedition, General Gage had explicitly instructed that `` you will take care that the soldiers do not plunder the inhabitants, or hurt private property. '' Jump up ^ French, p. 197 Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 208 Jump up ^ Robinson arrived earlier with several Westford Minutemen after he was alerted by rider at his home in Westford - David Hackett Fischer, Paul Revere 's Ride, Oxford, page 146. George E. Downey, A History of the First Parish of Westford, Town of Westford, 1975, page 27. Allen French, Historic Concord, Cambria, 1942, pages 66 and 68. Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 209 Jump up ^ A. Doolittle print of the Battle indicates this after interviews with eyewtiness accounts one month after the Battle Jump up ^ Rev. Joseph Thaxter from the United States Literary Gazette, Vol 1, page 264., `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05. Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23. CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) ( Letter by Minuteman at the Battle ), Concord resident and Witness of the battle Rev. Dr. Ripley in his published account of 1827, Hodgman, Rev. Edwin. History of the Town of Westford, 1659 -- 1883. Lowell : Morning Mail Co., 1883. Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 209 -- 212 Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 212 Jump up ^ French, General Gage 's Informers, p. 97. Laurie reported, `` I imagine myself that a man of my Company ( afterwards killed ) did first fire his piece, tho ' Mr. ( Lt. ) Sutherland has since assured me that the Country people fired first. '' Jump up ^ Concord resident and Witness of the battle Rev. Dr. Ripley in his published account of 1827, Hodgman, Rev. Edwin. History of the Town of Westford, 1659 -- 1883. Lowell : Morning Mail Co., 1883, French, Allen. The Day of Concord and Lexington. Boston : Little, Brown, 1925. ^ Jump up to : Tourtellot, pp. 165 -- 166 Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 214 ^ Jump up to : Rev. Joseph Thaxter Letter and news article from the United States Literary Gazette, Vol 1, page 264 ( Rev. Thaxter served as a Minuteman under Lt. Col. Robinson on the Concord Bridge, April 19, 1775 Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 214 -- 215 ^ Jump up to : Fischer, p. 216 Jump up ^ Tourtellot, pp. 166 -- 168 Jump up ^ Muster rolls for the militia and minute companies converging at this point are included in Coburn, pp. 7 - 35. However, as Coburn notes, these rolls are not a complete tally of the militiamen present, because some muster lists were either not submitted or have not been found in archives. Jump up ^ Both the British and the local militias were armed with smooth - bore muskets that had an effective range of aimed fire of only 80 - 100 yards ( 75 - 90 m ), although the musket ball could have serious effect at a greater distance, if it happened by chance to hit a person. There is no record that any soldiers on either side were armed with longer - range, more accurate rifles. Dr. Benjamin Church, a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and the Committee of Safety, informed General Gage in March, 1775, that the colonial militiamen `` from their adroitness in the habitual use of the firelock suppose themselves sure of their mark at a distance of 200 rods. '' Even if Church meant yards rather than rods ( 600 feet versus 3300 feet ), it is unclear whether he was profoundly ignorant of the capabilities of a musket, was exaggerating in order to mislead Gage ( as Church later claimed when accused of being a spy ), or was ridiculing the American militiamen. See Philbrick, p. 92, and French, p. 57 - 58. On whether Church was a spy, see French, Chapter V. Jump up ^ French, p. 219, and Lister, Concord Fight, being so much of the narrative of Ensign Jeremy Lister of the 10th regiment of foot. Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 408 -- 409. Fischer notes conflicting accounts of which militia companies were engaged at this point, and the number of militiamen. Jump up ^ Fischer notes on p. 409, `` This is not correctly called the Bloody Angle, an error term introduced after the Civil War that is both inaccurate and anachronistic. It has been used uncritically by many historians of the battle and is perpetuated by the National Park Service. '' The Interim Report of the Boston National Historic Sites Commission, submitted to Congress in 1958 in support of legislation that established the Minute Man National Historical Park, asserted that : `` Fittingly, this curving section of the road was soon to be named ' The Bloody Angle. ' '' ( p. 47 ; emphasis added ). However, there is no evidence that the term Bloody Angle was ever used by the battle participants or local residents following April 19, 1775, nor did historians use the term prior to the mid-20th century. See Boston National Historic Sites Commission, The Lexington - Concord Battle Road : Interim Report, June 16, 1958. Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 226 -- 227 Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 232. According to one British officer, ammunition had been wasted earlier in the day out of `` too great eagerness of the soldiers in the first action of a war. Most of them were young soldiers who had never been in action, and had been taught that every thing was to be effected by a quick firing. This ineffectual fire gave the rebels more confidence, as they soon found that notwithstanding there was so much ( firing ), they suffered but little from it. '' Lt. Frederick Mackenzie, 23rd Royal Welch Fusiliers, Diary of Frederick Mackenzie, in Allen French, editor, A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston, Cambridge, 1926. Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 410 -- 411. Fischer notes conflicting accounts about where this ambush -- now sometimes referred to as `` Parker 's Revenge '' -- took place, whether within Lincoln or Lexington. Jump up ^ Coburn, pp. 106 - 107 Jump up ^ Ensign Henry De Berniere, `` Report to General Gage on April 19, 1775, '' quoted in Fischer, pp. 231 - 232 Jump up ^ Lt. John Barker, The King 's Own Regiment, `` Diary of a British Soldier, '' Atlantic Monthly, April 1877, vol. 39 Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 232. Jump up ^ A remark in Lt. Col. Smith 's report to General Gage, dated April 22, 1775, is typical : `` Notwithstanding the enemy 's numbers, they did not make one gallant attempt during so long an action, though our men were so very fatigued, but ( instead ) kept under cover. '' Henry S. Commager, editor. Documents of American History, New York, 1948, p. 90 Jump up ^ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, ' ' Paul Revere 's Ride, ' ' 1861. Jump up ^ Lord Percy to General Harvey, April 20, 1775, in Charles Knowles Bolton, editor, Letters of Hugh Earl Percy, Boston, 1902. p. 52. Jump up ^ French, p. 228 Jump up ^ Frothingham, p. 178 Jump up ^ Tourtellot, pp. 184 -- 185 Jump up ^ Tourtellot, p. 185 Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 241 -- 242 Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 243 -- 244 Jump up ^ There are several versions of this story. See French, p. 230, and Samuel Abbot Smith, pp. 27 - 32. ^ Jump up to : Fischer, pp. 245 -- 246 ^ Jump up to : Fischer, pp. 250 -- 251 ^ Jump up to : Tourtellot, p. 203 ^ Jump up to : Fischer, p. 256 ^ Jump up to : Fischer, p. 258 Jump up ^ Tourtellot, p. 197 Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 257 Jump up ^ Hurd, p. 181 Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 258 -- 260 Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 261 Jump up ^ Brooks, p. 96 Jump up ^ McCullough, p. 35 Jump up ^ Frothingham, pp. 100 -- 101 Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 265 Jump up ^ Brooks, pp. 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ Journals of the Continental Congress, pp. 26 - 44. Images of the original depositions can be found at http://www.fold3.com/image/474129/ Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 275 -- 276 Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 263 Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 279 ^ Jump up to : Fischer, p. 280 Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 271 ^ Jump up to : Fischer, pp. 327 - 328 Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 329 Jump up ^ Napierkowski Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 331 -- 333 Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 336 -- 338 Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 340 -- 342 Jump up ^ Minuteman National Historical Park Things To Do Jump up ^ `` John Buttrick Memorial ''. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12. Jump up ^ American Battlefield Trust `` Saved Land '' webpage. Accessed May 22, 2018. Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 181st Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1981, pp. 354 -- 355. Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 182nd Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1981, pp. 355 -- 357. Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 101st Engineer Battalion Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 125th Quartermaster Company Archived 2012 - 08 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Massachusetts Legal Holidays Jump up ^ Maine Legal Holidays Jump up ^ Wisconsin School Observance Days Jump up ^ Concord Centennial Celebration Report Jump up ^ Scott 's United States Stamp Catalog : First Day Covers Jump up ^ Time Magazine, April 25, 1974 Jump up ^ New York Times on Ford 's appearance Jump up ^ The American Presidency Project. References Anderson, Fred ( 1984 ). A People 's Army : Massachusetts Soldiers & Society in the Seven Years War. Chapel Hill, NC : University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4576 - 9. Bradford, Charles H ( 1996 ). The Battle Road : Expedition to Lexington and Concord. Eastern National. ISBN 1 - 888213 - 01 - 9. Burke, Edmund ( 1775 ). Speech on Conciliation with the Colonies, March 22, 1775. Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 02. Chidsey, Donald Barr ( 1966 ). The Siege of Boston : An on - the - scene Account of the Beginning of the American Revolution. New York : Crown. OCLC 890813. Coburn, Frank Warren ( 1922 ). The Battle of April 19, 1775 : In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts : Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350. Dana, Elizabeth Ellery ( 1924 ). The British in Boston : Being the Diary of Lieutenant John Barker of the King 's Own Regiment from November 15, 1774 to May 31, 1776. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press. OCLC 3235993. Davis, Kenneth C. ( 2009 ). America 's Hidden History. London : Collins. ISBN 0 - 06 - 111819 - 2. Emerson, Ralph Waldo ( 1837 ). `` Emerson 's Concord Hymn ''. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 09. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02. Emerson, Ralph Waldo ; Curtis, George William ( 1875 ). Proceedings at the Centennial Celebration of Concord Fight, April 19, 1875. Town of Concord. OCLC 4363293. Evelyn, W. Glanville ( 1879 ). Memoirs and Letters of Captain W. Glanville Evelyn. Oxford : James Parker and Co. Fischer, David Hackett ( 1994 ). Paul Revere 's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0 - 19 - 508847 - 6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events. Ford, Gerald R. ( April 19, 1975 ). `` Remarks at the Old North Bridge, Concord, Massachusetts ''. The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22. French, Allen ( 1926 ). A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston. Harvard University Press. French, Allen ( 1925 ). The Day of Concord and Lexington. Boston : Little, Brown & Co. French, Allen ( 1932 ). General Gage 's Informers. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press. Frothingham, Jr, Richard ( 1903 ). History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. Little and Brown. OCLC 221368703. Galvin, Gen. John R. The Minute Men : The First Fight : Myths & Realities of the American Revolution, Pergamon - Brassey 's, Washington, D.C., 1989. ISBN 0 - 08 - 036733 - X. This book provides a military perspective on the battle and its leaders. Hafner, Donald L. ( 2006 ). `` The First Blood Shed in the Revolution ''. Boston College. Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 31. Hurd, Duane Hamilton ( 1890 ). History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, Volume 1 : With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men. J.W. Lewis & co. OCLC 2155461. Journals of the Continental Congress, Vol. II, May 10 - September 20, 1775. Washington, DC : Government Printing Office. 1905. Journals of the House of Commons, Volume 35. 1775. Kifner, John ( 20 April 1975 ). `` 160,000 Mark Two 1775 Battles ; Concord Protesters Jeer Ford ''. The New York Times. Lister, Jeremy ( 1931 ). Concord fight, being so much of the narrative of Ensign Jeremy Lister of the 10th regiment of foot as pertains to his services on the 19th of April, 1775, and to his experiences in Boston during the early months of the siege. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press. Massachusetts Provincial Congress ( 1775 ). A Narrative of the Excursion and Ravages of the King 's Troops. Worcester : Isaiah Thomas. Moore, Frank ( 1876 ). The Diary of the Revolution : A Centennial Volume. Hartford, CT : J.B. Burr Publishing. Morrissey, Brendan ( 1995 ). Boston 1775. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1 - 85532 - 362 - 1. Moulton, Martha. `` Martha Moulton 's testimony and reward, 4 Feb 1776 '' ( PDF ). National Park Service. Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 21. Napierkowski, Marie Rose ; Ruby, Mary K ( 1998 ). Poetry for Students : Presenting Analysis, Context and Criticism on Commonly Studied Poetry. Gale Research. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7876 - 2724 - 9. Philbrick, Nathaniel ( 2013 ). Bunker Hill. New York : Viking. ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02544 - 2. Quarles, Benjamin ( 1996 ). The Negro in the American Revolution. Chapel Hill, NC : University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4603 - 1. Raphael, Ray and Marie Raphael ( 2015 ). The Spirit of ' 74 : How the American Revolution Began. New York : New Press. Revere, Paul ( 1798 ). Letter to Jeremy Belknap of January, 1798. Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society. Revere, Paul ( 1775 ). Deposition of April 1775. Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society. Shy, John ( 1990 ). A People Numerous & Armed. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 06431 - 1. Sawicki, James A. ( 1981 ). Infantry Regiments of the US Army. Dumfries, VA : Wyvern Publications. ISBN 978 - 0 - 9602404 - 3 - 2. Smith, Samuel Abbot ( 1874 ). West Cambridge 1775. Arlington, MA : Arlington Historical Society. Tourtellot, Arthur B ( 1959 ). Lexington and Concord. New York : Norton. ISBN 0 - 393 - 00194 - 6. Urban, Mark ( 2007 ). Fusiliers : Eight Years with the Red Coats in America. London : Faber and Faber. ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 22486 - 9. OCLC 153556036. `` Maine Legal Holidays ''. Human Resources Policy and Practices Manual. Maine Bureau of Human Resources. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25. `` Massachusetts Legal Holidays ''. Citizen Information Service. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25. `` Minute Man NHP Things To Do ''. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03. `` NPS Museum Collections `` American Revolutionary War '' : Riflemen ``. Valley Forge National Historical Park. National Park Service Museum Collections. Archived from the original on 24 May 2007. Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 19. `` Time Magazine, April 25, 1975 ''. Time Magazine. 1975 - 04 - 25. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04. `` Wisconsin Public School Observance Days ''. Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25. Further reading Greenwalt, Phillip S., and Robert Orrison. A Single Blow : The Battles of Lexington and Concord and the Beginning of the American Revolution, April 19, 1775. Emerging Revolutionary War Series. El Dorado Hills, CA : Savas Beatie, 2018. ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 379 - 9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battles of Lexington and Concord. Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Battles of Lexington and Concord. National Park Service site for Minute Man National Historical Park Buckman Tavern -- Lexington Historical Society Why We Remember Lexington and Concord and the 19th of April Rescued cannon returns to Concord Battles of Lexington and Concord Articles about the Concord Fight in Concord Magazine Animated History of the Battles of Lexington and Concord Concord Massachusetts Merriam 's Corner `` Colonial towns, by the numbers ''. Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 13. Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25. Facts and figures on Acton, Bedford, Concord and Lexington of the period, including the rosters of the towns ' Minute Men and Militia Statements of American combatants at Lexington and Concord contained in supplement `` Official Papers Concerning the Skirmishes at Lexington and Concord '' to The Military Journals of Private Soldiers, 1758 -- 1775, by Abraham Tomlinson for the Poughkeepsie, NY museum, 1855. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord&oldid=861660230 '' Categories : 1775 in the Thirteen Colonies Conflicts in 1775 Battles of the American Revolutionary War Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving the United States Massachusetts in the American Revolution Concord, Massachusetts Lexington, Massachusetts Arlington, Massachusetts Lincoln, Massachusetts Cambridge, Massachusetts 1775 in Massachusetts Military history of New England Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2018, at 02 : 05 ( UTC ). 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{ "text": "Cold War - wikipedia Cold War This article is about the state of political tension from 1947 -- 1991. For the current state of political tension, see Cold War II. For other uses, see Cold War ( disambiguation ). `` Cold warrior '' redirects here. For other uses, see Cold warrior ( disambiguation ). The Cold War ( 1947 -- 1991 ) East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, 1961 ; The Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project crew, 1975 ; Shootdown of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 on 1 September 1983, one of the tensest moments of the Cold War ; During the Cold War, the US conducted around 1,054 nuclear tests by official count, between 1945 and 1992 ; The fall of the Berlin Wall, 1989 ; Tanks in Red Square during the August Coup, four months before the USSR collapse, 1991. The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc ( the Soviet Union and its satellite states ) and powers in the Western Bloc ( the United States, its NATO allies and others ). Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine, a U.S. foreign policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism, was announced, and either 1989, when communism fell in Eastern Europe, or 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed. The term `` cold '' is used because there was no large - scale fighting directly between the two sides, but they each supported major regional wars known as proxy wars. The Cold War split the temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the Soviet Union and the United States as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences. The USSR was a Marxist -- Leninist state led by its Communist Party, which in turn was dominated by a leader with different titles over time, and a small committee called the Politburo. The Party controlled the press, the military, the economy and many organizations. It also controlled the other states in the Eastern Bloc, and funded Communist parties around the world, sometimes in competition with Communist China, particularly following the Sino - Soviet split of the 1960s. In opposition stood the capitalist West, led by the United States, a federal republic with a two - party presidential system. The First World nations of the Western Bloc were generally liberal democratic with a free press and independent organizations, but were economically and politically entwined with a network of banana republics and other authoritarian regimes throughout the Third World, most of which were the Western Bloc 's former colonies. Some major Cold War frontlines such as Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Congo were still Western colonies in 1947. A neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement, which sought good relations with both sides. The two superpowers never engaged directly in full - scale armed combat, but they were heavily armed in preparation for a possible all - out nuclear world war. Each side had a nuclear strategy that discouraged an attack by the other side, on the basis that such an attack would lead to the total destruction of the attacker -- the doctrine of mutually assured destruction ( MAD ). Aside from the development of the two sides ' nuclear arsenals, and their deployment of conventional military forces, the struggle for dominance was expressed via proxy wars around the globe, psychological warfare, massive propaganda campaigns and espionage, far - reaching embargos, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitions such as the Space Race. The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945. The USSR consolidated its control over the states of the Eastern Bloc, while the United States began a strategy of global containment to challenge Soviet power, extending military and financial aid to the countries of Western Europe ( for example, supporting the anti-communist side in the Greek Civil War ) and creating the NATO alliance. The Berlin Blockade ( 1948 -- 49 ) was the first major crisis of the Cold War. With the victory of the communist side in the Chinese Civil War and the outbreak of the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ), the conflict expanded. The USSR and the USA competed for influence in Latin America and the decolonizing states of Africa and Asia. The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was stopped by the Soviets. The expansion and escalation sparked more crises, such as the Suez Crisis ( 1956 ), the Berlin Crisis of 1961, and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Meanwhile, an international peace movement took root and grew among citizens around the world, first in Japan from 1954, when people became concerned about nuclear weapons testing, but soon also in Europe and the US. The peace movement, and in particular the anti-nuclear movement, gained pace and popularity from the late 1950s and early 1960s, and continued to grow through the ' 70s and ' 80s with large protest marches, demonstrations and various non-parliamentary activism opposing war and calling for global nuclear disarmament. Following the Cuban Missile Crisis, a new phase began that saw the Sino - Soviet split complicate relations within the communist sphere, while US allies, particularly France, demonstrated greater independence of action. The USSR crushed the 1968 Prague Spring liberalization program in Czechoslovakia, and the Vietnam War ( 1955 -- 75 ) ended with the defeat of the US - backed Republic of Vietnam, prompting further adjustments. By the 1970s, both sides had become interested in making allowances in order to create a more stable and predictable international system, ushering in a period of détente that saw Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the US opening relations with the People 's Republic of China as a strategic counterweight to the Soviet Union. Détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet -- Afghan War in 1979. The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension, with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 ( 1983 ), and the `` Able Archer '' NATO military exercises ( 1983 ). The United States increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation. On 12 June 1982, a million protesters gathered in Central Park, New York to call for an end to the Cold War arms race and nuclear weapons in particular. In the mid-1980s, the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the liberalizing reforms of perestroika ( `` reorganization '', 1987 ) and glasnost ( `` openness '', c. 1985 ) and ended Soviet involvement in Afghanistan. Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe, especially Poland. Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past. The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully ( with the exception of the Romanian Revolution ) overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central and Eastern Europe. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991. This in turn led to the formal dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse of communist regimes in other countries such as Mongolia, Cambodia and South Yemen. The United States remained as the world 's only superpower. The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy. It is often referred to in popular culture, especially in media featuring themes of espionage ( notably the internationally successful James Bond book and film franchise ) and the threat of nuclear warfare. Meanwhile, a renewed state of tension between the Soviet Union 's successor state, Russia, and the United States in the 2010s ( including its Western allies ) has been referred to as the Second Cold War. Contents 1 Origins of the term 2 Background 2.1 Russian Revolution 2.2 Beginnings of World War II 3 End of World War II ( 1945 -- 1947 ) 3.1 Wartime conferences regarding post-war Europe 3.2 Potsdam Conference and surrender of Japan 3.3 Beginnings of the Eastern Bloc 3.4 Preparing for a `` new war '' 4 Beginnings of the Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) 4.1 Containment and the Truman Doctrine 4.2 Marshall Plan and Czechoslovak coup d'état 4.3 Cominform and the Tito -- Stalin Split 4.4 Berlin Blockade and airlift 4.5 Beginnings of NATO and Radio Free Europe 4.6 Chinese Civil War and SEATO 4.7 Korean War 5 Crisis and escalation ( 1953 -- 1962 ) 5.1 Khrushchev, Eisenhower and de-Stalinization 5.2 Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution 5.3 Berlin ultimatum and European integration 5.4 Competition in the Third World 5.5 Sino - Soviet split 5.6 Space Race 5.7 Cuban Revolution and the Bay of Pigs Invasion 5.8 Berlin Crisis of 1961 5.9 Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev 's ouster 6 Confrontation through détente ( 1962 -- 1979 ) 6.1 French withdrawal from NATO 6.2 Invasion of Czechoslovakia 6.3 Brezhnev Doctrine 6.4 Third World escalations 6.5 Sino - American rapprochement 6.6 Nixon, Brezhnev, and détente 6.7 Late 1970s deterioration of relations 7 `` Second Cold War '' ( 1979 -- 1985 ) 7.1 Soviet War in Afghanistan 7.2 Reagan and Thatcher 7.3 Polish Solidarity movement and martial law 7.4 Soviet and US military and economic issues 8 Final years ( 1985 -- 1991 ) 8.1 Gorbachev 's reforms 8.2 Thaw in relations 8.3 Eastern Europe breaks away 8.4 Soviet republics break away 8.5 Soviet dissolution 9 Aftermath 9.1 In popular culture 10 Historiography 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References and further reading 13.1 Historiography and memory 13.2 Primary sources 14 External links Origins of the term Part of a series on the History of the Cold War Origins of the Cold War World War II ( Hiroshima and Nagasaki ) War conferences Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Iron Curtain Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Cold War ( 1953 -- 1962 ) Cold War ( 1962 -- 1979 ) Cold War ( 1979 -- 1985 ) Cold War ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Frozen conflicts Timeline Conflicts Historiography Cold War II Main article : Cold war ( general term ) At the end of World War II, English writer George Orwell used cold war, as a general term, in his essay `` You and the Atomic Bomb '', published 19 October 1945 in the British newspaper Tribune. Contemplating a world living in the shadow of the threat of nuclear warfare, Orwell looked at James Burnham 's predictions of a polarized world, writing : Looking at the world as a whole, the drift for many decades has been not towards anarchy but towards the reimposition of slavery... James Burnham 's theory has been much discussed, but few people have yet considered its ideological implications -- that is, the kind of world - view, the kind of beliefs, and the social structure that would probably prevail in a state which was at once unconquerable and in a permanent state of `` cold war '' with its neighbours. In The Observer of 10 March 1946, Orwell wrote, `` after the Moscow conference last December, Russia began to make a ' cold war ' on Britain and the British Empire. '' The first use of the term to describe the specific post-war geopolitical confrontation between the USSR and the United States came in a speech by Bernard Baruch, an influential advisor to Democratic presidents, on 16 April 1947. The speech, written by journalist Herbert Bayard Swope, proclaimed, `` Let us not be deceived : we are today in the midst of a cold war. '' Newspaper columnist Walter Lippmann gave the term wide currency with his book The Cold War ; when asked in 1947 about the source of the term, Lippmann traced it to a French term from the 1930s, la guerre froide. Background Main article : Origins of the Cold War Russian Revolution Allied troops in Vladivostok, August 1918, during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War. While most historians trace its origins to the period immediately following World War II, others argue that it began with the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 when the Bolsheviks took power. In 1919 Lenin stated that his new state was surrounded by a `` hostile capitalist encirclement '', and he viewed diplomacy as a weapon that should be used in order to keep the Soviet Union 's enemies divided, beginning with the establishment of the Communist International, which called for revolutionary upheavals abroad. Historian Max Beloff argues that the Soviets saw `` no prospect of permanent peace '', with the 1922 Soviet Constitution proclaiming : Since the time of the formation of the soviet republics, the states of the world have divided into two camps : the camp of capitalism and the camp of socialism. There - in the camp of capitalism - national enmity and inequality, colonial slavery, and chauvinism, national oppression and pogroms, imperialist brutalities and wars. Here - in the camp of socialism - mutual confidence and peace, national freedom and equality, a dwelling together in peace and the brotherly collaboration of peoples. According to British historian Christopher Sutton : In what some have called the First Cold War, from Britain 's intervention in the Russian Civil War in 1918 to its uneasy alliance with the Soviet Union against the Axis powers in 1941, British distrust of the revolutionary and regicidal Bolsheviks resulted in domestic, foreign, and colonial policies aimed at resisting the spread of communism. This conflict after 1945 took on new battlefields, new weapons, new players, and a greater intensity, but it was still fundamentally a conflict against Soviet imperialism ( real and imagined ). The idea of long - term continuity is a minority scholarly view that has been challenged. Frank Ninkovich writes : As for the two cold wars thesis, the chief problem is that the two periods are incommensurable. To be sure, they were joined together by enduring ideological hostility, but in the post-World War I years Bolshevism was not a geopolitical menace. After World War II, in contrast, the Soviet Union was a superpower that combined ideological antagonism with the kind of geopolitical threat posed by Germany and Japan in the Second World War. Even with more amicable relations in the 1920s, it is conceivable that post-1945 relations would have turned out much the same. Beginnings of World War II After signing the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact and German -- Soviet Frontier Treaty, the Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries -- Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania -- to allow it to station Soviet troops in their countries under pacts of `` mutual assistance ''. Finland rejected territorial demands, prompting a Soviet invasion in November 1939. The resulting Winter War ended in March 1940 with Finnish concessions. Britain and France, treating the Soviet attack on Finland as tantamount to its entering the war on the side of the Germans, responded to the Soviet invasion by supporting the USSR 's expulsion from the League of Nations. In June 1940, the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, and the disputed Romanian regions of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and Hertza. But after the German Army invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 and the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the Soviet Union and the Allied powers formed an alliance of convenience. Britain signed a formal alliance and the United States made an informal agreement. In wartime, the United States supplied Britain, the Soviet Union and other Allied nations through its Lend - Lease Program. However, Stalin remained highly suspicious and he believed that the British and the Americans had conspired to ensure that the Soviets bore the brunt of the fighting against Nazi Germany. According to this view, the Western Allies had deliberately delayed opening a second anti-German front in order to step in at the last minute and shape the peace settlement. Thus, Soviet perceptions of the West left a strong undercurrent of tension and hostility between the Allied powers. End of World War II ( 1945 -- 1947 ) Wartime CONFERENCES regarding post-war Europe Further information : Tehran Conference and Yalta Conference The `` Big Three '' at the Yalta Conference : Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin, 1945. The Allies disagreed about how the European map should look, and how borders would be drawn, following the war. Each side held dissimilar ideas regarding the establishment and maintenance of post-war security. Some scholars contend that all the Western Allies desired a security system in which democratic governments were established as widely as possible, permitting countries to peacefully resolve differences through international organizations. Others note that the Atlantic powers were divided in their vision of the new post-war world. Roosevelt 's goals -- military victory in both Europe and Asia, the achievement of global American economic supremacy over the British Empire, and the creation of a world peace organization -- were more global than Churchill 's, which were mainly centered on securing control over the Mediterranean, ensuring the survival of the British Empire, and the independence of Central and Eastern European countries as a buffer between the Soviets and the United Kingdom. The Soviet Union sought to dominate the internal affairs of countries that bordered it. During the war, Stalin had created special training centers for communists from different countries so that they could set up secret police forces loyal to Moscow as soon as the Red Army took control. Soviet agents took control of the media, especially radio ; they quickly harassed and then banned all independent civic institutions, from youth groups to schools, churches and rival political parties. Stalin also sought continued peace with Britain and the United States, hoping to focus on internal reconstruction and economic growth. In the American view, Stalin seemed a potential ally in accomplishing their goals, whereas in the British approach Stalin appeared as the greatest threat to the fulfillment of their agenda. With the Soviets already occupying most of Central and Eastern Europe, Stalin was at an advantage and the two western leaders vied for his favors. The differences between Roosevelt and Churchill led to several separate deals with the Soviets. In October 1944, Churchill traveled to Moscow and proposed the `` percentages agreement '' to divide the Balkans into respective spheres of influence, including giving Stalin predominance over Romania and Bulgaria and Churchill carte blanche over Greece. At the Yalta Conference of February 1945, Roosevelt signed a separate deal with Stalin in regard of Asia and refused to support Churchill on the issues of Poland and the Reparations. Roosevelt ultimately approved the percentage agreement, but there was still apparently no firm consensus on the framework for a post-war settlement in Europe. Post-war Allied occupation zones in Germany. At the Second Quebec Conference, a high - level military conference held in Quebec City, 12 -- 16 September 1944, Churchill and Roosevelt reached agreement on a number of matters, including a plan for Germany, based on Henry Morgenthau Jr. 's original proposal. The memorandum drafted by Churchill provided for `` eliminating the warmaking industries in the Ruhr and the Saar... looking forward to converting Germany into a country primarily agricultural and pastoral in its character. '' However, it no longer included a plan to partition the country into several independent states. On 10 May 1945, President Truman signed the U.S. occupation directive JCS 1067. The directive, which was in effect for over two years, and was enthusiastically supported by Stalin, directed the U.S. forces of occupation to ``... take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany ''. Some historians have argued that the Cold War began when the US negotiated a separate peace with Nazi SS General Karl Wolff in northern Italy. The Soviet Union was not allowed to participate and the dispute led to heated correspondence between Franklin Roosevelt and Stalin. General Wolff, a war criminal, appears to have been guaranteed immunity at the Nuremberg trials by Office of Strategic Services ( OSS ) commander ( and later CIA director ) Allen Dulles when they met in March 1945. Wolff and his forces were being considered to help implement Operation Unthinkable, a secret plan to invade the Soviet Union which Winston Churchill advocated during this period. In April 1945, President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Harry S. Truman, who distrusted Stalin and turned for advice to an elite group of foreign policy intellectuals. Both Churchill and Truman opposed, among other things, the Soviets ' decision to prop up the Lublin government, the Soviet - controlled rival to the Polish government - in - exile in London, whose relations with the Soviets had been severed. Following the Allies ' May 1945 victory, the Soviets effectively occupied Central and Eastern Europe, while strong US and Western allied forces remained in Western Europe. In Germany and Austria, France, Britain, the Soviet Union and the United States established zones of occupation and a loose framework for parceled four - power control. The 1945 Allied conference in San Francisco established the multi-national United Nations ( UN ) for the maintenance of world peace, but the enforcement capacity of its Security Council was effectively paralyzed by individual members ' ability to use veto power. Accordingly, the UN was essentially converted into an inactive forum for exchanging polemical rhetoric, and the Soviets regarded it almost exclusively as a propaganda tribune. Potsdam Conference and surrender of Japan Main articles : Potsdam Conference and Surrender of Japan Clement Attlee, Harry S. Truman and Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference, 1945. At the Potsdam Conference, which started in late July after Germany 's surrender, serious differences emerged over the future development of Germany and the rest of Central and Eastern Europe. Moreover, the participants ' mounting antipathy and bellicose language served to confirm their suspicions about each other 's hostile intentions and entrench their positions. At this conference Truman informed Stalin that the United States possessed a powerful new weapon. Stalin was aware that the Americans were working on the atomic bomb and, given that the Soviets ' own rival program was in place, he reacted to the news calmly. The Soviet leader said he was pleased by the news and expressed the hope that the weapon would be used against Japan. One week after the end of the Potsdam Conference, the US bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Shortly after the attacks, Stalin protested to US officials when Truman offered the Soviets little real influence in occupied Japan. Beginnings of the Eastern Bloc Main article : Eastern Bloc Further information : Post -- World War II economic expansion Post-war territorial changes in Europe and the formation of the Eastern Bloc, the so - called ' Iron Curtain '. During the opening stages of World War II, the Soviet Union laid the foundation for the Eastern Bloc by invading and then annexing several countries as Soviet Socialist Republics, by agreement with Nazi Germany in the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact. These included eastern Poland ( incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR ), Latvia ( which became the Latvian SSR ), Estonia ( which became the Estonian SSR ), Lithuania ( which became the Lithuanian SSR ), part of eastern Finland ( which became the Karelo - Finnish SSR ) and eastern Romania ( which became the Moldavian SSR ). The Central and Eastern European territories liberated from the Nazis and occupied by the Soviet armed forces were added to the Eastern Bloc by converting them into satellite states, such as : People 's Republic of Albania ( 11 January 1946 ) People 's Republic of Bulgaria ( 15 September 1946 ) Polish People 's Republic ( 19 January 1947 ) People 's Republic of Romania ( 13 April 1948 ) Czechoslovak Socialist Republic ( 9 May 1948 ) Hungarian People 's Republic ( 20 August 1949 ) German Democratic Republic ( 7 October 1949 ) The Soviet - style regimes that arose in the Bloc not only reproduced Soviet command economies, but also adopted the brutal methods employed by Joseph Stalin and the Soviet secret police in order to suppress both real and potential opposition. In Asia, the Red Army had overrun Manchuria in the last month of the war, and it went on to occupy the large swathe of Korean territory located north of the 38th parallel. As part of consolidating Stalin 's control over the Eastern Bloc, the People 's Commissariat for Internal Affairs ( NKVD ), led by Lavrentiy Beriya, supervised the establishment of Soviet - style secret police systems in the Bloc that were supposed to crush anti-communist resistance. When the slightest stirrings of independence emerged in the Bloc, Stalin 's strategy matched that of dealing with domestic pre-war rivals : they were removed from power, put on trial, imprisoned, and in several instances, executed. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was concerned that, given the enormous size of Soviet forces deployed in Europe at the end of the war, and the perception that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin was unreliable, there existed a Soviet threat to Western Europe. After World War II, US officials guided Western European leaders in establishing their own secret security force to prevent subversion in the Western bloc, which evolved into Operation Gladio. Preparing for a `` new War '' Further information : X Article § The Long Telegram, Iron Curtain, and Restatement of Policy on Germany Remains of the `` iron curtain '' in Czech Republic. In February 1946, George F. Kennan 's `` Long Telegram '' from Moscow helped to articulate the US government 's increasingly hard line against the Soviets, and became the basis for US strategy toward the Soviet Union for the duration of the Cold War. That September, the Soviet side produced the Novikov telegram, sent by the Soviet ambassador to the US but commissioned and `` co-authored '' by Vyacheslav Molotov ; it portrayed the US as being in the grip of monopoly capitalists who were building up military capability `` to prepare the conditions for winning world supremacy in a new war ''. On 6 September 1946, James F. Byrnes delivered a speech in Germany repudiating the Morgenthau Plan ( a proposal to partition and de-industrialize post-war Germany ) and warning the Soviets that the US intended to maintain a military presence in Europe indefinitely. As Byrnes admitted a month later, `` The nub of our program was to win the German people... it was a battle between us and Russia over minds... '' A few weeks after the release of this `` Long Telegram '', former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill delivered his famous `` Iron Curtain '' speech in Fulton, Missouri. The speech called for an Anglo - American alliance against the Soviets, whom he accused of establishing an `` iron curtain '' from `` Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic ''. Only a week later, on 13 March Stalin responded vigorously to the speech, saying that Churchill could be compared to Hitler insofar as he advocated the racial superiority of English - speaking nations so that they could satisfy their hunger for world domination, and that such a declaration was `` a call for war on the U.S.S.R. '' The Soviet leader also dismissed the accusation that the USSR was exerting increasing control over the countries lying in its sphere. He argued that there was nothing surprising in `` the fact that the Soviet Union, anxious for its future safety, ( was ) trying to see to it that governments loyal in their attitude to the Soviet Union should exist in these countries ''. 1 Beginnings of the Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Containment and the Truman Doctrine Main articles : Containment and Truman Doctrine European military alliances European economic alliances By 1947, US president Harry S. Truman was outraged by the Soviet Union 's perceived resistance to American demands in Iran, Turkey and Greece, as well as their rejection of the Baruch Plan on nuclear weapons. In February 1947, the British government announced that it could no longer afford to finance the Kingdom of Greece in its civil war against Communist - led insurgents. The US government 's response to this announcement was the adoption of containment, the goal of which was to stop the spread of Communism. Truman delivered a speech that called for the allocation of $400 million to intervene in the war and unveiled the Truman Doctrine, which framed the conflict as a contest between free peoples and totalitarian regimes. American policymakers accused the Soviet Union of conspiring against the Greek royalists in an effort to expand Soviet influence even though Stalin had told the Communist Party to cooperate with the British - backed government. ( The insurgents were helped by Josip Broz Tito 's Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia against Stalin 's wishes. ) Enunciation of the Truman Doctrine marked the beginning of a US bipartisan defense and foreign policy consensus between Republicans and Democrats focused on containment and deterrence that weakened during and after the Vietnam War, but ultimately persisted thereafter. Moderate and conservative parties in Europe, as well as social democrats, gave virtually unconditional support to the Western alliance, while European and American Communists, financed by the KGB and involved in its intelligence operations, adhered to Moscow 's line, although dissent began to appear after 1956. Other critiques of the consensus policy came from anti-Vietnam War activists, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and the anti-nuclear movement. Marshall Plan and czechoslovak coup d'état Main articles : Marshall Plan, Western Bloc, and 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état The labeling used on Marshall Plan aid to Western Europe ; Map of Cold - War era Europe and the Near East showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid. The red columns show the relative amount of total aid received per nation ; Construction in West Berlin under Marshall Plan aid. In early 1947, France, Britain and the United States unsuccessfully attempted to reach an agreement with the Soviet Union for a plan envisioning an economically self - sufficient Germany, including a detailed accounting of the industrial plants, goods and infrastructure already removed by the Soviets. In June 1947, in accordance with the Truman Doctrine, the United States enacted the Marshall Plan, a pledge of economic assistance for all European countries willing to participate, including the Soviet Union. Under the plan, which President Harry S. Truman signed on 3 April 1948, the US government gave to Western European countries over $13 billion ( equivalent to $189.39 billion in 2016 ) to rebuild the economy of Europe. Later, the program led to the creation of the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation. The plan 's aim was to rebuild the democratic and economic systems of Europe and to counter perceived threats to Europe 's balance of power, such as communist parties seizing control through revolutions or elections. The plan also stated that European prosperity was contingent upon German economic recovery. One month later, Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947, creating a unified Department of Defense, the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ), and the National Security Council ( NSC ). These would become the main bureaucracies for US policy in the Cold War. Stalin believed that economic integration with the West would allow Eastern Bloc countries to escape Soviet control, and that the US was trying to buy a pro-US re-alignment of Europe. Stalin therefore prevented Eastern Bloc nations from receiving Marshall Plan aid. The Soviet Union 's alternative to the Marshall Plan, which was purported to involve Soviet subsidies and trade with central and eastern Europe, became known as the Molotov Plan ( later institutionalized in January 1949 as the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ). Stalin was also fearful of a reconstituted Germany ; his vision of a post-war Germany did not include the ability to rearm or pose any kind of threat to the Soviet Union. In early 1948, following reports of strengthening `` reactionary elements '', Soviet operatives executed a coup d'état in Czechoslovakia, the only Eastern Bloc state that the Soviets had permitted to retain democratic structures. The public brutality of the coup shocked Western powers more than any event up to that point, set in a motion a brief scare that war would occur and swept away the last vestiges of opposition to the Marshall Plan in the United States Congress. The twin policies of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan led to billions in economic and military aid for Western Europe, Greece, and Turkey. With the US assistance, the Greek military won its civil war. Under the leadership of Alcide De Gasperi the Italian Christian Democrats defeated the powerful Communist - Socialist alliance in the elections of 1948. At the same time there was increased intelligence and espionage activity, Eastern Bloc defections and diplomatic expulsions. Cominform and the Tito -- Stalin split Main articles : Cominform and Tito -- Stalin Split In September 1947, the Soviets created Cominform, the purpose of which was to enforce orthodoxy within the international communist movement and tighten political control over Soviet satellites through coordination of communist parties in the Eastern Bloc. Cominform faced an embarrassing setback the following June, when the Tito -- Stalin Split obliged its members to expel Yugoslavia, which remained communist but adopted a non-aligned position. Berlin Blockade and airlift Main article : Berlin Blockade C - 47s unloading at Tempelhof Airport in Berlin during the Berlin Blockade. The United States and Britain merged their western German occupation zones into `` Bizonia '' ( 1 January 1947, later `` Trizonia '' with the addition of France 's zone, April 1949 ). As part of the economic rebuilding of Germany, in early 1948, representatives of a number of Western European governments and the United States announced an agreement for a merger of western German areas into a federal governmental system. In addition, in accordance with the Marshall Plan, they began to re-industrialize and rebuild the German economy, including the introduction of a new Deutsche Mark currency to replace the old Reichsmark currency that the Soviets had debased. Shortly thereafter, Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade ( 24 June 1948 -- 12 May 1949 ), one of the first major crises of the Cold War, preventing food, materials and supplies from arriving in West Berlin. The United States, Britain, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and several other countries began the massive `` Berlin airlift '', supplying West Berlin with food and other provisions. The Soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the policy change. Once again the East Berlin communists attempted to disrupt the Berlin municipal elections ( as they had done in the 1946 elections ), which were held on 5 December 1948 and produced a turnout of 86.3 % and an overwhelming victory for the non-communist parties. The results effectively divided the city into East and West versions of its former self. 300,000 Berliners demonstrated and urged the international airlift to continue, and US Air Force pilot Gail Halvorsen created `` Operation Vittles '', which supplied candy to German children. In May 1949, Stalin backed down and lifted the blockade. In 1952, Stalin repeatedly proposed a plan to unify East and West Germany under a single government chosen in elections supervised by the United Nations if the new Germany were to stay out of Western military alliances, but this proposal was turned down by the Western powers. Some sources dispute the sincerity of the proposal. Beginnings of NATO and Radio Free Europe Main articles : NATO, Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty, and Eastern Bloc media and propaganda President Truman signs the North Atlantic Treaty with guests in the Oval Office. Britain, France, the United States, Canada and other eight western European countries signed the North Atlantic Treaty of April 1949, establishing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ). That August, the first Soviet atomic device was detonated in Semipalatinsk, Kazakh SSR. Following Soviet refusals to participate in a German rebuilding effort set forth by western European countries in 1948, the US, Britain and France spearheaded the establishment of West Germany from the three Western zones of occupation in April 1949. The Soviet Union proclaimed its zone of occupation in Germany the German Democratic Republic that October. Media in the Eastern Bloc was an organ of the state, completely reliant on and subservient to the communist party, with radio and television organizations being state - owned, while print media was usually owned by political organizations, mostly by the local communist party. Soviet propaganda used Marxist philosophy to attack capitalism, claiming labor exploitation and war - mongering imperialism were inherent in the system. Along with the broadcasts of the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) and the Voice of America to Central and Eastern Europe, a major propaganda effort begun in 1949 was Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty, dedicated to bringing about the peaceful demise of the communist system in the Eastern Bloc. Radio Free Europe attempted to achieve these goals by serving as a surrogate home radio station, an alternative to the controlled and party - dominated domestic press. Radio Free Europe was a product of some of the most prominent architects of America 's early Cold War strategy, especially those who believed that the Cold War would eventually be fought by political rather than military means, such as George F. Kennan. American policymakers, including Kennan and John Foster Dulles, acknowledged that the Cold War was in its essence a war of ideas. The United States, acting through the CIA, funded a long list of projects to counter the communist appeal among intellectuals in Europe and the developing world. The CIA also covertly sponsored a domestic propaganda campaign called Crusade for Freedom. In the early 1950s, the US worked for the rearmament of West Germany and, in 1955, secured its full membership of NATO. In May 1953, Beria, by then in a government post, had made an unsuccessful proposal to allow the reunification of a neutral Germany to prevent West Germany 's incorporation into NATO. Chinese Civil War and SEATO Main articles : Chinese Civil War and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin in Moscow, December 1949. In 1949, Mao Zedong 's People 's Liberation Army defeated Chiang Kai - shek 's United States - backed Kuomintang ( KMT ) Nationalist Government in China, and the Soviet Union promptly created an alliance with the newly formed People 's Republic of China. According to Norwegian historian Odd Arne Westad, the communists won the Civil War because they made fewer military mistakes than Chiang Kai - Shek made, and because in his search for a powerful centralized government, Chiang antagonized too many interest groups in China. Moreover, his party was weakened during the war against Japan. Meanwhile, the communists told different groups, such as the peasants, exactly what they wanted to hear, and they cloaked themselves under the cover of Chinese nationalism. Chiang and his KMT government retreated to the island of Taiwan. Confronted with the communist revolution in China and the end of the American atomic monopoly in 1949, the Truman administration quickly moved to escalate and expand its containment policy. In NSC 68, a secret 1950 document, the National Security Council proposed to reinforce pro-Western alliance systems and quadruple spending on defense. United States officials moved thereafter to expand containment into Asia, Africa, and Latin America, in order to counter revolutionary nationalist movements, often led by communist parties financed by the USSR, fighting against the restoration of Europe 's colonial empires in South - East Asia and elsewhere. In the early 1950s ( a period sometimes known as the `` Pactomania '' ), the US formalized a series of alliances with Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand and the Philippines ( notably ANZUS in 1951 and SEATO in 1954 ), thereby guaranteeing the United States a number of long - term military bases. Korean War Main article : Korean War U.S. Marines engaged in street fighting during the liberation of Seoul, September 1950. One of the more significant examples of the implementation of containment was US intervention in the Korean War. In June 1950, Kim Il - sung 's North Korean People 's Army invaded South Korea. Stalin approved and sent advisers to plan the North Korean invasion. To Stalin 's surprise, the UN Security Council backed the defense of South Korea, though the Soviets were then boycotting meetings in protest that Taiwan and not Communist China held a permanent seat on the Council. A UN force of personnel from South Korea, the United States, the United Kingdom, Turkey, Canada, Colombia, Australia, France, South Africa, the Philippines, the Netherlands, Belgium, New Zealand and other countries joined to stop the invasion. General Douglas MacArthur, UN Command CiC ( seated ), observes the naval shelling of Incheon from the USS Mt. McKinley, 15 September 1950. Among other effects, the Korean War galvanised NATO to develop a military structure. Public opinion in countries involved, such as Great Britain, was divided for and against the war. Many feared an escalation into a general war with Communist China, and even nuclear war. The strong opposition to the war often strained Anglo - American relations. For these reasons British officials sought a speedy end to the conflict, hoping to unite Korea under United Nations auspices and withdrawal of all foreign forces. Even though the Chinese and North Koreans were exhausted by the war and were prepared to end it by late 1952, Stalin insisted that they continue fighting, and the Armistice was approved only in July 1953, after Stalin 's death. North Korean leader Kim Il Sung created a highly centralized, totalitarian dictatorship -- which continues to date -- according himself unlimited power and generating a formidable cult of personality. In the South, the American - backed strongman Syngman Rhee ran a significantly less brutal but deeply corrupt and authoritarian regime. After Rhee was overthrown in 1960, South Korea fell within a year under a period of military rule that lasted until the re-establishment of a multi-party system in the late 1980s. Crisis and escalation ( 1953 -- 1962 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1953 -- 1962 ) NATO and Warsaw Pact troop strengths in Europe in 1959. Khrushchev, Eisenhower and de-Stalinization In 1953, changes in political leadership on both sides shifted the dynamic of the Cold War. Dwight D. Eisenhower was inaugurated president that January. During the last 18 months of the Truman administration, the American defense budget had quadrupled, and Eisenhower moved to reduce military spending by a third while continuing to fight the Cold War effectively. After the death of Joseph Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev became the Soviet leader following the deposition and execution of Lavrentiy Beria and the pushing aside of rivals Georgy Malenkov and Vyacheslav Molotov. On 25 February 1956, Khrushchev shocked delegates to the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party by cataloguing and denouncing Stalin 's crimes. As part of a campaign of de-Stalinization, he declared that the only way to reform and move away from Stalin 's policies would be to acknowledge errors made in the past. On 18 November 1956, while addressing Western ambassadors at a reception at the Polish embassy in Moscow, Khrushchev used his famous `` Whether you like it or not, history is on our side. We will bury you '' expression, shocking everyone present. He later claimed that he had not been talking about nuclear war, but rather about the historically determined victory of communism over capitalism. In 1961, Khrushchev declared that even if the USSR was behind the West, within a decade its housing shortage would disappear, consumer goods would be abundant, and within two decades, the `` construction of a communist society '' in the USSR would be completed `` in the main ''. Eisenhower 's secretary of state, John Foster Dulles, initiated a `` New Look '' for the containment strategy, calling for a greater reliance on nuclear weapons against US enemies in wartime. Dulles also enunciated the doctrine of `` massive retaliation '', threatening a severe US response to any Soviet aggression. Possessing nuclear superiority, for example, allowed Eisenhower to face down Soviet threats to intervene in the Middle East during the 1956 Suez Crisis. US plans for nuclear war in the late 1950s included the `` systematic destruction '' of 1200 major urban centers in the Eastern Bloc and China, including Moscow, East Berlin and Beijing, with their civilian populations among the primary targets. Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution Main articles : Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution of 1956 The maximum territorial extent of countries in the world under Soviet influence, after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 and before the official Sino - Soviet split of 1961. While Stalin 's death in 1953 slightly relaxed tensions, the situation in Europe remained an uneasy armed truce. The Soviets, who had already created a network of mutual assistance treaties in the Eastern Bloc by 1949, established a formal alliance therein, the Warsaw Pact, in 1955. The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 March of protesters in Budapest, on 25 October ; A destroyed Soviet T - 34 - 85 tank in Budapest. The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 occurred shortly after Khrushchev arranged the removal of Hungary 's Stalinist leader Mátyás Rákosi. In response to a popular uprising, the new regime formally disbanded the secret police, declared its intention to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact and pledged to re-establish free elections. The Soviet Army invaded. Thousands of Hungarians were arrested, imprisoned and deported to the Soviet Union, and approximately 200,000 Hungarians fled Hungary in the chaos. Hungarian leader Imre Nagy and others were executed following secret trials. From 1957 through 1961, Khrushchev openly and repeatedly threatened the West with nuclear annihilation. He claimed that Soviet missile capabilities were far superior to those of the United States, capable of wiping out any American or European city. However, Khrushchev rejected Stalin 's belief in the inevitability of war, and declared his new goal was to be `` peaceful coexistence ''. This formulation modified the Stalin - era Soviet stance, where international class conflict meant the two opposing camps were on an inevitable collision course where communism would triumph through global war ; now, peace would allow capitalism to collapse on its own, as well as giving the Soviets time to boost their military capabilities, which remained for decades until Gorbachev 's later `` new thinking '' envisioning peaceful coexistence as an end in itself rather than a form of class struggle. The events in Hungary produced ideological fractures within the communist parties of the world, particularly in Western Europe, with great decline in membership as many in both western and communist countries felt disillusioned by the brutal Soviet response. The communist parties in the West would never recover from the effect the Hungarian Revolution had on their membership, a fact that was immediately recognized by some, such as the Yugoslavian politician Milovan Đilas who shortly after the revolution was crushed said that `` The wound which the Hungarian Revolution inflicted on communism can never be completely healed ''. America 's pronouncements concentrated on American strength abroad and the success of liberal capitalism. However, by the late 1960s, the `` battle for men 's minds '' between two systems of social organization that Kennedy spoke of in 1961 was largely over, with tensions henceforth based primarily on clashing geopolitical objectives rather than ideology. Berlin ultimatum and European integration Main articles : Berlin Crisis of 1961 § Berlin ultimatum, and European integration During November 1958, Khrushchev made an unsuccessful attempt to turn all of Berlin into an independent, demilitarized `` free city '', giving the United States, Great Britain, and France a six - month ultimatum to withdraw their troops from the sectors they still occupied in West Berlin, or he would transfer control of Western access rights to the East Germans. Khrushchev earlier explained to Mao Zedong that `` Berlin is the testicles of the West. Every time I want to make the West scream, I squeeze on Berlin. '' NATO formally rejected the ultimatum in mid-December and Khrushchev withdrew it in return for a Geneva conference on the German question. More broadly, one hallmark of the 1950s was the beginning of European integration -- a fundamental by - product of the Cold War that Truman and Eisenhower promoted politically, economically, and militarily, but which later administrations viewed ambivalently, fearful that an independent Europe would forge a separate détente with the Soviet Union, which would use this to exacerbate Western disunity. Competition in the Third World Main articles : Decolonization § After 1945, Wars of national liberation, 1953 Iranian coup d'état, 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état, and Congo Crisis Western colonial empires in Asia and Africa all collapsed in the years after 1945 Nationalist movements in some countries and regions, notably Guatemala, Indonesia and Indochina were often allied with communist groups, or perceived in the West to be allied with communists. In this context, the United States and the Soviet Union increasingly competed for influence by proxy in the Third World as decolonization gained momentum in the 1950s and early 1960s ; additionally, the Soviets saw continuing losses by imperial powers as presaging the eventual victory of their ideology. Both sides were selling armaments to gain influence. 1961 Soviet postage stamp demanding freedom for African nations. 1961 Soviet stamp commemorating Patrice Lumumba, prime minister of the Republic of the Congo. The United States made use of the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) to do away with a string of unfriendly Third World governments and to support allied ones. In 1953, President Eisenhower 's CIA implemented Operation Ajax, a covert operation aimed at the overthrow of the Iranian prime minister, Mohammad Mosaddegh. The popularly elected and non-aligned Mosaddegh had been a Middle Eastern nemesis of Britain since nationalizing the British - owned Anglo - Iranian Oil Company in 1951. Winston Churchill told the United States that Mosaddegh was `` increasingly turning towards communism. '' The pro-Western shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, assumed control as an autocratic monarch. The shah 's policies included the banning of the communist Tudeh Party of Iran and general suppression of political dissent by SAVAK, the shah 's domestic security and intelligence agency. In Guatemala, a CIA - backed military coup ousted the left - wing President Jacobo Árbenz in 1954. The post-Arbenz government -- a military junta headed by Carlos Castillo Armas -- repealed a progressive land reform law, returned nationalized property belonging to the United Fruit Company, set up a National Committee of Defense Against Communism, and decreed a Preventive Penal Law Against Communism at the request of the United States. The non-aligned Indonesian government of Sukarno was faced with a major threat to its legitimacy beginning in 1956, when several regional commanders began to demand autonomy from Jakarta. After mediation failed, Sukarno took action to remove the dissident commanders. In February 1958, dissident military commanders in Central Sumatera ( Colonel Ahmad Hussein ) and North Sulawesi ( Colonel Ventje Sumual ) declared the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia - Permesta Movement aimed at overthrowing the Sukarno regime. They were joined by many civilian politicians from the Masyumi Party, such as Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, who were opposed to the growing influence of the communist Partai Komunis Indonesia party. Due to their anti-communist rhetoric, the rebels received arms, funding, and other covert aid from the CIA until Allen Lawrence Pope, an American pilot, was shot down after a bombing raid on government - held Ambon in April 1958. The central government responded by launching airborne and seaborne military invasions of rebel strongholds Padang and Manado. By the end of 1958, the rebels were militarily defeated, and the last remaining rebel guerilla bands surrendered by August 1961. In the Republic of the Congo, newly independent from Belgium since June 1960, the CIA - cultivated President Joseph Kasa - Vubu ordered the dismissal of the democratically elected Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba and the Lumumba cabinet in September ; Lumumba called for Kasa - Vubu 's dismissal instead. In the ensuing Congo Crisis, the CIA - backed Colonel Mobutu Sese Seko quickly mobilized his forces to seize power through a military coup d'état. An animated map shows the order of independence of the African nations, 1950 -- 2011. In British Guiana, the leftist People 's Progressive Party ( PPP ) candidate Cheddi Jagan won the position of chief minister in a colonially administered election in 1953, but was quickly forced to resign from power after Britain 's suspension of the still - dependent nation 's constitution. Embarrassed by the landslide electoral victory of Jagan 's allegedly Marxist party, the British imprisoned the PPP 's leadership and maneuvered the organization into a divisive rupture in 1955, engineering a split between Jagan and his PPP colleagues. Jagan again won the colonial elections in 1957 and 1961 ; despite Britain 's shift to a reconsideration of its view of the left - wing Jagan as a Soviet - style communist at this time, the United States pressured the British to withhold Guyana 's independence until an alternative to Jagan could be identified, supported, and brought into office. Worn down by the communist guerrilla war for Vietnamese independence and handed a watershed defeat by communist Viet Minh rebels at the 1954 Battle of Dien Bien Phu, the French accepted a negotiated abandonment of their colonial stake in Vietnam. In the Geneva Conference, peace accords were signed, leaving Vietnam divided between a pro-Soviet administration in North Vietnam and a pro-Western administration in South Vietnam at the 17th parallel north. Between 1954 and 1961, Eisenhower 's United States sent economic aid and military advisers to strengthen South Vietnam 's pro-Western regime against communist efforts to destabilize it. Many emerging nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America rejected the pressure to choose sides in the East - West competition. In 1955, at the Bandung Conference in Indonesia, dozens of Third World governments resolved to stay out of the Cold War. The consensus reached at Bandung culminated with the creation of the Belgrade - headquartered Non-Aligned Movement in 1961. Meanwhile, Khrushchev broadened Moscow 's policy to establish ties with India and other key neutral states. Independence movements in the Third World transformed the post-war order into a more pluralistic world of decolonized African and Middle Eastern nations and of rising nationalism in Asia and Latin America. Sino - Soviet split Main article : Sino - Soviet split A map showing the relations of the communist states after the Sino - Soviet split as of 1980 : The USSR and pro-Soviet communist states China and pro-Chinese communist states Neutral communist nations ( North Korea and Yugoslavia ) Non-communist states The period after 1956 was marked by serious setbacks for the Soviet Union, most notably the breakdown of the Sino - Soviet alliance, beginning the Sino - Soviet split. Mao had defended Stalin when Khrushchev attacked him after his death in 1956, and treated the new Soviet leader as a superficial upstart, accusing him of having lost his revolutionary edge. For his part, Khrushchev, disturbed by Mao 's glib attitude toward nuclear war, referred to the Chinese leader as a `` lunatic on a throne ''. After this, Khrushchev made many desperate attempts to reconstitute the Sino - Soviet alliance, but Mao considered it useless and denied any proposal. The Chinese - Soviet animosity spilled out in an intra-communist propaganda war. Further on, the Soviets focused on a bitter rivalry with Mao 's China for leadership of the global communist movement. Historian Lorenz M. Lüthi argues : The Sino - Soviet split was one of the key events of the Cold War, equal in importance to the construction of the Berlin Wall, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Second Vietnam War, and Sino - American rapprochement. The split helped to determine the framework of the Second Cold War in general, and influenced the course of the Second Vietnam War in particular. Space race Main article : Space Race The United States reached the moon in 1969. On the nuclear weapons front, the United States and the USSR pursued nuclear rearmament and developed long - range weapons with which they could strike the territory of the other. In August 1957, the Soviets successfully launched the world 's first intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM ) and in October, launched the first Earth satellite, Sputnik 1. The launch of Sputnik inaugurated the Space Race. This culminated in the Apollo Moon landings, which astronaut Frank Borman later described as `` just a battle in the Cold War. '' Cuban Revolution and the Bay of Pigs invasion Main articles : Cuban Revolution and Bay of Pigs Invasion Che Guevara ( left ) and Fidel Castro ( right ) in 1961. In Cuba, the 26th of July Movement seized power in 1 January 1959, toppling President Fulgencio Batista, whose unpopular regime had been denied arms by the Eisenhower administration. Diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States continued for some time after Batista 's fall, but President Eisenhower deliberately left the capital to avoid meeting Cuba 's young revolutionary leader Fidel Castro during the latter 's trip to Washington, D.C. in April, leaving Vice President Richard Nixon to conduct the meeting in his place. Cuba began negotiating arms purchases from the Eastern Bloc in March 1960. In January 1961, just prior to leaving office, Eisenhower formally severed relations with the Cuban government. In April 1961, the administration of newly elected American President John F. Kennedy mounted an unsuccessful CIA - organized ship - borne invasion of the island at Playa Girón and Playa Larga in Santa Clara Province -- a failure that publicly humiliated the United States. Castro responded by publicly embracing Marxism -- Leninism, and the Soviet Union pledged to provide further support. Berlin Crisis of 1961 Main articles : Berlin Crisis of 1961, Berlin Wall, and Eastern Bloc emigration and defection Soviet and American tanks face each other at Checkpoint Charlie, during the Berlin Crisis of 1961. The Berlin Crisis of 1961 was the last major incident in the Cold War regarding the status of Berlin and post -- World War II Germany. By the early 1950s, the Soviet approach to restricting emigration movement was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc. However, hundreds of thousands of East Germans annually emigrated to West Germany through a `` loophole '' in the system that existed between East and West Berlin, where the four occupying World War II powers governed movement. The emigration resulted in a massive `` brain drain '' from East Germany to West Germany of younger educated professionals, such that nearly 20 % of East Germany 's population had migrated to West Germany by 1961. That June, the Soviet Union issued a new ultimatum demanding the withdrawal of Allied forces from West Berlin. The request was rebuffed, and on 13 August, East Germany erected a barbed - wire barrier that would eventually be expanded through construction into the Berlin Wall, effectively closing the loophole. Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev 's ouster Main articles : Cuban Project and Cuban Missile Crisis Aerial photograph of a Soviet missile site in Cuba, taken by a US spy aircraft, 1 November 1962. Continuing to seek ways to oust Castro following the Bay of Pigs Invasion, Kennedy and his administration experimented with various ways of covertly facilitating the overthrow of the Cuban government. Significant hopes were pinned on a covert program named the Cuban Project, devised under the Kennedy administration in 1961. In February 1962, Khrushchev learned of the American plans regarding Cuba : a `` Cuban project '' -- approved by the CIA and stipulating the overthrow of the Cuban government in October, possibly involving the American military -- and yet one more Kennedy - ordered operation to assassinate Castro. Preparations to install Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba were undertaken in response. Alarmed, Kennedy considered various reactions, and ultimately responded to the installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba with a naval blockade and presented an ultimatum to the Soviets. Khrushchev backed down from a confrontation, and the Soviet Union removed the missiles in return for an American pledge not to invade Cuba again. Castro later admitted that `` I would have agreed to the use of nuclear weapons... we took it for granted that it would become a nuclear war anyway, and that we were going to disappear. '' The Cuban Missile Crisis ( October -- November 1962 ) brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before. The aftermath of the crisis led to the first efforts in the nuclear arms race at nuclear disarmament and improving relations, although the Cold War 's first arms control agreement, the Antarctic Treaty, had come into force in 1961. In 1964, Khrushchev 's Kremlin colleagues managed to oust him, but allowed him a peaceful retirement. Accused of rudeness and incompetence, he was also credited with ruining Soviet agriculture and bringing the world to the brink of nuclear war. Khrushchev had become an international embarrassment when he authorized construction of the Berlin Wall, a public humiliation for Marxism -- Leninism. Confrontation through détente ( 1962 -- 1979 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1962 -- 1979 ) NATO and Warsaw Pact troop strengths in Europe in 1973. United States Navy F - 4 Phantom II intercepts a Soviet Tupolev Tu - 95 D aircraft in the early 1970s. In the course of the 1960s and 1970s, Cold War participants struggled to adjust to a new, more complicated pattern of international relations in which the world was no longer divided into two clearly opposed blocs. From the beginning of the post-war period, Western Europe and Japan rapidly recovered from the destruction of World War II and sustained strong economic growth through the 1950s and 1960s, with per capita GDPs approaching those of the United States, while Eastern Bloc economies stagnated. As a result of the 1973 oil crisis, combined with the growing influence of Third World alignments such as the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) and the Non-Aligned Movement, less - powerful countries had more room to assert their independence and often showed themselves resistant to pressure from either superpower. Meanwhile, Moscow was forced to turn its attention inward to deal with the Soviet Union 's deep - seated domestic economic problems. During this period, Soviet leaders such as Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin embraced the notion of détente. French withdrawal from NATO Main article : NATO § French withdrawal The unity of NATO was breached early in its history, with a crisis occurring during Charles de Gaulle 's presidency of France from 1958 onwards. De Gaulle protested at the United States ' strong role in the organization and what he perceived as a special relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom. In a memorandum sent to President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan on 17 September 1958, he argued for the creation of a tripartite directorate that would put France on an equal footing with the United States and the United Kingdom, and also for the expansion of NATO 's coverage to include geographical areas of interest to France, most notably French Algeria, where France was waging a counter-insurgency and sought NATO assistance. Considering the response given to be unsatisfactory, de Gaulle began the development of an independent French nuclear deterrent and in 1966 withdrew from NATO 's military structures and expelled NATO troops from French soil. Invasion of Czechoslovakia Main articles : Prague Spring and Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia The 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia was one of the biggest military operations on European soil since World War II In 1968, a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia called the Prague Spring took place that included `` Action Program '' of liberalizations, which described increasing freedom of the press, freedom of speech and freedom of movement, along with an economic emphasis on consumer goods, the possibility of a multiparty government, limiting the power of the secret police and potentially withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact. Leonid Brezhnev and Richard Nixon in Washington, 1973 ; this was a high - water mark in détente between the USSR and the US. In answer to the Prague Spring, on 20 August 1968, the Soviet Army, together with most of their Warsaw Pact allies, invaded Czechoslovakia. The invasion was followed by a wave of emigration, including an estimated 70,000 Czechs and Slovaks initially fleeing, with the total eventually reaching 300,000. The invasion sparked intense protests from Yugoslavia, Romania, China, and from Western European communist parties. Brezhnev Doctrine Main article : Brezhnev Doctrine In September 1968, during a speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers ' Party one month after the invasion of Czechoslovakia, Brezhnev outlined the Brezhnev Doctrine, in which he claimed the right to violate the sovereignty of any country attempting to replace Marxism -- Leninism with capitalism. During the speech, Brezhnev stated : When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned, but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries. The doctrine found its origins in the failures of Marxism -- Leninism in states like Poland, Hungary and East Germany, which were facing a declining standard of living contrasting with the prosperity of West Germany and the rest of Western Europe. Third World escalations See also : Dominican Civil War, Indonesian mass killings of 1965 -- 1966, Vietnam War, 1973 Chilean coup d'état, 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état, 1976 Argentine coup d'état, Operation Condor, Six - Day War, Task Force 74, War of Attrition, Yom Kippur War, Ogaden War, Angolan Civil War, Indonesian invasion of East Timor, Reeducation camp, Vietnamese boat people, and Stability -- instability paradox Speech on the Vietnam War given by President Lyndon B. Johnson on 29 September 1967. Under the Lyndon B. Johnson Administration, which gained power after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the U.S. took a more hardline stance on Latin America -- sometimes called the `` Mann Doctrine ''. In 1964, the Brazilian military overthrew the government of president João Goulart with U.S. backing. In late April 1965, the U.S. sent some 22,000 troops to the Dominican Republic for a one - year occupation in an invasion codenamed Operation Power Pack, citing the threat of the emergence of a Cuban - style revolution in Latin America. Héctor García - Godoy acted as provisional president, until conservative former president Joaquín Balaguer won the 1966 presidential election against non-campaigning former President Juan Bosch. Activists for Bosch 's Dominican Revolutionary Party were violently harassed by the Dominican police and armed forces. Alexei Kosygin ( left ) next to US President Lyndon B. Johnson ( right ) during the Glassboro Summit Conference, 23 June 1967. In Indonesia, the hardline anti-communist General Suharto wrested control of the state from his predecessor Sukarno in an attempt to establish a `` New Order ''. From 1965 to 1966, with the aid of the United States and other Western governments, the military led the mass killing of more than 500,000 members and sympathizers of the Indonesian Communist Party and other leftist organizations, and detained hundreds of thousands more in prison camps around the country under extremely inhumane conditions. A top - secret CIA report stated that the massacres `` rank as one of the worst mass murders of the 20th century, along with the Soviet purges of the 1930s, the Nazi mass murders during the Second World War, and the Maoist bloodbath of the early 1950s. '' These killings served U.S. strategic interests and constitute a major turning point in the Cold War as the balance of power shifted in Southeast Asia. Escalating the scale of American intervention in the ongoing conflict between Ngô Đình Diệm 's South Vietnamese government and the communist National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam ( NLF ) insurgents opposing it, Johnson deployed some 575,000 troops in Southeast Asia to defeat the NLF and their North Vietnamese allies in the Vietnam War, but his costly policy weakened the US economy and, by 1975, it ultimately culminated in what most of the world saw as a humiliating defeat of the world 's most powerful superpower at the hands of one of the world 's poorest nations. Chilean leader Augusto Pinochet shaking hands with Henry Kissinger in 1976. In Chile, the Socialist Party candidate Salvador Allende won the presidential election of 1970, becoming the first democratically elected Marxist to become president of a country in the Americas. The CIA targeted Allende for removal and operated to undermine his support domestically, which contributed to a period of unrest culminating in General Augusto Pinochet 's coup d'état on 11 September 1973. Pinochet consolidated power as a military dictator, Allende 's reforms of the economy were rolled back, and leftist opponents were killed or detained in internment camps under the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional ( DINA ). The Pinochet regime would go on to be one of the leading participants in Operation Condor, an international campaign of political assassination and state terrorism organized by right - wing military dictatorships in the Southern Cone of South America that was covertly supported by the US government. Henry Kissinger, who was US National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under Presidents Nixon and Ford, was a central figure in the Cold War while in office ( 1969 -- 1977 ). The Middle East remained a source of contention. Egypt, which received the bulk of its arms and economic assistance from the USSR, was a troublesome client, with a reluctant Soviet Union feeling obliged to assist in both the 1967 Six - Day War ( with advisers and technicians ) and the War of Attrition ( with pilots and aircraft ) against pro-Western Israel. Despite the beginning of an Egyptian shift from a pro-Soviet to a pro-American orientation in 1972 ( under Egypt 's new leader Anwar Sadat ), rumors of imminent Soviet intervention on the Egyptians ' behalf during the 1973 Yom Kippur War brought about a massive American mobilization that threatened to wreck détente. Although pre-Sadat Egypt had been the largest recipient of Soviet aid in the Middle East, the Soviets were also successful in establishing close relations with communist South Yemen, as well as the nationalist governments of Algeria and Iraq. Iraq signed a 15 - year Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union in 1972. According to historian Charles R.H. Tripp, the treaty upset `` the U.S. - sponsored security system established as part of the Cold War in the Middle East. It appeared that any enemy of the Baghdad regime was a potential ally of the United States. '' In response, the U.S. covertly financed Kurdish rebels led by Mustafa Barzani during the Second Iraqi -- Kurdish War ; the Kurds were defeated in 1975, leading to the forcible relocation of hundreds of thousands of Kurdish civilians. Indirect Soviet assistance to the Palestinian side of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict included support for Yasser Arafat 's Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ). U.S. combat operations during the Battle of Ia Drang, South Vietnam, November 1965. In Africa, Somali army officers led by Siad Barre carried out a bloodless coup in 1969, creating the socialist Somali Democratic Republic. The Soviet Union vowed to support Somalia. Four years later, the pro-American Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown in a 1974 coup by the Derg, a radical group of Ethiopian army officers led by the pro-Soviet Mengistu Haile Mariam, who built up relations with the Cubans and the Soviets. When fighting between the Somalis and Ethiopians broke out in the 1977 -- 1978 Somali - Ethiopian Ogaden War, Barre lost his Soviet support and turned to the Safari Club -- a group of pro-American intelligence agencies including Iran, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia -- for support and weapons. The Ethiopian military was supported by Cuban soldiers along with Soviet military advisors and armaments. The 1974 Portuguese Carnation Revolution against the authoritarian Estado Novo returned Portugal to a multi-party system and facilitated the independence of the Portuguese colonies Angola and East Timor. In Africa, where Angolan rebels had waged a multi-faction independence war against Portuguese rule since 1961, a two - decade civil war replaced the anti-colonial struggle as fighting erupted between the communist People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ), backed by the Cubans and the Soviets, and the National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ), backed by the United States, the People 's Republic of China, and Mobutu 's government in Zaire. The United States, the apartheid government of South Africa, and several other African governments also supported a third faction, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ). Without bothering to consult the Soviets in advance, the Cuban government sent a number of combat troops to fight alongside the MPLA. Foreign mercenaries and a South African armoured column were deployed to support UNITA, but the MPLA, bolstered by Cuban personnel and Soviet assistance, eventually gained the upper hand. During the Khmer Rouge regime led by Pol Pot, 1 to 3 million people died due to the policies of his four - year premiership. During the Vietnam War, North Vietnam invaded and occupied parts of Cambodia to use as military bases, which contributed to the violence of the Cambodian Civil War between the pro-American government of Lon Nol and communist Khmer Rouge insurgents. Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives reveal that the North Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1970 was launched at the request of the Khmer Rouge after negotiations with Nuon Chea. US and South Vietnamese forces responded to these actions with a bombing campaign and ground incursion, the effects of which are disputed by historians. Under the leadership of Pol Pot, the Khmer Rouge would eventually kill 1 -- 3 million Cambodians in the killing fields, out of a 1975 population of roughly 8 million. Martin Shaw described these atrocities as `` the purest genocide of the Cold War era. '' Backed by the Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation, an organization of Khmer pro-Soviet Communists and Khmer Rouge defectors led by Heng Samrin, Vietnam invaded Cambodia on 22 December 1978. The invasion succeeded in deposing Pol Pot, but the new state would struggle to gain international recognition beyond the Soviet Bloc sphere -- despite the previous international outcry at Pol Pot 's DK regime 's gross human rights violations, and it would be bogged down in a guerrilla war led from refugee camps located in the border with Thailand. Following Khmer Rouge 's destruction, Cambodia 's national reconstruction would be severely hampered and Vietnam would suffer a punitive Chinese attack. Sino - American rapprochement Main article : 1972 Nixon visit to China Mao Zedong and US President Richard Nixon, during his visit in China. As a result of the Sino - Soviet split, tensions along the Chinese -- Soviet border reached their peak in 1969, and United States President Richard Nixon decided to use the conflict to shift the balance of power towards the West in the Cold War. The Chinese had sought improved relations with the Americans in order to gain advantage over the Soviets as well. In February 1972, Nixon announced a stunning rapprochement with Mao 's China by traveling to Beijing and meeting with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai. At this time, the USSR achieved rough nuclear parity with the United States ; meanwhile, the Vietnam War both weakened America 's influence in the Third World and cooled relations with Western Europe. Although indirect conflict between Cold War powers continued through the late 1960s and early 1970s, tensions were beginning to ease. Nixon, Brezhnev, and détente Main articles : Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control, Helsinki Accords, and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Leonid Brezhnev and Jimmy Carter sign the SALT II treaty, 18 June 1979, in Vienna. Following his visit to China, Nixon met with Soviet leaders, including Brezhnev in Moscow. These Strategic Arms Limitation Talks resulted in two landmark arms control treaties : SALT I, the first comprehensive limitation pact signed by the two superpowers, and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, which banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles. These aimed to limit the development of costly anti-ballistic missiles and nuclear missiles. Nixon and Brezhnev proclaimed a new era of `` peaceful coexistence '' and established the groundbreaking new policy of détente ( or cooperation ) between the two superpowers. Meanwhile, Brezhnev attempted to revive the Soviet economy, which was declining in part because of heavy military expenditures. Between 1972 and 1974, the two sides also agreed to strengthen their economic ties, including agreements for increased trade. As a result of their meetings, détente would replace the hostility of the Cold War and the two countries would live mutually. Meanwhile, these developments coincided with the `` Ostpolitik '' of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt. Other agreements were concluded to stabilize the situation in Europe, culminating in the Helsinki Accords signed at the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe in 1975. Iranian people protesting against the Pahlavi dynasty, during the Iranian Revolution. Kissinger and Nixon were `` realists '' who deemphasized idealistic goals like anti-communism or promotion of democracy worldwide, because those goals were too expensive in terms of America 's economic capabilities. Instead of a Cold War they wanted peace, trade and cultural exchanges. They realized that Americans were no longer willing to tax themselves for idealistic foreign policy goals, especially for containment policies that never seemed to produce positive results. Instead Nixon and Kissinger sought to downsize America 's global commitments in proportion to its reduced economic, moral and political power. They rejected `` idealism '' as impractical and too expensive ; neither man showed much sensitivity to the plight of people living under Communism. Kissinger 's realism fell out of fashion as idealism returned to American foreign policy with Carter 's moralism emphasizing human rights, and Reagan 's rollback strategy aimed at destroying Communism. Late 1970s deterioration of relations In the 1970s, the KGB, led by Yuri Andropov, continued to persecute distinguished Soviet personalities such as Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov, who were criticising the Soviet leadership in harsh terms. Indirect conflict between the superpowers continued through this period of détente in the Third World, particularly during political crises in the Middle East, Chile, Ethiopia, and Angola. Although President Jimmy Carter tried to place another limit on the arms race with a SALT II agreement in 1979, his efforts were undermined by the other events that year, including the Iranian Revolution and the Nicaraguan Revolution, which both ousted pro-US regimes, and his retaliation against Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in December. `` Second Cold War '' ( 1979 -- 1985 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1979 -- 1985 ) The term second Cold War refers to the period of intensive reawakening of Cold War tensions and conflicts in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Tensions greatly increased between the major powers with both sides becoming more militaristic. Diggins says, `` Reagan went all out to fight the second cold war, by supporting counterinsurgencies in the third world. '' Cox says, `` The intensity of this ' second ' Cold War was as great as its duration was short. '' Soviet War in Afghanistan Main articles : War in Afghanistan ( 1978 -- present ) and Soviet -- Afghan War President Reagan publicizes his support by meeting with Afghan Mujahideen leaders in the White House, 1983. In April 1978, the communist People 's Democratic Party of Afghanistan ( PDPA ) seized power in Afghanistan in the Saur Revolution. Within months, opponents of the communist government launched an uprising in eastern Afghanistan that quickly expanded into a civil war waged by guerrilla mujahideen against government forces countrywide. The Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen insurgents received military training and weapons in neighboring Pakistan and China, while the Soviet Union sent thousands of military advisers to support the PDPA government. Meanwhile, increasing friction between the competing factions of the PDPA -- the dominant Khalq and the more moderate Parcham -- resulted in the dismissal of Parchami cabinet members and the arrest of Parchami military officers under the pretext of a Parchami coup. By mid-1979, the United States had started a covert program to assist the mujahideen. In September 1979, Khalqist President Nur Muhammad Taraki was assassinated in a coup within the PDPA orchestrated by fellow Khalq member Hafizullah Amin, who assumed the presidency. Distrusted by the Soviets, Amin was assassinated by Soviet special forces in December 1979. A Soviet - organized government, led by Parcham 's Babrak Karmal but inclusive of both factions, filled the vacuum. Soviet troops were deployed to stabilize Afghanistan under Karmal in more substantial numbers, although the Soviet government did not expect to do most of the fighting in Afghanistan. As a result, however, the Soviets were now directly involved in what had been a domestic war in Afghanistan. Carter responded to the Soviet intervention by withdrawing the SALT II treaty from the Senate, imposing embargoes on grain and technology shipments to the USSR, and demanding a significant increase in military spending, and further announced that the United States would boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. He described the Soviet incursion as `` the most serious threat to the peace since the Second World War ''. Reagan and Thatcher Further information : Reagan Doctrine and Thatcherism Thatcher 's Ministry meets with Reagan 's Cabinet at the White House, 1981. The world map of military alliances in 1980 In January 1977, four years prior to becoming president, Ronald Reagan bluntly stated, in a conversation with Richard V. Allen, his basic expectation in relation to the Cold War. `` My idea of American policy toward the Soviet Union is simple, and some would say simplistic, '' he said. `` It is this : We win and they lose. What do you think of that? '' In 1980, Ronald Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election, vowing to increase military spending and confront the Soviets everywhere. Both Reagan and new British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher denounced the Soviet Union and its ideology. Reagan labeled the Soviet Union an `` evil empire '' and predicted that Communism would be left on the `` ash heap of history, '' while Thatcher inculpated the Soviets as `` bent on world dominance. '' In 1982 Reagan tried to cut off Moscow 's access to hard currency by impeding its proposed gas line to Western Europe. It hurt the Soviet economy, but it also caused ill will among American allies in Europe who counted on that revenue. Reagan retreated on this issue. By early 1985, Reagan 's anti-communist position had developed into a stance known as the new Reagan Doctrine -- which, in addition to containment, formulated an additional right to subvert existing communist governments. Besides continuing Carter 's policy of supporting the Islamic opponents of the Soviet Union and the Soviet - backed PDPA government in Afghanistan, the CIA also sought to weaken the Soviet Union itself by promoting Islamism in the majority - Muslim Central Asian Soviet Union. Additionally, the CIA encouraged anti-communist Pakistan 's ISI to train Muslims from around the world to participate in the jihad against the Soviet Union. Polish Solidarity movement and martial law Main articles : Solidarity ( Polish trade union ) and Martial law in Poland Further information : Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980 -- 81 Pope John Paul II provided a moral focus for anti-communism ; a visit to his native Poland in 1979 stimulated a religious and nationalist resurgence centered on the Solidarity movement that galvanized opposition and may have led to his attempted assassination two years later. In December 1981, Poland 's Wojciech Jaruzelski reacted to the crisis by imposing a period of martial law. Reagan imposed economic sanctions on Poland in response. Mikhail Suslov, the Kremlin 's top ideologist, advised Soviet leaders not to intervene if Poland fell under the control of Solidarity, for fear it might lead to heavy economic sanctions, representing a catastrophe for the Soviet economy. Soviet and US military and economic issues Further information : Era of Stagnation, Strategic Defense Initiative, SS - 20 Saber, and MGM - 31 Pershing US and USSR / Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945 -- 2006. Delta 183 launch vehicle lifts off, carrying the Strategic Defense Initiative sensor experiment `` Delta Star ''. Moscow had built up a military that consumed as much as 25 percent of the Soviet Union 's gross national product at the expense of consumer goods and investment in civilian sectors. Soviet spending on the arms race and other Cold War commitments both caused and exacerbated deep - seated structural problems in the Soviet system, which saw at least a decade of economic stagnation during the late Brezhnev years. Soviet investment in the defense sector was not driven by military necessity, but in large part by the interests of massive party and state bureaucracies dependent on the sector for their own power and privileges. The Soviet Armed Forces became the largest in the world in terms of the numbers and types of weapons they possessed, in the number of troops in their ranks, and in the sheer size of their military -- industrial base. However, the quantitative advantages held by the Soviet military often concealed areas where the Eastern Bloc dramatically lagged behind the West. For example, the Persian Gulf War demonstrated how the armor, fire control systems and firing range of the Soviet 's most common main battle tank, the T - 72, were drastically inferior to the American M1 Abrams, yet the USSR fielded almost three times as many T - 72 's as the US deployed M1 's. By the early 1980s, the USSR had built up a military arsenal and army surpassing that of the United States. Soon after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, president Carter began massively building up the United States military. This buildup was accelerated by the Reagan administration, which increased the military spending from 5.3 percent of GNP in 1981 to 6.5 percent in 1986, the largest peacetime defense buildup in United States history. Tensions continued intensifying in the early 1980s when Reagan revived the B - 1 Lancer program that was canceled by the Carter administration, produced LGM - 118 Peacekeepers, installed US cruise missiles in Europe, and announced his experimental Strategic Defense Initiative, dubbed `` Star Wars '' by the media, a defense program to shoot down missiles in mid-flight. With the background of a buildup in tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States, and the deployment of Soviet RSD - 10 Pioneer ballistic missiles targeting Western Europe, NATO decided, under the impetus of the Carter presidency, to deploy MGM - 31 Pershing and cruise missiles in Europe, primarily West Germany. This deployment would have placed missiles just 10 minutes ' striking distance from Moscow. After ten - year - old American Samantha Smith wrote a letter to Yuri Andropov expressing her fear of nuclear war, Andropov invited Smith to the Soviet Union. After Reagan 's military buildup, the Soviet Union did not respond by further building its military because the enormous military expenses, along with inefficient planned manufacturing and collectivized agriculture, were already a heavy burden for the Soviet economy. At the same time, Saudi Arabia increased oil production, even as other non-OPEC nations were increasing production. These developments contributed to the 1980s oil glut, which affected the Soviet Union, as oil was the main source of Soviet export revenues. Issues with command economics, oil price decreases and large military expenditures gradually brought the Soviet economy to stagnation. On 1 September 1983, the Soviet Union shot down the Korean Air Lines Flight 007, a Boeing 747 with 269 people aboard, including sitting Congressman Larry McDonald, when it violated Soviet airspace just past the west coast of Sakhalin Island near Moneron Island -- an act which Reagan characterized as a `` massacre ''. This act increased support for military deployment, overseen by Reagan, which stood in place until the later accords between Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev. The Able Archer 83 exercise in November 1983, a realistic simulation of a coordinated NATO nuclear release, was perhaps the most dangerous moment since the Cuban Missile Crisis, as the Soviet leadership feared that a nuclear attack might be imminent. American domestic public concerns about intervening in foreign conflicts persisted from the end of the Vietnam War. The Reagan administration emphasized the use of quick, low - cost counter-insurgency tactics to intervene in foreign conflicts. In 1983, the Reagan administration intervened in the multisided Lebanese Civil War, invaded Grenada, bombed Libya and backed the Central American Contras, anti-communist paramilitaries seeking to overthrow the Soviet - aligned Sandinista government in Nicaragua. While Reagan 's interventions against Grenada and Libya were popular in the United States, his backing of the Contra rebels was mired in controversy. The Reagan administration 's backing of the military government of Guatemala during the Guatemalan Civil War, in particular the regime of Efraín Ríos Montt, was also controversial. Meanwhile, the Soviets incurred high costs for their own foreign interventions. Although Brezhnev was convinced in 1979 that the Soviet war in Afghanistan would be brief, Muslim guerrillas, aided by the US, China, Britain, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, waged a fierce resistance against the invasion. The Kremlin sent nearly 100,000 troops to support its puppet regime in Afghanistan, leading many outside observers to dub the war `` the Soviets ' Vietnam ''. However, Moscow 's quagmire in Afghanistan was far more disastrous for the Soviets than Vietnam had been for the Americans because the conflict coincided with a period of internal decay and domestic crisis in the Soviet system. A senior US State Department official predicted such an outcome as early as 1980, positing that the invasion resulted in part from a `` domestic crisis within the Soviet system... It may be that the thermodynamic law of entropy has... caught up with the Soviet system, which now seems to expend more energy on simply maintaining its equilibrium than on improving itself. We could be seeing a period of foreign movement at a time of internal decay ''. Final years ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Gorbachev 's reforms Further information : Mikhail Gorbachev, Perestroika, and Glasnost Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan sign the INF Treaty at the White House, 1987. By the time the comparatively youthful Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary in 1985, the Soviet economy was stagnant and faced a sharp fall in foreign currency earnings as a result of the downward slide in oil prices in the 1980s. These issues prompted Gorbachev to investigate measures to revive the ailing state. An ineffectual start led to the conclusion that deeper structural changes were necessary and in June 1987 Gorbachev announced an agenda of economic reform called perestroika, or restructuring. Perestroika relaxed the production quota system, allowed private ownership of businesses and paved the way for foreign investment. These measures were intended to redirect the country 's resources from costly Cold War military commitments to more productive areas in the civilian sector. Despite initial skepticism in the West, the new Soviet leader proved to be committed to reversing the Soviet Union 's deteriorating economic condition instead of continuing the arms race with the West. Partly as a way to fight off internal opposition from party cliques to his reforms, Gorbachev simultaneously introduced glasnost, or openness, which increased freedom of the press and the transparency of state institutions. Glasnost was intended to reduce the corruption at the top of the Communist Party and moderate the abuse of power in the Central Committee. Glasnost also enabled increased contact between Soviet citizens and the western world, particularly with the United States, contributing to the accelerating détente between the two nations. Thaw in relations Further information : Reykjavík Summit, Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, START I, and Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany The beginning of the 1990s brought a thaw in relations between the superpowers. In response to the Kremlin 's military and political concessions, Reagan agreed to renew talks on economic issues and the scaling - back of the arms race. The first summit was held in November 1985 in Geneva, Switzerland. At one stage the two men, accompanied only by an interpreter, agreed in principle to reduce each country 's nuclear arsenal by 50 percent. A second summit, was held in October 1986, Reykjavík, Iceland. Talks went well until the focus shifted to Reagan 's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative, which Gorbachev wanted eliminated. Reagan refused. The negotiations failed, but the third summit in 1987 led to a breakthrough with the signing of the Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty ( INF ). The INF treaty eliminated all nuclear - armed, ground - launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers ( 300 to 3,400 miles ) and their infrastructure. `` Tear down this wall! '' speech : Reagan speaking in front of the Brandenburg Gate, 12 June 1987. East -- West tensions rapidly subsided through the mid-to - late 1980s, culminating with the final summit in Moscow in 1989, when Gorbachev and George H.W. Bush signed the START I arms control treaty. During the following year it became apparent to the Soviets that oil and gas subsidies, along with the cost of maintaining massive troops levels, represented a substantial economic drain. In addition, the security advantage of a buffer zone was recognised as irrelevant and the Soviets officially declared that they would no longer intervene in the affairs of allied states in Central and Eastern Europe. In 1989, Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan and by 1990 Gorbachev consented to German reunification, the only alternative being a Tiananmen Square scenario. When the Berlin Wall came down, Gorbachev 's `` Common European Home '' concept began to take shape. On 3 December 1989, Gorbachev and Reagan 's successor, George H.W. Bush, declared the Cold War over at the Malta Summit ; a year later, the two former rivals were partners in the Gulf War against Iraq ( August 1990 -- February 1991 ). Eastern Europe breaks away Main article : Revolutions of 1989 By 1989, the Soviet alliance system was on the brink of collapse, and, deprived of Soviet military support, the communist leaders of the Warsaw Pact states were losing power. Grassroots organizations, such as Poland 's Solidarity movement, rapidly gained ground with strong popular bases. In 1989, the communist governments in Poland and Hungary became the first to negotiate the organizing of competitive elections. In Czechoslovakia and East Germany, mass protests unseated entrenched communist leaders. The communist regimes in Bulgaria and Romania also crumbled, in the latter case as the result of a violent uprising. Attitudes had changed enough that US Secretary of State James Baker suggested that the American government would not be opposed to Soviet intervention in Romania, on behalf of the opposition, to prevent bloodshed. The tidal wave of change culminated with the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, which symbolized the collapse of European communist governments and graphically ended the Iron Curtain divide of Europe. The 1989 revolutionary wave swept across Central and Eastern Europe and peacefully overthrew all of the Soviet - style communist states : East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria ; Romania was the only Eastern - bloc country to topple its communist regime violently and execute its head of state. Soviet republics break away Further information : Economy of the Soviet Union and Baltic Way The human chain in Lithuania during the Baltic Way, 23 August 1989. In the USSR itself, glasnost weakened the bonds that held the Soviet Union together and by February 1990, with the dissolution of the USSR looming, the Communist Party was forced to surrender its 73 - year - old monopoly on state power. At the same time freedom of press and dissent allowed by glasnost and the festering `` nationalities question '' increasingly led the Union 's component republics to declare their autonomy from Moscow, with the Baltic states withdrawing from the Union entirely. Soviet dissolution Main articles : History of the Soviet Union ( 1982 -- 91 ), The Barricades, 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, and Commonwealth of Independent States Leaders of the Soviet Republics sign the Belovezha Accords which eliminated the USSR and established the Commonwealth of Independent States, 1991. Gorbachev 's permissive attitude toward Central and Eastern Europe did not initially extend to Soviet territory ; even Bush, who strove to maintain friendly relations, condemned the January 1991 killings in Latvia and Lithuania, privately warning that economic ties would be frozen if the violence continued. The USSR was fatally weakened by a failed coup and a growing number of Soviet republics, particularly Russia, who threatened to secede from the USSR. The Commonwealth of Independent States, created on 21 December 1991, is viewed as a successor entity to the Soviet Union but, according to Russia 's leaders, its purpose was to `` allow a civilized divorce '' between the Soviet Republics and is comparable to a loose confederation. The USSR was declared officially dissolved on 26 December 1991. US President at that time, George H.W. Bush, expressed his emotions : `` The biggest thing that has happened in the world in my life, in our lives, is this : By the grace of God, America won the Cold War. '' Aftermath Main articles : Effects of the Cold War, Frozen conflict, Post-Soviet states, Post-Soviet conflicts, Yugoslav Wars, and Cold War II Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia drastically cut military spending, and restructuring the economy left millions unemployed. The capitalist reforms culminated in a recession in the early 1990s more severe than the Great Depression as experienced by the United States and Germany. In the 25 years following the end of the Cold War, only five or six of the post-communist states are on a path to joining the rich and capitalist world while most are falling behind, some to such an extent that it will take several decades to catch up to where they were before the collapse of communism. The Cold War continues to influence world affairs. The post-Cold War world is considered to be unipolar, with the United States the sole remaining superpower. The Cold War defined the political role of the United States after World War II -- by 1989 the United States had military alliances with 50 countries, with 526,000 troops stationed abroad, with 326,000 in Europe ( two - thirds of which in west Germany ) and 130,000 in Asia ( mainly Japan and South Korea ). The Cold War also marked the zenith of peacetime military -- industrial complexes, especially in the United States, and large - scale military funding of science. These complexes, though their origins may be found as early as the 19th century, snowballed considerably during the Cold War. Since the end of the Cold War, the EU has expanded eastwards into the former Warsaw Pact and parts of the former Soviet Union Cumulative U.S. military expenditures throughout the entire Cold War amounted to an estimated $8 trillion. Further nearly 100,000 Americans lost their lives in the Korean and Vietnam Wars. Although Soviet casualties are difficult to estimate, as a share of their gross national product the financial cost for the Soviet Union was much higher than that incurred by the United States. In addition to the loss of life by uniformed soldiers, millions died in the superpowers ' proxy wars around the globe, most notably in Southeast Asia. Most of the proxy wars and subsidies for local conflicts ended along with the Cold War ; interstate wars, ethnic wars, revolutionary wars, as well as refugee and displaced persons crises have declined sharply in the post-Cold War years. Left over from the Cold War are numbers stations, which are shortwave radio stations thought to be used to broadcast covert messages, some of which can still be heard today. However, the aftermath of the Cold War is not always easily erased, as many of the economic and social tensions that were exploited to fuel Cold War competition in parts of the Third World remain acute. The breakdown of state control in a number of areas formerly ruled by communist governments produced new civil and ethnic conflicts, particularly in the former Yugoslavia. In Central and Eastern Europe, the end of the Cold War has ushered in an era of economic growth and an increase in the number of liberal democracies, while in other parts of the world, such as Afghanistan, independence was accompanied by state failure. In popular culture See also : Culture during the Cold War During the Cold War itself, with the United States and the Soviet Union invested heavily in propaganda designed to influence the hearts and minds of people around the world, especially using motion pictures. The Cold War endures as a popular topic reflected extensively in entertainment media, and continuing to the present with numerous post-1991 Cold War - themed feature films, novels, television, and other media. In 2013, a KGB - sleeper - agents - living - next - door action drama series, The Americans, set in the early 1980s, was ranked # 6 on the Metacritic annual Best New TV Shows list ; its six - season run concluded in May of 2018. At the same time, movies like Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) are shown in their entirety to educate college students about the Cold War. Historiography Main article : Historiography of the Cold War Periods in United States history ( hide ) Colonial period 1607 -- 1775 American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Confederation Period 1783 -- 1788 Federalist Era 1788 -- 1801 Jeffersonian Era 1801 -- 1817 Era of Good Feelings 1817 -- 1825 Jacksonian Era 1825 -- 1849 Civil War era 1849 -- 1865 Reconstruction era 1865 -- 1877 Gilded Age 1870s -- c. 1900 Progressive Era 1897 -- 1920 Roaring Twenties 1920 -- 1929 Great Depression 1929 -- 1939 World War II 1941 -- 1945 Postwar era 1945 -- 1964 Civil Rights era 1964 -- 1980 Reagan Era 1981 -- present Timeline As soon as the term `` Cold War '' was popularized to refer to post-war tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, interpreting the course and origins of the conflict has been a source of heated controversy among historians, political scientists, and journalists. In particular, historians have sharply disagreed as to who was responsible for the breakdown of Soviet -- US relations after the Second World War ; and whether the conflict between the two superpowers was inevitable, or could have been avoided. Historians have also disagreed on what exactly the Cold War was, what the sources of the conflict were, and how to disentangle patterns of action and reaction between the two sides. Although explanations of the origins of the conflict in academic discussions are complex and diverse, several general schools of thought on the subject can be identified. Historians commonly speak of three differing approaches to the study of the Cold War : `` orthodox '' accounts, `` revisionism '', and `` post-revisionism ''. `` Orthodox '' accounts place responsibility for the Cold War on the Soviet Union and its expansion further into Europe. `` Revisionist '' writers place more responsibility for the breakdown of post-war peace on the United States, citing a range of US efforts to isolate and confront the Soviet Union well before the end of World War II. `` Post-revisionists '' see the events of the Cold War as more nuanced, and attempt to be more balanced in determining what occurred during the Cold War. Much of the historiography on the Cold War weaves together two or even all three of these broad categories. See also Main article : Outline of the Cold War Canada in the Cold War Cold War II Cold War ( TV series ) Culture during the Cold War McCarthyism Mutually assured destruction Non-Aligned Movement Soviet Empire Soviet espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Timeline of events in the Cold War World War III Category : Cold War by period 1940s portal 1950s portal 1960s portal 1970s portal 1980s portal 1990s portal Cold War portal Conservatism portal Communism portal Socialism portal Soviet Union portal United States portal Footnotes Jump up ^ Geoffrey Jones, `` Firms and Global Capitalism '' in The Cambridge History of Capitalism Volume 2, Larry Neal et al, eds. ( Cambridge University Press, 2014 ), p. 176 - 179 Jump up ^ `` Where did banana republics get their name? '' The Economist, 21 November 2013 Jump up ^ `` Syria crisis : UN chief says Cold War is back ''. BBC News. 13 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018. 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Developing Poverty : The State, Labor Market Deregulation, and the Informal Economy in Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic. University Park, Pennsylvania : Penn State University Press. pp. 41 -- 42. ISBN 978 - 0 - 271 - 02028 - 0. Jump up ^ Robinson, Geoffrey B. ( 2018 ). The Killing Season : A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965 - 66. Princeton University Press. p. 203. ISBN 9781400888863. a US Embassy official in Jakarta, Robert Martens, had supplied the Indonesian Army with lists containing the names of thousands of PKI officials in the months after the alleged coup attempt. According to the journalist Kathy Kadane, `` As many as 5,000 names were furnished over a period of months to the Army there, and the Americans later checked off the names of those who had been killed or captured. '' Despite Martens later denials of any such intent, these actions almost certainly aided in the death or detention of many innocent people. 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Jump up ^ Lowry, Brian ( 31 May 2018 ). `` ' The Americans ' finale brings FX drama to tense, satisfying close ''. CNN. Retrieved 2 June 2018. Jump up ^ Gokcek, Gigi & Howard, Alison ; Howard ( 2013 ). `` Movies to the Rescue : Keeping the Cold War Relevant for Twenty - First - Century Students ''. Journal of Political Science Education. 9 ( 4 ) : 436. doi : 10.1080 / 15512169.2013. 835561. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Nashel, Jonathan ( 1999 ). `` Cold War ( 1945 -- 91 ) : Changing Interpretations ( entire chapter ) ''. In Whiteclay Chambers, John. The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0. Retrieved 16 June 2008. Jump up ^ Brinkley, pp. 798 -- 799 References and further reading Main article : List of primary and secondary sources on the Cold War Applebaum, Anne ( 2012 ). Iron Curtain : The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944 -- 1956. Doubleday. ISBN 0 - 385 - 51569 - 3. Bilinsky, Yaroslav ( 1990 ). Endgame in NATO 's Enlargement : The Baltic States and Ukraine. Greenwood. ISBN 0275963632. Bronson, Rachel. Thicker than Oil : Oil : America 's Uneasy Partnership with Saudi Arabia. Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516743 - 6 Brazinsky, Gregg A. Winning the Third World : Sino - American Rivalry during the Cold War ( U of North Carolina Press, 2017 ) ; four online reviews & author response The Cambridge History of the Cold War ( 3 vol. 2010 ) online Christenson, Ron ( 1991 ). Political trials in history : from antiquity to the present. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0 - 88738 - 406 - 4. Davis, Simon, and Joseph Smith. The A to Z of the Cold War ( Scarecrow, 2005 ), encyclopedia focused on military aspects Dominguez, Jorge I. ( 1989 ). To Make a World Safe for Revolution : Cuba 's Foreign Policy. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 89325 - 2. Fedorov, Alexander ( 2011 ). Russian Image on the Western Screen : Trends, Stereotypes, Myths, Illusions. Lambert Academic Publishing. ISBN 978 - 3 - 8433 - 9330 - 0. Franco, Jean ( 2002 ). The Decline and Fall of the Lettered City : Latin America in the Cold War. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0 - 6740 - 3717 - 0. Frankel, Benjamin. The Cold War 1945 -- 1991. Vol. 2, Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China, and the Third World ( 1992 ), 379pp of biographies. Friedman, Norman ( 2007 ). The Fifty - Year War : Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1 - 59114 - 287 - 3. Gaddis, John Lewis ( 1990 ). Russia, the Soviet Union and the United States. An Interpretative History. McGraw - Hill. ISBN 0 - 07 - 557258 - 3. Gaddis, John Lewis ( 1997 ). We Now Know : Rethinking Cold War History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 878070 - 2. Gaddis, John Lewis ( 2005 ). The Cold War : A New History. Penguin Press. ISBN 1 - 59420 - 062 - 9. Garthoff, Raymond ( 1994 ). Détente and Confrontation : American - Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0 - 8157 - 3041 - 1. Gilbert, Martin ( 2007 ). Routledge Atlas of Russian History. Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 39483 - 3. Halliday, Fred. The Making of the Second Cold War ( 1983, Verso, London ). Halliday, Fred ( 2001 ). `` Cold War ''. The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World. Oxford University Press Inc. Haslam, Jonathan. Russia 's Cold War : From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall ( Yale University Press ; 2011 ) 512 pages Heller, Henry ( 2006 ). The Cold War and the New Imperialism : A Global History, 1945 -- 2005. New York : Monthly Review Press. ISBN 1 - 58367 - 139 - 0 Hoffman, David E. The Dead Hand : The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy ( 2010 ) House, Jonathan. A Military History of the Cold War, 1944 -- 1962 ( 2012 ) Immerman, Richard H. and Petra Goedde, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War ( 2013 ) excerpt Judge, Edward H. The Cold War : A Global History With Documents ( 2012 ) Kalinovsky, Artemy M. ( 2011 ). A Long Goodbye : The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05866 - 8. Kinsella, Warren ( 1992 ). Unholy Alliances. Lester Publishing. ISBN 1895555248. LaFeber, Walter ( 1993 ). America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945 -- 1992. McGraw - Hill. ISBN 0 - 07 - 035853 - 2. LaFeber, Walter ( 2002 ). America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945 -- 2002. McGraw - Hill. ISBN 0 - 07 - 284903 - 7. Leffler, Melvyn ( 1992 ). A Preponderance of Power : National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2218 - 8. Leffler, Melvyn P. and Odd Arne Westad, eds. The Cambridge History of the Cold War ( 3 vol, 2010 ) 2000pp ; new essays by leading scholars Lewkowicz, Nicolas ( 2010 ). The German Question and the International Order, 1943 -- 48. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 24812 - 0. Lundestad, Geir ( 2005 ). East, West, North, South : Major Developments in International Politics since 1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 1 - 4129 - 0748 - 9. Lüthi, Lorenz M ( 2008 ). The Sino - Soviet Split : Cold War in the Communist World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0 - 691 - 13590 - 8. Malkasian, Carter ( 2001 ). The Korean War : Essential Histories. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1 - 84176 - 282 - 2. Mastny, Vojtech. The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity : The Stalin Years ( 1996 ) online edition McMahon, Robert ( 2003 ). The Cold War : A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 280178 - 3. Meher, Jagmohan ( 2004 ). America 's Afghanistan War : The Success that Failed. Gyan Books. ISBN 81 - 7835 - 262 - 1. Miglietta, John P. American Alliance Policy in the Middle East, 1945 -- 1992 : Iran, Israel, and Saudi Arabia. Lanham, MD : Lexington Books, 2002. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 0304 - 3 Miller, Roger Gene ( 2000 ). To Save a City : The Berlin Airlift, 1948 -- 1949. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0 - 89096 - 967 - 1. Njølstad, Olav ( 2004 ). The Last Decade of the Cold War. Routledge. ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8371 - X. Nolan, Peter ( 1995 ). China 's Rise, Russia 's Fall. St. Martin 's Press. ISBN 0 - 312 - 12714 - 6. Pearson, Raymond ( 1998 ). The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire. Macmillan. ISBN 0 - 312 - 17407 - 1. Porter, Bruce ; Karsh, Efraim ( 1984 ). The USSR in Third World Conflicts : Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 - 521 - 31064 - 4. Puddington, Arch ( 2003 ). Broadcasting Freedom : The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0 - 8131 - 9045 - 2. Roberts, Geoffrey ( 2006 ). Stalin 's Wars : From World War to Cold War, 1939 -- 1953. Yale University Press. ISBN 0 - 300 - 11204 - 1. Rupprecht, Tobias, Soviet internationalism after Stalin : Interaction and exchange between the USSR and Latin America during the Cold War. Cambridge, United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press, 2015. Service, Robert ( 2015 ). The End of the Cold War : 1985 -- 1991. Macmillan. ISBN 978 - 1 - 61039 - 499 - 4. Sewell, Bevan, The US and Latin America : Eisenhower, Kennedy and economic diplomacy in the Cold War. London : New York : I.B. Tauris, 2015. Starr, S. Frederick ( 2004 ). Xinjiang : China 's Muslim Borderland. ME Sharpe Inc. ISBN 0765613182. Steele, Jonathan, `` Who started it? '' ( review of Odd Arne Westad, The Cold War : a World History, Allen Lane, 2017, 710 pp., ISBN 978 0 241 01131 7 ), London Review of Books, vol. 40, no. 2 ( 25 January 2018 ), pp. 23 -- 25. Stone, Norman ( 2010 ). The Atlantic and Its Enemies : A History of the Cold War. Basic Books Press. ISBN 0 - 465 - 02043 - 7. Taubman, William ( 2004 ). Khrushchev : The Man and His Era. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0 - 393 - 32484 - 2. ; Pulitzer Prize Tucker, Robert C. ( 1992 ). Stalin in Power : The Revolution from Above, 1928 -- 1941. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0 - 393 - 30869 - 3. Tucker, Spencer, ed. Encyclopedia of the Cold War : A Political, Social, and Military History ( 5 vol. 2008 ), world coverage Walker, Martin. The Cold War : A History ( 1995 ), British perspective Weathersby, Kathryn ( 1993 ), Soviet Aims in Korea and the Origins of the Korean War, 1945 -- 50 : New Evidence From the Russian Archives, Cold War International History Project : Working Paper No. 8 Westad, Odd Arne ( 2017 ). The Cold War : A World History. Basic Books. ISBN 978 - 0465054930. Westad, Odd Arne ( 2012 ). Restless Empire : China and the World Since 1750. Basic Books. ISBN 0 - 4650 - 2936 - 1. Westad, Odd Arne ( 2012 ). Restless Empire : China and the World Since 1750. Basic Books. ISBN 0 - 4650 - 2936 - 1. Wettig, Gerhard ( 2008 ). Stalin and the Cold War in Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9. Wilson, James Graham ( 2014 ). The Triumph of Improvisation : Gorbachev 's Adaptability, Reagan 's Engagement, and the End of the Cold War. Ithaca : Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801452295. Zubok, Vladislav ; Pleshakov, Constantine ( 1996 ). Inside the Kremlin 's Cold War : From Stalin to Khrushchev. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0 - 674 - 45531 - 2. Zubok, Vladislav M. ( 2008 ) A Failed Empire : The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev Historiography and memory Hopkins, Michael F. `` Continuing Debate and New Approaches in Cold War History, '' Historical Journal, December 2007, Vol. 50 Issue 4, pp 913 -- 934, Isaac, Joel, and Duncan Bell, eds. Uncertain Empire : American History and the Idea of the Cold War ( 2012 ) Johnston, Gordon. `` Revisiting the cultural Cold War, '' Social History, Aug 2010, Vol. 35 Issue 3, pp 290 -- 307 Kirkendall, Andrew J. `` Cold War Latin America : The State of the Field '', H - Diplo Essay No. 119 : An H - Diplo State of the Field Essay ( November 2014 ) Nuti, Leopoldo, et al., eds. Europe and the End of the Cold War : A Reappraisal ( 2012 ) Roberts, Priscilla. `` New Perspectives on Cold War History from China, '' Diplomatic History 41 : 2 ( April 2017 ) online Wiener, Jon. How We Forgot the Cold War : A Historical Journey across America ( 2012 ) Primary sources Andrew, Christopher ; Mitrokhin, Vasili ( 2000 ). The Sword and the Shield : The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. Basic Books. ISBN 0 - 585 - 41828 - 4. Cardona, Luis ( 2007 ). Cold War KFA. Routledge. Dobrynin, Anatoly ( 2001 ). In Confidence : Moscow 's Ambassador to Six Cold War Presidents. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0 - 295 - 98081 - 8. Hanhimäki, Jussi and Odd Arne Westad, eds. The Cold War : A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts ( Oxford University Press, 2003 ). ISBN 0 - 19 - 927280 - 8. Sakwa, Richard ( 1999 ). The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union, 1917 -- 1991. Routledge. ISBN 0 - 415 - 12290 - 2. `` Presidency in the Nuclear Age '', conference and forum at the JFK Library, Boston, 12 October 2009. Four panels : `` The Race to Build the Bomb and the Decision to Use It '', `` Cuban Missile Crisis and the First Nuclear Test Ban Treaty '', `` The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race '', and `` Nuclear Weapons, Terrorism, and the Presidency ''. ( transcript of `` The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race '' ) External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Cold War '' dated 2012 - 07 - 11, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. 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Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 Communist insurgency in Bangladesh NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état German Autumn Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Gulf of Sidra incident Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "and powers in the Western Bloc ( the United States, its NATO allies and others ). Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine, a U.S. foreign policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism, was announced, and either 1989, when communism fell in Eastern Europe, or 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed. The term `` cold '' is used because there was no large - scale fighting directly between the two sides, but they each supported major regional wars known as proxy wars. The Cold War split the temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the Soviet Union and the United States as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences. The USSR was a Marxist -- Leninist state led by its Communist Party, which in turn was dominated by a leader with different titles over time, and a small committee called the Politburo. The Party controlled the press, the military, the economy and many organizations. It also controlled the other states in the Eastern Bloc, and funded Communist parties around the world, sometimes in competition with Communist China, particularly following the Sino - Soviet split of the 1960s. In opposition stood the capitalist West, led by the United States, a federal republic with a two - party presidential system. The First", "Western Bloc ( the United States, its NATO allies and others ). Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine, a U.S. foreign policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism, was announced, and either 1989, when communism fell in Eastern Europe, or 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed. The term `` cold '' is used because there was no large - scale fighting directly between the two sides, but they each supported major regional wars known as proxy wars. The Cold War split the temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the Soviet Union and the United States as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences. The USSR was a Marxist -- Leninist state led by its Communist Party, which in turn was dominated by a leader with different titles over time, and a small committee called the Politburo. The Party controlled the press, the military, the economy and many organizations. It also controlled the other states in the Eastern Bloc, and funded Communist parties around the world, sometimes in competition with Communist China, particularly following the Sino - Soviet split of the 1960s. In opposition stood the capitalist West, led by the United States, a federal republic with a two - party presidential system. The First World nations of the" ], "id": [ "17895270152446068249" ], "short_answers": [ "Soviet Union", "United States" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Speaker of the Lok Sabha - wikipedia Speaker of the Lok Sabha Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ), Speaker of the Lok Sabha लोक सभा अध्यक्ष State Emblem of India Flag of India Incumbent Sumitra Mahajan Style The Honourable Appointer Members of the Lok Sabha Term length During the life of the Lok Sabha ( five years maximum ) Inaugural holder Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar Formation 15 May 1952 Deputy M. Thambidurai Website Speaker 's Official Website The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. The speaker is elected in the very first meeting of the Lok Sabha following general elections. Serving for a term of five years, the Speaker chosen from amongst the members of the Lok Sabha, and is by convention a member of the ruling party or alliance. The current speaker is Sumitra Mahajan of the Bharatiya Janata Party, who is presiding over the 16th Lok Sabha. She is the second woman to hold the office, after her immediate predecessor Meira Kumar. Contents ( hide ) 1 Powers and functions of the Speaker 2 Removal of the Speaker 3 Protem Speaker 4 List of Speakers 5 References 6 External links Powers and functions of the Speaker ( edit ) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in house ; and decides whether a bill is a money bill or not. They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behaviour by suspending them. They also permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions such as a motion of no confidence, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. The date of election of speaker is fixed by the President. Further, all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker. The speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament. The counterpart of the Speaker in the Rajya Sabha is the Chairman, who is the Vice President of India. In the warrant of precedence, the speaker of Lok Sabha comes next only to The Deputy Prime Minister of India. Speaker has the sixth rank in the political executive of India Removal of the Speaker ( edit ) Speaker can be removed by the Lok Sabha by a resolution passed by an effective majority of the House as per Articles 94 and 96. Speaker is also removed on getting disqualified for being Lok Sabha member under sections 7 & 8 of Representation of the People Act, 1951. This would arise out of speaker 's wrong certification of a bill as money bill inconsistent with the definition given in Articles 110 of the constitution. When courts uphold the unconstitutional act of the speaker for wrong certification of a bill as money bill, it amounts to disrespecting the constitution deserving conviction under Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 which is applicable for disqualification of speaker 's Lok Sabha membership under section 8k of Representation of the People Act, 1951. However the omissions in the procedure committed by the speaker in the Lok Sabha can not be challenged in court of law per Article 122 Protem Speaker ( edit ) After a general election and the formation of a new government, a list of senior Lok Sabha members prepared by the Legislative Section is submitted to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, who selects a protem speaker. The appointment has to be approved by the president. The first meeting after the election when the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are selected by members of the Parliament is held under the pro tem Speaker. In absence of the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker acts as Speaker and in the absence of both a committee of six member selected by the Speaker will act as Speaker according to their seniority. List of speakers ( edit ) No. Name Portrait Term Party From To Length Lok Sabha Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar 15 May 1952 27 February 1956 7003138300000000000 ♠ 3 years, 288 days 1st Indian National Congress M.A. Ayyangar 8 March 1956 10 May 1957 7002428000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 63 days 11 May 1957 16 April 1962 7003180100000000000 ♠ 4 years, 340 days 2nd Sardar Hukam Singh 17 April 1962 16 March 1967 7003179400000000000 ♠ 4 years, 333 days 3rd Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 17 March 1967 19 July 1969 7002855000000000000 ♠ 2 years, 124 days 4th 5 Gurdial Singh Dhillon -- 8 August 1969 19 March 1971 7002586000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 221 days 22 March 1971 1 December 1975 7003171500000000000 ♠ 4 years, 254 days 5th 6 Bali Ram Bhagat -- 15 January 1976 25 March 1977 7002435000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 69 days ( 4 ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 26 March 1977 13 July 1977 7002109000000000000 ♠ 109 days 6th Janata Party 7 K.S. Hegde 21 July 1977 21 January 1980 7002914000000000000 ♠ 2 years, 184 days 8 Balram Jakhar 22 January 1980 27 oct 1984 7003145400000000000 ♠ 3 years, 358 days 7th Indian National Congress 16 January 1985 18 December 1989 7003179700000000000 ♠ 4 years, 336 days 8th 9 Rabi Ray -- 19 December 1989 9 July 1991 7002567000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 202 days 9th Janata Dal 10 Shivraj Patil 10 July 1991 22 May 1996 7003177800000000000 ♠ 4 years, 317 days 10th Indian National Congress 11 P.A. Sangma 23 May 1996 23 March 1998 7002669000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 304 days 11th 12 G.M.C. Balayogi -- 24 March 1998 19 October 1999 7002574000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 209 days 12th Telugu Desam Party 22 October 1999 3 March 2002 7002863000000000000 ♠ 2 years, 132 days 13th 13 Manohar Joshi 10 May 2002 2 June 2004 7002754000000000000 ♠ 2 years, 23 days Shiv Sena 14 Somnath Chatterjee 4 June 2004 31 May 2009 7003182200000000000 ♠ 4 years, 361 days 14th Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 15 Meira Kumar 4 June 2009 4 June 2014 7003182600000000000 ♠ 5 years, 0 days 15th Indian National Congress 16 Sumitra Mahajan 5 June 2014 Incumbent 7003119700000000000 ♠ 3 years, 101 days 16th Bharatiya Janata Party The names, terms of office and Lok Sabhas were taken from : Former Speakers. The Office of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://speakerloksabha.nic.in/roleofthespeaker.asp Jump up ^ http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/lok-sabha-speaker-sumitra-mahajan-profile/1/365536.html Jump up ^ `` Sections 7 & 8k, Representation of the People Act, 1951 '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 2 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` Aadhaar Act as Money Bill : Why the Lok Sabha is n't Immune from Judicial Review ''. Retrieved 29 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` Interpretation of Article 122 by the Supreme Court ''. Retrieved 3 August 2017. Jump up ^ Ashok, Akash Deep ( 4 June 2014 ). `` Pro tem Speaker : All you need to know about this parliamentary post ''. India Today. Retrieved 21 September 2014. External links ( edit ) Office of the Lok Sabha Speaker Speakers of the Lok Sabha Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar M.A. Ayyangar Sardar Hukam Singh Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Gurdial Singh Dhillon Bali Ram Bhagat K.S. Hegde Balram Jakhar Rabi Ray Shivraj Patil P.A. Sangma G.M.C. Balayogi Manohar Joshi Somnath Chatterjee Meira Kumar Sumitra Mahajan Parliament of India President of India President of India ( List ) Lok Sabha Speaker Leader of the Lok Sabha Leader of the Opposition Constituencies 1st LS ( 1952 -- 57 ) 2nd LS ( 1957 -- 62 ) 3rd LS ( 1962 -- 67 ) 4th LS ( 1967 -- 71 ) 5th LS ( 1971 -- 77 ) 6th LS ( 1977 -- 80 ) 7th LS ( 1980 -- 84 ) 8th LS ( 1984 -- 89 ) 9th LS ( 1989 -- 91 ) 10th LS ( 1991 -- 96 ) 11th LS ( 1996 -- 98 ) 12th LS ( 1998 -- 99 ) 13th LS ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( Members ) 14th LS ( 2004 -- 09 ) ( Members ) 15th LS ( 2009 -- 14 ) ( Members ) 16th LS ( 2014 -- 19 ) ( Members ) Rajya Sabha Members Chairman Leader of the Rajya Sabha Leader of the Opposition Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha&oldid=800770424 '' Categories : Lists of legislative speakers in India Speakers of the Lok Sabha Lists of political office - holders in India Lists of members of the Lok Sabha Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ संस्कृतम् Simple English Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017, at 15 : 25. About Wikipedia", "title": "Speaker of the Lok Sabha", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha&amp;oldid=800770424" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "years maximum ) Inaugural holder Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar Formation 15 May 1952 Deputy M. Thambidurai Website Speaker 's Official Website The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. The speaker is elected in the very first meeting of the Lok Sabha following general elections. Serving for a term of five years, the Speaker chosen from amongst the members of the Lok Sabha, and is by convention a member of the ruling party or alliance. The current speaker is Sumitra Mahajan of the Bharatiya Janata Party, who is presiding over the 16th Lok Sabha. She is the second woman to hold the office, after her immediate predecessor Meira Kumar. Contents ( hide ) 1 Powers and functions of the Speaker 2 Removal of the Speaker 3 Protem Speaker 4 List of Speakers 5 References 6 External links Powers and functions of the Speaker ( edit ) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in house ; and decides whether a bill is a money bill or not. They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish" ], "id": [ "12101913613634351174" ], "short_answers": [ "Sumitra Mahajan" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Welcome to Night Vale - wikipedia Welcome to Night Vale Jump to : navigation, search Welcome to Night Vale Presentation Starring Cecil Baldwin Format Comedy news satire surrealism paranormal horror deadpan magical realism Language English Production Opening theme `` The Ballad of Fiedler and Mundt '' by Disparition `` The Ballad of Haydon and Prideaux '' by Disparition, as of August 1, 2015 Ending theme `` The Ballad of Magnus and Axel '' by Disparition No. of episodes Main series : 109 Live : 5 Bonus : 5 ( List of episodes ) Publication Original release June 15, 2012 -- present Website Official website Bandcamp page Welcome to Night Vale is a podcast presented as a radio show for the fictional town of Night Vale, reporting on the strange events that occur within it. The series was created in 2012 by Joseph Fink and Jeffrey Cranor. Published by Night Vale Presents since March 15, 2015, the podcast was previously published by Commonplace Books. Cecil Gershwin Palmer -- the host, main character, and narrator -- is voiced by Cecil Baldwin, while secondary characters are sometimes voiced by guest stars -- such as Dylan Marron, who voices Carlos. The podcast typically airs on the first and fifteenth of every month, and consists of `` news, announcements and advertisements '' from the desert town, located `` somewhere in the Southwestern United States. '' In an interview with NPR, Joseph Fink said that he `` came up with this idea of a town in that desert where all conspiracy theories were real, and we would just go from there with that understood. '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Guest stars and guest writers 3 Novels 3.1 Welcome to Night Vale 3.2 It Devours! 4 Night Vale Presents podcasts 5 Reception 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Production ( edit ) Cecil Baldwin as Cecil in the live episode `` The Investigators '' during the 2015 UK tour. See also : List of Welcome to Night Vale episodes Every episode of the podcast includes a piece of music as `` the weather '', each by a different independently published artist. The theme and background instrumental music to the series were created by the musician and composer Disparition. In October 2013, Welcome to Night Vale began presenting live shows, which continued into 2014 with a tour of the West Coast. In addition, it was announced during the episode `` The Auction '' that a novel would be published in 2015. Fink stated that `` it 's going to have all the characters and weird atmosphere that you want from Night Vale, with a brand new story that explores parts of Night Vale that we just have n't been able to get into with the podcast ''. When the book became available for pre-order the following March, it became Amazon 's # 2 title seven months ahead of its October release date. Welcome to Night Vale 's plot consists of longform storytelling. Individual episodes usually function as standalone narratives and only rarely contain significant developments in storyline. The writers employ running jokes and plot arcs, advanced slowly through the events described in the podcast. For example, The Glow Cloud, one of the series ' most iconic characters, hypnotizes the townspeople with its colors and noxious gas, making people chant `` ALL HAIL THE MIGHTY GLOW CLOUD '', and eventually becomes president of Night Vale 's school board. Another running joke is that the job with the highest death rate is being an intern at the radio station ; the only interns and former interns who are currently alive include ( in order of appearance ) Cecil, Chad Bowinger, Dana Cardinal, Maureen, Vithya and Kareem. Characters and narratives may emerge and develop slowly, while unrelated stories may combine to form new plot points. Major stories which have occurred include the development of a romantic relationship between Cecil and Carlos ; the stranding of several characters, including Carlos, in a `` desert otherworld '' ; the invasion of Night Vale by the corporation StrexCorp, from the rival town of Desert Bluffs, and StrexCorp 's eventual expulsion from Night Vale ; the 2014 mayoral elections, with subsequent terrorist activities by failed mayoral candidates The Faceless Old Woman Who Secretly Lives in Your Home and Hiram McDaniels ; and the complications surrounding McDaniels ' subsequent imprisonment and trial. The series ' fourth anniversary in June 2016 coincided with a two - part climax to the most recent storyline : the invasion of Night Vale by mysterious strangers, led by a demonic beagle puppy accidentally summoned from Hell by Chad Bowinger, a former radio intern. The early plot point of a miniature city buried under the town 's bowling alley resurfaced after this, in addition to the sporadic appearance of Huntokar, a deer - headed deity with connections to both the tiny city and Night Vale 's unusual nature. Guest stars and guest writers ( edit ) Dylan Marron as Carlos, Cecil 's scientist boyfriend and later husband. Jasika Nicole as Dana Cardinal, former Night Vale Community Radio Intern and current Mayor of Night Vale. Kevin R. Free as Kevin, Cecil 's Desert Bluffs counterpart obsessed with blood and gore, offsetting his always cheery disposition. Mara Wilson as The Faceless Old Woman Who Secretly Lives in Your Home, a former mayoral candidate and being who simultaneously lives in the homes of all Night Vale residents. Jackson Publick as Hiram McDaniels, a literal five - headed dragon and former mayoral candidate. Retta as Old Woman Josie, Cecil 's dearest friend and the only person in town to directly acknowledge the existence of Angels. Hal Lublin as Steve Carlsberg, Cecil 's brother - in - law whom he distrusts. Symphony Sanders as Tamika Flynn, a well - read young woman in charge of a teenage militia in the desert. Lauren Sharpe as Lauren Mallard, the former head of StrexCorp. Maureen Johnson as Intern Maureen, a disgruntled former Night Vale Community Radio Intern. Mark Gagliardi as John Peters, A local farmer who is always referred to as `` John Peters ; you know, the farmer? '' Kate Jones as Michelle Nguyen, the owner of Dark Owl Records who vehemently disdains anything remotely popular. Desiree Burch as Pamela Winchell, the former Mayor of Night Vale and current Head of Emergency Press Conferences. Emma Frankland as Sheriff Sam, who became sheriff of Night Vale after the previous sheriff mysteriously disappeared. Tina Parker as Huntokar, the goddess who created Night Vale. Wil Wheaton as Earl Harlan, a local celebrity chef and childhood friend of Cecil. Meg Bashwhinner as Deb, a sentient patch of haze, who comes on the show to read advertisements. She also provides the voice of `` Proverb Lady '' who reads the credits at the end of every episode. James Urbaniack as Leonard Burton, the former host of Night Vale Community Radio before Cecil. Mark Evan Janson as Marcus Vanston, an extraordinarily wealthy Night Vale citizen who was turned into an Angel during the mayoral debate. Molly Quinn as Fey, a computer program reading random numbers that eventually becomes sentient. Molly Quinn also voices her creator, Melony Pennington. Felicia Day as Joanna Rey, a shapeshifting zookeeper. Jason Webley as Louie Blasko, the former owner of Louie 's Music Shop before it burned down and he skipped town. Aliee Chan as Basimah Bashara a young woman whose father has been away fighting the Blood Space War for most of her life. Dessa as Sabina, Cecil 's cousin. Erica Livingston and Christopher Loar as Maggie and Donald Penebaker, a husband and wife who serve as the voices of the phone tree menus for all services in night vale. Flor De Liz Perez as Lacy, a representative for the Night Vale Department of Water Zack Parsons, who wrote alongside Fink at Something Awful, has co-written four episodes : `` The Traveler, '' `` A Beautiful Dream, '' `` The Deft Bowman, '' and `` Lost in the Mail. '' `` The Auction '' was co-written by Glen David Gold, who also contributed material to `` The Woman from Italy. '' Novels ( edit ) Welcome to Night Vale ( edit ) Main article : Welcome to Night Vale ( novel ) In October 2015 Fink and Cranor released a novel by the same name, Welcome to Night Vale. It is told primarily from the viewpoints of Jackie Fierro and Diane Crayton, both citizens of Night Vale who have been featured in the podcast. Critical reception for the book has been positive. It Devours! ( edit ) In the March 15, 2017 episode of the podcast, Fink announced a second novel, titled It Devours!, which will deal with Carlos and his team of scientists investigating the Cult of the Smiling God. It will be released October 17, 2017. Night Vale Presents podcasts ( edit ) Night Vale Presents, the overall banner for the Welcome to Night Vale podcast, began launching more serial fiction podcasts in early 2016. The first, Alice Is n't Dead, was written by Night Vale cowriter Joseph Fink, and was performed by Jasika Nicole, who played Dana on Night Vale. The story was presented as monologues broadcast over a trucker CB radio, as a woman drives a truck across America, looking for her missing wife. The first season of 10 episodes was released between March and July, 2016, and a second season began airing in April 2017. The second Night Vale Presents podcast was Within the Wires, written by Night Vale cowriter Jeffrey Cranor and Janina Matthewson, who also performed the lead character. This story was told as a series of relaxation tapes prepared for a patient in a mysterious medical center known as `` The Institute. '' As the story unfolds, it became clear that the narrator of the tapes had a connection to the patient, and may have had a secret agenda. The first season of 10 episodes was released between June and November, 2016. A third podcast, The Orbiting Human Circus ( of the Air ), was released October 12, 2016. This podcast was written by and stars musician Julian Koster. Reception ( edit ) The show has been described as `` the news from Lake Wobegon as seen through the eyes of Stephen King '', and Christopher Wynn of The Dallas Morning News characterized it as `` NPR meets The Mothman Prophecies ''. The Daily Dot 's Gavia Baker - Whitelaw compared the podcast to being `` caught somewhere between Weird Twitter and ' Tales of the Unexplained ' '' and said that it is `` well worth a listen -- although possibly not after dark, if you live in a small town yourself ''. Colin Griffith of The A.V. Club said the show is `` really well done, offering a surrealist / absurdist ( and occasionally existentialist ) take on community radio, with dispatches from the small, delectably nightmarish desert town of Night Vale ''. Writing for TechGeek, Erin Hill considered the uniqueness of the podcast to be `` its presentation of what is ordinary '', adding that `` many of the things that Cecil reports goes against our idea of normal, but ( everything ) is presented in a manner that makes it seem mundane ''. In July 2013, Welcome to Night Vale was ranked second on the top 10 audio podcasts list on iTunes, behind radio program This American Life. During the same month, it surpassed This American Life to become first on the podcasts list, having received 150,000 downloads during a single week. In December 2013, The A.V. Club ranked the show 7th on its Best Podcasts of 2013 list. Co-producer Jeffrey Cranor attributed this spike in popularity to both Tumblr and fans of the television series Hannibal. Max Sebela, a creative strategist for Tumblr, stated that the fan following began to `` spiral out of control '' beginning on July 5, with that week having `` 20,000 - plus posts about ' Night Vale, ' with 183,000 - plus individual blogs participating in the conversation, and 680,000 - plus notes ''. The Twitter account for the podcast has been noted as having more than 20,000 followers by July 2013. According to The Daily Dot, new listeners primarily come through fan following and word of mouth primarily on Tumblr with fan fiction and fan art focusing on the romantic relationship between the show 's narrator and scientist Carlos. Fans have published `` fanscripts '', transcripts of the podcast, in order to widen the accessibility of Welcome to Night Vale. On October 15, 2015 producers Joseph Fink and Jeffrey Cranor were interviewed on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, and Cecil Baldwin appeared for a Community Calendar public service message for Night Vale. Mike Rugnetta of PBS 's web show Idea Channel compares the show to horror writer H.P. Lovecraft 's style of writing about fear of what we do n't know. He says `` But Night Vale turns Lovecraft 's ' unimaginable terror ' into ' drab mundanity '. '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WELCOME TO NIGHT VALE ''. Disparition. Retrieved October 22, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Night Vale ''. Disparition. Retrieved 23 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Night Vale ''. PodParadise. Retrieved November 1, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Night Vale : 64 - WE MUST GIVE PRAISE ''. nightvale.libsyn.com. 15 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Night Vale : Bonus Episode 3 - `` The Librarian '' Horoscopes ``. nightvale.libsyn.com. 12 March 2015. ^ Jump up to : Wynn, Christopher ( October 22, 2012 ). `` Welcome to Night Vale : Eerie, witty podcast has Texas ties ''. The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved July 14, 2013. Jump up ^ D'Amico, Anthony ( May 26, 2013 ). `` Celebrating Their Corpse - Strewn Future : Welcome to Night Vale ''. Brainwashed. Brainwashed Inc. Retrieved July 24, 2013. Jump up ^ Lyden, Jacki ( August 31, 2013 ). `` Welcome To ' Night Vale ' -- Watch Out For The Tarantulas ''. NPR. Retrieved September 3, 2013. Jump up ^ Waggoner, Nate ( February 19, 2013 ). `` 6 Podcasts You Really Should Be Listening To ''. KQED. Retrieved July 14, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Roberts, Amelia ( July 28, 2013 ). `` 10 Reasons to Listen to Welcome to Night Vale ''. The Artifice. Retrieved August 8, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Live Shows ''. Commonplace Books. Retrieved January 15, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Popular Podcast ' Night Vale ' Coming Out as a Book ''. Associated Press. December 16, 2013. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Fink, Joseph. `` The Auction ''. Welcome to Night Vale. Commonplace Books. Retrieved December 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Spooky podcast ' Welcome to Night Vale ' is coming to a bookstore near you ''. HelloGiggles. ^ Jump up to : B, Marke. `` Welcome to Oakland, ' Welcome to Night Vale ' ''. 48 Hills. Retrieved August 20, 2015. Jump up ^ Croft, James. `` 5 Things Humanists Can Learn from `` Welcome to Night Vale '' ``. Patheos. Retrieved August 20, 2015. Jump up ^ Dobbs, Sarah. `` Joseph Fink and Jeffrey Cranor on Welcome To Night Vale ''. Den of Geek. Retrieved August 20, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Why Welcome to Night Vale is Important ''. The Geekiary. Retrieved August 20, 2015. Jump up ^ la Vigna, Christina. `` Night Vale Nightmares # 8 : `` Taking Off / Review / Bonus Episode 4 : Pamela Winchell '' ``. Fangoria. Retrieved August 20, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Oh, My Pop Culture Religion : Religious Colonialism in Welcome to Night Vale ''. Lady Geek Girl and Friends. Retrieved August 20, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Word Has No Meaning : The Resolution of Conflict and Belonging in Welcome to Night Vale ''. The Rainbow Hub. Retrieved August 20, 2015. Jump up ^ Fink, Joseph. `` Welcome to Night Vale : NPR from the Twilight Zone ''. Something Awful Forums. SomethingAwful LLC. Retrieved December 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Night Vale : 40 - The Deft Bowman ''. Nightvale.libsyn.com. February 1, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2014. Jump up ^ Fink, Joseph. `` The Woman from Italy ''. Welcome to Night Vale. Commonplace Books. Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hightower, Nancy. `` Our top science - fiction and fantasy picks for October ''. Washington Post. Retrieved October 21, 2015. Jump up ^ Carroll, Tobias. `` Review : ' Welcome to Night Vale, ' by Joseph Fink and Jeffrey Cranor ''. Star Tribune. Retrieved October 21, 2015. Jump up ^ Barton, Chris. `` Review ' Welcome to Night Vale ' podcast becomes an equally weird, haunted yet humorous novel ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 21, 2015. Jump up ^ `` It 's coming... and It Devours! ''. welcometonightvale.com. Jump up ^ Night Vale Presents : Alice Is n't Dead, NightValePresents.com. Retrieved 9 / 25 / 16. Jump up ^ Night Vale Presents : Within the Wires, NightValePresents.com. Retrieved 9 / 25 / 16. Jump up ^ The Orbiting Human Circus, OrbitingHumanCircus.com. Retrieved 9 / 25 / 16. Jump up ^ Baker - Whitelaw, Gavia ( June 10, 2013 ). `` '' Welcome to Night Vale, '' where David Lynch meets `` The Twilight Zone '' ``. The Daily Dot. Retrieved July 14, 2013. Jump up ^ Griffith, Colin ( March 22, 2013 ). `` Dick Van Dyke continues WTF 's `` comedy legends '' streak and Dane Cook makes it weird ``. The A.V. Club. Retrieved July 14, 2013. Jump up ^ Hill, Erin ( August 11, 2013 ). `` Welcome to Night Vale : What is Normal? ''. Techgeek. Retrieved August 15, 2013. Jump up ^ Wynn, Christopher ( July 15, 2013 ). `` ' Night Vale ' podcast with Texas ties closes in on ' This American Life ' on iTunes ''. The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved July 23, 2013. Jump up ^ Anthony, David ( December 4, 2013 ). `` The best podcasts of 2013 Best of The A.V. Club ''. Avclub.com. Retrieved March 1, 2015. Jump up ^ Carlson, Adam ( July 24, 2013 ). `` America 's Most Popular Podcast : What The Internet Did To `` Welcome to Night Vale '' ``. The Awl. Retrieved July 24, 2013. Jump up ^ Baker - Whitelaw, Gavia ( July 23, 2013 ). `` In the surreal shadows of `` Night Vale, '' a new fandom lurks ``. The Daily Dot. Retrieved July 23, 2013. Jump up ^ Romano, Aja ( August 5, 2013 ). `` Fan - created transcripts make it even easier to get into `` Night Vale '' ``. The Daily Dot. Retrieved August 6, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Late Show with Stephen Colbert Video - 10 / 15 / 2015 ( Oprah Winfrey, Joseph Fink, Jeffrey Cranor, Judith Hill ) - CBS.com ''. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Further reading ( edit ) Dobbs, Sarah ( July 25, 2013 ). `` Joseph Fink and Jeffrey Cranor on Welcome To Night Vale ''. Den of Geek. Retrieved July 25, 2013. Santilli, Morgana ( August 5, 2013 ). `` There 's Something About Night Vale ''. Amazing Stories. Retrieved August 8, 2013. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Welcome to Night Vale Wikimedia Commons has media related to Welcome to Night Vale. Official website Welcome to Night Vale on Facebook Welcome to Night Vale on Twitter ( hide ) Night Vale Presents Podcasts Narrative Fiction Welcome to Night Vale ( episodes ) Alice Is n't Dead Within the Wires The Orbiting Human Circus ( of the Air ) It Makes A Sound Commentary Conversations with People Who Hate Me I Only Listen to the Mountain Goats Novels Welcome to Night Vale It Devours! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welcome_to_Night_Vale&oldid=801648913 '' Categories : 2012 podcast debuts Audio podcasts Comedy and humor podcasts Horror podcasts LGBT - related podcasts Science fiction podcasts Scripted podcasts Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Español Français Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017, at 23 : 55. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Welcome to Night Vale", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Welcome_to_Night_Vale&amp;oldid=801648913" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Bowinger, a former radio intern. The early plot point of a miniature city buried under the town 's bowling alley resurfaced after this, in addition to the sporadic appearance of Huntokar, a deer - headed deity with connections to both the tiny city and Night Vale 's unusual nature. Guest stars and guest writers ( edit ) Dylan Marron as Carlos, Cecil 's scientist boyfriend and later husband. Jasika Nicole as Dana Cardinal, former Night Vale Community Radio Intern and current Mayor of Night Vale. Kevin R. Free as Kevin, Cecil 's Desert Bluffs counterpart obsessed with blood and gore, offsetting his always cheery disposition. Mara Wilson as The Faceless Old Woman Who Secretly Lives in Your Home, a former mayoral candidate and being who simultaneously lives in the homes of all Night Vale residents. Jackson Publick as Hiram McDaniels, a literal five - headed dragon and former mayoral candidate. Retta as Old Woman Josie, Cecil 's dearest friend and the only person in town to directly acknowledge the existence of Angels. Hal Lublin as Steve Carlsberg, Cecil 's brother - in - law whom he distrusts. Symphony Sanders as Tamika Flynn, a well - read young woman in charge of a teenage militia in the desert. Lauren Sharpe as Lauren Mallard, the former" ], "id": [ "13316974895394909584" ], "short_answers": [ "Mara Wilson" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Do n't throw the baby out with the bathwater - wikipedia Do n't throw the baby out with the bathwater Jump to : navigation, search Do n't throw the baby out with the bathwater is an idiomatic expression for an avoidable error in which something good is eliminated when trying to get rid of something bad, or in other words, rejecting the favorable along with the unfavorable. A slightly different explanation suggests that this flexible catchphrase has to do with discarding the essential while retaining the superfluous because of excessive zeal. In other words, the idiom is applicable not only when throwing out the baby with the bathwater, but also when someone might throw out the baby and keep the bathwater. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Alternative expressions 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Earliest record of the phrase from Narrenbeschwörung ( Appeal to Fools ) by Thomas Murner, 1512 This idiom derives from a German proverb, das Kind mit dem Bade ausschütten. The earliest record of this phrase is in 1512, in Narrenbeschwörung ( Appeal to Fools ) by Thomas Murner ; and this book includes a woodcut illustration showing a woman tossing a baby out with waste water. It is a common catchphrase in German, with examples of its use in work by Martin Luther, Johannes Kepler, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Otto von Bismarck, Thomas Mann, and Günter Grass. Thomas Carlyle adapted the concept in an 1849 essay on slavery : And if true, it is important for us, in reference to this Negro Question and some others. The Germans say, `` you must empty - out the bathing - tub, but not the baby along with it. '' Fling - out your dirty water with all zeal, and set it careening down the kennels ; but try if you can keep the little child! Carlyle is urging his readers to join in the struggle to end slavery, but he also encourages them to be mindful of the need to try to avoid harming the slaves themselves in the process. Some claim the phrase originates from a time when the whole household shared the same bath water. The head of household ( Lord ) would bathe first, followed by the men, then the Lady and the women, then the children, followed lastly by the baby. The water would be so black from dirt that a baby could be accidentally `` tossed out with the bathwater ''. Others state there is no historical evidence that there is any connection with the practice of several family members using the same bath water, the baby being bathed last. Alternative expressions ( edit ) The meaning and intent of the English idiomatic expression is sometimes presented in different terms. Throw out the champagne with the cork Empty the baby out with the bath Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cheng Lim Tan. ( 2002 ). Advanced English Idioms for Effective Communication, p. 52. Jump up ^ `` What Does `` Throwing the Baby out with the Bath Water '' Mean? ``. Wisegeek.com. Retrieved May 31, 2013. Jump up ^ Jewell, Elizabeth, ed. ( 2006 ). The Pocket Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus ( 2nd edition ), p. 53. Jump up ^ The World Book Dictionary, ' Vol. 1, p. 146. Jump up ^ Nichols, James. ( 1995 ). Assessment Case Studies : Common Issues in Implementation with Various Campus Approaches to Resolution, p. 16. Jump up ^ Wilton, David. ( 2004 ). Word Myths : Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends, pp. 66 - 67. ^ Jump up to : Quinion, Michael ( 6 April 2013 ). `` Do n't throw the baby out with the bath water ''. Newsletter. World Wide Words. Retrieved 6 April 2013. ^ Jump up to : Wilton, p. 67. ^ Jump up to : Pilkington, Karl ; Marchant, Stephen ; Gervais, Ricky ( May -- June 2005 ). `` Explanation, throw the baby out with the bathwater '' ( Audio ). XFM. Retrieved November 8, 2013. Jump up ^ http://mentalfloss.com/article/55503/7-tall-tales-about-life-1500s-and-origins-phrases Jump up ^ Shaw Bernard and Edwin Wilson. ( 1961 ). Shaw on Shakespeare : an Anthology of Bernard Shaw 's Writings on Plays and Production of Shakespeare, p. xvii. Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick, Betty. ( 1999 ). Clichés : Over 1500 Phrases Explored and Explained, pp. 180 - 181, citing George Bernard Shaw 's `` Parent 's and Children '' ( 1914 ). References ( edit ) Ammer, Christine ( 1997 ). Throw out the baby with the bath water. The American Heritage dictionary of idioms. Boston, Massachusetts : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0 - 395 - 72774 - X. ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 72774 - 4 Cheng Lim Tan. ( 2002 ). Advanced English Idioms for Effective Communication. Singapore : Singapore Asian Publications. ISBN 978 - 981 - 4122 - 35 - 1 ; OCLC 226051976 Nichols, James. ( 1995 ). Assessment Case Studies : Common Issues in Implementation with Various Campus Approaches to Resolution. New York : Agathon Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 87586 - 112 - 8 ; OCLC 33132059 Quinion, Michael ( 6 April 2013 ). `` Do n't throw the baby out with the bath water ''. Newsletter. World Wide Words. Retrieved 6 April 2013. Shaw Bernard and Edwin Wilson. ( 1961 ). Shaw on Shakespeare : an Anthology of Bernard Shaw 's Writings on Plays and Production of Shakespeare. New York : E.F. Dutton. reprinted in 2002 by Applause Theatre & Cinema Books, New York. ISBN 978 - 1 - 55783 - 561 - 1 ; OCLC 49690475 Wilton, David. ( 2004 ). Word Myths : Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517284 - 3 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7394 - 5593 - 7 ; OCLC 54767339 External links ( edit ) Look up throw the baby out with the bathwater in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Pilkington, Karl ; Merchant, Stephen ; Gervais, Ricky ( May -- June 2005 ). `` Explanation, throw the baby out with the bathwater ''. XFM. Retrieved November 8, 2013. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_throw_the_baby_out_with_the_bathwater&oldid=835584323 '' Categories : English - language idioms Bathing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018, at 15 : 51. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Don't throw the baby out with the bathwater", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Don%27t_throw_the_baby_out_with_the_bathwater&amp;oldid=835584323" }

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{ "text": "My Big Fat Greek Wedding - wikipedia My Big Fat Greek Wedding Jump to : navigation, search My Big Fat Greek Wedding Theatrical release poster Directed by Joel Zwick Produced by Gary Goetzman Tom Hanks Rita Wilson Written by Nia Vardalos Starring Nia Vardalos John Corbett Lainie Kazan Michael Constantine Andrea Martin Joey Fatone Music by Alexander Janko Chris Wilson Cinematography Jeffrey Jur Edited by Mia Goldman Production company Gold Circle Films HBO Films MPH Entertainment Playtone Distributed by IFC Films Release date April 19, 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 19 ) ( United States ) August 16, 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 16 ) ( Canada ) Running time 95 minutes Country Canada United States Language English Budget $5 million Box office $368.7 million My Big Fat Greek Wedding is a 2002 Canadian - American romantic comedy film directed by Joel Zwick and written by Nia Vardalos, who also stars in the film as Fotoula `` Toula '' Portokalos, a middle class Greek American woman who falls in love with non-Greek upper middle class White Anglo - Saxon Protestant Ian Miller. The film received generally positive reviews from critics and, at the 75th Academy Awards, it was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay. A sleeper hit, the film became the highest - grossing romantic comedy of all time, and grossed $241.4 million in North America, despite never reaching number one at the box office during its release. It was the highest - grossing film to accomplish this feat until the animated film Sing grossed $268 million in 2016. The film inspired the short - lived 2003 TV series My Big Fat Greek Life and a film sequel titled My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2, which was released on March 25, 2016. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Box office performance 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Accolades 4.4 10th - anniversary edition 5 Lawsuit 6 Legacy 6.1 Television series 6.2 Sequel 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Being 30 - years - old and single, Fortoula `` Toula '' Portokalos is her family 's anomaly. The daughter of staunchly proud Greek immigrants, she was raised to follow her cultural tradition of marriage and motherhood. Her golden - child sister Athena met her family 's expectations by marrying young to another Greek and becoming, in Toula 's words, `` a Greek baby - breeding machine ''. Toula still lives with her parents and works at Dancing Zorba 's, her family 's restaurant in Chicago. Toula longs for her own life away from the restaurant and her intrusive family. Frumpy and cynical, she fears her life will never change. One day at the restaurant, Toula notices a handsome young customer -- Ian Miller, a school teacher. She tries to speak to him, only to embarrass herself with her social awkwardness. Ian is bewildered by her behavior, and Toula figures she 's lost her chance to get to know him. Toula 's idea for independence is taking computer classes at a community college. When Toula approaches her father Gus about the classes, he forbids it, thinking she wants to leave her family. He insists she 's `` smart enough for a girl '' and it is too dangerous for her to be out in the city alone. After some crafty persuasion by his wife, Maria, Gus reluctantly permits Toula to attend classes. As her classes progress, Toula gains self - confidence. She trades her thick glasses for contact lenses and her baggy, drab clothes for flattering, colorful outfits. She updates her hairdo and learns to apply makeup. With her new computer skills and polished image, Toula asks her mother and her Aunt Voula to convince Gus that Toula should work at Voula 's travel agency instead of the restaurant. Toula thrives in her new job, and one day she sees Ian walking by the travel agency. He notices Toula, not recognizing that she is the same woman who tried to talk to him at Dancing Zorba 's. Despite Toula 's lingering shyness, they introduce themselves and begin dating. When Ian realizes Toula was the woman at the restaurant, Toula is sure Ian will lose interest. Instead, he loves her even more for who she is, and they become a couple. Because Ian is not Greek, Toula keeps the relationship secret from her family, but her parents find out when a family friend sees them kissing in a parking lot. As she feared, Gus is angry because Ian is not an ethnic Greek -- referring to Ian as a `` Xeno '' -- and both Gus and Maria tell Toula to end the relationship. Toula insists she loves Ian. Her parents try to dissuade her by bringing various Greek bachelors home to meet her, all to no avail. When Ian proposes to Toula, she happily accepts, but Gus is upset that Ian did not ask him for permission to date Toula, let alone marry her. Ian tries to adapt to the family 's Greek customs and mannerisms. Ian and Toula can not marry in the Greek Orthodox Church unless Ian coverts, and Toula is already worried the wedding will be a fiasco. She suggests to Ian that they elope instead. He refuses, saying it 's important to her family to marry in their religion, then he will be baptized Greek Orthodox. Ian 's willingness to do this encourages Gus and Maria to gradually accept Ian into the family. As Toula feared, her numerous well - meaning female relatives take over much of the wedding plans, while the men keep testing Ian. Her cousin Nikki selects tacky bridesmaids dresses without Toula 's permission ; her brother Nick semi-jokingly threatens Ian that he 'll kill him if he ever hurts Toula. Other cousins trick Ian into saying inappropriate things in Greek. When Toula invites Ian 's quiet, reserved parents to meet her parents at their home, she insists that it be a simple dinner with just the six of them. Toula and Ian arrive to find all of Toula 's extended family at the dinner, where they dance and drink for hours. Ian 's parents are unaware of Greek culture and are shocked by the family 's rambunctiousness. On the wedding day, Toula is nervous and surrounded by relatives, but the traditional Greek wedding goes perfectly. At the reception, Gus gives a speech accepting Ian and his parents as family. He then presents the newlyweds with a deed to a house. Both Ian and Toula are deeply touched by Gus 's generosity. Following the reception, Toula and Ian leave for a honeymoon in Greece, both appreciating the craziness of their Greek family. An epilogue shows the couple 's life six years later. Toula got pregnant `` a minute later '' after their honeymoon with their daughter Paris. As Ian and Toula are walking Paris from their house to Greek school, Paris asks why she has to go to Greek school. Toula replies that she had to go to Greek school as a child, so Paris will too. But she assures her that when the time comes, she can marry whomever she wants. As they walk, it is revealed that their home is next door to Toula 's parents. Cast ( edit ) Nia Vardalos as Fotoula `` Toula '' Portokalos - Miller John Corbett as Ian Miller Lainie Kazan as Maria Portokalos Michael Constantine as Kostas `` Gus '' Portokalos Andrea Martin as Aunt Voula Louis Mandylor as Nick Portokalos Gia Carides as Cousin Nikki Gerry Mendicino as Uncle Taki Joey Fatone as Cousin Angelo Bess Meisler as Yiayia ( Grandma ) Stavroula Logothettis as Athena Portokalos Ian Gomez as Mike, Ian 's best man ; he is Vardalos ' real - life husband Bruce Gray as Rodney Miller Fiona Reid as Harriet Miller Jayne Eastwood as Mrs. White Arielle Sugarman as Paris Miller Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) My Big Fat Greek Wedding started as a one - woman play written by and starring Vardalos, performed for six weeks at the Hudson Backstage Theatre in Los Angeles in the summer of 1997. Vardalos later jokingly stated that she only wrote the play `` to get a better agent. '' The play was based on Vardalos 's own family in Winnipeg in Canada and on her experience marrying a non-Greek man ( actor Ian Gomez ). The play was popular, and was sold out for much of its run, in part due to Vardalos 's marketing it across Greek Orthodox churches in the area. A number of Hollywood executives and celebrities saw it, including actress Rita Wilson, who is herself of Greek origin ; Wilson convinced her husband, actor Tom Hanks, to see it as well. Vardalos began meeting various executives about making a film version of the play and began writing a screenplay as well. However, the meetings proved fruitless because the executives insisted on making changes that they felt would make the film more marketable, which Vardalos objected to : these included changing the plot, getting a known actress in the lead role ( Marisa Tomei was one name mentioned ), and changing the family 's ethnicity to Hispanic. Two months after the play 's initial run ended, Hanks 's production company, Playtone, contacted Vardalos about producing a film based on her vision for it ; they also agreed to remount the play in early 1998, this time at LA 's Globe Theatre. Hanks later said that casting Vardalos in the lead role `` brings a huge amount of integrity to the piece, because it 's Nia 's version of her own life and her own experience. I think that shows through on the screen and people recognize it. '' In 2000, while in Toronto doing pre-production for the film, Vardalos and Playtone producer Gary Goetzman overheard actor John Corbett ( who was in town shooting the film Serendipity ) at a bar, telling a friend of his about having read the script for My Big Fat Greek Wedding, and being upset that he could n't make the auditions. Vardalos and Goetzman approached Corbett and offered him the part of Ian Miller on the spot, which he accepted. Filming ( edit ) Parts of the film were shot in Greektown, Toronto Despite being based on life in the Greek community of Winnipeg, the film was set in Chicago and shot in both Toronto and Chicago. Toronto 's Ryerson University and Greektown neighborhood feature prominently in the film. The home used to depict Gus and Maria Portokalos ' residence ( as well as the home bought next door at the end of the film for Toula and Ian ) is located on Glenwood Crescent just off O'Connor Drive in East York. The real home representing the Portokalos ' residence actually has most of the external ornamentation that was shown in the film. Also, some minor parts of the movie were shot in Jarvis High School in Toronto. Release ( edit ) After a February 2002 premiere, it was initially released in the United States via a limited release on April 19, 2002 before receiving a wider release worldwide over the summer, including a wide release in the United States on August 2. Box Office performance ( edit ) My Big Fat Greek Wedding became a sleeper hit and grew steadily from its limited release. Despite never hitting the number one spot and being an independent film with a $5 million budget, it ultimately grossed over $368.7 million worldwide, becoming one of the top romantic films of the 21st century according to Echo Bridge Entertainment. It was the fifth highest - grossing film of 2002 in the United States and Canada, with USD $241,438,208, and the highest - grossing romantic comedy in history. Domestically, it also held the record for the highest - grossing film never having been number one on the weekly North American box office charts, until the release of the 2016 animated film, Sing. The film is among the most profitable of all time, with a 6150 % return on a ( inflation adjusted ) cost of $6 million to produce. Critical reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating 76 % based on 121 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, `` Though it sometimes feels like a television sitcom, My Big Fat Greek Wedding is good - hearted, lovable, and delightfully eccentric, with a sharp script and lead performance from Nia Vardalos. '' On Metacritic, which assigns a rating out to reviews, the film has an average score of 62 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating `` generally favorable reviews ''. Accolades ( edit ) 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Nominated Romantic Comedy Film 10th - anniversary edition ( edit ) In 2012, a 10th anniversary edition of the film was released via DVD and Blu - ray. The edition contains a digital copy of the film and features deleted scenes as well as a 30 - minute retrospective with Vardalos and Corbett. Lawsuit ( edit ) The cast ( with the exception of Vardalos, who had a separate deal ), as well as Hanks ' production company, Playtone, later sued the studio for their part of the profits, charging that Gold Circle Films was engaging in so - called `` Hollywood accounting '' practices. Legacy ( edit ) Television series ( edit ) Main article : My Big Fat Greek Life The film inspired the brief 2003 TV series My Big Fat Greek Life, with most of the major characters played by the same actors, with the exception of Steven Eckholdt replacing Corbett as the husband. Corbett had already signed on to the TV series Lucky. He was scheduled to appear as the best friend of his replacement 's character, but the show was cancelled before he appeared. The show received poor reviews from critics noting the random character entrances and serious plot `` adjustments '' that did not match the film. The seven episodes from the series are available on DVD from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, whose TV studio division produced the show. Sequel ( edit ) Main article : My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 In a 2009 interview for her film My Life in Ruins, asked about a possible sequel for My Big Fat Greek Wedding, Vardalos stated that she had an idea for a sequel and had started writing it, hinting that, like Ruins, the film would be set in Greece. Asked about a sequel again in a November 2012 interview, she stated, `` Well, actually, yes. And it 's only now that I 've really become open to the idea. Over the years, I 've heard from everybody about what the sequel should be. People next to me at Starbucks would say, ' Hey, let me tell you my idea, ' and I 'd be like, ' Hey, I 'm just trying to get a cup of coffee. ' I never thought much about it. But then when John ( Corbett ) and I recently sat down to do that interview ( for the 10th anniversary edition ), we laughed so hard through the whole thing. It made me think that it 's time. He said, `` Come on, write something, will you? '' And I now think I will. We have such an easy chemistry together. And we have chemistry because we never ' did it. ' That 's the surefire way to kill chemistry in a scene. You have to make sure your actors do n't ' do it ' off - screen. If they do n't ' do it, ' then they 'll have chemistry on camera. '' On May 27, 2014, various news and media outlets reported that a sequel was in the works. Nia Vardalos later confirmed this via Twitter, and she also has written a script for the film. The first trailer for My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 was aired on NBC 's The Today Show on November 11, 2015 and it was released on March 25, 2016, to generally negative reviews and comparatively minor box office success to the original. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MY BIG FAT GREEK WEDDING ( PG ) ''. British Board of Film Classification. July 17, 2002. Retrieved April 1, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( 2002 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 5, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` TV Review - My Big Fat Greek Life ''. Entertainment Weekly. 2003 - 04 - 07. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 28. Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies that never hit # 1 ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31. ^ Jump up to : My Big Fat Greek Wedding Headed for L.A. 's Globe Jan. 15 -- and Film, Willard Manus, Playbill, January 15, 1998 ^ Jump up to : My Big Fat Greek Wedding : About the Production, Hollywood Jesus, 2002 Jump up ^ `` Rick Siegel ''. Wikipedia. 2017 - 04 - 17. ^ Jump up to : Nia Vardalos interview, Robin Rea, Screenmancer.com Jump up ^ `` My Life in Ruins '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10, 2011. Echo Bridge Entertainment. Retrieved on May 12, 2008 Jump up ^ `` 2002 Yearly Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo ''. Retrieved August 25, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies that never hit # 1 ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 26. Jump up ^ Staff ( September 15, 2010 ). `` The 15 Most Profitable Movies of All Time ''. CNBC. Retrieved September 15, 2010. The rankings cited in this article have been disputed as some movies were not included. Jump up ^ `` My Big Fat Greek Wedding Movie Reviews, Pictures ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08. Jump up ^ `` My Big Fat Greek Wedding reviews at Metacritic.com ''. Metacritic. CBS. Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08. Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Munoz, Lorenza ( August 8, 2007 ). `` Hanks sues over profit on ' Greek Wedding ' ''. Los Angeles Times. Jump up ^ `` Is a ' Big Fat Greek Wedding ' Sequel in the Works? ''. Retrieved August 25, 2016. Jump up ^ Editor, Shelley Emling Senior ; Post, The Huffington ( November 12, 2012 ). `` ' My Big Fat Greek Wedding ' Star Talks Chemistry, Motherhood And Plans For A Sequel ''. Retrieved August 25, 2016. Jump up ^ `` ' My Big Fat Greek Wedding ' gets big fat sequel ''. Retrieved August 25, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Universal reveals March 2016 release for ' My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 ' ''. Retrieved August 25, 2016. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : My Big Fat Greek Wedding My Big Fat Greek Wedding on IMDb My Big Fat Greek Wedding at Box Office Mojo My Big Fat Greek Wedding at Rotten Tomatoes My Big Fat Greek Wedding at Metacritic Films directed by Joel Zwick Second Sight ( 1989 ) My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( 2002 ) Elvis Has Left the Building ( 2004 ) Fat Albert ( 2004 ) Satellite Award for Best Film Musical or Comedy ( 1996 -- 2009, retired ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Nurse Betty ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge! 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( 1996 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998, 4 episodes ) Magnificent Desolation : Walking on the Moon 3D ( 2005 ) Larry Crowne ( 2011 ) Producer Cast Away ( 2000 ) My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( 2002 ) Connie and Carla ( 2004 ) Magnificent Desolation : Walking on the Moon 3D ( 2005 ) Neil Young : Heart of Gold ( 2006 ) The Ant Bully ( 2006 ) Starter for 10 ( 2006 ) Charlie Wilson 's War ( 2007 ) The Great Buck Howard ( 2008 ) City of Ember ( 2008 ) Where the Wild Things Are ( 2009 ) Larry Crowne ( 2011 ) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 ( 2016 ) The Circle ( 2017 ) Television From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) Game Change ( 2012 ) Related Filmography Playtone Robert Langdon ( film series ) Awards and nominations Colin Hanks Rita Wilson Jim Hanks David S. Pumpkins Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Big_Fat_Greek_Wedding&oldid=816044192 '' Categories : 2002 films English - language films American films Canadian films 2000s romantic comedy films American independent films American romantic comedy films Canadian independent films Eastern Orthodox ecumenical and interfaith relations Fictional American people of Greek descent Films about Greek - American culture Films about weddings Films adapted into television programs Films based on plays Films directed by Joel Zwick Films produced by Gary Goetzman Films produced by Tom Hanks Films set in Chicago Films shot in Toronto Interfaith romance films Screenplays by Nia Vardalos Gold Circle Films films HBO Films films Playtone films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017, at 22 : 05. 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{ "text": "Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) - wikipedia Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) Jump to : navigation, search For the album, see Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) ( album ). `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' Single by Eurythmics from the album Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) B - side `` Baby 's Gone Blue '' Released 21 January 1983 ( UK ) 2 May 1983 ( US ) Format 7 '' single, 12 '' single Recorded 1982 Genre Synthpop new wave Length 3 : 35 ( 7 '' single ) 4 : 48 ( 12 '' single ) Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Annie Lennox David A. Stewart Producer ( s ) David A. Stewart Eurythmics singles chronology `` Love Is a Stranger '' ( 1982 ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Who 's That Girl? '' ( 1983 ) `` Love Is a Stranger '' ( 1982 ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Who 's That Girl? '' ( 1983 ) `` Love Is a Stranger '' ( 1991 reissue ) ( 1991 ) String Module Error : Match not found1991 `` Sweet Dreams ' 91 '' ( Remix ) ( 1991 ) String Module Error : Match not found1991 `` I Saved the World Today '' ( 1999 ) I Saved the World Today 1999 Music video `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' on YouTube `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' is a song written and performed by the British new wave music duo Eurythmics. The song is the title track of their album of the same name and was released as the fourth and final single from the album in early 1983. The song became their breakthrough hit, establishing the duo worldwide. Its music video helped to propel the song to number 2 on the UK Singles Chart and number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100. It was the first single released by Eurythmics in the US. `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' is arguably Eurythmics ' signature song. Following its success, their previous single, `` Love Is a Stranger '', was re-released and also became a worldwide hit. On Rolling Stone 's The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time issue in 2003, `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' was ranked number 356. Eurythmics has regularly performed the song in all their live sets since 1982, and it is often performed by Lennox on her solo tours. In 1991, the song was remixed and reissued to promote Eurythmics ' Greatest Hits album. It re-charted in the UK, reaching number 48, and was also a moderate hit in dance clubs. Another remix by Steve Angello was released in France in 2006, along with the track `` I 've Got a Life '' ( peaking at number 10 ). Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Composition 1.2 Recording 2 Chart performance 3 Music video 4 Track listings 4.1 7 '' single 4.2 12 '' single 4.3 3 '' CD ( 1989 re-release ) 4.4 CD single ( 1991 re-release ) 5 Credits and personnel 6 Chart history 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Original release 6.3 1991 reissue 6.4 1995 reissue 6.5 Steve Angello Remix 6.6 2006 reissue 6.7 2010 reissue 6.8 2017 reissue 6.9 Year - end charts 7 Certifications 8 Marilyn Manson cover 8.1 Formats and track listings 8.2 Charts 9 Other cover versions 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Composition ( edit ) Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart wrote the song after The Tourists had broken up and they formed Eurythmics. Although the two of them also broke up as a couple, they continued to work together. They became interested in electronic music, bought new synthesisers and started playing on it. According to Stewart, he managed to produce the beat and riff of the song on a synthesiser, and Lennox, on hearing it, said : `` What the hell is that? '' and started playing on another synthesiser, and beginnings of the song came out of the two duelling synths. According to Lennox, the lyrics reflected the unhappy time after the break up of The Tourists, when she felt that they were `` in a dream world '', and that whatever they were chasing was never going to happen. She said : `` '' Sweet dreams are made of this '' is basically me saying : `` Look at the state of us. How can it get worse? I was feeling very vulnerable. The song was an expression of how I felt : hopeless and nihilistic. '' Stewart however thought the lyrics too depressing, and added the `` hold your head up, moving on '' line to make it more uplifting. Lennox also said that people had misinterpreted lines like `` Some of them want to use you... some of them want to be abused '' to be about sex or S&M when that was not the intent. Recording ( edit ) The original recording 's main instrumentation featured a sequenced analog synthesizer riff, which Stewart accidentally discovered in the studio when he played a bass track backward. Apart from the synthesizer, the arrangement also uses a Movement Systems Drum Computer, a piano in the middle eight, and Lennox 's multitracked harmony vocals. According to Stewart, the record company did not think the song to be suitable as a single as it lacks a chorus, and did not want to release it as a single. However, when a radio DJ in Cleveland kept playing the song from the album and it received a strongly positive audience reaction, the label then decided to release it. Chart performance ( edit ) `` Sweet Dreams '' was Eurythmics ' commercial breakthrough in the United Kingdom and all over the world. The single entered the UK chart at number 63 in February 1983 and reached number two the following month. `` Sweet Dreams '' was the first ever single release by Eurythmics in the United States when it was released in May 1983. The single debuted at number 90 and slowly eased up the chart. By August, the single had reached number two and stayed there for four weeks, kept from the top by The Police 's `` Every Breath You Take '' before `` Sweet Dreams '' took the number one spot. Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` Sweet Dreams '' was directed by Chris Ashbrook and filmed in January 1983, shortly before the single and the album was released. The video received heavy airplay on the then - fledgling MTV channel and is widely considered a classic clip from the early - MTV era. The music video begins with a fist ( presumably Stewart 's ) pounding on a table, with the camera panning up to reveal Lennox in a boardroom, with images of a Saturn V launch projected on a screen behind her, which are later replaced by a shot of a crowd walking down a street. Stewart is shown typing on a computer ( actually an MCS drum computer ). The camera cuts to Lennox and Stewart meditating on the table. Stewart is next shown playing a cello in a field. The scene then returns to the boardroom, with Lennox and Stewart lying down on the table, and a cow walking around them. Stewart is shown again typing on the computer, with the cow chewing something right next to him. The scene cuts to the duo in a field, with a herd of cows, and Stewart still typing. Lennox and Stewart are then seen floating in a boat, with Stewart again playing a cello. The video ends with Lennox lying in bed, with the last shot being a book on a nightstand bearing a cover identical to the album. The screen then fades to black as Lennox turns off the bedside lamp. The video has more than 210 million views on YouTube as of May, 2018. Lennox 's androgynous visual image, with close - cropped, orange - coloured hair, and attired in a man 's suit brandishing a cane, immediately made her a household name. Her gender - bending image would be further explored in other Eurythmics videos such as `` Love Is a Stranger '' and `` Who 's That Girl? ''. A second video was also produced, featuring Lennox and Stewart on a train. A close - up shot of Lennox 's lips is occasionally seen in the train car 's window as she sings the song. Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single ( edit ) A : `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( LP Version ) -- 3 : 36 B : `` I Could Give You A Mirror '' ( Alternate Version ) -- 4 : 15 12 '' single ( edit ) A : `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( Extended Version ) -- 4 : 48 B1 : `` I Could Give You A Mirror '' ( Alternate Version ) -- 4 : 15 B2 : `` Baby 's Gone Blue '' ( Non-LP track ) -- 4 : 19 3 '' CD ( 1989 re-release ) ( edit ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( LP version ) -- 3 : 36 `` I Could Give You A Mirror '' ( Alternate Version ) -- 4 : 15 `` Here Comes The Rain Again '' ( LP Version ) -- 4 : 54 `` Paint A Rumour '' -- 7 : 30 CD single ( 1991 re-release ) ( edit ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ' 91 - ( 3 : 35 ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( Nightmare Remix ) - ( 7 : 27 ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( Hot Remix ) - ( 5 : 21 ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( House Remix ) - ( 3 : 34 ) Credits and personnel ( edit ) Annie Lennox -- vocals, synthesizer, piano David A. Stewart -- synthesizer, programming Robert Crash -- e-drums, synthesizer Adam Williams -- synthesizer Reynard Falconer -- synthesizer Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Original release ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canada ( The Record Retail Singles ) Canada ( RPM 50 Singles ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) 14 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 5 Spain ( AFYVE ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 36 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 16 US Cash Box Top 100 1991 reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position UK ( Official Charts Company ) 48 1995 reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position UK ( Official Charts Company ) 136 Steve Angello Remix ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 27 2006 reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 19 2010 reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position UK ( Official Charts Company ) 150 2017 reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 49 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Rank Australia 41 Canada 7 New Zealand 15 UK 11 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Cash Box 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 951,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Marilyn Manson cover ( edit ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' Single by Marilyn Manson from the album Smells Like Children Released June 22, 1996 Format CD - single Recorded 1994 - 1995 Genre Industrial rock hard rock heavy metal Length 4 : 53 ( EP ), 4 : 25 ( single ) Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Eurythmics Brian Hugh Warner Jeordie White Scott Putesky Producer ( s ) Marilyn Manson Trent Reznor Marilyn Manson singles chronology `` Dope Hat '' ( 1995 ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( 1996 ) `` The Beautiful People '' ( 1996 ) `` Dope Hat '' ( 1995 ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( 1996 ) `` The Beautiful People '' ( 1996 ) Audio sample file help Music video `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' on YouTube Marilyn Manson released a cover version of `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' as the first single from the 1995 EP, Smells Like Children. This version became an MTV staple and helped to establish the band in the mainstream. Their groundbreaking video was directed by Dean Karr and produced by Arthur Gorson. It also appears on the band 's greatest hits album, Lest We Forget : The Best Of. This version is featured on the soundtracks to the films Enron : The Smartest Guys in the Room ( 2005 ) and Gamer ( 2009 ). It is also featured in the films House on Haunted Hill ( 1999 ), Trick ' r Treat ( 2007 ), the trailer to Wrath of the Titans ( 2012 ), in the pilot of The Following and on the BBC drama Luther. In Manson 's autobiography, The Long Hard Road Out of Hell, he states that Nothing Records did not want to release this as a single. They wanted to release their cover of Screamin ' Jay Hawkins ' `` I Put a Spell on You '', which, according to Manson, `` was far too dark, sprawling and esoteric, even for some of our fans. '' Marilyn Manson added some extra lines to the lyrics that are not present in the Eurythmics version : `` I wan na use you and abuse you / I wan na know what 's inside you '' along with `` I 'm gon na use you and abuse you / I got ta know what 's inside you. '' The video for Manson 's cover contains several clips of Manson and bandmates in what appears to be an abandoned building. In between the clips are a number of surreal shots of Manson wearing a wedding gown, Manson wandering around an abandoned street in a tutu, birds fluttering around him and leaving droppings on his body, and of him riding a pig wearing a cowboy hat and covered with mud. In 2010 the music video was rated the `` Scariest music video ever made '' by Billboard, beating Michael Jackson 's Thriller for the top spot. Dave Stewart has said that he liked Marilyn Manson 's version of his song and that `` the video was one of the scariest things ( he ) 'd seen at the time. '' Formats and track listings ( edit ) Australian CD single `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' -- 4 : 25 `` Dance of the Dope Hats '' ( Remix ) -- 4 : 46 `` Down in the Park '' -- 4 : 58 `` Lunchbox ( Next Motherfucker ) '' -- 4 : 47 US promotional CD single `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' -- 4 : 25 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 28 Canada ( RPM Alternative 30 ) 12 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 50 US Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks 31 US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks 26 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 154 Other cover versions ( edit ) In 1995, Swedish artists Swing and Dr. Alban released a Eurodance cover of the song. In 2011, Swedish DJ Avicii remixed the song. Actress Emily Browning covered the song in the 2011 action - fantasy film, Sucker Punch. In 2016, JX Riders featuring Skylar Stecker went to number one on the US dance chart with their version. American popstar Selena Gomez added the song to the tracklist of her Revival Tour, performing it in different shows. See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1983 List of number - one dance singles of 2016 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Judith A. Peraino ( 2005 ). University of California Press, ed. Listening to the Sirens : Musical Technologies of Queer Identity from Homer to Hedwig. p. 241. ISBN 978 - 0520215870. `` Marilyn Manson entered the mainstream in 1995 with a cover song of the 1980s synth - pop hit `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' by the Eurythmics '' Jump up ^ Larry Starr, Christopher Alan Waterman ( 2007 ). Oxford University Press, ed. American popular music : from minstrelsy to MP3, Vol. 1. ISBN 978 - 0195300536. `` '' Sweet Dreams '' is a good example of commercial new wave music of the early 1980s, an outgrowth of the 1970s new wave / punk scene promoted by major record labels. '' Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time ''. RollingStone.com. Retrieved 8 June 2009. ^ Jump up to : Simpson, Dave ( 11 December 2017 ). `` Eurythmics : how we made Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) ''. The Guardian. ^ Jump up to : `` Eurythmics : Artist Chart History ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Billboard # 1s for the Week Ending May 14, 1983 ''. Rbhsjukebox.wordpress.com. WordPress. Retrieved 12 October 2013. Jump up ^ EurythmicsVEVO ( 2009 - 10 - 24 ), Eurythmics - Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( Official Video ), retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 Jump up ^ Eurythmics - Sweet Dreams HQ ( 1983, Bananas ) - `` alternative video clip ''. YouTube. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Jump up ^ Kent, David ( 1993 ). Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992. St Ives : Australian Chart Book. p. 105. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6. N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between 1983 and 19 June 1988. Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( in German ). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( in Dutch ). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) - EURYTHMICS ''. VRT ( in Dutch ). Top30-2.radio2.be. Retrieved 26 July 2013. Hoogste notering in de top 30 : 2 Jump up ^ Lwin, Nanda ( 2000 ). Top 40 Hits : The Essential Chart Guide. Mississauga : Music Data Canada. p. 389. ISBN 1 - 896 - 594 - 13 - 1. Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 39, No. 2, September 10, 1983 ''. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 25 July 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Tous les Titres par Artiste ''. Dominic DURAND / InfoDisc ( in French ). InfoDisc.fr. 25 July 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013. You have to use the index at the top of the page and search `` Eurythmics '' Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ''. GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know ''. IRMA. Retrieved 25 July 2013. 5th result when searching `` Sweet dreams '' Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Eurythmics - Sweet Dreams - Are Made Of This '' ( in Dutch ). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( in Dutch ). Single Top 100. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ''. Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` SWEET DREAMS ( ARE MADE OF THIS ) - Eurythmics ''. Nowe Media, Polskie Radio S.A. LP3.polskieradio.pl. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 - 1989 Acts ( E ) ''. Rock.co.za. John Samson. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Jump up ^ Salaverri, Fernando. Sólo éxitos : año a año, 1959 - 2002 ( 1st ed. ). Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE. ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2. Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ''. Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics Chart History ( Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 9 / 10 / 83 ''. tropicalglen.com. ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Log UK : E-40 -- E-Z Rollers ''. Zobbel.de. Retrieved 23 June 2012. Jump up ^ `` ( Steve + Angello + Remix &cat = s Lescharts.com -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( Steve Angello Remix ) '' ) ( in French ). Les classement single. Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video ''. Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved January 16, 2017. Jump up ^ Kent, David ( 1993 ). Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) format = requires url = ( help ). Australian Chart Book, St Ives, N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6. Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 1983 -- Volume 39, No. 17, December 24 1983 ''. RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved April 9, 2017. Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1983 ''. Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved July 16, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Singles of 1983 ''. Music Week. London, England : Spotlight Publications : 25. 25 December 1983. Jump up ^ Scaping, Peter, ed. ( 1984 ). `` Top 100 singles : 1983 ''. BPI Year Book 1984. British Phonographic Industry. pp. 42 -- 43. ISBN 0 - 906154 - 04 - 9. Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1983 / Top 100 Songs of 1983 ''. www.musicoutfitters.com. Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1983 ''. tropicalglen.com. Jump up ^ `` CRIA Gold Sales Award ''. annielennox.com. Retrieved 12 February 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Les Singles en Or ''. Dominic DURAND / InfoDisc ( in French ). InfoDisc.fr. 25 July 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( in Italian ). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 9 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) ''. British Phonographic Industry. Enter Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) in the search field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) ''. Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick, Eileen ( March 7, 1998 ). `` Marilyn Manson : Dead to the World ''. Billboard. Retrieved January 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson Biography ''. Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved June 9, 2015. Jump up ^ McPadden, Mike ( April 4, 2015 ). `` Leather, Denim, & Skinny Ties : The Top 10 Heavy Metal Covers of Classic New Wave Songs ''. VH1. Retrieved March 19, 2016. Jump up ^ Jen Yamato ( 19 December 2011 ). `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) ''. PMC. Movieline.com. Retrieved 27 March 2012. Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) lyrics ''. Lyrics.com Jump up ^ `` The scariest music video ever made ''. The Age. Fairfax Media. 1 November 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2012. Jump up ^ Williams, Andrew ( 11 October 2013 ). `` Metro ''. Dave Stewart : Copious amounts of vodka and a rocking boat gave the track that ' whoa ' feel. Retrieved 3 November 2015. Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Sweet Dreams ''. ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Rock / Alternative - Volume 63, No. 13, May 13, 1996 ''. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Marilyn Manson -- Sweet Dreams ''. Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 25 July 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Smells Like Children awards at Allmusic ''. Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Sweet Dreams '' ( in French ). Les classement single. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance Club Songs -- September 10, 2016 ''. Billboard. September 10, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016. External links ( edit ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) at Discogs ( list of releases ) Live rehearsal 2007 on YouTube Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) by Marilyn Manson on YouTube Nitty Gritty -- Sweet Dreams on YouTube Térez Montcalm -- Sweet Dreams on YouTube IMDB -- House on Haunted Hill Soundtrack Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Every Breath You Take '' by The Police Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Eurythmics version ) 3 September 1983 Succeeded by `` Maniac '' by Michael Sembello Preceded by `` Our House '' by Madness Canadian RPM Singles Chart number - one single ( Eurythmics version ) 10 September 1983 -- 17 September 1983 Succeeded by `` Maniac '' by Michael Sembello Eurythmics Annie Lennox David A. Stewart Studio albums In the Garden Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) Touch Be Yourself Tonight Revenge Savage We Too Are One Peace Other albums Touch Dance 1984 ( For the Love of Big Brother ) Live 1983 -- 1989 Compilations Greatest Hits Ultimate Collection Boxed Singles `` Never Gonna Cry Again '' `` Belinda '' `` This Is the House '' `` The Walk '' `` Love Is a Stranger '' `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' `` Who 's That Girl? '' `` Right by Your Side '' `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' `` Sexcrime ( Nineteen Eighty - Four ) '' `` Julia '' `` Would I Lie to You? '' `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' `` Sisters Are Doin ' It for Themselves '' `` It 's Alright ( Baby 's Coming Back ) '' `` When Tomorrow Comes '' `` Thorn in My Side '' `` The Miracle of Love '' `` Missionary Man '' `` Beethoven ( I Love to Listen to ) '' `` Shame '' `` I Need a Man '' `` You Have Placed a Chill in My Heart '' `` Revival '' `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` The King and Queen of America '' `` Angel '' `` ( My My ) Baby 's Gonna Cry '' `` Sweet Dreams ' 91 '' `` I Saved the World Today '' `` 17 Again '' `` I 've Got a Life '' Videography Live Savage We Two Are One Too Greatest Hits Peacetour Ultimate Collection Related articles Discography The Tourists Book Marilyn Manson Marilyn Manson Gil Sharone Paul Wiley Tyler Bates Juan Alderete Zsa Zsa Speck Olivia Newton Bundy Gidget Gein Sara Lee Lucas Daisy Berkowitz Zim Zum John 5 Madonna Wayne Gacy Tim Sköld Ginger Fish Chris Vrenna Fred Sablan Twiggy Ramirez Studio albums Portrait of an American Family Antichrist Superstar Mechanical Animals Holy Wood ( In the Shadow of the Valley of Death ) The Golden Age of Grotesque Eat Me, Drink Me The High End of Low Born Villain The Pale Emperor Heaven Upside Down Live albums The Last Tour on Earth Compilations Lunch Boxes & Choklit Cows Lest We Forget : The Best Of Lost & Found Extended plays Smells Like Children Remix & Repent Singles Commercial `` Get Your Gunn '' `` Lunchbox '' `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' `` The Beautiful People '' `` Tourniquet '' `` Long Hard Road Out of Hell '' `` The Dope Show '' `` I Do n't Like the Drugs ( But the Drugs Like Me ) '' `` Rock Is Dead '' `` Disposable Teens '' `` The Fight Song '' `` The Nobodies '' `` Tainted Love '' `` Mobscene '' `` This Is the New Shit '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` Heart - Shaped Glasses ( When the Heart Guides the Hand ) '' `` Putting Holes in Happiness '' `` Arma - goddamn - motherfuckin - geddon '' `` No Reflection '' `` Slo - Mo - Tion '' `` Third Day of a Seven Day Binge '' `` Deep Six '' `` Cupid Carries a Gun '' `` We Know Where You Fucking Live '' `` Kill4Me '' `` Tattooed in Reverse '' Promotional `` Dope Hat '' `` Antichrist Superstar '' `` Man That You Fear '' `` Coma White '' `` Astonishing Panorama of the Endtimes '' `` You and Me and the Devil Makes 3 '' `` We 're from America '' `` The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles '' `` The Devil Beneath My Feet '' Other songs `` Apple of Sodom '' `` This Is Halloween '' `` If I Was Your Vampire '' `` Running to the Edge of the World '' `` Wow '' `` Killing Strangers '' `` Say10 '' Video albums Dead to the World God Is in the T.V. Guns, God and Government Books The Long Hard Road Out of Hell Holy Wood Genealogies of Pain Campaign Films Doppelherz Born Villain Concert tours Independent touring Portrait of an American Family Tour Smells Like Children Tour Dead to the World Tour Mechanical Animals Tour Beautiful Monsters Tour Rock Is Dead Tour Guns, God and Government Tour Grotesk Burlesk Tour Against All Gods Tour Rape of the World Tour The High End of Low Tour Hey Cruel World... Tour Twins of Evil Tour Masters of Madness Tour The Hell Not Hallelujah Tour The End Times Tour Heaven Upside Down Tour Twins Of Evil : The Second Coming Tour Related Articles Discography Awards and nominations Band members The Manson Family Album MarilynManson.com Posthuman Records Hell, etc. Marilyn Manson -- Columbine High School massacre controversy Bands Alice Cooper gODHEAD Goon Moon Jack Off Jill Loser Nine Inch Nails Rob Zombie Slipknot The Smashing Pumpkins Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet_Dreams_(Are_Made_of_This)&oldid=843320073 '' Categories : Songs about dreams 1983 singles 1995 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Eurythmics songs Marilyn Manson ( band ) songs Miss Kittin songs RCA Records singles Interscope Records singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Trent Reznor Songs written by Annie Lennox Songs written by David A. Stewart 1983 songs Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages using citations with format and no URL CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use British English from June 2015 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Українська Tiếng Việt 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018, at 10 : 39. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Sweet_Dreams_(Are_Made_of_This)&amp;oldid=843320073" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "`` Sweet Dreams ' 91 '' ( Remix ) ( 1991 ) String Module Error : Match not found1991 `` I Saved the World Today '' ( 1999 ) I Saved the World Today 1999 Music video `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' on YouTube `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' is a song written and performed by the British new wave music duo Eurythmics. The song is the title track of their album of the same name and was released as the fourth and final single from the album in early 1983. The song became their breakthrough hit, establishing the duo worldwide. Its music video helped to propel the song to number 2 on the UK Singles Chart and number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100. It was the first single released by Eurythmics in the US. `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' is arguably Eurythmics ' signature song. Following its success, their previous single, `` Love Is a Stranger '', was re-released and also became a worldwide hit. On Rolling Stone 's The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time issue in 2003, `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' was ranked number 356. Eurythmics has regularly performed" ], "id": [ "9541986360847758214" ], "short_answers": [ "1983" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Catholic Church in England and Wales - wikipedia Catholic Church in England and Wales Jump to : navigation, search Not to be confused with Catholic Church in the United Kingdom. Catholic Church in England and Wales Westminster Cathedral, London Classification Catholic Polity Episcopal Pope Pope Francis Archbishop Vincent Nichols Apostolic Nuncio Edward Joseph Adams Region England and Wales Language English, Welsh, Latin Headquarters Westminster Cathedral, City of Westminster, London Founder Augustine of Canterbury, by tradition Origin c. 200s : Christianity in Roman Britain c. 500s : Anglo - Saxon Christianity Separations Church of England ( 1534 / 1558 ) Members 4.2 million ( ~ 8 % ) The Catholic Church in England and Wales is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in full communion with the Pope. Celtic Christianity, with some traditions different from those of Rome, was present in Roman Britain from the first century AD, but after the departure of the Roman legions was in retreat to Paganism. In 597 AD, the first authoritative papal mission, establishing a direct link from the Kingdom of Kent to the See of Rome and to the Benedictine form of monasticism, was carried into effect by Augustine of Canterbury. The English Church continuously adhered to the See of Rome for almost a thousand years from the time of Augustine of Canterbury, but in 1534, during the reign of King Henry VIII, the church, through a series of legislative acts between 1533 and 1536 became independent from the Pope for a period as the Church of England, a national church with Henry declaring himself Supreme Head. Under Henry 's son, King Edward VI, the Church of England became more influenced by the European Protestant movement. The English Church was brought back under full papal authority in 1553, at the beginning of the reign of Queen Mary I, and Catholicism was enforced by the Marian persecutions ; however, when Queen Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, the Church of England 's independence from Rome was reasserted through the settlement of 1559, which shifted the Church of England 's teaching and practice, and in the Act of Uniformity, which caused a rift between Catholics and Queen. In 1570 Pope Pius V responded, in his bull Regnans in Excelsis, calling on all Catholics to rebel against Elizabeth and excommunicating anyone who obeyed her. The Parliament of England made the fact of being a Jesuit or seminarian treasonable in 1571. Priests found celebrating Mass were often hanged, drawn and quartered, rather than being burned at the stake. The Catholic Church ( along with other non-established churches ) continued in England, although it was at times subject to various forms of persecution. Most recusant members ( except those in diaspora on the Continent, in heavily Catholic areas in the north, or part of the aristocracy ) practised their faith in private for all practical purposes. In 1766, the Pope recognised the English Monarchy as lawful, and this led eventually to the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829. Dioceses ( replacing districts ) were re-established by Pope Pius IX in 1850. Along with the 22 Latin Rite dioceses, there are the Eastern Catholic diocese of the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Holy Family of London and the Syro - Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain. At the 2001 United Kingdom census, there were 4.2 million Catholics in England and Wales, some eight per cent of the population. One hundred years earlier, in 1901, they represented only 4.8 per cent of the population. In 1981, 8.7 per cent of the population of England and Wales were Catholic. In 2009, an Ipsos Mori poll found that 9.6 per cent, or 5.2 million persons of all ethnicities were Catholic in England and Wales. Sizeable populations include North West England where one in five is Catholic, a result of large - scale Irish immigration in the nineteenth century as well as the high number of English recusants in Lancashire. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Roman Britons and early Christianity 1.2 Conversion of the Anglo - Saxons 1.3 Norman Church in England and Wales 1.4 Protestantism and Catholic Resistance 1.5 Recusants and moves towards Emancipation 1.6 Coming of the Irish and English converts 1.7 Contemporary English Catholicism 2 Organisation 2.1 Hierarchy 2.2 Chaplaincies 2.3 Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham 2.4 Eastern Catholic rites 3 Demography 3.1 General statistics 3.2 Polish Catholic immigration 4 Adoption controversy 5 Catholic saints of the United Kingdom 6 Miracles 6.1 Marian apparitions 6.2 Incorruptibility 6.3 Stigmata 7 See also 8 Sources 8.1 Footnotes 8.2 References 9 Further reading 9.1 Primary sources 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Christianity in Britain Roman Britons and early Christianity ( edit ) St. Alban is regarded as the protomartyr of the Roman Britons. Much of Great Britain was incorporated into the Roman Empire in 43 AD, after Claudius led the Roman conquest of Britain, conquering lands inhabited by Celtic Britons. The indigenous religious traditions of the Britons, under their priests the Druids were suppressed ; most notably Gaius Suetonius Paulinus launched an attack on Ynys Môn in 60 AD and destroyed the shrine and sacred groves there. In the years following this, Roman influence saw the importation of several religious cults into Britain, including Roman mythology, Mithraism and the imperial cult. One of these sects, then disapproved by the Roman authorities, was the Levantine - originated religion of Christianity. While it is unclear exactly how it arrived, the earliest British figures considered saints by the Christians are St. Alban, followed by Ss. Julius and Aaron, living in the 3rd century. Eventually, the position of the Roman authorities on Christianity moved from hostility, to toleration with the Edict of Milan in 313 AD and then enforcement as state religion following the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 AD, becoming a key component of Romano - British culture and society. Records note that Romano - British bishops, such as Restitutus, attended the Council of Arles in 314, which confirmed the theological findings of an earlier convocation held in Rome ( the Council of Rome ) in 313. The Roman departure from Britain in the following century and the subsequent Germanic invasions sharply decreased contact between Britain and Continental Europe. Christianity, however, continued to flourish in the Brittonic areas of Great Britain. During this period certain practices and traditions took hold in Britain and in Ireland that are collectively known as Celtic Christianity. Distinct features of Celtic Christianity include a unique monastic tonsure and calculations for the date of Easter. Regardless of these differences, historians do not consider this Celtic or British Christianity a distinct church separate from general Western European Christianity. Conversion of the Anglo - Saxons ( edit ) In 597, Pope Gregory I sent Augustine of Canterbury and 40 missionaries from Rome to evangelise the Anglo - Saxons, a process completed by the 7th century. The Gregorian mission, as it is known, is of particular interest in the Catholic Church as it was the first official Papal mission to found a church. With the help of Christians already residing in Kent, Augustine established an archbishopric in Canterbury, the old capital of Kent, and, having received the pallium earlier ( linking his new diocese to Rome ), became the first in the series of Catholic archbishops of Canterbury, four of whom ( Laurence, Mellitus, Justus and Honorius ) were part of the original band of Benedictine missionaries. ( The last Catholic archbishop of Canterbury was Reginald Pole, who died in 1558. ) During this time of mission, Rome pursued greater unity with the local church in Britain, particularly on the question of dating Easter. Columbanus, Columba 's fellow countryman and churchman, had asked for a papal judgement on the Easter question as did abbots and bishops of Ireland. Later, in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, Bede explained the reasons for the discrepancy : `` He ( Columba ) left successors distinguished for great charity, Divine love, and strict attention to the rules of discipline following indeed uncertain cycles in the computation of the great festival of Easter, because far away as they were out of the world, no one had supplied them with the synodal decrees relating to the Paschal observance. '' A series of synods were held to resolve the matter, culminating with the Synod of Whitby in 644. The missionaries also introduced the Rule of Benedict, the continental rule, to Anglo - Saxon monasteries in England. Wilfrid, a Benedictine consecrated archbishop of York ( in 664 ), was particularly skilled in promoting the Benedictine Rule. Over time, the Benedictine, continental rule engrafted upon the monasteries and parishes of England, drawing them closer to The Continent and Rome. As a result, the pope was often called upon to intervene in quarrels, affirm monarchs, and decide jurisdictions. In 787, for example, Pope Adrian I elevated Lichfield to an archdiocese and appointed Hygeberht its first archbishop. Later, in 808, Pope Leo III helped restore King Eardwulf of Northumbria to his throne ; and in 859, Pope Leo IV confirmed and anointed Alfred the Great king, according to Anglo - Saxon Chronicle. Individual Benedictines seemed to play an important role throughout this period. For example, before Benedictine monk St. Dunstan was consecrated archbishop of Canterbury in 960, Pope John XII had him appointed legate, commissioning him ( along with Ethelwold and Oswald ) to restore discipline in the existing monasteries of England, many of which were destroyed by Danish invaders. Norman Church in England and Wales ( edit ) Our Lady of Walsingham Control of the English Church passed from the Anglo - Saxons to the Normans following the Norman conquest of England. The two clerics most prominent associated with this process were the continental - born Lanfranc and Anselm ; both men were Benedictines. Anselm later became a Doctor of the Church. A century later, Pope Innocent III had to confirm the primacy of Canterbury over four Welsh churches for many reasons, but primarily to sustain the importance of the Gregorian foundation of Augustine 's mission. During mediaeval times, England and Wales were part of western Christendom. During this period, monasteries and convents, such as those at Shaftesbury and Shrewsbury, were prominent features of society providing lodging, hospitals and education. Likewise, schools like Oxford University and Cambridge University were important. Members of religious orders, notably the Dominicans and Franciscans, settled in both schools and maintained houses for students. Clerics like Archbishop Walter de Merton founded Merton College at Oxford and three different popes -- Gregory IX, Nicholas IV, and John XXII -- gave Cambridge the legal protection and status to compete with other European medieval universities. Pilgrimage was a prominent feature of mediaeval Catholicism, and England and Wales were amply provided with many popular sites of pilgrimage. The village of Walsingham, Norfolk became an important shrine after a noblewoman called Richeldis de Faverches experienced a vision of the Virgin Mary in 1061, asking her to build a replica of the Holy House at Nazareth. In 1170, Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral, by followers of King Henry II and was quickly canonised as a martyr for the faith. This resulted in Canterbury becoming a major place of pilgrimage and inspired the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. There were also shrines at Holywell in Wales which commemorated St Winefride and at Westminster Abbey to Edward the Confessor to name but a few. An Englishman, Nicholas Breakspear, became Pope Adrian IV, ruling from 1154 to 1159. Fifty - six years later, Cardinal Stephen Langton, the first of English cardinals and later Archbishop of Canterbury ( 1208 -- 28 ), became a pivotal figure in the dispute between King John and Pope Innocent III. This critical situation led to the signing and later promulgation of the Magna Charta in 1215. Protestantism and Catholic resistance ( edit ) A banner showing the Holy Wounds of Jesus Christ which was carried by partisans during the Pilgrimage of Grace. England remained a Catholic country until 1534, when it first officially separated from Rome during the reign of King Henry VIII. In response to the Pope 's refusal to annul Henry 's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, Parliament denied the Pope 's authority over the English Church, made the king Head of the Church in England, and dissolved the monasteries and religious orders in England. Henry did not himself accept Protestant innovations in doctrine or liturgy -- but he extended toleration, and even promotion, to clergy with Protestant sympathies in return for support for his break with Rome. On the other hand, failure to accept this break, particularly by prominent persons in church and state, was regarded by Henry as treason, resulting in the execution of Thomas More, former Lord Chancellor, and John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, among others. The See of Rome Act 1536 enforced the separation from Rome, while the ' Pilgrimage of Grace ' of 1536 and ' Bigod 's Rebellion ' of 1537, risings in the North against the religious changes, were bloodily repressed. In 1536 - 41 Henry VIII engaged in a large - scale Dissolution of the Monasteries, which controlled most of the wealth of the church, and much of the richest land. He disbanded monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England, Wales and Ireland, appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, and provided pensions for the former residents. He did not turn these properties over to a Protestant church of England ( which indeed did not yet exist ) : they were sold, mostly to pay for the wars. The historian G.W. Bernard argues : The dissolution of the monasteries in the late 1530s was one of the most revolutionary events in English history. There were nearly 900 religious houses in England, around 260 for monks, 300 for regular canons, 142 nunneries and 183 friaries ; some 12,000 people in total, 4,000 monks, 3,000 canons, 3,000 friars and 2,000 nuns... one adult man in fifty was in religious orders. Nevertheless, Henry maintained a strong preference for traditional Catholic practices and, during his reign, Protestant reformers were unable to make many changes to the practices of the Church of England. Indeed, this part of Henry 's reign saw the trial for heresy of Protestants as well as Catholics. The 1547 to 1553 reign of the boy King Edward VI saw the Church of England become more influenced by Protestantism in its faith and worship, with the ( Latin ) Mass replaced by the ( English ) Book of Common Prayer, representational art and statues in church buildings destroyed, and Catholic practices which had survived during Henry 's reign, for instance the public saying of prayers to the Virgin Mary such as the Salve Regina, ended. The Western Rising took place in 1549. The institutional Church in England returned to Catholic practice during the reign of the Catholic Queen Mary I from 1553 to 1558. Mary was determined to bring back the whole of England to the Catholic faith. This aim was not necessarily at odds with the feeling of a large section of the populace ; Edward 's Protestant reformation had not been well received everywhere, and there was ambiguity in the responses of the parishes. Mary also had some powerful families behind her. The Jerningham family together with other East Anglian Catholic families such as the Bedingfelds, Waldegraves, Rochesters together with the Huddlestons of Sawston Hall were `` the key to Queen Mary 's successful accession to the throne. Without them she would never have made it. '' However, Mary 's executions of 300 Protestants by burning at the stake proved counterproductive, as they were extremely unpopular among the populace. For example, instead of executing Archbishop Cranmer for treason for supporting Queen Jane, she had him tried for heresy and burned at a stake. With the assistance of Foxe 's Book of Martyrs, which glorified the Protestants killed at the time and vilified Catholics, this practice ensured her a place in popular memory as Bloody Mary -- for centuries after the idea of another reconciliation with Rome was linked in many English people 's minds with a renewal of Mary 's fiery stakes. When Mary died and Elizabeth I became queen in 1558, the religious situation in England was confused. Throughout the see - sawing religious landscape of the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary I, a significant proportion of the population ( especially in the rural and outlying areas of the country ), are likely to have continued to hold Catholic views, at least in private. By the end of Elizabeth I 's reign, however, England was clearly a Protestant country, and Catholics were a minority. Elizabeth 's first act was to reverse her sister 's re-establishment of Catholicism by Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. The Act of Supremacy of 1558 made it a crime to assert the authority of any foreign prince, prelate, or other authority, and was aimed at abolishing the authority of the Pope in England. A third offence was high treason, punishable by death. The Oath of Supremacy, imposed by the Act of Supremacy 1558, provided for any person taking public or church office in England to swear allegiance to the monarch as Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Failure to so swear was a crime, although it did not become treason until 1562, when the Supremacy of the Crown Act 1562 made a second offence of refusing to take the oath treason. However, during the first years of her reign there was relative leniency towards Catholics who were willing to keep their religion private, especially if they were prepared to continue to attend their parish churches. The wording of the official prayer book had been carefully designed to make this possible by omitting aggressively `` heretical '' matter, and at first many English Catholics did in fact worship with their Protestant neighbours, at least until this was formally forbidden by Pope Pius V 's 1570 bull, Regnans in Excelsis, which also declared that Elizabeth was not a rightful queen and should be deposed, formally excommunicated her and any who obeyed her and obliged all Catholics to attempt to overthrow her. In response, the `` Act to retain the Queen 's Majesty 's subjects in their obedience '', passed in 1581, made it high treason to reconcile anyone or to be reconciled to `` the Romish religion '', or to procure or publish any papal Bull or writing whatsoever. The celebration of mass was prohibited under penalty of a fine of two hundred marks and imprisonment for one year for the celebrant, and a fine of one hundred marks and the same imprisonment for those who heard the Mass. This act also increased the penalty for not attending the Anglican service to the sum of twenty pounds a month, or imprisonment till the fine be paid, or till the offender went to the Protestant Church. A further penalty of ten pounds a month was inflicted on anyone keeping a schoolmaster who did not attend the Protestant service. The schoolmaster himself was to be imprisoned for one year. In the setting of England 's wars with Catholic powers such as France and Spain, culminating in the attempted invasion by the Spanish Armada in 1588, the Papal bull unleashed a nationalistic feeling which equated Protestantism with loyalty to a highly popular monarch, rendering every Catholic a potential traitor, even in the eyes of those who were not themselves extreme Protestants. The Rising of the North, the Throckmorton plot and the Babington plot, together with other subversive activities of supporters of Mary, Queen of Scots, all reinforced the association of Catholicism and treachery in the popular mind. The climax of Elizabeth 's persecution of Catholics was reached in 1585 by the `` Act against Jesuits, Seminary priests and other such like disobedient persons ''. This statute, under which most of the English Catholic martyrs were executed, made it high treason for any Jesuit or any seminary priest to be in England at all, and felony for any one to harbour or relieve them. The last of Elizabeth 's anti-Catholic laws was the `` Act for the better discovery of wicked and seditious persons terming themselves Catholics, but being rebellious and traitorous subjects ''. Its effect was to prohibit all recusants from removing more than five miles from their place of abode, and to order all persons suspected of being Jesuits or seminary priests, and not answering satisfactorily, to be imprisoned till they did so. However, Elizabeth did not believe that her anti-Catholic policies constituted religious persecution, finding it hard, in the context of the uncompromising wording of the Papal Bull against her, to distinguish between those Catholics engaged in conflict with her from those Catholics with no such designs. The number of English Catholics executed under Elizabeth was significant, including Edmund Campion, Robert Southwell, and Margaret Clitherow. Elizabeth herself signed the death warrant that led to regicide, the beheading of her cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots. Because of the persecution in England, Catholic priests in England were trained abroad at the English College in Rome, the English College in Douai, the English College at Valladolid in Spain, and at the English College in Seville. Given that Douai was located in the Spanish Netherlands, part of the dominions of Elizabethan England 's greatest enemy, and Valladolid and Seville in Spain itself, they became associated in the public eye with political as well as religious subversion. It was this combination of nationalistic public opinion, sustained persecution, and the rise of a new generation which could not remember pre-Reformation times and had no pre-established loyalty to Catholicism, that reduced the number of Catholics in England during this period -- although the overshadowing memory of Queen Mary I 's reign was another factor that should not be underestimated. Nevertheless, by the end of the reign probably 20 % of the population were still Catholic, with another 10 % dissident `` Puritan '' Protestants, and the remainder more or less reconciled to the `` official '' church. The reign of James I ( 1603 -- 1625 ) was marked by a measure of tolerance, though less so after the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot conspiracy of a small group of Catholic conspirators who aimed to kill both King and Parliament and establish a Catholic monarchy. A mix of persecution and tolerance followed : Ben Jonson and his wife, for example, in 1606 were summoned before the authorities for failure to take communion in the Church of England, yet the King tolerated some Catholics at court ; for example George Calvert, to whom he gave the title Baron Baltimore, and the Duke of Norfolk, head of the Howard family. The reign of Charles I ( 1625 -- 49 ) saw a small revival of Catholicism in England, especially among the upper classes. As part of the royal marriage settlement Charles 's Catholic wife, Henrietta Maria, was permitted her own royal chapel and chaplain. Henrietta Maria was in fact very strict in her religious observances, and helped create a court with continental influences, where Catholicism was tolerated, even somewhat fashionable. Some anti-Catholic legislation became effectively a dead letter. The Counter-Reformation on the Continent of Europe had created a more vigorous and magnificent form of Catholicism ( i.e., Baroque, notably found in the architecture and music of Austria, Italy and Germany ) that attracted some converts, like the poet Richard Crashaw. Ironically, the explicitly Catholic artistic movement ( i.e., Baroque ) ended up `` providing the blueprint, after the fire of London, for the first new Protestant churches to be built in England. '' While Charles remained firmly Protestant, he was personally drawn towards a consciously ' High Church ' Anglicanism. This affected his appointments to Anglican bishoprics, in particular the appointment of William Laud as Archbishop of Canterbury. How many Catholics and Puritans there were is still open to debate. Religious conflict between Charles and other `` High '' Anglicans and Calvinists - at this stage mostly still within the Church of England ( the Puritans ) - formed a strand of the anti-monarchical leanings of the troubled politics of the period. The religious tensions between a court with ' Papist ' elements and a Parliament where the Puritans were strong was one of the major factors behind the English Civil War, in which almost all Catholics supported the King. The victory of the Parliamentarians meant a strongly Protestant, anti-Catholic ( and, incidentally, anti-Anglican ) regime under Oliver Cromwell. The restoration of the monarchy under Charles II ( 1660 -- 85 ) also saw the restoration of a Catholic - influenced court like his father 's. However, although Charles himself had Catholic leanings, he was first and foremost a pragmatist and realised the vast majority of public opinion in England was strongly anti-Catholic, so he agreed to laws such as the Test Act requiring any appointee to any public office or member of Parliament to deny Catholic beliefs such as transubstantiation. As far as possible, however, he maintained tacit tolerance. Like his father, he married a Catholic, Catherine of Braganza. ( He would become Catholic himself on his deathbed ). James II was the last Catholic to have reigned as monarch of England. Charles ' brother and heir James, Duke of York ( later James II ) converted to Catholicism in 1668 -- 1669. When Titus Oates in 1678 alleged a ( totally imaginary ) ' Popish Plot ' to assassinate Charles and put James in his place, he unleashed a wave of Parliamentary and public hysteria which led to anti-Catholic purges, and another wave of sectarian persecution, which Charles was either unable or unwilling to prevent. Throughout the early 1680s the Whig element in Parliament attempted to remove James as successor to the throne. Their failure saw James become, in 1685, Britain 's first openly Catholic monarch since Mary I ( and last to date ). He promised religious toleration for Catholic and Protestants on an equal footing, but it is in doubt whether he did this to gain support from Dissenters or whether he was truly committed to tolerance ( Contemporary Catholic regimes in Spain and Italy, for example, were hardly tolerant of Protestantism, while those in France and Poland had practised forms of toleration ). James ' clear intent to work towards the restoration of the Church of England to the Catholic fold encouraged converts like the poet John Dryden, who wrote `` The Hind and the Panther '', celebrating his conversion. Protestant fears mounted as James placed Catholics in the major commands of the existing standing army, dismissed the Protestant Bishop of London and dismissed the Protestant Fellows of Magdalen College and replaced them with a wholly Catholic board. The last straw was the birth of a Catholic heir in 1688, portending a return to a Pre-Reformation Catholic dynasty. In what came to be known as the Glorious Revolution, Parliament deemed James to have abdicated ( effectively deposing him, though Parliament refused to call it that ) in favor of his Protestant daughter and son - in - law and nephew, Mary II and William III. Although this affair is celebrated as solidifying both English liberties and the Protestant nature of the kingdom, some argue that it was `` fundamentally a coup spearheaded by a foreign army and navy. '' James fled into exile, and with him many Catholic nobility and gentry. The Act of Settlement 1701, which remains in operation today, established the royal line through Sophia, Electress of Hanover, and specifically excludes any Catholic or anyone who marries a Catholic from the throne. This Act was partially changed when the ban on the monarch 's marrying a Catholic was eliminated ( along with the rule of male succession ). Henry Benedict Stuart ( Cardinal - Duke of York ), the last Jacobite heir to publicly assert a claim to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland, died in Rome in 1807. A monument to the Royal Stuarts exists today at Vatican City. Franz, Duke of Bavaria, head of the Wittelsbach family, is the most senior descendant of King Charles I and is considered by Jacobites to be the heir of the Stuarts. Recusants and moves towards Emancipation ( edit ) The years from 1688 to the early 19th century were in some respects the nadir for Catholicism in England. Deprived of their dioceses, four Apostolic Vicariates were set up throughout England until the re-establishment of the diocesan episcopacy in 1850. Although the persecution was not violent as in the past, Catholic numbers, influence and visibility in English society reached their lowest ebb. Their civil rights were severely curtailed : their right to own property or inherit land was greatly limited, they were burdened with special taxes, they could not send their children abroad for Catholic education, they could not vote, and priests were liable to imprisonment. There was no longer, as once in Stuart times, any notable Catholic presence at court, in public life, in the military or professions. Many of the Catholic nobles and gentry who had preserved on their lands among their tenants small pockets of Catholicism had followed James into exile, and others, at least outwardly, conformed to Anglicanism, meaning fewer such Catholic communities survived intact. A bishop at this time ( roughly from 1688 to 1850 ) was called a Vicar apostolic. A Vicar Apostolic was a titular bishop ( as opposed to a diocesan bishop ) through whom the pope exercised jurisdiction over a particular church territory in England. Interestingly, English - speaking colonial America came under the jurisdiction of the Vicar Apostolic of the London. As titular bishop over Catholics in British America, he was important to the government not only in regard to its English - speaking North American colonies, but also after the Seven Years ' War when the British Empire, in 1763, acquired the French - speaking ( and predominantly Catholic ) territory of Canada. Only after the Treaty of Paris in 1783 and in 1789 with the consecration of John Carroll, a friend of Benjamin Franklin, did the U.S. have its own diocesan bishop, free of the Vicar Apostolic of London, James Robert Talbot. Geographical distribution of English Catholic Recusancy, 1715 -- 1720. Most Catholics retreated to complete isolation from a popular Protestant mainstream, and Catholicism in England in this period is politically, if not socially, invisible to history, Alexander Pope being one memorable English Catholic of the 18th century and the other being a member of the Catholic gentry, the Duke of Norfolk, the Premier Duke in the peerage of England and as Earl of Arundel, the Premier Earl. In virtue of his status and as head of the Howard family ( which included the Earl of Carlisle, the Earl of Suffolk, the Earl of Berkshire, and the Earl of Effingham ), the Duke was always at court. Pope, however, seemed to benefit from the isolation. In 1713, when he was 25, he took subscriptions for a project that filled his life for the next seven years, the result being a new version of Homer 's Iliad. Samuel Johnson pronounced it the greatest translation ever achieved in the English language. Over time, Pope became the greatest poet of the age, the Augustan Age, especially for his mock - heroic poems, Rape of the Lock and The Dunciad. Around this time, in 1720, Clement XI proclaimed Anselm of Canterbury a Doctor of the Church. In 1752, mid-century, Great Britain adopted the Gregorian calendar decreed by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. Later in the century there was some liberalisation of the anti-Catholic laws on the basis of Enlightenment ideals. In 1778 a Catholic Relief Act allowed Catholics to own property, inherit land and join the army. Hardline Protestant mobs reacted in the Gordon Riots in 1780, attacking any building in London which was associated with Catholicism or owned by Catholics. Other reforms allowed the clergy to operate more openly and thus allowed permanent missions to be set up in the larger towns. Stonyhurst College, for example, was re-established in 1791 for wealthier Catholics. In 1837, James Arundel, the tenth Baron Arundel of Wardour, bequeathed to Stonyhurst the Arundel Library, which contained the vast Arundel family collection, including some of the school 's most important books and manuscripts such as a Shakespeare First Folio and a manuscript copy of Froissart 's Chronicles, looted from the body of a dead Frenchman after the Battle of Agincourt. Yet Catholic recusants as a whole remained a small group, except where they stayed the majority religion in various pockets, notably in rural Lancashire and Cumbria, or were part of the Catholic aristocracy and squirearchy. One of the most interesting contemporary descendents of recusants is Timothy Radcliffe, former Master of the Order of Preachers ( Dominicans ) and writer. Radcliffe is related to three former cardinals -- Weld, Vaughan and Hume ( the last because his cousin Lord Hunt is married to Hume 's sister ), and his family is connected to many of the great recusant English Catholic families, the Arundels, Tichbournes, Tablots, Stonors, and Weld - Blundells. Finally, history can not forget the famous recusant, Maria Fitzherbert, who during this period secretly married the Prince of Wales, Prince Regent, and future George IV in 1785. The British Constitution, however, did not accept it and George IV later moved on. Cast aside by the establishment, she was adopted by the town of Brighton, whose citizens, both Catholic and Protestant, called her `` Mrs. Prince ''. According to journalist, Richard Abbott, `` Before the town had a ( Catholic ) church of its own, she had a priest say Mass at her own house, and invited local Catholics '', suggesting the recusants of Brighton were not very undiscovered. In a new study of the English Catholic community, 1688 -- 1745, Gabriel Glickman notes that Catholics, especially those whose social position gave them access to the courtly centres of power and patronage, had a significant part to play in 18th - century England. They were not as marginal as one might think today. For example, Alexander Pope was not the only Catholic whose contributions ( especially, Essays on Man ) help define the temper of an early English Enlightenment. In addition to Pope, Glickman notes, a Catholic architect, James Gibbs, returned baroque forms to the London skyline and a Catholic composer, Thomas Arne, composed `` Rule Britannia. '' According to reviewer Aidan Bellenger, Glickman also suggests that `` rather than being the victims of the Stuart failure, ' the unpromising setting of exile and defeat ' had ' sown the seed of a frail but resilient English Catholic Enlightenment. ' '' Yale University historian Steve Pincus likewise argues in his book, 1688 : The First Modern Revolution, that Catholics under William and Mary and their successors experienced considerable freedom. Coming of the Irish and English converts ( edit ) Statue of Cardinal Newman outside the Church of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, London After this moribund period, the first signs of a revival occurred as thousands of French Catholics fled France during the French Revolution. The leaders of the Revolution were virulently anti-Catholic, even singling out priests and nuns for summary execution or massacre, and England was seen as a safe haven from Jacobin violence. Also around this time ( 1801 ), a new political entity was formed, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, which merged the Kingdom of Great Britain with the Kingdom of Ireland, thus increasing the number of Catholics in the new state. Pressure for abolition of anti-Catholic laws grew, particularly with the need for Catholic recruits to fight in the Napoleonic Wars. Despite the strong opposition of King George III, which delayed reform, 1829 brought the culmination of the liberalisation of the anti-Catholic laws. Parliament passed the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, giving Catholics almost equal civil rights, including the right to vote and to hold most public offices. If Catholics were rich, however, exceptions were always made, even before the changes. For example, American ministers to the Court of St. James 's were often struck by the prominence of wealthy American - born Catholics, titled ladies among the nobility, like Louisa ( Caton ), granddaughter of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and her two sisters, Mary Ann and Elizabeth. After Louisa 's first husband ( Sir Felton Bathurst - Hervey ) died, Louisa later married the son of the Duke of Leeds, and had the Duke of Wellington as her European protector. Her sister, Mary Ann, married the Marquess of Wellesley, the brother of the Duke of Wellington ; and her other sister, Elizabeth ( Lady Stafford ), married another British nobleman. Though British law required an Anglican marriage service, each of the sisters and their Protestant spouses had a Catholic ceremony afterwards. At Louisa 's first marriage, the Duke of Wellington escorted the bride. In the 1840s and 1850s, especially during the Great Irish Famine, while much of the large outflow of emigration from Ireland was headed to the United States to seek work, hundreds of thousands of Irish people also migrated across the channel to England and Scotland, and established communities in cities there, including London, Liverpool, Manchester and Glasgow, but also in towns and villages up and down the country, thus giving English Catholicism a numerical boost. Also significant was the rise in the 1830s and 1840s of the Oxford Movement, which claimed Catholic validity for Anglican orders and sought to revive some elements of Catholic theology and ritual within the Church of England ( creating Anglo - Catholicism ). A proportion of the Anglicans who were involved in the Oxford Movement or `` Tractarianism '' were ultimately led beyond these positions and converted to the Catholic Church, including, in 1845, the movement 's principal intellectual leader, John Henry Newman. More new Catholics would come from the Anglican Church, often via high Anglicanism, for at least the next hundred years, and something of this continues. Prominent intellectual and artistic figures who turned to Catholicism in the 19th and 20th centuries included the leading architect of the Gothic Revival, Augustus Pugin, the artist Graham Sutherland and literary figures such as Newman, Gerard Manley Hopkins, G.K. Chesterton, Ronald Knox, Siegfried Sassoon, Evelyn Waugh, Edith Sitwell, Graham Greene and Muriel Spark. Prominent cradle Catholics included the film director, Alfred Hitchcock, writers such as Hilaire Belloc, Lord Acton, and J.R.R. Tolkien and the composer Edward Elgar, whose oratorio The Dream of Gerontius was based on a 19th - century poem by Newman. At various points after the 16th century hopes have been entertained by many English Catholics that the `` reconversion of England '' was near at hand. Additionally, with the arrival of immigrant masses of Irish Catholics, some considered that a `` second spring '' of Catholicism across Britain was developing. Rome responded by re-establishing the Catholic hierarchy in 1850, creating 12 Catholic dioceses in England from existing apostolic vicariates and appointing diocesan bishops ( to replace earlier titular bishops ) with fixed sees on a more traditional Catholic pattern. The Catholic Church in England and Wales had 22 dioceses immediately before the Reformation, but none of the current 22 bear close resemblance ( geographically ) to those 22 earlier pre-Reformation dioceses. The re-established diocesan episcopacy specifically avoided using places that were seats of Church of England dioceses as seats, in effect temporarily abandoning the titles of Catholic dioceses before Elizabeth I because of the Ecclesiastical Titles Act of 1851, which in England favoured a state church ( i.e., Church of England ) and denied arms and legal existence to territorial Catholic sees on the basis that the state could not grant such `` privileges '' to `` entities '' that allegedly did not exist. Some of the Catholic dioceses, however, took the titles of bishoprics which had previously existed in England but were no longer used by the Anglican Church ( e.g. Beverley - later divided into Leeds and Middlesbrough, Hexham - later changed to Hexham and Newcastle ). In the few cases where a Catholic diocese bears the same title as an Anglican one in the same town or city ( e.g. Birmingham, Liverpool, Portsmouth, and Southwark ) -- this is the result of the Church of England ignoring the prior existence there of a Catholic see and of the technical repeal of the Ecclesiastical Titles Act in 1871. Of course, the Act was only carried out in England. For example, the official recognition afforded by the grant of arms to the archdiocese of St. Andrews and Edinburgh, brought into being by Lord Lyon in 1989, was made on the grounds that the Ecclesiastical Titles Act of 1851 never applied to Scotland. In recent times, former Conservative Cabinent Minister, John Gummer, who is a prominent convert to Catholicism and columnist for the Catholic Herald in 2007, objected to the fact that no Catholic diocese can have the same name as an Anglican diocese ( such as London, Canterbury, Durham, etc. ) `` even though those dioceses had, shall we say, been borrowed. '' Contemporary English Catholicism ( edit ) Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral, Liverpool Oratory Church of St Aloysius Gonzaga, Oxford, with the flag of the Vatican City flying at half staff the day after the death of Pope John Paul II. English Catholicism continued to grow throughout the first two thirds of the 20th century, when it was associated primarily with elements in the English intellectual class and the ethnic Irish population. Numbers attending Mass remained very high in stark contrast with the Anglican church ( although not to other Protestant churches ), Clergy numbers, which began the 20th century at under 3,000, reached a high of 7,500 in 1971. By the latter years of the twentieth century low numbers of vocations also affected the church with ordinations to the priesthood dropping from the hundreds in the late 20th century into the teens in 2006 - 2011 ( 16 in 2009 for example ) and a recovery into the 20 's thereafter, with a prediction for 2018 of 24. As in other English - speaking countries such as the United States and Australia, the movement of Irish Catholics out of the working - class into the middle - class suburban mainstream often meant their assimilation with broader, secular English society and loss of a separate Catholic identity. The Second Vatican Council has been followed, as in other Western countries, by divisions between traditional Catholicism and a more liberal form of Catholicism claiming inspiration from the Council. This caused difficulties for not a few pre-conciliar converts, though others have still joined the Church in recent decades ( for instance, Malcolm Muggeridge and Joseph Pearce ), and public figures ( often descendants of the recusant families ) such as Paul Johnson ; Peter Ackroyd ; Antonia Fraser ; Mark Thompson, Director General of the BBC ; Michael Martin, first Catholic to hold the office of Speaker of the House of Commons since the Reformation ; Chris Patten, first Catholic to hold the post of Chancellor of Oxford since the Reformation ; Piers Paul Read ; Helen Liddel, Britain 's High Commissioner to Australia ; and former Prime Minister 's wife, Cherie Blair, have no difficulty making their Catholicism known in public life. The former Prime Minister, Tony Blair, was received into full communion with the Catholic Church in 2007. Catherine Pepinster, Editor of Tablet, notes : `` The impact of Irish immigrants is one. There are numerous prominent campaigners, academics, entertainers ( like Danny Boyle the most successful Catholic in showbiz owing to his film, Slumdog Millionaire ), politicians and writers. But the descendants of the recusant families are still a force in the land. '' Since the Council the Church in England has tended to focus on ecumenical dialogue with the Anglican Church rather than winning converts from it as in the past. However, the 1990s have seen a number of conversions from Anglicanism to the Catholic Church, largely prompted by the Church of England 's decision to ordain women as priests ( among other moves away from traditional doctrines and structures ). The resultant converts included members of the Royal Family ( Katharine, Duchess of Kent, her son Lord Nicholas Windsor and her grandson Baron Downpatrick ), a number of Anglican priests. Converts to Catholicism in Britain, for this reason, tend to be more conservative and even traditionalist than Catholics on the European mainland, often opposing trends within the Catholic Church similar to those which induced them to abandon Anglicanism in the first place. The spirit of ecumenism fostered by Vatican II resulted in 1990 with the Catholic Church in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland, joining Churches Together in Britain and Ireland as an expression of the churches ' commitment to work ecumenically. Recently, for example, a memorial was put up to St John Houghton and fellow Carthusian monks martyred at the London Charterhouse, 1535. Anglican priest, Geoffrey Curtis, campaigned for it with the current Archbishop of Canterbury 's blessing. Also, in another ecumenical gesture, a plaque in Holywell Street, Oxford, now commemorates the Catholic martyrs of England. It reads : `` Near this spot George Nichols, Richard Yaxley, Thomas Belson, and Humphrey Pritchard were executed for their Catholic faith, 5 July 1589. '' And at Lambeth Palace, in February 2009, the Archbishop of Canterbury hosted a reception to launch a book, Why Go To Church?, by Fr Timothy Radcliffe OP, one of Britain 's best known religious and the former master of the Dominican Order. A large number of young Dominican friars attended. Fr Radcliffe said, `` I do n't think there have been so many Dominicans in one place since the time of Robert Kilwardby, the Dominican Archbishop of Canterbury in the 13th century. '' The Church 's principles of social justice influenced initiatives to tackle the challenges of poverty and social inclusion. In Southampton, Fr Pat Murphy O'Connor founded the St Dismas Society as an agency to meet the needs of ex-prisoners discharged from Winchester prison. Some of St Dismas Society 's early members went on to help found the Simon Community in Sussex then in London. Their example gave new inspiration to other clergy, such as the Revd Kenneth Leech ( CofE ) of St Anne 's Church, Soho who helped found the homeless charity Centrepoint, and the Revd Bruce Kenrick ( Church of Scotland ) who helped found the homeless charity Shelter. In 1986 Cardinal Basil Hume established the Cardinal Hume Centre to work with homeless young people, badly housed families and local communities to access accommodation, support and advice, education, training and employment opportunities. In 2006 Cardinal Cormac Murphy - O'Connor instituted an annual Mass in Support of Migrant Workers at Westminster Cathedral in partnership with the ethnic chaplains of Brentwood, Southwark and Westminster. Organisation ( edit ) The Catholic Church in England and Wales has five provinces : Birmingham, Cardiff, Liverpool, Southwark and Westminster. There are 22 dioceses which are divided into parishes ( for comparison, the Church of England and Church in Wales currently have a total of 50 dioceses ). In addition to these, there are four dioceses covering England and Wales for specific groups which are the Bishopric of the Forces, the Eparchy for Ukrainians, the Syro - Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain and the Personal Ordinariate for former Anglicans. The Catholic bishops in England and Wales come together in a collaborative structure known as the Bishops ' Conference. Currently the Archbishop of Westminster, Vincent Gerard Nichols, is the President of the Bishops ' Conference. For this reason in the global Catholic Church ( outside England ), he is de facto Primate of England though not in the eyes of English law and the established Church of England. Historically, the avoidance of the title of `` Primate '' was to eschew whipping up anti-Catholic tension, in the same way the bishops of the restored hierarchy avoided using current titles of Anglican sees ( Archbishop of Westminster rather than `` Canterbury '' or `` London '' ). However, the Archbishop of Westminster had certain privileges : he was the only metropolitan in the country until 1911 ( when the archdioceses of Birmingham and Liverpool were created ) and he has always acted as leader at meetings of the English bishops. Although the bishops of the restored hierarchy took new titles, such as that of Westminster, they saw themselves very much in continuity with the pre-Reformation Church. Westminster in particular saw itself as the continuation of Canterbury, hence the similarity of the coat of arms of the two sees ( with Westminster believing it has more right to it since it features the pallium, no longer given to Anglican archbishops ). At the back of Westminster Cathedral is a list of Popes and, alongside this, a list of Catholic Archbishops of Canterbury beginning with Augustine of Canterbury and the year they received the pallium. After Cardinal Pole, the last Catholic incumbent of Canterbury, the names of the Catholic vicars apostolic or titular bishops ( from 1685 ) are recorded and then the Archbishops of Westminster, in one unimpaired line, from 597 to the present, according to the Archdiocese of Westminster. To highlight this continuity or unimpaired line today, the installation rites of pre-Reformation Catholic Archbishops of Canterbury and earlier Archbishops of Westminster were used at the installation of the current Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster, Vincent Gerard Nichols. He became the forty - third of English cardinals since the 12th century. Hierarchy ( edit ) Diocese Province Approximate Territory Cathedral Creation 01 Diocese of Arundel and Brighton Bishop of Arundel and Brighton 15 Southwark Surrey and Sussex Cathedral Church of Our Lady and St Philip Howard 20 1965 ( from Diocese of Southwark ) 02 Archdiocese of Birmingham Archbishop of Birmingham 01 Birmingham West Midlands, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, Worcestershire, Oxfordshire north of the Thames Metropolitan Cathedral Church and Basilica of St Chad 02 1850 ( elevated to Archdiocese 1911 ) 03 Diocese of Brentwood Bishop of Brentwood 19 Westminster Historic County of Essex ( including North - east Greater London ) Cathedral Church of St Mary and St Helen 17 1917 ( from Archdiocese of Westminster ) 04 Archdiocese of Cardiff Archbishop of Cardiff 04 Cardiff Eastern Glamorgan, Herefordshire, Monmouthshire Metropolitan Cathedral Church of St David 03 1850 ( originally as Diocese of Newport and Menevia ; as Diocese of Newport from 1895 ; elevated to Archdiocese of Cardiff 1916 ) 05 Diocese of Clifton Bishop of Clifton 02 Birmingham Bristol, Gloucestershire, Somerset, Wiltshire Cathedral Church of Ss Peter and Paul 04 1850 06 Diocese of East Anglia Bishop of East Anglia 20 Westminster Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, Suffolk Cathedral Church of St John the Baptist 21 1976 ( from Diocese of Northampton ) 07 Diocese of Hallam Bishop of Hallam 08 Liverpool South Yorkshire, High Peak, North Derbyshire, Chesterfield, Bassetlaw Cathedral Church of St Marie 22 1980 ( from Dioceses of Leeds and Nottingham ) 08 Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle 09 Liverpool Tyne and Wear, Northumberland, County Durham Cathedral Church of St Mary 05 1850 ( originally as Diocese of Hexham ; as Hexham and Newcastle from 1861 ) 09 Diocese of Lancaster Bishop of Lancaster 10 Liverpool Cumbria and Northern Lancashire Cathedral Church of St Peter 18 1924 ( from Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle and Archdiocese of Liverpool ) 10 Diocese of Leeds Bishop of Leeds 11 Liverpool Historic West Riding of Yorkshire excluding South Yorkshire Cathedral Church of St Anne 13 1878 ( from Diocese of Beverley ) 11 Archdiocese of Liverpool Archbishop of Liverpool 07 Liverpool Merseyside north of the Mersey, West Lancashire, Isle of Man Metropolitan Cathedral Church of Christ the King 06 1850 ( elevated to Archdiocese 1911 ) 12 Diocese of Menevia Bishop of Menevia 05 Cardiff Brecknockshire, Cardiganshire, Carmarthenshire, Pembrokeshire, Radnorshire and Western Glamorgan Cathedral Church of St Joseph 16 1898 ( from Vicariate Apostolic of Wales ) 13 Diocese of Middlesbrough Bishop of Middlesbrough 12 Liverpool Historic North Riding of Yorkshire, historic East Riding of Yorkshire, York Cathedral Church of St Mary the Virgin 14 1878 ( from Diocese of Beverley ) 14 Diocese of Northampton Bishop of Northampton 21 Westminster Northamptonshire, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire north of the Thames Cathedral Church of St Mary and St Thomas 07 1850 15 Diocese of Nottingham Bishop of Nottingham 22 Westminster Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Rutland, Lincolnshire Cathedral Church of St Barnabas 08 1850 16 Diocese of Plymouth Bishop of Plymouth 16 Southwark Cornwall, Devon, Dorset Cathedral Church of St Mary and St Boniface 09 1850 17 Diocese of Portsmouth Bishop of Portsmouth 17 Southwark Hampshire, Isle of Wight, Berkshire and Oxfordshire south of the Thames, The Channel Islands Cathedral Church of St John the Evangelist 15 1882 ( from Diocese of Southwark ) 18 Diocese of Salford Bishop of Salford 13 Liverpool Part of Greater Manchester, South - east Lancashire Cathedral Church of St John the Evangelist 10 1850 19 Diocese of Shrewsbury Bishop of Shrewsbury 03 Birmingham Cheshire, Shropshire, the Wirral and Manchester south of the Mersey Cathedral Church of Our Lady Help of Christians and Saint Peter of Alcantara 11 1850 20 Archdiocese of Southwark Archbishop of Southwark 14 Southwark Kent, Greater London south of the Thames Metropolitan Cathedral Church of St George 12 1850 ( elevated to Archdiocese 1965 ) 21 Archdiocese of Westminster Archbishop of Westminster 18 Westminster Hertfordshire, historic County of Middlesex ( i.e. North - west Greater London ) Metropolitan Cathedral Church of the Most Precious Blood 01 1850 22 Diocese of Wrexham Bishop of Wrexham 06 Cardiff Anglesey, Caernarfonshire, Denbighshire, Flintshire, Merionethshire and Montgomeryshire Cathedral Church of Our Lady of Sorrows 24 1987 ( from Diocese of Menevia ) 23 Eparchy of the Holy Family of London Bishop Hlib Lonchyna 23 Kiev -- Galicia Great Britain Cathedral Church of the Holy Family in Exile 19 1957 ( elevated to Eparchy 2013 ) Syro - Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain Mar Joseph Srampickal Ernakulam - Angamaly Great Britain Syro - Malabar Cathedral of St Alphonsa 2016 24 Bishopric of the Forces Bishop of the Forces 24 Holy See HM Forces both in Britain and abroad Cathedral Church of St Michael and St George 23 1986 25 Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham Monsignor Keith Newton 25 Holy See Former Anglican clergy, religious and laity resident in England, Wales and Scotland. Principal Church of Our Lady of the Assumption and St Gregory 25 2011 Chaplaincies ( edit ) Further information : Catholic Chaplaincies in England and Wales Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham ( edit ) Main article : Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham In October 2009, following closed - circuit talks between some Anglicans and the Holy See, Pope Benedict made a relatively unconditional offer to accommodate disaffected Anglicans in the Church of England, enabling them, for the first time, to retain parts of their liturgy and heritage under Anglicanorum coetibus, while being in full communion with Rome. By April 2012 the ordinariate numbered about 1200, including five bishops and 60 priests. The ordinariate has recruited a group of aristocrats as honorary vice-presidents to help out. These include the Duke of Norfolk, the Countess of Oxford and Asquith and the Duchess of Somerset. Other vice-presidents include Lord Nicholas Windsor, Sir Josslyn Gore - Booth and the Squire de Lisle, whose ancestor Ambrose de Lisle was a 19th - century Catholic convert who advocated the corporate reunion of the Anglican Church with Rome. According to the group leader, Mgr Keith Newton, the ordinariate will `` work on something with an Anglican flavour, but they are not bringing over any set of Anglican liturgy. '' The director of music at Westminster Abbey ( Anglican ), lay Catholic James O'Donnell, likens the ordinariate to a Uniate church or one of the many non-Latin Catholic rites, saying : `` This is a good opportunity for us to remember that there is n't a one size fits all, and that this could be a good moment to adopt the famous civil service philosophy - ' celebrating diversity '. '' In May 2013, a former Anglican priest, Alan Hopes, was appointed the new Bishop of East Anglia, whose diocese includes the Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham. Eastern Catholic rites ( edit ) A Ukrainian Greek Catholic parish church in Wolverhampton, England There exists the Apostolic Exarchate for Ukrainians which serves the 15,000 Ukrainian Greek Catholics in Great Britain, with a cathedral and various churches across the country. The Lebanese Maronite Order ( LMO ) runs in England and Wales. The LMO is an order of the Maronite Catholic Church, serving Maronite Catholics in England and Wales. The Revd Augustine Aoun is the parish priest for Maronites. The LMO runs a few churches, for example Our Lady of Sorrows in Paddington and Our Lady of Lebanon in Swiss Cottage. There are also Catholic chaplains of the Eritrean, Chaldean, Syriac, Syro - Malabar, Syro - Malankara, and Melkite Rites. For information about the Syro - Malabar chaplaincy within the Diocese of Westminster in London, see Syro - Malabar Catholic Church of London. Mass in the Syro - Malabar rite is celebrated each Sunday in St Joseph 's Catholic Church, New Zealand Road, Cardiff. Demography ( edit ) General Statistics ( edit ) Migration from Ireland in the 19th and 20th centuries and more recent Eastern European migration have significantly increased the numbers of Catholics in England and Wales. While figures for England and Wales alone are difficult to estimate, the ethnic make - up of the Catholic population in the UK ( which includes Northern Irish as British ) in 2008 was as follows : White British 74.6 % White Eastern European 9.5 % White Irish 4.4 % White Other 3.9 % Black African 2.5 % Mixed other 1.9 % Afro - Caribbean / Other 1.7 % Asian 1.5 % The White Eastern European members are mainly from Poland, with smaller numbers from Lithuania, Latvia, and Slovakia. Polish Catholic immigration ( edit ) Part of a series on the Catholic Church by country Worldwide distribution of Catholics Africa ( show ) Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros DR of Congo Republic of Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia ( show ) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Japan Kazakhstan Korea Laos Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal North Korea Pakistan Philippines Russia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Vietnam - including the Middle East ( show ) Bahrain Iran Iraq Israel ( Palestinian territories ) Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe ( show ) Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Cyprus Denmark Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Jersey Kosovo Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Netherlands Norway Malta Moldova Montenegro Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom ( England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland ) North America ( show ) Antigua & Barbuda Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States Latin America ( show ) Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Oceania ( show ) Australia East Timor Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Catholicism portal Polish - speaking Catholics first arrived in England in some numbers after the partitions of Poland during the 19th century. One of the most notable Poles at this time, who eventually settled in England, was Joseph Conrad. At the end of the Second World War, many Polish servicemen were unable to return to their homeland following the imposition of a communist regime hostile to their return, and the Polish Resettlement Corps was formed by the British government to ease their transition into British life. They were joined by several thousand Displaced Persons ( DPs ), many were their family members. This influx of Poles gave rise to the 1947 Polish Resettlement Act which allowed approximately 250,000 Polish Servicemen and their dependents, to settle in Britain. Many assimilated into existing Catholic congregations. According to the Polish Catholic Mission in England and Wales in 1948 the Catholic hierarchy in England Wales agreed the appointment of a vicar delegate, nominated by the Polish Episcopate, with ordinary power over the Polish clergy and laity throughout England and Wales with certain exceptions relating to marriage. Subsequently, whenever a Polish Catholic community emerges within England and Wales, the vicar delegate appoints a Polish priest to organise a local branch of the Polish Catholic Mission. A priest thus appointed is the priest in charge, not a parish priest. There are no Polish parishes or quasiparishes in England and Wales ( in accordance with Canons 515 § 1 and 516 § 1 ) with the exception of the church at Devonia Road in London. A Polish Community is sometimes referred to as a `` parish '' but is not a parish in the canonical sense. Hence the Community is not a juridical person. The canonical juridical personality which represents the interests of all Polish Communities is vested in the Polish Catholic Mission. Since the 2004 accession of Poland to the European Union there has been further large - scale Polish immigration to the UK. Currently the Polish Catholic Mission includes around 219 parishes and pastoral centres with 114 priests. The current rector of the Polish Catholic Mission is Rev. Stefan Wylężek. In Poland, the Polish Bishops Conference has a delegate with special responsibility for émigré Poles. The current postholder is Bishop Ryszard Karpiński. The Tablet reported in December 2007 that the Polish Catholic Mission says these parishes follow a pastoral programme set by the Polish conference of bishops and are viewed as `` an integral part of the Polish church ''. In December 2007 Cardinal Cormac Murphy - O'Connor said `` I 'm quite concerned that Poles are creating a separate Church in Britain -- I would want them to be part of the Catholic life of this country. I would hope those responsible for the Polish Church here, and the Poles themselves, will be aware that they should become a part of local parishes as soon as possible when they learn enough of the language. '' Mgr Kukla stressed that the Polish Catholic Mission continues to have a `` good relationship '' with the hierarchy in England and Wales and said `` Integration is a long process. '' Significantly, the Polish Mission co-operated fully with the English hierarchy 's recent research enquiry into the needs of migrants in London 's catholic community. `` The Ground of Justice '' report by Francis Davis and Jolanta Stanke et al. Von Hügel Institute at St Edmund 's College, Cambridge was commissioned by Archbishop Kevin McDonald of Southwark, and Bishop Thomas McMahon of Brentwood. 1000 people attending Mass in three London dioceses were surveyed using anonymous questionnaires available in Polish, Lithuanian, Chinese, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and English. The congregations were from mainstream Diocesan parishes, ethnic chaplaincies, and churches of the Polish Vicariate. The report findings described how 86 % of eastern Europeans said the availability of Mass in their mother tongue was a reason for their choosing to worship in a particular church. The report 's recommendations emphasised cooperation with key overseas bishops conferences, dioceses, and religious institutes on the recruitment and appointment of ethnic chaplains ; the recognition of language skills as a legitimate training activity and cost for seminarians, clergy, parish volunteer and lay employees ; and the consolidation of dispersed charitable funds for pastoral development and the poor in London. Adoption Controversy ( edit ) On November 3, 2016, John Bingham reported in The Daily Telegraph that Cardinal Vincent Nichols officially acknowledged that the Catholic Church in England and Wales had pressured young, unmarried mothers in the country to put their children up for adoption in agencies linked to the Catholic Church throughout the decades following World War II and offered an apology. Catholic saints of the United Kingdom ( edit ) Saints and Doctors of the Church, notable and Pre-Reformation : St. Alban - ( d. 251 or 304 ), Martyr St. David - ( 500 - 589 ), Monk, Bishop, and Teacher Augustine of Canterbury - ( d. 605 ), Professed Religious Priest of the Order of St. Benedict and Bishop Padarn Early 6th century, Bishop Bede - ( 672? - 735 ), Professed Religious Priest of the Order of St. Benedict and Doctor of the Church St. Anselm - ( 1033 - 1109 ), Professed Religious Priest of the Order of St. Benedict, Bishop, and Doctor of the Church Thomas Becket - ( 1118 - 1170 ), Bishop and Martyr Richard of Chichester - ( 1197 - 1253 ), Bishop Saints from the period of the Reformation to the present : Main article : List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation John Fisher - ( 1469 - 1535 ), Bishop of Rochester ; Cardinal Thomas More - ( 1478 - 1535 ), Married Layperson of the Archdiocese of Westminster John Houghton - ( 1487 - 1535 ), Professed Priest of the Carthusians Robert Lawrence - ( d. 1535 ), Professed Priest of the Carthusians Augustine Webster - ( d. 1535 ), Professed Priest of the Carthusians Richard Reynolds - ( d. 1535 ), Professed Priest of the Carthusians John Stone - ( d. 1539 ), Professed Priest of the Augustinians Cuthbert Mayne - ( 1544 - 1577 ), Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Edmund Campion - ( 1540 - 1581 ), Professed Priest of the Jesuits Ralph Sherwin - ( 1550 - 1581 ), Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Alexander Briant - ( 1556 - 1581 ), Professed Priest of the Jesuits John Paine - ( d. 1582 ), Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Luke Kirby ( priest ) - ( 1549 - 1582 ), Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Richard Gwyn - ( 1537 - 1584 ), Married Layperson of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Margaret Clitherow née Middleton - ( 1550 - 1586 ), Married Layperson of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Margaret Ward - ( d. 1588 ), Layperson of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Edmund Gennings - ( 1567 - 1591 ), Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Swithun Wells - ( 1536 - 1591 ), Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Eustace White - ( d. 1591 ), Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Polydore Plasden - ( d. 1591 ), Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England John Boste - ( 1543 - 1582 ), Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Robert Southwell - ( 1561 - 1595 ), Professed Priest of the Jesuits Henry Walpole - ( 1558 - 1595 ), Professed Priest of the Jesuits Philip Howard - ( 1557 - 1595 ), Married Layperson of the Apostolic Vicariate of England John Jones - ( 1559 - 1598 ), Professed Priest of the Franciscan Friars Minor ( Observants ) John Rigby - ( d. 1600 ), Layperson of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Anne Line née Higham - ( 1565 - 1601 ), Married Layperson of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Nicholas Owen - ( 1550 - 1606 ), Professed Priest of the Jesuits Thomas Garnet - ( 1575 - 1608 ), Professed Priest of the Jesuits John Roberts - ( 1576 - 1610 ), Professed Priest of the Benedictines John Almond - ( 1577 - 1612 ), Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Edmund Arrowsmith - ( 1585 - 1628 ), Professed Priest of the Jesuits Edward Barlow - ( 1585 - 1641 ), Professed Priest of the Benedictines Bartholomew Roe - ( 1583 - 1642 ), Professed Priest of the Benedictines Henry Morse - ( 1595 - 1645 ), Professed Priest of the Jesuits John Southworth - ( 1592 - 1654 ), Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England William Plessington - ( 1637 - 1679 ), Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Philip Evans - ( 1645 - 1679 ), Professed Priest of the Jesuits John Lloyd - ( 1630 - 1679 ), Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England John Wall - ( 1620 - 1679 ), Professed Priest of the Franciscan Friars Minor ( Recollects ) John Kemble - ( 1599 - 1679 ), Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England David Lewis - ( 1616 - 1679 ), Professed Priest of the Jesuits John Ogilvie - ( 1579 - 1615 ), Professed Priest of the Jesuits Blesseds Margaret Pole - ( 1473 -- 1541 ), Martyr, Countess of Salisbury Dominic Barberi - ( 1792 - 1849 ), Professed Priest of the Passionists John Henry Newman - ( 1801 - 1890 ), Professed Priest of the Oratory, Theologian, Cardinal Venerables Mary Potter - ( 1847 - 1913 ), Founder of the Little Company of Mary Margaret Sinclair - ( 1900 - 1925 ), Professed Religious of the Poor Clare Colettine Nuns Bridget Teresa McCrory - ( 1893 - 1984 ), Founder of the Carmelite Sisters for the Aged and Infirm Joan Ward - ( 1585 - 1645 ), Founder of the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary ( Loreto Sisters ) and Congregatio Iesu Servants of God Elizabeth Prout - ( 1820 - 1864 ), Founder of the Sisters of the Cross and the Passion George Spencer - ( 1799 - 1864 ), Professed Priest of the Passionists Margaret Hallahan - ( 1802 - 1868 ), Founder of the Dominican Sisters of the English Congregation of Saint Catherine of Siena Frances Taylor - ( 1832 - 1900 ), Founder of the Poor Servants of the Mother of God Teresa Helena Higginson - ( 1844 - 1905 ), Layperson of the Archdiocese of Liverpool Mary Janet Erskine Stuart - ( 1857 - 1914 ), Professed Religious of the Society of the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus Other Open Cause Miracles ( edit ) A number of events which Catholics hold to be miracles are associated with England. Marian apparitions ( edit ) A number of Marian apparitions are associated with England, the best known are the following ; Our Lady of Mount Carmel, associated with Simon Stock at Aylesford Our Lady of Walsingham, associated with Richeldis de Faverches at Walsingham Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, associated with Helsim the Abbot in the North Sea Our Lady of Evesham, associated with Egwin of Evesham at Evesham Our Lady of Canterbury, associated with Dunstan and Anselm at Canterbury Our Lady of London, associated with Thomas a Becket and Hildegard von Bingen at London Our Lady of Jervaulx, associated with Abbot John Kingston of Byland at Jervaulx Our Lady of Durham, associated with Godric of Finchale at Durham Our Lady of Ipswich, associated with Anne Wentworth at Ipswich Incorruptibility ( edit ) A number of cases of alleged incorruptibility of some Catholic saints are associated with England ; Æthelthryth of Ely, hand discovered in 1811 Cuthbert of Lindisfarne, relics destroyed under Henry VIII Werburgh of Chester, relics destroyed under Henry VIII Wihtburh of East Anglia, relics destroyed under Henry VIII Winibald of Wessex, tomb found empty in 1968 Guthlac of Crowland, relics destroyed by Vikings Ælfheah of Canterbury, buried at Canterbury Cathedral Edward the Confessor, bodily allegedly intact in 1269, skeleton by 1685 Hugh of Lincoln, tomb pillaged in 1364, shrine destroyed under Henry VIII Edmund of Abingdon, taken to Pontigny Abbey in France John Southworth, returned to Westminster Cathedral in 1927 Stigmata ( edit ) Two cases of alleged stigmata are associated with England, neither have been approved by the Vatican ; 1880 : Teresa Helena Higginson, at Gainsborough, Lincolnshire 1986 : Patricia de Menezes, at Surrey See also ( edit ) Agatha Christie indult Anderton family Apostolic Vicariate of the London District Apostolic Vicariate of the Midland District Apostolic Vicariate of the Northern District Apostolic Vicariate of the Western District British Catholic History Cambridge University Press Cluniac Reform Carthusian Martyrs Catholic Church by country Catholic Church hierarchy Catholic National Library Conférence des évêques de France Council of London ( 1102 ) Doctor of the Church Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Latin Mass Society of England and Wales List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation List of English cardinals List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops Priest hole Catholic Church in Ireland Catholic Church in Scotland Catholic Church in England and Wales Catholic Church in the United Kingdom Shropshire & Wrekin Catholic Region The Stripping of the Altars Thomas Merton Society of Great Britain and Ireland Venerable English College, Rome Sources ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dairmaid MacCulloch, The Reformation ( New York : Viking, 2003 ), 193 - 4. MacCulloch : `` This program became a series of legislative acts steered through the English Parliament between 1533 and 1536 by a new chief minister, the obscurely born Thomas Cromwell... '' Jump up ^ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen The Catholic Encyclopedia says this : `` Before the breach with Rome under Henry VIII there was absolutely no doctrinal difference between the faith of Englishmen and the rest of Catholic Christendom, and ' Anglicanism, ' as connoting a separate or independent religious system, was unknown. The name ' Ecclesia Anglicana, ' or English Church, was of course employed, but always in the Catholic and Papal use of the term as signifying that part of the one Catholic Church under the jurisdiction of the Pope which was situated in England, and precisely in the same way as the Church in Scotland was called the ' Ecclesia Scotticana, ' the Church in France, the ' Ecclesia Gallicana, ' and the Church in Spain the ' Ecclesia Hispanica. ' That such national or regional appellations were a part of the style of the Roman Curia itself, and that they in no sense could have implied any indication of independence from Rome, is sufficiently well known to all who are familiar with pre-Reformation records. '' Jump up ^ Martin Marty, `` Protestantism '', The Encyclopedia of Religion ( New York : Macmillan Publishing, 1987 ) Vol. 12, 26. Marty, a University of Chicago historian and Lutheran, says this : `` Although it ( the Church of England ) has kept faith in the apostolic succession of bishops and has retained many pre-Reformation practices, the Anglican communion as it has existed since the break with Rome under Henry VIII in the sixteenth century is vastly different from the Catholic church under Roman papal obedience in England before and since the Reformation. In short, the Waldensians, the Czech groups, and the Anglicans alike were, and were seen to be, part of the Protestant revolt from both the viewpoints of Catholic leadership and historical scholarship ever since. Jump up ^ T.S. Eliot The Varieties of Metaphysical Poetry ( New York : Harcourt Brace, 1993 ), 87. Eliot says this about pre-Reformation Europe : `` Men had lived for centuries under a church which was the incorporated ' sensus communis ' of Europe. '' Jump up ^ Loades, pp. 207 -- 208 ; Waller, p. 65 ; Whitelock, p. 198 Jump up ^ Fourteen Catholic bishops appointed by Mary I were dismissed from their sees. `` Elizabeth 's Religious Settlement, planned meticulously by her chief ministers William Cecil and Nicholas Bacon and already drafted in the first weeks of her reign, made no significant concessions to Catholic opinion represented by the church hierarchy and much of the nobility. There was no question of offering it for inspection by the overwhelmingly Catholic clerical assemblies... This meant delay until April 1559, when two Catholic bishops were arrested on trumped - up charges and the loss of their parliamentary votes resulted in a tiny majority for the government 's bills to pass the House of Lords. '' MacCulloch, p. 280. Jump up ^ Cullen Murphy ( 2012 ) God 's Jury : the Inquisition and the Making of the Modern World ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ), p. 194. Jump up ^ Catholic population from 1901 to 2001 Jump up ^ `` Numbers Game '', The Tablet 31 October 2009, 16. Jump up ^ `` The Catholic Vote In Britain Helped Carry Blair To Victory ''. Ipsos MORI. 23 May 2005. Retrieved 16 October 2011. There are considerable regional variations, of course, Catholics being most widespread in London, Scotland and particularly the North - West ( where one in five is Catholic ) Jump up ^ Cheney, David M. `` Great Britain, Statistics by Diocese, by Catholic Population ( Catholic - Hierarchy ) ''. Jump up ^ Kevin Phillips, The Cousins ' Wars ( New York : Basic Books, 1999 ), 480 -- 84. Phillips notes : `` The subjugation ( of the Irish ) of the seventeenth century was almost complete... During the first quarter of the eighteenth century ( after the Treaty of Union ), Catholic bishops were banned and priests required to register. Catholics lost their right to vote, hold office, own a gun or a horse worth more than 5 pounds, or live in towns without paying special fees... Once again the Irish were pushed west to poorer lands, an exodus that prefigured the disposition of the American Indians over the next two centuries. '' Jump up ^ `` The Effect of Christianity upon the British Celts '' ( PDF ). Kimberly Rachel Grunke. 6 November 2016. Jump up ^ Charles Plummer, `` Excursus on the Paschal Controversy and Tonsure '', in his edition Venerablilis Baedae, Historiam Ecclesiasticam Gentis Anglorum, 1892 ( Oxford : University Press, 1975 ), pp. 348 -- 354. Jump up ^ Kathleen Hughes, `` The Celtic Church : Is This a Valid Concept? '', O'Donnell lectures in Celtic Studies, University of Oxford 1975 ( published in Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies, 1 ( 1981 ), pp. 1 -- 20 ). Jump up ^ Wendy Davies, `` The Myth of the Celtic Church '', in The Early Church in Wales and the West, Oxbow Monograph, no. 16, edited by Nancy Edwards and Alan Lane, 12 -- 21. Oxford : Oxbow, 1992. Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Home ''. Jump up ^ H.E., III, iv Jump up ^ Peter Ackroyd Albion ( New York : Anchor Books, 2002 ), 33. Jump up ^ http://www.newadvent.org : St. Wilfrid. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07. : Hygeberht, Adrian I Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07. : St. Dunstan Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07. : Lanfranc, Anselm, Innocent III, Hubert Walter, Canterbury. Jump up ^ Note Bede in his Hist. Eccl., I, xxxiii : `` When Augustine, the first archbishop of Canterbury, assumed the throne in that royal city, he recovered therein, by the king 's assistance, a church which, as he was told, had been constructed by the original labor of Roman believers. This church he consecrated in the name of the Saviour, Our God and Lord Jesus Christ, and there he established an habitation for himself and his successors. '' Jump up ^ Charterhouse in London : monastery, mansion, hospital, school / by Gerald S. Davis -- Davies, Gerald S. ( Gerald Stanley ), 1845 -- 1927 26 27 31 Jump up ^ G.W. Bernard, `` The Dissolution of the Monasteries, '' History ( 2011 ) 96 # 324 p 390 Jump up ^ In Ludlow in Shropshire the parishioners complied with the orders to remove the rood and other images in 1547, and in same year spent money on making up the canopy to be carried over the Blessed Sacrament on the feast of Corpus Christi. ( Eamon Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars, p. 481, Yale University Press, 1992 ). Jump up ^ Keith Miles, `` Portrait of Mary Tudor '', The Tablet 12 September 2009, 20 Jump up ^ Diarmard MacCulloch Thomas Cranmer : A Life ( London : Yale University Press, 1996 ), 538 -- 41 ISBN 0 - 300 - 06688 - 0 Jump up ^ Diarmaid MacCulloch, The Reformation, A History ( New York : Viking, 2003 ), 272 -- 7. Jump up ^ `` Mary 's Protestant Martyrs and Elizabeth 's Catholic Traitors in the Age of Catholic Emancipation '', John E. Drabble / Church History, Vol. 51, No. 2 ( June 1982 ), pp. 172 -- 185. Jump up ^ 5 Eliz. 1 c. 1 Jump up ^ ( Russell, Conrad, The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor and Stuart Britain, p. 281, Oxford University Press, 1996 ) Jump up ^ 23 Eliz. c. 1 Penal Laws Jump up ^ 35 Eliz. c. 2 Penal Laws Jump up ^ Darrell Turner `` Christian against Christian in 16th century England '' National Catholic Reporter 16 September 2005, 13 Jump up ^ Jonas Barish, ed., Ben Jonson ( Englewood Clifts : Prentice - Hall, 1963 ), 175. Jump up ^ John Morrish writing on BBC production, `` Baroque! From St. Peter 's to St. Paul 's '' in Tablet 7 March 2009, 29. Jump up ^ Kevin Phillips The Cousins ' Wars ( New York : Basic Books, 1999, 52 -- 3. Phillips says this : `` Religious historians beg off from stating firm numbers for either camp. If Puritans probably represented 10 -- 20 percent of the national population, most of them still worshiping within the Church of England, Catholics were much harder to count. Open ' recusants ' -- Catholics who paid fines to avoid attending the Church of England -- numbered sixty thousand in 1640. Many more, however, reluctantly attended services on Sunday with scowls or for as short a time as possible. The more identifiable of these were called ' Church Papists ' ; the less important, ordinary grumblers who merely talked of preferring the older ceremonies were uncountable. In the north and west, at least half the population outside the towns were Catholic to some degree. By this broad definition, Catholics would have numbered 10 -- 15 percent of the total English population. Practicing Catholics, however, could not have been more than 2 -- 3 percent. Catholicism survived most strongly among the nobility, of whom 15 -- 20 percent clung to the old faith, including many leading magnates in an arc from Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Lancashire south to Derby, Worchestershire, and Hereforshire. However, even solidly Protestant East Anglian counties like Suffolk and Essex each had three, four, or a half - dozen aristocratic families holding to the religion of their forebears. This is perhaps one reason why the populace took Catholic ' plots ' so seriously : What they called popery was especially visible among the powerful and influential. '' Jump up ^ Also see : John Morrill 's The Nature of the English Revolution ( 1993 ) ; Conrad Russell 's The Causes of the English Civil War ( 1990 ) ; and Barry Coward 's The Stuart Age 1994 ). Jump up ^ Mieczysław Biskupski, The History of Poland, Greenwood 2000, p 14. Jump up ^ Ole Peter Grell, Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation, Cambridge University Press 2002, p 65. Jump up ^ Ackroyd, 185. Jump up ^ Works of John Dryden at Project Gutenberg Jump up ^ Alan Taylor, American Colonies ( New York : Viking, 2001 ), 278. Jump up ^ The historian Diarmaid MacCulloch says this : `` His ( James II ) replacement on the throne in 1688 by his Dutch son - in - law Willem of Orange was virtually bloodless because the whole English establishment ( including the Church of England 's Seven Bishops ) stood by and let it happen, earning the event the name of the Glorious Revolution. This happy title is a disguise for the fact that Willem was ( so far ) the last foreign ruler to lead a successful military invasion of England, and the English did nothing to stop it. '' Diarmaid MacCulloch, The Reformation ( New York : Viking, 2004 ), 514. Jump up ^ Also : Lisa Jardine, Going Dutch : how England plundered Holland 's glory ( New York : Harpers Perennial, 2009 ). Her point : the `` Glorious Revolution '' amounted to a Dutch military takeover with English collaboration. Jump up ^ John Burns, `` British Monarchy Scraps Rule of Male Succession in New Step to Modernization, '' New York Times, 28 October 2011. Jump up ^ Christopher Howse `` Christopher Howse 's Presswatch '' The Tablet 10 May 2008. Jump up ^ Richard Alleyne and Harry de Quetteville `` Act repeal could make Franz Herzog von Bayern new King of England and Scotland '' Telegraph 7 April 2008. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07. : John Carroll Jump up ^ Taylor, 429 -- 433. Jump up ^ Ned C. Landsman, `` The Provinces and the Empire : Scotland, the American Colonies and the Development of British Provincial Identity '', in Lawrence Stone, ed., An Imperial State at War : Britain from 1689 to 1815 ( New York : Routledge, 1994 ), 258 -- 87. Jump up ^ Elusive Empires : Constructing Colonialism in the Ohio Valley, 1673 -- 1800 ( New York : Cambridge University Press, 1997 ) Jump up ^ La Salle and His Legacy : Frenchmen and Indians in the Lower Mississippi Valley ( Jackson : University Press of Mississippi, 1982 ). Jump up ^ Garry Wills, `` On Reading Pope 's Homer New York Times Review ( 1 June 1997 ), 22 Jump up ^ Christopher Martin A Glimpse of Heaven : Catholic Churches of England and Wales ( London : English Heritage, 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` An enigma wrapped in a cowl '', The Tablet, 17 / 24 December 2005, 8 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07. : Maria Fitzherbert Jump up ^ Richard Abbott, `` Brighton 's unofficial queen '' The Tablet, 1 September 2007, 12 -- 13. Jump up ^ Aidan Bellenger, `` Left foot forward '', The Tablet, 10 October 2009, 24. Also see : Gabriel Glickman, The English Catholic Community 1688 -- 1745 : politics, culture and ideology ( London : Boydell and Brewer, 2009 ) Jump up ^ Steve Pincus, 1688 : The First Modern Revolution ( New Haven : Yale University Press, 2009 ), 432 - 434. ISBN 0 - 300 - 11547 - 4 Jump up ^ Michael Wheeler, The Old Enemies : Catholic and Protestant in nineteenth - century English Culture ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2007 ) Jump up ^ Grace Donovan `` An American Catholic in Victorian England : Louisa, Duchess of Leeds, and the Carroll Family Benefice '', Maryland Historical Magazine Vol. 84, No. 3, Fall, 1898, 223 -- 234. Jump up ^ Wellington to Hervey, 3 July 1817, Leeds papers, Yorkshire Archaeological Society. Jump up ^ Charles Carroll to Mary Caton, 28 January 1789 ; to Louisa, 19 September 1803, Carroll Microfilm. Jump up ^ John Carroll to Charles Carroll, 15 July 1800, Caroll papers, Ms. 216, Maryland Historical Society. Jump up ^ Donovan, 226 Jump up ^ Abigail Frymann `` Emancipator and Sons '', Tablet 24 March 2007, 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Adrian Turner, `` Taking up arms '', The Tablet, 9 September 1989, 1027 Jump up ^ Isabel de Bertodano `` Bill demands end to anti-Catholic laws '', The Tablet, 24 February 2007, 36 Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Statistics are for `` full members of certain churches in England and Wales. '' The 1929 edition records 2,294,000 Anglicans, 1,939,700 other Protestants ( Methodists, Congregationalists, Baptists, etc. ), 1,930,000 Catholics, and `` about 300,000 '' Jews. The 1953 edition records 3,186,093 Anglicans, 2,528,200 Catholics, 1,709,245 other Protestants, and `` about 400,000 '' Jews. Jump up ^ http://www.drgareth.info/CathStat.pdf Jump up ^ Duffy, Eamon ( 11 September 2010 ). `` Pope visit : A visit that reflects our changing times ''. The Daily Telegraph. London. Jump up ^ http://www.catholicchurch.org.uk/Catholic-Church/Media-Centre/Press-Releases/press_releases_2009/growing_trend_to_spend_a_year_discovering_priesthood_before_entering_seminary Jump up ^ http://www.ukvocation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Stats-for-Bishops-Conference-2015.pdf Jump up ^ `` Subscribe to read ''. Jump up ^ Patricia Lefevere `` The faith of Tony Blair '' The Catholic Reporter 6 March 2009, 11 Jump up ^ Catherine Pepinster, `` Britain 's Top 100 Lay Catholics '', The Tablet, 18 March 2006, 25 -- 32. Jump up ^ John Jolliffe, ed., English Catholic Heroes London : Gracewing Publishing, 2008 ISBN 0 - 85244 - 604 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Red - Capet Catholic '' The Tablet 28 February 2009, 18 Jump up ^ Ut unum sint ``, The Tablet 6 May 2006, 18 Jump up ^ Thomas Norton, `` When is a martyr a traitor? '' The Tablet 25 October 2008, 16 -- 17. Jump up ^ `` Just good friends '', The Tablet, 28 February 2009, 18. Jump up ^ `` The Cardinal Hume Centre ''. Jump up ^ Mass in Support of Migrant Workers Jump up ^ For a general study in this area, see Nicholas Schofield and Gerard Skinner, The English Cardinals ( London : Family Publications, 2007 ) Jump up ^ Michael Walsh Westminster Cardinals London : Burns and Oates, 2009 ISBN 0 - 86012 - 459 - 2 Jump up ^ Elena Curti and Christopher Lamb, `` Cathedral countdown to installation '', The Tablet, 16 May 2009, 39. Jump up ^ Lucy Wooding, `` Binding Identities, '' Tablet, 26 June 2011, 26 Jump up ^ `` Archbishop of Westminster Vincent Nichols is made cardinal, '' The Telegraph, 22 February 2014 Jump up ^ `` Over 3,500 adults received into the Church in England and Wales -- CatholicHerald.co.uk ''. Jump up ^ Richard Ormrod, `` Mixed Blessings '', The Tablet, 15 October 2011. Jump up ^ `` Ordinariate liturgy will have Anglican flavour '', The Tablet, 21 May 2011. Jump up ^ Abigail Frymann, `` Passionate perfectionist '', The Tablet, 23 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Ex-Anglican appointed to East Anglia '', The Tablet, 15, June 2013, 30. Jump up ^ `` Polish & Catholic Missionary Dating ''. Jump up ^ The Polish Catholic Mission in England and Wales -- ( 1 ), 2005 Jump up ^ Polish Bishops may loosen grip on British mission churches -- The Tablet, 26 January 2008 Jump up ^ Polish anger mounts over cardinal 's criticism -- The Tablet, 22 / 29 December 2007 Jump up ^ Britain 's Polish immigrants ' are abandoning faith ' -- Catholic Herald, 31 December 2007 Jump up ^ `` '' The Ground of Justice `` '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ Francis Davis Jump up ^ Von Hügel Institute Jump up ^ The Ground of Justice : The report of a pastoral research enquiry into the needs of migrants in London 's Catholic community. Commissioned by the Diocese of Westminster, the Archdiocese of Southwark and the Diocese of Brentwood Von Hügel Institute, St Edmund 's College, University of Cambridge, 2007 Jump up ^ John Bingham ( November 3, 2016 ). `` Cardinal 's apology to mothers over babies handed over for adoption ''. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved November 3, 2016. References ( edit ) Peter Ackroyd Albion : The origins of the English Imagination ( New York : Anchor Random, 2002 ) ISBN 0 - 385 - 49773 - 3 Virginia Blanton Signs of Devotion : The Cult of St. AEthelthryth in Medieval England, 695 -- 1615 ( University Park : Penn State University, 2007 ) ISBN 0 - 271 - 02984 - 6 Michael Burleigh Sacred Causes ( New York : HarperCollins, 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 058095 - 7 Thomas Clancy, S.J., English Catholic Books, 1641 -- 1700 ( Cambridge : Scolar Press, 1996 ) ISBN 1 - 85928 - 329 - 2 Thomas Clancy, S.J., English Catholic Books, 1701 -- 1800 ( Cambridge : Scolar Press, 1996 ) ISBN 1 - 85928 - 148 - 6 Eamon Duffy The Voices of Morebath ( New Haven : Yale University Press, 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 300 - 09825 - 1 Eamon Duffy Marking the Hours : English People and their Prayers 1240 -- 1570 ( New Haven : Yale University Press, 2007 ) ISBN 0 - 300 - 11714 - 0 Eamon Duffy Fires of Faith : Catholic England under Mary Tudor ( New Haven : Yale University Press, 2009 ) Excellent for background and policies of Cardinal Pole. ISBN 0 - 300 - 15216 - 7 Mark Turnham Elvins, Old Catholic England ( London : Catholic Truth Society, 1978 ) Antonia Fraser Mary Queen of Scots ( New York : Delta Random, 1993 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 31129 - 8 Howard Esksine - Hill Alexander Pope : World and Word ( Oxford : Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 726170 - 1 Stephen Greenblatt Will in the World ( New York : W.W. Norton, 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 05057 - 2 John Guy A Daughter 's Love : Thomas and Margaret More ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009 ) 0618499156 Alana Harris Faith in the Family : a lived religious history of English Catholicism, 1945 - 82 ( Manchester : University of Manchester : 2014 ) Roy Hattersley The Catholics ( Chatto and Windus, 2017 ) NSBN - 10 : 178474152 Clare Haynes Pictures and Popery : Art and Religion in England, 1660 -- 1760 ( Burlington, Vt. : Ashgate, 2006 ) ISBN 0 - 7546 - 5506 - 7 Robert Hutchinson House of Treason : the Rise and Fall of the Tudor Dynasty ( London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2009 ) ISBN 0 - 297 - 84564 - 0 Emilia Jamroziak and Janet Burton, eds. Religious and Laity in Western Europe, 1000 -- 1400 ( Europa Scra 2. Turnhout : Brepols, 2006 ) Julie Kerr Monastic Hospitality : Benedictines in England, c. 1070 - c. 1250, Studies in the history of Medieval Religion 32. ( Woodbridge, U.K. : Boydell, 2007 ) ISBN 1 - 84725 - 161 - 7 K.J. Kesselring The Northern Rebellion of 1569 : Faith, Politics, and Protest in Elizabethan England ( London : Palgrave MacMillan, 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 55319 - 4 Peter Lake and Michael Questier The Trials of Margaret Clitherow : Persecution, Martyrdom and the Politics of Sanctity in Elizabethan England ( Bloomsbury, 2011 ) Peter Marshall Religious Identities in Henry VIII 's England ( London : Ashgate, 2006 ) ISBN 0 - 7546 - 5390 - 0 Peter Marshall and Alex Ryrie, Eds The Beginnings of English Protestantism ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2002 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80274 - 1 Thomas McCoog And Touching Our Society : Jesuit Identity in Elizabethan England ISBN 978 - 0 - 88844 - 183 - 6 Goeffrey Moorhouse The Pilgrimage of Grace : the Rebellion that Shook Henry VIII 's Throne ( London : Weidenfeld and Moorhouse, 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 84212 - 666 - 0 Hazel Pierce Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury 1473 -- 1541 : Loyalty, Lineage and Leadership ( University of Wales Press, 2009 ) ISBN 0 - 7083 - 2189 - 5 Linda Porter The First Queen of England : The Myth of `` Bloody Mary '' ( New York : St. Martin Press, 2008 ) ISBN 0 - 312 - 36837 - 2 Michael C. Questier Catholicism and Community in Early Modern England : Politics, Aristocratic Patronage and Religion, c. 1550 -- 1640 Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History ( New York : Cambridge University Press, 2006 ). This re-evaluates post-Reformation Catholicism through windows of the wider Catholic community in England and through aristocratic patronage. ISBN 0 - 521 - 06880 - 0 John Saward, John Morrill, and Michael Tomko ( eds ), Firmly I Believe and Truly : The spiritual tradition of Catholic England 1483 - 1999 ( Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011 ). Karen Stober Late Medieval Monasteries and their Patrons : England and Wales, c. 1300 -- 1540 Studies in the History of Medieval Religion. ( Woodbridge, U.K. : Boydell, 2007 ) ISBN 1 - 84383 - 284 - 4 Charles E. Ward The Life of John Dryden ( Chapel Hill, North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press, 1961 ) B00IUBM07U James Anderson Winn John Dryden and His World ( New Haven : Yale University Press, 1987 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 02994 - 9 Further reading ( edit ) Beck, George Andrew, ed. The English Catholics, 1850 - 1950 ( 1950 ), scholarly essays Corrin, Jay P. Catholic Progressives in England After Vatican II ( University of Notre Dame Press ; 2013 ) 536 pages ; Dures, Alan. English Catholicism, 1558 - 1642 : Continuity and Change ( 1983 ) Glickman, Gabriel. The English Catholic Community 1688 -- 1745 : politics, culture and ideology ( 2009 ) Harris, Alana. Faith in the Family : A Lived Religious History of English Catholicism, 1945 - 1982 ( 2013 ) ; the impact of the Second Vatican Council on the ordinary believer Heimann, Mary. Catholic Devotion in Victorian England ( 1995 ) online Hughes, Philip. The Catholic Question, 1688 - 1829 : A Study in Political History ( 1929 ) McClelland, Vincent Alan. Cardinal Manning : the Public Life and Influences, 1865 - 1892 ( 1962 ) Mathew, David. Catholicism in England : the portrait of a minority : its culture and tradition ( 1955 ) Mullet, Michael. Catholics in Britain and Ireland, 1558 - 1829 ( 1998 ) 236pp Watkin, E. I Roman Catholicism in England from the Reformation to 1950 ( 1957 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Mullet, Michael. English Catholicism, 1680 - 1830 ( 2006 ) 2714 pages Newman, John Henry. Lectures on the Present Position of Catholics in England ( University of Notre Dame Press, 2000 ) 585pp ; based on 6th edition of 1889 External links ( edit ) The Catholic Church in England and Wales English Catholic History Association The Catholic Record Society Taking Stock : Catholic Churches Who Were the Nuns? Hierarchy of the Catholic Church in England and Wales Province of Westminster Alan Williams ( Brentwood ) Alan Hopes ( East Anglia ) Peter Doyle ( Northampton ) Patrick McKinney ( Nottingham ) Archbishop Vincent Nichols ( Westminster ) Province of Birmingham Archbishop Bernard Longley ( Birmingham ) Declan Lang ( Clifton ) Mark Davies ( Shrewsbury ) Province of Liverpool Ralph Heskett ( Hallam ) Michael Campbell ( Lancaster ) Marcus Stock ( Leeds ) Archbishop Malcolm McMahon ( Liverpool ) Terry Drainey ( Middlesbrough ) Séamus Cunningham ( Hexham and Newcastle ) John Arnold ( Salford ) Province of Southwark Richard Moth ( Arundel and Brighton ) Mark O'Toole ( Plymouth ) Philip Egan ( Portsmouth ) Archbishop Peter Smith ( Southwark ) Province of Cardiff Archbishop George Stack ( Cardiff ) Tom Burns ( Menevia ) Peter Brignall ( Wrexham ) Others Sede vacante ( Bishopric of the Forces ) Keith Newton ( Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham ) Hlib Lonchyna ( Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Holy Family of London ) Former Bishop of Beverley Pre-Restoration of the Hierarchy Apostolic Vicariates : London District, Midland District, Northern District, Western District Apostolic Nuncio Edward Adams Catholicism portal Cathedrals of the Catholic Church in the United Kingdom and Ireland England and Wales Province of Westminster Brentwood Norwich Northampton Nottingham Westminster Province of Birmingham Birmingham Clifton Shrewsbury Province of Liverpool Lancaster Leeds Liverpool Middlesbrough Newcastle - upon - Tyne Salford Sheffield Province of Southwark Arundel Plymouth Portsmouth Southwark Province of Cardiff Cardiff Swansea Wrexham Other dioceses Bishopric of the Forces Ukrainian Eparchy Scotland Province of St Andrews & Edinburgh Aberdeen Ayr Dundee Edinburgh Oban Province of Glasgow Glasgow Motherwell Paisley Ireland Province of Armagh Armagh Belfast Cavan Derry Letterkenny Longford Monaghan Mullingar Newry Province of Cashel Cobh Cork Ennis Killarney Limerick Skibbereen Thurles Waterford Province of Dublin Carlow Dublin Enniscorthy Kilkenny Province of Tuam Ballaghaderreen Ballina Galway Loughrea Sligo Tuam Catholicism portal Lists of cathedrals in Ireland England and Wales Scotland Chaplaincies of the Catholic Church in England and Wales Airport Chaplaincies Birmingham Airport Gatwick Airport Heathrow Airport Manchester Airport Stansted Airport Armed Forces Chaplaincies Bishopric of the Forces Chaplains to Ethnic Communities ( CECs ) African Chaplaincy Asian Chaplaincy Austrian Chaplaincy Chinese Chaplaincy Croatian Chaplaincy Czech Chaplaincy Filipino Chaplaincy German Chaplaincy Ghanian Chaplaincy Hungarian Chaplaincy Italian Chaplaincy Latin American Chaplaincy Lithuanian Chaplaincy Maltese Chaplaincy Polish Chaplaincy Portuguese Chaplaincy Slovenian Chaplaincy Spanish Chaplaincy Tamil Chaplaincy Vietnamese Chaplaincy West Indian Chaplaincy Chaplains to Ethnic Communities ( CECs ) Chaldean Chaplaincy Maronite Chaplaincy Melkite Chaplaincy Apostolic Exarchate Apostolic Exarchate for Ukrainians Catholicism portal Catholic Church in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales&oldid=797407303 '' Categories : Catholic Church in England and Wales Hidden categories : Use British English from October 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg 한국어 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017, at 21 : 43. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "anyone who obeyed her. The Parliament of England made the fact of being a Jesuit or seminarian treasonable in 1571. Priests found celebrating Mass were often hanged, drawn and quartered, rather than being burned at the stake. The Catholic Church ( along with other non-established churches ) continued in England, although it was at times subject to various forms of persecution. Most recusant members ( except those in diaspora on the Continent, in heavily Catholic areas in the north, or part of the aristocracy ) practised their faith in private for all practical purposes. In 1766, the Pope recognised the English Monarchy as lawful, and this led eventually to the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829. Dioceses ( replacing districts ) were re-established by Pope Pius IX in 1850. Along with the 22 Latin Rite dioceses, there are the Eastern Catholic diocese of the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Holy Family of London and the Syro - Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain. At the 2001 United Kingdom census, there were 4.2 million Catholics in England and Wales, some eight per cent of the population. One hundred years earlier, in 1901, they represented only 4.8 per cent of the population. In 1981, 8.7 per cent of the population of England and Wales were Catholic. In 2009, an Ipsos Mori poll found that 9.6 per cent, or 5.2 million persons of all ethnicities were Catholic in England and Wales. Sizeable populations include North" ], "id": [ "4039948876402705331" ], "short_answers": [ "Dioceses (replacing districts) were re-established by Pope Pius IX in 1850" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Biltmore estate - wikipedia Biltmore estate Jump to : navigation, search Biltmore Estate U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark District Biltmore House Show map of North Carolina Show map of the US Show all Location Buncombe County, North Carolina, North Carolina, United States Coordinates 35 ° 32 ′ 22.74 '' N 82 ° 33 ′ 3.42 '' W  /  35.5396500 ° N 82.5509500 ° W  / 35.5396500 ; - 82.5509500 Coordinates : 35 ° 32 ′ 22.74 '' N 82 ° 33 ′ 3.42 '' W  /  35.5396500 ° N 82.5509500 ° W  / 35.5396500 ; - 82.5509500 Built 1889 -- 95 Architect Richard Morris Hunt ; Frederick Law Olmsted Architectural style Châteauesque Website http://www.biltmore.com/ NRHP reference # 66000586 Added to NRHP October 15, 1966 ; 50 years ago ( 1966 - 10 - 15 ) Biltmore Estate is a large ( 6950.4 acre or 10.86 square miles ) private estate and tourist attraction near Asheville, North Carolina. Biltmore House, the main residence, is a Châteauesque - style mansion built by George Washington Vanderbilt II between 1889 and 1895 and is the largest privately owned house in the United States, at 178,926 square feet ( 16,622.8 m ) of floor space ( 135,280 square feet ( 12,568 m ) of living area ). Still owned by George Vanderbilt 's descendants, it stands today as one of the most prominent remaining examples of the Gilded Age. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Architecture 3 Interiors 3.1 First floor 3.2 Second floor 3.3 Third and fourth floors 3.4 Bachelors ' wing 3.5 Basement 4 Park and landscape 5 Estate 6 In other media 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) In the 1880s, at the height of the Gilded Age, George Washington Vanderbilt II, youngest son of William Henry Vanderbilt, began to make regular visits with his mother, Maria Louisa Kissam Vanderbilt ( 1821 -- 1896 ), to the Asheville, North Carolina, area. He loved the scenery and climate so much that he decided to create his own summer estate in the area, which he called his `` little mountain escape '', just as his older brothers and sisters had built opulent summer houses in places such as Newport, Rhode Island, and Hyde Park, New York. Vanderbilt named his estate Biltmore derived from `` Bildt, '' Vanderbilt 's ancestors ' place of origin in Holland, and `` More '', Anglo - Saxon for open, rolling land. A portion of the estate was once the African - American community of Shiloh. Vanderbilt bought almost 700 parcels of land, including over 50 farms and at least five cemeteries. A spokesperson for the estate said in 2017 that archives show much of the land `` was in very poor condition, and many of the farmers and other landowners were glad to sell. '' The Biltmore Estate ( c. 1900 ) Construction of the house began in 1889 and continued well into 1896. In order to facilitate such a large project, a woodworking factory and brick kiln, which produced 32,000 bricks a day, were built onsite, and a three - mile railroad spur was constructed to bring materials to the building site. Construction on the main house required the labor of well over 1,000 workers and 60 stonemasons. Vanderbilt went on extensive buying trips overseas as construction on the house was in progress. He returned to North Carolina with thousands of furnishings for his newly built home including tapestries, hundreds of carpets, prints, linens, and decorative objects, all dating between the 15th century and the late 19th century. Among the few American - made items were the more practical oak drop - front desk, rocking chairs, a walnut grand piano, bronze candlesticks and a wicker wastebasket. George Vanderbilt opened his opulent estate on Christmas Eve 1895 to invited family and friends from across the country, who were encouraged to enjoy leisure and country pursuits. Notable guests to the estate over the years included author Edith Wharton, novelist Henry James, ambassadors Joseph Hodges Choate and Larz Anderson, and Presidents William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. George married Edith Stuyvesant Dresser in 1898 in Paris, France ; their only child, Cornelia Stuyvesant Vanderbilt, was born at Biltmore in the Louis XV room in 1900, and grew up at the estate. Driven by the impact of the newly imposed income taxes, and the fact that the estate was getting harder to manage economically, Vanderbilt initiated the sale of 87,000 acres ( 352 km2 ) to the federal government. After Vanderbilt 's unexpected death in 1914 of complications from an emergency appendectomy, his widow completed the sale to carry out her husband 's wish that the land remain unaltered, and that property became the nucleus of the Pisgah National Forest. Overwhelmed with running such a large estate, Edith began consolidating her interests and sold Biltmore Estate Industries in 1917 and Biltmore Village in 1921. Edith intermittently occupied the house, living in an apartment carved out of the former Bachelors ' Wing, until the marriage of her daughter to John Francis Amherst Cecil in April 1924. The Cecils went on to have two sons who were born in the same room as their mother. In an attempt to bolster the estate 's financial situation during the Great Depression, Cornelia and her husband opened Biltmore to the public in March 1930 at the request of the City of Asheville, which hoped the attraction would revitalize the area with tourism. Biltmore closed during World War II and in 1942, 62 paintings and 17 sculptures were moved to the estate by train from the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. to protect them in the event of an attack on the United States. The Music Room on the first floor was never finished, so it was used for storage until 1944, when the possibility of an attack became more remote. Among the works stored were the Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington and works by Rembrandt, Raphael, and Anthony van Dyck. David Finley, the gallery director, was a friend of Edith Vanderbilt and had stayed at the estate. After the divorce of the Cecils in 1934, Cornelia left the estate never to return ; however, John Cecil maintained his residence in the Bachelors ' Wing until his death in 1954. Their eldest son George Henry Vanderbilt Cecil, occupied rooms in the wing until 1956. At this point Biltmore House ceased to be a family residence and has continued to be operated as a historic house museum. Younger son William A.V. Cecil, Sr. returned to the estate in 1960 and joined his brother to manage the estate and make it a profitable and self - sustaining enterprise like his grandfather envisioned. He eventually inherited the estate upon the death of his mother, Cornelia, in 1976, while his brother, George, inherited the then more profitable dairy farm which was split off into Biltmore Farms. In 1995, while celebrating the 100th anniversary of the estate, Cecil turned over control of the company to his son, William A.V. Cecil, Jr. The Biltmore Company is privately held and of the 4,306.86 acres that make up Biltmore Estate, only 1.36 acres are in the city limits of Asheville, and the Biltmore House is not part of any municipality. The estate was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1963, and remains a major tourist attraction in Western North Carolina with over 1 million visitors each year. Architecture ( edit ) Waddesdon Manor was a principal source for the east elevation Vanderbilt commissioned prominent New York architect Richard Morris Hunt, who had previously designed houses for various Vanderbilt family members, to design the house in the Châteauesque style, using French Renaissance chateaus that Vanderbilt and Hunt had visited in early 1889, including Château de Blois, Chenonceau and Chambord in France and Waddesdon Manor in England, as inspiration with their steeply pitched roofs, turrets and sculptural ornamentation. Hunt sited the four - story Indiana limestone - built home to face east with a 375 - foot facade to fit into the mountainous topography behind. The facade is asymmetrically balanced with two projecting wings connecting to the entrance tower with an open loggia to the left side and a windowed arcade to the right which held the Winter Garden that was fashionable during the Victorian era. The entrance tower contains a series of windows with decorated jambs that extend from the front door to the most decorated dormer at Biltmore on the fourth floor. The carved decorations include trefoils, flowing tracery, rosettes, gargoyles, and at prominent lookouts, grotesques. The staircase is one of the more prominent features of the east facade, with its three - story, highly decorated winding balustrade with carved statues of St. Louis and Joan of Arc by the Austrian - born architectural sculptor Karl Bitter. The south facade has the smallest dimensions for the house and is dominated by three large dormers on the east side and a polygonal turret on the west side. An arbor is attached to the house and is accessed from the library which is located on the ground floor. On the north end of the house, Hunt placed the attached stables, carriage house and its courtyard to protect the house and gardens from the wind. The 12,000 - square - foot complex housed Vanderbilt 's prized driving horses and the carriage house opposite the stables stored his 20 carriages in addition to any of his guest 's carriages. The rear western elevation is less elaborate than the front facade, with some windows not having any decoration at all. Two matching polygonal towers in the center are connected to the polygonal south turret by an open loggia that opens the main rooms of the house to the views of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the distance. The loggia is decorated overhead with terracotta tiles set in a herringbone pattern. The self - supporting ceramic tile vault and arch system was used extensively inside and outside of Biltmore, and was patented by Rafael Guastavino, a Spanish architect and engineer, who personally supervised the installation. The limestone columns were carved to reflect the sunlight in aesthetically pleasing and varied ways per Vanderbilt 's wish. The rusticated base is a contrast to the smooth limestone used on the remainder of the house. The steeply pitched roof is punctuated by 16 chimneys and covered with slate tiles that were affixed one by one. Each tile was drilled at the corners and wired onto the attic 's steel infrastructure. Copper flashing was then installed at the junctions to prevent water from penetrating. The fanciful flashing on the ridge of the roof was embossed with George Vanderbilt 's initials and motifs from his family crest, though the original gold leaf no longer survives. Biltmore House had electricity from the time it was built. With electricity less safe and fire more of a danger at the time, the house had six separate sections divided by brick fire walls. Vanderbilt paid little attention to the family business or his own investments, and it is believed that the construction and upkeep of Biltmore depleted much of his inheritance. Interiors ( edit ) First floor ( edit ) The Triumphal Arch Biltmore has four acres of floor space and a total of 250 rooms in the house including 35 bedrooms for family and guests, 43 bathrooms, 65 fireplaces, three kitchens and 19th - century novelties such as electric elevators, forced - air heating, centrally controlled clocks, fire alarms, and a call - bell system. The principal rooms of the house are located on the ground floor. To the right of the marbled Entrance Hall, the octagonal, sunken Winter Garden is surrounded by stone archways with a ceiling of architecturally sculptured wood and multifaceted glass. The centerpiece is a marble and bronze fountain sculpture titled Boy Stealing Geese created by Karl Bitter. On the walls just outside the Winter Garden are copies of the Parthenon frieze. The Banquet Hall is the largest room in the house, measuring 42 feet wide and 72 feet long, with a 70 - foot - high barrel - vaulted ceiling. The table could seat 64 guests surrounded by rare Flemish tapestries and a triple fireplace that spans one end of the hall. On the opposite end of the hall is an organ gallery that houses a 1916 Skinner pipe organ. Left unfinished with bare brick walls, the Music Room was not completed and opened to the public until 1976. It showcases a mantle designed by Hunt, and a large engraving by Albrecht Dürer called the Triumphal Arch commissioned by Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. The mantle had been stored in the stable for over 80 years. To the left of the entrance hall is the 90 - foot - long Tapestry Gallery, which leads to the Library, featuring three 16th - century tapestries representing The Triumph of Virtue Over Vice. Elsewhere on the walls are family portraits by John Singer Sargent, Giovanni Boldini and James Whistler. The two - story Library contains over 10,000 volumes in eight languages, reflecting George Vanderbilt 's broad interests in classic literature as well as works on art, history, architecture, and gardening. The second - floor balcony is accessed by an ornate walnut spiral staircase. The baroque detailing of the room is enhanced by the rich walnut paneling and the ceiling painting, The Chariot of Aurora, brought to Biltmore by Vanderbilt from the Palazzo Pisani Moretta in Venice, Italy. The painting by Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini is the most important work by the artist still in existence. Second floor ( edit ) Master bedroom of George Vanderbilt. The second floor is accessed by the cantilevered Grand Staircase of 102 steps spiraling around a four - story, wrought - iron chandelier holding 72 light bulbs. The Second Floor Living Hall is an extension of the grand staircase as a formal hall and portrait gallery, and was restored to its original configuration in 2013. Several large - scale masterpieces are displayed in the hall, including two John Singer Sargent portraits of Biltmore 's architect, Richard Morris Hunt, and landscaper, Frederick Law Olmsted, both commissioned for the home by Vanderbilt. Located nearby in the south tower is George Vanderbilt 's gilded bedroom with furniture designed by Hunt. His bedroom connects to his wife 's Louis XV - style, oval - shaped bedroom in the north tower through a Jacobean carved oak paneled sitting room with an intricate ceiling. The suite of rooms includes the Damask Room ; the Claude Room, named after one of Vanderbilt 's favorite artists, Claude Lorrain ; the Tyrolean Chimney Room ; and the most grand, the Louis XV Room, so named due to its architectural scheme and furnishings that were very popular in the late nineteenth century. The suite was restored and opened to the public for the first time in 100 years in 2011. Third and fourth floors ( edit ) The third floor has a number of guest rooms with names that describe the furnishing or artist that they were decorated with. The fourth floor has 21 bedrooms that were inhabited by housemaids, laundresses, and other female servants. Also included on the fourth floor is an Observatory with a circular staircase that leads to a wrought iron balcony with doorways to the rooftop where Vanderbilt could view his estate. Male servants were not housed here, however, but instead resided in rooms above the stable and complex. Bachelors ' Wing ( edit ) The Billiard Room is decorated with an ornamental plaster ceiling and rich oak paneling and was equipped with both a custom - made pool table and a carom table ( table without pockets ). The room was mainly frequented by men, but ladies were welcome to enter as well. Secret door panels on either side of the fireplace lead to the private quarters of the Bachelors ' Wing where female guests and staff members were not allowed. The wing includes the Smoking Room, which was fashionable for country houses, and the Gun Room, which held mounted trophies and displayed George Vanderbilt 's gun collection. Basement ( edit ) Guests of the estate could enjoy other activities that were found on the basement level, including an indoor 70,000 - gallon ( 265,000 - litre and 265 - cubic meter ) heated swimming pool with underwater lighting, one of the nation 's first bowling alleys installed in a private residence, and a gymnasium with once state - of - the - art fitness equipment. The service hub of the house is also found in the largest basement in the US, as the location for the main kitchen, pastry kitchen, rotisserie kitchen, walk - in refrigerators that provided an early form of mechanical refrigeration, the servants ' dining hall, laundry rooms and additional bedrooms for staff. Park and landscape ( edit ) View of the south side of the house from the Shrub garden Wanting the best, Vanderbilt envisioned a park - like setting for his home and employed landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted to design the grounds. However, Olmsted was not impressed with the condition of the 125,000 acres ( 195 sq mi ; 510 km ) and advised for a park surrounding the house, establishing farms along the river and replanting the rest as a commercial timber forest, a plan to which Vanderbilt agreed. Gifford Pinchot and later Carl A. Schenck were hired to manage the forests, with Schenck establishing the first forestry education program in the U.S., the Biltmore Forest School, on the estate grounds in 1898. Garden at Biltmore Estate ( Asheville, NC ) Another important aspect of the landscaping was the intentionally rustic three - mile ( 5 km ) Approach Road that began at the brick quoined and pebbledash stucco Lodge Gate at the edge of Biltmore Village, and ended at the sphinx - topped stone pillars at the Esplanade. In between, the lane was densely filled with natural and uncultivated looking foliage and shrubbery to provide a relaxing journey for guests. Olmsted made sure to incorporate 75 acres ( 30 ha ) of formal gardens that had been requested by Vanderbilt for the grounds directly surrounding the house. He constructed an Italian formal garden, a walled garden, a shrub and rose garden, fountains, and a conservatory with individual rooms for palms and orchids. There was also a bowling green, an outdoor tea room, and a terrace to incorporate the European statuary that Vanderbilt had brought back from his travels. At the opposite end of the Esplanade is the Rampe Douce, a graduated stairway zigzagging along a rough - cut limestone wall that leads to the grassy slope known as the Vista, topped with a statue of Diana, the goddess of the hunt. Water features were an important aspect of Victorian landscaping and Olmsted incorporated two for the estate : the Bass Pond created from an old creek - fed millpond and the Lagoon. Each was used for guest recreation like fishing and rowing. To supply water for the estate, Olmsted engineered two reservoirs. One was a spring - fed man - made lake on nearby Busbee Mountain. The other was a man - made, brick - lined reservoir, located behind the statue of Diana in the Vista, at an elevation of approximately 266 feet above the Esplanade. Estate ( edit ) Storage facility in the Biltmore Winery, 2017 Vanderbilt 's idea was to replicate the working estates of Europe. He asked Hunt and Olmsted to design a village with architecturally compatible buildings and picturesque landscaping as a source of income through building rental, a place to help carry out philanthropic programs, and an easy point of access between the estate and the train station. The result was Biltmore Village. The village included rental cottages complete with plumbing and central heating, a post office, shops, doctor 's office, school, and a church, known today as the Cathedral of All Souls. Intending that the estate could be self - supporting, Vanderbilt set up scientific forestry programs, poultry farms, cattle farms, hog farms, and a dairy. His wife, Edith, also enthusiastically supported agricultural reform and promoted the establishment of a state agricultural fair. In 1901, the Vanderbilts provided financial assistance to Biltmore Industries, started by Biltmore Village resident Eleanor Vance, which taught young people how to make hand - carved furniture, woven baskets, homespun wool fabric, and more. The estate today covers approximately 8,000 acres ( 13 sq mi ; 32 km ) and is split in half by the French Broad River, overseen by The Biltmore Company, a trust set up by the family. The company is a large enterprise that is one of the largest employers in the Asheville area. Restaurants were opened in 1979 and 1987 as well as four gifts shops in 1993. The former dairy barn was converted into the popular Biltmore Winery in 1985. The AAA four - diamond 210 - room Inn on Biltmore Estate opened in 2001, and in 2010, the estate debuted Antler Hill Village, as well as a remodeled winery, and connected farmyard. In other media ( edit ) The Biltmore Estate licenses its name and design elements to a line of housewares, linens, and luggage called `` Biltmore For Your Home '', marketed exclusively by Belk stores. The house has been featured in `` Empires of the Smoky Skies '', a scenario in Sid Meier 's Civilization V. The estate and its surrounding forest make up the setting of Robert Beatty 's 2015 middle - grade novel Serafina and the Black Cloak and its 2016 sequel Serafina and the Twisted Staff. The grounds and buildings of Biltmore Estate have appeared in a number of major motion pictures and TV series : Tap Roots ( 1948 ) The Swan ( 1956 ) The Pruitts of Southampton ( 1966 ) Being There ( 1979 ) The Private Eyes ( 1980 ) A Breed Apart ( 1984 ) Mr. Destiny ( 1990 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Richie Rich ( 1994 ) My Fellow Americans ( 1996 ) Patch Adams ( 1998 ) Return to the Secret Garden ( 2000 ) Hannibal ( 2001 ) One Tree Hill ( 2003 ) The Clearing ( 2004 ) The Odd Life of Timothy Green ( 2012 ) Hannibal ( 2015 ) See also ( edit ) List of Gilded Age mansions List of largest houses in the United States Richard Sharp Smith List of National Historic Landmarks in North Carolina National Register of Historic Places listings in Buncombe County, North Carolina References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2006 - 03 - 15 ). `` National Register Information System ''. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Jump up ^ Buncombe County Tax Records, http://www.buncombetax.org/, Parcel ID 9637 - 94 - 40 - 00000, Residential Building 22 ( mansion ) and Commercial Building 9 ( attached stable ) ; see also http://www.biltmore.com/visit/house_gardens/house/faq.asp Jump up ^ Sullivan, Mary Ann. `` Biltmore Estate ''. Retrieved December 12, 2014. Jump up ^ `` When Pearson 's Store disappeared ''. Asheville Citizen - Times. November 6, 2016. p. D6. Jump up ^ Boyle, John ( June 7, 2017 ). `` Answer Man : Cemeteries on Biltmore Estate? Who lived there before Vanderbilts? ''. Asheville Citizen - Times. Retrieved June 7, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Biltmore House ''. Retrieved December 12, 2014. Jump up ^ Chase, Nan K. Asheville : A History, ( 2007 ) : 69 - 70. Jump up ^ Hansley, Richard ( 2011 ). Asheville 's Historic Architecture, pp. 151 - 52. The History Press. Jump up ^ Kiss, Tony ( February 16, 2014 ). `` Biltmore Estate hid precious art during World War II ''. Asheville Citizen - Times. Jump up ^ 2017 Buncombe County property and tax records Jump up ^ `` National Historic Landmark designation illustrates U.S. heritage ''. biltmore.com. Jump up ^ `` Coming Home to Biltmore ''. biltmore.com. ^ Jump up to : Carley, Rachel. Biltmore : An American Masterpiece, ( 2012 ). Jump up ^ Dagmi, Jane. `` The Biltmore Estate : A Brief Architectural Tour ''. Bob Vila. Retrieved December 2, 2014. Jump up ^ Motsinger, Carol ( January 9, 2015 ). `` Downton Abbey is on fire ''. Asheville Citizen - Times. p. T12. Jump up ^ `` A Tour Through Biltmore Estate ''. FunTrivia. Retrieved December 2, 2014. Jump up ^ Henion, Leigh Ann ( December 2009 ). `` Biltmore : Behind the Scenes ''. National Trust for Historic Preservation. Retrieved December 2, 2014. Jump up ^ Steele, Bruce ( September 6, 2013 ). `` Biltmore House renovation restores historic hallway ''. USA Today. Retrieved December 2, 2014. Jump up ^ Poupore, Darren ( February 8, 2011 ). `` New Suite of Rooms Now Open ''. Open House Official Blog of Biltmore. Retrieved December 2, 2014. Jump up ^ Clark McKendree, Sue. `` A Technological Tour of the Biltmore Estate ''. Retrieved December 15, 2014. Jump up ^ Alexander, Bill ( 2008 ). Around Biltmore Village. Charleson : Arcadia Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 6853 - 9. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 27. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 12. Cathedral of All Souls : History Jump up ^ Rickman, Ellen Erwin ( 2005 ). Biltmore Estate. Charleston : Arcadia Publishing. p. 70. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 1749 - 0. Jump up ^ http://www.biltmore.com/belk Jump up ^ http://robert-beatty.com/serafina-twisted-staff/ General Hewitt, Mark Alan : The Architect & the American Country House. Yale University Press : New Haven & London 1990, p. 1 - 10 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Biltmore Estate. Official website Landmark designation ( hide ) U.S. National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Alamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie Bladen Brunswick Buncombe Burke Cabarrus Caldwell Camden Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe Forsyth Franklin Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood Henderson Hertford Hoke Hyde Iredell Jackson Johnston Jones Lee Lenoir Lincoln Macon Madison Martin McDowell Mecklenburg Mitchell Montgomery Moore Nash New Hanover Northampton Onslow Orange Pamlico Pasquotank Pender Perquimans Person Pitt Polk Randolph Richmond Robeson Rockingham Rowan Rutherford Sampson Scotland Stanly Stokes Surry Swain Transylvania Tyrrell Union Vance Wake Warren Washington Watauga Wayne Wilkes Wilson Yadkin Yancey Other lists Bridges National Historic Landmarks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biltmore_Estate&oldid=804150527 '' Categories : Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina Houses completed in 1895 Palaces in the United States Vanderbilt family residences National Historic Landmarks in North Carolina Richard Morris Hunt buildings Museums in Asheville, North Carolina Historic house museums in North Carolina Houses in Asheville, North Carolina Châteauesque architecture in the United States Open - air museums in North Carolina Landscape design history of the United States Blue Ridge Parkway Tourist attractions in Asheville, North Carolina Blue Ridge National Heritage Area Frederick Law Olmsted works Reportedly haunted locations in Asheville, North Carolina National Register of Historic Places in Buncombe County, North Carolina 1895 establishments in North Carolina Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017, at 02 : 33. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Biltmore Estate", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Biltmore_Estate&amp;oldid=804150527" }

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{ "text": "Charlene Amoia - wikipedia Charlene Amoia Jump to : navigation, search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article is an autobiography or has been extensively edited by the subject or by someone connected to the subject. It may need editing to conform to Wikipedia 's neutral point of view policy. There may be relevant discussion on the talk page. ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting, or external linking. ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Charlene Amoia is an American actress best known for her role as Wendy the waitress in the TV sitcom How I Met Your Mother. Some of her other television credits include Glee and Diana Coto on Switched at Birth, and her film credits include Kevin 's ( Thomas Ian Nicholas ) wife Elllie in American Reunion ( 2012 ) from the American Pie series. Contents ( hide ) 1 Childhood and early career 2 Career 2.1 How I Met Your Mother 2.2 American Reunion 2.3 Other TV and film work 3 References 4 External links Childhood and early career ( edit ) Charlene was born in Buffalo New York. She got her start in modeling before making the transition to acting in 2001 with a role on the soap opera, Port Charles. That part on the daytime drama led to guest appearances in several other series, including Joey, Girlfriends, 90210, and as Anna Schick in The Young and the Restless. Career ( edit ) How I Met Your Mother ( edit ) From 2005 to 2011, she played Wendy, a waitress that works at the bar, the main setting of the American TV hit How I Met Your Mother. Although at times on the series she was rumored to be Ted 's future wife, Amoia herself did n't believe Wendy would turn out to be `` the one ''. `` Wendy had sex with Barney behind the bar on the show and also made out with Ted 's dad, so the likelihood of this character being the mom, I thought, was pretty small anyway, but the fact that fans were rooting for me was awesome! '' the actress has said. On playing Wendy, she has said, `` I love playing flawed characters. Wendy is so genuinely sweet and guileless to a point that she does n't realize she 's being taken advantage of. Being able to take on these characteristics in a way that is funny and harmless is always so much fun! '' American Reunion ( edit ) Amoia played Ellie, Kevin ( Thomas Ian Nicholas ) 's wife, in the fourth American Pie film, released in 2012. She originally auditioned for a different role before landing this role. Other TV and film work ( edit ) Amoia also played Nurse Katie on daytime soap Days of Our Lives, Bailey on Glee and Diana Cotto on Switched at Birth. Additionally she appeared in the TV series 90210 as teacher Miss Wells in Season 1, Episode 7. She has appeared in such films as Seven Pounds, with Will Smith, and American Reunion. In 2013, she plays Jill in Fat, which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival. She recently guest starred on the show NCIS : New Orleans as Carly Dawson in the episode `` Breaking Brig '' and Kelly Press on Major Crimes. She played : Janet Conrad, a pushy NATO Photographer who was seeking a career changing `` Front Line Photo '' in the 2016 movie ; Sniper : Special Ops. In 2017 she appeared on American Horror Story on the episode `` Great Again ''. In season 14 of Grey 's Anatomy she appeared as Dr. Kate Lachman. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Walsh, D. `` Interview : American Pie Reunion 's Charlene Amoia ''. Rising star Charlene Amoia, best known for her role as Wendy in How I Met Your Mother, ''. Fit Celeb. Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27. Jump up ^ Gallagher, Michael Aaron. `` Charlene Amoia connects with former cast members in ' American Reunion ' ''. She began modeling locally, at first filling in for a Nine West shoe model, and then eventually auditioning for a television commercial. StayFamous.Net. Jump up ^ `` Charlene Amoia Exclusive Interview : `` How I Met Your Mother '' scoop and more! ``. The Star Scoop. Retrieved 23 August 2013. `` How I Met Your Mother '' has been a great blessing in my life for the last six years. Jump up ^ Stevens, Samantha. `` Charlene Amoia talks How I Met Your Mother, role on ' Glee ' ''. `` It 's nice to have that support, '' she added of fans who wanted Wendy to be the show 's mystery mother. The Republican. Retrieved 23 August 2013. Jump up ^ Bernard, Adam. `` Charlene Amoia - Wendy the Waitress Takes Our Order ''. Adam Bernard. Jump up ^ Stacy, Hannah. `` An Interview with Charlene Amoia, Actress and Former Model ''. Cliche Mag. Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 02. Jump up ^ Walsh, D. `` Interview : American Pie Reunion 's Charlene Amoia ''. In April 2012 the much - anticipated movie, American Reunion, will feature Amoia as Ellie, the wife of Kevin Myers ( Thomas Ian Nicholas. ). Fit Celeb. Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27. Jump up ^ DiCarlo, Steve. `` Meet & Greet : ' American Reunion ' Star Charlene Amoia Talks Nudity & First Loves ''. Celebuzz. Retrieved 23 August 2013. Jump up ^ `` TIFF listing for `` Fat '' ``. Toronto International Film Festival. External links ( edit ) This section is too long. Consider splitting it into new pages, adding subheadings, or condensing it. ( November 2013 ) Charlene Amoia on IMDb StayFamous.net Interview for `` American Reunion '' MassLive.com Interview for `` How I Met Your Mother '' FitCeleb.com Interview for `` American Reunion '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlene_Amoia&oldid=815090943 '' Categories : 21st - century American actresses American film actresses American television actresses Living people Hidden categories : Autobiographical articles from August 2013 Wikipedia references cleanup from August 2013 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2013 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles that may be too long from November 2013 Articles using small message boxes Year of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017, at 18 : 35. About Wikipedia", "title": "Charlene Amoia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Charlene_Amoia&amp;oldid=815090943" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "autobiography or has been extensively edited by the subject or by someone connected to the subject. It may need editing to conform to Wikipedia 's neutral point of view policy. There may be relevant discussion on the talk page. ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting, or external linking. ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Charlene Amoia is an American actress best known for her role as Wendy the waitress in the TV sitcom How I Met Your Mother. Some of her other television credits include Glee and Diana Coto on Switched at Birth, and her film credits include Kevin 's ( Thomas Ian Nicholas ) wife Elllie in American Reunion ( 2012 ) from the American Pie series. Contents ( hide ) 1 Childhood and early career 2 Career 2.1 How I Met Your Mother 2.2 American Reunion 2.3 Other TV and film work 3 References 4 External links Childhood and early career ( edit" ], "id": [ "15296348775873726171" ], "short_answers": [ "Charlene Amoia" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "I Do n't Know Why - wikipedia I Do n't Know Why Jump to : navigation, search Not to be confused with the Clarence `` Frogman '' Henry song ( I Do n't Know Why ) But I Do. This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` I Do n't Know Why '' Single by Stevie Wonder from the album For Once in My Life A-side `` My Cherie Amour '' Released 1969 Format Vinyl record ( 7 '' 45 RPM ) Recorded 1968 Genre Soul, pop Length 2 : 48 Label Tamla T 54180 Songwriter ( s ) Stevie Wonder, Paul Riser, Don Hunter, Lula Hardaway Producer ( s ) Don Hunter, Stevie Wonder Stevie Wonder singles chronology `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' ( 1968 ) `` I Do n't Know Why '' ( 1969 ) `` Signed, Sealed, Delivered ( I 'm Yours ) '' ( 1970 ) `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' ( 1968 ) `` I Do n't Know Why '' ( 1969 ) `` Signed, Sealed, Delivered ( I 'm Yours ) '' ( 1970 ) `` I Do n't Know Why '' ( sometimes listed as `` I Do n't Know Why I Love You '' ) is a 1968 song by American singer - songwriter Stevie Wonder, from the album For Once in My Life ( 1968 ). It also serves as the B - side for the 1969 hit `` My Cherie Amour ''. It peaked at No. 39 on the US Billboard Hot 100. The song was recorded when Wonder was 18 years old, and became a moderate hit single, together with `` You Met Your Match '', another song from the album. It also showcases Wonder 's talents on the clavinet. Contents ( hide ) 1 Charts 2 Cover versions 3 Popular culture 4 External links Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 39 US Hot Black Singles 16 Canadian Singles Chart 41 Dutch Singles Chart 20 UK Singles Chart 14 `` I Do n't Know Why '' Single by the Rolling Stones from the album Metamorphosis B - side `` Try a Little Harder '' Released May 1975 Format 7 '' Recorded June 1969 at Olympic Studios, London, England Genre Rock Length 3 : 01 Label ABKCO Records Songwriter ( s ) Stevie Wonder, Paul Riser, Don Hunter, Lula Hardaway Producer ( s ) Jimmy Miller the Rolling Stones singles chronology `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' ( 1975 ) `` I Do n't Know Why '' ( 1975 ) `` Out of Time '' ( 1975 ) `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' ( 1975 ) `` I Do n't Know Why '' ( 1975 ) `` Out of Time '' ( 1975 ) Cover versions ( edit ) The Jackson 5 cover the song ( listed as `` Do n't Know Why I Love You '' ) on their 1970 album ABC. Al Kooper covered this song on his album `` You Never Know Who Your Friends Are '', 1969. The Rolling Stones released a 1969 cover of the song in 1975 on their ABKCO outtake album Metamorphosis. It was recorded on 3 July 1969 during the sessions for Let It Bleed, the night that news broke of Brian Jones ' death. It was also used as the b - side for their 1975 single Try A Little Harder. The song was covered by the B.E.F. on their 1991 album Music of Quality and Distinction Volume Two, featuring Green Gartside of Scritti Politti on vocals. The Brand New Heavies cover the song on their 2006 album Get Used to It. Popular culture ( edit ) The song was featured on an episode of ABC 's Scandal entitled `` Whiskey, Tango, Foxtrot ''. External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Stevie Wonder Studio albums The Jazz Soul of Little Stevie Tribute to Uncle Ray With a Song in My Heart Stevie at the Beach Up - Tight Down to Earth I Was Made to Love Her Someday at Christmas Eivets Rednow For Once in My Life My Cherie Amour Signed, Sealed & Delivered Where I 'm Coming From Music of My Mind Talking Book Innervisions Fulfillingness ' First Finale Songs in the Key of Life Hotter than July In Square Circle Characters Conversation Peace A Time to Love Ten Billion Hearts When The World Began Gospel Inspired by Lula Live albums Recorded Live : The 12 Year Old Genius Stevie Wonder Live Live at the Talk of the Town Natural Wonder Soundtracks Stevie Wonder 's Journey Through `` The Secret Life of Plants '' The Woman in Red Jungle Fever Compilations Looking Back Stevie Wonder 's Original Musiquarium I Song Review : A Greatest Hits Collection At the Close of a Century Ballad Collection The Definitive Collection 20th Century Masters The Complete Stevie Wonder Top ten singles `` Fingertips - Part 2 '' `` Uptight ( Everything 's Alright ) '' `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' `` A Place in the Sun '' `` I Was Made to Love Her '' `` I 'm Wondering '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' `` For Once in My Life '' `` My Cherie Amour '' `` Yester - Me, Yester - You, Yesterday '' `` Never Had a Dream Come True '' `` Signed, Sealed, Delivered I 'm Yours '' `` Heaven Help Us All '' `` If You Really Love Me '' `` Superstition '' `` You Are the Sunshine of My Life '' `` Higher Ground '' `` Living for the City '' `` He 's Misstra Know - It - All '' `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' `` Boogie On Reggae Woman '' `` I Wish '' `` Sir Duke '' `` Send One Your Love '' `` Master Blaster ( Jammin ' ) '' `` I Ai n't Gonna Stand for It '' `` Happy Birthday '' `` That Girl '' `` Do I Do '' `` Ebony and Ivory '' `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' `` Love Light in Flight '' `` Part - Time Lover '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` Go Home '' Other singles `` Hey Harmonica Man '' `` Hey Love '' `` I Do n't Know Why '' `` Never Dreamed You 'd Leave in Summer '' `` Superwoman ( Where Were You When I Needed You ) '' `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing '' `` As '' `` Another Star '' `` Lately '' `` Ribbon in the Sky '' `` Overjoyed '' `` Faith '' Other songs `` You and I ( We Can Conquer the World ) '' `` I Believe ( When I Fall in Love It Will Be Forever ) '' `` They Wo n't Go When I Go '' `` Knocks Me Off My Feet '' `` Pastime Paradise '' `` Is n't She Lovely '' `` Black Man '' Collaborations `` Ebony and Ivory '' `` We Are the World '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` California Roll '' Related articles Discography Lula Mae Hardaway Syreeta Wright KJLH Wonderin ' `` Wonder - ful '' Book Category The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger Keith Richards Charlie Watts Ronnie Wood Brian Jones Ian Stewart Mick Taylor Bill Wyman Mick Avory Tony Chapman Ricky Fenson Colin Golding Carlo Little Dick Taylor Video releases Let 's Spend the Night Together ( 1983 ) Stones at the Max ( 1992 ) The Rolling Stones : Voodoo Lounge Live ( 1995 ) The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus ( 1996 ) Bridges to Babylon Tour ' 97 -- 98 ( 1998 ) Four Flicks ( 2003 ) The Biggest Bang ( 2007 ) Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rolling Stones ( 2010 ) Some Girls : Live in Texas ' 78 ( 2011 ) Sweet Summer Sun : Live in Hyde Park ( 2013 ) The Rolling Stones : Havana Moon ( 2016 ) Documentaries The Stones in the Park ( 1969 ) Gimme Shelter ( 1970 ) Cocksucker Blues ( 1972 ) Video Rewind ( 1984 ) 25 × 5 : the Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones ( 1989 ) Shine a Light ( 2008 ) Stones in Exile ( 2010 ) Crossfire Hurricane ( 2012 ) Olé Olé Olé! : A Trip Across Latin America ( 2017 ) Tours British Tour 1963 1964 tours 1965 tours 1966 tours European Tour 1967 American Tour 1969 European Tour 1970 UK Tour 1971 American Tour 1972 Pacific Tour 1973 European Tour 1973 Tour of the Americas ' 75 Tour of Europe ' 76 US Tour 1978 American Tour 1981 European Tour 1982 Steel Wheels / Urban Jungle Tour Voodoo Lounge Tour Bridges to Babylon Tour No Security Tour Licks Tour A Bigger Bang 50 & Counting 14 On Fire Zip Code Tour América Latina Olé Tour 2016 Fall 2016 US Tour No Filter Tour Collaborators Gene Barge Ollie E. Brown Blondie Chaplin Lisa Fischer Bernard Fowler Nicky Hopkins Darryl Jones Bobby Keys Chuck Leavell Ian McLagan Billy Preston Jim Price Ernie Watts Associated places Olympic Studios Redlands Stargroves Nellcôte The Wick Downe House The Mick Jagger Centre Related Discography Songs The Rolling Stones concerts Jagger / Richards Nanker Phelge Rolling Stones Records Promotone The Stones in the Park Altamont Free Concert Rolling Stones Mobile Studio The Rolling Stones : An Illustrated Record The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus Andrew Loog Oldham Allen Klein Peter Meaden John Pasche Instruments played Book Category Portal The Rolling Stones singles discography Decca ( UK ) and London ( US ) singles `` Come On '' `` I Wanna Be Your Man '' / `` Stoned '' `` Not Fade Away '' / `` Little by Little '' `` It 's All Over Now '' `` Tell Me '' / `` I Just Want to Make Love to You '' `` Time Is on My Side '' `` Little Red Rooster '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` The Last Time '' / `` Play with Fire '' `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' / `` The Spider and the Fly '' `` Get Off of My Cloud '' / `` I 'm Free '' `` As Tears Go By '' `` 19th Nervous Breakdown '' / `` As Tears Go By '' `` Paint It Black '' / `` Stupid Girl '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' / `` Lady Jane '' `` Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing in the Shadow? '' `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' / `` Ruby Tuesday '' `` We Love You '' / `` Dandelion '' `` In Another Land '' `` She 's a Rainbow '' / `` 2000 Light Years from Home '' `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' `` Street Fighting Man '' / `` No Expectations '' `` Honky Tonk Women '' / `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' Rolling Stones / Atlantic singles `` Brown Sugar '' / `` Bitch '' / `` Let It Rock '' `` Wild Horses '' / `` Sway '' `` Tumbling Dice '' / `` Sweet Black Angel '' `` Happy '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` Angie '' / `` Silver Train '' `` Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo ( Heartbreaker ) '' / `` Dancing with Mr. D '' `` It 's Only Rock ' n Roll ( But I Like It ) '' `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' / `` Dance Little Sister '' `` Fool to Cry '' `` Hot Stuff '' Rolling Stones `` Miss You '' / `` Far Away Eyes '' `` Beast of Burden '' / `` When the Whip Comes Down '' `` Respectable '' / `` When the Whip Comes Down '' `` Shattered '' `` Emotional Rescue '' `` She 's So Cold '' / `` Send It to Me '' `` Start Me Up '' `` Waiting on a Friend '' / `` Little T&A '' `` Hang Fire '' / `` Neighbours '' `` Going to a Go - Go '' ( live ) / `` Beast of Burden '' ( live ) `` Time Is on My Side '' ( live ) / `` Twenty Flight Rock '' ( live ) `` Undercover of the Night '' `` She Was Hot '' `` Too Much Blood '' `` Harlem Shuffle '' `` One Hit ( To the Body ) '' `` Mixed Emotions '' `` Rock and a Hard Place '' `` Almost Hear You Sigh '' `` Highwire '' / `` 2000 Light Years from Home '' ( live ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( live ) / `` Play with Fire '' ( live ) `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' ( live ) / `` Tumbling Dice '' ( live ) Virgin singles `` Love Is Strong '' `` You Got Me Rocking '' `` Out of Tears '' `` I Go Wild '' `` Like a Rolling Stone '' ( live ) / `` Black Limousine '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` Wild Horses '' ( live ) / `` Live with Me '' ( live ) / `` Tumbling Dice '' ( live ) `` Anybody Seen My Baby? '' `` Saint of Me '' / `` Gimme Shelter '' ( live ) `` Out of Control '' `` Do n't Stop '' / `` Miss You '' ( remix ) `` Streets of Love '' / `` Rough Justice '' `` Rain Fall Down '' `` Biggest Mistake '' / `` Before They Make Me Run '' ( live ) Universal singles `` Plundered My Soul '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` No Spare Parts '' / `` Before They Make Me Run '' `` Doom and Gloom '' `` One More Shot '' Other countries `` Let It Bleed '' / `` You Got the Silver '' ( London Japan ) `` Rocks Off '' / `` Sweet Virginia '' ( Japan ) `` Star Star '' / `` Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo ( Heartbreaker ) '' ( France, Germany ) Book Category Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Know_Why&oldid=799069141 '' Categories : 1968 songs Stevie Wonder songs Songs written by Lula Mae Hardaway Songs written by Stevie Wonder Torch songs Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from November 2011 All articles lacking sources Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia ქართული Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017, at 13 : 00. About Wikipedia", "title": "I Don't Know Why", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Know_Why&amp;oldid=799069141" }

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{ "text": "Night at the Museum - wikipedia Night at the Museum Jump to : navigation, search Night at the Museum Theatrical release poster Directed by Shawn Levy Produced by Shawn Levy Chris Columbus Michael Barnathan Screenplay by Thomas Lennon Robert Ben Garant Based on The Night at the Museum by Milan Trenc Starring Ben Stiller Carla Gugino Dick Van Dyke Robin Williams Owen Wilson Steve Coogan Crystal the Monkey Jake Cherry Ricky Gervais Mickey Rooney Bill Cobbs Rami Malek Pierfrancesco Favino Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Edited by Don Zimmerman Production company 1492 Pictures 21 Laps Entertainment Ingenious Film Partners Dune Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 17, 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 17 ) ( New York City ) December 22, 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 108 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $110 million Box office $574.5 million Night at the Museum is a 2006 American fantasy - comedy film directed by Shawn Levy and written by Robert Ben Garant and Thomas Lennon, based on the 1993 children 's book of the same name by Croatian illustrator Milan Trenc. The film stars Ben Stiller as Larry Daley, a divorced father who applies for a job as a night watchman at New York City 's American Museum of Natural History and subsequently discovers that the exhibits, animated by a magical Egyptian artifact, come to life at night. It was released on December 22, 2006 by 20th Century Fox. The first installment in the Night at the Museum trilogy, the film was a box office success despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, grossing over $574 million. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Humans 2.2 Exhibits 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Songs 4.2 Score 4.2. 1 Track list 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reaction 5.3 Home media 6 Awards 7 Sequels 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Larry Daley is a divorced man from Queens, hoping to find a good job to impress his ten - year old son Nick, his ex-wife Erica believing he is a bad example for their son. Larry is hired at the American Museum of Natural History to replace the retiring security guards Cecil Fredericks and his colleagues Gus and Reginald. Larry meets the museum 's neurotic curator Dr. McPhee, and museum docent Rebecca Hutman, who plans to write a dissertation on Sacagawea. On his first night, Cecil hands Larry an instruction manual on what to do in the museum, warning him not to let anything `` in or out. '' Larry soon discovers that at night, the museum 's exhibits come to life and cause havoc for him. Amongst the lively exhibits are a playful Tyrannosaurus skeleton named Rexy ; a mischievous capuchin monkey named Dexter who destroys the instructions ; the warring factions of cowboys and legionnaires led by Jedediah and General Octavius ; violent Attila the Hun ; a talking Easter Island Head that desires gum ; the fire - seeking neanderthals ; and a wax model of Theodore Roosevelt, who is in love with Sacagawea. Roosevelt explains to Larry that the exhibits have come to life every night since the arrival of an Egyptian artifact, the Tablet of Akhmenrah, the mummified pharaoh trapped in his sarcophagus. He also explains to Larry that as night guard, it is his job to make sure that no exhibit sets foot out of the museum, otherwise they will disintegrate into dust if the sun rises while they are outside. The next day, Cecil advises Larry to research history to make up for the instructions ' destruction. He studies in libraries and from Rebecca. Larry puts his new knowledge to good use on his second night, but some of his plans backfire and the neanderthals set their exhibit on fire, leading to one becoming dust after venturing outside. After having doubts and almost getting fired the next day, Larry offers to introduce Sacagawea to Rebecca, but she thinks he is mocking her. On his third night, Larry brings Nick to the museum to watch the exhibits come to life, but they strangely do not. They catch Cecil, Gus, and Reginald stealing artifacts, who explain the tablet 's magic has allowed them to feel physically young in their old age, and plot to frame Larry for the theft while they enjoy a happy retirement. Nick activates the tablet, but Cecil steals it, locking Larry and Nick in the Egyptian exhibit. They free Akhmenrah, and rally the exhibits to stop the thieves and retrieve their colleagues who fled out into Central Park. Gus and Reginald are captured, but Cecil escapes by stagecoach. Larry and several exhibits give chase, where they stop Cecil and recover the tablet, using its magic to escort all of the exhibits back into the museum before sunrise. Rebecca witnesses this and makes amends with Larry, subsequently introduced to Sacagawea. The next day McPhee fires Larry, but when they go into the museum, they find it is crowded due to last night 's strange activities, and Larry is rehired. During the credits, Cecil, Gus, and Reginald were granted mercy by Larry and work as janitors. Cast ( edit ) Humans ( edit ) Ben Stiller as Larry Daley, a night - shift security guard at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Dick Van Dyke as Cecil Fredericks, a veteran security guard Carla Gugino as Rebecca Hutman, a museum docent Mickey Rooney as Gus, a veteran security guard Bill Cobbs as Reginald, a veteran security guard Jake Cherry as Nick Daley, Larry 's son Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee, the curator of the Museum of Natural History and Larry 's boss Kim Raver as Erica Daley, Larry 's former wife Charlie Murphy as the taxi - driver Paul Rudd as Don, Erica 's fiancé Anne Meara as Debbie Exhibits ( edit ) Robin Williams as a wax model of Theodore Roosevelt Patrick Gallagher as a wax model of Attila the Hun Rami Malek as the mummy of Pharaoh Ahkmenrah Pierfrancesco Favino as a bronze statue of Christopher Columbus Owen Wilson as Jedediah, a miniature cowboy figure Steve Coogan as Octavius, a miniature Roman general figure Mizuo Peck as a polyurethane model of Sacagawea Kerry van der Griend, Dan Rizzuto, Matthew Harrison, and Jody Racicot as wax models of neanderthals Martin Christopher as a wax model of Meriwether Lewis Martin Sims as a wax model of William Clark Randy Lee, Darryl Quon, Gerald Wong, and Paul Chih - Ping Cheng as wax models of the Huns Brad Garrett as the voice of the Easter Island Head Crystal the Monkey as Dexter, a stuffed capuchin monkey Production ( edit ) The building featured in the film, which was constructed on a sound stage in Burnaby, British Columbia, is based on the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, external shots of which were used in the movie. Trainers spent several weeks training Crystal, who plays the troublemaking monkey Dexter, to slap and bite Stiller in the film. Robin Williams ' Theodore Roosevelt costume closely resembles that of John Wayne 's character in The Shootist. Director Shawn Levy credited Ben Stiller for the ensemble cast : `` When actors hear that Ben Stiller is in a movie they want to work with him. It ( 's ) a high - water mark and it absolutely draws actors in and I 'm convinced that 's a big part of why we got this cast. '' Music ( edit ) Songs ( edit ) Ben Stiller claimed that he watched Tom Cruise in the Mission : Impossible films to learn how to imitate his running technique, shown here as Stiller portraying his film character running for dear life from the Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton ( Rexy ). `` Friday Night '' - performed by McFly ; not featured in American version of the film, but heard in some international cuts, used during the end credits. It can be heard on the American DVD on the Spanish dub. `` September '' - performed by Earth, Wind and Fire ; used before the end credits where everyone in the museum is partying. `` Weapon of Choice '' - performed by Fatboy Slim ; used in the scene where Larry returns to the museum for his second night and is preparing for the chaos. `` Tonight '' - performed by Keke Palmer and Cham ; used for the end credits ( U.S. theatrical version only ). `` Eye of the Tiger '' - performed by Ben Stiller ; used in the scene where Larry is bored and messes around with the telephone at the front desk beatboxing the music. An instrumental version of `` Mandy '' by Barry Manilow is used when Larry is standing in the elevator, while escaping from Attila the Hun. `` Ezekiel Saw Them Dry Bones '' is the tune Larry whistles as he passes the empty T. rex exhibit on his first night. `` Camptown Races '' by Stephen Foster is sung by the townspeople of the American West miniature diorama. This is a period - correct song. Score ( edit ) Alan Silvestri replaced John Ottman as score composer. Silvestri 's score was used for the teaser trailer of Horton Hears a Who! Night at the Museum ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by Alan Silvestri Released December 19, 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 19 ) Recorded 2006 Genre Film score Length 53 : 19 Label Varese Sarabande Track list ( edit ) Varese Sarabande released a soundtrack album of the score on December 19, 2006. All tracks written by Alan Silvestri. Night at the Museum ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No. Title Length 1. `` Night at the Museum '' 02 : 35 2. `` One of Those Days '' 00 : 49 3. `` An Ordinary Guy? '' 01 : 27 4. `` Tour of the Museum '' 02 : 35 5. `` Civil War Soldiers '' 04 : 08 6. `` Out of Africa '' 01 : 07 7. `` Meet Dexter '' 01 : 27 8. `` Mayan Warriors '' 00 : 57 9. `` Where 's Rexy? '' 00 : 48 10. `` West from Africa '' 01 : 49 11. `` The Iron Horse '' 01 : 06 12. `` Saved by Teddy '' 01 : 57 13. `` Tablet of Akmenrah '' 00 : 37 14. `` Tracking, Dear Boy '' 01 : 08 15. `` Some Men Are Born Great '' 00 : 50 16. `` Sunrise '' 00 : 42 17. `` Study Up on History '' 02 : 15 18. `` Teddy Likes Sacagawea '' 01 : 53 19. `` Tearing Limbs '' 01 : 45 20. `` Caveman on Fire '' 00 : 43 21. `` Outrun the Sun '' 00 : 58 22. `` Show You What I Do '' 02 : 55 23. `` Tablet 's Gone '' 02 : 45 24. `` Theodore Roosevelt at Your Service '' 01 : 11 25. `` This Is Your Moment '' 02 : 10 26. `` Rally the Troops '' 01 : 07 27. `` Tree Take Down '' 01 : 21 28. `` Cecil 's Escape '' 01 : 26 29. `` Stage Coach '' 02 : 28 30. `` Teddy in Two '' 01 : 18 31. `` Cab Ride '' 00 : 50 32. `` Big Fan '' 01 : 03 33. `` Heroes Return '' 00 : 54 34. `` A Great Man '' 00 : 57 35. `` Full House '' 01 : 21 Total length : 53 : 19 Release ( edit ) Night at the Museum had its premiere in New York City on December 17, 2006, in South Korea on December 21, 2006, on December 22, 2006 in United States, December 26, 2006 in UK, January 12, 2007 in Brazil, on February 14, 2007 in China and on March 17, 2007 in Japan. The film was released under the title of `` Noche en el museo '' in Spain, `` Una notte al museo '' in Italy, `` La nuit au musée '' in France, `` Ночь в музее '' in Russia and `` Uma Noite no Museu '' in Brazil. Box office ( edit ) At the end of its box office run, Night at the Museum earned a gross of $250.9 million in the US and Canada and $323.6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $574.5 million against a budget of $110 million. It is also the highest - grossing film worldwide of the trilogy. It was the highest - grossing film in its opening weekend, grossing $30.8 million plating in 3,685 theaters, with a $8,258 per - theater average. For the four - day Christmas holiday weekend, it took in $42.2 million. The movie was also released in IMAX large screen format, often on site at museums of science or natural history such as the Pacific Science Center in Seattle. In its second weekend, Night at the Museum expanded into 83 more theaters and took in approximately $36.7 million, out - grossing its opening weekend. It maintained the top position in its third week, with an additional $23.7 million. During its opening weekend of December 15, 2006, the film grossed a figure of estimated $5 million, with the highest debut coming from South Korea ( $5.04 million ). The biggest market in the other territories were the UK, Japan, South Korea, and Germany, where it grossed $40.8 million, $30 million, $25.7 million, $22.9 million. Critical reaction ( edit ) Night at the Museum received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 43 %, based on 132 reviews, with an average rating of 5.3 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, `` Parents might call this either a spectacle - filled adventure or a shallow and vapid CG-fest, depending on whether they choose to embrace this on the same level as their kids ''. On Metacritic, the film a score of 48 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating `` mixed or average reviews ''. James Berardinelli of Reelviews gave it 2 stars out of 4, and commented on Stiller 's performance by stating `` It might be fair to give Ben Stiller an ' A ' for effort, but to call what he does in this movie `` acting '' is a misnomer. He does a lot of running around, occasionally falling down or bumping into things. '' One positive review by William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, gave it a B -, and stated that the film was `` Out to impress and delight a family audience with the pageantry of human and natural history, and that 's a surprisingly worthy ambition for a Hollywood comedy. '' In a case of life imitating art, museum officials at the American Museum of Natural History have credited the film for increasing the number of visitors during the holiday season by almost 20 %. According to a museum official, between December 22, 2006, and January 2, 2007, there were 50,000 more visitors than during the same period the prior year. CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale. Home media ( edit ) The film was released on a 2 - Disc DVD edition in the United Kingdom on April 2, 2007. It was released on 1 - Disc and 2 - Disc DVD editions and Blu - ray Disc format on April 24, 2007 elsewhere. The film became the first non-Disney film to be reviewed by Ultimate Disney ( now known as DVDizzy.com ), due to the website dealing with other studios besides Disney. As of 6 December 2009, the film has sold 9,191,694 DVDs and grossed $153,566,058 in DVD sales. Awards ( edit ) Award Nominee Result Ref. Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film N / A Nominated ASCAP Award Top Box Office Films Alan Silvestri Won Artios Best Feature Film Casting - Comedy Ilene Starger Coreen Mayrs ( Vancouver casting ) Heike Brandstatter ( Vancouver casting ) Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie N / A Nominated MTV Movie Award Best Comedic Performance Ben Stiller Nominated National Movie Award Best Comedy N / A Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice Movie : Comedy and Choice Movie Actor : Comedy Ben Stiller Nominated Taurus Award Hardest Hit Greg Fitzpatrick Nominated Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Actor Age Ten or Younger Jake Cherry Nominated Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian and Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb The first installment in the trilogy, Night at the Museum was followed by a sequel titled Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian, which was released on May 22, 2009 in North America. The third and final installment, Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb, was released on December 19, 2014 in North America. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved November 5, 2009. Jump up ^ `` MovieLocationsGuide.com ''. Night at the Museum Filming Locations. Retrieved January 8, 2007. Jump up ^ Classic Movies. `` John Wayne : one last shot before the final farewell ''. Telegraph. Retrieved August 14, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Sun2Surf.com ''. Stiller shifts to the Museum. Retrieved January 8, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum Soundtrack ''. amazon.com. Retrieved February 12, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ''. allmusic.com. Retrieved February 12, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Night at the Museum Release ''. imdb.com. Retrieved February 13, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum Showdown ''. boxofficemojo.com. IMDB. Retrieved February 13, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum domestic weekend ''. boxofficemojo.com. IMDB. Retrieved February 11, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum Foreign Weekly ''. boxofficemojo.com. IMDB. Retrieved February 13, 2015. Jump up ^ `` NIGHT AT THE MUSEUM foreign market ''. boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved February 11, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum ''. rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved February 11, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum ''. metacritic.com. Retrieved February 11, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Reelviews.com ''. Night at the Museum. Retrieved January 7, 2007. Jump up ^ Arnold, William ( December 21, 2006 ). `` SeattlePI.com ''. Shallow ' Museum ' exhibits some appealing qualities. Retrieved January 7, 2007. Jump up ^ `` msnbc.com ''. Movie boosts Natural History Museum visits. Retrieved September 11, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Cinemascore ''. cinemascore.com/. Retrieved February 11, 2015. Jump up ^ `` UltimateDisney.com ''. Non-Disney films to be reviewed by Ultimate Disney. Retrieved April 20, 2007. Jump up ^ `` UltimateDisney.com ''. `` Night at the Museum '' at UltimateDisney.com. Retrieved April 24, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Night ath the Museum ''. the-numbers.com. Retrieved February 11, 2015. Jump up ^ `` 2007 Host Nominee Release ''. Nickelodeon. February 7, 2007. Retrieved August 26, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Taurus World Stunt Awards - Hardest Hit ''. World Stunt Awards. Retrieved August 26, 2016. Jump up ^ `` 28th Annual Young Artist Awards Nominations ''. Young Artist Association. Retrieved August 26, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ''. imdb.com. Retrieved February 11, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ''. comingsoon.net. Retrieved February 11, 2015. External links ( edit ) Film portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Night at the Museum Night at the Museum on IMDb Night at the Museum at the TCM Movie Database Night at the Museum at AllMovie Night at the Museum at Box Office Mojo Night at the Museum at Metacritic Night at the Museum at Rotten Tomatoes Night At The Museum Review on Variety.com Independentfilm.com video interview with Mizuo Peck who played Sacagawea Milan Trenc 's The Night at the Museum Films Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) Video games Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Films directed by Shawn Levy Just in Time ( 1997 ) Jett Jackson : The Movie ( 2001 ) Big Fat Liar ( 2002 ) Just Married ( 2003 ) Cheaper by the Dozen ( 2003 ) The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Date Night ( 2010 ) Real Steel ( 2011 ) The Internship ( 2013 ) This Is Where I Leave You ( 2014 ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) Ricky Gervais Television ( creator and star ) Meet Ricky Gervais The Office ( UK ) Extras The Ricky Gervais Show ( animated series ) An Idiot Abroad Life 's Too Short Derek Other television work `` Golden Years '' The Office ( US ) `` Pilot '' `` The Convict '' `` Homer Simpson, This Is Your Wife '' Film ( writer / director ) The Invention of Lying Cemetery Junction Special Correspondents David Brent : Life on the Road Stand - up ( writer / performer ) Animals Politics Fame Science Other works The Ricky Gervais Show ( audio ) Flanimals More Flanimals Flanimals of the Deep Flanimals : The Day of the Bletchling Music Seona Dancing `` More to Lose '' `` Bitter Heart '' VIAF : 221440968 LCCN : n2006058506 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Night_at_the_Museum&oldid=800373656 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films 1492 Pictures films 2000s adventure films 2000s comedy films 2000s fantasy films 20th Century Fox films 21 Laps Entertainment films American adventure comedy films American fantasy adventure films American films American Museum of Natural History Cultural depictions of Attila the Hun Cultural depictions of Christopher Columbus Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt Cultural depictions of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark Dune Entertainment films Film scores by Alan Silvestri Films about Theodore Roosevelt Films based on children 's books Films directed by Shawn Levy Films produced by Chris Columbus Films produced by Michael Barnathan Films set in museums Films set in New York City Films shot in Vancouver IMAX films Neanderthals in fiction Performance capture in film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017, at 04 : 05. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Night at the Museum", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Night_at_the_Museum&amp;oldid=800373656" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ ") ( United States ) Running time 108 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $110 million Box office $574.5 million Night at the Museum is a 2006 American fantasy - comedy film directed by Shawn Levy and written by Robert Ben Garant and Thomas Lennon, based on the 1993 children 's book of the same name by Croatian illustrator Milan Trenc. The film stars Ben Stiller as Larry Daley, a divorced father who applies for a job as a night watchman at New York City 's American Museum of Natural History and subsequently discovers that the exhibits, animated by a magical Egyptian artifact, come to life at night. It was released on December 22, 2006 by 20th Century Fox. The first installment in the Night at the Museum trilogy, the film was a box office success despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, grossing over $574 million. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Humans 2.2 Exhibits 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Songs 4.2 Score 4.2. 1 Track list 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2" ], "id": [ "5612234528142875433" ], "short_answers": [ "New York City's American Museum of Natural History" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Capacitive coupling - wikipedia Capacitive coupling Jump to : navigation, search Not to be confused with Decoupling capacitor. Capacitive coupling is the transfer of energy within an electrical network or between distant networks by means of displacement current between circuit ( s ) nodes, induced by the electric field. This coupling can have an intentional or accidental effect. Capacitive coupling with high - voltage power lines can light a lamp continuously at low intensity. In its simplest implementation, capacitive coupling is achieved by placing a capacitor between two nodes. Where analysis of many points in a circuit is carried out, the capacitance at each point and between points can be described in a matrix form. Contents ( hide ) 1 Use in analog circuits 2 Use in digital circuits 3 Gimmick loop 4 Parasitic capacitive coupling 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Use in analog circuits ( edit ) Polyester film capacitors, commonly used for coupling between two circuits. In analog circuits, a coupling capacitor is used to connect two circuits such that only the AC signal from the first circuit can pass through to the next while DC is blocked. This technique helps to isolate the DC bias settings of the two coupled circuits. Capacitive coupling is also known as AC coupling and the capacitor used for the purpose is also known as a DC - blocking capacitor. A coupling capacitor 's ability to prevent a DC load from interfering with an AC source is particularly useful in Class A amplifier circuits by preventing a 0 volt input being passed to a transistor with additional resistor biasing ; creating continuous amplification. Capacitive coupling decreases the low frequency gain of a system containing capacitively coupled units. Each coupling capacitor along with the input electrical impedance of the next stage forms a high - pass filter and the sequence of filters results in a cumulative filter with a − 3 dB frequency that may be higher than those of each individual filter. So for adequate low frequency response, the capacitors used must have high capacitance ratings. They should be high enough that the reactance of each is at most a tenth of the input impedance of each stage, at the lowest frequency of interest. See Impedance bridging. Coupling capacitors can also introduce nonlinear distortion at low frequencies. This is not an issue at high frequencies because the voltage across the capacitor stays very close to zero. However, if a signal is allowed to pass through the coupling that is low relative to the RC cutoff frequency, voltages can develop across the capacitor, which for some capacitor types results in changes of capacitance, leading to distortion. This is avoided by choosing capacitor types that have low voltage coefficient, and by using large values that put the cutoff frequency far lower than the frequencies of the signal. These disadvantages of capacitively coupling DC - biased transistor amplifier circuits are largely minimized in directly coupled designs. Use in digital circuits ( edit ) AC coupling is also widely used in digital circuits to transmit digital signals with a zero DC component, known as DC - balanced signals. DC - balanced waveforms are useful in communications systems, since they can be used over AC - coupled electrical connections to avoid voltage imbalance problems and charge accumulation between connected systems or components. For this reason, most modern line codes are designed to produce DC - balanced waveforms. The most common classes of DC - balanced line codes are constant - weight codes and paired - disparity codes. Gimmick loop ( edit ) A gimmick loop is a simple type of capacitive coupler : two closely spaced strands of wire. It provides capacitive coupling of a few picofarads between two nodes. Sometimes the wires are twisted together for physical stability. Parasitic capacitive coupling ( edit ) Capacitive coupling is often unintended, such as the capacitance between two wires or PCB traces that are next to each other. Often one signal can capacitively couple with another and cause what appears to be noise. To reduce coupling, wires or traces are often separated as much as possible, or ground lines or ground planes are run in between signals that might affect each other, so that the lines are capacitively coupled to ground rather than each other. Breadboards are particularly prone to these issues due to the long pieces of metal that line every row creating a several - picofarad capacitor between lines. To prototype high - frequency ( 10s of MHz ) or high - gain analog circuits, often the circuits are built over a ground plane so that the signals couple to ground more than to each other. If a high - gain amplifier 's output capacitively couples to its input it often becomes an electronic oscillator. One rule of thumb says that drivers should be able to drive 25 pF of capacitance which allows for PCB traces up to 0.30 meters. See also ( edit ) Coupling ( electronics ) Decoupling ( electronics ) Decoupling capacitor Direct coupling Differential capacitance References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joffe, Elya ( 2010 ). Grounds for Grounding : A Circuit to System Handbook. Wiley - IEEE. p. 277. ISBN 0 - 471 - 66008 - 6. Jump up ^ `` Capacitor Characteristics ''. sound.whsites.net. Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06. Jump up ^ Caldwell, John. `` Signal distortion from high - K ceramic capacitors ''. Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06. Jump up ^ Bernard Grob and Milton Sol Kiver ( 1960 ). Applications of Electronics. McGraw -- Hill. pp. 300 -- 01. Jump up ^ Forrest M. Mims ( 2000 ). The Forrest Mims Circuit Scrapbook. Newnes. pp. 95 -- 96. ISBN 1 - 878707 - 48 - 5. Jump up ^ Media Independent Interface # Signal levels This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document `` Federal Standard 1037C '' ( in support of MIL - STD - 188 ). External links ( edit ) Capacitance and Uses of Capacitors Howard Johnson : When to use AC coupling, DC Blocking Capacitor Value Texas Instruments : AC - Coupling Between Differential LVPECL, LVDS, HSTL, and CML ( PDF ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capacitive_coupling&oldid=808170879 '' Categories : Capacitors Electromagnetic compatibility Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Federal Standard 1037C Wikipedia articles incorporating text from MIL - STD - 188 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی 日本 語 Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017, at 09 : 04. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Capacitive coupling", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Capacitive_coupling&amp;oldid=808170879" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "9884621303490451089" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Pam Beesly - wikipedia Pam Beesly hide This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pam Beesly Halpert The Office character Jenna Fischer as Pam Halpert First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` Finale '' Created by Greg Daniels Portrayed by Jenna Fischer Information Full name Pamela Morgan Beesly Gender Female Occupation Receptionist, Dunder Mifflin, Scranton PA ( August 2003 - June 2011 ) Secret Assistant to the Regional Manager, Dunder Mifflin, Scranton PA Temporary Worker, Dunder Mifflin Corporate, New York City, NY Sales Representative, Michael Scott Paper Company Sales Representative, Dunder Mifflin, Scranton PA Sales Representative, Dunder Mifflin Sabre, Scranton PA Office Administrator, Dunder Mifflin Sabre, Scranton PA Office Administrator, Dunder Mifflin, Scranton PA Freelance Mural Painter / Art Gallery Owner, Austin TX Family William Beesly ( father, Rick Overton ) Helene Beesly ( mother, Shannon Cochran and Linda Purl ) Penny Beesly ( sister, Anna Camp ) Sylvia Beesly ( grandmother, Peggy Stewart ) Jocelyn Webster ( cousin ) Betsy Halpert ( mother - in - law ) Gerald Halpert ( father - in - law ) Tom Halpert ( brother - in - law ) Pete Halpert ( brother - in - law ) Spouse ( s ) Jim Halpert ( m. 2009 ) Significant other ( s ) Roy Anderson ( ex-fiancé ) Children Cecelia `` CeCe '' Marie Halpert Philip Halpert Religion Presbyterian Nationality American Based on Dawn Tinsley Pamela Morgan Halpert ( née Beesly ) is a fictional character on the U.S. television sitcom The Office, played by Jenna Fischer. Her counterpart in the original UK series of The Office is Dawn Tinsley. Her character is initially the receptionist at the paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin, before becoming a saleswoman and eventually office administrator until her termination in the series finale. Her character is shy, growing assertive but amiable, and artistically inclined, and shares romantic interest with Jim Halpert, whom she begins dating in the fourth season and marries and starts a family with as the series continues. Contents 1 Casting and character development 2 Character history 2.1 Seasons 1 -- 3 2.2 Seasons 4 -- 6 2.3 Season 7 2.4 Season 8 2.5 Season 9 3 Coworker relations 3.1 Jim Halpert 3.2 Roy Anderson 3.3 Michael Scott 3.4 Toby Flenderson 4 Appearances 5 Notes 6 References Casting and character development ( edit ) The character was originally created to be very similar to the British counterpart, Dawn Tinsley. Even minute details, such as how Pam wore her hair each day, were considered by executive producer, Greg Daniels. `` When I went in for The Office, the casting director said to me, ' Please look normal ', '' recalls Jenna Fischer. `` Do n't make yourself all pretty, and dare to bore me with your audition. Those were her words. Dare to bore me. '' Heeding the advice, Fischer said little during the auditions, during which she was interviewed in character by show producers, in an improvisational format, to imitate the show 's documentary premise. `` My take on the character of Pam was that she did n't have any media training, so she did n't know how to be a good interview. And also, she did n't care about this interview, '' she told NPR. `` So, I gave very short one - word answers and I tried very hard not to be funny or clever, because I thought that the comedy would come out of just, you know, the real human reactions to the situation... and they liked that take on it. '' `` When I went in to the audition, the first question that they asked me in the character of Pam -- they said, ' Do you like working as a receptionist? ' I said, ' No. ' And that was it. I did n't speak any more than that. And they started laughing. '' Fischer found herself creating a very elaborate backstory for the character. For the first few seasons, she kept a list of the character history revealed on - screen by the creators, as well as her own imaginative thoughts on Pam 's history. She created a rule with the set 's hair and make - up department that it could n't look as though it took Pam more than 30 minutes to do her hair, and she formulated ideas as to who gave Pam each piece of jewelry she wore or where she went to college. Fischer also carefully crafted Pam 's quiet persona. `` Well, my character of Pam is really stuck, '' she explained to NPR. `` I mean, she 's a subordinate in this office. And so, I think that for her, the only way she can express herself is in the silences, but you can say so much by not saying anything. '' Originally meek and passive, the character grew more assertive as the seasons passed, prompting Fischer to reassess her portrayal. `` I have to approach Pam differently ( now ), '' she explained in Season 4, a defining season in which her character finally begins a long - awaited relationship with Jim and is accepted into the Pratt Institute. `` She is in a loving relationship, she has found her voice, she has started taking art classes. All of these things must inform the character and we need to see changes in the way she moves, speaks, dresses, etc. '' Character history ( edit ) Seasons 1 -- 3 ( edit ) At the beginning of the series, Pam and Roy have been dating for eight years and engaged for three years. Their open - ended engagement has become one of Michael 's running gags and a sore spot for Pam. Pam does not want her current job to become permanent, remarking that `` I do n't think it 's many little girls ' dream to be a receptionist. '' Pam is apathetic toward her work, evidenced by her frequent games of FreeCell on her office computer. However, in the pilot episode, she breaks down crying when Michael pulls an ill - advised prank by telling her that she will be fired. Michael has criticized Pam for simply forwarding calls to voice mail without answering and ( in a deleted scene ) for not sounding enthusiastic enough when speaking on the telephone. Pam is usually happy to abandon her work if asked to do something else by Jim. She will do extra, unnecessary work ( such as making a casket for a dead bird or paper doves for the Office Olympics ) to make other people happy. Despite the abuse she takes from Michael, she never goes any further than calling him a jerk in the pilot. In later seasons, however, she becomes more honest and forward with Michael and will often make sarcastic comments toward him. While engaged to Roy, Pam denies, or is in denial about, having any romantic feelings for Jim. When Jim confesses his love for her at the Dunder Mifflin `` Casino Night '' she turns him down. She later talks to her mom on the phone and says Jim is her best friend ( though she does n't say his name ), and says `` Yeah, I think I am '' to an unheard question. She is interrupted by Jim, who enters and kisses her ; she responds by kissing back. Season three marks a turning point for Pam 's character : she gains self - confidence and appears less passive and more self - assured as the season progresses. In `` Gay Witch Hunt, '' the season 's opener, it is revealed that Pam got cold feet before her wedding and did not marry Roy after all, and that Jim transferred to a different Dunder Mifflin branch, in Stamford, shortly after Pam rejected him a second time, after their kiss. Pam moves into her own apartment, begins taking art classes, a pursuit that Roy had previously dismissed as a waste of time, and buys a new car, a blue Toyota Yaris. Jim returns to Scranton later on as a result of `` The Merger '', and brings along a female co-worker, Karen Filippelli, whom he begins dating. Jim and Pam appeared to have ended all communication after Jim transfers to the Stamford branch ( aside from an episode in which Jim accidentally calls Pam at the end of the work day ), and their episodes together following the branch merge are tense, despite both admitting to still harboring feelings for the other during the presence of the documentary cameras. Meanwhile, Roy vows to win Pam back. Roy 's efforts to improve his relationship with Pam are quite successful, but once Pam and Roy are back together, he falls back into old habits almost immediately. When Roy and Pam attend an after work get - together at a local bar with their co-workers, Pam, feeling that she should be more honest with Roy, tells him about Jim kissing her at `` Casino Night. '' Roy yells, smashes a mirror, and trashes the bar. Pam, frightened and embarrassed by his reaction, breaks up with Roy immediately. Roy vows to kill Jim and in `` The Negotiation '', Roy unsuccessfully tries to attack Jim at work ( Jim is saved by Dwight 's intervention ), and is subsequently fired. Pam later reluctantly agrees to meet Roy for coffee at his request, and after the polite but brief meeting, it appears that their relationship has ended amicably with Roy encouraging Pam to pursue Jim. Pam participates in an art show, but few people attend. Her co-worker, Oscar, brings his partner along who, not knowing that Pam is standing behind him, criticizes her work by proclaiming that `` real art requires courage. '' Oscar then goes on to say that courage is n't one of Pam 's strong points. Affected by this statement, Pam tells the documentary crew that she is going to be more honest, culminating in a dramatic coal walk during the next - to - last episode of the season, `` Beach Games '', and a seemingly sincere speech to Jim in front of the entire office about their relationship. Michael also comes to the art show and reveals his erratically kind heart and loyalty by buying, framing and hanging Pam 's drawing of the Dunder Mifflin building in the office. In the season finale, `` The Job, '' she leaves a friendly note in Jim 's briefcase and an old memento depicting the ' gold medal ' yogurt lid from the Office Olympics, which he sees during an interview for a job at Corporate in New York City. While he is asked how he `` would function here in New York '', Jim is shown to have his mind back in Scranton, still distracted by the thought of Pam. Jim withdraws his name from consideration and drives back to the office, where he interrupts a talking head Pam is doing for the documentary crew by asking her out for dinner. She happily accepts, visibly moved, abandoning a train of thought about how she would be fine if Jim got the job and never came back to Scranton. Karen quits soon after, becoming the regional manager at Dunder Mifflin 's Utica branch. Seasons 4 -- 6 ( edit ) In Season 4, Pam retains the assertiveness she developed in the third season. She wears her hair down and has updated her old dowdy wardrobe. In the season 4 premiere, `` Fun Run '', Jim and Pam confess that they have started dating after the camera crew catches them kissing. The office ultimately learns of their relationship in `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity ''. In `` Chair Model '', after teasing Pam about his impending proposal, Jim tells the documentary crew he is not kidding around about an engagement and shows them a ring he bought a week after he and Pam started dating. In the next few episodes, Jim fake - proposes to Pam multiple times. In `` Goodbye, Toby '', Pam discovers she 's been accepted at Pratt Institute, an art and design school in Brooklyn. In an interview later in the episode, Jim announces that he will propose to Pam that evening. Just as Jim is preparing to propose, however, Andy Bernard stands up and makes his own impromptu proposal to Angela. Having had his thunder stolen by Andy, Jim reluctantly puts the ring back in his jacket pocket, leaving Pam visibly disappointed as she was expecting Jim to propose that night. In the Season 5 premiere, `` Weight Loss '', Pam begins her three - month course at the Pratt Institute. In this episode, Jim proposes in the pouring rain at a rest stop, saying that he `` ca n't wait ''. In `` Business Trip '', Pam learns that she is failing one of her classes and will have to remain in New York another three months to retake it. Although Jim is supportive and tells her he will wait for her to come back `` the right way '', she ultimately makes the decision to return home, saying that she realized she hated graphic design and missed Scranton. A deleted scene for the episode shows Jim looking through Pam 's graphic design projects, which he thinks are `` cool '', as well as a notebook filled with pencil sketches, which he finds a lot more impressive than her graphic design projects, implying her talents lie in hand - drawn works. In `` Two Weeks '', Pam agrees to become Michael 's first saleswoman in his not - yet - established company, The Michael Scott Paper Co., as a supportive Jim looks on. When David Wallace makes an offer to buy the company Michael negotiates in order to get their jobs at Dunder Mifflin back instead, including adding Pam to the sales team. In `` Company Picnic '', Pam, after dominating the company volleyball tournament, injures her ankle during a game and is taken to the hospital against her wishes. At the hospital, the camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim and Pam on her condition. There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam embrace, looking shocked and ecstatic. It is implied that she is pregnant and is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere, `` Gossip ''. Jim and Pam marry early in the season, at Niagara Falls, during the highly anticipated, hour long episode, `` Niagara ''. The ending of the episode, in which their co-workers dance down the aisle, is an imitation of a viral YouTube video -- JK Wedding Entrance Dance. Following the wedding, a multi-episode story arc begins in which it is revealed that Michael hooked up with Pam 's mother the night of the wedding. The two break up during `` Double Date '', an episode that ends with Pam slapping Michael in response to his actions. In `` The Delivery '' of Season 6, Pam and Jim have their first child, a daughter named Cecelia Marie Halpert. Jenna Fischer was granted naming rights by show producers, and chose to name her after her own niece. Season 7 ( edit ) In `` Counseling '', Pam feels inadequate about her poor performance in sales and tricks Gabe into promoting her to a phony new salaried position called office administrator. In `` China '', Pam tries to use her authority as office administrator to force building manager Dwight to stop his annoying cost - cutting measures. Pam threatens to move the office to a new building, which Dwight discovers does n't exist. Pam saves face, however, when Dwight secretly has his assistant provide her with a book on building regulations that proves Dwight 's measures were not allowed. The episode is another example of Dwight 's covert protectiveness and fondness for Pam ( as previously demonstrated in `` The Injury '', `` Back from Vacation '', `` The Job '' and `` Diwali '' ) ; Mindy Kaling said during an online Q&A session that Dwight has a soft spot for her that he does not extend to anyone else at the office. She also uses her position to buy Erin Hannon an expensive desktop computer to replace the terrible one she had to use for years, as well as discreetly giving Andy a new computer, and giving Daryll three sick days. At the end of the episode she proudly says that she is, `` Full on corrupt. '' In `` Goodbye, Michael '', Pam almost misses saying good - bye to Michael, as she spends most of the day out of the office trying to price shredders. Jim figures out Michael 's plan to leave early and tells her by text. Pam reaches the airport in time and is the last person to see Michael before he leaves. Season 8 ( edit ) At the beginning of Season 8, Pam is revealed to be pregnant with her and Jim 's second child, Philip Halpert. The child coincided with Jenna Fischer 's actual pregnancy. She begins her maternity leave after `` Gettysburg ''. Pam returns in `` Jury Duty '', where she and Jim bring Cece and Phillip into the office. In both `` Tallahassee '' and `` Test the Store '' Pam is shown helping, and developing her friendship with Andy. Season 9 ( edit ) Early in season 9, Jim is restless about his life in Scranton and helps a friend start a Sports Marketing business, Athlead, in Philadelphia but he keeps it a secret from Pam until the third episode `` Andy 's Ancestry ''. Although Pam is happy for his decision, she is concerned about the fact that he had kept it a secret from her and she is later disturbed to hear about just how much of their money he had invested. Jim begins spending part of each work week in Philadelphia, but in `` Customer Loyalty '', the strain of this on Pam is evident when she breaks down in tears, and is comforted by Brian, the boom mic operator of the film crew. In `` Moving On '', Pam interviews for a job in Philadelphia to be closer to Jim, but she is turned off by the idea when her prospective new boss bears a striking resemblance in behavior to Michael Scott. Over dinner, Pam reveals to Jim that she does n't really want to move to Philadelphia after all. However, in `` Livin ' the Dream '', when Athlead is bought out and Jim is offered a large sum of money for 3 months to pitch the company across the country, Pam overhears Jim refuse the opportunity because of her and appears to have mixed feelings about this decision. In `` A.A.R.M. '', Pam tells Jim that she 's afraid that he will resent her for making him stay and that she might not be enough for him. Jim asks the camera crew to compile documentary footage of the two of them to show her. When she finishes the montage, which shows Jim taking back a letter he intended to give her with his teapot gift during Christmas ; Jim finally gives her that letter, and she reads it, visibly moved. In the series finale, which takes place a year later, she reveals to Jim that she secretly put the house on the market, so that they can move to Austin, Texas, and take his job back at Athlead ( now Athleap ). Co-worker relations ( edit ) From her years working the front desk, Pam has become well - acquainted with the Dunder - Mifflin staff and is consistently shown to have a thorough understanding of her coworkers ' personalities, including the more eccentric individuals Dwight Schrute and Michael Scott. She uses this familiarity to manipulate them, often for their and the company 's best interests ( such as her giving the staff elaborate instructions on how to handle a heartbroken Michael in `` The Chump '' ) but also occasionally for her own. This familiarity plays a large part in her efficiency as office administrator and was crucial to her being promoted to the previously non-existent position. Jim Halpert ( edit ) Main article : Jim Halpert The `` will they or wo n't they '' tension between Jim and Pam is a strong storyline in the early episodes of The Office, encompassing much of Seasons 1 to 3. In the opener of Season 4, the two characters are revealed to be dating, and as such, other character romances, such as the romance between fellow co-workers Dwight Schrute and Angela Martin, begin to move more toward the forefront of episodes. In Season 6, Jim and Pam are married in the season 's 4th and 5th episodes ( hour long ), a feat considered noteworthy by many television critics, as bringing together the two lead love interests in a television series is often thought to be a risky venture. Their child is born in the second half of the season, during another hour long, `` The Delivery ''. Pam and Jim 's second child is born during season 8. In season 9, their marriage becomes strained when Jim takes up a second job in Philadelphia. They ultimately decide to leave Dunder Mifflin together so Jim can pursue his dream job. Roy Anderson ( edit ) Main article : Roy Anderson ( The Office ) When the series begins, Pam is engaged to her high school sweetheart Roy Anderson ; this engagement is revealed to be three years old and running. They finally set a date, but Pam calls off the wedding at the last minute. They get back together once, briefly, but Pam is much more assertive, and finally breaks up with him after he has a violent outburst. Roy is deeply flawed - he is overbearing, neglectful, dismissive of her desire to be an artist, and offers her sex as a gift on Valentine 's Day. Jim comments in Season 2 that Pam does not like to `` bother '' Roy with her `` thoughts or feelings ''. He tells the camera crew that the only two problems in Pam 's life seemed to be Roy and her job at Dunder Mifflin. In the early seasons, there is a great deal of tension between Jim and Roy, with Roy often acting threateningly towards Jim. In `` Basketball '', when Jim starts to impress Pam with his basketball skills, Roy elbows Jim in the nose. In season 2, when Jim encourages Pam to pursue a graphic arts internship offered by Dunder Mifflin, Roy objects to the opportunity and eventually convinces her that the idea is foolish. Pam ultimately calls off her wedding to Roy, but they remain friendly and he is determined to win her back by being less of a jerk. She reconciles with Roy at Phyllis 's wedding as a response to watching Jim date Karen. In an attempt at a fresh start with Roy, Pam comes clean about Jim kissing her during `` Casino Night ''. Roy flies into a violent rage and Pam ends the relationship on the spot. The next day, Roy attempts to attack Jim in the office but is stopped by Dwight 's pepper spray and is summarily fired. After losing his job, Roy meets Pam for coffee and says that even though Jim is dating Karen, she should at least make an effort to date him ( inasmuch as she called off the wedding because of him ). In season 5, Jim and Roy run into each other at a bar and Roy learns that Jim and Pam are engaged. The mood is somewhat awkward, but Roy is congratulatory, but then makes a somewhat passive - aggressive comment, seemingly meant to make Jim feel insecure about his current role in Pam 's life, which tempts him to drive to Pratt, where she is attending art classes. Jim gets on the freeway, but changes his mind and remembers that he trusts Pam. Jim did n't want to treat Pam the same way Roy treated her. Michael Scott ( edit ) Main article : Michael Scott ( The Office ) In the series pilot, Michael is overtly rude to Pam and at one point fakes her firing, leaving her in tears. He often makes suggestive if harmless remarks about her beauty and general appearance, and at one point lies to the camera that they used to date ( inspiring a horrified `` WHAT??? '' from Pam when an interviewer relays the message to her ). However, his impulsive attempt to kiss her during Diwali is shot down and marked the end of any romantic dreams for Michael with Pam. Over time, the combination of Michael being supportive of her goals, her transition from a bad relationship with Roy to a great one with Jim as well as her finding a job she not only enjoys but is effective at in the office administrator position and Michael finding his own soulmate in Holly Flax made Pam soften her stance towards Michael, and the experience at the Michael Scott Paper Company further bonded them ( as did Michael 's decision to choose Pam instead of Ryan Howard as the only MSPC salesman to keep that job when Michael returned as Branch Manager ). Pam was furious at Michael for dating her mom Helene, and excoriated him at length during `` The Lover '' before eventually slapping him in `` Double Date '', but they once again were able to be civil to each other afterward. Pam does set up boundaries around her personal life that Michael ca n't cross, like telling him that he was n't Cece 's godfather. By Season 7, Pam acts as something of a guardian angel for Michael, steering him away from ( numerous ) bad ideas and towards his ( fewer but real ) good ones, such as his successful efforts to propose to Holly. In Michael 's finale `` Goodbye, Michael '', Pam spends the whole day looking for a shredder, believing that the next day Michael was leaving. As Michael takes off his microphone and heads down the airport concourse, Pam runs to him with no shoes and hugs him as he kisses her cheek. The two have a nice moment and he walks off, leaving her holding her shoes. She then tells the camera that he was happy, wanting to be an advanced rewards member, and was glad to be going home to see Holly. She then is there to watch Michael 's plane take off. In a deleted scene from `` The Inner Circle '', we learn Pam is flattered that Michael named his new puppy `` Pamela Beagsley '', and in `` The List '' she playfully teases Jim by calling their second child `` Little Michael Scott '', further proving that the two have developed a genuine friendship. Toby flenderson ( edit ) Main article : Toby Flenderson Toby, the Human Resources Representative for Dunder Mifflin in the Scranton branch, has a secret crush on Pam. In `` A Benihana Christmas '' she gives him her Dunder - Mifflin bathrobe, a display of friendly affection, after he spent the day feeling bad that Dwight took his. In Dunder Mifflin Infinity, Toby witnesses Pam kissing Jim Halpert in the break room, which prompts him to issue a memo about public displays of affection in the workplace. Later, when Jim and Pam admit they are dating and ask to fill out a disclosure form, he hesitates to give them a form saying they should wait and see. In `` Night Out '', Toby awkwardly rubs her knee while they share a laugh ( and while Jim sits just on her other side ), and the rest of the office watches in horror. In his mortification, Toby immediately announces that he is moving to Costa Rica before jumping over the locked gate and fleeing. In `` Goodbye, Toby '', Toby purchases a DSLR camera just to get a picture with Pam. On the eve of his departure, Pam confesses to the cameras that she always thought Toby was `` kind of cute ''. In `` Niagara '', Pam and Jim are late for their wedding and he is visibly excited at the prospect that the wedding might not happen. In `` Finale '', Pam and Toby dance with each other at Dwight 's wedding, with Toby beginning to cry as Pam comforts him. When she asks, `` is it me? '', he replies that `` it 's everything! ''. Appearances ( edit ) Pam Halpert has appeared in every episode with the exceptions of `` Business Ethics '' ( except for the deleted scenes ), `` St. Patrick 's Day '', and `` New Leads '' in which only her voice is heard, and several season 8 episodes from `` Mrs. California '' to `` Pool Party '', where she did not appear at all as Fischer was on maternity leave. Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pam Beesly 's full name is Pamela Morgan Beesly ( later Pamela Morgan Halpert ). In `` The Lover '' Michael says to Pam, `` Pamela Morgan Beesly, you need to apologize to your mother right now. '' In `` Did I Stutter? '' Jim says to Pam, `` You know what would energize me? If you, Pamela Morgan Beesly... '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Halpert Baby Blog ''. Halpertbeesly.com. Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 27. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Season 6 -- Episode 06 : ' The Lover ' ''. OfficeQuotes.net. Retrieved February 19, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Season 4 -- Episode 12 : ' Did I Stutter? ' ''. OfficeQuotes.net. Retrieved February 19, 2018. Jump up ^ Episode commentary, Season 2, `` Valentine 's Day '' ^ Jump up to : `` For Jenna Fischer, ' Office ' Life Is A Great Act ''. NPR. 2008 - 12 - 30. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30. ^ Jump up to : `` Jenna Fischer rocks the OTCR ''. OfficeTally. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30. Jump up ^ Season 2 DVD, `` Valentine 's Day '', episode commentary ^ Jump up to : `` Pam Beesly ( Pam / Jenna ) op Myspace ''. Myspace.com. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30. Jump up ^ `` JK Wedding Entrance Dance ''. YouTube. 2009 - 07 - 19. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30. Jump up ^ People Magazine, Week of 03 / 05 / 2010 Jump up ^ `` The Office : Why Jim and Pam 's wedding is good for TV comedy ''. NJ.com. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael ( September 8, 2011 ). `` The Office Exclusive : ' Til Death 's Lindsey Broad Befriends Pam ''. TVLine. Retrieved November 12, 2011. hide The Office ( U.S. series ) Episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Characters Primary Michael Scott Dwight Schrute Jim Halpert Pam Beesly Ryan Howard Andy Bernard Secondary Jan Levinson Roy Anderson Stanley Hudson Kevin Malone Meredith Palmer Angela Martin Oscar Martinez Phyllis Vance Kelly Kapoor Toby Flenderson Creed Bratton Darryl Philbin Erin Hannon Gabe Lewis Robert California Holly Flax Nellie Bertram Pete Miller Clark Green Recurring Todd Packer David Wallace Other Dunder Mifflin Awards Worldwide editions Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pam_Beesly&oldid=851571518 '' Categories : Fictional receptionists Fictional secretaries Fictional American people of English descent The Office ( U.S. TV series ) characters Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from December 2015 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018, at 06 : 00 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Pam Beesly", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Pam_Beesly&amp;oldid=851571518" }

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{ "text": "Windows 7 editions - wikipedia Windows 7 editions Jump to : navigation, search Part of a series on Windows 7 New features Removed features Editions Windows 7, a major release of the Microsoft Windows operating system, was available in six different editions : Starter, Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, Enterprise and Ultimate. Only Home Premium, Professional, and Ultimate were widely available at retailers. The other editions focus on other markets, such as the software development world or enterprise use. All editions support 32 - bit IA - 32 CPUs and all editions except Starter support 64 - bit x64 CPUs. 64 - bit installation media is not included in Home - Basic edition packages, but can be obtained separately from Microsoft. According to Microsoft, the features for all editions of Windows 7 are stored on the machine, regardless of which edition is in use. Users who wish to upgrade to an edition of Windows 7 with more features could use Windows Anytime Upgrade to purchase the upgrade and to unlock the features of those editions. Microsoft announced Windows 7 pricing information for some editions on June 25, 2009, and Windows Anytime Upgrade and Family Pack pricing on July 31, 2009. Contents ( hide ) 1 Main editions 2 Special - purpose editions 3 Upgrade editions 3.1 Upgrade compatibility 3.2 Anytime Upgrade editions 4 Derivatives 5 Comparison chart 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading Main editions ( edit ) Since October 31, 2013, Windows 7 is no longer available in retail ( except for the Professional edition preinstalled which was discontinued on October 31, 2016 ) : Windows 7 Starter Windows 7 Starter is the edition of Windows 7 that contains the fewest features. It is only available in a 32 - bit version and does not include the Windows Aero theme. The desktop wallpaper and visual styles ( Windows 7 Basic ) are not user - changeable. Microsoft originally intended to restrict users of this edition to running three simultaneous applications but this limitation was dropped. This edition was available pre-installed on computers, especially netbooks or Windows Tablets, through system integrators or computer manufacturers using OEM licenses. Windows 7 Home Basic Windows 7 Home Basic was available in `` emerging markets '', in 141 different countries. Some Windows Aero options are excluded along with several new features. Home Basic, along with other editions sold in emerging markets, include geographical activation restriction, which requires users to activate Windows within a certain region or country. Windows 7 Home Premium This edition contains features aimed at the home market segment, such as Windows Media Center, Windows Aero and multi-touch support. It was available in both 32 - bit and 64 - bit versions. Windows 7 Professional This edition is targeted towards enthusiasts, small - business users and schools. It includes all the features of Windows 7 Home Premium, and adds the ability to participate in a Windows Server domain. Additional features include support for up to 192 GB of random - access memory ( increased from 16 GB ), operating as a Remote Desktop server, location aware printing, backup to a network location, Encrypting File System, Presentation Mode, Software Restriction Policies ( but not the extra management features of AppLocker ) and Windows XP Mode. It, too, was available in both 32 - bit and 64 - bit versions. Windows 7 Enterprise This edition targeted the enterprise segment of the market and was sold through volume licensing to companies which have a Software Assurance contract with Microsoft. Additional features include support for Multilingual User Interface ( MUI ) packages, BitLocker Drive Encryption, and UNIX application support. Not available through retail or OEM channels, this edition is distributed through Microsoft Software Assurance ( SA ). As a result it includes several SA - only benefits, including a license allowing the operating of diskless nodes ( diskless PCs ) and activation via VLK. Windows 7 Ultimate Windows 7 Ultimate contains the same features as Windows 7 Enterprise, but unlike the Enterprise edition, it was available to home users on an individual license basis. Windows 7 Home Premium and Windows 7 Professional users are able to upgrade to Windows 7 Ultimate for a fee using Windows Anytime Upgrade if they wish to do so. Unlike Windows Vista Ultimate, the Windows 7 Ultimate edition does not include the Windows Ultimate Extras feature or any exclusive features as Microsoft had stated. Mainstream support for all editions ( new features and bug fixes ) ended as of January 2015, but extended support ( security updates ) will continue until January 2020. Special - purpose editions ( edit ) The main editions also can take the form of one of the following special editions : N and KN editions The features in the N and KN Editions are the same as their equivalent full versions, but do not include Windows Media Player or other Windows Media - related technologies, such as Windows Media Center and Windows DVD Maker due to limitations set by the European Union and South Korea, respectively. The cost of the N and KN Editions are the same as the full versions, as the Media Feature Pack for Windows 7 N or Windows 7 KN can be downloaded without charge from Microsoft. VL builds VL builds work with VLKs ( volume license keys ). Volume license keys can be used to activate multiple installations of the software without any mechanism ( such as a product activation mechanism ) checking the total number of installations. The license for the software will place restrictions on the use of the key. Typically, the license will limit the key to a fixed number of installations which must only be within the licensee 's organization and also place the licensee under an obligation to keep a record of the number of installations, keep the key confidential and possibly even require that the licensee organization makes itself available for a software licensing audit to verify that its use of the key is within the terms of the license. Upgrade editions ( edit ) In - place upgrade from Windows Vista with Service Pack 1 to Windows 7 with is supported if the processor architecture and the language are the same and their editions match ( see below ). In - place upgrade is not supported for earlier versions of Windows ; moving to Windows 7 on these machines requires a clean installation, i.e. removal of the old operating system, installing Windows 7 and reinstalling all previously installed programs. Windows Easy Transfer can assist in this process. Microsoft made upgrade SKUs of Windows 7 for selected editions of Windows XP and Windows Vista. The difference between these SKUs and full SKUs of Windows 7 is their lower price and proof of license ownership of a qualifying previous version of Windows. Same restrictions on in - place upgrading applies to these SKUs as well. In addition, Windows 7 is available as a Family Pack upgrade edition in certain markets, to upgrade to Windows 7 Home Premium only. It gives licenses to upgrade three machines from Vista or Windows XP to the Windows 7 Home Premium edition. These are not full versions, so each machine to be upgraded must have one of these qualifying previous versions of Windows for them to work. In the United States, this offer expired in early December 2009. In October 2010, to commemorate the anniversary of Windows 7, Microsoft once again made Windows 7 Home Premium Family Pack available for a limited time, while supplies lasted. Upgrade compatibility ( edit ) There are two possible ways to upgrade to Windows 7 from an earlier version of Windows : An in - place install ( labelled `` Upgrade '' in the installer ), where settings and programs are preserved from an older version of Windows. This option is only sometimes available, depending on the editions of Windows being used, and is not available at all unless upgrading from Windows Vista. A clean install ( labelled `` Custom '' in the installer ), where all settings including but not limited to user accounts, applications, user settings, music, photos, and programs are erased entirely and the current operating system is erased and replaced with Windows 7. This option is always available and is required for all versions of Windows XP. The table below lists which upgrade paths allow for an in - place install. Note that in - place upgrades can only be performed when the previous version of Windows is of the same architecture. If upgrading from a 32 - bit installation to a 64 - bit installation or downgrading from 64 - bit installation to 32 - bit installation, a clean install is mandatory regardless of the editions being used. Version and its specific edition of Windows to upgrade from Edition of Windows 7 to upgrade to Home Basic Home Premium Professional Enterprise Ultimate Vista Home Basic In - place In - place Clean Clean In - place Vista Home Premium Clean In - place Clean Clean In - place Vista Business Clean Clean In - place In - place In - place Vista Enterprise Clean Clean Clean In - place Clean Vista Ultimate Clean Clean Clean Clean In - place XP Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean In - place installation option available. Requires clean install. Anytime upgrade editions ( edit ) Microsoft also supported in - place upgrades from a lower edition of Windows 7 to a higher one, using the Windows Anytime Upgrade tool. There are currently three retail options available ( though it is currently unclear whether they can be used with previous installations of the N versions ). There are no family pack versions of the Anytime Upgrade editions. It was possible to use the Product Key from a Standard upgrade edition to accomplish an in - place upgrade ( e.g. Home Premium to Ultimate ). Starter to Home Premium Starter to Professional Starter to Ultimate Home Premium to Professional Home Premium to Ultimate Professional to Ultimate Available in retail, and at the Microsoft Store Derivatives ( edit ) Windows Thin PC On February 9, 2011, Microsoft announced Windows Thin PC, a branded derivative of Windows Embedded Standard 7 with Service Pack 1, designed as a lightweight version of Windows 7 for installation on low performance PCs as an alternative to using a dedicated thin client device. It succeeded Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs, which was based on Windows XP Embedded. Windows Thin PC was released on June 6, 2011. Windows Thin PC is supported until October 12, 2021. Embedded versions Windows 7 is also currently available as a form of Windows Embedded to developers, named as Windows Embedded Standard 7 ( previously known as Windows Embedded 2011, the newest being Windows Embedded Standard 7 with Service Pack 1 ). Windows Embedded Standard 7 is supported until October 13, 2020. Comparison chart ( edit ) Windows 7 edition comparison chart Features Starter Home Basic Home Premium Professional Enterprise Ultimate Licensing scheme OEM licensing Retail and OEM licensing in emerging markets Retail and OEM licensing Retail, OEM and volume licensing Volume licensing Retail and OEM licensing Maximum physical memory ( RAM ) ( 32 - Bit ) 2 GB 4 GB 4 GB 4 GB 4 GB 4 GB Maximum physical memory ( RAM ) ( 64 - Bit ) N / A 8 GB 16 GB 192 GB 192 GB 192 GB Maximum physical CPUs supported Built - in AVCHD support No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Multiple monitors No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Fast user switching No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Desktop Window Manager No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Windows Mobility Center No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Printing via the Internet No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Windows Parental Controls No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 64 - bit edition available? No Yes, but not in retail SKUs Yes Yes Yes Yes Windows Aero No Partial Yes Yes Yes Yes Internet connection sharing No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Built - in DVD ( MPEG - 2 and Dolby Digital ) decoder No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Multi-touch No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Windows Media Center No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Windows Media Player remote media experience No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Premium games included No No Yes Yes Yes Yes HomeGroup support Join only Join only Create or join Create or join Create or join Create or join Back up to network with Backup and Restore Center No No No Yes Yes Yes Act as host for Remote Desktop Services No No No Yes Yes Yes Dynamic disks No No No Yes Yes Yes Encrypting File System No No No Yes Yes Yes Location - aware printing No No No Yes Yes Yes Presentation mode No No No Yes Yes Yes Group Policy No No No Yes Yes Yes Offline files and folder redirection No No No Yes Yes Yes Windows Server domain joining No No No Yes Yes Yes Windows XP Mode No No No Yes Yes Yes Software restriction policies No No No Yes Yes Yes Remote administration tools No No No Yes Yes Yes Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services ( AD LDS ) No No No Yes Yes Yes AppLocker No No No Create policies, but can not enforce Create and enforce policies Create and enforce policies Aero glass remoting No No No No Yes Yes Windows Media Player multimedia redirection No No No No Yes Yes Audio recording over Remote Desktop Connection No No No No Yes Yes Multi-display Remote Desktop Connection No No No No Yes Yes Enterprise search scopes No No No No Yes Yes Federated search No No No No Yes Yes BitLocker Drive Encryption No No No No Yes Yes BranchCache Distributed Cache No No No No Yes Yes DirectAccess No No No No Yes Yes Subsystem for Unix - based Applications No No No No Yes Yes Supports Multilingual User Interface packages No No No No Yes Yes Virtual desktop infrastructure ( VDI ) enhancements No No No No Yes Yes Virtual desktop infrastructure ( VDI ) licensed No No No No Yes Yes VHD booting No No No No Yes Yes Switching between any of the 37 available languages No No No No Yes Yes Features Starter Home Basic Home Premium Professional Enterprise Ultimate See also ( edit ) Windows 2000 editions Windows XP editions Windows Vista editions Windows 8 editions Windows 10 editions Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Not the same as logical processor limits : all editions are limited to 32 logical processors for IA - 32 and 256 for x64 Jump up ^ Feature of Windows Media Player which enables the use and control of media libraries on other computers ^ Jump up to : Disabled by default. Jump up ^ Windows Virtual PC including a complete copy of Windows XP with Service Pack 3 using Remote Desktop Protocol to display individual applications integrated with the host OS ( Windows 7 ). Windows XP Mode is available as a free download from Microsoft. Jump up ^ formerly Active Directory Application Mode ( ADAM ) Jump up ^ Any edition of Windows 7 can be installed onto a VHD volume ; these installations even appear in the boot menu. However, only Enterprise or Ultimate editions start. Other editions return an error message. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` All Windows 7 Versions -- What You Need to Know ''. ExtremeTech. February 5, 2009. Retrieved February 5, 2009. ^ Jump up to : LeBlanc, Brandon ( February 9, 2009 ). `` A closer look at the Windows 7 SKUs ''. Windows Team Blog. Microsoft. Retrieved February 9, 2009. ^ Jump up to : Thurrott, Paul ( February 3, 2009 ). `` Windows 7 Product Editions ''. Retrieved February 3, 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft unveils ' screaming deals ' for Windows 7 ''. ZDNet. June 25, 2009. Retrieved June 25, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Windows Anytime Upgrade and Family Pack Pricing ''. Microsoft. July 31, 2009. Retrieved July 31, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Windows lifecycle fact sheet ''. support.microsoft.com. Jump up ^ Keizer, Gregg ( May 29, 2009 ). `` Microsoft kills Windows 7 Starter 's 3 - app limit ''. Computer World. Jump up ^ `` Windows 7 Wins on Netbook PCs ''. Microsoft. February 3, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Microsoft forbids changes to Windows 7 netbook wallpaper ''. The Register. June 19, 2009. Retrieved October 22, 2009. Jump up ^ Hachman, Mark ( February 4, 2009 ). `` The Windows 7 Versions : What You Need to Know ''. PC Magazine. Windows 7 Home Basic. Retrieved October 22, 2011. Jump up ^ `` How to Tell : Geographically Restricted Microsoft Software ''. Microsoft. Retrieved November 17, 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` All Windows 7 Versions -- What You Need to Know -- Windows Home Premium ''. ExtremeTech. February 5, 2009. Retrieved February 5, 2009. Jump up ^ Bott, Ed. `` Do you need more than Windows 7 Home Premium? ''. ZDNet. CBS Interactive. Retrieved January 15, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Products : Windows 7 Enterprise ''. Microsoft. Retrieved April 2, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Microsoft product support lifecycle information by product family : Windows 7 ''. Microsoft. Retrieved February 20, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Description of the Windows Media Feature Pack for Windows 7 N and for Windows 7 KN ''. Microsoft. November 10, 2009. Retrieved April 24, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Media Feature Pack for Windows 7 N with Service Pack 1 and Windows 7 KN with Service Pack 1 ( KB968211 ) ''. Microsoft. March 7, 2011. Retrieved April 24, 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Microsoft Windows 7 Upgrade Program Rev. 2.0 ''. Tech ARP. February 10, 2009. Retrieved February 10, 2009. ^ Jump up to : Foley, Mary - Jo ( February 3, 2009 ). `` Microsoft 's Windows 7 line - up : The good, the bad and the ugly ''. ZDNet. Retrieved February 17, 2009. Jump up ^ Fiveash, Kelly ( February 5, 2009 ). `` Windows 7 ' upgrade ' does n't mark XP spot ''. Channel Register. The Register. Retrieved February 12, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Store UK -- Windows 7 ''. Retrieved September 14, 2009. Jump up ^ steam blog, dated 2009 / 07 / 31, accessed September 16, 2009. Jump up ^ Windows 7 Family Pack Discontinued Jump up ^ Family Pack returns in time for the Anniversary of Windows 7 Jump up ^ `` Windows 7 Upgrade Paths ''. Microsoft. Retrieved September 13, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Upgrading to Windows 7 : frequently asked questions ''. Microsoft. Retrieved February 12, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Windows Anytime Upgrades ''. Amazon. Retrieved September 14, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Ultimate steal -- Windows 7 Premium ok for Windows 7 Starter? ''. Microsoft. February 2, 2010. Retrieved August 13, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Windows 7 Student upgrade ''. Microsoft. December 20, 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Windows Thin PC RTMs! ''. Windows for your Business. Microsoft. Retrieved July 7, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Windows Embedded Standard 7 Overview ''. Microsoft. Retrieved April 13, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Windows 7 Editions -- Features on Parade ''. Softpedia. February 5, 2009. Retrieved February 5, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Windows 7 : Which Edition is Right For You? ''. PCWorld. February 3, 2009. Retrieved February 5, 2009. Jump up ^ Bott, Ed ( June 3, 2009 ). `` From Starter to Ultimate : What 's really in each Windows 7 Edition? ''. ZDNet. Retrieved August 14, 2009. ^ Jump up to : Schuster, Gavriella ( September 1, 2009 ). `` Which Windows 7 Is Best for You? ''. Microsoft. Retrieved August 1, 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` Physical Memory Limits : Windows 7 ''. Microsoft Developer Network. October 14, 2010. Retrieved November 1, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Windows 7 System Requirements ''. Retrieved September 29, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Windows Media Player 12 ''. Windows 7 Features. Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved October 22, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Internet Printing client on Windows 7 Starter ''. Retrieved November 22, 2010. Jump up ^ Tulloch, Mitch ; Northrup, Tony ; Honeycutt, Jerry ( 2010 ). Windows 7 Resource Kit. Redmond, Washington : Microsoft Press. pp. 29 -- 30. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7356 - 4277 - 5. ^ Jump up to : Windows 7 N Edition does not include Windows Media Player. Jump up ^ `` Where are my games? ''. Microsoft. Retrieved July 30, 2014. Jump up ^ Which one is right for you? -- Microsoft Windows Jump up ^ `` You can not select or format a hard disk partition when you try to install Windows Vista, Windows 7 or Windows Server 2008 R2 ''. Microsoft. September 14, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2009. ^ Jump up to : Windows 7 Product Guide Jump up ^ Terminal services team ( June 23, 2009 ). `` Aero Glass Remoting in Windows Server 2008 R2 ''. Microsoft. Retrieved September 16, 2009. ^ Jump up to : Terminal Services Team ( August 21, 2009 ). `` Remote Desktop Connection 7 for Windows 7, Windows XP & Windows Vista ''. Microsoft. Retrieved October 27, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Windows Enterprise : Windows 7 Features ''. Microsoft. Retrieved November 24, 2009. Jump up ^ 6292A Installing and Configuring Windows 7 Client : Microsoft. p14. Part Number X17 - 37160 Released 10 / 2009 Jump up ^ Shultz, Greg ( September 17, 2012 ). `` Native VHD Boot is available in all versions of Windows 7 ''. TechRepublic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved August 19, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Why buy Windows 7 Ultimate? ''. Microsoft. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Windows 7 language packs are available for computers that are running Windows 7 Ultimate or Windows 7 Enterprise ''. Microsoft. Retrieved August 19, 2011. Further reading ( edit ) `` Windows 7 Lineup Offers Clear Choice for Consumers and Businesses ''. Microsoft News Center. Redmond, Washington : Microsoft. February 3, 2009. Retrieved June 6, 2011. `` Brief : Licensing Windows 7 for Use with Virtual Machine Technologies '' (. docx ). Microsoft Volume Licensing. Microsoft. March 2010. Retrieved June 6, 2011. Thurrott, Paul ( October 6, 2010 ). `` Windows 7 Product Editions : A Comparison ''. Paul Thurrott 's SuperSite for Windows. Retrieved June 6, 2011. ( hide ) Microsoft Windows family Components History Timeline Criticism DOS - based Windows 1.0 Windows 2.0 Windows 2.1 x Windows 3.0 Windows 3.1 x Windows 9x Windows 95 ( Development ) Windows 98 Windows ME Windows NT Windows NT 3.1 Windows NT 3.5 Windows NT 3.51 Windows NT 4.0 Windows 2000 Client versions Windows XP editions x64 Media Center Fundamentals Windows Vista editions Windows 7 editions Windows 8 editions RT 8.1 Windows 10 editions version history Windows Server Server 2003 Home Server Server 2008 EBS 2008 HPC Server 2008 Server 2008 R2 Home Server 2011 Server 2012 Server 2012 R2 Server 2016 Server 2019 MultiPoint Server Server Essentials Specialized Windows Preinstallation Environment Windows Embedded Embedded Compact CE 5.0 Embedded CE 6.0 Embedded Compact 7 Embedded Automotive Embedded Industry Windows Mobile Pocket PC 2000 Pocket PC 2002 Mobile 2003 Mobile 5.0 Mobile 6.0 Mobile 6.1 Mobile 6.5 Windows Phone Phone 7 Phone 8 Phone 8.1 Windows 10 Mobile Cancelled Cairo Nashville Neptune Odyssey List of versions Comparison Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windows_7_editions&oldid=830175245 '' Categories : Windows 7 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español فارسی 한국어 日本 語 Português සිංහල Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018, at 06 : 04. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Windows 7 editions", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Windows_7_editions&amp;oldid=830175245" }

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{ "text": "Indian nationalism - Wikipedia Indian nationalism Jump to : navigation, search Flag of India Part of a series on Nationalism Development ( show ) Anthem Language Music Symbol Treasure Core values ( show ) Identity Self - determination Solidarity Types ( show ) Banal Civic Cultural Economic Ethnic Expansionist Left - wing New ( Neo - ) Pan - Post - Queer Religious Romantic Territorial Trans Ultra Examples of nationalism ( show ) Alt - right Black White Others Organizations ( show ) List of nationalist organizations Politics portal Indian nationalism developed as a concept during the Indian independence movement fought against the colonial British Raj. Scholars note that a national consciousness has always been present in `` India '', or more broadly the Indian subcontinent, even if it was not articulated in modern terms. Indian nationalism is an instance of territorial nationalism, inclusive of all its people, despite their diverse ethnic and religious backgrounds. It continues to strongly influence the politics of India and reflects an opposition to the sectarian strands of Hindu nationalism and Muslim nationalism. Contents ( hide ) 1 National consciousness in India 1.1 Conception of Pan-South Asianism 1.2 Ages of war and invasion 2 Colonial - era nationalism 2.1 Swadeshi 2.2 The Gandhian era 3 More than just `` Indian '' 3.1 Hindu Rashtra 3.2 The Qaum 4 Nationalism and politics 5 Nationalism and military conflicts 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography National consciousness in India Main article : History of India The largest extent of the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka. The largest extent of the Gupta Empire India has been unified under many emperors and governments in history. Ancient texts mention India under emperor Bharata and Akhand Bharat, these regions roughly form the entities of modern - day greater India. The Mauryan Empire was the first to unite all of India, and South Asia ( including much of Afghanistan ). In addition, much of India has also been unified under a central government by empires, such as the Gupta Empire, Rashtrakuta Empire, Pala Empire, Mughal Empire, Indian Empire etc. Conception of pan-south asianism India 's concept of nationhood is based not merely on territorial extent of its sovereignty. Nationalistic sentiments and expression encompass that India 's ancient history, as the birthplace of the Indus Valley Civilization and Vedic Civilization, as well as four major world religions -- Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. Indian nationalists see India stretching along these lines across the Indian Subcontinent. Ages of War and invasion Expansion of the Mughal Empire from 1526 to 1700 The extent of Maratha Empire ( yellow ), without its vassals. India today celebrates many kings and queens for combating foreign invasion and domination, such as Shivaji of the Maratha Empire, Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi, Kittur Chennamma, Maharana Pratap of Rajputana, Prithviraj Chauhan and Tipu Sultan who fought the British. The kings of Ancient India, such as Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka of the Magadha Empire, are also remembered for their military genius, notable conquests and remarkable religious tolerance. Akbar was a Mughal emperor, was known to have a good relationship with the Roman Catholic Church as well as with his subjects -- Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs and Jains. He forged familial and political bonds with Hindu Rajput kings. Although previous Sultans had been more or less tolerant, Akbar took religious intermingling to new level of exploration. He developed for the first time in Islamic India an environment of complete religious freedom. Akbar undid most forms of religious discrimination, and invited the participation of wise Hindu ministers and kings, and even religious scholars to debate in his court. Colonial - era nationalism Main articles : Indian Independence Movement, Indian rebellion of 1857, and Indian National Congress - Freedom Era See also : Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Aurobindo Ghosh, and 1905 Partition of Bengal The flag adopted in 1931 by the Congress and used by the Provisional Government of Free India during the Second World War. The consolidation of the British East India Company 's rule in the Indian subcontinent during the 18th century brought about socio - economic changes which led to the rise of an Indian middle class and steadily eroded pre-colonial socio - religious institutions and barriers. The emerging economic and financial power of Indian business - owners and merchants and the professional class brought them increasingly into conflict with the British Raj. A rising political consciousness among the native Indian social elite ( including lawyers, doctors, university graduates, government officials and similar groups ) spawned an Indian identity and fed a growing nationalist sentiment in India in the last decades of the nineteenth century. The creation in 1885 of the Indian National Congress in India by the political reformer A.O. Hume intensified the process by providing an important platform from which demands could be made for political liberalisation, increased autonomy, and social reform. The leaders of the Congress advocated dialogue and debate with the Raj administration to achieve their political goals. Distinct from these moderate voices ( or loyalists ) who did not preach or support violence was the nationalist movement, which grew particularly strong, radical and violent in Bengal and in Punjab. Notable but smaller movements also appeared in Maharashtra, Madras and other areas across the south. Swadeshi The controversial 1905 partition of Bengal escalated the growing unrest, stimulating radical nationalist sentiments and becoming a driving force for Indian revolutionaries. The Gandhian era Mohandas Gandhi pioneered the art of Satyagraha, typified with a strict adherence to ahimsa ( non-violence ), and civil disobedience. This permitted common individuals to engage the British in revolution, without employing violence or other distasteful means. Gandhi 's equally strict adherence to democracy, religious and ethnic equality and brotherhood, as well as activist rejection of caste - based discrimination and untouchability united people across these demographic lines for the first time in India 's history. The masses participated in India 's independence struggle for the first time, and the membership of the Congress grew over tens of millions by the 1930s. In addition, Gandhi 's victories in the Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha in 1918 -- 19, gave confidence to a rising younger generation of Indian nationalists that the British Raj could be defeated. National leaders like Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Azad, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, Mohandas Gandhi, Rajendra Prasad and Badshah Khan brought together generations of Indians across regions and demographics, and provided a strong leadership base giving the country political direction. More than just `` Indian '' See also : Demographics of India Indian nationalism is as much a diverse blend of nationalistic sentiments as its people are ethnically and religiously diverse. Thus the most influential undercurrents are more than just Indian in nature. The most controversial and emotionally charged fibre in the fabric of Indian nationalism is religion. Religion forms a major, and in many cases, the central element of Indian life. Ethnic communities are diverse in terms of linguistics, social traditions and history across India. Hindu Rashtra Main article : Hindu nationalism Hindu Flag of the Maratha Empire with two pennants. An important influence upon Hindu consciousness arises from the time of Islamic empires in India. Entering the 20th century, Hindus formed over 75 % of the population and thus unsurprisingly the backbone and platform of the nationalist movement. Modern Hindu thinking desired to unite Hindu society across the boundaries of caste, linguistic groups and ethnicity. In 1925, K.B. Hedgewar founded the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh in Nagpur, Maharashtra, which grew into the largest civil organisation in the country, and more potent, mainstream base of Hindu nationalism. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar coined the term Hindutva for his ideology that described India as a Hindu Rashtra, a Hindu nation. This ideology has become the cornerstone of the political and religious agendas of modern Hindu nationalist bodies like the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Vishwa Hindu Parishad. Hindutva political demands include revoking Article 370 of the Constitution that grants a special semi-autonomous status to the Muslim - majority state of Kashmir, adopting a uniform civil code, thus ending a special legal framework for Muslims. These particular demands are based upon ending laws that Hindu nationalists consider as offering special treatment to Muslims. The qaum Main articles : Indian Muslim nationalism and Two - Nation Theory In 1906 -- 1907, the All India Muslim League was founded, created due to the suspicion of Muslim intellectuals and religious leaders with the Indian National Congress, which was perceived as dominated by Hindu membership and opinions. However, Mahatma Gandhi 's leadership attracted a wide array of Muslims to the independence struggle and the Congress Party. The Aligarh Muslim University and the Jamia Millia Islamia stand apart -- the former helped form the Muslim league, while the JMI was founded to promote Muslim education and consciousness upon nationalistic and Gandhian values and thought. While prominent Muslims like Allama Iqbal, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan embraced the notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations, other major leaders like Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, Maulana Azad and most of Deobandi clerics strongly backed the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian independence struggle, opposing any notion of Muslim nationalism and separatism. The Muslim school of Indian nationalism failed to attract Muslim masses and the Islamic nationalist Muslim League enjoyed extensive popular political support. State of Pakistan was ultimately formed following Partition of India Nationalism and politics Prime Minister Indira Gandhi led India to victory in 1971 against Pakistan, imposed the Indian Emergency, led it to become a nuclear power state in 1974 and is blamed for the Khalistan insurgency and Operation Blue Star -- a controversial blend of nationalism and hard politics. The political identity of the Indian National Congress, India 's largest political party and one which controlled government for over 45 years, is reliant on the connection to Mohandas K. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, and the Nehru - Gandhi family which has controlled the Congress since independence. The Congress Party 's fortunes up till the 1970s were single - handedly propelled by its legacy as the flagship of India 's Independence Movement, and the core platform of the party today evokes that past strongly, considering itself to be the guardian of India 's independence, democracy and unity. Muslims have remained loyal voters of the Congress Party, seen as defender of Nehruvian secularism. In contrast, the Bharatiya Janata Party employs a more aggressively nationalistic expression. The BJP seeks to preserve and spread the culture of the Hindus, the majority population. It ties nationalism with the aggressive defence of India 's borders and interests against archrivals China and Pakistan, with the defence of the majority 's right to be a majority. Religious nationalist parties include the Shiromani Akali Dal, which is closely identified with the creation of a Sikh - majority state in Punjab and includes many Sikh religious leaders in its organisation. In Maharashtra, the Shiv Sena uses the legacy of the independent Maratha kingdom under famous figures like Shivaji to stir up support, and has adopted Hindutva as well. In Assam, the Asom Gana Parishad is a more state - focused party, arising after the frustration of the United Liberation Front of Asom ( ULFA ) as a benevolent expression of Assamese nationalism. In Tamil Nadu came the first of such parties, the Dravidar Kazhagam ( DK ). Today the DK stands for a collection of parties, with the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( DMK ), the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( AIADMK ), the Pattali Makkal Katchi ( PMK ) and the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( MDMK ). Caste - based politics invite the participation of the Bahujan Samaj Party and the party of Laloo Prasad Yadav, who build upon the support of poor low - caste and dalit Hindus in the northern, and most populated states of India like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Almost every Indian state has a regional party devoted solely to the culture of the native people of that state. Nationalism and military conflicts Main article : Military History of India Further information : Indo - Pakistani Wars, Sino - Indian War, and Chola incident The Indian Armed Forces, over a million troops strong, is the 3rd largest army in the world Military history, both past and present, serves as a source of nationalist sentiment in India. The first reference to armies is found in the Vedas and the epics Ramayana and Mahabaratha. There were many powerful dynasties in India such as the Maha Janapadas, Shishunaga Empire, Gangaridai Empire, Nanda Empire, Maurya Empire, Shunga Empire, Kharavela Empire, Kuninda Kingdom, Chola Empire, Chera Empire, Pandyan Empire, Satavahana Empire, Western Satrap Empire, Kushan Empire, Vakataka Empire, Kalabhras Kingdom, Gupta Empire, Pallava Empire, Kadamba Empire, Western Ganga Kingdom, Vishnukundina Empire, Chalukya Empire, Harsha Empire, Shahi Kingdom, Eastern Chalukya Kingdom, Pratihara Empire, Pala Empire, Rashtrakuta Empire, Paramara Kingdom, Yadava Empire, Chaulukya kingdom, Western Chalukya Empire, Hoysala Empire, Sena Empire, Eastern Ganga Empire, Kakatiya Kingdom, Kalachuri Empire, Delhi Sultanate, Deccan Sultanates, Ahom Kingdom, Vijayanagar Empire, Mysore Kingdom, Mughal Empire, Maratha Empire, Sikh Empire etc. The modern Army of India was raised under the British Raj in the 19th century. Today the Republic of India maintains the world 's third largest armed forces with over a million troops strong. The official defence budget stands at ₹ 1,644,151.9 million ( US $26 billion ) but the actual spending on the armed forces is estimated to be much higher. The army is undergoing rapid expansion and modernisation with plans to have an active military space program, missile defence shield, and nuclear triad capability. See also History of India Swadeshi movement Indian century References Jump up ^ Lerner, Hanna ( 12 May 2011 ), Making Constitutions in Deeply Divided Societies, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120 --, ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 50292 - 4 Jump up ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe ( 1999 ), The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics : 1925 to the 1990s : Strategies of Identity - building, Implantation and Mobilisation ( with Special Reference to Central India ), Penguin Books India, pp. 13 -- 15, 83, ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 024602 - 5 Jump up ^ Pachuau, Lalsangkima ; Stackhouse, Max L. ( 2007 ), News of Boundless Riches, ISPCK, pp. 149 -- 150, ISBN 978 - 81 - 8458 - 013 - 6 Jump up ^ Leifer, Michael ( 2000 ), Asian Nationalism, Psychology Press, pp. 112 --, ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23284 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments geredigeerd door Inb, Inc ''. Retrieved 27 February 2015. Jump up ^ Acharya, Shiva. `` Nation, Nationalism and Social Structure in Ancient India By Shiva Acharya ''. Sundeepbooks.com. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Mahrattas, Sikhs and Southern Sultans of India : Their Fight Against Foreign Power / edited by H.S. Bhatia ''. Vedamsbooks.com. Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17. Jump up ^ Mitra 2006, p. 63 Jump up ^ Croitt & Mjøset 2001, p. 158 Jump up ^ Desai 2005, p. xxxiii Jump up ^ Desai 2005, p. 30 ^ Jump up to : Yadav 1992, p. 6 Jump up ^ Bose & Jalal 1998, p. 117 Jump up ^ `` Character of Nehruvian Secularism ''. Bharatvani.org. Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Tamil Nadu / Madurai News : Vijaykanth slams Dravidian parties ''. The Hindu. 8 January 2009. Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17. Jump up ^ `` A Thomson Reuters Foundation Service ''. AlertNet. Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Defence Budget 2011 -- 12 -- Misplaced Euphoria -- India Defence -- Security Trends South Asia -- Security-Risks.com Caring for your Safety, Life & Security ''. Security-risks.com. 2 March 2011. Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17. Jump up ^ Business Standard ( 11 March 2008 ). `` Ajai Shukla : How much is the defence budget? ''. Business-standard.com. Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17. Jump up ^ Greenlees, Donald ( 19 September 2007 ). `` China and India leading Asian missile buildup -- The New York Times ''. International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17. Jump up ^ Gavin Rabinowitz, Associated Press ( 18 June 2008 ). `` India 's army seeks military space program ''. Sfgate.com. Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17. Jump up ^ India successfully tests missile interceptor Jump up ^ TNN, 27 February 2008, 12 : 34 am IST ( 27 February 2008 ). `` India test fires submarine - launched ballistic missile -- India -- The Times of India ''. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Bibliography Bose, Sugata ; Jalal, Ayesha ( 1998 ), Modern South Asia : History, Culture, Political Economy, New York : Routledge, ISBN 0 - 415 - 16952 - 6 Croitt, Raymond D ; Mjøset, Lars ( 2001 ), When Histories Collide, Oxford, UK : AltaMira, ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0158 - 2 Desai, A.R. ( 2005 ), Social Background Of Indian Nationalism ( 6Th - Edn ), Popular Prakashan, ISBN 978 - 81 - 7154 - 667 - 1 Mitra, Subrata K. ( 2006 ), The Puzzle of India 's Governance : Culture, Context and Comparative Theory, Routledge, ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 27493 - 2 Yadav, B.D ( 1992 ), M.P.T. 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This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of ethnic nationalism. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_nationalism&oldid=810076264 '' Categories : Indian nationalism Politics of India Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use Indian English from March 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2013 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Español हिन्दी Italiano മലയാളം 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017, at 06 : 17. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. 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{ "text": "List of Indian dishes - wikipedia List of Indian dishes This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of Indian dishes. Indian cuisine encompasses a wide variety of regional cuisines native to India. Given the range of diversity in soil type, climate and occupations, these cuisines vary significantly from each other and use locally available spices, herbs, vegetables and fruits. The dishes are then served according to taste in either mild, medium or hot. Indian food is also heavily influenced by religious and cultural choices and traditions. Some Indian dishes are common in more than one region of India. Contents 1 Indian cuisine by region 1.1 North - East India 1.2 North India 1.3 South India 1.4 West India 1.5 East India 2 Unsorted 3 See also 4 References Indian cuisine by region ( edit ) North - East India ( edit ) The North - East of India includes Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland. Name Image Description Vegetarian / Non-Vegetarian Pork bharta Boiled pork with onions, chillies, ginger and garlic from Tripura Non-Vegetarian Chahou kheer Purple rice porridge from Manipur Vegetarian North India ( edit ) Name Image Description Vegetarian / Non-Vegetarian Aloo gobi Cauliflower with potatoes sautéed with garam masala, turmeric, sometimes kalonji and curry leaves. Vegetarian Aloo tikki Patties of potato mixed with some vegetables fried Vegetarian Aloo matar Potatoes and peas in curry Vegetarian Aloo methi Methi leaves and potatoes nicely flavoured. Potato, fresh Methi leaves. Vegetarian Aloo shimla mirch Green capsicum with potatoes sauted with cumin seeds, onions, tomatoes, ginger - garlic paste, turmeric, red chilli powder and garam masala Vegetarian Amriti with rabdi A dessert Vegetarian Amritsari fish Fried fish made with curry, ginger and garlic Non-Vegetarian Amritsari kulcha Type of bread Vegetarian Baati Ghee ( clarified butter ), wheat flour Vegetarian Bhatura Bread. All - purpose flour Vegetarian Bhindi masala Okra sautéed with onions and tomatoes Vegetarian Biryani Main or side dish. Mixed rice dish, optional spices, optional vegetables, meats or seafood. Can be served with plain yogurt. Non-Vegetarian Butter chicken Also known as murgh mahal Non-Vegetarian Chaat Street food usually containing a potato patty fried in oil, topped with sweet yogurt, and other sauces, spices Vegetarian Chana masala Chickpeas of the Chana type in tomato based sauce. Vegetarian Chapati Bread. Whole wheat flour Vegetarian Chicken razala Bhopali style chicken cooked in a rich gravy with mint Chicken Tikka Chicken with spices served on a skewer Chicken Tikka masala Chicken marinated in a Yogurt tomato sauce. Creamy texture. Chole bhature Main course. Chick peas, assorted spices, wheat flour and yeast for bhatura. Vegetarian Daal baati churma Rajasthani special Vegetarian Daal puri Stuffed dal in parathas Vegetarian Dal makhani ( kali dal ) Main course. A typical type of lentil is used. Vegetarian Dal fara Vegetarian Dal Assorted types of lentils, such as toor, urad, chana, masoor dal Vegetarian Dal fry with tadka Typical north Indian tadka Vegetarian Dum aloo Potatoes cooked in curry Vegetarian Poha Specialty from Madhya Pradesh. Common snack in central part of India. Flattended rice, potato, turmeric. Vegetarian Fara Stuffed Lentil Dumplings Vegetarian French bean aloo Diced French beans with potatoes cooked with chopped onions, tomatoes sauted with cumin seeds, green chillies and garam masala Vegetarian Gajar ka halwa A sweet dish native to U.P. / Punjab. Carrot, Milk, Ghee, Cashew. Vegetarian Gajar matar aloo Diced red / orange carrots and potatoes sauted with black mustard leaves, garnished with ground black pepper powder and lemon juice Vegetarian Gobhi matar Cauliflower in a tomato sauce Vegetarian Imarti A spherically meshed sweet dish from North India made up of batter from moong dal dipped in sugary syrup Vegetarian Hari mutter ka nimona ( green peas daal ) Typical north Indian tadka Vegetarian Jalebi A North Indian twisted noodle like sweet dish dipped in sugary syrup Vegetarian Jaleba Bigger form of jalebi Vegetarian Kachori Rajasthani / Marwari special Vegetarian Kadai paneer Paneer and green peppers in tomato gravy Vegetarian Kadhi pakoda Gram flour with yogurt with gramflour fried balls Vegetarian Karela bharta Bitter gourd / melon Usually vegetarian Katha meetha petha / halwakadoo Pumpkin cooked in spices Vegetarian Kheer Rice cooked with milk and dry fruits Vegetarian Khichdi Rice cooked with daal and veggies and sauteed Vegetarian Kofta Gram flour balls fried with vegetables. Gram flour, veggies, rolled into balls with gram flour and fried in oil and then cooked with curry. Vegetarian Kulfi falooda A dessert Vegetarian Lauki ke kofte Bottle gourd Vegetarian Lauki ki subji Bottle gourd Vegetarian Litti chokha A baked salted wheat flour cake filled with sattu ( baked chickpea flour ) and some special spices Vegetarian Makki di roti, sarson da saag Punjabi speciality Vegetarian Mathura ke pede Sort of a confection Vegetarian Methi saag, chaulai saab Veggie leaves sauteed in oil and garlic with little masalas. Cooked mostly in central part of India. Vegetarian Misi roti Whole wheat & gram flour dough ground masalas, pan fried Vegetarian Mixed vegetable As it sounds, slow cooked with a tomato sauce added. Vegetarian Moong dal ka halwa Made with yellow lentils, milk, sugar and, nuts Vegetarian Dessert Murgh musallam Non-Vegetarian Mushroom do pyaza Mushrooms & Onions in a tomato masala sauce spiced with chilles Vegetarian Mushroom matar Mushrooms and sweet peas in a masala / chili sauce Vegetarian Naan Roti Tandoor - baked soft flatbread. Refined wheat flour. Vegetarian Navrattan korma Vegetables, Nuts, Paneer Cheese in a tomato cream sauce Pakhala Pakhala Cooked rice with water Vegetarian Palak paneer Paneer cubes in spinach gravy Vegetarian Paneer butter masala Anything `` Paneer '' is made with an Indian Cheese. Paneer is substituted for meat in Vegetarian dishes Vegetarian Paneer tikka masala Ditto as above Vegetarian Pani puri Typical north Indian tadka Vegetarian Panjeeri A mixture of butter dried fruits and whole wheat flour served as a dessert. Vegetarian Paratha Bread. Wheat flour. Can be stuffed. Common stuffings : potato mixture, paneer, muli ( white radish ). Vegetarian Pattor A flour based snack Vegetarian Phirni Rice Pudding Vegetarian Pindi chana Anything `` Chana '' has as its base chickpeas. Vegetarian Pinni An almond based dessert Vegetarian Rajma chaval Bean curry with rice Vegetarian Rajma Main. Kidney beans & assorted spices. Vegetarian Ramatori subji Spicy side dish made with any two vegetables i.e. potatoes and cabbage Vegetarian Rongi Black eyes peas, onions and tomatoes in a curry sauce Vegetarian Samosa Normally served as an entree or appetiser. Potatoes, onions, peas, coriander, and lentils, may be served with a mint or tamarind sauce Vegetarian / meat varieties Samose Typical north Indian tadka Vegetarian Sattu ki roti Dish from Bihar Vegetarian Shahi paneer A popular Indian, as well as Punjabi and Nepalese dish, made with paneer in a thick cream and tomato gravy and spices Vegetarian Shahi tukra Bread pudding in a rich sauce of thickened milk, garnished with sliced almonds Vegetarian Singhada halwa Lotus fruit dried and powdered to make this fasting sweet meat Vegetarian Sooji halwa Semolina cooked with clarified butter and dry fruits. Semolina ( Suji ), clarified butter, cashew nuts. Vegetarian Sweet pethas / kesar petha / pista petha A ravioli like dessert stuffed with a choice of fillings Vegetarian Vegetable jalfrezi Meat and spices fried in a pan. Can be vegetarian as well. Vegetarian Tandoori Chicken Tandoori chicken as a dish originated in the Punjab before the independence of India and Pakistan. Non-Vegetarian Tandoori Fish Tikka Fish marinated in lime and ginger and cooked over an open fire. South India ( edit ) Name Image Description Vegetarian / Non-Vegetarian Appam Pancake, thicker at center. Ground rice. Vegetarian Avial Coconut paste, curd mixed with vegetables and some spices. Vegetarian Bajji Vegetable or onion fritters Vegetarian Biryani Spicy rice dish with vegetables or chicken or mutton or fish or prawns. Depends on choice Bisi bele bath Rice preparation with vegetables. Vegetarian Bonda Snack. Potatoes, gram flour. Vegetarian Chicken 65 Popular deep fried chicken preparation. Chicken, onion, ginger Non-Vegetarian Currivepillai sadam Curry leaves rice Dosa Pancake / Hopper. Ground rice, urad dal Vegetarian Double ka meetha Bread crumbs fried in Ghee and dipped in milk and sugar syrup Sweet Goli bajje Snack. Gram flour. Vegetarian Idiappam Steamed rice noodles / vermicelli. Ground rice Vegetarian Idli Steamed cake of fermented rice and pulse flour. Rice, urad dal Vegetarian Indian omelette Egg omelette or veg omelette Kaara kozhambu Dish used with rice made of chilli powder and tamarind Keerai kootu Green leaves kootu Keerai masiyal Ground green leaves used as a side dish for rice or mixed with rice. Keerai sadam Rice and green leaves Koottu Vegetable, daal or lentil mixture boiled in water Vegetarian Kori rotti Kos kootu Cabbage and lentil dish used for rice Kothamali sadam Coriander rice Kuzhakkattai Dumplings. Rice flour, jaggery, coconut Vegetarian Kuzhambu Thick soup with coconut and vegetables Vegetarian Masala Dosa Dosa with masala and potato. Vegetarian Olan ( dish ) Light and subtle - flavored Kerala dish prepared from white gourd, ash - gourd or black - eyed peas, coconut milk and ginger seasoned with coconut oil. Vegetarian Papadum Thin deep fried disk served as meal accompaniment Vegetarian Pachadi Side dish made with yoghurt, coconut, ginger and curry leaves and seasoned with mustard. Vegetarian Parotta Layered kerala parotta made with maida and dalda. Vegetarian Paruppu sadam Daal rice Payasam Rice dessert. Rice, milk. Vegetarian Pongal Pulao Vegetarian Poriyal Side dish for rice prepared from one or more vegetables with little oil stirred, with daal half boiled and coconut / mustard seeds. Puli sadam Tamarind rice Puttu Ground rice Kanji Rice porridge Vegetarian Rasam ( dish ) A spicy and sour soup usually made with tamarind, tomatoes, pepper and other south Indian spices. Usually eaten with rice. It is a good starter for any south Indian meal. It is known to aid good digestion Sakkara pongal Sweet rice dish Sajjige Sweet dish Sambar Lentil soup cooked with vegetables and a blend of south Indian spices ( masala ). Usually taken with rice, idli, dosa, pongal or upma. Vegetarian Sandige Deep fried meal accompaniment made with rice, sago and ash gourd Vegetarian Sevai Kind of rice vermicelli used for breakfast Sevai lunch Kind of rice vermicelli mixed with either tamarind or lemon or coconut. Theeyal Kerala dish made from a mixture of spices consisting of roasted coconut, coriander seeds, tamarind water, dried red chili and fenugreek. Looks like a rich medium brown gravy and normally served with rice. Vegetarian Thayir sadam, mosaranna Curd rice Thengai sadam Coconut rice Uttapam Rice pancake / hopper with a topping of onions / tomatoes / coconut Vegetarian Vada Savory donut. Urad dal. Vegetarian Varuval Vegetables fried in shallow oil Yelumincham sadam, chitranna Rice, lemon juice Keerai poriyal Green leaves mixed with daal and coconut with little oil Wheat upma A breakfast dish and snack. Upma prepared from wheat dhalia rava. Vegetarian Koshambri A cucumber salad dish popular in Karnataka. Prepared during festivals. Vegetarian Obbattu ( holige, bobbattu, pooran - poli ) A stuffed ( moong gram dal and jaggery or coconut poornam ) paratha. Dish native to South and West India in the states of ( Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra Vegetarian Ennai kathirikkai Ennai Kathirikkai Ragi mudhe Pesarattu Dosa ( pancake or crepe ) of Andhra Pradesh made from moong dal ( lentils ), grains and spice batter. Vegetarian Nandu omelette Omelette with pieces of crab and spices Non-Vegetarian Paniyaram Dish made of rice flour and black gram Vegetarian Chettinadu Chicken Dish made chicken and spices Non-Vegetarian West India ( edit ) Name Image Description Vegetarian / Non-Vegetarian Amti Lentil curry. Split lentil. Bajri no rotlo Bread made with thick millet flour flatbread usually grilled over coals. Vegetarian Barfi Sweet Basundi Sweet made from milk by continuous heating to a point before condencing. Bhakri Whole wheat flour bread, thicker than rotli, crispy. Bombil fry Main Course ; Bombay Duck ( Fish ). Chaat Snack Vegetarian Chakri ( chakali ) Savoury snack. Mixed grain flour. Vegetarian Chevdo Mixture. Flattened rice, groundnut, chana, masala. Cholafali Snack Chorafali Spicy. Grinding of charudala, masala, sprinkle with red chili powder on top. Copra paak Sweet coconut halwa / barfi : Halwa is soft, barfi more like cake. Daal Dhokli Daal Dhokli is widely cooked and eaten all over Rajasthan and Gujarat. Very small dumplings of wheat flour are cooked along with green gram and whole red chili and red mustard is used as tempering. Vegetrain Dahi vada Fried lentil balls in a yogurt sauce. Lentils, yogurt. Vegetarian Dalithoy Soup made with split yellow lentils. Vegetarian Dhokla Lentil snack. Gram. Vegetarian Doodhpak Sweet A milk - based sweet dessert with nuts Dudhi no halwo Sweet. Bottle gourd halwa Dum aaloo Veg. Main dish. Potatoes deep fry, yogurt, coriander powder, ginger powder. Vegetarian Pohe Snack. Flattened rice Vegetarian Gajar halwo Sweet. Carrot Halwa Gatta curry Curry. Steamed dumplings made from chickpea flour cooked in a spiced yoghurt sauce. Vegetarian Ghari ( sweet from Surat ) Sweet Ghooghra Sweet Gud papdi ( Gol papdi ) Sweet Gulab jamun Sweet Halvasan Sweet Handwo ( steamed dish ) Snack Gur Sweet unrefined brown sugar sold in blocks ( 3 ). Jalebi Sweet maida & grained semolina flour, baking powder, curd, sugar. Sweet Jeera Aloo Typical West Indian dish Vegetarian Juvar no rotlo Bread. Thick sorghum flatbread. Kansar Sweet Keri no ras Sweet Khakhra Snack. Wheat flour, methi. Khandvi Snack. Besan. Kombdi vade Chicken Curry with Bread. Chicken. Koshimbir Salad. Salad / side - dish. Laapsi Sweet coarse ground / broken wheat cooked with butter and sugar. Laddu Sweet Locha Spicy. Grinding of chanadal, masala. Malpua Sweet Methi na Gota Snack. Fried fenugreek dumplings. Modak Sweet coconut dumplings. Rice flour, coconut. Mohanthal a sweet prepared from gram flour and ghee dry fruits Muthiya Snack. Whole wheat flour, methi leaves, besan / chickpeas flour and coriander leaves / cilantro. Oondees Breakfast delicacy. Spherical shaped rice or semolina about four inches ( 10 cm ) in diameter. Panipuri Snack Patra Snack. Taro leaves, coconut, seeds, dal. Pav Bhaji Veg main dish. Mix curry of onion, capsicum, peas, cauliflower potatoes. Penda Sweet Pooran - poli Sweet stuffed bread. Wheat flour, gram. Puri Bread. Wheat flour. Puri Bhaji Breakfast or Snack Rasya muthia Snack. A spicy yogurt dumpling soup. Sabudana Khichadi Vegetarian Snack. Sago. Sev khamani Snack. Chana dal, green chillies, ginger, lemon juice and olive oil. Sev tameta Veggie. Potatoes and sev. Shakarpara Snack. A deep fried snack made out of sugar and wheat. Namakpara Snack. A deep fried snack made out of salt and Gram Flour. Shankarpali Sweet or savoury snack. Plain flour, sugar. Shiro Sweet roasted semolina / flour / dal with milk, butter, sugar, nuts and raisins. Shrikhand Sweet A thick yogurt - based sweet dessert garnished with ground nuts, cardamom, and saffron. Sohan papdi Sweet Soonvali Snack Sukhdi Sweet Surnoli Pancakes that have holes are yellow and puffy. They are about 10 inches ( 25 centimeters ) in diameter and often served with butter. Sutarfeni Sweet Thalipeeth Savoury pancake. Mixed grain flour. Undhiyu Mix veggi. Plantain, brinjal, carrot, green chillies, potatoes, fresh coconut and other vegetable. Upmaa Vegetarian snack. Semolina. Vada pav Burger. Gram flour, potatoes, chilli, garlic, ginger. Veg Kolhapuri Vegetarian dish. Mixed vegetables. Vindaloo Goan pork vindaloo. Pork, goan red chilli paste. Ghebar or Ghevar Sweet from Surat Lilva Kachori Snack. Lilva and whole wheat flour. Maghaz Undhiyu The signature Gujarati dish generally made in winters wherein a curry is prepared by mixing various types of vegetables like surti papdi, ratalu, potatoes, carrot, green garlic, tuvar dana, waal dana etc. rich in oil and spices generally accompanied by puri or roti. Mag Dhokli It is Indian form of lasagna wherein we use lentils and fresh dough with Indian spices, it is dry and not liquidy like daal dhokli. Khichu It is made by boiling the rice flour in water with seasoning, subtle in taste and accompanied by oil and methi masala. Thepla A signature Gujarati snack which is a parantha with seasoning and flavour blast, made from wheat flour, this dish is generally accompanied by condiments like pickles, green chillies, etc. It is also known as Dhebra, Chopda etc. in various regions. Farsi Puri It is a Gujarati snack which is also known as mathri in other regions of India, it generally made from wheat flour, all purpose flour etc. Khaman Made by steaming gram flour batter with flavorful seasoning accompanied with chutney. Turiya Patra Vatana sabji A vegetable curry made generally in winters. Mohan thaal A sweet dish. Churma Ladoo A sweet dish made with wheat flour, ghee, sugar or jaggery and dryfruits. East India ( edit ) Name Image Description Vegetarian / Non-Vegetarian Cheera Doi Breakfast cereal. Vegetarian Dhup Pitha A sweet Assamese specialty Sweet Gheela Pitha Sweet Assamese specialty Sweet Hurum Breakfast cereal ; an Assamese specialty Khar Assamese specialty side dish : papaya, banana, soda Kumol Sawul Breakfast cereal ; an Assamese specialty. Soft rice with cream & jaggery. Loskora ( Coconut Laddu ) Sweet Luchi Puffed bread, fried in oil, made from flour. A Bengali specialty Malpua / Malpoa Sweet Snacks. Specially in Bengal. Sweet Momo Originally from Tibet, it is a popular snack / food item in India. Muri Naaru Sweet Bengali specialty. Pani Tenga Pickle made from mustard. Sunga Pitha Sweet Assamese specialty Alu Pitika Dish made of mashed potato. Masor tenga An Assamese fish stew cooked with any of a variety of sour fruits including tomatoes. Bengena Pitika Dish made of mashed brinjal. Bilahi Maas Fish curry cooked with tomatoes. Black rice Special local variety of rice Bora Sawul Breakfast cereal ; an Assamese specialty. Sticky rice, sugar or jaggery. Brown Rice Special local variety of rice. Chhenagaja Odia Dessert. Cottage cheese, flour, sugar syrup. Chhenapoda Dessert. Cottage cheese, flour, sugar syrup. Oriya Specialty. Chingri malai curry Curry. Prawn, coconut, mustard, steamed. Traditional Bengali Dish. Dal Lentils. Goja Sweet. Bengali Specialty Hando Guri Breakfast cereal ; an Assamese specialty Haq Maas Fish curry cooked with leafy green vegetables. Horioh Maas Golden Mustard Fish Curry. Ilish or Chingri Bhape Curry. Ilish ( Hilsha fish ) or prawn, coconut, mustard, steamed. Traditional Bengali Dish. Kabiraji A popular non-vegetarian Indian dish in eastern India prepared using chicken and fish Kharoli Pickle made from mustard ; an Assamese specialty Khorisa Pickle made from bamboo shoot ; an Assamese specialty Koldil Chicken Chicken cooked with banana flower ; an Assamese specialty Koldil Duck Duck meat cooked with banana flower ; an Assamese specialty Konir Dom Egg curry. Lai Haq Maas Fish Curry with herbs & lemon. Litti Balls of wheat and sattu baked in oven and served with mashed potatoes ( chokha ) Maasor Tenga Tomato Fish Curry. Machher Jhol Curry. Fish, various spices. Masor Koni Fish delicacy. Masor Petu Fish delicacy. Mishti Chholar Dal Curry. Bengal gram, coconut, sugar. Bengali Specialty. Mishti Doi Dessert. Curd, sugar syrup and / or jaggery. Bengali Sweet curd. Ou tenga Maas Fish curry cooked with elephant apple. Pakhala Rice. Fermented rice, yoghurt, salt, seasonings. Bhaji Fried Vegetables. Pani Pitha Sweet Assamese specialty Pantua Assamese sweet similar to Gulab Jamun Payokh Dessert Peda Sweet Prawn malai curry Curry. Prawns, coconut cream, crushed mustard seed, red chillies. Bengali dish. Red Rice Special local variety of rice. Rice Staple Food. Rosgulla Dessert. Cottage cheese, flour and sugar syrup. Signature Bengali condiment, originating in odisha Sabzi ( curry ) Different green or other vegetables. Shondesh Dessert. Milk, sugar. Signature Bengali Dish Shukto A Bengali cuisine. Diced potaotes, sweet potatoes, broad beans, eggplant, drumsticks, raw bananas, radish cooked together and sauted with mustard seeds. This culinary cooked in mustard oil and sometimes shredded coconut can also be used. Sunga Pork Rich spicy pork curry Tenga Doi Sour curd Til Pitha Sweet Assamese specialty. Rice powder, til, jaggery. Unsorted ( edit ) Bread pakora See also ( edit ) India portal Food portal Lists portal List of Indian breads List of Indian drinks List of Indian pickles List of Indian snacks List of Indian sweets and desserts Mutton curry Sattvic Diet Lacto vegetarianism References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Flavours from the hills ''. The Hindu. 16 November 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2016. Jump up ^ Roy, Amrita ( July 23, 2010 ). `` Brahmaputra banquet ''. livemint.com. HT Media. Retrieved September 24, 2012. Indian dishes by region North Aloo gobi Aloo Mutter Amritsari Papar Warian Baati Baingan bartha Barfi ( Kaju barfi / Kaju katli ) Bhatura Butter chicken Chana masala Chapati Chicken tikka Chole bhature Churma Dum Aloo Dal makhani Dopiaza Egg curry Haleem Jeera aloo Kachori Kadai chicken Kadhi Kahwah Keema Khichra Khichdi Kulcha Korma Kulfi Laal maans Mattar paneer Makki di roti Mirchi Bada Mutton curry Murgh Musallam Naan Nihari Palak Paneer Pakora Paneer tikka Pasanda Raita Rajma Rogan josh Rumali roti Sai bhaji Sarson ka saag Shahi paneer Shami Kebab Tandoori chicken Paneer Tikka Masala South Appam Aviyal Baghara baingan Benne Dose Bhajji Bisi bele bath Bonda Chicken 65 Chicken Chettinad Chakna Curd rice Dahi chutney Dopiaza Dosa Double ka meetha Fish molee Hyderabadi biryani Hyderabadi haleem Idiappam Idli Injipuli Kaalan Kanji Kerala porotta Koottu Kozhakkattai Kuzhambu Lukhmi Mirchi ka salan Murukku Mysore Pak Pachadi Paniyaram Parotta Payasam Pongal Poriyal Pulihora Puttu Rasam Rice and curry Sakinalu Sambar Sheer korma Sevai Upma Uttapam Thalassery biryani Vada West Akuri Basundi Bhakri Bhelpuri Bombil fry Chinese bhel Chivda Chouriço Dahi vada Dhansak Dhokla Doodhpak Handvo Kadboli Khatkhate Khandvi Khichdi Kombdi vade Kuswar Misal Misal Pav Pav bhaji Patoleo Patra ni machhi Pohe Sabudana Khichadi Sanna Sevpuri Shrikhand Solkadhi Sorpotel Thalipeeth Vada pav Veg Kolhapuri Vindaloo Xacuti East Alu Potala Rasa Beguni Bel Pana Bhuna Khicuhri Chakuli pitha Cham cham Chandrakanti Charchari Chhena gaja Chhena jalebi Chhena kheeri Chhena poda Chingudi Jhola Dahi baigana Dahi Machha Jalfrezi Indian Chinese cuisine Kati roll Luchi Machha Jhola Maachha Bihana Mathapuli Mishti Doi Ouu khatta Pakhala Pantua Pitha Prawn malai curry Rasabali Rasgulla Ras malai Sandesh Santula Sorshe Ilish Miscellaneous Biryani Chaat Chutney Dal Falooda Flattened rice Gulab Jamun Halwa Indian pickle Jalebi Kheer Kofta Laddu Mango pudding Panipuri Papadum Paratha Puri Qeema Roti Sindhi biryani Samosa Shankarpali Sabzi Zarda Puri Bhaji Indian diaspora Chicken tikka masala Fish head curry Phall Nasi kandar Pasembur Roti canai Category Commons Cookbook Food portal India portal Cuisine of India Regional cuisines North India Main article Awadhi Bhojpuri Punjabi Kumauni Mughlai Kashmiri Rajasthani Uttar Pradeshi Bihari South India Main article Andhra Chettinad Karnataka Kerala Tamil Hyderabadi Udupi Mangalorean Mangalorean Catholic Saraswat East / North East India Bengali Assamese Meghalayan Manipuri Naga Sikkimese Tripuri Arunachalese Oriya West India Goan Gujarati Marathi Agri & Koli Malvani & Konkani Sindhi Parsi Other Indian Chinese Jain ( Satvika ) Anglo - Indian Fast food Malaysian Indian Cuisine Ingredients / types of food Main dishes Desserts Bread Drinks Snack foods Spices Condiments Preparation and cooking Handi Karahi Tava Tandoor Uruli Other Related cuisines Afghani Bangladeshi Bhutanese Iranian Pakistani Nepalese Sri Lankan Tibetan See also History Etiquette Indian chefs Category Commons Cookbook India portal Food portal Lists of prepared foods Dishes by origin African Angolan Central African Republic Chadian Ethiopian Libyan Nigerian Nigerien Togolese Tunisian Western Saharan American Italian - American Jewish - American New Orleans Regional Southern United States Anguillian Arab Argentine Azerbaijan Bangladeshi Brazilian Burmese Caucasus Chinese Beijing Sichuan Colombian Crimean Tatar Cuban Ecuadorian English Filipino French Gabonese German Greek Hawaiian Hungarian Indian Indonesian Irish Israeli Italian Sicilian Jamaican Japanese Jewish Jordan Korean North Korean Liechtensteiner Malaysian Maltese Mexican Moroccan National dishes Nepalese Pakistani Palestinian Paraguayan Peranakan Peruvian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Sami São Tomé and Príncipe Scottish Seychelles Singaporean Spanish Thai Tibetan Turkish Ukrainian Uzbek Venezuelan Vietnamese By origin and type Breads American British Indian Pakistani Cheeses American British Cornish Dutch English French German Greek Irish Italian Polish Spanish Swiss Condiments French fry accompaniments Indian Japanese Pakistani Desserts and sweets American Argentine Bangladeshi Brazilian British Chinese French German Indian Italian Japanese Korean Tteok Pakistani Philippine Polish Romanian Russian Spanish Sri Lankan Thai Turkish Soups and stews Chinese French German Indonesian Italian Japanese Pakistani Spanish Snack foods Snack foods by country Indian Japanese Pakistani Misc. American sandwiches Foods with religious symbolism Vietnamese specialities By type Ancient Bacon substitutes Baozi Brand name snacks Breakfast Beverages Cereals Brunch Chifa Christmas Chutneys Coconut Coconut milk Coffee Comfort Delicacies Hangover foods Hors d'oeuvre Tapas Made from maple Military Mushroom Pastries Pies, tarts and flans Porridges Puddings Relishes Sandwiches Soul Street Tortilla - based Traditional By cooking style Baked goods Twice - baked Casseroles Deep fried Smoked Steamed By preparation style Dips Dried Fermented Soy products Food pastes Garnishes Gravies Instant Pickled Pickled fruits Rolled Sauces Dessert sauces Fish sauces Hot sauces Spreads Stuffed dishes Breads, grains and seeds Almond Breads bread dishes Buns Flatbreads Quick breads Rolls Sweet breads Buckwheat Crackers Dumplings Fried dough Legume Chickpea Peanut Maize Noodles Noodle dishes Fried noodle dishes Ramen Pancakes Pasta Pasta dishes Rice Fried rice Rice pudding Rice and beans Sesame seed Toast Dairy - based Butter dishes Cheese dishes Cheeses Brined Yogurt - based Fruits and vegetables Apple Avocado Banana Cabbage Carrot Cassava Cherry Eggplant Garlic Lemon Melon Onion Plum Potato French fry Salads Arab Thai Soy - based Strawberry Tofu Tomato Fish and seafood Clam Cod Crab Fish head Fish stews Fried fish Herring Raw fish Salmon Shrimp Sushi and sashimi Meat - based Barbecue Beef Shredded beef Steak Veal Chicken Duck Egg Eggs Benedict Scrambled eggs Goat Hamburgers Hot dogs Kebabs Lamb Meatball Mixed grill Pork Bacon Ham dishes Hams Sausages Sausage dishes Skewered foods Soups and Stews Blood Cheese Fish and seafood Vegetable Sweets Cakes Candies Chocolate bars Chocolate - covered Cookies Cookie sandwiches Shortbread Desserts Custard Doughnuts Pastries Choux pastry Poppy seed Pies, tarts and flans Food portal Category : Lists of foods Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_dishes&oldid=854039173 '' Categories : Indian cuisine - related lists Indian cuisine Lists of foods by nationality Hidden categories : Dynamic lists Articles needing additional references from August 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español हिन्दी मैथिली മലയാളം తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018, at 15 : 08 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of Indian dishes", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_dishes&amp;oldid=854039173" }

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{ "text": "United States Air Force Academy - wikipedia United States Air Force Academy Jump to : navigation, search Not to be confused with Air University ( United States Air Force ). United States Air Force Academy Motto Integrity First, Service Before Self, Excellence in All We Do Type U.S. Service Academy Direct Reporting Unit Established 1 April 1954 ( 1 April 1954 ) ( 64 years, 1 month ) Endowment $47 million Superintendent Lieutenant General Jay B. Silveria Dean Brigadier General Andrew P. Armacost Commandant Brigadier General Kristin E. Goodwin Academic staff 550 ( 70 % military : 30 % civilian ) Students 4,237 cadets Location Air Force Academy, Colorado, U.S. Campus Suburban -- 18,500 acres ( 7,486.7 ha ) Colors Blue, Silver Nickname Falcons Sporting affiliations NCAA Division I -- MW MPSF, Big 12, SoCon, PRC, WWPA Mascot Gyrfalcon Decorations Air Force Outstanding Unit Award Air Force Organizational Excellence Award Website www.usafa.af.mil U.S. Air Force Academy Location in the United States U.S. Air Force Academy Location in Colorado The United States Air Force Academy ( also known as USAFA, the Air Force Academy, or the Academy ), is a military academy for officer cadets of the United States Air Force. Its campus is located in the western United States in Colorado, immediately north of Colorado Springs in El Paso County. The Academy 's stated mission is `` to educate, train, and inspire men and women to become leaders of character, motivated to lead the United States Air Force in service to our nation. '' It is the youngest of the five U.S. service academies, having graduated its first class 59 years ago in 1959, however it is the third in seniority. Graduates of the Academy 's four - year program receive a Bachelor of Science degree, and are commissioned as second lieutenants in the U.S. Air Force. The Academy is also one of the largest tourist attractions in Colorado, attracting approximately a million visitors each year. Admission is extremely competitive, with nominations divided equally among Congressional districts. Recent incoming classes have had about 1,200 cadets ; historically, just under 1,000 of those will graduate. Tuition along with room and board are all paid for by the Air Force. Cadets receive a monthly stipend, but incur a commitment to serve a number of years of military service after graduation. The program at the Academy is guided by the Air Force 's core values of `` Integrity First, Service Before Self, and Excellence in All We Do '', and based on four `` pillars of excellence '' : military training, academics, athletics and character development. In addition to a rigorous military training regimen, cadets also take a broad academic course load with an extensive core curriculum in engineering, humanities, social sciences, basic sciences, military studies and physical education. All cadets participate in either intercollegiate or intramural athletics, and a thorough character development and leadership curriculum provides cadets a basis for future officership. Each of the components of the program is intended to give cadets the skills and knowledge that they will need for success as officers. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Establishment 1.2 Early years 1.3 Vietnam 1.4 Women at the Academy 2 Campus and facilities 2.1 The Cadet Area 2.2 Commemorative displays 2.3 Air Academy High School 2.4 Other locations on campus 3 The Honor Code and character education 4 Organization 4.1 The Cadet Wing 4.2 Base organization 4.3 Board of Visitors 5 Military training 6 Academics 7 Athletics 7.1 Physical education 7.2 Fitness tests 7.3 Intramural athletics 7.4 Intercollegiate athletics 8 Airmanship 9 Admissions 9.1 Class size 10 Traditions 10.1 Prop and Wings 10.2 Cadet sabre 10.3 Class ring 11 Controversies 11.1 Honor scandals 11.2 Allegations of sexual harassment, assault and gender bias 11.3 Religious atmosphere 12 Notable alumni 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links History ( edit ) Establishment ( edit ) Prior to the Academy 's establishment, air power advocates had been pushing for a separate Air Force Academy for decades. As early as 1918, Lieutenant Colonel A.J. Hanlon wrote, `` As the Military and Naval Academies are the backbone of the Army and Navy, so must the Aeronautical Academy be the backbone of the Air Service. No service can flourish without some such institution to inculcate into its embryonic officers love of country, proper conception of duty, and highest regard for honor. '' Other officials expressed similar sentiments. In 1919, Congressman Charles F. Curry introduced legislation providing for an Academy, but concerns about cost, curriculum and location led to its demise. In 1925, air power pioneer General Billy Mitchell testified on Capitol Hill that it was necessary `` to have an air academy to form a basis for the permanent backbone of your air service and to attend to the... organizational part of it, very much the same way that West Point does for the Army, or that Annapolis does for the Navy. '' Mitchell 's arguments did not gain traction with legislators, and it was not until the late 1940s that the concept of the United States Air Force Academy began to take shape. Support for an air academy got a boost with the National Security Act of 1947, which provided for the establishment of a separate Air Force within the United States military. As an initial measure, Secretary of the Air Force W. Stuart Symington negotiated an agreement where up to 25 % of West Point and Annapolis graduates could volunteer to receive their commissions in the newly established Air Force. This was only intended to be a short term fix, however, and disagreements between the services quickly led to the establishment of the Service Academy Board by Secretary of Defense James Forrestal. In January 1950, the Service Academy Board, headed by Dwight D. Eisenhower, then president of Columbia University, concluded that the needs of the Air Force could not be met by the two existing U.S. service academies and that an air force academy should be established. Following the recommendation of the Board, Congress passed legislation in 1954 to begin the construction of the Air Force Academy, and President Eisenhower signed it into law on 1 April of that year. The legislation established an advisory commission to determine the site of the new school. Among the panel members were Charles Lindbergh, General Carl Spaatz, and Lieutenant General Hubert R. Harmon, who later became the Academy 's first superintendent. The original 582 sites considered were winnowed to three : Alton, Illinois ; Lake Geneva, Wisconsin ; and the ultimate site at Colorado Springs, Colorado. The Secretary of the Air Force, Harold E. Talbott, announced the winning site on 24 June 1954. Meanwhile, Air Training Command ( ATC ) began developing a detailed curriculum for the Academy program. Early years ( edit ) Cadets from the first USAFA class lined up for physical training at Lowry AFB in 1955 The early Air Force Academy leadership had the model of West Point and Annapolis in designing an appropriate curriculum, faculty, and campus. The Academy 's permanent site had not yet been completed when the first class entered, so the 306 cadets from the Class of 1959 were sworn in at a temporary site at Lowry Air Force Base in Denver on 11 July 1955. While at Lowry, they were housed in renovated World War II barracks. There were no upper class cadets to train the new cadets, so the Air Force appointed a cadre of `` Air Training Officers '' ( ATOs ) to conduct training. The ATOs were junior officers, many of whom were graduates of West Point, Annapolis, and The Citadel. They acted as surrogate upper class cadets until the upper classes could be populated over the next several years. The Academy 's dedication ceremony took place on that first day and was broadcast live on national television, with Walter Cronkite covering the event. Arnold W. Braswell, a native of Minden, Louisiana, was commander of the original four cadet squadrons at the academy 1955 to 1958. In developing a distinctive uniform for cadets, the Air Force turned to Hollywood. Famed director Cecil B. DeMille designed the cadet parade uniform ; it is still worn by cadets today. The Class of 1959 established many other important traditions that continue until the present. The first class adopted the Cadet Honor Code, and chose the falcon as the Academy 's mascot. On 29 August 1958, the wing of 1,145 cadets moved to the present site near Colorado Springs, and less than a year later the Academy received accreditation. The first USAFA class graduated and was commissioned on 3 June 1959. Vietnam ( edit ) The Vietnam War was the first war in which Academy graduates fought and died. As such, it had a profound effect on the development of the character of the Academy. Due to the need for more pilots, Academy enrollment grew significantly during this time. The size of the graduating classes went from 217 cadets in 1961 to 745 cadets in 1970. Academy facilities were likewise expanded, and training was modified to better meet the needs of the wartime Air Force. The Jacks Valley field training area was added, the Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape ( SERE ) program was expanded, and light aircraft training started in 1968. Many Academy graduates of this era served with distinction in the Vietnam War. F - 4 Phantom II pilot Steve Ritchie ' 64 and weapon systems officer Jeffrey Feinstein ' 68 each became aces by downing five enemy aircraft in combat. One hundred forty - one graduates died in the conflict ; thirty - two graduates became prisoners of war. Lance Sijan, ' 65, fell into both categories and became the first Academy graduate to be awarded the Medal of Honor due to his heroism while evading capture and in captivity. Sijan Hall, one of the cadet dormitories, is named in his memory. The effects of the anti-war movement were felt at the Academy as well. Because the Academy grounds are generally open to the public, the Academy often became a site for protests by anti-war demonstrators. Regular demonstrations were held at the Cadet Chapel, and cadets often became the targets of protesters ' insults. Other aggravating factors were the presence in the Cadet Wing of cadets motivated to attend the Academy for reasons of draft avoidance, and a number of highly publicized cheating scandals. Morale sometimes suffered as a consequence. Women at the Academy ( edit ) One of the most significant events in the history of the Academy was the admission of women. On 7 October 1975, President Gerald R. Ford signed legislation permitting women to enter the United States service academies. On 26 June 1976, 157 women entered the Air Force Academy with the Class of 1980. Because there were no female upper class cadets, the Air Training Officer model used in the early years of the Academy was revived, and fifteen young female officers were brought in to help with the integration process. The female cadets were initially segregated from the rest of the Cadet Wing but were fully integrated into their assigned squadrons after their first semester. On 28 May 1980, 97 of the original female cadets completed the program and graduated from the Academy -- just over 10 % of the graduating class. Women have made up just over 20 % of the most recent classes, with the class of 2016 having the highest proportion of any class, 25 %. Many of the women from those early classes went on to achieve success within the Cadet Wing and after graduation ( see list of Academy graduates below ). Despite these successes, integration issues were long apparent. Female cadets have had consistently higher dropout rates than men and have left the Air Force in higher numbers than men. Campus and facilities ( edit ) Interior of Cadet Chapel Initial proposals for the Air Force Academy location were between Prescott, Arizona ; Linn, Wisconsin ; Alton, Illinois and Colorado Springs, Colorado. The selection committee cut the final list to only Alton, Linn and Colorado Springs. Final selection was awarded to Colorado Springs. The campus of the Academy covers 18,500 acres ( 29 sq mi ; 75 km ) on the east side of the Rampart Range of the Rocky Mountains, just north of Colorado Springs. Its elevation is normally given as 7,258 feet ( 2,212 m ) above sea level, which is at the cadet area. The Academy was designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill ( SOM ) and lead architect Walter Netsch. SOM partner John O. Merrill moved from Chicago to a Colorado Springs field office to oversee the construction and to act as a spokesman for the project. The most controversial aspect of the SOM - designed Air Force Academy was its chapel. It was designed by SOM architect Walter Netsch, who at one point was prepared to abandon the design ; but the accordion - like structure is acknowledged as an iconic symbol of the academy campus. The Cadet Area ( edit ) Main article : United States Air Force Academy, Cadet Area The buildings in the Cadet Area were designed in a distinct, modernist style, and make extensive use of aluminum on building exteriors, suggesting the outer skin of aircraft or spacecraft. On 1 April 2004, fifty years after Congress authorized the building of the Academy, the Cadet Area at the Academy was designated a National Historic Landmark. The main buildings in the Cadet Area are set around a large, square pavilion known as `` the Terrazzo, '' and the most recognizable is the 17 - spired Cadet Chapel. The subject of controversy when it was first built, it is now considered among the most prominent examples of modern American academic architecture. Other buildings on the Terrazzo include Vandenberg Hall and Sijan Hall, the two dormitories ; Mitchell Hall, the cadet dining facility ; and Fairchild Hall, the main academic building, which houses academic classrooms, laboratories, research facilities, faculty offices and the Robert F. McDermott Library. The Aeronautics Research Center ( also known as the `` Aero Lab '' ) contains numerous aeronautical research facilities, including transonic, subsonic, low speed, and cascade wind tunnels ; engine and rocket test cells ; and simulators. The Consolidated Education and Training Facility ( CETF ) was built in 1997 as an annex to Fairchild Hall. It contains chemistry and biology classrooms and labs, medical and dental clinics, and civil engineering and astronautics laboratories. The Cadet Area also contains an observatory and a planetarium for academic use and navigation training. The cadet social center is Arnold Hall, located just outside the Cadet Area, which houses a 3000 - seat theater, a ballroom, a number of lounges, and dining and recreation facilities for cadets and visitors. Harmon Hall is the primary administration building, which houses the offices of the Superintendent and the Superintendent 's staff. The Cadet Area also contains extensive facilities for use by cadets participating in intercollegiate athletics, intramural athletics, physical education classes and other physical training. Set amid numerous outdoor athletic fields are the ' ' Cadet Gymnasium ' ' and the Cadet Fieldhouse. The Fieldhouse is the home to Clune Arena, the ice hockey rink and an indoor track, which doubles as an indoor practice facility for a number of sports. Falcon Stadium, located outside of the Cadet Area, is the football field and site of the graduation ceremonies. Commemorative displays ( edit ) The Class Wall is located just below the Cadet Chapel Many displays around the Cadet Area commemorate heroes and air power pioneers, and serve as an inspiration to cadets. The ' ' War Memorial ' ', a black marble wall located just under the flagpole on the Terrazzo, is etched with the names of Academy graduates who have been killed in combat. The ' ' Honor Wall, ' ' overlooking the Terrazzo, is inscribed with the Cadet Honor Code : `` We will not lie, cheat, or steal, nor tolerate among us anyone who does. '' Just under the Cadet Chapel, the ' ' Class Wall ' ' bears the crests of each of the Academy 's graduating classes. The crest of the current first ( senior ) class is displayed in the center position. Another display often used as a symbol of the Academy, the ' ' Eagle and Fledglings Statue ' ' was given as a gift to the Academy in 1958 by the personnel of Air Training Command. It contains the inscription by Austin Dusty Miller, `` Man 's flight through life is sustained by the power of his knowledge. '' Static air - and spacecraft displays on the Academy grounds include an F - 4, F - 15, F - 16 and F - 105 on the Terrazzo ; a B - 52 by the North Gate ; a T - 38 and A-10 at the airfield ; an F - 100 by the preparatory school ; a SV - 5J lifting body next to the aeronautics laboratory ; and a Minuteman III missile in front of the Fieldhouse. The Minuteman III was removed 9 years ago in August 2008 due to rusting and other internal damage. The `` Core Values Ramp '' ( formerly known as the `` Bring Me Men Ramp '' ) leads down from the main Terrazzo level toward the parade field. On in - processing day, new cadets arrive at the base of the ramp and start their transition into military and Academy life by ascending the ramp to the Terrazzo. From 1964 to 2004, the portal at the base of the ramp was inscribed with the words `` Bring me men... '' taken from the poem, `` The Coming American, '' by Samuel Walter Foss. In a controversial move following the 2003 sexual assault scandal, the words `` Bring me men... '' were taken down and replaced with the Academy 's ( later adopted as the Air Force 's ) core values : `` Integrity first, service before self, and excellence in all we do. '' Air Academy high school ( edit ) Main article : Air Academy High School With an enrollment of over 1300, Air Academy High School is the only high school in the United States built on a military academy. It ranks in the top ten in the state in academic standards. Part of School District 20 ( D20 ), its marching band regularly places in the top ten in state championships. D20 also maintains an elementary school on the academy grounds. Other locations on campus ( edit ) Cadets have the opportunity to fly gliders as part of their training Other locations on campus serve support roles for cadet training and other base functions. Doolittle Hall is the headquarters of the Academy 's Association of Graduates and also serves as the initial reception point for new cadets arriving for Basic Cadet Training. It is named after General Jimmy Doolittle. The Goldwater Visitor Center, named after longtime proponent of the Academy United States Senator Barry Goldwater, is the focal point for family, friends and tourists visiting the Academy grounds. The Academy Airfield is used for training cadets in airmanship courses, including parachute training, soaring and powered flight. Interment at the ' ' Academy Cemetery ' ' is limited to Academy cadets and graduates, certain senior officers, certain Academy staff members, and certain other family members. Air power notables Carl Spaatz, Curtis E. LeMay and Robin Olds, are interred here. The United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School ( usually referred to as the `` Prep School '' ) is a program offered to selected individuals who were not able to obtain appointments directly to the Academy. The program involves intense academic preparation ( particularly in English, math and science ), along with athletic and military training, meant to prepare the students for appointment to the Academy. A high percentage of USAFA Preparatory School students ( known as `` Preppies '' ) earn appointments to the Academy following their year at the Prep School. The Honor Code and character education ( edit ) More than 1,300 basic cadets salute during the ceremonial Oath of Office formation on 26 June 2009. The Cadet Chapel is in the background. The Cadet Honor Code is the cornerstone of a cadet 's professional training and development -- the minimum standard of ethical conduct that cadets expect of themselves and their fellow cadets. The Honor Code was developed and adopted by the Class of 1959, the first class to graduate from the Academy and has been handed down to every subsequent class. The Code itself is simple : We will not lie, steal, or cheat, nor tolerate among us anyone who does. In 1984, the Cadet Wing voted to add an `` Honor Oath, '' which was to be taken by all cadets. The oath is administered to fourth class cadets ( freshmen ) when they are formally accepted into the Wing at the conclusion of Basic Cadet Training. The oath remains unchanged since its adoption in 1984 and consists of a statement of the code, followed by a resolution to live honorably ( the phrase `` So help me God '' is now optional ) : We will not lie, steal or cheat, nor tolerate among us anyone who does. Furthermore, I resolve to do my duty and to live honorably, ( so help me God ). -- `` Honor Code Handbook '' Cadets are considered the `` guardians and stewards '' of the Code. Cadet honor representatives are chosen by senior leadership, and oversee the honor system by conducting education classes and investigating suspected honor violations. Cadets throughout the Wing are expected to sit on Honor Boards as juries that determine whether their fellow cadets violated the code. Cadets also recommend sanctions for violations. The presumed sanction for an honor violation is disenrollment, but mitigating factors may result in the violator being placed in a probationary status for some period of time. This `` honor probation '' is usually only reserved for cadets in their first two years at the Academy. To reinforce the importance of honor, character and integrity to future officers, cadets are given an extensive character and leadership curriculum. The Academy 's Center for Character and Leadership Development provides classroom, seminar, workshop and experiential - based learning programs to all cadets, beginning when they enter Basic Cadet Training and continuing each year through their last semester at the Academy. The Center 's programs, when coupled with the Honor Code and Honor System, establish a foundation for the `` leaders of character '' that the Academy aspires to produce. Organization ( edit ) The Academy 's organization is unusual in a number of respects. Because it is primarily a military unit, much of the Academy 's structure is set up like that of any other Air Force Base. This is particularly true of the non-cadet units -- most assigned to the 10th Air Base Wing -- that provide base services such as security, communications, and engineering. Because the Academy is also a university, however, the organization of the faculty and the Cadet Wing have some aspects that are more similar to the faculty and student body at a civilian college. The Cadet Wing ( edit ) Main article : United States Air Force Academy Cadet Wing Air Force Academy cadets celebrate after graduation. The student body of the Academy is known as the Cadet Wing. The students, called `` cadets '', are divided into four classes, based on their year in school, much like a civilian college. They are not referred to as freshmen, sophomores, juniors and seniors, however, but as fourth -, third -, second - and first class cadets, respectively. Fourth class cadets ( freshmen ) are often referred to as `` doolies, '' a term derived from the Greek word δοῦλος ( `` doulos '' ) meaning `` slave '' or `` servant. '' Members of the three lower classes are also referred to as `` 4 degrees, '' `` 3 degrees '' or `` 2 degrees '' based on their class. First - class cadets ( seniors ) are referred to as `` firsties. '' In the military structure of the Cadet Wing, first class cadets hold the positions of cadet officers, second class cadets act as the cadet non-commissioned officers and third class cadets represent the cadet junior non-commissioned officers. The Cadet Wing is divided into four groups, of ten cadet squadrons each. Each cadet squadron consists of about 110 cadets, roughly evenly distributed among the four classes. Selected first -, second - and third - class cadets hold leadership, operational and support jobs at the squadron, group and wing levels. Cadets live, march and eat meals with members of their squadrons. Military training and intramural athletics are conducted by squadron as well. Each cadet squadron and cadet group is supervised by a specially selected active duty officer called an Air Officer Commanding ( AOC ). In the case of a cadet squadron, the AOC is normally an active duty Air Force major. For a cadet group, the AOC is normally an active - duty lieutenant colonel. These officers have command authority over the cadets, counsel cadets on leadership and military career issues, oversee military training and serve as role models for the future officers. In addition to an AOC, cadet squadrons and groups are also supervised by an active duty non-commissioned officer known as an Academy Military Trainer ( AMT ), who fulfills a similar job as the AOC. Base organization ( edit ) See also : List of Superintendents of the United States Air Force Academy The Superintendent of the Academy is the commander and senior officer. The position of Superintendent is normally held by an active - duty lieutenant general. The superintendent 's role is roughly similar to that of the president of a civilian university. As such, the Superintendent oversees all aspects of the Academy, including military training, academics, athletics, admissions and also functions as the installation commander of the Academy Reservation. The Academy is a Direct Reporting Unit within the Air Force, so the Superintendent reports directly to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force. Those reporting to the Superintendent include the Dean of the Faculty and Commandant of Cadets, each of whom typically holds the rank of brigadier general, as well as the Director of Athletics, the Commander of the 10th Air Base Wing and the Commander of the Prep School, each of whom typically holds the rank of colonel. The 10th Air Base Wing provides all base support functions that exist at other air force bases, including civil engineering, communications, medical support, personnel, administration, security and base services. The Preparatory School provides an academic, athletic and military program for qualified young men and women who may need certain additional preparation prior to acceptance to the Academy. All flying programs at the Academy are run by the 306th Flying Training Group, which reports to the Air Education and Training Command, ensuring uniformity of flight training with the rest of the Air Force. Board of visitors ( edit ) Congressional oversight of the Academy is exercised through a Board of Visitors ( BOV ), established under Title 10, United States Code, Section 9355. The board inquires into the morale, discipline, curriculum, instruction, physical equipment, fiscal affairs, academic methods and other matters relating to the Academy. The board meets at least four times per year and prepares semi-annual reports containing its views and recommendations submitted concurrently to the Secretary of Defense, the Senate Armed Services Committee, and the House Armed Services Committee. The 15 members of the BOV are variously appointed by the President of the United States, the Vice President, the Senate and House Armed Services Committees and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. Since 2006, the board has been required to include at least two Academy graduates. In July 2009, Speaker Nancy Pelosi appointed Colorado Congressman Jared Polis to the BOV, the first openly gay person to serve on a service academy 's advisory board. Military training ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Sandhurst Competition ( a military skills event ) DA40 of USAFA at RIAT 2010. Cadets ' military training occurs throughout their time at the Academy, but is especially intense during their four summers. The first military experience for new cadets ( called `` basic cadets '' ) occurs during the six weeks of Basic Cadet Training ( BCT ), in the summer before their fourth class ( freshman ) year. During BCT, also known as `` beast, '' cadets learn the fundamentals of military and Academy life under the leadership of a cadre of first and second class cadets. Basic cadets learn military customs and courtesies, proper wear of the uniform, drill and ceremony, and study military knowledge and undergo a rigorous physical training program. During the second half of BCT, basic cadets march to Jacks Valley, where they complete the program in a field encampment environment. Upon completion of BCT, basic cadets receive their fourth - class shoulder boards, take the Honor Oath and are formally accepted as members of the Cadet Wing. The fourth - class ( freshman ) year is traditionally the most difficult at the Academy, militarily. In addition to their full academic course loads, heavy demands are placed on fourth class cadets outside of class. Fourth class cadets are expected to learn an extensive amount of military and Academy - related knowledge and have significant restrictions placed on their movement and actions -- traversing the Cadet Area only by approved routes ( including staying on the marble `` strips '' on the Terrazzo ) and interacting with upper class cadets using a very specific decorum. The fourth class year ends with `` Recognition, '' a physically and mentally demanding several - day event which culminates in the award of the Prop and Wings insignia to the fourth class cadets, signifying their ascension to the ranks of upper class cadets. After Recognition, the stringent rules of the fourth class year are relaxed. After the first year, cadets have more options for summer military training. Between their fourth and third class years, cadets undergo training in Air Force operations in a deployed environment ( called Expeditionary Skills and Evasion Training ( ESET ) ) and may participate in flying gliders, cyber-warfare training, satellite and space operations, unmanned systems, or free - fall parachute training. From the late 1960s until the mid-1990s, cadets also completed SERE training in the Jacks Valley complex between their fourth - and third - class years. This program was replaced with Combat Survival Training ( CST ) in 1995 and done away with entirely in 2005. In the summer of 2008, the CST program was reintroduced, but was cut again in 2011 and replaced with ESET for the summer of 2012 ( the Class of 2015 was the first to participate in ESET ). During their last two summers, cadets may serve as BCT cadre, travel to active duty Air Force bases and participate in a variety of other research, aviation and leadership programs. They may also be able to take courses offered by other military services, such as the U.S. Army 's Airborne School at Fort Benning, Georgia, or the Air Assault School, at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. During the academic year, all cadets take formal classes in military theory, operations and leadership. Academics ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Eagle and Fledglings Statue at the south end of the Air Gardens is inscribed with the quote, `` Man 's flight through life is sustained by the power of his knowledge '' The Air Force Academy is an accredited four - year university offering bachelor 's degrees in a variety of subjects. Active - duty Air Force officers make up approximately 70 percent of the faculty, with the balance long - term civilian professors, visiting professors from civilian universities and instructors from other U.S. and allied foreign military services. In recent years, civilians have become a growing portion of senior faculty. Every Dean of the Faculty ( equivalent to a Provost at most universities ) has always been an active - duty brigadier general, although technically, a civilian may hold the position. The Dean, the Vice Dean, and each academic department chair hold the academic rank of Permanent Professor. Permanent Professors are nominated by the President of the United States and approved by the Senate, and can serve until age 64. All graduates receive a Bachelor of Science degree, regardless of major, because of the technical content of the core requirements. Cadets may choose from a variety of majors, including engineering, the basic sciences, social sciences and humanities, as well as in a variety of divisional or inter-disciplinary subjects. The academic program has an extensive core curriculum, in which all cadets take required courses in the sciences, engineering, social sciences, humanities, military studies and physical education. Approximately sixty percent of a cadet 's course load is mandated by the core curriculum. As a result, most of a cadet 's first two years are spent in core classes. While core requirements remain significant during the third and fourth years, cadets have more flexibility to focus in their major areas of study, allowing them to participate in international and inter-service Academy exchange programs. Traditionally, the academic program at the Air Force Academy ( as with military academies in general ) has focused heavily on science and engineering, with the idea that many graduates would be expected to manage complex air, space and information technology systems. As a result, the Academy 's engineering programs have traditionally been ranked highly. Over time, however, the Academy broadened its humanities offerings. About 55 % of cadets typically select majors in non-technical disciplines. The academy 's recent implementation of a computer and network security program may represent a return to form. Externally funded research at the Air Force Academy has been a large and growing part of the technical majors. Air Force has ranked highest of all undergraduate - only universities in federally funded research as reported by the National Science Foundation, surpassing $60 million in 2010. Many cadets are involved in research via their major, coordinated in more than a dozen Academy research centers, including the Institute for Information Technology Applications, the Institute for National Security Studies, the Air Force Humanities Institute, the Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies, the Life Sciences Research Center, the Academy Center for Physics Education Research, among others. Athletics ( edit ) Main article : Air Force Falcons United States Air Force Academy Mascot Echo, one of USAFA 's trained prairie falcon mascots All cadets at the Academy take part in the school 's extensive athletic program. The program is designed to enhance the physical conditioning of all cadets, to develop the physical skills necessary for officership, to teach leadership in a competitive environment and to build character. The primary elements of the athletic program are intercollegiate athletics, intramural athletics, physical education, and the physical fitness tests. Physical education ( edit ) Cadets are required to take physical education courses in each of their four years at the Academy. The classes cover a wide range of activities : Swimming and water survival build confidence while teaching important survival skills. Combative sports such as boxing, wrestling, judo and unarmed combat build confidence, teach controlled aggression and develop physical fitness. Cadets also take classes in team sports such as basketball and soccer, in lifetime sports such as tennis and golf and on the physiology of exercise. Fitness tests ( edit ) Each semester, cadets must pass two athletic fitness tests : a 1.5 mi ( 2.4 km ) run to measure aerobic fitness, and a 15 - minute, 5 - event, physical fitness test consisting of pull - ups, a standing long jump, sit - ups, push - ups and a 600 yd ( 550 m ) sprint. Failure to pass a fitness test usually results in the cadet being assigned to reconditioning until he can pass the test. Repeated failures can lead to disenrollment. Intramural athletics ( edit ) All cadets are required to compete in intramural athletics for their entire time at the Academy, unless they are on - season for intercollegiate athletics. Intramural sports put cadet squadrons against one another in many sports, including basketball, cross-country, flag football, ice hockey, racquetball, flickerball, rugby union, boxing, soccer, mountain biking, softball, team handball, tennis, Ultimate, wallyball and volleyball. Winning the Wing Championship in a given sport is a particular source of pride for a cadet squadron. Intercollegiate athletics ( edit ) See also : Air Force Falcons The Academy 's intercollegiate program has 17 men 's and 10 women 's NCAA sanctioned teams, nicknamed the ' ' Falcons. ' ' Men 's teams compete in football, baseball, basketball, ice hockey, cross-country, fencing, golf, gymnastics, indoor and outdoor track, lacrosse, soccer, swimming and diving, tennis, water polo and wrestling. Women 's teams include basketball, cross-country, fencing, gymnastics, indoor and outdoor track, swimming and diving, soccer, tennis and volleyball. The Academy fields a coeducational team in rifle. In addition, the Academy also sponsors two non-NCAA programs : cheerleading and boxing. The Academy also has several club sports, such as rugby, that compete intercollegiately. The men 's and women 's programs compete in NCAA 's Division I, with the football team competing in Division I FBS. Most teams are in the Mountain West Conference ; however, the wrestling team competes in the Big 12 Conference, the gymnastics teams compete in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ; the men 's soccer team competes in the Western Athletic Conference ; the men 's hockey team competes in Atlantic Hockey, the water polo team competes in the Western Water Polo Association, the coeducational rifle team competes in the Patriot Rifle Conference, and the men 's lacrosse team competes in the Southern Conference. The men 's boxing team competes in the National Collegiate Boxing Association. For a number of years, only the men 's teams competed in Division I. Women 's teams competed in Division II and were once members of the Continental Divide Conference, then the Colorado Athletic Conference. With new NCAA legislation, beginning in 1996, women 's teams also competed in Division I. Presentation of the Commander in Chief 's Trophy to the Air Force Falcons, May 2, 2017 Air Force has traditional service academy rivalries with Navy and Army. The three service academies compete for the Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy in football each year. Air Force Falcons football has had the best showing of the three, winning the trophy 18 of its 34 years. The Academy also has an in - state rivalry with Colorado State University, which is located in Fort Collins and is a fellow member of the Mountain West Conference. The boxing team, led for 31 years by Coach Ed Weichers, has won 18 national championships. The Academy 's men 's and women 's rugby teams have each won multiple national championships and the women 's side recently had two players selected for the United States national team. The football team has played in 17 bowl games and the basketball team has had strong showings in the last several years, qualifying for the NCAA tournament and, most recently, making the final four of the 2007 NIT Tournament. The men 's ice hockey team won the last two Atlantic Hockey conference tournaments, made the first ever appearance by a service academy in the NCAA hockey tournament in 2007, and made a repeat appearance in 2008. The Air Force Academy 's Men 's Hockey team recently lost in the `` Elite Eight '' of hockey in double overtime. This marked the farthest they had gone in the post-season in school history and the longest an Atlantic Hockey Association team has made it into the post-season. In 2014, Academy Superintendent Lt. Gen. Michelle Johnson responded to reports of allegations of sexual assault and drug use at a December 2011 party by calling for a review of the Athletic Department by the Inspector General. Airmanship ( edit ) Cessna T - 41D of the 557th Flying Training Squadron. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cadets have the opportunity to take part in several airmanship activities to include soaring, parachuting, and powered flight. Airmanship activities at the Academy are primarily conducted by the 306th Flying Training Group. The 94th Flying Training Squadron trains cadets in basic airmanship principles through several flights in TG - 16A sailplanes. Each year, several soaring students are selected to become instructor pilots to teach new classes of soaring students. Some of these cadet instructor pilots also compete on the Soaring Racing Team or Acrobatics Team in national competitions. Cadets also have the opportunity to take a parachuting course conducted by the 98th Flying Training Squadron. Each year, hundreds of cadets earn their Basic Parachutist Badge by completing five jumps in the program. A number of cadets are selected for further training and become members of The Wings of Blue, the U.S. Air Force Parachute Team. A powered flight program is conducted under the 557th Flying Training Squadron to expose cadets to the basics of powered flight. The program uses T - 53A aircraft to offer cadets basic flight training and the opportunity to solo. The U.S. Air Force Academy Flying Team is composed of ~ 26 cadets selected to compete in National Intercollegiate Flying Association competitions. The Flying Team uses T - 41D and T - 51A aircraft to compete in precision landing, navigation, and message drop events. Admissions ( edit ) To be eligible to enter the Academy, a candidate must : Be a citizen of the United States ( unless nominated by an official of a country invited by the Department of Defense ) Be unmarried with no dependents Be of good moral character Be at least 17, but less than 23 years of age by 1 July of the year of entry Meet high leadership, academic, physical and medical standards In addition to the normal application process, all candidates must secure a nomination to the Academy, normally from a U.S. Senator or U.S. Representative. Each member of Congress and the Vice President can have five appointees attending the Air Force Academy at any time. The process for obtaining a congressional nomination is not political and candidates do not have to know their senator or representative to secure a nomination. Additional nomination slots are available for children of career military personnel, children of disabled veterans or veterans who were killed in action, or children of Medal of Honor recipients. The admissions process is a lengthy one and applicants usually begin the paperwork during their junior year of high school. Class size ( edit ) There were 306 cadets admitted for the first class ( class of 1959 ). By 1961, class size was down to 271, but due to the need for officers in the Vietnam War, grew to 745 admittees in 1970, and peaking in 1974, with 1,620, and 1975, with 1,626, the largest number ever admitted. After that class sizes shrank down to about 1,300. Despite a peak of 1,350 ( admitted 2004 ) and 1,418 ( admitted 2005 ), from 1995 to 2005 class size averaged about 1,250 freshmen. From 2005 to 2010 class sizes were slightly down from the 2005 peak. The 2013 class ( beginning 2009 ) had 1,286 and the 2014 class ( beginning Fall 2010 ) had 1,285. Cutbacks were ordered in 2011, so by 2012, the entering class ( class of 2016 ) was down to about 1,050. The current class ( class of 2019 ) began with 1,248 students. Traditions ( edit ) Prop and Wings ( edit ) Traditional Prop and Wings insignia, currently used at the U.S. Air Force Academy The Prop and Wings insignia of the Air Service ( 1918 -- 26 ), Air Corps ( 1926 -- 41 ), and Army Air Forces ( 1941 -- 47 ) became the insignia of upperclass cadets at the Air Force Academy beginning with the first class, 1959. The insignia is given to fourth class ( freshmen ) cadets at the Recognition Ceremony near the end of their first year rite of passage. The standard insignia uses the design of the Air Corps Prop and Wings, except that it is all silver instead of the gold wings and silver prop of the earlier design. Cadets who have ancestors who served in the Air Service, Air Corps, or Army Air Forces, or those who are direct descendants of Air Force Academy graduates, are eligible to wear a silver prop and gold wings set of prop and wings. Cadet sabre ( edit ) The Air Force Academy cadet sabre is carried by first class ( senior ) cadets in command positions in the Cadet Wing. All graduates are normally entitled to own no more than two sabres : one for personal use and one to be given as a gift. The Plaque and Sabre Award is the highest award given by the Cadet Wing to dignitaries and other honorees. Class ring ( edit ) The American college tradition of the class ring began with the class of 1835 at the U.S. Military Academy. From there, it spread to the U.S. Naval Academy in the class of 1869. The Air Force Academy continued the tradition, beginning with the first class, 1959, and so is the only service academy to have had class rings for every class since its founding. The Air Force ring is distinctive for being white gold instead of the yellow gold used at the other academies. Each class designs its own class crest ; the only requirements being that each crest include all the elements on the Class of 1959 's crest : the class number, the class year, the Polaris star, and the eagle. One side of the ring bears the academy crest, while the other side bears the class crest ; the center bezel bears the words United States Air Force Academy. Cadets choose their own stones for the center of the ring. The rings are received at the Ring Dance at the beginning of the Graduation Week festivities for the class ahead of the ring recipients. The rings traditionally are placed in glasses of champagne and are caught in the teeth following a toast. During the cadet 's first class ( senior ) year, the ring is worn with the class crest facing the wearer ; following graduation, the ring is turned so that the class crest faces out. The rings of all the academies were originally designed to be worn on the left hand, so that the wearer reads the name of the academy on the bezel while a cadet or midshipman and others can read it after graduation, the rings are now worn on either hand. The Academy 's Association of Graduates ( AOG ) accepts rings of deceased graduates which are melted down to form an ingot of white gold from which a portion of all future rings are made. Both the academy 's Association of Graduates and the Academy Library maintain displays of class rings. Controversies ( edit ) Honor scandals ( edit ) The first Honor scandal broke in 1965, when a resigning cadet reported knowing of more than 100 cadets who had been involved in a cheating ring. One hundred and nine cadets were ultimately expelled. Cheating scandals plagued the Academy again in 1967, 1972, 1984, 2004, 2007, 2012, and 2014. Following each of these events, the Academy thoroughly examined the etiology of the mass cheating in addition to alleged excessive pressures that the academic system at the time placed on cadets and made changes in attempts to reduce the opportunities for future incidents Allegations of sexual harassment, assault and gender bias ( edit ) See also : 2003 United States Air Force Academy sexual assault scandal The sexual assault scandal that broke in 2003 forced the Academy to look more closely at how effectively women had been integrated into cadet life ; concerns with sexual assault, hazing of male cadets, and the disciplinary process during this period were detailed in a 2010 book by a former cadet. Following the scandal and rising concerns about sexual assault throughout the U.S. military, the Department of Defense established a task force to investigate sexual harassment and assault at each of the United States service academies. The report also revealed 92 incidents of reported sexual assault. At the same time, the Academy implemented programs to combat sexual assault, harassment and gender bias. The new programs actively encourage prompt sexual assault reporting. The Academy 's decisive actions of zero tolerance were praised by officials and experts. Following the 2003 crisis, the Department of Defense directed its attention to the problem of sexual harassment and assault at the military academies. The Department of Defense claimed that the program was successful although during the school year 2010 -- 11 there were increased reports of sexual assault at the academy ; however, one goal of the program is increased reporting. There have been several attempts to prosecute cadets for rape since 2003, but only three have been successful convictions, citing the confidential informant program that ran from 2011 - 2012. The informant program was led by former AFOSI agent Brandon Enos, AFOSI 's most successful agent in Air Force Academy 's history in combating sexual assault and drug use amongst cadets. After the confidential informant program was mysteriously disbanded in 2013 on orders from General Johnson, sexual assault reporting fell by half. On 5 January 2012 rape charges were preferred against cadets in three unrelated cases. To help combat these problems, the United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations ( AFOSI ) created a system of cadet informants to hunt for misconduct among students. According to The New York Times in Academic Year 2014, `` after the informant program ended with no further convictions, reports fell by half. '' The New York Times has cited a letter to Congress from former AFOSI Agent, Staff Sergeant Brandon Enos, who said that Lieutenant General Michael C. Gould, the superintendent from 2009 to 2013 and a former quarterback on the team, had repeatedly interfered in cases involving football players. In turn Gould said to the Times that the suggestion that he had interfered with the investigation `` preposterous. '' Gould was found guilty by a report from the Pentagon in June 2016 of interfering with AFOSI investigations from 2011 - 2012, including blocking an investigation into the football coaches. Gould was removed from the College Football Selection Committee but was able to retain his retirement pay. These and other problems again rose to national prominence in the summer of 2014 when The Gazette broke an investigation into behavior by Academy cadets and faculty that included allegations of drug use, alcohol abuse, cheating, and sexual assault. This behavior, described as `` so wild that AFOSI leaders canceled a planned 2012 sting out of concern that undercover agents and confidential informants at a party would n't be enough to protect women from rape, '' prompted the Academy superintendent to call for an investigation of the Academy 's athletic department. Religious atmosphere ( edit ) In 2005, allegations surfaced that some Evangelical Christian cadets and staff were effectively engaging in religious proselytizing at the Academy. These allegations, along with concerns over how the Air Force handles other religious issues, prompted Academy graduate Michael L. Weinstein to file a lawsuit against the Air Force. An Air Force panel investigated the accusations and issued a report on 22 June 2005. The panel 's investigation found a `` religious climate that does not involve overt religious discrimination, but a failure to fully accommodate all members ' needs and a lack of awareness over where the line is drawn between permissible and impermissible expression of beliefs. '' Evidence discovered during the investigation included antisemitic remarks, official sponsorship of a showing of the film The Passion of the Christ and a locker room banner that said academy athletes played for `` Team Jesus. '' In response to the panel 's findings, the Air Force released new guidelines to discourage public prayers at official events or meetings and to facilitate worship by non-Christian religions. In 2010 the academy set up an outdoor worship area for cadets following Wicca, Neo-Druidism, or other earth - based religions to practice their faiths. A 2010 survey found that 41 percent of academy cadets who identified themselves as non-Christian reported they were subjected to unwanted religious proselytizing at least once or twice last year at the school. The survey 's results, however, showed that the number of cadets who felt pressured to join in religious activities had declined from previous years. Colorado congressman Mike Coffman criticized the academy for resisting calls to release details of the survey 's results. In 2012, 66 House Republicans complained about policies set in place the last September to curtail requirements to attend religious events. Notable alumni ( edit ) Main article : List of United States Air Force Academy alumni See also ( edit ) United States portal Military of the United States portal United States Air Force portal Colorado portal Education portal University portal Air Force Academy, Colorado Jabara Award KAFA - FM radio United States Military Academy ( Army ) United States Naval Academy United States Coast Guard Academy United States Merchant Marine Academy Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/433412/united-states-air-force-academy-usaf/ Jump up ^ `` USAFA Endowment Audit Report 2014 '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ `` General Officer Announcements ''. Jump up ^ United States Air Force Academy - Profile, Rankings and Data US News Best Colleges. Retrieved November 8, 2017 Jump up ^ `` AF Branding & Trademark Licensing > About Us > The Air Force Symbol > Display Guidelines ''. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07. Jump up ^ http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/433412/united-states-air-force-academy-usaf/ ^ Jump up to : `` A Quick Look at the U.S. Air Force Academy, Archived 23 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine., '' USAFA Fact Sheet, May 2008 ^ Jump up to : `` Air academy holds first graduation ''. Spokesman - Review. ( Spokane, Washington ). Associated Press. June 4, 1959. p. 3. Jump up ^ Cadets have also been able to `` cross-commission '' into the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard, and each year a small number of graduates do so, usually in a one - for - one `` trade '' with similarly inclined cadets or midshipmen at the other service academies. Graduates who have lost their medical qualification for commissioning while at their final semester at Academy ( a small number each year ) may receive a degree but are not commissioned. Foreign cadets will commission into their home country 's armed forces. ^ Jump up to : Air Force Academy Admissions Web site, last visited 22 Mar 2007. Archived 27 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ The commitment is normally five years of active duty and three years in the reserves, although it has varied depending on the graduate 's Air Force Specialty Code. The obligation attaches on the first day of a cadet 's second class year, and non-graduates after that point are expected to fulfill their obligations in enlisted service or pay back full tuition. ^ Jump up to : Steven A. Simon, `` A Half - Century of History, '' Fifty Years of Excellence : Building Leaders of Character for the Nation, 2004. Jump up ^ M. Hamlin Cannon and Henry S. Fellerman, Quest for an Air Force Academy, 1974. ( ASIN : B00071G1T6 ) Jump up ^ `` Air Force Academy Act signed by Eisenhower ''. Spokesman - Review. ( Spokane, Washington ). Associated Press. April 2, 1954. p. 1. Jump up ^ `` Colorado town gets air school ''. Spokesman - Review. ( Spokane, Washington ). Associated Press. June 25, 1954. p. 1. Jump up ^ `` West Point of air to rise on Colorado 's rugged land ''. Spokane Daily Chronicle. ( Washington ). United Press. June 25, 1954. p. 2. Jump up ^ `` Air Force Academy dedicated at Lowry ''. Spokesman - Review. ( Spokane, Washington ). Associated Press. July 12, 1955. p. 1. Jump up ^ Boyle, Hal ( February 20, 1956 ). `` Air Force Academy seeks new tradition ''. Spencer Daily Reporter. ( Iowa ). Associated Press. p. 8. Jump up ^ `` Arnold W. Braswell ''. mindenmemories.org. Retrieved 1 February 2012. Jump up ^ `` Air Force cadets move to new site ''. Eugene register - Guard. ( Oregon ). Associated Press. August 29, 1958. p. 1A. Jump up ^ `` Air Force Academy History ''. ^ Jump up to : Bill McKeown, `` Cadets Learned True Meaning of Service During Vietnam War, '' ( Colorado Springs ) Gazette, USAF Academy 50th Anniversary Edition, Spring 2004. Jump up ^ USAF Bio : Richard S. Ritchie, available at http://www.af.mil/history/person.asp?dec=&pid=123006498 Archived 22 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Rebecca Grant, `` The Missing Aces, '' Air Force Magazine, Sep. 2004. Archived 17 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` ' ' Air Force Museum Fact Sheet : Capt. Lance P. Sijan, ' ' ''. Nationalmuseum.af.mil. Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2012. Jump up ^ Judith Stiehm, Bring Me Men and Women : Mandated Change at the U.S. Air Force Academy ( 1981 ) online free. Jump up ^ Katherine L. Schifani, `` Bring Me Men : Intertextual Identity Formation at the US Air Force Academy. '' ( Masters Theses, U of Massachusetts - Amherst, 2008 ) : online free Jump up ^ Pam Zubeck, Women, Blacks Face Different Obstacles, '' ( Colorado Springs ) Gazette, USAF Academy 50th Anniversary Celebration, Spring 2004. Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 3 June 1954 ). `` Prescott Evening Courier ''. Prescott Evening Courier. Retrieved 27 Oct 2016. Jump up ^ Nauman, Robert Allen. ( 2004 ). On the Wings of Modernism : the United States Air Force Academy, pp. 72 -- 80., p. 72, at Google Books Jump up ^ Wilkes, Joseph A. and Robert T. Packard. ( 1989 ). Encyclopedia of Architecture : Design, Engineering & Construction, p. 454. Jump up ^ `` Radical Design Dropped For Air Academy Chapel, '' New York Times. 4 July 1955. Jump up ^ Particularly in the early days, cadets at the other service academies teasingly referred to USAFA as `` Alcoa U '' or `` Aluminum U. '' Jump up ^ `` United States Air Force Academy, Cadet Area ''. National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 13 November 2007. Retrieved 16 October 2007. Jump up ^ John H. Sprinkle, Ed., `` National Historic Landmark Nomination Study, US Air Force Academy Archived 5 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. '', National Park Service, 1 April 2004 Jump up ^ Although the number of spires is only significant to the architectural proportions of the chapel, cadets and chaplains sometimes joke that the seventeen spires represent the `` 12 Apostles and the 5 Chiefs of Staff. '' The original reference was to the Chiefs of Staff of the four major branches of the US armed services and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs. With the addition of a Vice Chairman in the late 1980s changing the number to six, the reference came to be thought of as the five Air Force Chiefs of Staff in the USAF 's history up until the completion of the chapel in 1963. Jump up ^ `` USAFA Department of Aeronautics, Aero Research Center ''. Web.archive.org. 30 March 2008. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20. ^ Jump up to : `` The Honor Code, Archived 26 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. '' USAFA Fact Sheet, April 2009, Retrieved 3 April 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Honor Code Reference Handbook - Volume II -- The Honor System ``, ( 646 KB ) USAFA, August 2008, Retrieved 3 April 2010 -- Although the original code adopted was identical to West Point 's Honor Code ( '' We will not lie, cheat or steal, or tolerate among us those who do. `` ), it was modified slightly in 1960 -- 61 to its current wording. Jump up ^ Center for Character and Leadership Development, Project, U.S. Air Force Academy CCLD. Retrieved 26 October 2013 Jump up ^ Don Hall, Class of ' 76, created the popular character `` Waldo F. Dumbsquat, whose Svejk - like innocence and good intentions overcome his abysmal ineptitude. Jump up ^ The `` degree '' terminology comes from a generic ordinal indicator used for classes in the early years of the Academy -- for example, `` 2 ° '' was read as `` second class. '' In recent years, `` degree '' has been further shortened to `` dig '', as in `` 4 digs '', `` 3 digs '', etc. Jump up ^ Air Force Mission Directive 12, paragraph 2.1 Jump up ^ Wyatt, Kristen ( 24 July 2009 ). `` First openly gay member, U.S. Rep. Jared Polis, joins Air Force Academy board ''. Associated Press. Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15. `` Polis said he expects that Congress will start debating as soon as this fall a repeal of the 1993 ban on gay service members. '' Jump up ^ Idiots Guide to Careers in the Military. Google Books. 2002. ISBN 9780028643816. Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Basic Cadet Training - Air Force Academy ''. Air Force Academy. Jump up ^ Baillie, Amber ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ). `` AFA to award new cybersecurity degree ''. The Colorado Springs Business Journal. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 27. ^ Jump up to : Athletics, USAFA Fact Sheet, April 2006 Archived 9 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Physical Fitness ''. Air Force Academy. Jump up ^ `` WAC Adds Men 's Soccer '' ( Press release ). Western Athletic Conference. January 9, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Mountain West Conference ''. themw.com. Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 26. Jump up ^ `` Profile : Coach Ed Weichers, USAFA Sports Site ''. Goairforcefalcons.cstv.com. Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Air Force Academy Rugby ''. 29 September 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Jump up ^ `` '' Comeback Effort Falls Just Short, 68 -- 67, '' AP Wire Story ``. Goairforcefalcons.cstv.com. 27 March 2007. Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20. Jump up ^ `` David Albright, `` Gophers Earn NCAA Hockey No. 1 Overall Seed, '' ESPN.com, accessed Apr. 9, 2007 ``. ESPN. 18 March 2007. Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20. Jump up ^ Roeder, Tom ( 2 August 2014 ). `` Air Force Academy superintendent orders investigation of athletic department after Gazette inquiry ''. gazette.com. Colorado Springs Gazette. Retrieved 3 August 2014. Jump up ^ USAFA Admissions Eligibility Archived 27 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ U.S. Air Force Academy Admissions Philosophy, USAFA Fact Sheet, April 2006. Archived 3 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ USAFA Admissions : International Student Guidelines Archived 30 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Air Force Academy ''. Admissions team, United States Air Force Academy. ^ Jump up to : Roeder, Tom ( 13 June 2005 ). `` AFA class size grows as Air Force downsizes ''. The Gazette. Colorado Springs. Archived from the original on 23 December 2013. Jump up ^ Staff ( 1983 ). `` Military Schools Are Again Popular With Students ''. Education Week ( 19 January 1983 ). Jump up ^ United States General Accounting Office ( 1992 ). Service Academies : Historical Proportion of New Officers During Benchmark Periods ( GAO / NSIAD - 92 - 90 ) ( PDF ). Washington, D.C. : U.S. General Accounting Office. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 November 2008. Jump up ^ `` America 's Best Colleges : # 7 United States Air Force Academy ''. Forbes. 5 August 2009. Archived from the original on 9 August 2009. ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 7 February 2011 ). `` Academy told to cut enrollment to save money ''. The Gazette. Colorado Springs. Archived from the original on 23 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Commissioning Week Traditions ''. Usna.com. Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Class Ring Heritage ''. Association of Graduates, United States Air Force Academy. Archived from the original on 26 July 2007. Jump up ^ Erin Emery, 19 AFA Cadets Admit Cheating, Denver Post, 8 Feb. 2007 In April 2004, cadets were given a military knowledge test over the computer in cadet dorms. An estimated 265 cadets were questioned for cheating then, when academy officials noticed it took only three minutes for cadets to take a 25 - question test. Several cadets resigned during the investigation. Jump up ^ Chase Squires, `` Air Force Academy Investigates Cheating, '' ABC News, 7 February 2007. Approximately 28 freshmen cadets, including 19 varsity athletes, were investigated for possible cheating on a military knowledge test. The answers were reportedly posted on a social - networking Web site. `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011. Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 03. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Graney, David W. ( 2010 ). Rogue institution : vigilante injustice, lawlessness, and disorder at the Air Force Academy ( 1st ed. ). Tucson, AZ : Wheatmark. ISBN 9781604943955. Jump up ^ `` Report of the Defense Task Force on Sexual Assault and Violence at the Service Academies, June 2005 '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20. Jump up ^ `` David Kassabian, `` Experts Praise AFA 's Steps Against Sex Assault, '' ' ' Aimpoints, ' ' Oct. 7, 2005 ``. Aimpoints.hq.af.mil. 7 October 2005. Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Department of Defense Annual Report on Sexual Harassment and Violence at the Military Service Academies Academic Program Year 2010 -- 2011 : Report to the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives '' ( PDF ). United States Department of Defense. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2011. The 65 reports represent an increase from the 41 reports made in APY 09 - 10. The Department does not have the ability to conclusively identify the reasons for this increase in reporting behavior. However, in prior years ' assessments, the Department identified steps the academies could take to encourage more victims to report. Some of the increased reporting of sexual assault may be attributed to these efforts as well as many other factors. Jump up ^ Tom Roeder ( 5 January 2012 ). `` 3 AFA cadets charged with rape ''. The Colorado Springs Gazette. Retrieved 5 January 2012. Jump up ^ Philipps, Dave ( 1 December 2013 ). `` HONOR AND DECEPTION : A secretive Air Force program recruits academy students to inform on fellow cadets and disavows them afterward ''. gazette.com. Colorado Springs Gazette. Retrieved 1 December 2013. ^ Jump up to : Phillips, Dave ( 9 August 2014 ). `` Informant Debate Renewed as Air Force Revisits Cadet Misconduct ''. The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 15 August 2014. Jump up ^ Tom Roeder ( August 4, 2014 ). `` Broken Code : AFA superintendent calls for investigation of athletic transgressions ''. The Gazette. Retrieved August 4, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Zealots at the Air Force Academy, editorial, ' ' New York Times, ' ' Jun. 11, 2005 ''. Select.nytimes.com. 11 June 2005. Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20. Jump up ^ Weinstein 's 2006 book With God on Our Side ( ISBN 0 - 312 - 36143 - 2 ) details the alleged proselytization and harassment at the Academy. Jump up ^ `` Air Force Sued over Religion, CBS News, Oct. 6, 2005 ''. Cbsnews.com. 11 February 2009. Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20. Jump up ^ Report of HQ Review Group Concerning the Religious Climate at the U.S. Air Force Academy, 22 June 2005. Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Banerjee, Neela, `` Religion and Its Role Are in Dispute at the Service Academies '', New York Times, 25 June 2008 Jump up ^ Associated Press, `` Colorado : Academy Accommodates Wiccans '', New York Times, 2 February 2010. Jump up ^ Correll, DeeDee, `` Cross Found At Air Force Pagan Center '', Los Angeles Times, 3 February 2010, p. 8. Jump up ^ Elliot, Dan, `` 41 % Of Non-Christian AF Cadets Cite Proselytizing '', Atlanta Journal - Constitution, 29 October 2010. Jump up ^ Benzel, Lance, `` AFASurvey : Cadets Fear Racial, Religious Bias '', Colorado Springs Gazette, 30 October 2010. Jump up ^ Lisee, Chris. `` Debate reignites over religion at Air Force Academy. '' Religion News Service, 16 July 2012. References ( edit ) Bruegmann, Robert. Modernism at Mid-Century : The Architecture of the United States Air Force Academy. University of Chicago Press : 1995. ISBN 0 - 226 - 07693 - 8. Celebrating the U.S. Air Force Academy 's Golden Anniversary, ( Colorado Springs ) Gazette, Special Edition, Spring 2004. Contrails ( various years ) Fagan, George V. Air Force Academy : An Illustrated History. Johnson Books : 1988. ISBN 1 - 55566 - 032 - 0. Fifty Years of Excellence : Building Leaders of Character for the Nation, 2004. Lui, Elizabeth Gill. Spirit and Flight : A Photographic Salute to the United States Air Force Academy. 1996. ISBN 0 - 9652585 - 0 - 5. Nauman, Robert Allen. ( 2004 ). On the Wings of Modernism : the United States Air Force Academy. Urbana : University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 02891 - 5 ; OCLC 52542599 Schemo, Diana Jean. Skies to Conquer : A Year Inside the Air Force Academy. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. : 2010. Schifani, Katherine L. `` Bring Me Men : Intertextual Identity Formation at the US Air Force Academy. '' ( Masters Theses, U of Massachusetts - Amherst, 2008 ) : online free Stiehm, Judith. Bring Me Men and Women : Mandated Change at the U.S. Air Force Academy ( 1981 ) online free. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Air Force Academy. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "the organization of the faculty and the Cadet Wing have some aspects that are more similar to the faculty and student body at a civilian college. The Cadet Wing ( edit ) Main article : United States Air Force Academy Cadet Wing Air Force Academy cadets celebrate after graduation. The student body of the Academy is known as the Cadet Wing. The students, called `` cadets '', are divided into four classes, based on their year in school, much like a civilian college. They are not referred to as freshmen, sophomores, juniors and seniors, however, but as fourth -, third -, second - and first class cadets, respectively. Fourth class cadets ( freshmen ) are often referred to as `` doolies, '' a term derived from the Greek word δοῦλος ( `` doulos '' ) meaning `` slave '' or `` servant. '' Members of the three lower classes are also referred to as `` 4 degrees, '' `` 3 degrees '' or `` 2 degrees '' based on their class. First - class cadets ( seniors ) are referred to as `` firsties. '' In the military structure of the Cadet Wing, first class cadets hold the positions of cadet officers, second class cadets act as the cadet non-commissioned officers and third class cadets represent the cadet junior non-commissioned officers. The Cadet Wing is divided into four groups", "that are more similar to the faculty and student body at a civilian college. The Cadet Wing ( edit ) Main article : United States Air Force Academy Cadet Wing Air Force Academy cadets celebrate after graduation. The student body of the Academy is known as the Cadet Wing. The students, called `` cadets '', are divided into four classes, based on their year in school, much like a civilian college. They are not referred to as freshmen, sophomores, juniors and seniors, however, but as fourth -, third -, second - and first class cadets, respectively. Fourth class cadets ( freshmen ) are often referred to as `` doolies, '' a term derived from the Greek word δοῦλος ( `` doulos '' ) meaning `` slave '' or `` servant. '' Members of the three lower classes are also referred to as `` 4 degrees, '' `` 3 degrees '' or `` 2 degrees '' based on their class. First - class cadets ( seniors ) are referred to as `` firsties. '' In the military structure of the Cadet Wing, first class cadets hold the positions of cadet officers, second class cadets act as the cadet non-commissioned officers and third class cadets represent the cadet junior non-commissioned officers. The Cadet Wing is divided into four groups, of ten cadet squadrons each. Each cadet squadron", "cadets celebrate after graduation. The student body of the Academy is known as the Cadet Wing. The students, called `` cadets '', are divided into four classes, based on their year in school, much like a civilian college. They are not referred to as freshmen, sophomores, juniors and seniors, however, but as fourth -, third -, second - and first class cadets, respectively. Fourth class cadets ( freshmen ) are often referred to as `` doolies, '' a term derived from the Greek word δοῦλος ( `` doulos '' ) meaning `` slave '' or `` servant. '' Members of the three lower classes are also referred to as `` 4 degrees, '' `` 3 degrees '' or `` 2 degrees '' based on their class. First - class cadets ( seniors ) are referred to as `` firsties. '' In the military structure of the Cadet Wing, first class cadets hold the positions of cadet officers, second class cadets act as the cadet non-commissioned officers and third class cadets represent the cadet junior non-commissioned officers. The Cadet Wing is divided into four groups, of ten cadet squadrons each. Each cadet squadron consists of about 110 cadets, roughly evenly distributed among the four classes. Selected first -, second - and third - class cadets hold leadership, operational and support jobs at the squadron, group and" ], "id": [ "4396788629324501988" ], "short_answers": [ "Fourth class cadets", "doolies", "4 degrees" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Shelley Morrison - wikipedia Shelley Morrison Jump to : navigation, search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Shelley Morrison Rachel Mitrani ( 1936 - 10 - 26 ) October 26, 1936 ( age 81 ) New York City, New York U.S. Other names Rachel Dominguez Occupation Actress Years active 1961 -- 2016 Spouse ( s ) Walter Dominguez ( m. 1973 ) Website http://shelleymorrison.com/ Shelley Morrison ( born Rachel Mitrani ; October 26, 1936 ) is an American actress. Early in her career, she was sometimes credited as Rachel Domínguez. Morrison has been a theater and television actress since the early 1960s, predominantly as a character actress in ethnic roles. Her most recognizable role has been as the maid Rosario Salazar in the NBC comedy television series Will & Grace, which she played from 1999 to 2006. She was a regular performer on the sitcom The Flying Nun playing Sister Sixto, a nun known mostly for mangling the English language ; and she continued in television guest roles until securing a recurring role in the soap opera General Hospital in 1982. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Cancer 4 Activism 5 Personal life 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Morrison was born in New York City, the only daughter of Sephardic Jewish ( specifically, Spanish Jewish ) parents, originally surnamed Mitrani. She was raised in the Bronx, New York, and her first language was Spanish. Her father, Maurice Morris, was a clothing manufacturer. Morrison moved to California with her parents in 1946. Career ( edit ) Morrison went on to study acting at Los Angeles City College and landed early film roles in Divorce American Style and How to Save a Marriage ( And Ruin Your Life ). From 1965 to 1967, she appeared four times as an American Indian, Linda Little Trees, in the NBC western television series Laredo ( in the episodes `` Yahoo '', `` Jinx '', `` No Bugles, One Drum '', and `` Split the Difference. '' ) In 1967, she capitalized on her own experiences learning English to play the Puerto Rican nun, Sister Sixto, who had trouble with English in Sally Field 's show The Flying Nun. She would keep this role until the show was cancelled in 1970. Morrison 's most widely recognizable recent role has been as the Salvadoran maid Rosario Inés Consuelo Yolanda Salazar on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace. She appeared in 68 episodes from 1999 to 2006 ( as well as a brief cameo appearance on the September 2016 Will & Grace webisode in support of Hillary Clinton 's presidential campaign ). The role was originally created for a brief one - episode appearance, but Rosario was so popular with viewers that she became a recurring character. In addition to sparring with her libertine and very spoiled employer, Karen Walker ( Megan Mullally ), Rosario married Karen 's gay friend Jack McFarland ( Sean Hayes ) to prevent her impending deportation. Among approximately 25 film appearances and 200 television appearances, Morrison has portrayed a maid or housekeeper on 32 separate occasions. Morrison had just informed her agent not to offer her any more `` maid parts '' when the call came for Will & Grace. In 2017, NBC revived Will & Grace for a new series of episodes. On August 3, 2017, co-creator Max Mutchnick announced to reporters that Morrison had been asked to reprise her role as Salazar on the show, but that she had ultimately decided to retire completely from acting. Although her last official acting role was a voiceover in the 2012 animated film Foodfight!, her final appearance as an actress was the 2016 election - themed webisode of Will & Grace. Cancer ( edit ) Morrison underwent a lumpectomy for breast cancer in 1988, followed by a full mastectomy when the cancer recurred in 1998. She had lung cancer and underwent surgery to remove the upper third of her right lung. Morrison 's lung cancer went into remission, but her breast cancer returned after the treatment in 1988 and 1998. Activism ( edit ) Morrison endorsed U.S. Congressman Dennis Kucinich for President in 2008, actively fundraising, contributing to his campaign, and seeking votes for him. Personal Life ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Morrison lives with her husband of many years, Walter Domínguez, a Mexican - American, in a three - story apartment in Los Angeles -- the same apartment in which her father had settled the family five decades earlier. Morrison and Dominguez adopted three sons and three daughters ( adopted through a traditional Native American ceremony ). References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fretts, Bruce ; Roush, Matt. `` The Greatest Shows on Earth ''. TV Guide. 61 ( 3194 - 3195 ) : 16 -- 19. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sheridan, Patricia ( August 23, 2004 ). `` Shelley Morrison ''. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28. Jump up ^ `` Shelley Morrison ''. Internet Movie Data Base. Retrieved January 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Shelley Morrison '', IMDb and `` The Flying Nun '', IMDb Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kate ; Goldberg, Lesley ( August 3, 2017 ). `` ' Will & Grace ' : Why Shelley Morrison 's Rosario wo n't return for the revival ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 28, 2017. External links ( edit ) Shelley Morrison on IMDb VIAF : 68651172 LCCN : no2004106384 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Morrison&oldid=811177829 '' Categories : 1936 births American film actresses American television actresses Jewish American actresses Actresses from New York City Living people American people of Spanish - Jewish descent American Sephardic Jews Los Angeles City College alumni Lung cancer survivors People from the Bronx People from the Greater Los Angeles Area 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL BLP articles lacking sources from May 2012 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Suomi اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017, at 00 : 34. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Shelley Morrison", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Shelley_Morrison&amp;oldid=811177829" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "15186173458239009708" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "UK singles chart records and statistics - wikipedia UK singles chart records and statistics hide This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( July 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The UK Singles Chart was first compiled in 1969. However the records and statistics listed here date back to 1952 because the Official Charts Company counts a selected period of the New Musical Express chart ( only from 1952 to 1960 ) and the Record Retailer chart from 1960 to 1969 as predecessors for the period prior to 11 February 1969, where multiples of competing charts coexisted side by side. For example, the BBC compiled its own chart based on an average of the music papers of the time ; many songs announced as having reached number one on BBC Radio and Top of the Pops prior to 1969 may not be listed here as chart - toppers since they do not meet the legacy criteria of the Charts Company. Contents 1 Most number ones 1.1 Most Number One appearances by an individual ( solo or as part of a group ) 1.2 Progression of the record 2 Most combined weeks at number one on the UK singles charts 3 Most weeks at number one 4 Number ones by different artists 5 Most number ones from chart debut 6 Biggest - selling singles 7 Biggest - selling singles artists 8 Posthumous number ones 9 Lowest selling number one 10 Acts to occupy number one and number two 11 Self - replacement at number one 12 Fastest selling single 13 Non-English language number - ones 14 Most Number One appearances by a non-British act or band 15 Biggest selling single not to top the chart 16 Most number two peaks 17 Most weeks at number two 18 Downloads 19 Most weeks on UK Singles Chart by decade 19.1 1950s 19.2 1960s 19.3 1970s 19.4 1980s 19.5 1990s 19.6 2000s 19.7 2010s ( up to and including week ending 17 November 2016 ) 19.8 Top chart acts per year by total weeks on the singles chart 20 Age records 20.1 Youngest 20.2 Oldest 21 Other records 21.1 General 21.2 Most hits without reaching... 21.3 Weeks on chart by individual singles 21.4 Most singles in a year 21.5 Simultaneously charting song 21.6 Longest time between number one hit singles for an artist 21.7 Album with most original number - one hits 21.8 Biggest jump to number one 21.9 Biggest drop out of the Top 10 into elsewhere in the top 200 21.10 Singles to have stalled at Number 2 twice 21.11 Longest playing singles to reach Number 1 21.12 Shortest playing single to reach Number 1 21.13 Acts to peak across the entire top ten 21.14 First to... 22 See also 23 References Most number ones ( edit ) See also : List of artists by number of UK Singles Chart number ones The following is a list of all the acts who are on five or more UK number one songs with an individual credit ( meaning, the main artist or named separately as a featured artist -- being part of a group does not count towards an individual 's total ). Simply playing or singing on a single without credit will not count, or the top positions would almost certainly belong to session musicians such as Clem Cattini who is reported to have played drums on over 40 number ones. Total Artist 21 Elvis Presley 17 The Beatles 14 Cliff Richard Westlife 13 Madonna 12 The Shadows Take That 9 ABBA Spice Girls Rihanna Eminem Calvin Harris 8 The Rolling Stones Oasis 7 George Michael Michael Jackson Kylie Minogue Elton John U2 McFly Robbie Williams Tinie Tempah Jess Glynne 6 Slade Rod Stewart Blondie Boyzone Queen Sugababes JLS Britney Spears David Guetta Justin Bieber Sam Smith 5 The Police David Bowie Bee Gees All Saints Beyoncé Dizzee Rascal The Black Eyed Peas Ne - Yo Flo Rida will.i.am Cheryl Bruno Mars One Direction Katy Perry Ed Sheeran Drake Most Number One appearances by an individual ( solo or as part of a group ) ( edit ) Paul McCartney - 25 Elvis Presley - 21 John Lennon - 20 Robbie Williams - 20 George Harrison - 19 Ringo Starr - 17 Shane Filan - 16 Gary Barlow - 16 Mark Feehily - 15 Cliff Richard - 15 Kian Egan - 15 Nicky Byrne - 15 Geri Halliwell - 14 Madonna - 13 Brian McFadden - 13 George Michael - 12 Cheryl - 10 Progression of the record ( edit ) Al Martino was the first act to have a number one single, with `` Here in My Heart '' in November 1952. Seven months later Eddie Fisher became the first act to have two number one singles, with `` I 'm Walking Behind You '' following `` Outside of Heaven ''. In November 1953 Frankie Laine scored a third number one single with `` Answer Me '' and a fourth with `` A Woman in Love '' in October 1956. In 1960 `` It 's Now or Never '' gave Elvis Presley his fifth number - one single. He increased the record ten times until June 1965 when `` Crying in the Chapel '' became his 15th number one. The Beatles then took the record with a 16th, `` Get Back '', and 17th, `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '', their last number one to date. After his death in August 1977, Elvis scored a 17th chart topper with `` Way Down '' to tie. Westlife hold the record for getting into double - figures in the shortest time ( 2 years and 10 months ( ie. 149 weeks ) - more than 3 months quicker than The Beatles ( who took 165 weeks ). Unlike Westlife, however, The Beatles tended to spend several weeks at the summit, slowing down their release rate. ) In 2002, having been used in a Nike World Cup advertisement, a 1968 Elvis song `` A Little Less Conversation '' was remixed as Elvis vs JXL and went straight to the top for 4 weeks, giving Elvis his 18th number one single. Celebrating the 70th anniversary of his birthday, all of Elvis ' 18 number ones were re-issued in 2005. Despite being re-issues, they were given different catalogue numbers and therefore count as separate singles, giving Elvis 21 number one singles. ^ Note : The Shadows, or The Drifters as they were originally called, are credited on twelve # 1 singles. Seven of these share credit with Cliff Richard and some lists recognise only their 5 chart - topping singles without Richard. Paul McCartney ( 25 ) is the highest charting male and British performer, Geri Halliwell ( 14 ) is the highest charting British female performer, Mark Feehily of Westlife ( 15 ) is the highest charting male performer from the LGBT group, Elvis Presley ( 21 ) is the highest charting solo, male, non-British and American performer, Madonna ( 13 ) is the highest charting female non-British performer, Spice Girls ( 9 ) is the highest charting girl group, Beatles ( 17 ) is the highest charting group, male group and British group, ABBA ( 9 ) is the highest charting Swedish and mixed group, Shane Filan of Westlife ( 16 ) is the highest charting solo Irish act, Westlife ( 15 ) is the highest charting non-British group, pop group and Irish group with most number one appearances in the UK Singles Chart. Most combined weeks at number one on the UK singles charts ( edit ) Rank Artist Weeks at # 1 Elvis Presley 80 The Beatles 69 Cliff Richard 46 The Shadows 44 5 Frankie Laine 32 6 ABBA 31 7 Justin Bieber 30 Drake 8 Madonna 29 Take That 9 Rihanna 25 10 Ed Sheeran 24 11 Elton John 23 Wet Wet Wet 12 Spice Girls 22 Most weeks at number one ( edit ) The record for most non-consecutive weeks at number one is 18 by Frankie Laine 's `` I Believe '' in 1953. It spent nine weeks at number one, dropped down for a week, returned to number one for six weeks, dropped down for a further week and returned to number one for a third time for three weeks. The longest unbroken run at number one is `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' by Bryan Adams, which spent 16 consecutive weeks in 1991. Below is a table of all singles that have spent 10 or more weeks at the top of the charts : Position Artist Single Year Weeks Frankie Laine `` I Believe '' * 1953 18 weeks Bryan Adams `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' 1991 16 weeks Wet Wet Wet `` Love Is All Around '' 1994 15 weeks Drake ( feat. Wizkid and Kyla ) `` One Dance '' 2016 5 Queen `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' * 1975 / 76 & 1991 / 92 14 weeks Ed Sheeran `` Shape of You '' * 2017 7 Slim Whitman `` Rose Marie '' 1955 11 weeks Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee ( feat. Justin Bieber ) `` Despacito '' * 2017 9 David Whitfield `` Cara Mia '' 1954 10 weeks Whitney Houston `` I Will Always Love You '' 1992 Rihanna ( feat. Jay - Z ) `` Umbrella '' 2007 Note : Songs denoted with an asterisk ( * ) spent non-consecutive weeks at number one. Number ones by different artists ( edit ) Currently two songs have reached number one four times by different artists : `` Unchained Melody '' and `` Do They Know It 's Christmas? ''. Three of the versions of `` Unchained Melody '' sold over a million copies, while two of the versions of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas? '' achieved this. The lyrics of the Band Aid 30 version were changed to give it relevance to the 2014 Ebola crisis. Numerous artists appear on more than one version of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas? ''. Four artists `` Unchained Melody '' -- Jimmy Young ( 1955 ), The Righteous Brothers ( 1990 ), Robson & Jerome ( 1995 ) and Gareth Gates ( 2002 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas? '' -- Band Aid ( 1984 ), Band Aid II ( 1989 ), Band Aid 20 ( 2004 ) and Band Aid 30 ( 2014 ) Three artists `` Spirit in the Sky '' -- Norman Greenbaum ( 1971 ), Doctor and the Medics ( 1986 ) and Gareth Gates and The Kumars ( 2003 ) `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' -- Gerry & The Pacemakers ( 1963 ), The Crowd ( 1985 ) and Robson & Jerome ( 1996 ) `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' -- Joe Cocker ( 1968 ), Wet Wet Wet ( 1988 ) and Sam & Mark ( 2004 ) Two artists `` Answer Me '' -- David Whitfield and Frankie Laine ( 1953 ) `` Cherry Pink ( and Apple Blossom White ) '' -- Perez Prado and Eddie Calvert ( 1955 ) `` Singing the Blues '' -- Guy Mitchell and Tommy Steele ( 1957 ) `` Young Love '' -- Tab Hunter ( 1957 ) and Donny Osmond ( 1973 ) `` Mary 's Boy Child '' -- Harry Belafonte ( 1957 ) and Boney M. ( 1978 ) `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard and The Drifters ( 1959 ) and Cliff Richard and The Young Ones feat. Hank Marvin ( 1986 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' -- Elvis Presley ( 1962 ) and UB40 ( 1993 ) `` I Got You Babe '' -- Sonny & Cher ( 1965 ) and UB40 and Chrissie Hynde ( 1985 ) `` Somethin ' Stupid '' -- Frank Sinatra and Nancy Sinatra ( 1967 ) and Robbie Williams and Nicole Kidman ( 2001 ) `` Baby Come Back '' -- The Equals ( 1967 ) and Pato Banton feat. UB40 ( 1994 ) `` What a Wonderful World '' -- Louis Armstrong ( 1968 ) and Katie Melua and Eva Cassidy ( 2007 ) `` Dizzy '' -- Tommy Roe ( 1969 ) and Vic Reeves and The Wonder Stuff ( 1991 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Simon and Garfunkel ( 1970 ) and Artists for Grenfell ( 2017 ) `` Without You '' -- Harry Nilsson ( 1972 ) and Mariah Carey ( 1994 ) `` Seasons in the Sun '' -- Terry Jacks ( 1974 ) and Westlife ( 1999 ) `` Everything I Own '' -- Ken Boothe ( 1974 ) and Boy George ( 1987 ) `` Tragedy '' -- Bee Gees ( 1979 ) and Steps ( 1999 ) `` The Tide Is High '' -- Blondie ( 1980 ) and Atomic Kitten ( 2002 ) `` Uptown Girl '' -- Billy Joel ( 1983 ) and Westlife ( 2001 ) `` The Power of Love '' -- Frankie Goes to Hollywood ( 1984 ) and Gabrielle Aplin ( 2012 ) `` He Ai n't Heavy He 's My Brother '' - The Hollies ( 1988 ) and The Justice Collective ( 2012 ) `` Eternal Flame '' -- The Bangles ( 1989 ) and Atomic Kitten ( 2001 ) `` You Are Not Alone '' -- Michael Jackson ( 1995 ) and The X Factor finalists 2009 ( 2009 ) `` Lady Marmalade '' -- All Saints ( 1998 ) and Christina Aguilera, Lil ' Kim, Mýa and Pink ( 2001 ) `` Mambo No. 5 '' -- Lou Bega ( 1999 ) and Bob the Builder ( 2001 ) `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' -- Mariah Carey feat. Westlife ( 2000 ) and Steve Brookstein ( 2005 ) `` Wake Me Up '' -- Avicii ( 2013 ) and Gareth Malone 's All Star Choir ( 2014 ) Most number ones from chart debut ( edit ) In 1963, Gerry & the Pacemakers became the first act to have their first three singles reach number one when `` How Do You Do It? '', `` I Like It '' & `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' all hit the top spot. The record was equalled by Frankie Goes to Hollywood in 1984 and five years later by Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers. During 1996 and 1997, the Spice Girls took their first six singles to number one from `` Wannabe '' to `` Too Much ''. Westlife became the first music act, group, male group and pop band to have their first seven singles ( `` Swear It Again '', `` If I Let You Go '', `` Flying Without Wings '', `` I Have a Dream / Seasons in the Sun '', `` Fool Again '', `` Against All Odds '' & `` My Love '' ) to reach number one from 1999 to 2000. Biggest - selling singles ( edit ) See also : List of best - selling singles in the United Kingdom Best - selling singles in the UK No. Single Artist Record label Released Chart peak Sales `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' Elton John Rocket September 1997 4,920,000 `` Do They Know It 's Christmas? '' Band Aid Mercury November 1984 3,750,000 `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' Queen EMI October 1975 2,440,000 `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' Wings Parlophone November 1977 2,080,000 5 `` You 're the One That I Want '' John Travolta and Olivia Newton - John RSO May 1978 2,050,000 6 `` Relax '' Frankie Goes to Hollywood ZTT January 1984 2,030,000 7 `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' Boney M. Atlantic / Hansa April 1978 2,020,000 8 `` She Loves You '' The Beatles Parlophone August 1963 1,930,000 9 `` Love Is All Around '' Wet Wet Wet PolyGram May 1994 1,860,000 10 `` Mary 's Boy Child -- Oh My Lord '' Boney M. Atlantic / Hansa November 1978 1,860,000 ^ Jump up to : The record labels, dates and chart peaks are those given by the OCC. Jump up ^ The sales are those given by the OCC as of 27 June 2013, except where a more recent OCC figure is available. Biggest - selling singles artists ( edit ) Artists with references have been updated as the original list was published by the Official Charts Company during 2012. This means that positions on this list may not be 100 % accurately reflected as most of the artists are still active and releasing new singles. This includes all singles ( solo, duets and as featuring artists ) and in all formats ( vinyl, cassette, CD, digital ). All singles with collaborations are counted multiple times on the list. Collaborations are important especially for artists of the 21 century. For instance, Rihanna is number 2 on the list but if only solo singles were counted or her shared sales were splitted she would not even be among the TOP 10 best selling artists as around 70 % of her sales are from collaborations. Madonna ( 28,345,000 ) Rihanna ( 27,100,000 ) Michael Jackson ( 26,995,000 ) The Beatles ( 22,100,000 ) Elton John ( 21,635,000 ) Cliff Richard ( 21,500,000 ) Queen ( 12,800,000 ) Elvis Presley ( 12,205,000 ) David Bowie ( 12,000,000 ) ABBA ( 11,300,000 ) Paul McCartney ( 10,200,000 ) Kylie Minogue ( 10,100,000 ) The Rolling Stones ( 10,100,000 ) Rod Stewart Take That Stevie Wonder Oasis ( 9,079,000 ) Eminem Whitney Houston Spice Girls ( 8,500,000 ) George Michael Robbie Williams Bee Gees ( 7,600,000 ) U2 ( 7,500,000 ) Shakin ' Stevens Britney Spears Lady Gaga ( 7,357,000 ) Status Quo ( 7,200,000 ) Boyzone ( 7,100,000 ) Blondie ( 7,037,000 ) The Black Eyed Peas ( 7,034,000 ) Boney M ( 6,859,000 ) Slade ( 6,856,000 ) Westlife ( 6,830,000 ) Celine Dion Beyoncé UB40 ( 6,600,000 ) Olivia Newton - John Mariah Carey Tom Jones Posthumous number ones ( edit ) Buddy Holly ( d. 3 February 1959 ) - `` It Does n't Matter Anymore '' ( 24 April 1959 ) Eddie Cochran ( d. 17 April 1960 ) - `` Three Steps to Heaven '' ( 23 June 1960 ) Jim Reeves ( d. 31 July 1964 ) - `` Distant Drums '' ( 22 September 1966 ) The Jimi Hendrix Experience ( group member Jimi Hendrix died on 18 September 1970 ) - `` Voodoo Chile '' ( 21 November 1970 ) Elvis Presley ( d. 16 August 1977 ) - `` Way Down '' ( 3 September 1977 ) John Lennon ( d. 8 December 1980 ) - `` ( Just Like ) Starting Over '' ( 20 December 1980 ) John Lennon - `` Imagine '' ( 10 January 1981 ) John Lennon - `` Woman '' ( 7 February 1981 ) Jackie Wilson ( d. 21 January 1984 ) - `` Reet Petite '' ( 27 December 1986 ) Queen ( group member Freddie Mercury died on 24 November 1991 ) - `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' / `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' ( 21 December 1991 ) Freddie Mercury - `` Living on My Own '' ( 14 August 1993 ) Aaliyah ( d. 25 August 2001 ) - `` More Than a Woman '' ( 19 January 2002 ) George Harrison ( d. 29 November 2001 ) - `` My Sweet Lord '' ( 26 January 2002 ) Elvis Presley - `` A Little Less Conversation '' ( with JXL ) ( 22 June 2002 ) Elvis Presley - `` Jailhouse Rock '' ( 15 January 2005 ) Elvis Presley - `` One Night '' / `` I Got Stung '' ( 22 January 2005 ) Elvis Presley - `` It 's Now or Never '' ( 5 February 2005 ) Tupac Shakur ( d. 13 September 1996 ) - `` Ghetto Gospel '' ( with Elton John ) ( 2 July 2005 ) The Notorious B.I.G. ( d. 9 March 1997 ) - `` Nasty Girl '' ( with Diddy, Nelly, Jagged Edge and Avery Storm ) ( 4 February 2006 ) Eva Cassidy ( d. 2 November 1996 ) - `` What a Wonderful World '' ( with Katie Melua ) ( 22 December 2007 ) Lowest selling number one ( edit ) The lowest weekly sale for a number one single is 17,694 copies held by Orson 's `` No Tomorrow '' in 2006. The addition of downloads to the UK charts meant that singles could reach number one with no physical copy being released. The first single to achieve this was Gnarls Barkley 's `` Crazy '' in early 2006. Since 2014, audio streaming has been included in the calculation of chart position, so it is now possible for a single to reach number one without selling any copies ( if it were only available on streaming services ). In the week ending 24 September 2015, `` What Do You Mean? '' by Justin Bieber became the first number one with over half of its chart sales made up of streaming points, with sales of 30,000 and 36,000 points from 3.6 million streams. Since the incorporation of streaming into the singles chart, the Official Charts Company have continued to compile a sales only chart. In week ending 27 April 2017 `` Sign of the Times '' by Harry Styles became the first number one in the sales only chart to sell less than `` No Tomorrow '' by Orson, with 16,686 copies. Acts to occupy number one and number two ( edit ) The Beatles `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' and `` She Loves You '' ( three weeks in December 1963 ) `` Hello Goodbye '' and `` Magical Mystery Tour '' ( three weeks in December 1967 ) John Travolta -- `` Summer Nights '' ( with Olivia Newton - John ) and `` Sandy '' ( one week in November 1978 ) John Lennon -- `` Imagine '' and : `` Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) '' ; `` Woman '' ( both January 1981 ) Frankie Goes to Hollywood -- `` Two Tribes '' and `` Relax '' ( two weeks in July 1984 ) Madonna -- `` Into the Groove '' and `` Holiday '' ( one week in August 1985 ) Justin Bieber `` Sorry '' and `` Love Yourself '' ( one week in November 2015 ) ; `` Love Yourself '' and `` Sorry '' ( five non-consecutive weeks in December 2015 and January 2016 ) `` Cold Water '' ( with MØ & Major Lazer ) and `` Let Me Love You '' ( three weeks in August 2016 ) `` Despacito '' ( with Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee ) and `` I 'm the One '' ( with DJ Khaled, Lil Wayne, Quavo & Chance the Rapper ) ( four weeks in May and June 2017 ) Ed Sheeran `` Shape of You '' and : `` Castle on the Hill '' ( five weeks in January and February 2018 ) ; `` How Would You Feel ( Paean ) '' ( one week in February 2017 ) ; `` Galway Girl '' ( five weeks in March and April 2017 ) `` Perfect '' and `` River '' ( with Eminem ) ( three non-consecutive weeks in December 2017 and January 2018 ) In addition, in the final week that Justin Bieber was at # 1 and # 2 with `` Love Yourself '' and `` Sorry '', `` What Do You Mean '' was at # 3. For the first three weeks that Ed Sheeran was at # 1 and # 2 with `` Shape of You '' and `` Galway Girl '', `` Castle on the Hill '' was at # 3, and for the first of these three weeks Sheeran 's `` Perfect '', `` New Man '' and `` Happier '' were at # 4, # 5 and # 6 respectively. Self - replacement at number one ( edit ) Since the inception of the UK Singles Chart in 1952 only five acts have replaced themselves at the top of the UK charts with exactly the same billing ( as opposed to any named artist, for example ' Cliff Richard and the Shadows ' and ' The Shadows ' have had back to back number ones on four occasions ) : The Beatles -- `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' replaced `` She Loves You '' ( 12 December 1963 ) John Lennon -- `` Woman '' replaced `` Imagine '' ( 7 February 1981 ) Elvis Presley -- `` One Night / I Got Stung '' replaced `` Jailhouse Rock '' ( 22 January 2005 ) Justin Bieber -- `` Love Yourself '' replaced `` Sorry '' ( 10 December 2015 ) ; `` Despacito '' ( Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber ) replaced `` I 'm the One '' ( DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber, Quavo, Chance the Rapper and Lil Wayne ) ( 18 May 2017 ) Ed Sheeran -- `` River '' ( Eminem featuring Ed Sheeran ) replaced `` Perfect '' ( 25 January 2018 ) Fastest selling single ( edit ) The fastest selling single in chart history is `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' by Elton John which sold 1.55 million copies in its first week ( it sold 658,000 on the first day of release, 13 September 1997 ). The fastest selling debut single is `` Anything Is Possible / Evergreen '' by Will Young, which sold 1.11 million copies in its first week on sale. Publicity had built up due to the televised talent contest Pop Idol with 8.7 million people phoning in to vote for the finalists. The fastest selling single by a British group is the Spice Girls `` 2 Become 1 '' which sold over 462,000 copies during its first week on sale and over 763,000 copies in a fortnight. In total, the single sold over 1.1 million copies to date. The fastest number one single music act and band is Westlife with its first seven consecutive number one singles and fourteen number one singles in total. They are also the second music act to have the longest string of number ones in UK history. Non-English language number - ones ( edit ) `` Je t'aime... moi non plus '' -- Serge Gainsbourg and Jane Birkin ( French -- 11 October 1969 for one week ) `` Chanson D'Amour '' -- The Manhattan Transfer ( French / English -- 12 March 1977 for three weeks ) `` Begin the Beguine '' -- Julio Iglesias ( Spanish / English -- 5 December 1981 for one week ) `` Rock Me Amadeus '' -- Falco ( German / English -- 10 May 1986 for one week ) `` La Bamba '' -- Los Lobos ( Spanish -- 1 August 1987 for two weeks ) `` Sadeness ( Part I ) '' -- Enigma ( French / Latin / English -- 19 January 1991 for one week ) `` The Ketchup Song ( Aserejé ) '' -- Las Ketchup ( Spanish / English -- 19 October 2002 for one week ) `` We No Speak Americano '' -- Yolanda Be Cool and DCUP ( Neapolitan / English -- 31 July 2010 for one week ) `` Gangnam Style '' -- Psy ( Korean / English -- 6 October 2012 for one week ) `` Despacito '' -- Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber ( Spanish / English -- 18 May 2017 for eleven non-consecutive weeks ) Most Number One appearances by a non-British act or band ( edit ) Elvis Presley ( 21 ) - highest charting male, solo, American music act Shane Filan ( 16 ) - highest charting solo Irish act Cliff Richard ( 15 ) - highest charting male, solo, Barbadian act Westlife ( 15 ) - highest charting group, male group, pop group, Irish group Mark Feehily ( 15 ) - highest charting act from the LGBT group Madonna ( 13 ) - highest charting female solo act ABBA ( 9 ) - highest charting mixed group and Swedish act and group Rihanna ( 9 ) - highest charting female, solo Barbadian act Biggest selling single not to Top the chart ( edit ) The record is held by Wham! with their 1984 Christmas release, `` Last Christmas '' / `` Everything She Wants '', which peaked at number two, being kept off the top by Band Aid 's `` Do They Know It 's Christmas? ''. It has sold 1.77 million copies following first week sales of half a million. In December 2017, a year after George Michael 's death, fans tried to get `` Last Christmas '' to number one, but again it peaked at number two. The biggest selling single to peak at number three is New Order 's `` Blue Monday '', which has sold over a million copies. However, it garnered its total sales via two further remixes of the track, meaning its one million sales are attributed over all three releases. The biggest selling release to peak at number three is Ed Sheeran 's `` The A Team '', which has sold over 1,067,000 copies since its 2011 release. The biggest selling single to never make the top 5 is `` Chasing Cars '' by Snow Patrol, which peaked at number 6 and has sold more copies than `` The A Team ''. The biggest selling single not to reach the top 10 is `` Numb '' by Linkin Park which never charted higher than # 14. Most number two peaks ( edit ) Artists with most songs peaked number two and missed the top spot : Madonna - 12 songs that peaked number two without reaching number one. Kylie Minogue and Cliff Richard - 11 songs that peaked number two without reaching number one. Elvis Presley - 9 songs that peaked number two without reaching number one ( yet another 8 singles of songs that were re-issues and previous number one hits also peaked at 2 ) Male Artist with most number 2 peak singles : Elvis Presley - 17 singles ( includes 8 posthumous re-issues that previously peaked number one ) ; runner up Cliff Richard - 11 singles Female Artist with most number 2 peak singles : Madonna - 12 singles ; runner up Kylie Minogue - 11 singles Group with most number 2 peak singles : Queen and Oasis are tied with 6 singles each. Sash! holds the record as the artist to have the most number 2s without ever making it to number 1 ( 5 singles peaked number two and never had a number one single ). Most weeks at number two ( edit ) Johnnie Ray 's `` Such a Night '' spent eight consecutive weeks at number two behind Doris Day 's `` Secret Love '' having spent a single week at the top. `` Terry 's Theme from Limelight '' by Frank Chacksfield spent a total of eight weeks at number two ( in four separate spells ) without ever reaching number one. All - 4 - One 's `` I Swear '' and `` Moves like Jagger '' by Maroon 5 featuring Christina Aguilera both spent seven consecutive weeks at number two without reaching number one. `` These Days '' by Rudimental featuring Jess Glynne, Macklemore and Dan Caplen also spent seven consecutive weeks at number two behind Drake 's `` God 's Plan '' having spent a single week at the top. Downloads ( edit ) Downloads grew steadily in popularity after first being integrated into the chart in 2004. In early September the UK Official Download Chart was launched, and a new live recording of Westlife 's `` Flying Without Wings '' was the first number - one. The first number one to chart without ever receiving a UK physical release was Coldplay 's `` Viva la Vida '' in June 2008. As of 2012, very few songs are given a physical release, and almost the entire chart is released solely on digital download. On 22 June 2008, both songs in the top two were there on downloads alone : `` Viva la Vida '' by Coldplay `` Closer '' by Ne - Yo On 31 August 2008, the top three were download - only at the time : `` I Kissed a Girl '' by Katy Perry `` Pjanoo '' by Eric Prydz `` Disturbia '' by Rihanna On 1 March 2009, the top four were all download - only : `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' by Kelly Clarkson `` Love Story '' by Taylor Swift `` Poker Face '' by Lady Gaga `` Dead and Gone '' by T.I. ( feat. Justin Timberlake ) By 13 February 2010, the whole top 9 consisted of download - only songs : `` Fireflies '' by Owl City `` Under Pressure ( Ice Ice Baby ) '' by Jedward ( feat. Vanilla Ice ) `` If We Ever Meet Again '' by Timbaland ( feat. Katy Perry ) `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' by Glee Cast `` Empire State of Mind ( Part II ) Broken Down '' by Alicia Keys `` Replay '' by Iyaz `` Starstrukk '' by 3OH! 3 ( feat. Katy Perry ) `` One Shot '' by JLS `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' by Journey Most weeks on UK singles chart by decade ( edit ) 1950s ( edit ) 1. Elvis Presley 298 weeks 2. Frankie Laine 268 weeks 3. Pat Boone 239 weeks 4. Lonnie Donegan 213 weeks 5. Perry Como 191 weeks 6. David Whitfield 189 weeks 7. Bill Haley & his Comets 173 weeks 8. Johnnie Ray 163 weeks 9. Guy Mitchell 153 weeks 10. Nat `` King '' Cole 147 weeks 1960s ( edit ) 1. The Shadows 631 weeks 2. Cliff Richard 537 weeks 3. Elvis Presley 444 weeks 4. The Beatles 333 weeks 5. Roy Orbison 309 weeks 6. Jim Reeves 292 weeks 7. Billy Fury 258 weeks 8. Adam Faith 246 weeks 9. The Hollies 231 weeks 10. The Everly Brothers 222 weeks 1970s ( edit ) 1. Elvis Presley 331 weeks 2. Elton John 223 weeks 3. Diana Ross 220 weeks 4. Paul McCartney / Wings 216 weeks 5. Rod Stewart 209 weeks 6. Marc Bolan / T. Rex 196 weeks 7. David Bowie 196 weeks 8. Cliff Richard 185 weeks 9. Hot Chocolate 176 weeks 10. Abba 173 weeks 1980s ( edit ) Shakin ' Stevens 254 weeks Madonna 252 weeks Michael Jackson 241 weeks Cliff Richard 234 weeks Madness 217 weeks UB40 217 weeks Kool & the Gang 196 weeks 8. David Bowie 190 weeks 9. Elton John 190 weeks 10. Adam Ant ( & the Ants ) 185 weeks 1990s ( edit ) Oasis 282 weeks Madonna 258 weeks Mariah Carey 219 weeks Celine Dion 215 weeks Boyzone 201 weeks Janet Jackson 177 weeks Michael Jackson 175 weeks East 17 / E17 170 weeks Whitney Houston 169 weeks Bryan Adams 163 weeks 2000s ( edit ) Kanye West 320 weeks Rihanna 300 weeks Justin Timberlake 289 weeks Beyoncé 287 weeks Akon 280 weeks Britney Spears 278 weeks Pink 268 weeks Sugababes 265 weeks Girls Aloud 255 weeks Eminem 250 weeks 2010s ( up to and including week ending 17 November 2016 ) ( edit ) Rihanna 782 weeks Ed Sheeran 526 weeks David Guetta 507 weeks Justin Bieber 481 weeks Drake 414 weeks Tinie Tempah 406 weeks Calvin Harris 397 weeks Bruno Mars 385 weeks Nicki Minaj 365 weeks Chris Brown 361 weeks Top chart acts per year by total weeks on the singles chart ( edit ) Year Artist Weeks on chart 1952 Frankie Laine 13 1953 84 1954 66 1955 Ruby Murray 85 1956 Bill Haley & His Comets 110 1957 Elvis Presley 118 1958 Pat Boone 76 1959 Russ Conway 81 1960 The Shadows 107 1961 118 1962 92 1963 116 1964 75 1965 54 1966 Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich 51 1967 Engelbert Humperdinck 97 1968 Tom Jones 58 1969 Marvin Gaye 60 1970 Elvis Presley 59 1971 66 1972 T. Rex 58 1973 David Bowie 55 The Wombles 65 Mud 45 1976 Rod Stewart 48 1977 Elvis Presley 49 1978 John Travolta 60 1979 Donna Summer 46 1980 Madness 46 1981 Adam & The Ants 91 1982 Soft Cell 49 Michael Jackson 60 1984 Frankie Goes to Hollywood 68 1985 Madonna 84 1986 59 41 Kylie Minogue 54 Bobby Brown 52 New Kids on the Block 56 1991 R.E.M 36 1992 Michael Jackson 38 Whitney Houston 50 1994 Mariah Carey 45 1995 Oasis 64 134 Spice Girls 57 1998 Aqua 52 1999 Steps 76 2000 Craig David 58 Shaggy 54 2002 Gareth Gates / Ja Rule 57 2003 Sean Paul 58 Kelis 47 2005 Elvis Presley 81 2006 The Pussycat Dolls 71 2007 Amy Winehouse 119 2008 Rihanna 129 2009 Lady Gaga 150 123 2011 Rihanna 224 2012 151 2013 will.i.am 100 2014 Ed Sheeran 159 2015 173 Totals include all instances where an artist is actually credited as part of the act. Therefore, for example, The Shadows score for their own hits as well as those where they backed Cliff Richard, and Diana Ross scores for both her solo hits and those as Diana Ross & the Supremes. However, Paul McCartney, for example, is not credited for any of The Beatles ' hits as he does not have a separate credit, ( although his hits with Wings do count towards his total as they are classed together in the Guinness Book of Hit Singles ). Age records ( edit ) Youngest ( edit ) The youngest artist to have a number 1 single is Jimmy Osmond, who was nine years old in 1972, with `` Long Haired Lover from Liverpool ''. The youngest artist to have a number 1 single in three decades is Britney Spears who was 31 years old when `` Scream & Shout '' became her sixth number one single in 2013. She had scored one number one in the 1990s and four in the 2000s. The youngest artist to enter at number 1 is Billie Piper who was 15 with `` Because We Want To ''. Oldest ( edit ) The oldest artist to have a number 1 single is Tom Jones, who was 68 when `` ( Barry ) Islands in the Stream '' reached the top in 2009. The oldest female solo artist to have a number 1 single is Cher, who was 52 when her single `` Believe '' reached number 1. It spent 7 weeks at the top and became the best selling single by a female artist in the UK. The oldest artist to achieve their first number 1 is TV actor Clive Dunn with `` Grandad '' in 1971 on the week of his 51st birthday. Other records ( edit ) General ( edit ) NB : In the following statistics, Elvis Presley 's 17 re-issues in 2005, which all made the Top 5, count as separate hits. Most Top 75 hits : Elvis Presley ( 152 ). Runner - up : Cliff Richard ( 131 ) Most Top 40 hits : Elvis Presley ( 128 ). Runner - up : Cliff Richard ( 120 ) Most Top 20 hits : Elvis Presley ( 100 ). Runner - up : Cliff Richard ( 95 ) Most Top 10 hits : Elvis Presley ( 77 ). Runner - up : Cliff Richard ( 66 ) Most Top 5 hits : Elvis Presley ( 54 ). Runner - up : Madonna ( 44 ) Most Top 3 hits : Elvis Presley ( 43 ). Runner - up : Madonna ( 34 ) Most Consecutive Top 5 hits : Westlife ( 22 ). Runner - up : Elvis Presley ( 20 ) Most Consecutive Top 5 hits by a group : Westlife ( 22 ), Runner - up : Girls Aloud ( 20 ) Most Consecutive Top 5 hits by a male group : Westlife ( 22 ) Most Consecutive Top 5 hits by a female group : Girls Aloud ( 20 ) Most Consecutive Top 5 hits by a male artist : Elvis Presley ( 20 ) Most Consecutive Top 5 hits by a female artist : Madonna ( 17 ) Most Consecutive Top 5 hits including debut single by an act : Westlife ( 22 ) Most Consecutive Top 5 hits including debut single by a pop group : Westlife ( 22 ) Most Consecutive Top 5 hits including debut single by a group : Westlife ( 22 ) Most Consecutive Top 5 hits including debut single by male group : Westlife ( 22 ) Most Consecutive Top 5 hits including debut single by pop act : Westlife ( 22 ) Most Consecutive Top 10 hits : Madonna ( 35 ), Runner - up : Westlife ( 25 ), Cliff Richard ( 23 ) Most Consecutive Top 10 hits by a male artist : Cliff Richard ( 23 ), Elvis Presley ( 20 ) Most Consecutive Top 10 Hits by a female artist : Madonna ( 35 ), Runner - up : Kylie Minogue ( 13 ) Most Consecutive Top 10 hits by a group : Westlife ( 25 ), Runner - up : Oasis ( 23 ) and Girls Aloud ( 20 ) Most Consecutive Top 10 hits by a male group : Westlife ( 25 ) Most Consecutive Top 10 hits by a female group : Girls Aloud ( 20 ), Runner - up : Destiny 's Child ( 11 ) Most Consecutive Top 10 hits including debut single by male solo : Rick Astley ( 8 ) Most Consecutive Top 10 hits including debut single by an act : Westlife ( 25 ) Most Consecutive Top 10 hits including debut single by pop act : Westlife ( 25 ) Most Consecutive Top 10 hits including debut single by a group : Westlife ( 25 ) Most Consecutive Top 10 hits including debut single by pop group : Westlife ( 25 ) Most Consecutive Top 10 hits including debut single by male group : Westlife ( 25 ) Most Top 10 Hits by a group : U2 ( 33 ), Runners - up : The Beatles ( 28 ), Westlife ( 25 ) Most Top 10 Hits by a male group : U2 ( 33 ), Runners - up : The Beatles ( 28 ), Westlife ( 25 ) Most Top 40 Hits by a group : The Supremes ( 30 ), Runner - up : Take That ( 28 ) Most Top 40 Hits by a male group : Take That ( 28 ). Runner - up : Westlife ( 26 ) Most Top 40 hits by a female group : The Supremes ( 30 ). Runner - up : Bananarama ( 25 ) and Sugababes ( 25 ) Most Consecutive Number 1 hits by a group : Westlife ( 7 ) Most Consecutive Number 1 hits by a male group : Westlife ( 7 ) Most Consecutive Number 1 hits by a female group : Spice Girls ( 6 ) Most Consecutive Number 1 hits by a male artist : Elvis Presley ( 4 ) Most Consecutive Number 1 hits by a female artist : Geri Halliwell ( 4 ) Most Consecutive Number 1 hits by a debut act : Westlife ( 7 ) Most Consecutive Number 1 hits by a debut pop act : Westlife ( 7 ) Most Consecutive Number 1 hits by a debut group : Westlife ( 7 ) Most Consecutive Number 1 hits by a debut pop group : Westlife ( 7 ) Most Consecutive Number 1 hits by a debut male group : Westlife ( 7 ) Most successful songwriter : Paul McCartney 1695 weeks. Runner - up : John Lennon 1424 weeks Most number ones written ; Paul McCartney and John Lennon ( 33 ). Runner - up : Madonna ( 13 ) Most weeks on singles chart : Elvis Presley ( 1277 wks ). Runner - up : Cliff Richard ( 1166 weeks ) Most hits without reaching... ( edit ) Most Top 75 hits without reaching No 1 : Glee Cast ( 100 ) Most Top 40 hits without reaching No 1 : Depeche Mode ( 43 ) Most Top 10 hits without reaching No 1 : Bon Jovi ( 18 ). Runner - up : Janet Jackson ( 17 ) Most No 2 hits without a No 1 : Sash! ( 5 ) Most Top 75 hits without reaching Top 5 : Chris Rea ( 32 ) Most Top 40 hits without reaching Top 5 : Gloria Estefan ( 27 ) Most Top 10 hits without reaching Top 5 : Gloria Estefan ( 5 ) Most Top 75 hits without reaching Top 10 : Super Furry Animals ( 21 ) Most Top 40 hits without reaching Top 10 : Super Furry Animals ( 19 ) Most Top 20 hits without reaching Top 10 : The Levellers and Super Furry Animals ( 8 ) Most No 11 hits without reaching Top 10 : Lethal Bizzle ( 3 ) Most Top 75 hits without reaching Top 20 : PJ Harvey ( 15 ) Most Top 40 hits without reaching Top 20 : The Almighty ( 8 ) Most Top 75 hits without reaching Top 40 : Gorky 's Zygotic Mynci ( 8 ) Most weeks on Top 40 without reaching No 1 : Billy Fury ( 231 weeks ) Weeks on chart by individual singles ( edit ) Most weeks in the chart by a single : Top 100 : `` Mr Brightside '' by The Killers ( > 200 weeks ) Top 75 : `` My Way '' by Frank Sinatra ( 124 weeks ) ( 122 weeks when only a top 50 was compiled followed by two more in the top 75 ) Top 40 : `` My Way '' ( 75 weeks ) Longest consecutive run in the chart by a single * Top 100 : `` Thinking Out Loud '' by Ed Sheeran ( 95 weeks ) Top 75 : `` Rather Be '' by Clean Bandit and `` Thinking Out Loud '' by Ed Sheeran ( 73 weeks ) Top 40 : `` Thinking Out Loud '' by Ed Sheeran ( 54 weeks ) Fewest weeks in Top 40 by a No. 1 single ( 2 weeks ) : `` A Bridge Over You '' by Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Choir ( 2015 ) and `` Wake Me Up '' by Gareth Malone 's All Star Choir Fewest weeks in Top 75 by a Top 10 single ( 1 week ) `` Weightless '' by Wet Wet Wet `` Leeds Leeds Leeds ( Marching On Together ) '' by Leeds United Team `` Forever Yours '' by Alex Day `` Payphone '' by Precision Tunes Fewest weeks in Top 75 by a Top 20 single : 1 week. Notable acts to have achieved this include The Wedding Present 6 times, Garbage, The Chemical Brothers, Elvis Presley and Red ' N ' White Machines. Most singles in a year ( edit ) Most Top 75 singles in a year : 51 by Glee Cast ( 2011 ) Most singles simultaneously in Top 75 : 27 by Michael Jackson ( 21 solo, 1 with Janet Jackson, 3 as part of The Jackson 5 and 2 as part of The Jacksons ) ( July 2009 ). Most weeks spent on the Top 75 in a calendar year by solo artist : 224 by Rihanna ( includes 26 with David Guetta, 18 with Eminem, 18 with Kanye West & Drake, 12 with Nicki Minaj and 2 with Coldplay ( 2011 ) ). Most weeks spent on the Top 75 in a calendar year by a group : 134 by Oasis ( 1996 ). Simultaneously charting song ( edit ) `` Unchained Melody '' is the only song to have four versions by different artists charting in the Top 20 at the same time ( Al Hibbler, Les Baxter, Jimmy Young and Liberace in June 1955 ). `` Hallelujah '' charted in the same week in December 2008 with three artists ( Alexandra Burke at No. 1, Jeff Buckley at No. 2, Leonard Cohen at No. 36 ). It is also the second time in UK single chart where different versions hold the top two spots ( the first being Singing the Blues ). Longest time between number one hit singles for an artist ( edit ) Tom Jones went 43 years between his second number one `` Green Green Grass Of Home '' in 1966 and his next top hit, `` ( Barry ) Islands in the Stream ''. He had fourteen other singles in the top 10 in that interim time, including four singles to reach the number 2 spot. Album with most original number - one hits ( edit ) There are three albums which have produced four number - one original hits : Westlife by Westlife ( `` Swear It Again, `` If I Let You Go '', Flying Without Wings ``, and `` Fool Again '' ), Spice by Spice Girls ( `` Wannabe '', `` Say You 'll Be There '', `` 2 Become 1 '' and `` Mama '' / `` Who Do You Think You Are '' ) and B * Witched by B * Witched ( `` C'est la Vie '', `` Rollercoaster '', `` To You I Belong '' and `` Blame It on the Weatherman '' ). Biggest jump to number one ( edit ) 200 - 1 - Mandy by Westlife - 2003 194 - 1 - Unbreakable by Westlife - 2002 Biggest drop out of the Top 10 into elsewhere in the Top 200 ( edit ) This table does not include the six Christmas records in the top ten of the chart of the week ended 11 January 2018 which fell out of the top 200 the following week. These are Wham! 's Last Christmas ( # 2 ), Mariah Carey 's All I Want For Christmas Is You ( # 4 ), Pogues ft. Kirsty MacColl 's Fairytale of New York ( # 5 ), Band Aid 's Do They Know It 's Christmas? ( # 7 ), Brenda Lee 's Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree ( # 9 ) and Shakin ' Stevens ' Merry Christmas Everyone ( # 10 ). Additionally, Fairytale of New York fell 98 places from # 9 to # 107 on the chart in the week ending 12 January 2008. Ten biggest drops out of the Top 10, not counting Christmas songs No. Artist Single Top 10 position Chart position the following week Total drop in places Week - ending date Alex Day `` Forever Yours '' 112 108 7 January 2012 Leeds United Team & Supporters `` Leeds Leeds Leeds ( Marching On Together ) '' 10 112 102 30 May 2010 Baddiel & Skinner & The Lightning Seeds `` Three Lions '' 97 96 26 July 2018 Wet Wet Wet `` Weightless '' 10 96 86 23 February 2008 5 Captain SKA `` Liar Liar GE2017 '' 88 84 9 June 2017 6 Prince `` Purple Rain '' 6 88 82 6 May 2016 7 AC / DC `` Highway to Hell '' 81 77 4 January 2014 8 Precision Tunes `` Payphone '' 9 85 76 23 June 2012 9 Union J `` Tonight ( We Live Forever ) '' 9 74 65 6 September 2014 10 The Wizard of Oz Film Cast `` Ding - Dong! The Witch Is Dead '' 65 63 21 April 2013 Some singles have been deleted from the charts due to technicalities, and have thus `` dropped '' out of the Top 10 and the singles chart entirely. Such singles include : `` Mrs. Robinson '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( 1969 ), `` Crazy '' by Gnarls Barkley ( 2006 ) and `` Maneater '' by Nelly Furtado ( 2006 ). In addition, in the chart for the week ending 19 July 2018, Drake 's `` Emotionless '' fell out of the top ten from # 5 after falling foul of a rule that an act may only have three singles in any one chart. Singles to have stalled at number 2 twice ( edit ) This distinction has been achieved five times in chart history : `` Honey '' by Bobby Goldsboro on 1 June 1968 then, on reissue, on 26 April 1975 `` Crazy for You '' by Madonna on 29 June 1985 then, on reissue, on 29 March 1991 `` One for Sorrow '' by Steps on 5 September 1998 then, on reissue, on 6 October 2001 `` All I Want For Christmas Is You '' by Mariah Carey on 17 December 1994 then, on 15 December 2017 `` Last Christmas '' by Wham! on 15 December 1984 then, on 4 January 2018 Additionally, `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' has been a Christmas number two twice, 1st in 1991 for Diana Ross, and then in 2005 for Westlife featuring Diana Ross. Longest playing singles to reach Number 1 ( edit ) 11 songs have reached No. 1 with a longer playing time than `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( 5 : 55 ) : `` All Around the World '' by Oasis 9 : 38 `` Mirrors '' by Justin Timberlake 8 : 05 `` I 'd Do Anything For Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' by Meat Loaf 7 : 48 `` D'You Know What I Mean? '' by Oasis 7 : 21 `` Hey Jude '' by The Beatles 7 : 11 `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa 7 : 05 `` Jesus to a Child '' by George Michael 6 : 51 `` Belfast Child '' by Simple Minds 6 : 39 `` Innuendo '' by Queen 6 : 30 `` Frozen '' by Madonna 6 : 12 `` I 'm Not in Love '' by 10cc 6 : 04 Shortest playing single to reach Number 1 ( edit ) `` What Do You Want? '' by Adam Faith 1 : 35 ( 1959 ) Acts to peak across the entire Top ten ( edit ) Acts who have peaked at every position in the Top 10 Artist # 1 # 2 # 3 # 4 # 5 # 6 # 7 # 8 # 9 # 10 Lonnie Donegan Cumberland Gap Lost John / Stewball Tom Dooley Do n't You Rock Me Daddy - O I Wanna Go Home The Grand Coolie Dam Bring A Little Water Sylvie / Dead or Alive Rock Island Line / John Henry The Party 's Over My Dixie Darling Elvis Presley All Shook Up Heartbreak Hotel ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear A Big Hunk o ' Love Until It 's Time For You To Go Too Much Santa Bring My Baby Back ( To Me ) Paralyzed Blue Suede Shoes Kissin ' Cousins Madonna Into the Groove Crazy For You Like a Virgin Gambler Angel Holiday Rain Human Nature The Look of Love Bad Girl Mariah Carey Without You I 'll Be There Endless Love Fantasy Heartbreaker One Sweet Day Hero Anytime You Need a Friend Vision of Love Thank God I Found You Tom Jones It 's Not Unusual I 'll Never Fall In Love Again Sexbomb Mama Told Me Not to Come Help Yourself The Young New Mexican Puppeteer Funny Familiar Forgotten Feelings Detroit City Love Me Tonight Without Love ( There Is Nothing ) Elton John Do n't Go Breaking My Heart Rocket Man Nikita Daniel Crocodile Rock Goodbye Yellow Brick Road Your Song Blue Eyes I Want Love Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds U2 Desire Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me Pride ( In the Name of Love ) With or Without You Walk On The Unforgettable Fire One Even Better Than the Real Thing Angel of Harlem New Year 's Day Cliff Richard Living Doll Move It Nine Times Out of Ten Gee Whiz It 's You Santa 's List In the Country High Class Baby I 'm the Lonely One It 's All Over Mean Streak Usher You Make Me Wanna... Pop Ya Collar U Remind Me U Do n't Have to Call U Got It Bad Without You DJ Got Us Fallin ' in Love I Do n't Mind Caught Up Good Kisser Nine out of ten # 1 # 2 # 3 # 4 # 5 # 6 # 7 # 8 # 9 # 10 Bon Jovi UB40 Cher Celine Dion Pet Shop Boys David Bowie Rolling Stones Frankie Laine Iron Maiden George Michael Michael Jackson Beyoncé Status Quo Whitney Houston The Saturdays Eurythmics Girls Aloud Diana Ross Rod Stewart Madness The Beach Boys Craig David David Guetta Ed Sheeran Jump up ^ Bon Jovi band member Jon Bon Jovi did peak at # 1 as part of the charity single Everybody Hurts in 2010. Jump up ^ Michael Jackson did peak at # 6 as a fifth of The Jackson 5. Jump up ^ Beyoncé did peak at # 6 as a quarter of Destiny 's Child. Jump up ^ Frankie Bridge and Rochelle Humes of The Saturdays did peak at # 6 as two eighths of S Club 8. Jump up ^ Kimberley Walsh of Girls Aloud did peak at # 8 as a solo artist. Jump up ^ Diana Ross did peak at # 8 as one third of The Supremes. First to... ( edit ) Eden Kane ( real name Richard Sarstedt ) and Peter Sarstedt are the first pair of siblings to score no. 1s as solo artists. Eden Kane scored a no. 1 with `` Well I Ask You '' in 1961 and Peter Sarstedt got a no. 1 with `` Where Do You Go To ( My Lovely ) '' in 1969. A third brother Robin Sarstedt ( real name Clive Sarstedt ) made the Top 3 in 1976 with `` My Resistance Is Low '' making them the only set of three brothers to have separate solo Top Three singles. The first song recorded completely in a foreign language to reach number - one on the UK Singles Charts is `` Je t'aime... moi non plus '' by Serge Gainsbourg and Jane Birkin in 1969 ( French ). The first artist to reach No. 1 on the UK Official Singles Chart based on both sales and streaming figures was Ariana Grande with `` Problem '' on 6 July 2014. The first artist to have singles debut at numbers 1 and 2 simultaneously was Ed Sheeran on 13 January 2017 with `` Shape of You '' and `` Castle on the Hill ''. The first artist to have every song from their album enter the top 20 on the singles chart was Ed Sheeran with ÷. The first female artist to have a top ten single in five consecutive decades is Cher ( 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s ). Kylie Minogue follows with a top ten single in four consecutive decades ( 1980s, 1990s, 2000s and 2010s ). Melanie C is the first female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet. The first song to have four separate spells at number one with the same artist line - up was `` Three Lions '' by Baddiel & Skinner and The Lightning Seeds. The original 1996 version had two one - week stints in 1996, while the 1998 re-work had one three - week spell at the top. 2018 FIFA World Cup has propelled it to a record - breaking fourth outing at the top in July 2018. See also ( edit ) List of songs which have spent the most weeks on the UK Singles Chart References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Record - Breakers and Trivia ''. EveryHit.com. Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23. Jump up ^ Wilson, John. `` Clem Cattini, Britain 's record chart topper, keeps that backbeat going strong at 72 ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 21. Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley full Official Chart History Official Charts Company ''. Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23. Jump up ^ `` The songs that spent the longest at Number 1 ''. Official Charts Company. 2017 - 08 - 04. Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 11. Jump up ^ British Hit Singles. Virgin Books. 4 November 2010. Jump up ^ `` Artist Chart History ''. Official Charts Company. 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2012. Jump up ^ `` Daft Punk 's Get Lucky becomes one of the UK 's biggest selling singles of all - time! ''. Official Charts Company. 27 June 2013. Jump up ^ Lane, Dan ( 10 June 2014 ). `` Naughty Boy and Sam Smith smash 1 million UK sales with La La La ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 10 June 2014. Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards Search ''. British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved March 13, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 20 Biggest selling groups of all time revealed ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 20 Biggest selling groups of all time revealed ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` Official Charts Analysis : David Bowie 's UK chart life ''. Music Week. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 16. Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 20 Biggest selling groups of all time revealed ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 20 Biggest selling groups of all time revealed ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 20 Biggest selling groups of all time revealed ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 20 Biggest selling groups of all time revealed ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 20 Biggest selling groups of all time revealed ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 20 Biggest selling groups of all time revealed ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 20 Biggest selling groups of all time revealed ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 20 Biggest selling groups of all time revealed ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 20 Biggest selling groups of all time revealed ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 20 Biggest selling groups of all time revealed ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 20 Biggest selling groups of all time revealed ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 20 Biggest selling groups of all time revealed ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 20 Biggest selling groups of all time revealed ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 20 Biggest selling groups of all time revealed ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 20 Biggest selling groups of all time revealed ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ Masterton, James ( 13 April 2013 ). `` Hey, What Does It Take ''. Jump up ^ Jones, Alan ( 21 April 2017 ). `` Official Charts Analysis : Ed Sheeran topples Harry Styles to reclaim singles top spot ''. Music Week. Jump up ^ `` Acts that have held number 1 and 2 on the Official Singles Chart ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 6 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` The acts who outperformed themselves, knocking their own hit off Number 1 ''. Official Charts Company. 2018 - 01 - 19. Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19. Jump up ^ Walker - Arnott, Ellie ( 14 November 2012 ). `` 60 years of singles charts... in numbers ''. Radio Times. Immediate Media Company. Retrieved 13 October 2015. Jump up ^ Wells, Matt ( 4 March 2002 ). `` Pop Idol Will faces Top of the Pops ban ''. The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 13 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Pop Idol 's career hots up ''. BBC News. BBC. 11 February 2002. Retrieved 13 October 2015. Jump up ^ Myers, Justin ( 14 December 2017 ). `` Classic Christmas Number Ones ''. Official Charts. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 27 December 2017. Jump up ^ https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=0BAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=billboard+books+westlife&source=bl&ots=mgFAFwLtO2&sig=mKn0SwaHYPOdOt_RZVya3LOeFls&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjphe3IvqjbAhVHNJQKHTzVC5sQ6AEIgwEwBw#v=onepage&q=billboard%20books%20westlife&f=false Jump up ^ Myers, Justin ( 2017 - 05 - 13 ). `` Foreign language songs that got to Number 1 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 04. ^ Jump up to : `` The million - selling songs that never made it to Number 1 ''. Official Charts Company. 24 August 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2014. Jump up ^ Myers, Justin ( 17 October 2015 ). `` Ask Official Charts : Your questions on Demi, Selena, Britney and more answered ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 17 October 2015. Jump up ^ Copsey, Rob ( 29 December 2017 ). `` Ed Sheeran caps off a hugely successful 2017 by claiming a new Official Charts record ''. Official Charts. Retrieved 5 March 2018. Jump up ^ Jones, Alan ( 2 January 2015 ). `` Official Charts Analysis : Sheeran 's x scores 12th week at No. 1 with sales of 211,168 ''. Music Week. Intent Media. Retrieved 13 October 2015. ( Subscription required ( help ) ). Jump up ^ Moss, Liv ( 19 June 2015 ). `` Official Biggest Selling Singles of the decade so far revealed ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 13 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Download chart waits for youth : while its beginnings may be modest, the new rundown has an important future ahead ''. Music Week. 11 September 2004. ISSN 0265 - 1548. Jump up ^ `` Official Chart for the 22nd June 2008 ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` Official Chart for the 31st August 2008 ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` Official Chart for the 1st March 2009 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 8 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Official Chart for the 13th of Feb 2010 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 8 March 2016. Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-curse-of-number-11-big-songs-that-missed-the-top-10__16375/ Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran 's Thinking Out Loud sets chart record ''. BBC News. 22 June 2015. Jump up ^ Copsey, Rob ( 22 June 2015 ). `` Ed Sheeran 's Thinking Out Loud becomes first single ever to spend one year inside the Top 40 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 22 June 2015. Jump up ^ Philip Dodd, Paul Du Noyer ( 1999 ). The encyclopedia of singles. p. 222. ISBN 0752533371. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Adam Bychawski ( 21 December 2008 ). `` Alexandra Burke, Jeff Buckley storm Christmas charts with ' Hallelujah ' ''. Nme.com. Jump up ^ http://www.everyhit.com/record5.html Jump up ^ http://www.jorgenelofsson.com/biography/billboard-no-1-with-kelly-clarkson/ Jump up ^ `` Adam Faith - What do You want? ( 78rpm - 1959 ) ''. YouTube. Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23. Jump up ^ `` BINGO! Acts who have peaked at every position in the Top 10 ''. The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 21 August 2018. Jump up ^ `` Melanie C ''. Peermusic.com. Retrieved 24 April 2018. Jump up ^ Copsey, Rob ( 13 July 2018 ). `` Football may not have come home, but Three Lions has on the UK 's Official Chart - and it 's broken an all - time chart record ''. Official Charts Company. UK Music Charts UK Singles Number ones 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Number one artists Most number ones Christmas Posthumous Scottish Instrumental Simultaneous UK and US Top 10 singles ( By artist ) Best - selling 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s ( decade ) 2010s 1900s 2000s ( century ) All time Yearly Most downloaded Most streamed Million - sellers Platinum singles ( pre-2000 ) Platinum singles ( post-2000 ) Most weeks on chart One - hit wonders Records and statistics UK Albums Number ones 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Most number ones Christmas Posthumous Simultaneous UK and US Top 10 albums Best - selling 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s ( decade ) 2010s 2000s ( century ) All time Yearly Most weeks on chart One - hit wonders Genre charts Number ones Christian & Gospel Classical ( albums / compilations ) Dance ( singles / albums ) Indie ( singles / albums ) Indie Breakers ( singles / albums ) R&B ( singles / albums ) Rock & Metal ( singles / albums ) Specialist Classical Other charts Current Album Downloads Albums Streaming Audio Streaming Compilations Midweeks Record Store Singles Downloads UKHot40 Vinyl Albums Vinyl Singles The Vodafone Big Top 40 Former 1952 -- 1969 1Xtra Classical Singles EPs Fab 40 Fresh 40 Hit40UK Mersey Beat The Net 40 The Network Chart Show NME Pepsi Chart Pick of the Pops Progressive Record Mirror Subscription Plays Top Pops Related Music Week Official Charts Company The Official Chart UK Video Charts The Virgin Book of British Hit Singles Music of the United Kingdom Art music Early music ( England Ireland Scotland ) Baroque Classical History of popular music Early popular music 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s & 2010s Traditional genres British folk revival Ballad Carol Children 's song Hornpipe Jig Morris dance Protest song Reel Sea shanty Strathspey War song Work song Contemporary popular genres Folk England Scotland Wales Grime Hip Hop Jazz Pop Popular Rock Soul Schlager Ethnic music Caribbean England Ireland Scotland Wales Media and performance Music awards Brit Awards Classic Brit Awards Gramophone Classical Music Awards Ivor Novello Awards Kerrang! Awards Mercury Prize MOBO Awards Spiral Awards BBC Music Awards Music charts Albums chart Classical charts Compilation chart Dance chart Download chart Indie chart R&B chart Rock chart Singles chart Subscription plays chart Music festivals C2C : Country to Country Cambridge Folk Download Edinburgh Eisteddfod Glastonbury Isle of Wight Knebworth Royal National Mòd The Proms Reading and Leeds Sidmouth T in the Park V Music media fRoots The Gramophone Kerrang! 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{ "text": "History of the Church of England - wikipedia History of the Church of England Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chair of St. Augustine, the archiepiscopal throne in Canterbury Cathedral, Kent The formal history of the Church of England is traditionally dated by the Church to the Gregorian mission to England by Saint Augustine of Canterbury in AD 597. As a result of Augustine 's mission, Christianity in England, from Anglican ( English ) perspective, came under the authority of the Pope. However, in 1534 King Henry VIII declared himself to be supreme head of the Church of England. This resulted in a schism with the Papacy. As a result of this schism, many non-Anglicans consider that the Church of England only existed from the 16th century Protestant Reformation. However, Christianity arrived in the British Isles around AD 47 during the Roman Empire according to Gildas 's De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae. Archbishop Restitutus and others are known to have attended the council of Arles in 314. Christianity developed roots in Sub-Roman Britain and later Ireland, Scotland, and Pictland. The Anglo - Saxons ( Germanic pagans who progressively seized British territory ) during the 5th, 6th and 7th centuries, established a small number of kingdoms and evangelisation of the Anglo - Saxons was carried out by the successors of the Gregorian mission and by Celtic missionaries from Scotland. The church in Wales remained isolated and was only brought within the jurisdiction of English bishops several centuries later. The Church of England became the established church by an Act of Parliament in the Act of Supremacy, beginning a series of events known as the English Reformation. During the reign of Queen Mary I and King Philip, the church was fully restored under Rome in 1555. However, the pope 's authority was again explicitly rejected after the accession of Queen Elizabeth I when the Act of Supremacy 1558 was passed. Catholic and Reformed factions vied for determining the doctrines and worship of the church. This ended with the 1558 Elizabethan Settlement, which developed the understanding that the church was to be `` both Catholic and Reformed ''. Contents ( hide ) 1 Roman and Sub-Roman Christianity in the British Isles 2 Augustine and the Anglo - Saxon period 3 Medieval consolidation 4 Separation from Papal authority 4.1 Reformation 4.1. 1 King Henry VIII of England 4.1. 2 Cranmer, Parker and Hooker 5 Reunion with Rome 6 Second schism 6.1 King James Bible 6.2 English Civil War 6.3 Restoration and beyond 6.3. 1 Glorious Revolution and Act of Toleration 7 18th century 7.1 Spread of Anglicanism outside England 8 19th century and after 8.1 1801 -- 1914 8.1. 1 Prime ministers and the Queen 8.2 1914 -- 1970 8.3 1970 -- present 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Further reading 12 External links Roman and Sub-Roman Christianity in the British Isles ( edit ) The Celtic cross in Knock Co. Mayo, Ireland Main article : Celtic Christianity According to medieval traditions, Christianity arrived in Britain in the 1st or 2nd century, although stories involving Joseph of Arimathea, King Lucius, and Fagan are now usually accounted as pious forgeries. The earliest historical evidence of Christianity among the native Britons is found in the writings of such early Christian Fathers as Tertullian and Origen in the first years of the 3rd century, although the first Christian communities probably were established some decades earlier. Three Romano - British bishops, including Restitutus, metropolitan bishop of London, are known to have been present at the Council of Arles in 314. Others attended the Council of Sardica in 347 and that of Ariminum in 360. A number of references to the church in Roman Britain are also found in the writings of 4th century Christian fathers. Britain was the home of Pelagius, who opposed Augustine of Hippo 's doctrine of original sin. The first recorded Christian martyr in Britain, St Alban, is thought to have lived in the early 4th century, and his prominence in English hagiography is reflected in the number of parish churches of which he is patron. Irish Anglicans trace their origins back to the founding saint of Irish Christianity ( St Patrick ) who is believed to have been a Roman Briton and pre-dated Anglo - Saxon Christianity. Anglicans also consider Celtic Christianity a forerunner of their church, since the re-establishment of Christianity in some areas of Great Britain in the 6th century came via Irish and Scottish missionaries, notably followers of St Patrick and St Columba. Augustine and the Anglo - Saxon period ( edit ) Main article : Christianization of the Anglo - Saxon Kingdoms The Anglo - Saxon church at Escomb, County Durham St Mary 's Church, Stow - in - Lindsey, Lincolnshire ( partly Anglo - Saxon and partly Norman ) Typical rural Church of England church, Wiltshire, Easter 2007 Hereford is one of the church 's forty - three cathedrals, many with histories stretching back many centuries Anglicans traditionally date the origins of their Church to the arrival in the Kingdom of Kent of the Gregorian mission to the pagan Anglo - Saxons led by the first Archbishop of Canterbury, St Augustine, at the end of the 6th century. Alone among the kingdoms then existing Kent was Jutish, rather than Anglian or Saxon. However, the origin of the Church in the British Isles extends farther back ( see above ). Æthelberht of Kent 's queen Bertha, daughter of Charibert, one of the Merovingian kings of the Franks, had brought a chaplain ( Liudhard ) with her. Bertha had restored a church remaining from Roman times to the east of Canterbury and dedicated it to Saint Martin of Tours, the patronal saint of the Merovingian royal family. This church, Saint Martin 's, is the oldest church in England still in use today. Æthelberht himself, though a pagan, allowed his wife to worship God in her own way, at St Martin 's. Probably influenced by his wife, Æthelberht asked Pope Gregory I to send missionaries, and in 596 the Pope dispatched Augustine, together with a party of monks. Augustine had served as praepositus ( prior ) of the monastery of Saint Andrew in Rome, founded by Gregory. His party lost heart on the way and Augustine went back to Rome from Provence and asked his superiors to abandon the mission project. The pope, however, commanded and encouraged continuation, and Augustine and his followers landed on the Island of Thanet in the spring of 597. Æthelberht permitted the missionaries to settle and preach in his town of Canterbury, first in Saint Martin 's Church and then nearby at what later became St Augustine 's Abbey. By the end of the year he himself had been converted, and Augustine received consecration as a bishop at Arles. At Christmas 10,000 of the king 's subjects underwent baptism. Augustine sent a report of his success to Gregory with certain questions concerning his work. In 601 Mellitus, Justus and others brought the pope 's replies, with the pallium for Augustine and a present of sacred vessels, vestments, relics, books, and the like. Gregory directed the new archbishop to ordain as soon as possible twelve suffragan bishops and to send a bishop to York, who should also have twelve suffragans. Augustine did not carry out this papal plan, nor did he establish the primatial see at London ( in the Kingdom of the East Saxons ) as Gregory intended, as the Londoners remained heathen. Augustine did consecrate Mellitus as bishop of London and Justus as bishop of Rochester. Pope Gregory issued more practicable mandates concerning heathen temples and usages : he desired that temples become consecrated to Christian service and asked Augustine to transform pagan practices, so far as possible, into dedication ceremonies or feasts of martyrs, since `` he who would climb to a lofty height must go up by steps, not leaps '' ( letter of Gregory to Mellitus, in Bede, i, 30 ). Augustine re-consecrated and rebuilt an old church at Canterbury as his cathedral and founded a monastery in connection with it. He also restored a church and founded the monastery of St Peter and St Paul outside the walls. He died before completing the monastery, but now lies buried in the Church of St Peter and St Paul. In 616 Æthelberht of Kent died. The kingdom of Kent and those Anglo - Saxon kingdoms over which Kent had influence relapsed into heathenism for several decades. During the next 50 years Celtic missionaries evangelised the kingdom of Northumbria with an episcopal see at Lindisfarne and missionaries then proceeded to some of the other kingdoms to evangelise those also. Mercia and Sussex were among the last kingdoms to undergo Christianization. The Synod of Whitby in 664 forms a significant watershed in that King Oswiu of Northumbria decided to follow Roman rather than Celtic practices. The Synod of Whitby established the Roman date for Easter and the Roman style of monastic tonsure in Britain. This meeting of the ecclesiastics with Roman customs and local bishops following Celtic ecclesiastical customs was summoned in 664 at Saint Hilda 's double monastery of Streonshalh ( Streanæshalch ), later called Whitby Abbey. It was presided over by King Oswiu, who did not engage in the debate but made the final ruling. A later archbishop of Canterbury, the Greek Theodore of Tarsus, also contributed to the organisation of Christianity in England, reforming many aspects of the church 's administration. Medieval consolidation ( edit ) As in other parts of medieval Europe, tension existed between the local monarch and the Pope about civil judicial authority over clerics, taxes and the wealth of the Church, and appointments of bishops, notably during the reigns of Henry II and John. As begun by Alfred the Great in 871 and consolidated under William the Conqueror in 1066, England became a politically unified entity at an earlier date than other European countries. One of the effects was that the units of government, both of church and state, were comparatively large. England was divided between the Province of Canterbury and the Province of York under two archbishops. At the time of the Norman Conquest, there were only 15 diocesan bishops in England, increased to 17 in the 12th century with the creation of the sees of Ely and Carlisle. This is far fewer than the numbers in France and Italy. A further four medieval dioceses in Wales came within the Province of Canterbury. Following the depredations of the Viking invasions of the 9th century, most English monasteries had ceased to function and the cathedrals were typically served by small communities of married priests. King Edgar and his Archbishop of Canterbury Dunstan instituted a major reform of cathedrals at a synod at Winchester in 970, where it was agreed that all bishops should seek to establish monasticism in their cathedrals following the Benedictine rule, with the bishop as abbot. Excavations have demonstrated that the reformed monastic cathedrals of Canterbury, Winchester, Sherborne and Worcester were rebuilt on a lavish scale in the late 10th century. However, renewed Viking attacks in the reign of Ethelred, stalled the progress of monastic revival. In 1072, following the Norman Conquest, William the Conqueror and his archbishop Lanfranc sought to complete the programme of reform. Durham and Rochester cathedrals were refounded as Benedictine monasteries, the secular cathedral of Wells was moved to monastic Bath, while the secular cathedral of Lichfield was moved to Chester, and then to monastic Coventry. Norman bishops were seeking to establish an endowment income entirely separate from that of their cathedral body, and this was inherently more difficult in a monastic cathedral, where the bishop was also titular abbot. Hence, following Lanfanc 's death in 1090, a number of bishops took advantage of the vacancy to obtain secular constitutions for their cathedrals -- Lincoln, Sarum, Chichester, Exeter and Hereford ; while the major urban cathedrals of London and York always remained secular. Furthermore, when the bishops ' seats were transferred back from Coventry to Lichfield, and from Bath to Wells, these sees reverted to being secular. Bishops of monastic cathedrals, tended to find themselves embroiled in long - running legal disputes with their respective monastic bodies ; and increasingly tended to reside elsewhere. The bishops of Ely and Winchester lived in London as did the Archbishop of Canterbury. The bishops of Worcester generally lived in York, while the bishops of Carlisle lived at Melbourne in Derbyshire. Monastic governance of cathedrals continued in England, Scotland and Wales throughout the medieval period ; whereas elsewhere in western Europe it was found only at Monreale in Sicily and Downpatrick in Ireland. The shrine of St Swithun in Winchester Cathedral ( in the background is Fedorev 's iconostasis in the retroquire ) An important aspect in the practice of medieval Christianity was the veneration of saints, and the associated pilgrimages to places where the relics of a particular saint were interred and the saint 's tradition honoured. The possession of the relics of a popular saint was a source of funds to the individual church as the faithful made donations and benefactions in the hope that they might receive spiritual aid, a blessing or a healing from the presence of the physical remains of the holy person. Among those churches to benefit in particular were : St. Alban 's Abbey, which contained the relics of England 's first Christian martyr ; Ripon, with the shrine of its founder St. Wilfrid ; Durham, which was built to house the body of Saints Cuthbert of Lindisfarne and Aidan ; Ely, with the shrine of St. Etheldreda ; Westminster Abbey, with the magnificent shrine of its founder St. Edward the Confessor ; and Chichester, which held the honoured remains of St. Richard. All these saints brought pilgrims to their churches, but among them the most renowned was Thomas Becket, the late Archbishop of Canterbury, who was assassinated by henchmen of King Henry II in 1170. As a place of pilgrimage Canterbury was, in the 13th century, second only to Santiago de Compostela. Separation from papal authority ( edit ) The beginning of the Gospel of John in a manuscript of Wycliffe 's English translation ( MS. Hunter 191 ) ( first line : ' In þe bigynnyng was / þe word & þe word / was at god / & god was / þe word. ' ) John Wycliffe ( about 1320 -- 31 December 1384 ) was an English theologian and an early dissident against the Roman Catholic Church during the 14th century. He founded the Lollard movement, which opposed a number of practices of the Church. He was also against papal encroachments on secular power. Wycliffe was associated with statements indicating that the Church in Rome is not the head of all churches, nor did St Peter have any more powers given to him than other disciples. These statements were related to his call for a reformation of its wealth, corruption and abuses. Wycliffe, an Oxford scholar, went so far as to state that ``... The Gospel by itself is a rule sufficient to rule the life of every Christian person on the earth, without any other rule. '' The Lollard movement continued with his pronouncements from pulpits even under the persecution that followed with Henry IV up to and including the early years of the reign of Henry VIII. The first break with Rome ( subsequently reversed ) came when Pope Clement VII refused, over a period of years, to annul Henry 's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, not purely as a matter of principle, but also because the Pope lived in fear of Catherine 's nephew, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, as a result of events in the Italian Wars. Henry first asked for an annulment in 1527. After various failed initiatives he stepped up the pressure on Rome, in the summer of 1529, by compiling a manuscript from ancient sources arguing that, in law, spiritual supremacy rested with the monarch and also against the legality of Papal authority. In 1531 Henry first challenged the Pope when he demanded 100,000 pounds from the clergy in exchange for a royal pardon for what he called their illegal jurisdiction. He also demanded that the clergy should recognise him as their sole protector and supreme head. The church in England recognised Henry VIII as supreme head of the Church of England on 11 February 1531. Nonetheless, he continued to seek a compromise with the Pope, but negotiations ( which had started in 1530 and ended in 1532 ) with the papal legate Antonio Giovanni da Burgio failed. Efforts by Henry to appeal to Jewish scholarship concerning the contours of levirate marriage were unavailing as well. In May 1532 the Church of England agreed to surrender its legislative independence and canon law to the authority of the monarch. In 1533 the Statute in Restraint of Appeals removed the right of the English clergy and laity to appeal to Rome on matters of matrimony, tithes and oblations. It also gave authority over such matters to the Archbishops of Canterbury and York. This finally allowed Thomas Cranmer, the new Archbishop of Canterbury, to issue Henry 's annulment ; and upon procuring it, Henry married Anne Boleyn. Pope Clement VII excommunicated Henry VIII in 1533. In 1534 the Act of Submission of the Clergy removed the right of all appeals to Rome, effectively ending the Pope 's influence. The first Act of Supremacy confirmed Henry by statute as the Supreme Head of the Church of England in 1536. ( Due to clergy objections the contentious term `` Supreme Head '' for the monarch later became `` Supreme Governor of the Church of England '' -- which is the title held by the reigning monarch to the present. ) Such constitutional changes made it not only possible for Henry to have his marriage annulled but also gave him access to the considerable wealth that the Church had amassed. Thomas Cromwell, as Vicar General, launched a commission of enquiry into the nature and value of all ecclesiastical property in 1535, which culminated in the Dissolution of the Monasteries ( 1536 -- 1540 ). Reformation ( edit ) Main article : English Reformation King Henry VIII was excommunicated by the pope ( portrait of King Henry by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1540s? ) Many Roman Catholics consider the separation of the Church in England from Rome in 1534 to be the true origin of the Church of England, rather than dating it from the mission of St. Augustine in AD 597. While Anglicans acknowledge that Henry VIII 's repudiation of papal authority caused the Church of England to become a separate entity, they believe that it is in continuity with the pre-Reformation Church of England. Apart from its distinct customs and liturgies ( such as the Sarum rite ), the organizational machinery of the Church of England was in place by the time of the Synod of Hertford in 672 -- 673, when the English bishops were first able to act as one body under the leadership of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Henry 's Act in Restraint of Appeals ( 1533 ) and the Acts of Supremacy ( 1534 ) declared that the English crown was `` the only Supreme Head in earth of the Church of England, called Ecclesia Anglicana, '' in order `` to repress and extirpate all errors, heresies, and other enormities and abuses heretofore used in the same. '' The development of the Thirty - Nine Articles of religion and the passage of the Acts of Uniformity culminated in the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. By the end of the 17th century, the English church described itself as both Catholic and Reformed, with the English monarch as its Supreme Governor. MacCulloch commenting on this situation says that it `` has never subsequently dared to define its identity decisively as Protestant or Catholic, and has decided in the end that this is a virtue rather than a handicap. '' King Henry VIII of England ( edit ) The English Reformation was initially driven by the dynastic goals of Henry VIII, who, in his quest for a consort who would bear him a male heir, found it expedient to replace papal authority with the supremacy of the English crown. The early legislation focused primarily on questions of temporal and spiritual supremacy. The Institution of the Christian Man ( also called The Bishops ' Book ) of 1537 was written by a committee of 46 divines and bishops headed by Thomas Cranmer. The purpose of the work, along with the Ten Articles of the previous year, was to implement the reforms of Henry VIII in separating from the Roman Catholic Church and reforming the Ecclesia Anglicana. `` The work was a noble endeavor on the part of the bishops to promote unity, and to instruct the people in Church doctrine. '' The introduction of the Great Bible in 1538 brought a vernacular translation of the Scriptures into churches. The Dissolution of the Monasteries and the seizure of their assets by 1540 brought huge amounts of church land and property under the jurisdiction of the Crown, and ultimately into the hands of the English nobility. This simultaneously removed the greatest centres of loyalty to the pope and created vested interests which made a powerful material incentive to support a separate Christian church in England under the rule of the Crown. Cranmer, Parker and Hooker ( edit ) By 1549, the process of reforming the ancient national church was fully spurred on by the publication of the first vernacular prayer book, the Book of Common Prayer, and the enforcement of the Acts of Uniformity, establishing English as the language of public worship. The theological justification for Anglican distinctiveness was begun by the Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, the principal author of the first prayer book, and continued by others such as Matthew Parker, Richard Hooker and Lancelot Andrewes. Cranmer had worked as a diplomat in Europe and was aware of the ideas of Reformers such as Andreas Osiander and Friedrich Myconius as well as the Roman Catholic theologian Desiderius Erasmus. Thomas Cranmer ( 1489 -- 1556 ), Archbishop of Canterbury and principal author of the first two Books of Common Prayer During the short reign of Edward VI, Henry 's son, Cranmer and others moved the Church of England significantly towards a more reformed position, which was reflected in the development of the second prayer book ( 1552 ) and in the Forty - Two Articles. This reform was reversed abruptly in the reign of Queen Mary, a Roman Catholic who re-established communion with Rome following her accession in 1553. In the 16th century, religious life was an important part of the cement which held society together and formed an important basis for extending and consolidating political power. Differences in religion were likely to lead to civil unrest at the very least, with treason and foreign invasion acting as real threats. When Queen Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558, a solution was thought to have been found. To minimise bloodshed over religion in her dominions, the religious settlement between the factions of Rome and Geneva was brought about. It was compellingly articulated in the development of the 1559 Book of Common Prayer, the Thirty - Nine Articles, the Ordinal, and the two Books of Homilies. These works, issued under Archbishop Matthew Parker, were to become the basis of all subsequent Anglican doctrine and identity. The new version of the prayer book was substantially the same as Cranmer 's earlier versions. It would become a source of great argument during the 17th century, but later revisions were not of great theological importance. The Thirty - Nine Articles were based on the earlier work of Cranmer, being modelled after the Forty - Two Articles. The bulk of the population acceded to Elizabeth 's religious settlement with varying degrees of enthusiasm or resignation. It was imposed by law, and secured Parliamentary approval only by a narrow vote in which all the Roman Catholic bishops who were not imprisoned voted against. As well as those who continued to recognise papal supremacy, the more militant Protestants, or Puritans as they became known, opposed it. Both groups were punished and disenfranchised in various ways and cracks in the facade of religious unity in England appeared. Part of a series on Reformation Ninety - five Theses Precursors ( show ) Arnold of Brescia and Arnoldists Peter Waldo and Waldensians Girolamo Savonarola John Wycliffe and Lollardy William Tyndale Jan Hus and Hussites Beginning ( show ) Ninety - five Theses Diet of Worms Luther Bible Iconoclasm Magisterials Radicals Contributing factors ( show ) Western Schism Avignon Papacy Bohemian Reformation Northern Renaissance Humanism Johann Reuchlin German mysticism Johannes Gutenberg and his printing press Erasmus Propaganda Art Theologies of seminal figures ( show ) Theology of Martin Luther Theology of Huldrych Zwingli Theology of John Calvin Protestant Reformers ( show ) Martin Luther Philip Melanchthon Huldrych Zwingli John Calvin Martin Bucer Theodore Beza Heinrich Bullinger Peter Martyr Vermigli William Farel John Knox Roger Williams Thomas Müntzer Balthasar Hubmaier Andreas Karlstadt Menno Simons Thomas Cranmer Richard Hooker Many others Major political leaders ( show ) Henry VIII of England Elizabeth I of England Oliver Cromwell James VI and I William the Silent Gaspard II de Coligny Henry IV of France Jeanne d'Albret Stephen Bocskai Gabriel Bethlen Gustav II Adolf Frederick V, Elector Palatine Philip I of Hesse Frederick III, Elector of Saxony John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony By location ( show ) Germany Switzerland ( Geneva / Zürich ) England Scotland Netherlands Czech Lands Slovakia Hungary Romania Slovenia Denmark -- Norway and Holstein Sweden and Finland Iceland Estonia and Latvia Austria France Italy Poland - Lithuania Ireland Political and religious conflicts ( show ) Thirty Years ' War French Wars of Religion Eighty Years ' War War of the Three Kingdoms German Peasants ' War Wars of Kappel Schmalkaldic War Opposition ( show ) Catholic Church Council of Trent Anti-Protestantism Criticism of Protestantism Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Conclusion ( show ) Peace of Westphalia Rise of Pietism No end thesis Commemoration ( show ) Reformation Day Reformation Wall Lutheran commemorations Anglican commemorations Protestantism Despite separation from Rome, the Church of England under Henry VIII remained essentially Catholic rather than Protestant in nature. Pope Leo X had earlier awarded to Henry himself the title of fidei defensor ( defender of the faith ), partly on account of Henry 's attack on Lutheranism. Some Protestant - influenced changes under Henry included a limited iconoclasm, the abolition of pilgrimages, and pilgrimage shrines, chantries, and the extinction of many saints ' days. However, only minor changes in liturgy occurred during Henry 's reign, and he carried through the Six Articles of 1539 which reaffirmed the Catholic nature of the church. All this took place, however, at a time of major religious upheaval in Western Europe associated with the Reformation ; once the schism had occurred, some reform probably became inevitable. Only under Henry 's son Edward VI ( reigned 1547 -- 1553 ) did the first major changes in parish activity take place, including translation and thorough revision of the liturgy along more Protestant lines. The resulting Book of Common Prayer, issued in 1549 and revised in 1552, came into use by the authority of the Parliament of England. Reunion with Rome ( edit ) Following the death of Edward, his half - sister the Roman Catholic Mary I ( reigned 1553 -- 1558 ) came to the throne. She renounced the Henrician and Edwardian changes, first by repealing her brother 's reforms then by re-establishing unity with Rome. The Marian Persecutions of Protestants and dissenters took place at this time. The queen 's image after the persecutions turned into that of an almost legendary tyrant called Bloody Mary. This view of Bloody Mary was mainly due to the widespread publication of Foxe 's Book of Martyrs during her successor Elizabeth I 's reign. Nigel Heard summarises the persecution thus : `` It is now estimated that the 274 religious executions carried out during the last three years of Mary 's reign exceeded the number recorded in any Catholic country on the continent in the same period. '' Second schism ( edit ) The second schism, from which the present Church of England originates, came later. Upon Mary 's death in 1558, her half - sister Elizabeth I ( reigned 1558 -- 1603 ) came to power. Elizabeth became a determined opponent of papal control and re-introduced separatist ideas. In 1559, Parliament recognised Elizabeth as the Church 's supreme governor, with a new Act of Supremacy that also repealed the remaining anti-Protestant legislation. A new Book of Common Prayer appeared in the same year. Elizabeth presided over the `` Elizabethan Settlement '', an attempt to satisfy the Puritan and Catholic forces in England within a single national Church. Elizabeth was eventually excommunicated on 25 February 1570 by Pope Pius V, finally breaking communion between Rome and the Anglican Church. King James Bible ( edit ) Main article : Authorised King James Version Shortly after coming to the throne, James I attempted to bring unity to the Church of England by instituting a commission consisting of scholars from all views within the Church to produce a unified and new translation of the Bible free of Calvinist and Popish influence. The project was begun in 1604 and completed in 1611 becoming de facto the Authorised Version in the Church of England and later other Anglican churches throughout the communion until the mid-20th century. The New Testament was translated from the Textus Receptus ( Received Text ) edition of the Greek texts, so called because most extant texts of the time were in agreement with it. The Old Testament was translated from the Masoretic Hebrew text, while the Apocrypha was translated from the Greek Septuagint ( LXX ). The work was done by 47 scholars working in six committees, two based in each of the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge, and Westminster. They worked on certain parts separately ; then the drafts produced by each committee were compared and revised for harmony with each other. This translation had a profound effect on English literature. The works of famous authors such as John Milton, Herman Melville, John Dryden and William Wordsworth are deeply inspired by it. The Authorised Version is often referred to as the King James Version, particularly in the United States. King James was not personally involved in the translation, though his authorisation was legally necessary for the translation to begin, and he set out guidelines for the translation process, such as prohibiting footnotes and ensuring that Anglican positions were recognised on various points. A dedication to James by the translators still appears at the beginning of modern editions. English civil War ( edit ) Cromwell and the corpse of Charles I For the next century, through the reigns of James I and Charles I, and culminating in the English Civil War and the protectorate of Oliver Cromwell, there were significant swings back and forth between two factions : the Puritans ( and other radicals ) who sought more far - reaching reform, and the more conservative churchmen who aimed to keep closer to traditional beliefs and practices. The failure of political and ecclesiastical authorities to submit to Puritan demands for more extensive reform was one of the causes of open warfare. By continental standards the level of violence over religion was not high, but the casualties included a king, Charles I and an Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud. For about a decade ( 1647 -- 1660 ), Christmas was another casualty as Parliament abolished all feasts and festivals of the Church to rid England of outward signs of Popishness. Under the Protectorate of the Commonwealth of England from 1649 to 1660, Anglicanism was disestablished, presbyterian ecclesiology was introduced as an adjunct to the Episcopal system, the Articles were replaced with a non-Presbyterian version of the Westminster Confession ( 1647 ), and the Book of Common Prayer was replaced by the Directory of Public Worship. Despite this, about one quarter of English clergy refused to conform. In the midst of the apparent triumph of Calvinism, the 17th century brought forth a Golden Age of Anglicanism. The Caroline Divines, such as Andrewes, Laud, Herbert Thorndike, Jeremy Taylor, John Cosin, Thomas Ken and others rejected Roman claims and refused to adopt the ways and beliefs of the Continental Protestants. The historic episcopate was preserved. Truth was to be found in Scripture and the bishops and archbishops, which were to be bound to the traditions of the first four centuries of the Church 's history. The role of reason in theology was affirmed. Restoration and beyond ( edit ) Main article : English Restoration With the Restoration of Charles II, Anglicanism too was restored in a form not far removed from the Elizabethan version. One difference was that the ideal of encompassing all the people of England in one religious organisation, taken for granted by the Tudors, had to be abandoned. The 1662 revision of the Book of Common Prayer became the unifying text of the ruptured and repaired Church after the disaster that was the civil war. When the new king Charles II reached the throne in 1660, he actively appointed his supporters who had resisted Cromwell to vacancies. He translated the leading supporters to the most prestigious and rewarding sees. He also considered the need to reestablish episcopal authority and to reincorporate `` moderate dissenters '' in order to effect Protestant reconciliation. In some cases turnover was heavy -- he made four appointments to the diocese of Worcester in four years 1660 - 63, moving the first three up to better positions. Glorious Revolution and Act of Toleration ( edit ) James II was overthrown by William of Orange in 1688, and the new king moved quickly to ease religious tensions. Many of his supporters had been Nonconformist non-Anglicans. With the Act of Toleration enacted on 24 May 1689, Nonconformists had freedom of worship. That is, those Protestants who dissented from the Church of England such as Baptists, Congregationalists and Quakers were allowed their own places of worship and their own teachers and preachers, subject to acceptance of certain oaths of allegiance. These privileges expressly did not apply to Catholics and Unitarians, and it continued the existing social and political disabilities for dissenters, including exclusion from political office. The religious settlement of 1689 shaped policy down to the 1830s. The Church of England was not only dominant in religious affairs, but it blocked outsiders from responsible positions in national and local government, business, professions and academe. In practice, the doctrine of the divine right of kings persisted Old animosities had diminished, and a new spirit of toleration was abroad. Restrictions on Nonconformists were mostly either ignored or slowly lifted. The Protestants, including the Quakers, who worked to overthrow King James II were rewarded. The Toleration Act of 1689 allowed nonconformists who have their own chapels, teachers, and preachers, censorship was relaxed. The religious landscape of England assumed its present form, with an Anglican established church occupying the middle ground, and Roman Catholics and those Puritans who dissented from the establishment, too strong to be suppressed altogether, having to continue their existence outside the national church rather than controlling it. 18th century ( edit ) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( September 2010 ) Spread of Anglicanism outside England ( edit ) See also : History of the Anglican Communion An Anglican chapel at Sheffield Cathedral The history of Anglicanism since the 17th century has been one of greater geographical and cultural expansion and diversity, accompanied by a concomitant diversity of liturgical and theological profession and practice. At the same time as the English reformation, the Church of Ireland was separated from Rome and adopted articles of faith similar to England 's Thirty - Nine Articles. However, unlike England, the Anglican church there was never able to capture the loyalty of the majority of the population ( who still adhered to Roman Catholicism ). As early as 1582, the Scottish Episcopal Church was inaugurated when James VI of Scotland sought to reintroduce bishops when the Church of Scotland became fully presbyterian ( see Scottish reformation ). The Scottish Episcopal Church enabled the creation of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America after the American Revolution, by consecrating in Aberdeen the first American bishop, Samuel Seabury, who had been refused consecration by bishops in England, due to his inability to take the oath of allegiance to the English crown prescribed in the Order for the Consecration of Bishops. The polity and ecclesiology of the Scottish and American churches, as well as their daughter churches, thus tends to be distinct from those spawned by the English church -- reflected, for example, in their looser conception of provincial government, and their leadership by a presiding bishop or primus rather than by a metropolitan or archbishop. The names of the Scottish and American churches inspire the customary term Episcopalian for an Anglican ; the term being used in these and other parts of the world. See also : American Episcopalians, Scottish Episcopalians At the time of the English Reformation the four ( now six ) Welsh dioceses were all part of the Province of Canterbury and remained so until 1920 when the Church in Wales was created as a province of the Anglican Communion. The intense interest in the Christian faith which characterised the Welsh in the 18th and 19th centuries was not present in the sixteenth and most Welsh people went along with the church 's reformation more because the English government was strong enough to impose its wishes in Wales rather than out of any real conviction. Consecrated in 1612, Saint Peter 's Church, in St George 's, Bermuda, is the oldest Church of England ( now Anglican ) church outside the British Isles, and the oldest Protestant church in the New World. Anglicanism spread outside of the British Isles by means of emigration as well as missionary effort. The 1609 wreck of the flagship of the Virginia Company, the Sea Venture, resulted in the settlement of Bermuda by that Company. This was made official in 1612, when the town of St George 's, now the oldest surviving English settlement in the New World, was established. It is the location of St Peter 's Church, the oldest - surviving Anglican church outside the British Isles ( Britain and Ireland ), and the oldest surviving non-Roman Catholic church in the New World, also established in 1612. It remained part of the Church of England until 1978, when the Anglican Church of Bermuda separated. The Church of England was the state religion in Bermuda and a system of parishes was set up for the religious and political subdivision of the colony ( they survive, today, as both civil and religious parishes ). Bermuda, like Virginia, tended to the Royalist side during the Civil War. The conflict in Bermuda resulted in the expulsion of Independent Puritans from the island ( the Eleutheran Adventurers, who settled Eleuthera, in the Bahamas ). The church in Bermuda, before the Civil War, had a somewhat Presbyterian flavour, but mainstream Anglicanism was asserted afterwards ( although Bermuda is also home to the oldest Presbyterian church outside the British Isles ). Bermudians were required by law in the 17th century to attend Church of England services, and proscriptions similar to those in England existed on other denominations. English missionary organisations such as USPG -- then known as the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge ( SPCK ) and the Church Missionary Society ( CMS ) were established in the 17th and 18th centuries to bring Anglican Christianity to the British colonies. By the 19th century, such missions were extended to other areas of the world. The liturgical and theological orientations of these missionary organisations were diverse. The SPG, for example, was in the 19th century influenced by the Catholic Revival in the Church of England, while the CMS was influenced by the Evangelicalism of the earlier Evangelical Revival. As a result, the piety, liturgy, and polity of the indigenous churches they established came to reflect these diverse orientations. 19th century and after ( edit ) 1801 -- 1914 ( edit ) Church at Blaston, Leicestershire, rebuilt in a simple Gothic style in 1878 Crucifix on the rood screen at Blisland, Cornwall The Plymouth Brethren seceded from the established church in the 1820s. The church in this period was affected by the Evangelical revival and the growth of industrial towns in the Industrial Revolution. There was an expansion of the various Nonconformist churches, notably Methodism. From the 1830s the Oxford Movement became influential and occasioned the revival of Anglo - Catholicism. From 1801 the Church of England and the Church of Ireland were unified and this situation lasted until the disestablishment of the Irish church in 1871 ( by the Irish Church Act, 1869 ). The growth of the twin `` revivals '' in 19th century Anglicanism - -- Evangelical and Catholic - -- was hugely influential. The Evangelical Revival informed important social movements such as the abolition of slavery, child welfare legislation, prohibition of alcohol, the development of public health and public education. It led to the creation of the Church Army, an evangelical and social welfare association and informed piety and liturgy, most notably in the development of Methodism. The Catholic Revival had a more penetrating impact by transforming the liturgy of the Anglican Church, repositioning the Eucharist as the central act of worship in place of the daily offices, and reintroducing the use of vestments, ceremonial, and acts of piety ( such as Eucharistic adoration ) that had long been prohibited in the English church and ( to a certain extent ) in its daughter churches. It influenced Anglican theology, through such Oxford Movement figures as John Henry Newman, Edward Pusey, as well as the Christian socialism of Charles Gore and Frederick Maurice. Much work was done to introduce a more medieval style of church furnishing in many churches. Neo-Gothic in many different forms became the norm rather than the earlier Neo-Classical forms. Both revivals led to considerable missionary efforts in parts of the British Empire. Prime ministers and the Queen ( edit ) Patronage continued to play a central role in Church affairs. Not since Newcastle, over a century before, did a prime minister pay as much attention to church vacancies as William Ewart Gladstone. He annoyed Queen Victoria by making appointments she did not like. He worked to match the skills of candidates to the needs of specific church offices. He supported his party by favouring Liberals who would support his political positions. His counterpart, Disraeli, favoured Conservative bishops to a small extent, but took care to distribute bishoprics so as to balance various church factions. He occasionally sacrificed party advantage to choose a more qualified candidate. On most issues Disraeli and Queen Victoria were close, but they frequently clashed over church nominations because of her aversion to high churchmen. 1914 -- 1970 ( edit ) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( October 2010 ) The old and new Coventry Cathedrals in the Diocese of Coventry ( the new cathedral was built next to the ruins of the old, which had been bombed in the Second World War ) The altar in St Mary 's Anglican Church, Redcliffe, Bristol : showing the effects of 20th century liturgical reform the altar stands at the east end of the nave Ilkeston Parish Church, Derbyshire : the interior after the family communion service on Christmas Day, 2007 The current form of military chaplain dates from the era of the First World War. A chaplain provides spiritual and pastoral support for service personnel, including the conduct of religious services at sea or in the field. The Army Chaplains Department was granted the prefix `` Royal '' in recognition of the chaplains ' wartime service. The Chaplain General of the British Army was Bishop John Taylor Smith who held the post from 1901 to 1925. An attempt to revise the Book of Common Prayer in 1928 was nullified by opposition in the House of Commons. During the Second World War the head of chaplaincy in the British Army was an ( Anglican ) chaplain - general, the Very Revd Charles Symons ( with the military rank of major - general ), who was formally under the control of the Permanent Under - Secretary of State. An assistant chaplain - general was a chaplain 1st class ( full colonel ), and a senior chaplain was a chaplain 2nd class ( lieutenant colonel ). A movement towards unification with the Methodist Church in the 1960s failed to pass through all the required stages on the Anglican side, being rejected by the General Synod in 1972. This was initiated by the Methodists and welcomed on the part of the Anglicans but full agreement on all points could not be reached. 1970 -- present ( edit ) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( October 2010 ) The Church Assembly was replaced by the General Synod in 1970. On 12 March 1994 the Church of England ordained its first female priests. On 11 July 2005 a vote was passed by the Church of England 's General Synod in York to allow women 's ordination as bishops. Both of these events were subject to opposition from some within the church who found difficulties in accepting them. Adjustments had to be made in the diocesan structure to accommodate those parishes unwilling to accept the ministry of women priests. ( See women 's ordination ) The first black archbishop of the Church of England, John Sentamu, formerly of Uganda, was enthroned on 30 November 2005 as Archbishop of York. In 2006 the Church of England at its General Synod made a public apology for the institutional role it played as a historic owner of slave plantations in Barbados and Barbuda. The Reverend Simon Bessant recounted the history of the church on the island of Barbados, West Indies, where through a charitable bequest received in 1710 by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, thousands of sugar plantation slaves had been appallingly treated and branded using red - hot irons as the property of the `` society ''. In 2010, for the first time in the history of the Church of England, more women than men were ordained as priests ( 290 women and 273 men ). See also ( edit ) Anglicanism portal England portal See also : Anglo - Saxon Christianity, History of the Scottish Episcopal Church, Church of Ireland § History, Anglican Communion, Anglicanism, Religion in the United Kingdom, Rowan Williams, and Church Army Notes ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ The Chair of St Augustine is the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury and in his role as head of the Anglican Communion. Archbishops of Canterbury are enthroned twice : firstly as diocesan Ordinary ( and Metropolitan and Primate of the Church of England ) in the archbishop 's throne, by the Archdeacon of Canterbury ; and secondly as leader of the worldwide church in the Chair of St Augustine by the senior ( by length of service ) Archbishop of the Anglican Communion. The stone chair is therefore of symbolic significance throughout Anglicanism. Jump up ^ Ecclesia anglicana is a Medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 meaning the `` English Church ''. Jump up ^ He wrote Assertio septem sacramentorum in response to Luther 's ideas on the sacraments. Citations Jump up ^ Delaney, John P. ( 1980 ). Dictionary of Saints ( Second ed. ). Garden City, NY : Doubleday. pp. 67 -- 68. ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 13594 - 8. Jump up ^ The English Reformation by Professor Andrew Pettegree. Bbc.co.uk. Jump up ^ `` Canons of the Church of England '' ( PDF ). Church of England. Retrieved 21 July 2014. Jump up ^ Gonzalez 1984. Jump up ^ Clifton - Taylor 1967. ^ Jump up to : Cross & Livingstone 1997, p. 65. Jump up ^ MacCulloch 1990, p. 172. Jump up ^ `` Anglicanism ''. Catholic Encyclopedia. Jump up ^ Blunt, J. ( 1869 ). The Reformation of the Church of England -- its history, principles and results ( A.D. 1514 -- 1547 ). London, Oxford, and Cambridge : Rivingtons. pp. 444 -- 445. Jump up ^ Heard 2000, p. 96. Jump up ^ R.A. Beddard, `` A Reward for Services Rendered : Charles II and the Restoration Bishopric of Worcester, 1660 - 1663. '' Midland History 29.1 ( 2004 ) : 61 - 91. Jump up ^ Julian Hoppit, A land of liberty? England 1689 - 1727 ( Oxford UP, 2002 pp 30 - 39. Jump up ^ Sheridan Gilley and William J. Sheils, eds. A history of religion in Britain : practice and belief from pre-Roman times to the present. ( 1994 ), 168 - 274. Jump up ^ J.C.D. Clark, English Society 1688 - 1832 : ideology, social structure and political practice in the ancien regime ( 1985 ), pp 119 - 198 Jump up ^ George Clark, Later Stuarts : 1616 - 1714 ( 2nd ed. 1956 ) pp 153 - 60. Jump up ^ Donald G. Barnes, `` The Duke of Newcastle, Ecclesiastical Minister, 1724 - 54, '' Pacific Historical Review 3 # 2 pp. 164 - 191 Jump up ^ William Gibson, `` ' A Great Excitement ' Gladstone And Church Patronage 1860 - 1894. '' Anglican and Episcopal History 68 # 3 ( 1999 ) : 372 - 396. in JSTOR Jump up ^ William T. Gibson, `` Disraeli 's Church Patronage : 1868 - 1880. '' Anglican and Episcopal History 61 # 2 ( 1992 ) : 197 - 210. in JSTOR Jump up ^ Snape 2008, p. vi. Jump up ^ John G. Maiden, `` English Evangelicals, Protestant National Identity, and Anglican Prayer Book Revision, 1927 -- 1928. '' Journal of Religious History 34 # 4 ( 2010 ) : 430 - 445. Jump up ^ Brumwell 1943. Jump up ^ `` Church apologises for slave trade ''. BBC. 8 February 2006. Retrieved 2006 - 02 - 08. Jump up ^ `` More new women priests than men for first time ''. Telegraph.co.uk. 2012 - 02 - 04. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11. Further reading ( edit ) Chadwick, Owen. The Victorian Church, Part One : 1829 - 1859 ( 1966 ) Chadwick, Owen. The Victorian Church, Part Two : 1860 - 1901 ( 1970 ) Hunt, William ( 1899 ). The English Church from Its Foundation to the Norman Conquest ( 597 - 1066 ). Vol I. Macmillan & Company. Gonzalez, Justo L. ( 1984 ). The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation. HarperCollins. ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 063315 - 8. Clifton - Taylor, Alec ( 1967 ). The Cathedrals of England. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 20062 - 9. Cross, F.L. ; Livingstone, E. A, eds. ( 1997 ). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( 3rd ed. ). New York : Oxford University Press, USA. MacCulloch, Diarmaid ( 1990 ). The Later Reformation in England, 1547 - 1603. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 92139 - 5. Hardwick, Joseph. An Anglican British world : The Church of England and the expansion of the settler empire, c. 1790 -- 1860 ( Manchester UP, 2014 ). Heard, Nigel ( 2000 ). Edward VI and Mary : A Mid-Tudor Crisis?. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 74317 - 1. Kirby, James. Historians and the Church of England : Religion and Historical Scholarship, 1870 -- 1920 ( 2016 ) online at DOI : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780198768159.001. 0001 Lawson, Tom. God and War : The Church of England and Armed Conflict in the Twentieth Century ( Routledge, 2016 ). Maughan Steven S. Mighty England Do Good : Culture, Faith, Empire, and World in the Foreign Missions of the Church of England, 1850 -- 1915 ( 2014 ). Norman, Edward R. Church and society in England 1770 - 1970 : a historical study ( Oxford UP, 1976 ). Picton, Hervé. A Short History of the Church of England : From the Reformation to the Present Day. Newcastle upon Tyne : Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015. 180 p. Snape, Michael Francis ( 2008 ). The Royal Army Chaplains ' Department, 1796 - 1953 : Clergy Under Fire. Boydell Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 346 - 8. Tapsell, Grant. The later Stuart Church, 1660 -- 1714 ( 2012 ). Brumwell, Percy Middleton ( 1943 ). The Army Chaplain : The Royal Army Chaplains ' Department : the Duties of Chaplains, and Moral. Adam & Charles Black. Walsh, John ; Haydon, Colin ; Taylor, Stephen ( 1993 ). The Church of England C. 1689 - c. 1833 : From Toleration to Tractarianism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 41732 - 7. External links ( edit ) Project Canterbury, Documenting Anglican History Online A Covenant between the Methodist Church in Britain and the Church of England was signed on 1 November 2003 ( hide ) History of Christianity Centuries : 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st Ministry of Jesus and Apostolic Age Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Holy Spirit Leadership Apostles Seventy disciples Paul the Apostle Council of Jerusalem Great Commission New Testament Background Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Ante - Nicene Period Judaism split Justin Martyr Ignatius Persecution Fathers Irenaeus Marcionism Canon Tertullian Montanism Origen Late ancient Constantine Monasticism Councils : Nicaea I Creed Athanasius Arianism Jerome Augustine Constantinople I Ephesus I Chalcedon Eastern Christianity Eastern Orthodoxy Church of the East Oriental Orthodoxy Chrysostom Nestorianism Iconoclasm Great Schism Fall of Constantinople Armenia Georgia Greece Egypt Syria Ethiopia Bulgaria Ottoman Empire Russia America Middle Ages Pelagianism Gregory I Celtic Germanic Scandinavian Kievan Rus ' Investiture Anselm Abelard Bernard of Clairvaux Bogomils Cathars Crusades Waldensians Inquisition Scholasticism Dominic Francis Bonaventure Aquinas Wycliffe Avignon Papal Schism Bohemian Reformation Hus Conciliarism Catholicism Primacy development Papacy Timeline Lateran IV Trent Counter-Reformation Thomas More Leo X Guadalupe Jesuits Jansenists Xavier Monastery dissolution Wars Teresa Vatican I and II Modernism Reformation Protestantism Erasmus Five solae Eucharist Calvinist -- Arminian debate Arminianism Dort Wars Lutheranism Martin Luther 95 Theses Diet of Worms Melanchthon Orthodoxy Eucharist Book of Concord Calvinism Zwingli Calvin Presbyterianism Scotland Knox TULIP Dort Three Forms of Unity Westminster Anglicanism Timeline Henry VIII Cranmer Settlement 39 Articles Common Prayer Puritans Civil War Anabaptism Radical Reformation Grebel Swiss Brethren Müntzer Martyrs ' Synod Menno Simons Smyth 1640 -- 1789 Revivalism English denominations Baptists Congregationalism First Great Awakening Methodism Millerism Pietism Neo - and Old Lutherans 1789 -- present Camp meeting Holiness movement Independent Catholic denominations Second Great Awakening Restoration Movement Jehovah 's Witnesses Mormonism Seventh - day Adventist Adventism Third Great Awakening Azusa Revival Fundamentalism Ecumenism Evangelicalism Jesus movement Mainline Protestant Pentecostalism Charismatics Liberation theology Christian right Christian left Genocide by ISIL Timeline Missions Timeline Martyrs Theology Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Protestantism Catholicism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Church_of_England&oldid=816750934 '' Categories : History of the Church of England Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Use British English from February 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2013 Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles to be expanded from September 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017, at 11 : 54. 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{ "text": "Smokey Bear - wikipedia Smokey Bear Jump to : navigation, search Smokey Bear Smokey Bear in a poster based on the `` Uncle Sam / Lord Kitchener '' poster First appearance 1944 Created by Advertising Council Smokey Bear is an American advertising mascot created by the Ad Council with artist Albert Staehle, possibly in collaboration with writer and art critic Harold Rosenberg. It is administered by the Ad Council, the United States Forest Service, and the National Association of State Foresters to educate the public about the dangers of wildfires. A campaign featuring Smokey and the slogan `` Smokey Says -- Care Will Prevent 9 out of 10 Forest Fires '' began in 1944. His later slogan, `` Remember... Only YOU Can Prevent Forest Fires '' was created in 1947. In April 2001, the message was updated to `` Only You Can Prevent Wildfires. '' According to the Ad Council, he and his message are recognized in the United States by 95 % of adults and 77 % of children. In 1952, the songwriters Steve Nelson and Jack Rollins had a successful song named `` Smokey the Bear ''. The pair said `` the '' was added to Smokey 's name to keep the song 's rhythm. During the 1950s, that variant of the name became widespread both in popular speech and in print, including at least one standard encyclopedia. A 1955 book in the Little Golden Books series was called Smokey the Bear and he calls himself by this name in the book. It depicted him as an orphaned cub rescued in the aftermath of a forest fire in the Sandia Mountains near Albuquerque, New Mexico. From the beginning, his name was intentionally spelled differently from the adjective `` smoky ''. Smokey Bear 's name and image are protected by U.S. federal law, the Smokey Bear Act of 1952 ( 16 U.S.C. 580 ( p - 2 ) ; 18 U.S.C. 711 ). Contents ( hide ) 1 Campaign beginnings 2 Living symbol 2.1 Smokey Bear II 3 Popularity 4 Legacy 5 Voices 6 Adaptations 7 Fire ecology 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Campaign beginnings ( edit ) Smokey Bear 's debut poster. Art by Albert Staehle Although the U.S. Forest Service fought wildfires long before World War II, the war brought a new importance and urgency to the effort. The forest service began using colorful posters to educate Americans about the dangers of forest fires. Since most able - bodied men were already serving in the armed forces, none could be spared to fight forest fires on the West Coast. The hope was that local communities, educated about the danger of forest fires, could prevent them from starting in the first place. On August 13, 1942, Disney 's fifth full - length animated motion picture Bambi premiered in New York City. Soon after, Walt Disney allowed his characters to appear in fire prevention public service campaigns. However, Bambi was only loaned to the government for a year, so a new symbol was needed. A bear was chosen. His name was inspired by `` Smokey '' Joe Martin, a New York City Fire Department hero who suffered burns and blindness during a bold 1922 rescue. Smokey 's debut poster was released on August 9, 1944, which is considered the character 's birthday. Overseen by the Cooperative Forest Fire Prevention Campaign, the first poster was illustrated by Albert Staehle. In it Smokey was depicted wearing jeans and a campaign hat, pouring a bucket of water on a campfire. The message underneath reads, `` Smokey says -- Care will prevent 9 out of 10 forest fires! '' Knickerbocker Bears gained the license to produce Smokey Bear dolls in 1944. Also in 1944, Forest Service worker Rudy Wendelin became the full - time campaign artist ; he was considered Smokey Bear 's `` manager '' until Wendelin retired in 1973. In addition, during World War II, the Empire of Japan considered wildfires as a possible weapon. During the Lookout Air Raids of September 1942, the Japanese military attempted without success to set ablaze coastal forests in southwest Oregon. U.S. planners also hoped that if Americans knew how wildfires would harm the war effort, they would better cooperate with the Forest Service to eliminate any kind of fire. The Japanese military renewed their wildfire strategy late in the war : from November 1944 to April 1945, launching some 9,000 fire balloons into the jet stream, with an estimated 10 % reaching the U.S. In the end the balloon bombs caused a total of six fatalities : five school children and their teacher, Elsie Mitchell, who were killed by one of the bombs near Bly, Oregon, on May 5, 1945. A memorial was erected at what today is called the Mitchell Recreation Area. In 1947, the slogan associated with Smokey Bear for more than five decades was finally coined : `` Remember... only YOU can prevent forest fires. '' In 2001, it was officially amended to replace `` forest fires '' with `` wildfires '', as a reminder that other areas ( such as grasslands ) are also in danger of burning. Living symbol ( edit ) Tahoe National Forest Fire Engine 731 and Crew at Smokey Bear Vista Point in June 1990 ( Temporarily assigned to Lincoln National Forest ). Capitan Gap is the pass located in the distance between the Engine and the sign. The living symbol of Smokey Bear was an American black bear three - month - old cub who in the spring of 1950 was caught in the Capitan Gap fire, a wildfire that burned 17,000 acres ( 69 km ) in the Lincoln National Forest, in the Capitan Mountains of New Mexico. Smokey had climbed a tree to escape the blaze, but his paws and hind legs had been burned. According to some stories, he was rescued by a game warden after the fire, but according to the New Mexico State Forestry Division, it was actually a group of soldiers from Fort Bliss, Texas, who had come to help fight the fire, that discovered the bear cub and brought him back to the camp. The original Smokey Bear, playing in his pool at the National Zoo, sometime during the 1950s. At first he was called Hotfoot Teddy, but he was later renamed Smokey, after the mascot. There are conflicting stories regarding the individual or individuals who first helped nurse the cub after the fire. According to the New York Times obituary for Homer C. Pickens, then Assistant Director of the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, he kept the cub at his home for a while, trying to nurse him back to health. According to other records, including a story in Life magazine, New Mexico Department of Game and Fish Ranger Ray Bell took him to Santa Fe, where he, his wife Ruth, and their children Don and Judy cared for the cub. The story was picked up by the national news services and Smokey became a celebrity. Soon after, Smokey was flown in a Piper Cub airplane to the National Zoo in Washington, D.C. A special room was prepared for him at the St. Louis zoo for an overnight fuel stop during the trip, and when he arrived at the National Zoo, several hundred spectators, including members of the Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, photographers, and media, were there to welcome him. Smokey Bear eating from the new `` honey tree '' -- a tree that automatically dispenses honey and berries -- installed in Smokey 's cage in the Summer of 1984. Smokey Bear lived at the National Zoo for 26 years. During that time he received millions of visitors as well as so many letters addressed to him ( up to 13,000 a week ) that in 1964 the United States Postal Service gave him his own ZIP code ( 20252 ). He developed a love for peanut butter sandwiches, in addition to his daily diet of bluefish and trout. Upon his death on November 9, 1976, Smokey 's remains were returned by the government to Capitan, New Mexico, and buried at what is now the Smokey Bear Historical Park. He was buried in a metal box starting around 10 pm. A group of hunters from Houston, who happened to be at the nearby Smokey Bear Cafe, helped with the burial. Two of the hunters reported that the possible reasons for the late night burial were that a freeze was expected the next morning so the grave needed to be covered before then, or that the rangers wanted as little publicity as possible. The plaque at his grave reads, `` This is the resting place of the first living Smokey Bear... the living symbol of wildfire prevention and wildlife conservation. '' The Washington Post ran a semi-humorous obituary for Smokey, labeled `` Bear '', calling him a transplanted New Mexico native who had resided for many years in Washington, D.C., with many years of government service. It also mentioned his family, including his wife, Goldie Bear, and `` adopted son '' Little Smokey. The obituary noted that Smokey and Goldie were not blood - relatives, despite the fact that they shared the same `` last name '' of `` Bear ''. The Wall Street Journal included an obituary for Smokey Bear on the front page of the paper, on November 11, 1976, and so many newspapers included articles and obituaries that the National Zoo archives include four complete scrapbooks devoted to them ( Series 12, boxes 66 - 67 ). Smokey Bear II ( edit ) In 1962, Smokey was paired with a female bear, `` Goldie Bear '', with the hope that perhaps Smokey 's descendants would take over the Smokey Bear title. In 1971, when the pair still had not produced any young, the zoo added `` Little Smokey '', another orphaned bear cub from the Lincoln Forest, to their cage -- announcing that the pair had `` adopted '' this cub. On May 2, 1975, Smokey Bear officially `` retired '' from his role as living mascot, and the title, `` Smokey Bear II '', was bestowed upon Little Smokey in an official ceremony. He died August 11, 1990. Upon his death Smokey 's remains were transported to a U.S. Forest Service facility in Capitan, where he was buried. The facility is now a forest fire / Smokey interpretive center. In the garden adjacent to the interpretive center is the bear 's grave. Thousands every year stop by to pay homage. Popularity ( edit ) `` Only YOU can prevent forest fires! '' The character became a notable part of American popular culture in the 1950s. He appeared on radio programs, in comic strips, and in cartoons. In 1952, after Smokey Bear attracted considerable commercial interest, the Smokey Bear Act, an act of Congress, was passed to remove the character from the public domain and place it under the control of the Secretary of Agriculture. The act provided for the use of Smokey 's royalties for continued education on the subject of forest fire prevention. More than three million dollars have been collected. A Smokey Bear doll was produced by Ideal Toys beginning in 1952 ; the doll included a mail - in card for children to become Junior forest rangers. Within three years half a million children had applied. In April 1964, the character was given his own ZIP code ( postal code ) : 20252. In 1955, the first children 's book was published, followed by many sequels and coloring books. Soon thousands of dolls, toys, and other collectibles were on the market. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Ad Council sponsored radio advertisements, featuring Smokey Bear `` in conversation '' with prominent American celebrity stars such as Bing Crosby, Art Linkletter, Dinah Shore, and Roy Rogers. In 1959, on an episode of Rocky and Friends, there was a Dudley Do - Right episode entitled `` Stokey The Bear '' which was a parody of Smokey. As a result, this episode was eliminated from further distribution. However, it was revived on DVD in 2005 for `` The Complete Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends ''. Smokey 's name and image has been loaned to the Smokey Bear Awards, which are awarded by the United States Forest Service to `` recognize outstanding service in the prevention of wildland fires and to increase public recognition and awareness of the need for continuing fire prevention efforts. '' The Beach Boys bring a reminder of Smokey the Bear on their 1964 album `` All Summer Long '' in the song `` Drive - In '' in the lines `` If you say you watch the movie you 're a couple of liars And ' Remember only you can prevent forest fires ' ''. Though Smokey was originally drawn wearing the campaign hat of the U.S. National Park Service ( which was in turn derived from the cavalry who protected the early U.S. national parks ), the hat itself later became famous by association with the Smokey cartoon character. As such, it is sometimes today called a `` Smokey Bear '' hat by both the military service branches and state police who still employ it. For that reason, truck drivers often refer to state police officers as `` Smokey '' or `` bears ''. Legacy ( edit ) Smokey Bear with members of the Boy Scouts of America and the Camp Fire Girls in 1960 For Smokey 's 40th anniversary in 1984, he was honored with a U.S. postage stamp that pictured a cub hanging onto a burned tree. It was illustrated by Rudy Wendelin. The commercial for his 50th anniversary portrayed woodland animals about to have a surprise birthday party for Smokey, with a cake with candles. When Smokey comes blindfolded, he smells smoke, not realizing it is birthday candles for his birthday. He uses his shovel to destroy the cake. When he takes off his blindfold, he sees that it was a birthday cake for him and apologizes. In 2004, Smokey 's 60th anniversary was celebrated in several ways, including a Senate resolution designating August 9, 2004, as `` Smokey Bear 60th Anniversary '', calling upon the President to issue a proclamation `` calling upon the people of the United States to observe the day with appropriate ceremonies and activities. '' According to Richard Earle, author of The Art of Cause Marketing, the Smokey Bear campaign is among the most powerful and enduring of all public service advertising : `` Smokey is simple, strong, straightforward. He 's a denizen of those woods you 're visiting, and he cares about preserving them. Anyone who grew up watching Bambi realizes how terrifying a forest fire can be. But Smokey would n't run away. Smokey 's strong. He 'll stay and fight the fire if necessary, but he 'd rather have you douse it and cover it up so he does n't have to. '' On the anniversary of finding Smokey Bear in the Capitan Gap fire, May 9, 2000, Marianne Gould from the Smokey Bear Ranger District, Eddie Tudor from the Smokey Bear Museum and Neal Jones from the local Ruidoso, New Mexico radio station created `` Smokey Bear Days ''. The event celebrates the fire prevention message from the Smokey Bear campaign as well as wilderness environment conservation with music concerts, chainsaw carving contests, a firefighter 's `` muster '' competition, food, vendors and a parade. The `` Smokey Bear Days '' celebration is held in Smokey 's hometown of Capitan, New Mexico the first weekend of May every year. In 2008 through 2011, new commercials featuring Smokey rendered in CGI were released. Voices ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Washington, D.C., radio station WMAL personality Jackson Weaver served as the primary voice representing Smokey until Weaver 's death in October 1992. Others who have provided a voice to Smokey include Jim Cummings, Roger C. Carmel, Jack Angel, Los Angeles radio station KNX 's George Walsh, and Gene Moss. In June 2008, the Forest Service launched a new series of public service announcements voiced by actor Sam Elliott, simultaneously giving Smokey a new visual design intended to appeal to young adults. Patrick Warburton provides the voice of an anonymous park ranger. Adaptations ( edit ) Smokey Bear at the 2005 National Scout Jamboree Smokey with Thomas Tidwell, Chief of the United States Forest Service, and Arnold Schwarzenegger Smokey Bear -- and parodies of the character -- have been appearing in animation for more than fifty years. In 1956, he made a cameo appearance in the Walt Disney short film In the Bag with a voice provided by Jackson Weaver. Rankin / Bass Productions, in cooperation with Tadahito Mochinaga 's MOM Production in Japan, produced an `` Animagic '' stop motion animated television special, The Ballad of Smokey the Bear, narrated by James Cagney. It aired on November 24, 1966 as part of the General Electric Fantasy Hour on NBC. During the 1969 -- 1970 television season, Rankin / Bass also produced a weekly Saturday Morning cartoon series for ABC, The Smokey Bear Show. This series is animated by Toei Animation in Japan. Steve Nelson and Jack Rollins 's song `` Smokey the Bear '' has been covered by the group Canned Heat, among others. The track is on their CD The Boogie House Tapes 1969 - 1999. `` Smokey the Bear Sutra '' is a 1969 poem by Gary Snyder, which presents environmental concerns in the form of a Buddhist sutra, and depicts Smokey as the reincarnation of the Great Sun Buddha. Fire ecology ( edit ) Main article : Fire ecology The Smokey Bear campaign has been criticized by wildfire policy experts in cases where decades of fire suppression and the indigenous fire ecology were not taken into consideration, creating forests unnaturally dense with fuel. Periodic low - intensity wildfires are an integral component of certain ecosystems that evolved to depend on natural fires for vitality, rejuvenation, and regeneration. Examples are chaparral and closed - cone pine forest habitats, which need fire for seeds and cones to sprout. Wildfires also play a role in the preservation of pine barrens, which are well adapted to small ground fires and rely on periodic fires to remove competing species. When a brushland, woodland, or forested area is not impacted by fire for a long period, large quantities of flammable leaves, branches and other organic matter tend to accumulate on the forest floor and above in brush thickets. When a forest fire eventually does occur, the increased fuel creates a crown fire, which destroys all vegetation and affects surface soil chemistry. Frequent small ' natural ' ground fires prevent the accumulation of fuel and allow large, slow - growing vegetation ( e.g. trees ) to survive. There is increasing use of controlled burns directed by skilled firefighters, and allowing wildland fires not causing human harm or threat to burn out. The goal and theme of the Smokey Bear campaign was adjusted in the 2000s, from `` Only you can prevent forest fires '' to `` Only you can prevent wildfires ''. The purpose is to respond to the criticism, and to distinguish ' bad ' intentional or accidental wildfires from the needs of sustainable forests via natural ' good ' fire ecology. See also ( edit ) Media related to Smokey Bear at Wikimedia Commons Johnny Horizon Mark Trail Woodsy Owl References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About the Campaign ''. SmokeyBear.com ( Ad Council ). Retrieved June 5, 2017. On August 9, 1944, the creation of Smokey Bear was authorized by the Forest Service, and the first poster was delivered on October 10 by artist Albert Staehle. ^ Jump up to : Smokey Bear at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia Archived from the original on June 5, 2017. Jump up ^ Howe, Irving ( 1984 ). A Margin of Hope. Harvest Books. ISBN 978 - 0156572453. excerpted in `` Arguing the World ''. ( official website ) PBS. Harold Rosenberg had an enviable part - time job at the Advertising Council, where he created Smokey the ( sic ) Bear. ( The sheer deliciousness of it : this cuddly artifact of commercial folklore as the creature of our unyielding modernist! ) The official Smokey Bear website the by Ad Council does not mention Rosenberg. No mention is made of Smokey Bear at Rosenberg 's obituary at Russell, John ( July 13, 1978 ). `` Harold Rosenberg Is Dead at 72 Art Critic for The New Yorker ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ `` Campaign History ''. Ad Council. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 08. Jump up ^ `` The Ad Council At A Glance ''. adcouncil.org. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 3, 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2009. Jump up ^ `` Only You Can Prevent Wildfires. - Resources ''. Archived from the original on February 28, 2007. Retrieved May 28, 2016. Jump up ^ World Book Encyclopedia. Fire prevention. 1960. Jump up ^ `` Smokey Bear Act of 1952 '' ( PDF ). U.S. Public Law 82 - 359, 66 Stat. 92. Government Printing Office. May 23, 1952. p. 92. Jump up ^ `` History of Smokey Bear ''. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. ^ Jump up to : `` Only You Can Prevent Wildfires ''. Smokey Bear. 7 December 1941. Retrieved 15 March 2014. Jump up ^ Ralph Blumenthal ( November 20, 2002 ). `` Books of the Times : Their Battle Is Joined With an Inhuman Enemy ''. The New York Times. Retrieved May 28, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The story of the creation of Smokey Bear, told by the late Albert Staehle 's wife ''. South-florida.us. Archived from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2014. Jump up ^ `` Knickerbocker Bears antique teddy bear encyclopedia ''. Luckybears.com. Archived from the original on March 31, 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014. Jump up ^ `` Japanese balloon bomb killed six 60 years ago today ''. Herald and News. Retrieved May 28, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Only You Can Prevent Wildfires ''. Smokey Bear. Retrieved 15 March 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Homer Pickens, 91 - Saved Smokey Bear ''. The New York Times. February 23, 1995. Retrieved May 28, 2016. Jump up ^ A June 2005 article in Smithsonian ( `` A Bear - Handed Grab '', pp. 47 - 48, identified the soldier as G.W. Chapman, who turned the injured bear over to a park ranger, who cared for him at his residence between veterinarian visits. ^ Jump up to : `` '' Smokey Bear ' The Living Symbol ' ``, New Mexico State Forestry Division, Smokey Bear National Park information ''. Emnrd.state.nm.us. Retrieved 15 March 2014. ^ Jump up to : Tad Bennicoff ( May 27, 2010 ). `` Bearly Survived to become an Icon ''. The Bigger Picture. Smithsonian Institution Archives. Archived from the original on June 8, 2010. Retrieved May 28, 2016. Jump up ^ Alex Hawes ( December 2002 ). `` Smokey Comes to Washington ''. Zoogoer. Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Archived from the original on February 23, 2009. Retrieved May 28, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Smokeybearpark.com ''. Smokeybearpark.com. Retrieved 15 March 2014. Jump up ^ Klopsteck, Cindy ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ). `` Iconic bear 's story recalled ''. San Antonio Express - News. p. C8. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08. ^ Jump up to : John Kelly ( April 25, 2010 ). `` The biography of Smokey Bear : the cartoon came first ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved May 28, 2016. Jump up ^ Larry Bleiberg ( June 29, 1997 ). `` New Mexico -- Town Still Celebrates Smokey Bear 's Legend ''. The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved May 28, 2016. Jump up ^ `` National Zoological Park, Office of Public Affairs, Records ''. Record Unit 365. Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved 28 March 2012. Jump up ^ `` History of the Cooperative Forest Fire Prevention Campaign ''. New Mexico State Forestry Division. Retrieved 25 July 2010. Jump up ^ Lawter, William Clifford Jr. ( 1994 ). Smokey Bear 20252 : A Biography. Lindsay Smith. ISBN 0964001713. Jump up ^ `` Forest Fire Prevention - Smokey Bear ( 1944 - Present ) ''. Ad Council. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. Retrieved 15 March 2014. Jump up ^ `` Smokey Bear Awards Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ). National Symbols Cache. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 27, 2006. Retrieved May 28, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Only You Can Prevent Wildfires ''. Smokey Bear. Retrieved 10 August 2014. Jump up ^ Congressional Record, Senate, July 22, 2004. Books.google.com. Retrieved 15 March 2014. Jump up ^ Richard Earle ( 2000 ). The Art of Cause Marketing. New York : McGraw - Hill. p. 230. Jump up ^ Neal Jones, originator of `` Smokey Bear Days '' 2000 Jump up ^ Snyder, Gary. Smokey the Bear Sutra. Wikisource. ^ Jump up to : Mike Anton ( July 24, 2009 ). `` At 65, Smokey Bear is still fighting fires ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 28, 2016. External links ( edit ) SmokeyBear.com A collection of Smokey Bear - related media The Real Smokey Bear - slideshow by Life magazine Inventory of the Rudolph Wendelin Papers, 1930 - 2005 in the Forest History Society Library and Archives, Durham, NC Smokey Bear Days The short film History of Smokey Bear ( ncwg.gov ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive Smokey 's Story, from the Texas Archive of the Moving Image Teddy bears Manufacturers Build - A-Bear Workshop Chad Valley J.K. Farnell Gund Ideal Toy Company Margarete Steiff GmbH Merrythought Teddy Atelier Stursberg Teddy - Hermann Ty Inc. Vermont Teddy Bear Company Types AG Bear Beanie Babies Boyds Bears Care Bears Coffee Bean Bears Forever Friends Freddy Teddy Gund Snuffles Holiday Beanie Babies Me to You Bears WereBears Museums Dorset Teddy Bear Museum Teddy bear museum Teddy Bear Museum of Naples Famous teddies Aloysius Archibald Ormsby - Gore Benjamin Bear Bamse Berlino Duffy the Disney Bear Corduroy Fozzie Bear Freddy Fazbear Grizzly Teddy Lotso Microsoft Bear Misha Nassur Nev Paddington Bear Pooky Pudsey Bear Rilakkuma Roosevelt Rupert Bear Rupert ( Family Guy ) Smokey Sooty SuperTed Teddy ( Mr. Bean ) Teddy Ruxpin Uszatek Mr Whoppit Winnie - the - Pooh Yogi Bear Film and television The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin Bear Behaving Badly Becky and Barnaby Bear Boonie Bears C Bear and Jamal Colargol Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears Issi Noho Old Bear Stories Paddington The Secret World of Benjamin Bear SuperTed Ted Ted 2 Teddybears The Teddy Bear Master Teddy Edward The Upstairs Downstairs Bears The Yogi Bear Show Books Corduroy Little Bear Old Bear and Friends Teddy Dressing The Berenstain Bears Polar the Titanic Bear Uppo - Nalle Winkie Winnie - the - Pooh Music `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Psycho Teddy '' `` Teddy Bears ' Picnic '' `` The Teddy Bear Song '' Video games Build - A-Bear Workshop Hubert the Teddy Bear : Winter Games Opération Teddy Bear Teddy Together Related topics The Bear Club Peter Bull Gummy bears Round and Round the Garden SGUL Teddy Bear Hospital Richard Steiff Stuffed toys Sudanese blasphemy case Teddybear Airdrop Minsk 2012 Teddy bear parachuting Teddy Bear Review Teddy bear toss Teddy Grahams Children 's programming on the American Broadcasting Company in the 1960s First - run animated series Rocky and His Friends ( 1959 -- 73 ) The New Casper Cartoon Show ( 1963 -- 70 ) Hoppity Hooper ( 1964 -- 67 ) The Beatles ( 1965 -- 69 ) The Porky Pig Show Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales Milton the Monster ( 1965 -- 68 ) The King Kong Show ( 1966 -- 69 ) Fantastic Four ( 1967 -- 70 ) Spider - Man ( 1967 -- 70 ) Journey to the Center of the Earth ( 1967 -- 69 ) George of the Jungle ( 1967 -- 70 ) The Adventures of Gulliver ( 1968 -- 70 ) Fantastic Voyage ( 1968 -- 70 ) The Smokey the Bear Show The Cattanooga Cats Show ( 1969 -- 71 ) Hot Wheels ( 1969 -- 71 ) The Hardy Boys ( 1969 -- 71 ) Skyhawks ( 1969 -- 71 ) First - run live - action series Lunch with Soupy Sales ( 1959 -- 61 ) The Magic Land of Allakazam ( 1962 -- 64 ) Discovery ( 1962 -- 71 ) American Bandstand ( 1957 -- 87 ) Shenanigans ( 1964 -- 65 ) Rebroadcasts Top Cat ( 1962 -- 63 ) The Bugs Bunny Show ( 1962 -- 68 ) My Friend Flicka The Jetsons ( 1962 -- 64 ) Beany and Cecil ( 1962 -- 88 ) Buffalo Bill, Jr. Annie Oakley The Magilla Gorilla Show Schedules 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 Related Animation in the United States in the television era MusicBrainz : b0f49465 - 646b - 4b96 - 9a52 - 9b31f24745b1 NARA : 10643577 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smokey_Bear&oldid=843185217 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1944 Public service announcement characters American mascots Cartoon mascots Fictional bears Fictional gamekeepers and park rangers Fictional firefighters Fire prevention Public service announcements of the United States United States Forest Service Wildfire ecology Bear mascots 1976 animal deaths National Zoological Park ( United States ) Hidden categories : All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Português Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018, at 13 : 25. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Smokey Bear", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Smokey_Bear&amp;oldid=843185217" }

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{ "text": "Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon - Wikipedia Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon Jump to : navigation, search `` Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon '' Single by Armaan Malik Released 24 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) Format Digital download Genre pop Length 5 : 10 ( Single ) 6 : 47 ( Music video ) Label T - Series Songwriter ( s ) Rashmi Virag Producer ( s ) Bhushan Kumar Amaal Mallik ( composer ) `` Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon '' is a 2015 song by Indian recording artist Armaan Malik composed by Amaal Mallik. The accompanying music video has been shot in Goa, India and features Bollywood actors Emraan Hashmi and Esha Gupta. It was released on YouTube by T - Series on 23 November 2015. The song has been well received crossing over 100 million views as of 20 October 2017. Accolades ( edit ) The song won the award for Best Indie Pop Song at the 2016 Mirchi Music Awards. It was also awarded the Best Music Video at the sixth Global Indian Music Academy Awards. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : T - Series ( 23 November 2015 ). `` Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon Full Video Emraan Hashmi, Esha Gupta Amaal Mallik, Armaan Malik ''. YouTube. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13. ^ Jump up to : Gaikwad, Pramod ( 25 November 2015 ). `` Emraan Hashmi, Esha Gupta 's new single is heart touching, watch video ''. The Indian Express. Retrieved 12 June 2016. ^ Jump up to : Bhattacharya, Ananya ( 25 November 2015 ). `` Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon video out : Watch AMIT KUMAR, Esha Gupta tell you why love stories dont end ''. India Today. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 10. Jump up ^ Maheshwari, Neha ( 4 March 2016 ). `` The Maliks almost broke down after Armaan Malik 's win at the Mirchi Music Awards ''. The Times of India. Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 11. Jump up ^ Sen, Sushmita ( 7 April 2016 ). `` GiMA Awards 2016 : ' Bajirao Mastani ' bags maximum awards ; Yo Yo Honey Singh, Sonakshi Sinha, Arijit Singh perform live ''. International Business Times, India Edition. Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 11. This 2010s song - related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Rahoon_Ya_Na_Rahoon&oldid=839788508 '' Categories : 2015 songs 2015 singles Hindi songs Indian songs Hindi film songs Songs with music by Amaal Mallik 2010s song stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2017 Use Indian English from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা Edit links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018, at 17 : 41. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Main_Rahoon_Ya_Na_Rahoon&amp;oldid=839788508" }

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{ "text": "Michael Jordan - wikipedia Michael Jordan For other people named Michael Jordan, see Michael Jordan ( disambiguation ). Michael Jordan Jordan in 2014 Charlotte Hornets Position Owner League NBA ( 1963 - 02 - 17 ) February 17, 1963 ( age 55 ) Brooklyn, New York Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) Listed weight 216 lb ( 98 kg ) Career information High school Emsley A. Laney ( Wilmington, North Carolina ) College North Carolina ( 1981 -- 1984 ) NBA draft 1984 / Round : 1 / Pick : 3rd overall Selected by the Chicago Bulls Playing career 1984 -- 1993, 1995 -- 1998, 2001 -- 2003 Position Shooting guard Number 23, 45, 12 Career history 1984 -- 1993, 1995 -- 1998 Chicago Bulls 2001 -- 2003 Washington Wizards Career highlights and awards 6 × NBA champion ( 1991 -- 1993, 1996 -- 1998 ) 6 × NBA Finals MVP ( 1991 -- 1993, 1996 -- 1998 ) 5 × NBA Most Valuable Player ( 1988, 1991, 1992, 1996, 1998 ) 14 × NBA All - Star ( 1985 -- 1993, 1996 -- 1998, 2002, 2003 ) 3 × NBA All - Star Game MVP ( 1988, 1996, 1998 ) 10 × All - NBA First Team ( 1987 -- 1993, 1996 -- 1998 ) All - NBA Second Team ( 1985 ) NBA Defensive Player of the Year ( 1988 ) 9 × NBA All - Defensive First Team ( 1988 -- 1993, 1996 -- 1998 ) NBA Rookie of the Year ( 1985 ) NBA All - Rookie First Team ( 1985 ) 10 × NBA scoring champion ( 1987 -- 1993, 1996 -- 1998 ) 3 × NBA steals leader ( 1988, 1990, 1993 ) 2 × NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion ( 1987, 1988 ) No. 23 retired by Chicago Bulls No. 23 retired by Miami Heat 3 × AP Athlete of the Year ( 1991 -- 1993 ) 2 × USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year ( 1983, 1984 ) Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year ( 1991 ) NBA 's 50th Anniversary All - Time Team NCAA champion ( 1982 ) Consensus national college player of the year ( 1984 ) 2 × Consensus first - team All - American ( 1983, 1984 ) ACC Player of the Year ( 1984 ) 2 × First - team All - ACC ( 1983, 1984 ) ACC Rookie of the Year ( 1982 ) No. 23 retired by the University of North Carolina Career statistics Points 32,292 ( 30.1 ppg ) Rebounds 6,672 ( 6.2 rpg ) Assists 5,633 ( 5.3 apg ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Basketball Hall of Fame as player FIBA Hall of Fame as player Medals ( hide ) Men 's Basketball Representing the United States Olympic Games 1984 Los Angeles Men 's basketball 1992 Barcelona Men 's basketball FIBA Americas Championship 1992 Portland Men 's basketball Pan American Games 1983 Caracas Men 's basketball Michael Jeffrey Jordan ( born February 17, 1963 ), also known by his initials, MJ, is an American former professional basketball player. He played 15 seasons in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) for the Chicago Bulls and Washington Wizards. His biography on the official NBA website states : `` By acclamation, Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time. '' Jordan was one of the most effectively marketed athletes of his generation and was considered instrumental in popularizing the NBA around the world in the 1980s and 1990s. He is currently the principal owner and chairman of the NBA 's Charlotte Hornets. Jordan played three seasons for coach Dean Smith at the University of North Carolina. As a freshman, he was a member of the Tar Heels ' national championship team in 1982. Jordan joined the Bulls in 1984 as the third overall draft pick. He quickly emerged as a league star and entertained crowds with his prolific scoring. His leaping ability, demonstrated by performing slam dunks from the free throw line in Slam Dunk Contests, earned him the nicknames Air Jordan and His Airness. He also gained a reputation for being one of the best defensive players in basketball. In 1991, he won his first NBA championship with the Bulls, and followed that achievement with titles in 1992 and 1993, securing a `` three - peat ''. Although Jordan abruptly retired from basketball before the beginning of the 1993 -- 94 NBA season and started a new career playing minor league baseball, he returned to the Bulls in March 1995 and led them to three additional championships in 1996, 1997, and 1998, as well as a then - record 72 regular - season wins in the 1995 -- 96 NBA season. Jordan retired for a second time in January 1999, but returned for two more NBA seasons from 2001 to 2003 as a member of the Wizards. Jordan 's individual accolades and accomplishments include six NBA Finals Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Awards, ten scoring titles ( both all - time records ), five MVP Awards, ten All - NBA First Team designations, nine All - Defensive First Team honors, fourteen NBA All - Star Game selections, three All - Star Game MVP Awards, three steals titles, and the 1988 NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award. He holds the NBA records for highest career regular season scoring average ( 30.12 points per game ) and highest career playoff scoring average ( 33.45 points per game ). In 1999, he was named the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century by ESPN, and was second to Babe Ruth on the Associated Press ' list of athletes of the century. Jordan is a two - time inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, having been enshrined in 2009 for his individual career, and again in 2010 as part of the group induction of the 1992 United States men 's Olympic basketball team ( `` The Dream Team '' ). He became a member of the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2015. Jordan is also known for his product endorsements. He fueled the success of Nike 's Air Jordan sneakers, which were introduced in 1984 and remain popular today. Jordan also starred as himself in the 1996 film Space Jam. In 2006, he became part - owner and head of basketball operations for the Charlotte Bobcats ; he bought a controlling interest in 2010. In 2014, Jordan became the first billionaire player in NBA history. He is the third - richest African - American, behind Robert F. Smith and Oprah Winfrey. Contents 1 Early years 2 High school career 3 College career 4 Professional career 4.1 Early NBA years ( 1984 -- 1987 ) 4.2 Pistons roadblock ( 1987 -- 1990 ) 4.3 First three - peat ( 1991 -- 1993 ) 4.3. 1 Gambling controversy 4.4 First retirement and stint in minor league baseball ( 1993 -- 1994 ) 4.5 `` I 'm back '' : Return to the NBA ( 1995 ) 4.6 Second three - peat ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 4.7 Second retirement ( 1999 -- 2001 ) 4.8 Washington Wizards comeback ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 5 Olympic career 6 Post-retirement 6.1 Charlotte Bobcats / Hornets 7 Player profile 8 NBA career statistics 8.1 Regular season 8.2 Playoffs 9 Legacy 10 Personal life 11 Media figure and business interests 11.1 Endorsements 11.2 Business ventures 12 Awards and honors 12.1 College awards and honors 12.2 NBA awards and honors 12.3 Other awards and honors 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 Further reading 18 External links Early years Jordan was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Deloris ( née Peoples ), who worked in banking, and James R. Jordan Sr., an equipment supervisor. His family moved to Wilmington, North Carolina, when he was a toddler. Jordan is the fourth of five children. He has two older brothers, Larry Jordan and James R. Jordan, Jr., one older sister, Deloris, and one younger sister, Roslyn. Jordan 's brother James retired in 2006 as the Command Sergeant Major of the 35th Signal Brigade of the XVIII Airborne Corps in the U.S. Army. High School career Jordan going in for a slam - dunk for the Laney High School varsity basketball team, 1979 -- 80. Jordan attended Emsley A. Laney High School in Wilmington, where he highlighted his athletic career by playing basketball, baseball, and football. He tried out for the varsity basketball team during his sophomore year, but at 5'11 '' ( 1.80 m ), he was deemed too short to play at that level. His taller friend, Harvest Leroy Smith, was the only sophomore to make the team. Motivated to prove his worth, Jordan became the star of Laney 's junior varsity team, and tallied several 40 - point games. The following summer, he grew four inches ( 10 cm ) and trained rigorously. Upon earning a spot on the varsity roster, Jordan averaged about 20 points per game over his final two seasons of high school play. As a senior, he was selected to the McDonald 's All - American Team after averaging a triple - double : 29.2 points, 11.6 rebounds, and 10.1 assists. Jordan was recruited by numerous college basketball programs, including Duke, North Carolina, South Carolina, Syracuse, and Virginia. In 1981, Jordan accepted a basketball scholarship to North Carolina, where he majored in cultural geography. College career Jordan 's number 23 jersey among others in the rafters of the Dean Smith Center As a freshman in coach Dean Smith 's team - oriented system, he was named ACC Freshman of the Year after he averaged 13.4 points per game ( ppg ) on 53.4 % shooting ( field goal percentage ). He made the game - winning jump shot in the 1982 NCAA Championship game against Georgetown, which was led by future NBA rival Patrick Ewing. Jordan later described this shot as the major turning point in his basketball career. During his three seasons at North Carolina, he averaged 17.7 ppg on 54.0 % shooting, and added 5.0 rebounds per game ( rpg ). He was selected by consensus to the NCAA All - American First Team in both his sophomore ( 1983 ) and junior ( 1984 ) seasons. After winning the Naismith and the Wooden College Player of the Year awards in 1984, Jordan left North Carolina one year before his scheduled graduation to enter the 1984 NBA draft. The Chicago Bulls selected Jordan with the third overall pick, after Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets ) and Sam Bowie ( Portland Trail Blazers ). One of the primary reasons why Jordan was not drafted sooner was because the first two teams were in need of a center. However, Trail Blazers general manager Stu Inman contended that it was not a matter of drafting a center, but more a matter of taking Sam Bowie over Jordan, in part because Portland already had Clyde Drexler, who was a guard with similar skills to Jordan. ESPN, citing Bowie 's injury - laden college career, named the Blazers ' choice of Bowie as the worst draft pick in North American professional sports history. Jordan returned to North Carolina to complete his degree in 1986. He graduated the same year with a Bachelor of Arts degree in geography. Professional career Early NBA years ( 1984 -- 1987 ) During his rookie season with the Bulls, Jordan averaged 28.2 ppg on 51.5 % shooting. He quickly became a fan favorite even in opposing arenas, and appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated with the heading `` A Star Is Born '' just over a month into his professional career. The fans also voted in Jordan as an All - Star starter during his rookie season. Controversy arose before the All - Star game when word surfaced that several veteran players -- led by Isiah Thomas -- were upset by the amount of attention Jordan was receiving. This led to a so - called `` freeze - out '' on Jordan, where players refused to pass the ball to him throughout the game. The controversy left Jordan relatively unaffected when he returned to regular season play, and he would go on to be voted Rookie of the Year. The Bulls finished the season 38 -- 44 and lost to the Milwaukee Bucks in four games in the first round of the playoffs. Jordan 's second season was cut short when he broke his foot in the third game of the year, causing him to miss 64 games. Despite Jordan 's injury and a 30 -- 52 record ( at the time it was fifth worst record of any team to qualify for the playoffs in NBA history ), the Bulls made the playoffs. Jordan recovered in time to participate in the playoffs and performed well upon his return. Against a 1985 -- 86 Boston Celtics team that is often considered one of the greatest in NBA history, Jordan set the still - unbroken record for points in a playoff game with 63 in Game 2. The Celtics, however, managed to sweep the series. Jordan had completely recovered in time for the 1986 -- 87 season, and he had one of the most prolific scoring seasons in NBA history. He became the only player other than Wilt Chamberlain to score 3,000 points in a season, averaging a league high 37.1 points on 48.2 % shooting. In addition, Jordan demonstrated his defensive prowess, as he became the first player in NBA history to record 200 steals and 100 blocked shots in a season. Despite Jordan 's success, Magic Johnson won the league 's Most Valuable Player Award. The Bulls reached 40 wins, and advanced to the playoffs for the third consecutive year. However, they were again swept by the Celtics. Pistons roadblock ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Jordan ( center ) in 1987 Jordan again led the league in scoring during the 1987 -- 88 season, averaging 35.0 ppg on 53.5 % shooting and won his first league MVP Award. He was also named the Defensive Player of the Year, as he had averaged 1.6 blocks and a league high 3.16 steals per game. The Bulls finished 50 -- 32, and made it out of the first round of the playoffs for the first time in Jordan 's career, as they defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in five games. However, the Bulls then lost in five games to the more experienced Detroit Pistons, who were led by Isiah Thomas and a group of physical players known as the `` Bad Boys ''. In the 1988 -- 89 season, Jordan again led the league in scoring, averaging 32.5 ppg on 53.8 % shooting from the field, along with 8 rpg and 8 assists per game ( apg ). The Bulls finished with a 47 -- 35 record, and advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals, defeating the Cavaliers and New York Knicks along the way. The Cavaliers series included a career highlight for Jordan when he hit The Shot over Craig Ehlo at the buzzer in the fifth and final game of the series. However, the Pistons again defeated the Bulls, this time in six games, by utilizing their `` Jordan Rules '' method of guarding Jordan, which consisted of double and triple teaming him every time he touched the ball. The Bulls entered the 1989 -- 90 season as a team on the rise, with their core group of Jordan and young improving players like Scottie Pippen and Horace Grant, and under the guidance of new coach Phil Jackson. Jordan averaged a league leading 33.6 ppg on 52.6 % shooting, to go with 6.9 rpg and 6.3 apg in leading the Bulls to a 55 -- 27 record. They again advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals after beating the Bucks and Philadelphia 76ers. However, despite pushing the series to seven games, the Bulls lost to the Pistons for the third consecutive season. First three - peat ( 1991 -- 1993 ) In the 1990 -- 91 season, Jordan won his second MVP award after averaging 31.5 ppg on 53.9 % shooting, 6.0 rpg, and 5.5 apg for the regular season. The Bulls finished in first place in their division for the first time in 16 years and set a franchise record with 61 wins in the regular season. With Scottie Pippen developing into an All - Star, the Bulls had elevated their play. The Bulls defeated the New York Knicks and the Philadelphia 76ers in the opening two rounds of the playoffs. They advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals where their rival, the Detroit Pistons, awaited them. However, this time the Bulls beat the Pistons in a four - game sweep. The Bulls advanced to the NBA Finals for the first time in franchise history to face the Los Angeles Lakers, who had Magic Johnson and James Worthy, two formidable opponents. The Bulls won the series four games to one, and compiled a 15 -- 2 playoff record along the way. Perhaps the best known moment of the series came in Game 2 when, attempting a dunk, Jordan avoided a potential Sam Perkins block by switching the ball from his right hand to his left in mid-air to lay the shot into the basket. In his first Finals appearance, Jordan posted per game averages of 31.2 points on 56 % shooting from the field, 11.4 assists, 6.6 rebounds, 2.8 steals, and 1.4 blocks. Jordan won his first NBA Finals MVP award, and he cried while holding the NBA Finals trophy. Jordan and the Bulls continued their dominance in the 1991 -- 92 season, establishing a 67 -- 15 record, topping their franchise record from 1990 -- 91. Jordan won his second consecutive MVP award with averages of 30.1 points, 6.4 rebounds and 6.1 assists per game on 52 % shooting. After winning a physical 7 - game series over the New York Knicks in the second round of the playoffs and finishing off the Cleveland Cavaliers in the Conference Finals in 6 games, the Bulls met Clyde Drexler and the Portland Trail Blazers in the Finals. The media, hoping to recreate a Magic -- Bird rivalry, highlighted the similarities between `` Air '' Jordan and Clyde `` The Glide '' during the pre-Finals hype. In the first game, Jordan scored a Finals - record 35 points in the first half, including a record - setting six three - point field goals. After the sixth three - pointer, he jogged down the court shrugging as he looked courtside. Marv Albert, who broadcast the game, later stated that it was as if Jordan was saying, `` I ca n't believe I 'm doing this. '' The Bulls went on to win Game 1, and defeat the Blazers in six games. Jordan was named Finals MVP for the second year in a row and finished the series averaging 35.8 ppg, 4.8 rpg, and 6.5 apg, while shooting 53 % from the floor. In the 1992 -- 93 season, despite a 32.6 ppg, 6.7 rpg, and 5.5 apg campaign and finishing second in Defensive Player of the Year voting, Jordan 's streak of consecutive MVP seasons ended as he lost the award to his friend Charles Barkley. Coincidentally, Jordan and the Bulls met Barkley and his Phoenix Suns in the 1993 NBA Finals. The Bulls won their third NBA championship on a game - winning shot by John Paxson and a last - second block by Horace Grant, but Jordan was once again Chicago 's leader. He averaged a Finals - record 41.0 ppg during the six - game series, and became the first player in NBA history to win three straight Finals MVP awards. He scored more than 30 points in every game of the series, including 40 or more points in 4 consecutive games. With his third Finals triumph, Jordan capped off a seven - year run where he attained seven scoring titles and three championships, but there were signs that Jordan was tiring of his massive celebrity and all of the non-basketball hassles in his life. Gambling controversy During the Bulls ' playoff run in 1993, controversy arose when Jordan was seen gambling in Atlantic City, New Jersey, the night before a game against the New York Knicks. In that same year, he admitted that he had to cover $57,000 in gambling losses, and author Richard Esquinas wrote a book claiming he had won $1.25 million from Jordan on the golf course. In 2005, Jordan talked to Ed Bradley of the CBS evening show 60 Minutes about his gambling and admitted that he made some reckless decisions. Jordan stated, `` Yeah, I 've gotten myself into situations where I would not walk away and I 've pushed the envelope. Is that compulsive? Yeah, it depends on how you look at it. If you 're willing to jeopardize your livelihood and your family, then yeah. '' When Bradley asked him if his gambling ever got to the level where it jeopardized his livelihood or family, Jordan replied, `` No. '' First retirement and stint in minor league baseball ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Michael Jordan Birmingham Barons -- No. 45 & No. 35 Outfielder Batted : Right Threw : Right Professional debut Southern League : April 8, 1994, for the Birmingham Barons Arizona Fall League : 1994, for the Scottsdale Scorpions Last Southern League appearance March 10, 1995, for the Birmingham Barons Southern League statistics ( through 1994 ) Batting average. 202 Home runs Runs batted in 51 Arizona Fall League statistics Batting average. 252 Teams Birmingham Barons ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Scottsdale Scorpions ( 1994 ) Jordan in training with the Scottsdale Scorpions On October 6, 1993, Jordan announced his retirement, citing a loss of desire to play the game. Jordan later stated that the death of his father three months earlier also shaped his decision. Jordan 's father was murdered on July 23, 1993, at a highway rest area in Lumberton, North Carolina, by two teenagers, Daniel Green and Larry Martin Demery, who carjacked his luxury Lexus bearing the license plate `` UNC 0023 ''. His body was dumped in a South Carolina swamp and was not discovered until August 3. The assailants were traced from calls that they made on James Jordan 's cell phone. The two criminals were caught, convicted at trial, and sentenced to life in prison. Jordan was close to his father ; as a child he had imitated his father 's proclivity to stick out his tongue while absorbed in work. He later adopted it as his own signature, displaying it each time he drove to the basket. In 1996, he founded a Chicago area Boys & Girls Club and dedicated it to his father. In his 1998 autobiography For the Love of the Game, Jordan wrote that he had been preparing for retirement as early as the summer of 1992. The added exhaustion due to the Dream Team run in the 1992 Olympics solidified Jordan 's feelings about the game and his ever - growing celebrity status. Jordan 's announcement sent shock waves throughout the NBA and appeared on the front pages of newspapers around the world. Jordan then further surprised the sports world by signing a minor league baseball contract with the Chicago White Sox on February 7, 1994. He reported to spring training in Sarasota, Florida, and was assigned to the team 's minor league system on March 31, 1994. Jordan has stated this decision was made to pursue the dream of his late father, who had always envisioned his son as a Major League Baseball player. The White Sox were another team owned by Bulls owner Jerry Reinsdorf, who continued to honor Jordan 's basketball contract during the years he played baseball. In 1994, Jordan played for the Birmingham Barons, a Double - A minor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox, batting. 202 with three home runs, 51 runs batted in, 30 stolen bases, 114 strikeouts, 51 base on balls, and 11 errors. He also appeared for the Scottsdale Scorpions in the 1994 Arizona Fall League, batting. 252 against the top prospects in baseball. On November 1, 1994, his number 23 was retired by the Bulls in a ceremony that included the erection of a permanent sculpture known as The Spirit outside the new United Center. `` I 'm back '' : return to the NBA ( 1995 ) In the 1993 -- 94 season, the Bulls achieved a 55 -- 27 record without Jordan in the lineup, and lost to the New York Knicks in the second round of the playoffs. The 1994 -- 95 Bulls were a shell of the championship team of just two years earlier. Struggling at mid-season to ensure a spot in the playoffs, Chicago was 31 -- 31 at one point in mid-March. The team received help, however, when Jordan decided to return to the Bulls. In March 1995, Jordan decided to quit baseball due to the ongoing Major League Baseball strike, as he wanted to avoid becoming a potential replacement player. On March 18, 1995, Jordan announced his return to the NBA through a two - word press release : `` I 'm back. '' The next day, Jordan took to the court with the Bulls to face the Indiana Pacers in Indianapolis, scoring 19 points. The game had the highest Nielsen rating of a regular season NBA game since 1975. Although he could have opted to wear his normal number in spite of the Bulls having retired it, Jordan instead wore number 45, as he had while playing baseball. Although he had not played an NBA game in a year and a half, Jordan played well upon his return, making a game - winning jump shot against Atlanta in his fourth game back. He then scored 55 points in the next game against the Knicks at Madison Square Garden on March 28, 1995. Boosted by Jordan 's comeback, the Bulls went 13 -- 4 to make the playoffs and advanced to the Eastern Conference Semifinals against the Orlando Magic. At the end of Game 1, Orlando 's Nick Anderson stripped Jordan from behind, leading to the game - winning basket for the Magic ; he would later comment that Jordan `` did n't look like the old Michael Jordan '' and that `` No. 45 does n't explode like No. 23 used to. '' Jordan responded by scoring 38 points in the next game, which Chicago won. Before the game, Jordan decided that he would immediately resume wearing his former number, 23. The Bulls were fined $25,000 for failing to report the impromptu number change to the NBA. Jordan was fined an additional $5,000 for opting to wear white sneakers when the rest of the Bulls wore black. He averaged 31 points per game in the series, but Orlando won the series in 6 games. Second three - peat ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Jordan was freshly motivated by the playoff defeat, and he trained aggressively for the 1995 -- 96 season. The Bulls were strengthened by the addition of rebound specialist Dennis Rodman, and the team dominated the league, starting the season at 41 -- 3. The Bulls eventually finished with the then - best regular season record in NBA history, 72 -- 10 ; this record was later surpassed by the 2015 -- 16 Golden State Warriors. Jordan led the league in scoring with 30.4 ppg and won the league 's regular season and All - Star Game MVP awards. In the playoffs, the Bulls lost only three games in four series ( Miami Heat 3 -- 0, New York Knicks 4 -- 1, Orlando Magic 4 -- 0 ). They defeated the Seattle SuperSonics 4 -- 2 in the NBA Finals to win their fourth championship. Jordan was named Finals MVP for a record fourth time, surpassing Magic Johnson 's three Finals MVP awards. He also achieved only the second sweep of the MVP Awards in the All - Star Game, regular season and NBA Finals, Willis Reed having achieved the first, during the 1969 -- 70 season. Because this was Jordan 's first championship since his father 's murder, and it was won on Father 's Day, Jordan reacted very emotionally upon winning the title, including a memorable scene of him crying on the locker room floor with the game ball. In the 1996 -- 97 season, the Bulls started out 69 -- 11, but missed out on a second consecutive 70 - win season by losing their final two games to finish 69 -- 13. However, this year Jordan was beaten for the NBA MVP Award by Karl Malone. The Bulls again advanced to the Finals, where they faced Malone and the Utah Jazz. The series against the Jazz featured two of the more memorable clutch moments of Jordan 's career. He won Game 1 for the Bulls with a buzzer - beating jump shot. In Game 5, with the series tied at 2, Jordan played despite being feverish and dehydrated from a stomach virus. In what is known as the `` Flu Game '', Jordan scored 38 points, including the game - deciding 3 - pointer with 25 seconds remaining. The Bulls won 90 -- 88 and went on to win the series in six games. For the fifth time in as many Finals appearances, Jordan received the Finals MVP award. During the 1997 NBA All - Star Game, Jordan posted the first triple double in All - Star Game history in a victorious effort ; however, he did not receive the MVP award. Jordan with coach Phil Jackson, 1997 Jordan and the Bulls compiled a 62 -- 20 record in the 1997 -- 98 season. Jordan led the league with 28.7 points per game, securing his fifth regular - season MVP award, plus honors for All - NBA First Team, First Defensive Team and the All - Star Game MVP. The Bulls won the Eastern Conference Championship for a third straight season, including surviving a seven - game series with the Indiana Pacers in the Eastern Conference Finals ; it was the first time Jordan had played in a Game 7 since the 1992 Eastern Conference Semifinals with the Knicks. After winning, they moved on for a rematch with the Jazz in the Finals. The Bulls returned to the Delta Center for Game 6 on June 14, 1998, leading the series 3 -- 2. Jordan executed a series of plays, considered to be one of the greatest clutch performances in NBA Finals history. With the Bulls trailing 86 -- 83 with 41.9 seconds remaining in the fourth quarter, Phil Jackson called a timeout. When play resumed, Jordan received the inbound pass, drove to the basket, and hit a shot over several Jazz defenders, cutting the Utah lead to 86 -- 85. The Jazz brought the ball upcourt and passed the ball to forward Karl Malone, who was set up in the low post and was being guarded by Rodman. Malone jostled with Rodman and caught the pass, but Jordan cut behind him and took the ball out of his hands for a steal. Jordan then dribbled down the court and paused, eyeing his defender, Jazz guard Bryon Russell. With 10 seconds remaining, Jordan started to dribble right, then crossed over to his left, possibly pushing off Russell, although the officials did not call a foul. With 5.2 seconds left, Jordan gave Chicago an 87 -- 86 lead with a game - winning jumper, the climactic shot of his Bulls career. Afterwards, John Stockton missed a game - winning three - pointer. Jordan and the Bulls won their sixth NBA championship and second three - peat. Once again, Jordan was voted the Finals MVP, having led all scorers averaging 33.5 points per game, including 45 in the deciding Game 6. Jordan 's six Finals MVPs is a record ; Shaquille O'Neal, Magic Johnson, LeBron James and Tim Duncan are tied for second place with three apiece. The 1998 Finals holds the highest television rating of any Finals series in history. Game 6 also holds the highest television rating of any game in NBA history. Second retirement ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Plaque at the United Center that chronicles Jordan 's career achievements. With Phil Jackson 's contract expiring, the pending departures of Scottie Pippen and Dennis Rodman looming, and being in the latter stages of an owner - induced lockout of NBA players, Jordan retired for the second time on January 13, 1999. On January 19, 2000, Jordan returned to the NBA not as a player, but as part owner and president of basketball operations for the Washington Wizards. Jordan 's responsibilities with the Wizards were comprehensive. He controlled all aspects of the Wizards ' basketball operations, and had the final say in all personnel matters. Opinions of Jordan as a basketball executive were mixed. He managed to purge the team of several highly paid, unpopular players ( such as forward Juwan Howard and point guard Rod Strickland ), but used the first pick in the 2001 NBA draft to select high schooler Kwame Brown, who did not live up to expectations and was traded away after four seasons. Despite his January 1999 claim that he was `` 99.9 % certain '' that he would never play another NBA game, in the summer of 2001 Jordan expressed interest in making another comeback, this time with his new team. Inspired by the NHL comeback of his friend Mario Lemieux the previous winter, Jordan spent much of the spring and summer of 2001 in training, holding several invitation - only camps for NBA players in Chicago. In addition, Jordan hired his old Chicago Bulls head coach, Doug Collins, as Washington 's coach for the upcoming season, a decision that many saw as foreshadowing another Jordan return. Washington Wizards comeback ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Jordan as a member of the Washington Wizards, April 14, 2003 On September 25, 2001, Jordan announced his return to the NBA to play for the Washington Wizards, indicating his intention to donate his salary as a player to a relief effort for the victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks. In an injury - plagued 2001 -- 02 season, he led the team in scoring ( 22.9 ppg ), assists ( 5.2 apg ), and steals ( 1.42 spg ). However, torn cartilage in his right knee ended Jordan 's season after only 60 games, the fewest he had played in a regular season since playing 17 games after returning from his first retirement during the 1994 -- 95 season. Jordan started 53 of his 60 games for the season, averaging 24.3 points, 5.4 assists, and 6.0 rebounds, and shooting 41.9 % from the field in his 53 starts. His last seven appearances were in a reserve role, in which he averaged just over 20 minutes per game. Playing in his 14th and final NBA All - Star Game in 2003, Jordan passed Kareem Abdul - Jabbar as the all - time leading scorer in All - Star Game history ( a record since broken by Kobe Bryant ). That year, Jordan was the only Washington player to play in all 82 games, starting in 67 of them. He averaged 20.0 points, 6.1 rebounds, 3.8 assists, and 1.5 steals per game. He also shot 45 % from the field, and 82 % from the free throw line. Even though he turned 40 during the season, he scored 20 or more points 42 times, 30 or more points nine times, and 40 or more points three times. On February 21, 2003, Jordan became the first 40 - year - old to tally 43 points in an NBA game. During his stint with the Wizards, all of Jordan 's home games at the MCI Center were sold out, and the Wizards were the second most - watched team in the NBA, averaging 20,172 fans a game at home and 19,311 on the road. However, neither of Jordan 's final two seasons resulted in a playoff appearance for the Wizards, and Jordan was often unsatisfied with the play of those around him. At several points he openly criticized his teammates to the media, citing their lack of focus and intensity, notably that of the number one draft pick in the 2001 NBA draft, Kwame Brown. With the recognition that 2002 -- 03 would be Jordan 's final season, tributes were paid to him throughout the NBA. In his final game at the United Center in Chicago, which was his old home court, Jordan received a four - minute standing ovation. The Miami Heat retired the number 23 jersey on April 11, 2003, even though Jordan never played for the team. At the 2003 All - Star Game, Jordan was offered a starting spot from Tracy McGrady and Allen Iverson, but refused both. In the end, he accepted the spot of Vince Carter, who decided to give it up under great public pressure. Jordan played in his final NBA game on April 16, 2003, in Philadelphia. After scoring only 13 points in the game, Jordan went to the bench with 4 minutes and 13 seconds remaining in the third quarter and his team trailing the Philadelphia 76ers, 75 -- 56. Just after the start of the fourth quarter, the First Union Center crowd began chanting `` We want Mike! '' After much encouragement from coach Doug Collins, Jordan finally rose from the bench and re-entered the game, replacing Larry Hughes with 2 : 35 remaining. At 1 : 45, Jordan was intentionally fouled by the 76ers ' Eric Snow, and stepped to the line to make both free throws. After the second foul shot, the 76ers in - bounded the ball to rookie John Salmons, who in turn was intentionally fouled by Bobby Simmons one second later, stopping time so that Jordan could return to the bench. Jordan received a three - minute standing ovation from his teammates, his opponents, the officials, and the crowd of 21,257 fans. Olympic career Jordan on the `` Dream Team '' in 1992 Jordan played on two Olympic gold medal - winning American basketball teams. He won a gold medal as a college player in the 1984 Summer Olympics. The team was coached by Bob Knight and featured players such as Patrick Ewing, Sam Perkins, Chris Mullin, Steve Alford, and Wayman Tisdale. Jordan led the team in scoring, averaging 17.1 ppg for the tournament. In the 1992 Summer Olympics, he was a member of the star - studded squad that included Magic Johnson, Larry Bird, and David Robinson and was dubbed the `` Dream Team ''. Jordan was the only player to start all 8 games in the Olympics. Playing limited minutes due to the frequent blowouts, Jordan averaged 14.9 ppg, finishing second on the team in scoring. Jordan and fellow Dream Team members Patrick Ewing and Chris Mullin are the only American men 's basketball players to win Olympic gold medals as amateurs and professionals. Post-retirement Jordan on a golf course in 2007 After his third retirement, Jordan assumed that he would be able to return to his front office position as Director of Basketball Operations with the Wizards. However, his previous tenure in the Wizards ' front office had produced the aforementioned mixed results and may have also influenced the trade of Richard `` Rip '' Hamilton for Jerry Stackhouse ( although Jordan was not technically Director of Basketball Operations in 2002 ). On May 7, 2003, Wizards owner Abe Pollin fired Jordan as the team 's president of basketball operations. Jordan later stated that he felt betrayed, and that if he had known he would be fired upon retiring he never would have come back to play for the Wizards. Jordan kept busy over the next few years. He stayed in shape, played golf in celebrity charity tournaments, and spent time with his family in Chicago. He also promoted his Jordan Brand clothing line and rode motorcycles. Since 2004, Jordan has owned Michael Jordan Motorsports, a professional closed - course motorcycle road racing team that competed with two Suzukis in the premier Superbike championship sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Association ( AMA ) until the end of the 2013 season. In 2006, Jordan and his wife Juanita pledged $5 million to Chicago 's Hales Franciscan High School. The Jordan Brand has made donations to Habitat for Humanity and a Louisiana branch of the Boys & Girls Clubs of America. Charlotte Bobcats / Hornets On June 15, 2006, Jordan bought a minority stake in the Charlotte Bobcats, becoming the team 's second - largest shareholder behind majority owner Robert L. Johnson. As part of the deal, Jordan took full control over the basketball side of the operation, with the title `` Managing Member of Basketball Operations. '' Despite Jordan 's previous success as an endorser, he has made an effort not to be included in Charlotte 's marketing campaigns. A decade earlier, Jordan had made a bid to become part - owner of Charlotte 's original NBA team, the Charlotte Hornets, but talks collapsed when owner George Shinn refused to give Jordan complete control of basketball operations. In February 2010, it was reported that Jordan was seeking majority ownership of the Bobcats. As February wore on, it became apparent that Jordan and former Houston Rockets president George Postolos were the leading contenders for ownership of the team. On February 27, the Bobcats announced that Johnson had reached an agreement with Jordan and his group, MJ Basketball Holdings, to buy the team pending NBA approval. On March 17, the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved Jordan 's purchase, making him the first former player to become the majority owner of an NBA team. It also made him the league 's only African - American majority owner of an NBA team. During the 2011 NBA lockout, The New York Times wrote that Jordan led a group of 10 to 14 hardline owners who wanted to cap the players ' share of basketball - related income at 50 percent and as low as 47. Journalists observed that, during the labor dispute in 1998, Jordan had told Washington Wizards then - owner Abe Pollin, `` If you ca n't make a profit, you should sell your team. '' Jason Whitlock of FoxSports.com called Jordan a `` sellout '' wanting `` current players to pay for his incompetence. '' He cited Jordan 's executive decisions to draft disappointing players Kwame Brown and Adam Morrison. During the 2011 -- 12 NBA season that was shortened to 66 games by the lockout, the Bobcats posted a 7 -- 59 record. Their. 106 winning percentage was the worst in NBA history. `` I 'm not real happy about the record book scenario last year. It 's very, very frustrating '', Jordan said later that year. Player profile Jordan goes to the basket for a score in 1987. Jordan was a shooting guard who was also capable of playing as a small forward ( the position he would primarily play during his second return to professional basketball with the Washington Wizards ), and as a point guard. Jordan was known throughout his career for being a strong clutch performer. With the Bulls, he decided 25 games with field goals or free throws in the last 30 seconds, including two NBA Finals games and five other playoff contests. His competitiveness was visible in his prolific trash - talk and well - known work ethic. As the Bulls organization built the franchise around Jordan, management had to trade away players who were not `` tough enough '' to compete with him in practice. To help improve his defense, he spent extra hours studying film of opponents. On offense, he relied more upon instinct and improvisation at game time. Noted as a durable player, Jordan did not miss four or more games while active for a full season from 1986 -- 87 to 2001 -- 02, when he injured his right knee. He played all 82 games nine times. Jordan has frequently cited David Thompson, Walter Davis, and Jerry West as influences. Confirmed at the start of his career, and possibly later on, Jordan had a special `` Love of the Game Clause '' written into his contract ( unusual at the time ) which allowed him to play basketball against anyone at any time, anywhere. Jordan had a versatile offensive game. He was capable of aggressively driving to the basket, as well as drawing fouls from his opponents at a high rate ; his 8,772 free throw attempts are the ninth - highest total of all time. As his career progressed, Jordan also developed the ability to post up his opponents and score with his trademark fadeaway jump shot, using his leaping ability to `` fade away '' from block attempts. According to Hubie Brown, this move alone made him nearly unstoppable. Despite media criticism as a `` selfish '' player early in his career, Jordan 's 5.3 assists per game also indicate his willingness to defer to his teammates. After shooting under 30 % from three - point range in his first five seasons in the NBA, including a career - low 13 % in the 1987 -- 88 season, Jordan improved to a career - high 50 % in the 1994 -- 95 season. The three - point shot became more of a focus of his game from 1994 -- 95 to 1996 -- 97, when the NBA shortened its three - point line to 22 ft ( 6.7 m ) ( from 23 ft 9 in ( 7.24 m ) ). His three - point field - goal percentages ranged from 35 % to 43 % in seasons in which he attempted at least 230 three - pointers between 1989 -- 90 and 1996 -- 97. For a guard, Jordan was also a good rebounder ( 6.2 per game ). In 1988, Jordan was honored with the NBA 's Defensive Player of the Year Award and became the first NBA player to win both the Defensive Player of the Year and MVP awards in a career ( since equaled by Hakeem Olajuwon, David Robinson, and Kevin Garnett ; Olajuwon is the only player other than Jordan to win both during the same season ). In addition, he set both seasonal and career records for blocked shots by a guard, and combined this with his ball - thieving ability to become a standout defensive player. He ranks third in NBA history in total steals with 2,514, trailing John Stockton and Jason Kidd. Jerry West often stated that he was more impressed with Jordan 's defensive contributions than his offensive ones. He was also known to have strong eyesight ; broadcaster Al Michaels said that he was able to read baseball box scores on a 27 - inch ( 69 cm ) television clearly from about 50 feet ( 15 m ) away. NBA career statistics For a comprehensive listing of Jordan 's statistics, see List of career achievements by Michael Jordan. Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which Jordan won an NBA championship * Led the league NBA record Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1984 -- 85 Chicago 82 82 38.3. 515. 173. 845 6.5 5.9 2.4. 8 28.2 1985 -- 86 Chicago 18 7 25.1. 457. 167. 840 3.6 2.9 2.1 22.7 1986 -- 87 Chicago 82 82 40.0. 482. 182. 857 5.2 4.6 2.9 1.5 37.1 * 1987 -- 88 Chicago 82 82 40.4 *. 535. 132. 841 5.5 5.9 3.2 * 1.6 35.0 * 1988 -- 89 Chicago 81 81 40.2 *. 538. 276. 850 8.0 8.0 2.9. 8 32.5 * 1989 -- 90 Chicago 82 82 39.0. 526. 376. 848 6.9 6.3 2.8 *. 7 33.6 * 1990 -- 91 † Chicago 82 82 37.0. 539. 312. 851 6.0 5.5 2.7 1.0 31.5 * 1991 -- 92 † Chicago 80 80 38.8. 519. 270. 832 6.4 6.1 2.3. 9 30.1 * 1992 -- 93 † Chicago 78 78 39.3. 495. 352. 837 6.7 5.5 2.8 *. 8 32.6 * 1994 -- 95 Chicago 17 17 39.3. 411. 500. 801 6.9 5.3 1.8. 8 26.9 1995 -- 96 † Chicago 82 82 37.7. 495. 427. 834 6.6 4.3. 5 30.4 * 1996 -- 97 † Chicago 82 82 37.9. 486. 374. 833 5.9 4.3 1.7. 5 29.6 * 1997 -- 98 † Chicago 82 82 38.8. 465. 238. 784 5.8 3.5 1.7. 5 28.7 * 2001 -- 02 Washington 60 53 34.9. 416. 189. 790 5.7 5.2 1.4. 4 22.9 2002 -- 03 Washington 82 67 37.0. 445. 291. 821 6.1 3.8 1.5. 5 20.0 Career 1,072 1,039 38.3. 497. 327. 835 6.2 5.3 2.3. 8 30.1 All - Star 13 13 29.4. 472. 273. 750 4.7 4.2 2.8. 5 20.2 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1985 Chicago 42.8. 436. 125. 828 5.8 8.5 2.8 1.0 29.3 1986 Chicago 45.0. 505 1.000. 872 6.3 5.7 2.3 1.3 43.7 Chicago 42.7. 417. 400. 897 7.0 6.0 2.0 2.3 35.7 1988 Chicago 10 10 42.7. 531. 333. 869 7.1 4.7 2.4 36.3 Chicago 17 17 42.2. 510. 286. 799 7.0 7.6 2.5. 8 34.8 1990 Chicago 16 16 42.1. 514. 320. 836 7.2 6.8 2.8. 9 36.7 1991 † Chicago 17 17 40.5. 524. 385. 845 6.4 8.4 2.4 1.4 31.1 1992 † Chicago 22 22 41.8. 499. 386. 857 6.2 5.8 2.0. 7 34.5 1993 † Chicago 19 19 41.2. 475. 389. 805 6.7 6.0 2.1. 9 35.1 1995 Chicago 10 10 42.0. 484. 367. 810 6.5 4.5 2.3 1.4 31.5 1996 † Chicago 18 18 40.7. 459. 403. 818 4.9 4.1 1.8. 3 30.7 1997 † Chicago 19 19 42.3. 456. 194. 831 7.9 4.8 1.6. 9 31.1 1998 † Chicago 21 21 41.5. 462. 302. 812 5.1 3.5 1.5. 6 32.4 Career 179 179 41.8. 487. 332. 828 6.4 5.7 2.1. 8 33.4 Legacy Jordan in 1997 Jordan 's talent was clear from his first NBA season. Larry Bird said that he had `` never seen anyone like him '', that he was `` one of a kind '', and that Jordan was the best player he had ever seen and comparable to Wayne Gretzky as an athlete. In Jordan 's first game in Madison Square Garden against the New York Knicks, he received a prolonged standing ovation, a rarity for an opposing player. After Jordan scored a playoff record 63 points against the Boston Celtics on April 20, 1986, Bird described him as `` God disguised as Michael Jordan ''. Jordan led the NBA in scoring in 10 seasons ( NBA record ) and tied Wilt Chamberlain 's record of seven consecutive scoring titles. He was also a fixture on the NBA All - Defensive First Team, making the roster nine times ( NBA record shared with Gary Payton, Kevin Garnett and Kobe Bryant ). Jordan also holds the top career regular season and playoff scoring averages of 30.1 and 33.4 points per game, respectively. By 1998, the season of his Finals - winning shot against the Jazz, he was well known throughout the league as a clutch performer. In the regular season, Jordan was the Bulls ' primary threat in the final seconds of a close game and in the playoffs ; he would always ask for the ball at crunch time. Jordan 's total of 5,987 points in the playoffs is the second - highest in NBA history. He retired with 32,292 points in regular season play, placing him fourth on the NBA 's all - time scoring list behind Kareem Abdul - Jabbar, Karl Malone, and Kobe Bryant. With five regular - season MVPs ( tied for second place with Bill Russell -- only Kareem Abdul - Jabbar has won more, with six ), six Finals MVPs ( NBA record ), and three All - Star Game MVPs, Jordan is the most decorated player in NBA history. Jordan finished among the top three in regular - season MVP voting 10 times, and was named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996. He is one of only seven players in history to win an NCAA championship, an NBA championship, and an Olympic gold medal ( doing so twice with the 1984 and 1992 U.S. men 's basketball teams ). Since 1976, the year of the NBA 's merger with the American Basketball Association, Jordan and Pippen are the only two players to win six NBA Finals playing for one team. In the All - Star Game fan ballot, Jordan received the most votes nine times, more than any other player. `` There 's Michael Jordan and then there is the rest of us. '' -- Magic Johnson Many of Jordan 's contemporaries have said that Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time. In 1999, an ESPN survey of journalists, athletes and other sports figures ranked Jordan the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century, above such luminaries as Babe Ruth and Muhammad Ali. Jordan placed second to Babe Ruth in the Associated Press ' December 1999 list of 20th century athletes. In addition, the Associated Press voted him the greatest basketball player of the 20th century. Jordan has also appeared on the front cover of Sports Illustrated a record 50 times. In the September 1996 issue of Sport, which was the publication 's 50th - anniversary issue, Jordan was named the greatest athlete of the past 50 years. Jordan 's athletic leaping ability, highlighted in his back - to - back slam dunk contest championships in 1987 and 1988, is credited by many people with having influenced a generation of young players. Several current NBA players -- including LeBron James and Dwyane Wade -- have stated that they considered Jordan their role model while they were growing up. In addition, commentators have dubbed a number of next - generation players `` the next Michael Jordan '' upon their entry to the NBA, including Penny Hardaway, Grant Hill, Allen Iverson, Kobe Bryant, LeBron James, Vince Carter, and Dwyane Wade. Although Jordan was a well - rounded player, his `` Air Jordan '' image is also often credited with inadvertently decreasing the jump shooting skills, defense, and fundamentals of young players, a fact Jordan himself has lamented. I think it was the exposure of Michael Jordan ; the marketing of Michael Jordan. Everything was marketed towards the things that people wanted to see, which was scoring and dunking. That Michael Jordan still played defense and an all - around game, but it was never really publicized. During his heyday, Jordan did much to increase the status of the game, but the popularity of the NBA in the U.S. appears to have declined since his last title. Television ratings in particular increased only during his time in the league, and Finals ratings have not returned to the level reached during his last championship - winning season. Jordan receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama at the White House. In August 2009, the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield, Massachusetts, opened a Michael Jordan exhibit that contained items from his college and NBA careers, as well as from the 1992 `` Dream Team ''. The exhibit also has a batting glove to signify Jordan 's short career in minor league baseball. After Jordan received word of his acceptance into the Hall of Fame, he selected Class of 1996 member David Thompson to present him. As Jordan would later explain during his induction speech in September 2009, when he was growing up in North Carolina, he was not a fan of the Tar Heels and greatly admired Thompson, who played at rival North Carolina State. In September, he was inducted into the Hall with several former Bulls teammates in attendance, including Scottie Pippen, Dennis Rodman, Charles Oakley, Ron Harper, Steve Kerr, and Toni Kukoč. Two of Jordan 's former coaches, Dean Smith and Doug Collins, were also among those present. His emotional reaction during his speech -- when he began to cry -- was captured by Associated Press photographer Stephan Savoia and would later go viral on social media as the Crying Jordan Internet meme. In 2016, President Barack Obama honored Jordan with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Personal life Jordan married Juanita Vanoy in September 1989, and they had two sons, Jeffrey Michael and Marcus James, and a daughter, Jasmine. Jordan and Vanoy filed for divorce on January 4, 2002, citing irreconcilable differences, but reconciled shortly thereafter. They again filed for divorce and were granted a final decree of dissolution of marriage on December 29, 2006, commenting that the decision was made `` mutually and amicably ''. It is reported that Juanita received a $168 million settlement ( equivalent to $204 million in 2017 ), making it the largest celebrity divorce settlement on public record at the time. In 1991, Jordan purchased a lot in Highland Park, Illinois, to build a 56,000 square - foot ( 5,200 m ) mansion, which was completed four years later. Jordan listed his Highland Park mansion for sale in 2012. His two sons attended Loyola Academy, a private Roman Catholic high school located in Wilmette, Illinois. Jeffrey graduated as a member of the 2007 graduating class and played his first collegiate basketball game on November 11, 2007, for the University of Illinois. After two seasons, Jeffrey left the Illinois basketball team in 2009. He later rejoined the team for a third season, then received a release to transfer to the University of Central Florida, where Marcus was attending. Marcus transferred to Whitney Young High School after his sophomore year at Loyola Academy and graduated in 2009. He began attending UCF in the fall of 2009, and played three seasons of basketball for the school. On July 21, 2006, a judge in Cook County, Illinois, determined that Jordan did not owe his alleged former lover Karla Knafel $5 million in a breach of contract claim. Jordan had allegedly paid Knafel $250,000 to keep their relationship a secret. Knafel claimed Jordan promised her $5 million for remaining silent and agreeing not to file a paternity suit after Knafel learned she was pregnant in 1991. A DNA test showed Jordan was not the father of the child. He proposed to his longtime girlfriend, Cuban - American model Yvette Prieto, on Christmas 2011, and they were married on April 27, 2013, at Bethesda - by - the - Sea Episcopal Church. It was announced on November 30, 2013, that the two were expecting their first child together. On February 11, 2014, Prieto gave birth to identical twin daughters named Victoria and Ysabel. Media figure and Business interests Endorsements Michael Jordan in 2008 Jordan is one of the most marketed sports figures in history. He has been a major spokesman for such brands as Nike, Coca - Cola, Chevrolet, Gatorade, McDonald 's, Ball Park Franks, Rayovac, Wheaties, Hanes, and MCI. Jordan has had a long relationship with Gatorade, appearing in over 20 commercials for the company since 1991, including the `` Be Like Mike '' commercials in which a song was sung by children wishing to be like Jordan. Nike created a signature shoe for him, called the Air Jordan. One of Jordan 's more popular commercials for the shoe involved Spike Lee playing the part of Mars Blackmon. In the commercials Lee, as Blackmon, attempted to find the source of Jordan 's abilities and became convinced that `` it 's got ta be the shoes ''. The hype and demand for the shoes even brought on a spate of `` shoe - jackings '' where people were robbed of their sneakers at gunpoint. Subsequently, Nike spun off the Jordan line into its own division named the `` Jordan Brand ''. The company features an impressive list of athletes and celebrities as endorsers. The brand has also sponsored college sports programs such as those of North Carolina, Cal, Georgetown, and Marquette. Jordan also has been associated with the Looney Tunes cartoon characters. A Nike commercial shown during 1992 's Super Bowl XXVI featured Jordan and Bugs Bunny playing basketball. The Super Bowl commercial inspired the 1996 live action / animated film Space Jam, which starred Jordan and Bugs in a fictional story set during the former 's first retirement from basketball. They have subsequently appeared together in several commercials for MCI. Jordan also made an appearance in the music video of Michael Jackson 's `` Jam '' ( 1992 ). Jordan 's yearly income from the endorsements is estimated to be over forty million dollars. In addition, when Jordan 's power at the ticket gates was at its highest point, the Bulls regularly sold out both their home and road games. Due to this, Jordan set records in player salary by signing annual contracts worth in excess of US $30 million per season. An academic study found that Jordan 's first NBA comeback resulted in an increase in the market capitalization of his client firms of more than $1 billion. Most of Jordan 's endorsement deals, including his first deal with Nike, were engineered by his agent, David Falk. Jordan has described Falk as `` the best at what he does '' and that `` marketing-wise, he 's great. He 's the one who came up with the concept of ' Air Jordan. ' '' Business ventures In June 2010, Jordan was ranked by Forbes magazine as the 20th-most powerful celebrity in the world with $55 million earned between June 2009 and June 2010. According to the Forbes article, Jordan Brand generates $1 billion in sales for Nike. In June 2014, Jordan was named the first NBA player to become a billionaire, after he increased his stake in the Charlotte Hornets from 80 % to 89.5 %. On January 20, 2015, Jordan was honored with the Charlotte Business Journal 's Business Person of the Year for 2014. In 2017, he became a part owner of the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball. Forbes designated Jordan as the athlete with the highest career earnings in 2017. From his Jordan Brand income and endorsements, Jordan 's 2015 income was an estimated $110 million, the most of any retired athlete. As of August 2018, his current net worth is estimated at $1.7 billion by Forbes. Jordan is the third - richest African - American as of 2018, behind Robert F. Smith and Oprah Winfrey. Jordan co-owns an automotive group which bears his name. The company has a Nissan dealership in Durham, North Carolina, acquired in 1990, and formerly had a Lincoln -- Mercury dealership from 1995 until its closure in June 2009. The company also owned a Nissan franchise in Glen Burnie, Maryland. The restaurant industry is another business interest of Jordan 's. His restaurants include a steakhouse in New York City 's Grand Central Terminal, among others. Awards and honors James Worthy, Jordan, and Dean Smith in 2007 at a North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball game honoring the 1957 and 1982 men 's basketball teams. Main article : List of career achievements by Michael Jordan College awards and honors Two - time Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame class of 2009 -- individual class of 2010 -- as a member of the `` Dream Team '' NCAA national championship -- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill : 1981 -- 82 ACC Freshman of the Year -- 1981 -- 82 Two - time Consensus NCAA All - American First Team -- 1982 -- 83, 1983 -- 84 ACC Men 's Basketball Player of the Year -- 1983 -- 84 USBWA College Player of the Year -- 1983 -- 84 Naismith College Player of the Year -- 1983 -- 84 Adolph Rupp Trophy -- 1983 -- 84 John R. Wooden Award -- 1983 -- 84 Number 23 retired by the North Carolina Tar Heels NBA awards and honors Six - time NBA champion -- 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998 Six - time NBA Finals MVP -- 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998 Five - time NBA MVP -- 1988, 1991, 1992, 1996, 1998 10 - time NBA scoring leader ( 1987 -- 1993, 1996 -- 1998 ) 14 - time NBA All - Star Three - time NBA All - Star Game MVP -- 1988, 1996, 1998 11 - time All - NBA Team Nine - time NBA All - Defensive Team Two - time NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion -- 1987, 1988 NBA Rookie of the Year Award -- 1984 -- 85 IBM Award winner -- 1985 NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award -- 1987 -- 88 Named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996 Number 23 retired by the Chicago Bulls Number 23 retired by the Miami Heat Other awards and honors United States Olympic Hall of Fame -- class of 2009 ( as a member of the `` Dream Team '' ) FIBA Hall of Fame -- class of 2015 Two - time Olympic Gold Medal winner -- 1984, 1992 `` Triple Crown of Basketball '' winner Three - time Associated Press Athlete of the Year -- 1991, 1992, 1993 Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year -- 1991 Section of Madison Street in Chicago renamed Michael Jordan Drive -- 1994 Ranked No. 1 by SLAM Magazine 's Top 50 Players of All - Time Ranked No. 1 by ESPN SportsCentury 's Top North American Athletes of the 20th century North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame 1997 Marca Leyenda winner Seven - time ESPY Award winner ( in various categories ) Statue in front of the United Center 2016 Presidential Medal of Freedom Sources : See also African American portal Basketball portal National Basketball Association portal Michael Jordan 's Steakhouse Michael Jordan 's Restaurant Michael Jordan : Chaos in the Windy City Michael Jordan in Flight NBA 2K11 NBA 2K12 Notes Jump up ^ Jordan wore a nameless no. 12 jersey in a February 14, 1990 game against the Orlando Magic because his no. 23 jersey had been stolen. Jordan scored 49 points, setting a franchise record for players wearing that jersey number. References Jump up ^ Strauss, Chris. `` The greatest No. 12 that no one is talking about '', USA Today, December 12, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2012. Jump up ^ Smith, Sam ( February 15, 1990 ). `` Magic has the Bulls ' number : Catledge leads rally ; Jordan scores 49 points '', Chicago Tribune, pg. A1. Jump up ^ Rein, Kotler and Shields, pg. 173. ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan, National Basketball Association. Retrieved January 15, 2007. Jump up ^ Markovits and Rensman, pg. 89. Jump up ^ Berkow, Ira. `` Sports of The Times ; Air Jordan And Just Plain Folks '', The New York Times, June 15, 1991. Retrieved February 11, 2009. Jump up ^ Skidmore, Sarah. `` 23 years later, Air Jordans maintain mystique '', The Seattle Times, January 10, 2008. Retrieved February 12, 2009. Jump up ^ Michael Jordan biography, 23jordan.com. Retrieved November 23, 2007. Sachare, pgs. 172 -- 173. Jump up ^ Associated Press, `` Michael Jordan 's big brother ends Army career '', charlotte.com, May 16, 2006. Retrieved May 9, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Halberstam, pgs. 20 -- 21. ^ Jump up to : Poppel, Seth. `` Michael Jordan Did n't Make Varsity -- At First '', Newsweek, October 17, 2015. Retrieved June 28, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan, basketball-reference.com. Retrieved February 8, 2008. ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan : The Stats, infoplease.com. Retrieved March 15, 2007. Jump up ^ Williams, Lena. PLUS : Basketball ; `` A McDonald 's Game For Girls, Too '', The New York Times, December 7, 2001. Retrieved January 16, 2007. Jump up ^ SportsCenter, ESPN, air date February 2, 2007. Lucas, Adam. Lucas : One Extraordinary Night, tarheelblue.cstv.com, February 10, 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2017. Jump up ^ Halberstam, pgs. 67 -- 68. Jump up ^ LeFeber, pg. 32. ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan, databaseBasketball.com, archived link, archive date February 11, 2009. Retrieved August 10, 2017. Jump up ^ qtd. in Lazenby, Roland. `` Michaelangelo : Portrait of a Champion ''. Michael Jordan : The Ultimate Career Tribute. Bannockburn, Illinois : H&S Media, 1999. pg. 128. Jump up ^ DuPree, David ( November 26, 1984 ). `` Trail Blazers do n't regret bypassing Jordan ''. USA Today. p. 6C. Jump up ^ Sakamoto, Bob ( November 25, 1984 ). `` Portland GM is happy with Bowie ''. Chicago Tribune. p. B2. Jump up ^ Schoenfield, David. The 100 worst draft picks ever, ESPN. Retrieved October 20, 2013. Jump up ^ Morris, Mike. `` The Legend : A Highlight - Reel History of the NBA 's Greatest Player ''. Michael Jordan : The Ultimate Career Tribute. Bannockburn, Illinois : H&S Media, 1999. pg. 67. Jump up ^ Fogel, Anna. `` Michael Jordan 's College Transcript Reveals He Took Beginning Tennis, Majored in Geography '', New England Sports Network, January 10, 2014. Retrieved July 27, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Gross, Jane. `` Jordan Makes People Wonder : Is He the New Dr. J? '', The New York Times, October 21, 1984. Retrieved March 7, 2007. Jump up ^ Goldaper, Sam. `` Jordan dazzles crowd at Garden '', The New York Times, October 19, 1984. Retrieved March 7, 2007. ^ Jump up to : Johnson, Roy S. `` Jordan - Led Bulls Romp Before 19,252 '', The New York Times, November 9, 1984. Retrieved March 7, 2007. Jump up ^ SI cover search December 10, 1984, Sports Illustrated. Retrieved March 26, 2017. Jump up ^ Chicago Bulls 1984 -- 85 Game Log and Scores, Archived June 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. databasebasketball.com. Retrieved June 9, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan bio, National Basketball Association. Retrieved May 9, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Chicago Bulls ( 1966 -- ), Archived October 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. databasebasketball.com. Retrieved June 9, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Worst Records of Playoff Teams '', The Sporting News ( April 28, 1986 ), pg. 46. Jump up ^ Top 10 Teams in NBA History at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 6, 2007 ), National Basketball Association. Retrieved April 22, 2016. ^ Jump up to : God Disguised as Michael Jordan, National Basketball Association. Retrieved January 17, 2007. Jump up ^ Porter, pg. 34. Jump up ^ NBA & ABA Single Season Leaders and Records for Points, basketball-reference.com. Retrieved July 20, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Jordan Adds Most Valuable Player Award to Honors '', The Washington Post ( May 26, 1988 ), pg. D8. ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan statistics, National Basketball Association. Retrieved January 16, 2007. Jump up ^ Chicago Bulls 1987 -- 88 Game Log and Scores, Archived June 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. databasebasketball.com. Retrieved June 9, 2017. Jump up ^ Halberstam, pg. 235. Jump up ^ Jordan Hits `` The Shot '', National Basketball Association. 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Jump up ^ Jordan 's Streak Crashes and Burns at Indy, National Basketball Association, December 27, 2001. Retrieved April 27, 2013. Jump up ^ Cover. Sports Illustrated, December 23, 1991. Retrieved May 14, 2017. Bibliography External video Discussion with Halberstam on Playing for Keeps : Michael Jordan and the World He Made, February 22, 1999, C - SPAN Condor, Bob. Michael Jordan 's 50 Greatest Games. Carol Publishing Group, 1998. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2030 - 8. Halberstam, David. Playing for Keeps : Michael Jordan and the World He Made. Broadway Books, 2000. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7679 - 0444 - 5. Jordan, Michael. For the Love of the Game : My Story. New York City : Crown Publishers, 1998. ISBN 978 - 0 - 609 - 60206 - 5. Kruger, Mitchell. One Last Shot : The Story of Michael Jordan 's Comeback. New York City : St. Martin 's Paperbacks, 2003. ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 99223 - 1. Lazenby, Roland. Michael Jordan : The Life. New York City : Little, Brown and Company, 2014. ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 19477 - 8. LaFeber, Walter. Michael Jordan and the New Global Capitalism. W.W. Norton, 2002. ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32369 - 6. Markovits, Andrei S. and Lars Rensman. Gaming the World : How Sports are Reshaping Global Politics and Culture. Princeton University Press, June 3, 2010. ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13751 - 3. Porter, David L. Michael Jordan : A Biography, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33767 - 3. Rein, Irving J. ; Kotler, Philip ; Shields, Ben ( 2006 ). The Elusive Fan : Reinventing Sports in a Crowded Marketplace. The McGraw - Hill Companies, Inc. ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 149114 - 3. Sachare, Alex. The Chicago Bulls Encyclopedia. Chicago : Contemporary Books, 1999. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8092 - 2515 - 6. The Sporting News Official NBA Register 1994 -- 95. The Sporting News, 1994. ISBN 978 - 0 - 89204 - 501 - 3. Further reading Leahy, Michael ( 2004 ), When Nothing Else Matters : Michael Jordan 's Last Comeback, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7648 - 1 McGovern, Mike ( 2005 ), Michael Jordan : basketball player, Ferguson, ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5876 - 1 External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Michael Jordan '' dated January 19, 2013, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. 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Jordan Sr. ( father ) Jeffrey Jordan ( son ) Marcus Jordan ( son ) Films Space Jam Michael Jordan : An American Hero Michael Jordan to the Max Like Mike Video games Jordan vs. Bird : One on One Michael Jordan in Flight Michael Jordan : Chaos in the Windy City Space Jam NBA 2K11 NBA 2K12 Other Michael Jordan statue The Jordan Rules `` Jam '' Michael Jordan 's Restaurant Michael Jordan 's Steakhouse Crying Jordan Be Like Mike ProStars When Nothing Else Matters Current majority team owners in the National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Basketball Partners ( Boston Celtics ) Mikhail Prokhorov ( Brooklyn Nets ) The Madison Square Garden Company ( New York Knicks ) Joshua Harris ( Philadelphia 76ers ) Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment ( Toronto Raptors ) Central Jerry Reinsdorf ( Chicago Bulls ) Dan Gilbert ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) Tom Gores ( Detroit Pistons ) Herbert Simon ( Indiana Pacers ) Wesley Edens and Marc Lasry ( Milwaukee Bucks ) Southeast Tony Ressler ( Atlanta Hawks ) Michael Jordan ( Charlotte Hornets ) Micky Arison ( Miami Heat ) RDV Sports, Inc. ( Orlando Magic ) Ted Leonsis ( Washington Wizards ) Western Conference Southwest Mark Cuban ( Dallas Mavericks ) Tilman Fertitta ( Houston Rockets ) Robert Pera ( Memphis Grizzlies ) Gayle Benson ( New Orleans Pelicans ) Spurs Sports & Entertainment ( Julianna Holt, Chairman & CEO ) ( San Antonio Spurs ) Northwest Ann Walton Kroenke ( Denver Nuggets ) Glen Taylor ( Minnesota Timberwolves ) Professional Basketball Club ( Clayton Bennett, Chairman & CEO ) ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) Paul Allen ( Portland Trail Blazers ) Gail Miller ( Utah Jazz ) Pacific Peter Guber and Joe Lacob ( Golden State Warriors ) Steve Ballmer ( Los Angeles Clippers ) Jeanie Buss ( Los Angeles Lakers ) Robert Sarver ( Phoenix Suns ) Vivek Ranadivé ( Sacramento Kings ) Links to related articles Oscar Robertson Trophy winners 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Hazzard 1965 : Bradley 1966 : Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Alcindor 1969 : Maravich 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Wicks 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : Dantley 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : Ford 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Mullin 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : O'Bannon 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : West 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Morrison & Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson Adolph Rupp Trophy winners 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : West 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Redick 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Wall 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Oladipo 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky Sporting News Men 's College Basketball Player of the Year 1943 : Phillip 1944 : Hall 1945 : Mikan 1946 : Kurland 1947 -- 49 : None selected 1950 : Arizin 1951 : White 1952 -- 57 : None selected 1958 : Robertson 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Bradley 1965 : Bradley 1966 : Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Wicks 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : P. Ford 1979 : Bird 1980 : Griffith 1981 : Aguirre 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Jordan 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : King 1990 : Scott 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Respert 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : T.J. Ford 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Brown 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Oladipo 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson Associated Press Men 's College Basketball Player of the Year 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Bradds 1965 : Bradley 1966 : Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Carr 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Thompson 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : West 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Valentine 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson Naismith Men 's College Player of the Year 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Carr 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Dawkins 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : Ford 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson NABC Player of the Year 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : Ford 1979 : Bird 1980 : Brooks 1981 : Ainge 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Respert 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Williams 2002 : Gooden & Williams 2003 : Collison 2004 : Nelson & Okafor 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Morrison & Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Green 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Valentine 2017 : Mason 2018 : Brunson UPI College Basketball Player of the Year Award winners 1955 : Gola 1956 : B. Russell 1957 : Forte 1958 : Robertson 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Bradds 1965 : Bradley 1966 : C. Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Carr 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Mullin 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Simmons 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Jackson 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Allen John R. Wooden Men 's Player of the Year Award winners 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : P. Ford 1979 : Bird 1980 : Griffith 1981 : Ainge 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Mullin 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : O'Bannon 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : T.J. Ford 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson Atlantic Coast Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year 1954 : Hemric 1955 : Hemric 1956 : Shavlik 1957 : Rosenbluth 1958 : Brennan 1959 : Pucillo 1960 : Shaffer 1961 : Chappell 1962 : Chappell 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Mullins 1965 : Cunningham 1966 : Vacendak 1967 : Miller 1968 : Miller 1969 : Roche 1970 : Roche 1971 : Davis 1972 : Parkhill 1973 : Thompson 1974 : Thompson 1975 : Thompson 1976 : Kupchak 1977 : Griffin 1978 : Ford 1979 : Gminski 1980 : King 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Bias 1986 : Bias 1987 : Grant 1988 : Ferry 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Scott 1991 : Monroe 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Rogers 1994 : Hill 1995 : J. Smith 1996 : Duncan 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Carrawell 2001 : Battier & Forte 2002 : Dixon 2003 : Howard 2004 : Hodge 2005 : Redick 2006 : Redick 2007 : Dudley 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Lawson 2010 : Vásquez 2011 : N. Smith 2012 : Zeller 2013 : Green & Larkin 2014 : Warren 2015 : Okafor 2016 : Brogdon 2017 : Jackson 2018 : Bagley ACC Athlete of the Year Athlete of the Year 1954 : Joel Shankle 1955 : Dickie Hemric 1956 : Dave Sime 1957 : Lennie Rosenbluth 1958 : Dick Christy 1959 : Lou Pucillo 1960 : Mike McGee 1961 : Roman Gabriel 1962 : Len Chappell 1963 : Art Heyman 1964 : Jeff Mullins 1965 : Brian Piccolo 1966 : Danny Talbott 1967 : Bobby Bryant 1968 : Larry Miller 1969 : Frank Quayle 1970 : Charlie Scott 1971 : Don McCauley 1972 : Barry Parkhill 1973 : David Thompson 1974 : Tony Waldrop 1975 : David Thompson 1976 : John Lucas 1977 : Phil Ford 1978 : Phil Ford 1979 : Renaldo Nehemiah 1980 : Julie Shea 1981 : Julie Shea 1982 : James Worthy 1983 : Ralph Sampson 1984 : Michael Jordan 1985 : B.J. Surhoff 1986 : Len Bias 1987 : Riccardo Ingram 1988 : Danny Ferry 1989 : Danny Ferry Male Athlete of the Year 1990 : Clarkston Hines 1991 : Christian Laettner 1992 : Christian Laettner 1993 : Charlie Ward 1994 : Charlie Ward 1995 : Randolph Childress 1996 : Kris Benson 1997 : Tim Duncan 1998 : Antawn Jamison 1999 : Elton Brand 2000 : Joe Hamilton 2001 : Shane Battier 2002 : Juan Dixon 2003 : Chris Rotelli 2004 : Philip Rivers 2005 : Sean May 2006 : J.J. Redick 2007 : Walter Dix 2008 : Tyler Hansbrough 2009 : Matt Hill 2010 : Ned Crotty 2011 : Ngoni Makusha 2012 : Luke Kuechly 2013 : Jarmere Jenkins 2014 : Jameis Winston 2015 : Laken Tomlinson 2016 : Deshaun Watson 2017 : Deshaun Watson 2018 : Lamar Jackson Female Athlete of the Year 1990 : Shannon Higgins 1991 : Dawn Staley 1992 : Dawn Staley 1993 : Mia Hamm 1994 : Beverly Smith 1995 : Tisha Venturini 1996 : Kelly Amonte Hiller 1997 : Sarah Forbes 1998 : Vanessa Webb 1999 : Cindy Parlow 2000 : Jen Adams 2001 : Jen Adams 2002 : Bea Bielik 2003 : Alana Beard 2004 : Alana Beard 2005 : Kelly Dostal 2006 : Paula Infante 2007 : Lindsey Harding 2008 : Angela Tincher 2009 : Casey Nogueira 2010 : Whitney Engen 2011 : Katie O'Donnell 2012 : Rebecca Ward 2013 : Crystal Dunn 2014 : Alyssa Thomas 2015 : Morgan Brian 2016 : Molly Seidel 2017 : Kenzie Kent 2018 : Arike Ogunbowale 1983 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Dale Ellis Patrick Ewing Michael Jordan Keith Lee Sam Perkins Ralph Sampson Wayman Tisdale Second Team Clyde Drexler Sidney Green John Paxson Steve Stipanovich Jon Sundvold Darrell Walker Randy Wittman 1984 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Patrick Ewing Michael Jordan Akeem Olajuwon Sam Perkins Wayman Tisdale Second Team Michael Cage Devin Durrant Keith Lee Chris Mullin Melvin Turpin Leon Wood North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball 1981 -- 82 NCAA champions 21 Jimmy Black 22 Buzz Peterson 23 Michael Jordan 32 John Brownlee 41 Sam Perkins 44 Matt Doherty 50 Cecil Exum 52 James Worthy ( MOP ) Head coach Dean Smith Assistant coaches Bill Guthridge Eddie Fogler Roy Williams 1984 NBA Draft First round Akeem Olajuwon Sam Bowie Michael Jordan Sam Perkins Charles Barkley Melvin Turpin Alvin Robertson Lancaster Gordon Otis Thorpe Leon Wood Kevin Willis Tim McCormick Jay Humphries Michael Cage Terence Stansbury John Stockton Jeff Turner Vern Fleming Bernard Thompson Tony Campbell Kenny Fields Tom Sewell Earl Jones Michael Young Second round Devin Durrant Victor Fleming Ron Anderson Cory Blackwell Stuart Gray Steve Burtt Jay Murphy Eric Turner Steve Colter Tony Costner Othell Wilson Charles Jones Ben Coleman Charlie Sitton Danny Young Anthony Teachey Tom Sluby Willie White Greg Wiltjer Fred Reynolds Gary Plummer Jerome Kersey Ronnie Williams NBA Rookie of the Year Award 1953 : Meineke 1954 : Felix 1955 : Pettit 1956 : Stokes 1957 : Heinsohn 1958 : Sauldsberry 1959 : Baylor 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Bellamy 1963 : Dischinger 1964 : Lucas 1965 : Reed 1966 : Barry 1967 : Bing 1968 : Monroe 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Alcindor 1971 : Cowens & Petrie 1972 : Wicks 1973 : McAdoo 1974 : DiGregorio 1975 : Wilkes 1976 : Adams 1977 : Dantley 1978 : Davis 1979 : Ford 1980 : Bird 1981 : Griffith 1982 : Williams 1983 : Cummings 1984 : Sampson 1985 : Jordan 1986 : Ewing 1987 : Person 1988 : Jackson 1989 : Richmond 1990 : Robinson 1991 : Coleman 1992 : Johnson 1993 : O'Neal 1994 : Webber 1995 : Hill & Kidd 1996 : Stoudamire 1997 : Iverson 1998 : Duncan 1999 : Carter 2000 : Brand & Francis 2001 : Miller 2002 : Gasol 2003 : Stoudemire 2004 : James 2005 : Okafor 2006 : Paul 2007 : Roy 2008 : Durant 2009 : Rose 2010 : Evans 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Irving 2013 : Lillard 2014 : Carter - Williams 2015 : Wiggins 2016 : Towns 2017 : Brogdon 2018 : Simmons IBM Award 1984 : Johnson 1985 : Jordan 1986 : Barkley 1987 : Barkley 1988 : Barkley 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Robinson 1991 : Robinson 1992 : Rodman 1993 : Olajuwon 1994 : Robinson 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Robinson 1997 : Hill 1998 : K. Malone 1999 : Mutombo 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : O'Neal 2002 : Duncan NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award 1983 : Moncrief 1984 : Moncrief 1985 : Eaton 1986 : Robertson 1987 : Cooper 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Eaton 1990 : Rodman 1991 : Rodman 1992 : Robinson 1993 : Olajuwon 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Mutombo 1996 : Payton 1997 : Mutombo 1998 : Mutombo 1999 : Mourning 2000 : Mourning 2001 : Mutombo 2002 : Wallace 2003 : Wallace 2004 : Artest 2005 : Wallace 2006 : Wallace 2007 : Camby 2008 : Garnett 2009 : Howard 2010 : Howard 2011 : Howard 2012 : Chandler 2013 : Gasol 2014 : Noah 2015 : Leonard 2016 : Leonard 2017 : Green 2018 : Gobert NBA Most Valuable Player Award 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Russell 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Russell 1962 : Russell 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Russell 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Chamberlain 1968 : Chamberlain 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Abdul - Jabbar 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : Abdul - Jabbar 1977 : Abdul - Jabbar 1978 : Walton 1979 : M. Malone 1980 : Abdul - Jabbar 1981 : Erving 1982 : M. Malone 1983 : M. Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Bird 1986 : Bird 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Barkley 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Jordan 1997 : K. Malone 1998 : Jordan 1999 : K. Malone 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Duncan 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Garnett 2005 : Nash 2006 : Nash 2007 : Nowitzki 2008 : Bryant 2009 : James 2010 : James 2011 : Rose 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award 1951 : Macauley 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Mikan 1954 : Cousy 1955 : Sharman 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Pettit 1959 : Baylor & Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Pettit 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Lucas 1966 : A. Smith 1967 : Barry 1968 : Greer 1969 : Robertson 1970 : Reed 1971 : Wilkens 1972 : West 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Lanier 1975 : Frazier 1976 : Bing 1977 : Erving 1978 : R. Smith 1979 : Thompson 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Archibald 1982 : Bird 1983 : Erving 1984 : Thomas 1985 : Sampson 1986 : Thomas 1987 : Chambers 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Malone 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Barkley 1992 : Johnson 1993 : Stockton & Malone 1994 : Pippen 1995 : Richmond 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Rice 1998 : Jordan 1999 : No game played 2000 : O'Neal & Duncan 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Bryant 2003 : Garnett 2004 : O'Neal 2005 : Iverson 2006 : James 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Bryant & O'Neal 2010 : Wade 2011 : Bryant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Paul 2014 : Irving 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Westbrook 2017 : Davis 2018 : James Slam Dunk Contest winners 1984 : Nance 1985 : Wilkins 1986 : Webb 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Walker 1990 : Wilkins 1991 : Brown 1992 : Ceballos 1993 : Miner 1994 : Rider 1995 : Miner 1996 : Barry 1997 : Bryant 2000 : Carter 2001 : Mason 2002 : Richardson 2003 : Richardson 2004 : Jones 2005 : Smith 2006 : Robinson 2007 : Green 2008 : Howard 2009 : Robinson 2010 : Robinson 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Evans 2013 : Ross 2014 : Wall 2015 : LaVine 2016 : LaVine 2017 : Robinson III 2018 : Mitchell Chicago Bulls 1990 -- 91 NBA champions 2 Hopson 5 Paxson 10 Armstrong 14 Hodges 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 24 Cartwright 32 Perdue 33 Pippen 34 King 42 Williams 53 Levingston 54 Grant Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Bach Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1991 -- 92 NBA champions 5 Paxson 10 Armstrong 14 Hodges 20 Hansen 21 King 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 24 Cartwright 32 Perdue 33 Pippen 42 Williams 53 Levingston 54 Grant Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Bach Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1992 -- 93 NBA champions 5 Paxson 6 Tucker 10 Armstrong 20 Walker 21 King 22 McCray 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 24 Cartwright 32 Perdue 33 Pippen 42 Williams 54 Grant Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Bach Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1995 -- 96 NBA champions 0 Brown 7 Kukoč 9 Harper 13 Longley 22 Salley 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 25 Kerr 30 Buechler 33 Pippen 34 Wennington 53 Edwards 91 Rodman Head coach : Jackson Assistant coaches : Winter Rodgers Cleamons Paxson Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1996 -- 97 NBA champions 00 Parish 1 Brown 7 Kukoč 9 Harper 13 Longley 18 Dele 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 25 Kerr 30 Buechler 33 Pippen 34 Wennington 35 Caffey 91 Rodman Head coach : Jackson Assistant coaches : Winter Cartwright Rodgers Hamblen Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1997 -- 98 NBA champions 1 Brown 7 Kukoč 8 Simpkins 9 Harper 13 Longley 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 24 Burrell 25 Kerr 30 Buechler 33 Pippen 34 Wennington 91 Rodman Head coach : Jackson Assistant coaches : Winter Cartwright Rodgers Hamblen Regular season Playoffs Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award 1969 : West 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Chamberlain 1973 : Reed 1974 : Havlicek 1975 : Barry 1976 : White 1977 : Walton 1978 : Unseld 1979 : D. Johnson 1980 : E. Johnson 1981 : Maxwell 1982 : E. Johnson 1983 : Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Bird 1987 : E. Johnson 1988 : Worthy 1989 : Dumars 1990 : Thomas 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Olajuwon 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Duncan 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : O'Neal 2002 : O'Neal 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Billups 2005 : Duncan 2006 : Wade 2007 : Parker 2008 : Pierce 2009 : Bryant 2010 : Bryant 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Leonard 2015 : Iguodala 2016 : James 2017 : Durant 2018 : Durant NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden NBA season steals leaders 1974 : Steele 1975 : Barry 1976 : Watts 1977 : Buse 1978 : Lee 1979 : Carr 1980 : Richardson 1981 : Johnson 1982 : Johnson 1983 : Richardson 1984 : Green 1985 : Richardson 1986 : Robertson 1987 : Robertson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Stockton 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Robertson 1992 : Stockton 1993 : Jordan 1994 : McMillan 1995 : Pippen 1996 : Payton 1997 : Blaylock 1998 : Blaylock 1999 : Gill 2000 : Jones 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : Iverson 2004 : Davis 2005 : Hughes 2006 : Wallace 2007 : Davis 2008 : Paul 2009 : Paul 2010 : Rondo 2011 : Paul 2012 : Paul 2013 : Paul 2014 : Paul 2015 : Leonard 2016 : Curry 2017 : Green 2018 : Oladipo National Basketball Association 's 50 Greatest Players in NBA History Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Nate Archibald Paul Arizin Charles Barkley Rick Barry Elgin Baylor Dave Bing Larry Bird Wilt Chamberlain Bob Cousy Dave Cowens Billy Cunningham Dave DeBusschere Clyde Drexler Julius Erving Patrick Ewing Walt Frazier George Gervin Hal Greer John Havlicek Elvin Hayes Magic Johnson Sam Jones Michael Jordan Jerry Lucas Karl Malone Moses Malone Pete Maravich Kevin McHale George Mikan Earl Monroe Hakeem Olajuwon Shaquille O'Neal Robert Parish Bob Pettit Scottie Pippen Willis Reed Oscar Robertson David Robinson Bill Russell Dolph Schayes Bill Sharman John Stockton Isiah Thomas Nate Thurmond Wes Unseld Bill Walton Jerry West Lenny Wilkens James Worthy Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2009 Players Michael Jordan David Robinson John Stockton Coaches Jerry Sloan C. Vivian Stringer Members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Players Guards R. Allen Archibald Beckman Belov Bing Blazejowski Borgmann Brennan Cervi Cheeks Clayton Cooper - Dyke Cousy Dampier Davies Drexler Dumars Edwards Frazier Friedman Galis Gervin Goodrich Greer Guerin Hanson Haynes Holman Hyatt Isaacs Iverson Jeannette D. Johnson E. Johnson K. Jones S. Jones Jordan Kidd Lieberman Maravich Marcari Marčiulionis Martin McDermott McGrady D. McGuire Meyers R. Miller Monroe C. Murphy Nash Page Payton Petrović Phillip Posey Richmond Robertson Rodgers Roosma J. Russell Schommer Scott Sedran Sharman K. Smith Staley Steinmetz Stockton Swoopes Thomas Thompson Vandivier Wanzer West J. White Wilkens Woodard Wooden Forwards Arizin Barkley Barry Baylor Bird Bradley R. Brown Cunningham Curry Dalipagić Dantley DeBusschere Dehnert Endacott English Erving Foster Fulks Gale Gates Gola Hagan Havlicek Hawkins Hayes Haywood Heinsohn Hill Howell G. Johnson King Lucas Luisetti K. Malone McClain B. McCracken J. McCracken McGinnis McHale Mikkelsen C. Miller Mullin Pettit Pippen Pollard Radja Ramsey Rodman Schayes E. Schmidt O. Schmidt Stokes C. Thompson T. Thompson Twyman Walker Washington N. White Wilkes Wilkins Worthy Yardley Centers Abdul - Jabbar Barlow Beaty Bellamy Chamberlain Ćosić Cowens Crawford Daniels DeBernardi Donovan Ewing Gallatin Gilmore Gruenig Harris - Stewart Houbregs Issel W. Johnson Johnston M. Krause Kurland Lanier Leslie Lovellette Lapchick Macauley M. Malone McAdoo Meneghin Mikan Mourning S. Murphy Mutombo Olajuwon O'Neal Parish Pereira Reed Risen Robinson B. Russell Sabonis Sampson Semjonova Thurmond Unseld Wachter Walton Yao Coaches Alexeeva P. Allen Anderson Auerbach Auriemma Barmore Barry Blood Boeheim L. Brown Calhoun Calipari Cann Carlson Carnesecca Carnevale Carril Case Chancellor Chaney Conradt Crum Daly Dean Díaz - Miguel Diddle Drake Driesell Ferrándiz Gaines Gamba Gardner Gaze Gill Gomelsky Gunter Hannum Harshman Haskins Hatchell Heinsohn Hickey Hobson Holzman Hughes Hurley Iba Izzo P. Jackson Julian Keaney Keogan Knight Krzyzewski Kundla Lambert Leonard Lewis Litwack Loeffler Lonborg Magee McCutchan McGraw A. McGuire F. McGuire McLendon Meanwell Meyer Miller Moore Nelson Nikolić Novosel Olson Pitino Ramsay Richardson Riley Rubini Rupp Rush Sachs Self Sharman Shelton Sloan D. Smith Stringer Summitt Tarkanian Taylor Teague J. Thompson VanDerveer Wade Watts Wilkens G. Williams R. Williams Wooden Woolpert Wootten Yow Contributors Abbott Barksdale Bee Biasone H. Brown W. Brown Bunn Buss Clifton Colangelo Cooper Davidson Douglas Duer Embry Fagan Fisher Fleisher Gavitt Gottlieb Granik Gulick Harrison Hearn Henderson Hepp Hickox Hinkle Irish M. Jackson Jernstedt Jones Kennedy Knight J. Krause Lemon Liston Lloyd McLendon Lobo Mokray Morgan Morgenweck Naismith Newell Newton J. O'Brien L. O'Brien Olsen Podoloff Porter Raveling Reid Reinsdorf Ripley Sanders Saperstein Schabinger St. John Stagg Stanković Steitz Stern Taylor Thorn Tower Trester Vitale Wells Welts Wilke Winter Zollner Referees Bavetta Enright Garretson Hepbron Hoyt Kennedy Leith Mihalik Nichols Nucatola Quigley Rudolph Shirley Strom Tobey Walsh Teams 1960 United States Olympic Team 1992 United States Olympic Team All - American Red Heads Buffalo Germans The First Team Harlem Globetrotters Immaculata College New York Renaissance Original Celtics Texas Western FIBA Hall of Fame inductees Coaches ( 22 ) Alexeyeva Canavesi Díaz - Miguel Donohue Ferrándiz A. Gomelsky E. Gomelsky Gaze Iba Ivković Kondrashin Newell Nikolić Novosel Primo Rubini Smith Soares Stirling Summitt Yow Žeravica Contributors ( 35 ) Airaldi Rivarola Ashry Atakol Bouffard Busnel Calvo Carneiro Dos Reis Greim Hepp Jones Killian Klieger Kozlowski López Martín Naismith Otto Pitzl Popović Ramsay Samaranch Šaper Saporta Scuri Seguro de Luna Semashko Seye Moreau Stanković Steitz Stern Ueda Vitale Wahby Yoon Players ( 55 ) A. Belov S. Belov Berkovich Cameron Chazalon Ćosić Cruz Dalipagić Daneu Delibašić Divac Donovan Edwards Epi Fasoulas Furlong Galis Gaze Gonçalves González Herrera Jean - Jacques Jordan Kićanović Korać Kukoč Maciel Marcari Marčiulionis Martín Marzorati Meneghin Meyers Miller Mujanović Olajuwon O'Neal Pasos Petrović Raga Rigaudeau Robertson Robinson Rodríguez Ronchetti Russell Sabonis Schmidt Semjonova Slavnić Timms Tkachenko Valters Voynova Zasulskaya Teams ( 1 ) 1992 United States Olympic Team ( `` The Dream Team '' ) Technical officials ( 14 ) Arabadjian Bain Belošević Blanchard Dimou Hopenhaym Kassai Kostin Lazarov Pfeuti Rae Reverberi Rigas Righetto United States men 's basketball squad -- 1983 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Cage Jordan Master Mullin Perkins Pinckney Price Reynolds Sitton Stokes Tisdale Wood Coach : Hartman United States men 's basketball squad -- 1984 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Alford 5 Turner 6 Ewing 7 Fleming 8 Robertson 9 Jordan 10 Kleine 11 Koncak 12 Mullin 13 Tisdale 14 Perkins 15 Wood Coach : Knight United States squad -- 1992 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal 4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach : Daly United States men 's basketball squad -- 1992 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach : Daly Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne, Judi Brown King, Kipchoge Keino, Dale Murphy, Chip Rives, Patty Sheehan, Rory Sparrow, & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr. 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve & J.J. Watt Sporting News Sportsman / Pro Athlete of the Year 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : John Wooden 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Charlie Finley 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Lou Brock 1975 : Archie Griffin 1976 : Larry O'Brien 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : George Brett 1981 : Wayne Gretzky 1982 : Whitey Herzog 1983 : Bowie Kuhn 1984 : Peter Ueberroth 1985 : Pete Rose 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : None 1988 : Jackie Joyner - Kersee 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Nolan Ryan 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Mike Krzyzewski 1993 : Cito Gaston & Pat Gillick 1994 : Emmitt Smith 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr. 1996 : Joe Torre 1997 : Mark McGwire 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : New York Yankees 2000 : Marshall Faulk & Kurt Warner 2001 : Curt Schilling 2002 : Tyrone Willingham 2003 : Dick Vermeil & Jack McKeon 2004 : Tom Brady 2005 : Matt Leinart 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Eli Manning 2009 : Mariano Rivera 2010 : Roy Halladay 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : LeBron James USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year 1980 : Thomas 1981 : Boyle 1982 : Rivers 1983 : Jordan 1984 : Jordan & Perkins 1985 : Person 1986 : Robinson 1987 : Manning 1988 : Majerle 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Mourning 1991 : Laettner 1992 : U.S. men 's national team 1993 : Finley 1994 : O'Neal 1995 : Allen 1996 : Pippen 1997 : Boykins 1998 : Brand 1999 : Payton 2000 : Mourning 2001 : Duhon 2002 : Miller 2003 : Duncan 2004 : May & Paul 2005 : Williams 2006 : Anthony 2007 : Kidd 2008 : U.S. men 's national team 2009 : McAdoo 2010 : Durant 2011 : Parker 2012 : James 2013 : Gordon 2014 : Irving 2015 : Brunson 2016 : Anthony & Durant 2017 : Warney Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Fred Lynn 1976 : Bruce Jenner 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : John McEnroe 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Carl Lewis 1984 : Carl Lewis 1985 : Dwight Gooden 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : Ben Johnson 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Michael Jordan 1993 : Michael Jordan 1994 : George Foreman 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr. 1996 : Michael Johnson 1997 : Tiger Woods 1998 : Mark McGwire 1999 : Tiger Woods 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Barry Bonds 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : Lance Armstrong 2004 : Lance Armstrong 2005 : Lance Armstrong 2006 : Tiger Woods 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Jimmie Johnson 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : Michael Phelps 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve Best Male Athlete ESPY Award winners 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Bonds 1995 : Young 1996 : Ripken Jr. 1997 : Johnson 1998 : Woods / Griffey Jr. 1999 : McGwire 2000 : Woods 2001 : Woods 2002 : Woods 2003 : Armstrong 2004 : Armstrong 2005 : Armstrong 2006 : Armstrong 2007 : Tomlinson 2008 : Woods 2009 : Phelps 2010 : Brees 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : James 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Ovechkin Chicago Bulls Founded in 1966 Based in Chicago, Illinois Franchise Franchise Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Broadcasters Head coaches Current season Arenas International Amphitheatre Chicago Stadium United Center Personnel Owner : Jerry Reinsdorf Vice president of basketball operations : John Paxson General manager : Gar Forman Head coach : Fred Hoiberg Culture Air Jordan Jumpman Tommy Edwards Benny the Bull `` Sirius '' Ray Clay Jordan Rules Triangle offense Ashland Green / Pink Line Station Tex Winter The Spirit ( Michael Jordan statue ) Lore Phantom Buzzer Game The Shot Championship riots Trent Tucker Rule Disputed foul against Scottie Pippen 72 -- 10 Michael Jordan 's last shot Rivals Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Miami Heat New York Knicks Retired numbers 10 23 33 Coach General Manager G League affiliate Windy City Bulls NBA Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Eastern Conference Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Division titles ( 9 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 2011 2012 Hall of Famers George Gervin Artis Gilmore Phil Jackson Michael Jordan Robert Parish Scottie Pippen Jerry Reinsdorf Guy Rodgers Dennis Rodman Jerry Sloan Rod Thorn Nate Thurmond Chet Walker Tex Winter Media TV WGN ( through WGN Sports ) NBC Sports Chicago CN100 Radio WSCR Announcers Neil Funk Stacey King Chuck Swirsky Bill Wennington Charlotte Hornets Founded in 1988 Formerly the Charlotte Bobcats ( 2004 -- 2014 ) Based in Charlotte, North Carolina Franchise History Seasons 1988 Expansion Draft 2004 Expansion Draft Draft history All - time roster Head coaches Accomplishments Broadcasters Current season Arenas Charlotte Coliseum Spectrum Center Administration Owner Michael Jordan President of basketball operations / General manager Mitch Kupchak Head coach James Borrego General managers Scheer Bass Bickerstaff Higgins Cho Kupchak G League affiliate Greensboro Swarm Retired numbers 13 Hall of Famers Robert Parish Alonzo Mourning Dave Cowens Larry Brown Culture and lore Buzz City George Shinn Hugo Charlotte Honey Bees `` Grandmama '' `` Zo '' Patrick K. Doughty NBA Playoff appearances ( 10 ) 1993 1995 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 2014 2016 Media TV Fox Sports Carolinas Fox Sports Southeast Radio WFNZ Announcers Eric Collins Dell Curry Stephanie Ready Steve Martin Miami Heat Founded in 1988 Based in Miami, Florida Franchise Franchise Team history Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Broadcasters Head coaches Current season Arenas Miami Arena American Airlines Arena G League affiliates Florida Flame Arkansas RimRockers Albuquerque Thunderbirds Sioux Falls Skyforce General managers Schaffel Wohl Pfund Riley Elisburg NBA Championships ( 3 ) 2006 2012 2013 Eastern Conference Championships ( 5 ) 2006 2011 2012 2013 2014 Culture and lore Micky Arison Pat Riley Michael Baiamonte Burnie `` The Heat Is On '' ( Glenn Frey song ) Shaq The Decision The Big Three 27 in a row The Shot Retired numbers 10 23 32 33 Rivals Chicago Bulls New York Knicks Media TV Fox Sports Sun Radio 790 The Ticket Announcers Eric Reid Tony Fiorentino Jason Jackson Mike Inglis BIBSYS : 26929 BNE : XX1017832 BNF : cb139910665 ( data ) GND : 119184486 ISNI : 0000 0001 1455 4934 LCCN : n86020198 NDL : 00514147 SNAC : w6pk1hw4 SUDOC : 032511205 VIAF : 114945073 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jordan&oldid=856961107 '' Categories : Michael Jordan 1963 births Living people African - American basketball players African - American billionaires African - American investors African - American sportsmen African - American sports executives and administrators All - American college men 's basketball players American businesspeople in retailing American investors American men 's basketball players American sports executives and administrators Baseball players from New York ( state ) Baseball players from North Carolina Basketball players at the 1982 NCAA Men 's Division I Final Four Basketball players at the 1983 Pan American Games Basketball players at the 1984 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics Basketball players from New York ( state ) Basketball players from North Carolina Birmingham Barons players Businesspeople from Illinois Businesspeople from New York City Businesspeople from North Carolina Charlotte Bobcats executives Charlotte Bobcats owners Charlotte Hornets executives Chicago Bulls draft picks Chicago Bulls players FIBA Hall of Fame inductees McDonald 's High School All - Americans Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees National Basketball Association All - Stars National Basketball Association players with retired numbers North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball players Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States Pan American Games medalists in basketball Parade High School All - Americans ( boys ' basketball ) People from Highland Park, Illinois Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Scottsdale Scorpions players Shoe designers Shooting guards Sportspeople from Brooklyn Sportspeople from Wilmington, North Carolina United States men 's national basketball team players Washington Wizards executives Washington Wizards players Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2016 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with Curlie links Featured articles Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oromoo ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 85 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018, at 17 : 02 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Michael Jordan", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Michael_Jordan&amp;oldid=856961107" }

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{ "text": "Long Island Iced Tea - wikipedia Long Island Iced Tea Jump to : navigation, search Not to be confused with Long Island Iced Tea Corp. Long Island Iced Tea IBA Official Cocktail The Long Island Iced Tea was named for its visual resemblance to non-alcoholic Iced tea. Type Cocktail Primary alcohol by volume Gin Tequila Vodka Rum Triple sec Served On the rocks ; poured over ice Standard drinkware Highball glass IBA specified ingredients 1.5 cl Tequila 1.5 cl Vodka 1.5 cl White rum 1.5 cl Triple sec 1.5 cl Gin 2.5 cl Lemon juice 3.0 cl Gomme Syrup 1 dash of Cola Preparation Add all ingredients into highball glass filled with ice. Stir gently. Garnish with lemon spiral. Serve with straw. Long Island Iced Tea recipe at International Bartenders Association A Long Island Iced Tea is a type of alcoholic mixed drink typically made with vodka, tequila, light rum, triple sec, gin, and a splash of cola, which gives the drink the same amber hue as its namesake. A popular version mixes equal parts vodka, gin, rum, triple sec, with 11⁄2 parts sour mix and a splash of cola. Most variants use equal parts of the main liquors, but include a smaller amount of triple sec ( or other orange - flavored liqueur ). Close variants often replace the sour mix with lemon juice, replace the cola with diet cola or actual iced tea, or add white crème de menthe. Most variants do not include any tea. The drink has a much higher alcohol concentration ( approximately 22 percent ) than most highball drinks due to the relatively small amount of mixer. Origin ( edit ) Robert `` Rosebud '' Butt claims to have invented the Long Island Iced Tea as an entry in a contest to create a new mixed drink with triple sec in 1972 while he worked at the Oak Beach Inn on Long Island, New York. A slightly different drink is claimed to have been invented in the 1920s during Prohibition in the United States by an `` Old Man Bishop '' in a local community named Long Island in Kingsport, Tennessee. The drink was then perfected by Ransom Bishop, Old Man Bishop 's son. This drink included whiskey and maple syrup, and varied quantities of the five liquors, rather than the modern one with cola and five equal portions of the five liquors. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Long Island Iced Tea ''. International Bartenders Association. Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 20. Jump up ^ The official website of the original Long Island Iced Tea ( Archive Link ), Robert Butt, Accessed May 3, 2017 Jump up ^ Long Island Iced Tea INVENTORS PBS Digital Studios, InventorSeries, Accessed May 3, 2017 Jump up ^ Understanding Apples, J.S. Moore, Outskirts Press ( October 13, 2006 ), ISBN 1598007467 ; p. 48 Jump up ^ Long Island Iced Tea : From New York, or Tennessee?, Accessed August 6, 2012 External links ( edit ) Media related to Long Island Iced Tea at Wikimedia Commons International Bartenders Association Official Cocktails List of IBA official cocktails The Unforgettables Alexander Americano Angel Face Aviation Bacardi cocktail Between the Sheets Casino Clover Club Daiquiri Derby Dry Martini Gin Fizz John Collins Manhattan Mary Pickford Monkey Gland Negroni Old Fashioned Paradise Planter 's Punch Porto flip Ramos Fizz Rusty Nail Sazerac Screwdriver Sidecar Stinger Tuxedo Whiskey Sour White Lady Contemporary Classics Bellini Black Russian Bloody Mary Caipirinha Champagne cocktail Cosmopolitan Cuba Libre French Connection French 75 Godfather Godmother Golden Dream Grasshopper Harvey Wallbanger Hemingway Special Horse 's Neck Irish coffee Kir Long Island Iced Tea Mai Tai Margarita Mimosa Mint julep Mojito Moscow mule Piña colada Rose Sea Breeze Sex on the Beach Singapore Sling Tequila Sunrise New Era Drinks Barracuda Bramble B - 52 Dark ' n ' Stormy Dirty Martini Espresso Martini French Martini Kamikaze Lemon Drop Martini Pisco Sour Russian Spring Punch Spritz Veneziano Tommy 's Margarita Vampiro Vesper Yellow Bird See also List of cocktails Classic cocktails Liquor portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_Island_Iced_Tea&oldid=833262757 '' Categories : Cocktails with gin Cocktails with rum Cocktails with tequila Cocktails with triple sec or curaçao Cocktails with vodka Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2014 Articles with hRecipes Talk About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська ייִדיש 粵語 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018, at 15 : 08. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Long Island Iced Tea", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Long_Island_Iced_Tea&amp;oldid=833262757" }

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