Datasets:

tilyupo

/

nq_text

like 0

{ "text": "Alphabetical order - wikipedia Alphabetical order Jump to : navigation, search `` Alphabetization '' redirects here. For the creation of an alphabetic writing system, which in instances of Latin script is called romanization, see Romanization. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alphabetical order is a system whereby strings of characters are placed in order based on the position of the characters in the conventional ordering of an alphabet. It is one of the methods of collation. To determine which of two strings comes first in alphabetical order, their first letters are compared. If they differ, then the string whose first letter comes earlier in the alphabet comes before the other string. If the first letters are the same, then the second letters are compared, and so on. If a position is reached where one string has no more letters to compare while the other does, then the first ( shorter ) string is deemed to come first in alphabetical order. Capital letters ( upper case ) are generally considered to be identical to their corresponding lower case letters for the purposes of alphabetical ordering, though conventions may be adopted to handle situations where two strings differ only in capitalization. Various conventions also exist for the handling of strings containing spaces, modified letters ( such as those with diacritics ), and non-letter characters such as marks of punctuation. The result of placing a set of words or strings in alphabetical order is that all the strings beginning with the same letter are grouped together ; and within that grouping all words beginning with the same two - letter sequence are grouped together ; and so on. The system thus tends to maximize the number of common initial letters between adjacent words. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Ordering in the Latin script 2.1 Basic order and example 2.2 Treatment of multiword strings 2.3 Special cases 2.3. 1 Modified letters 2.3. 2 Ordering by surname 2.3. 3 The and other common words 2.3. 4 Mac prefixes 2.3. 5 Ligatures 2.4 Treatment of numerals 2.5 Language - specific conventions 3 Automation 4 Similar orderings 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) Alphabetical order was first used in the 1st millennium BCE by Northwest Semitic scribes using the Abjad system. The first effective use of alphabetical order as a cataloging device among scholars may have been in ancient Alexandria. In the 1st century BCE, Roman writer Varro compiled alphabetic lists of authors and titles. In the 2nd century CE, Sextus Pompeius Festus wrote an encyclopedic epitome of the works of Verrius Flaccus, De verborum significatu, with entries in alphabetic order. In the 3rd century CE, Harpocration wrote a Homeric lexicon alphabetized by all letters. In the 10th century, the author of the Suda used alphabetic order with phonetic variations. In the 14th century, the author of the Fons memorabilium universi used a classification, but used alphabetical order within some of the books. In 1604 Robert Cawdrey had to explain in Table Alphabeticall, the first monolingual English dictionary, `` Nowe if the word, which thou art desirous to finde, begin with ( a ) then looke in the beginning of this Table, but if with ( v ) looke towards the end. '' Although as late as 1803 Samuel Taylor Coleridge condemned encyclopedias with `` an arrangement determined by the accident of initial letters '', many lists are today based on this principle. Ordering in the Latin script ( edit ) Basic order and example ( edit ) The standard order of the modern ISO basic Latin alphabet is : A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U - V-W-X-Y-Z An example of straightforward alphabetical ordering follows : As ; Aster ; Astrolabe ; Astronomy ; Astrophysics ; At ; Ataman ; Attack ; Baa Another example : Barnacle ; Be ; Been ; Benefit ; Bent The above words are ordered alphabetically. As comes before Aster because they begin with the same two letters and As has no more letters after that whereas Aster does. The next three words come after Aster because their fourth letter ( the first one that differs ) is r, which comes after e ( the fourth letter of Aster ) in the alphabet. Those words themselves are ordered based on their sixth letters ( l, n and p respectively ). Then comes At, which differs from the preceding words in the second letter ( t comes after s ). Ataman comes after At for the same reason that Aster came after As. Attack follows Ataman based on comparison of their third letters, and Baa comes after all of the others because it has a different first letter. Treatment of multiword strings ( edit ) When some of the strings being ordered consist of more than one word, i.e. they contain spaces or other separators such as hyphens, then two basic approaches may be taken. In the first approach, all strings are ordered initially according to their first word, as in the sequence : San ; San Cristobal ; San Tomás ; Santa Barbara ; Santa Cruz where all strings beginning with the separate word San precede all those beginning Santa, because San precedes Santa in alphabetical order. In the second approach, strings are alphabetized as if they had no spaces, giving the sequence : San ; San Cristobal ; Santa Barbara ; Santa Cruz ; San Tomás where San Tomás now comes after the Santa strings, as it would if it were written `` Santomás ''. Special cases ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Modified letters ( edit ) In French, modified letters ( such as those with diacritics ) are treated the same as the base letter for alphabetical ordering purposes. For example, rôle comes between rock and rose, as if it were written role. However languages that use such letters systematically generally have their own ordering rules. See Language - specific conventions below. Ordering by surname ( edit ) In most cultures where family names are written after given names, it is still desired to sort lists of names ( as in telephone directories ) by family name first. In this case, names need to be reordered to be sorted properly. For example, Juan Hernandes and Brian O'Leary should be sorted as `` Hernandes, Juan '' and `` O'Leary, Brian '' even if they are not written this way. Capturing this rule in a computer collation algorithm is difficult, and simple attempts will necessarily fail. For example, unless the algorithm has at its disposal an extensive list of family names, there is no way to decide if `` Gillian Lucille van der Waal '' is `` van der Waal, Gillian Lucille '', `` Waal, Gillian Lucille van der '', or even `` Lucille van der Waal, Gillian ''. The and other common words ( edit ) Sometimes if a phrase begins with a very common word ( such as `` the '' or `` a '' ), that word is ignored or moved to the end of the phrase, but this is not always the case. The book title `` The Shining '' might be treated as `` Shining '', or `` Shining, The '' and therefore would be ordered before the book title `` Summer of Sam '', although it may also be treated as simply `` The Shining '' and therefore would be ordered after `` Summer of Sam ''. Similarly, the book title `` A Wrinkle in Time '' might be treated as `` Wrinkle in Time '', `` Wrinkle in Time, A '', or simply `` A Wrinkle in Time '', depending on whom you ask. All three alphabetization methods are fairly easy to create by algorithm, but many programs rely instead on simple lexicographic ordering. Mac prefixes ( edit ) Main article : Mac and Mc together The prefixes M ' and Mc in Irish and Scottish surnames are abbreviations for Mac, and are sometimes alphabetized as if the spelling is Mac in full. Thus McKinley might be listed before Mackintosh ( as it would be if it had been spelled out as `` MacKinley '' ). Since the advent of computer - sorted lists, this type of alphabetization is less frequently encountered, though it is still used in British telephone directories. Ligatures ( edit ) Ligatures ( two or more letters merged into one symbol ) which are not considered distinct letters, such as Æ and Œ in English, are typically collated as if the letters were separate - `` æther '' and `` aether '' would be ordered the same relative to all other words. This is true even when the ligature is not purely stylistic, such as in loanwords and brand names. Special rules may need to be adopted to sort strings which vary only by whether two letters are ligaturized. Treatment of numerals ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Lexicographical order When some of the strings contain numerals ( or other non-letter characters ), various approaches are possible. Sometimes such characters are treated as if they came before or after all the letters of the alphabet. Another method is for numbers to be sorted alphabetically as they would be spelled : for example 1776 would be sorted as if spelled out `` seventeen seventy - six '', and 24 heures du Mans as if spelled `` vingt - quatre... '' ( French for `` twenty - four '' ). When numerals or other symbols are used as special graphical forms of letters, as 1337 for leet or the movie Seven ( which was stylised as Se7en ), they may be sorted as if they were those letters. Natural sort order orders strings alphabetically, except that multi-digit numbers are treated as a single character and ordered by the value of the number encoded by the digits. Language - specific conventions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Languages which use an extended Latin alphabet generally have their own conventions for treatment of the extra letters. Also in some languages certain digraphs are treated as single letters for collation purposes. For example, the 29 - letter alphabet of Spanish treats ñ as a basic letter following n, and formerly treated the digraphs ch and ll as basic letters following c and l, respectively. Ch and ll are still considered letters, but are now alphabetized as two - letter combinations. ( The new alphabetization rule was issued by the Royal Spanish Academy in 1994. ) On the other hand, the digraph rr follows rqu as expected, and did so even before the 1994 alphabetization rule. In a few cases, such as Kiowa, the alphabet has been completely reordered. Alphabetization rules applied in various languages are listed below. In Azerbaijani, there are eight additional letters to the standard Latin alphabet. Five of them are vowels : i, ı, ö, ü, ə and three are consonants : ç, ş, ğ. The alphabet is the same as the Turkish alphabet, with the same sounds written with the same letters, except for three additional letters : q, x and ə for sounds that do not exist in Turkish. Although all the `` Turkish letters '' are collated in their `` normal '' alphabetical order like in Turkish, the three extra letters are collated arbitrarily after letters whose sounds approach theirs. So, q is collated just after k, x ( pronounced like a German ch ) is collated just after h and ə ( pronounced roughly like an English short a ) is collated just after e. In Breton, there is no `` c '' but there are the digraphs `` ch '' and `` c'h '', which are collated between `` b '' and `` d ''. For example : `` buzhugenn, chug, c'hoar, daeraouenn '' ( earthworm, juice, sister, teardrop ). In Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian and other related South Slavic languages, the five accented characters and three conjoined characters are sorted after the originals :..., C, Č, Ć, D, DŽ, Đ, E,..., L, LJ, M, N, NJ, O,..., S, Š, T,..., Z, Ž. In Czech and Slovak, accented vowels have secondary collating weight -- compared to other letters, they are treated as their unaccented forms ( A-Á, E-É - Ě, I - Í, O - Ó - Ô, U-Ú - Ů, Y - Ý ), but then they are sorted after the unaccented letters ( for example, the correct lexicographic order is baa, baá, báa, bab, báb, bac, bác, bač, báč ). Accented consonants ( the ones with caron ) have primary collating weight and are collocated immediately after their unaccented counterparts, with exception of Ď, Ň and Ť, which have again secondary weight. CH is considered to be a separate letter and goes between H and I. In Slovak, DZ and DŽ are also considered separate letters and are positioned between Ď and E ( A-Á - Ä - B-C - Č - D - Ď - DZ - DŽ - E-É... ). In the Danish and Norwegian alphabets, the same extra vowels as in Swedish ( see below ) are also present but in a different order and with different glyphs (..., X, Y, Z, Æ, Ø, Å ). Also, `` Aa '' collates as an equivalent to `` Å ''. The Danish alphabet has traditionally seen `` W '' as a variant of `` V '', but today `` W '' is considered a separate letter. In Dutch the combination IJ ( representing IJ ) was formerly to be collated as Y ( or sometimes, as a separate letter Y < IJ < Z ), but is currently mostly collated as 2 letters ( II < IJ < IK ). Exceptions are phone directories ; IJ is always collated as Y here because in many Dutch family names Y is used where modern spelling would require IJ. Note that a word starting with ij that is written with a capital I is also written with a capital J, for example, the town IJmuiden, the river IJssel and the country IJsland ( Iceland ). In Esperanto, consonants with circumflex accents ( ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ ), as well as ŭ ( u with breve ), are counted as separate letters and collated separately ( c, ĉ, d, e, f, g, ĝ, h, ĥ, i, j, ĵ... s, ŝ, t, u, ŭ, v, z ). In Estonian õ, ä, ö and ü are considered separate letters and collate after w. Letters š, z and ž appear in loanwords and foreign proper names only and follow the letter s in the Estonian alphabet, which otherwise does not differ from the basic Latin alphabet. The Faroese alphabet also has some of the Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish extra letters, namely Æ and Ø. Furthermore, the Faroese alphabet uses the Icelandic eth, which follows the D. Five of the six vowels A, I, O, U and Y can get accents and are after that considered separate letters. The consonants C, Q, X, W and Z are not found. Therefore, the first five letters are A, Á, B, D and Ð, and the last five are V, Y, Ý, Æ, Ø In Filipino ( Tagalog ) and other Philippine languages, the letter Ng is treated as a separate letter. It is pronounced as in sing, ping - pong, etc. By itself, it is pronounced nang, but in general Filipino orthography, it is spelled as if it were two separate letters ( n and g ). Also, letter derivatives ( such as Ñ ) immediately follow the base letter. Filipino also is written with diacritics, but their use is very rare ( except the tilde ). ( Philippine orthography also includes spelling. ) The Finnish alphabet and collating rules are the same as those of Swedish. For French, the last accent in a given word determines the order. For example, in French, the following four words would be sorted this way : cote < côte < coté < côté. In German letters with umlaut ( Ä, Ö, Ü ) are treated generally just like their non-umlauted versions ; ß is always sorted as ss. This makes the alphabetic order Arg, Ärgerlich, Arm, Assistent, Aßlar, Assoziation. For phone directories and similar lists of names, the umlauts are to be collated like the letter combinations `` ae '', `` oe '', `` ue '' because a number of German surnames appear both with umlaut and in the non-umlauted form with `` e '' ( Müller / Mueller ). This makes the alphabetic order Udet, Übelacker, Uell, Ülle, Ueve, Üxküll, Uffenbach. The Hungarian vowels have accents, umlauts, and double accents, while consonants are written with single, double ( digraphs ) or triple ( trigraph ) characters. In collating, accented vowels are equivalent with their non-accented counterparts and double and triple characters follow their single originals. Hungarian alphabetic order is : A = Á, B, C, Cs, D, Dz, Dzs, E = É, F, G, Gy, H, I = Í, J, K, L, Ly, M, N, Ny, O = Ó, Ö = Ő, P, Q, R, S, Sz, T, Ty, U = Ú, Ü = Ű, V, W, X, Y, Z, Zs. ( Before 1984, dz and dzs were not considered single letters for collation, but two letters each, d + z and d + zs instead. ) It means that e.g. nádcukor should precede nádcsomó ( even though s normally precedes u ), since c precedes cs in the collation. Difference in vowel length should only be taken into consideration if the two words are otherwise identical ( e.g. egér, éger ). Spaces and hyphens within phrases are ignored in collation. Ch also occurs as a digraph in certain words but it is not considered as a grapheme on its own right in terms of collation. A particular feature of Hungarian collation is that contracted forms of double di - and trigraphs ( such as ggy from gy + gy or ddzs from dzs + dzs ) should be collated as if they were written in full ( independently of the fact of the contraction and the elements of the di - or trigraphs ). For example, kaszinó should precede kassza ( even though the 4th character z would normally come after s in the alphabet ), because the fourth `` character '' ( grapheme ) of the word kassza is considered a second sz ( decomposing ssz into sz + sz ), which does follow i ( in kaszinó ). In Icelandic, Þ is added, and D is followed by Ð. Each vowel ( A, E, I, O, U, Y ) is followed by its correspondent with acute : Á, É, Í, Ó, Ú, Ý. There is no Z, so the alphabet ends :... X, Y, Ý, Þ, Æ, Ö. Both letters were also used by Anglo - Saxon scribes who also used the Runic letter Wynn to represent / w /. Þ ( called thorn ; lowercase þ ) is also a Runic letter. Ð ( called eth ; lowercase ð ) is the letter D with an added stroke. Kiowa is ordered on phonetic principles, like the Brahmic scripts, rather than on the historical Latin order. Vowels come first, then stop consonants ordered from the front to the back of the mouth, and from negative to positive voice - onset time, then the affricates, fricatives, liquids, and nasals : A, AU, E, I, O, U, B, F, P, V, D, J, T, TH, G, C, K, Q, CH, X, S, Z, L, Y, W, H, M, N In Lithuanian, specifically Lithuanian letters go after their Latin originals. Another change is that Y comes just before J :... G, H, I, Į, Y, J, K... In Polish, specifically Polish letters derived from the Latin alphabet are collated after their originals : A, Ą, B, C, Ć, D, E, Ę,..., L, Ł, M, N, Ń, O, Ó, P,..., S, Ś, T,..., Z, Ź, Ż. The digraphs for collation purposes are treated as if they were two separate letters. In Portuguese, the collating order is just like in English : A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z. Digraphs and letters with diacritics are not included in the alphabet. In Romanian, special characters derived from the Latin alphabet are collated after their originals : A, Ă, Â,..., I, Î,..., S, Ș, T, Ț,..., Z. Spanish treated ( until 1994 ) `` CH '' and `` LL '' as single letters, giving an ordering of cinco, credo, chispa and lomo, luz, llama. This is not true anymore since in 1994 the RAE adopted the more conventional usage, and now LL is collated between LK and LM, and CH between CG and CI. The six characters with diacritics Á, É, Í, Ó, Ú, Ü are treated as the original letters A, E, I, O, U, for example : radio, ráfaga, rana, rápido, rastrillo. The only Spanish - specific collating question is Ñ ( eñe ) as a different letter collated after N. In the Swedish alphabet, there are three extra vowels placed at its end (..., X, Y, Z, Å, Ä, Ö ), similar to the Danish and Norwegian alphabet, but with different glyphs and a different collating order. The letter `` W '' has been treated as a variant of `` V '', but in the 13th edition of Svenska Akademiens ordlista ( 2006 ) `` W '' was considered a separate letter. In the Turkish alphabet there are 6 additional letters : ç, ğ, ı, ö, ş, and ü ( but no q, w, and x ). They are collated with ç after c, ğ after g, ı before i, ö after o, ş after s, and ü after u. Originally, when the alphabet was introduced in 1928, ı was collated after i, but the order was changed later so that letters having shapes containing dots, cedilles or other adorning marks always follow the letters with corresponding bare shapes. Note that in Turkish orthography the letter I is the majuscule of dotless ı, whereas İ is the majuscule of dotted i. In many Turkic languages ( such as Azeri or the Jaꞑalif orthography for Tatar ), there used to be the letter Gha ( Ƣƣ ), which came between G and H. It is now in disuse. In Vietnamese, there are 7 additional letters : ă, â, đ, ê, ô, ơ, ư while f, j, w, z are absent, even though they are still in some use ( like Internet address, foreign loan language ). `` f '' is replaced by the combination `` ph ''. The same as for `` w '' is `` qu ''. In Volapük ä, ö and ü are counted as separate letters and collated separately ( a, ä, b... o, ö, p... u, ü, v ) while q and w are absent. In Welsh the digraphs CH, DD, FF, NG, LL, PH, RH, and TH are treated as single letters, and each is listed after the first character of the pair ( except for NG which is listed after G ), producing the order A, B, C, CH, D, DD, E, F, FF, G, NG, H, and so on. It can sometimes happen, however, that word compounding results in the juxtaposition of two letters which do not form a digraph. An example is the word LLONGYFARCH ( composed from LLON + GYFARCH ). This results in such an ordering as, for example, LAWR, LWCUS, LLONG, LLOM, LLONGYFARCH ( NG is a digraph in LLONG, but not in LLONGYFARCH ). The letter combination R + H ( as distinct from the digraph RH ) may similarly arise by juxtaposition in compounds, although this tends not to produce any pairs in which misidentification could affect the ordering. For the other potentially confusing letter combinations that may occur -- namely, D + D and L + L -- a hyphen is used in the spelling ( e.g. AD - DAL, CHWIL - LYS ). Automation ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Collation algorithms ( in combination with sorting algorithms ) are used in computer programming to place strings in alphabetical order. A standard example is the Unicode Collation Algorithm, which can be used to put strings containing any Unicode symbols into ( an extension of ) alphabetical order. It can be made to take conform to most of the language - specific conventions described above, by tailoring its default collation table. Several such tailorings are collected in Common Locale Data Repository. For more details see Collation § Automated collation. Similar orderings ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The principle behind alphabetical ordering can still be applied in languages that do not strictly speaking use an alphabet -- for example, they may be written using a syllabary or abugida -- provided the symbols used have an established ordering. For logographic writing systems, such as Chinese hanzi or Japanese kanji, the method of radical - and - stroke sorting is frequently used as a way of defining an ordering on the symbols. Japanese sometimes uses pronunciation order, most commonly with the Gojūon order but sometimes with the older Iroha ordering. In mathematics, lexicographical order is a means of ordering sequences in a manner analogous to that used to produce alphabetical order. Some computer applications use a version of alphabetical order that can be achieved using a very simple algorithm, based purely on the ASCII or Unicode codes for characters. This may have non-standard effects such as placing all capital letters before lower - case ones. See ASCIIbetical order. A rhyming dictionary is based on sorting words in alphabetical order starting from the last to the first letter of the word. See also ( edit ) Collation Sorting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Reinhard G. Lehmann : `` 27 - 30 - 22 - 26. How Many Letters Needs an Alphabet? The Case of Semitic '', in : The idea of writing : Writing across borders / edited by Alex de Voogt and Joachim Friedrich Quack, Leiden : Brill 2012, p. 11 - 52 Jump up ^ Daly, Lloyd. Contributions to the History of Alphabetization in Antiquity and the Middle Ages Brussels, 1967. p. 25 Jump up ^ O'Hara, James ( 1989 ). `` Messapus, Cycnus, and the Alphabetical Order of Vergil 's Catalogue of Italian Heroes ''. 43 : 35 -- 38. JSTOR 1088539. Jump up ^ LIVRE XI -- texte latin -- traduction + commentaires. Jump up ^ Gibson, Craig ( 2002 ). Interpreting a classic : Demosthenes and his ancient commentators. Jump up ^ Yeo, Richard ( 2001 ). Encyclopaedic visions : scientific dictionaries and enlightenment culture. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521651913. Jump up ^ Robert Cawdrey 's -- A Table Alphabetical OBERT ( 1604 ). Jump up ^ Coleridge 's Letters, No. 507. Jump up ^ `` Unicode Technical Standard # 10 ''. Unicode, Inc. ( unicode.org ). 20 March 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2008. Jump up ^ Midgley, Ralph. `` Volapük to English dictionary '' ( PDF ). Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 1 September 2012. Further reading ( edit ) Chauvin, Yvonne. Pratique du classement alphabétique. 4e éd. Paris : Bordas, 1977. ISBN 2 - 04 - 010155 - 1 External links ( edit ) Online Sort Lists in Alphabetical Order with The Alphabetizer Sort Lists in Alphabetical Order with The Alphabetizer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alphabetical_order&oldid=816057858 '' Categories : Alphabets Collation Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from June 2017 Articles containing Spanish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Latgaļu മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Sicilianu Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017, at 23 : 54. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Alphabetical order", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Alphabetical_order&amp;oldid=816057858" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "History 2 Ordering in the Latin script 2.1 Basic order and example 2.2 Treatment of multiword strings 2.3 Special cases 2.3. 1 Modified letters 2.3. 2 Ordering by surname 2.3. 3 The and other common words 2.3. 4 Mac prefixes 2.3. 5 Ligatures 2.4 Treatment of numerals 2.5 Language - specific conventions 3 Automation 4 Similar orderings 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) Alphabetical order was first used in the 1st millennium BCE by Northwest Semitic scribes using the Abjad system. The first effective use of alphabetical order as a cataloging device among scholars may have been in ancient Alexandria. In the 1st century BCE, Roman writer Varro compiled alphabetic lists of authors and titles. In the 2nd century CE, Sextus Pompeius Festus wrote an encyclopedic epitome of the works of Verrius Flaccus, De verborum significatu, with entries in alphabetic order. In the 3rd century CE, Harpocration wrote a Homeric lexicon alphabetized by all letters. In the 10th century, the author of the Suda used alphabetic order with phonetic variations. In the 14th century, the author of the Fons memorabilium universi used a classification, but used alphabetical order within some of" ], "id": [ "3577553519107559177" ], "short_answers": [ "Northwest Semitic scribes" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "United States Air Force Academy - wikipedia United States Air Force Academy Jump to : navigation, search Not to be confused with Air University ( United States Air Force ). United States Air Force Academy Motto Integrity First, Service Before Self, Excellence in All We Do Type U.S. Service Academy Established 1 April 1954 ( 1 April 1954 ) ( 63 years, 9 months ) Endowment $47 million Superintendent Lieutenant General Jay B. Silveria Dean Brigadier General Andrew P. Armacost Commandant Brigadier General Kristin E. Goodwin Academic staff 550 ( 70 % military : 30 % civilian ) Students 4,237 cadets Location Air Force Academy, Colorado, United States Campus Suburban -- 18,500 acres ( 7,486.7 ha ) Colors Blue, Silver Nickname Falcons Sporting affiliations NCAA Division I -- MW MPSF, Big 12, SoCon, PRC, WWPA Mascot Gyrfalcon Website www.usafa.af.mil U.S. Air Force Academy Location in the United States U.S. Air Force Academy Location in Colorado The United States Air Force Academy ( also known as USAFA, the Air Force Academy, or the Academy ), is a military academy for officer cadets of the United States Air Force. Its campus is located in the western United States in Colorado, immediately north of Colorado Springs in El Paso County. The Academy 's stated mission is `` to educate, train, and inspire men and women to become leaders of character, motivated to lead the United States Air Force in service to our nation. '' It is the youngest of the five U.S. service academies, having graduated its first class 59 years ago in 1959, however it is the third in seniority. Graduates of the Academy 's four - year program receive a Bachelor of Science degree, and are commissioned as second lieutenants in the U.S. Air Force. The Academy is also one of the largest tourist attractions in Colorado, attracting approximately a million visitors each year. Admission is extremely competitive, with nominations divided equally among Congressional districts. Recent incoming classes have had about 1,200 cadets ; historically, just under 1,000 of those will graduate. Tuition along with room and board are all paid for by the Air Force. Cadets receive a monthly stipend, but incur a commitment to serve a number of years of military service after graduation. The program at the Academy is guided by the Air Force 's core values of `` Integrity First, Service Before Self, and Excellence in All We Do '', and based on four `` pillars of excellence '' : military training, academics, athletics and character development. In addition to a rigorous military training regimen, cadets also take a broad academic course load with an extensive core curriculum in engineering, humanities, social sciences, basic sciences, military studies and physical education. All cadets participate in either intercollegiate or intramural athletics, and a thorough character development and leadership curriculum provides cadets a basis for future officership. Each of the components of the program is intended to give cadets the skills and knowledge that they will need for success as officers. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Establishment 1.2 Early years 1.3 Vietnam 1.4 Women at the Academy 2 Campus and facilities 2.1 The Cadet Area 2.2 Commemorative displays 2.3 Air Academy High School 2.4 Other locations on campus 3 The Honor Code and character education 4 Organization 4.1 The Cadet Wing 4.2 Base organization 4.3 Board of Visitors 5 Military training 6 Academics 7 Athletics 7.1 Physical education 7.2 Fitness tests 7.3 Intramural athletics 7.4 Intercollegiate athletics 8 Airmanship 9 Admissions 9.1 Class size 10 Traditions 10.1 Prop and Wings 10.2 Cadet sabre 10.3 Class ring 11 Controversies 11.1 Honor scandals 11.2 Allegations of sexual harassment, assault and gender bias 11.3 Religious atmosphere 12 Notable alumni 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links History ( edit ) Establishment ( edit ) Prior to the Academy 's establishment, air power advocates had been pushing for a separate Air Force Academy for decades. As early as 1918, Lieutenant Colonel A.J. Hanlon wrote, `` As the Military and Naval Academies are the backbone of the Army and Navy, so must the Aeronautical Academy be the backbone of the Air Service. No service can flourish without some such institution to inculcate into its embryonic officers love of country, proper conception of duty, and highest regard for honor. '' Other officials expressed similar sentiments. In 1919, Congressman Charles F. Curry introduced legislation providing for an Academy, but concerns about cost, curriculum and location led to its demise. In 1925, air power pioneer General Billy Mitchell testified on Capitol Hill that it was necessary `` to have an air academy to form a basis for the permanent backbone of your air service and to attend to the... organizational part of it, very much the same way that West Point does for the Army, or that Annapolis does for the Navy. '' Mitchell 's arguments did not gain traction with legislators, and it was not until the late 1940s that the concept of the United States Air Force Academy began to take shape. Support for an air academy got a boost with the National Security Act of 1947, which provided for the establishment of a separate Air Force within the United States military. As an initial measure, Secretary of the Air Force W. Stuart Symington negotiated an agreement where up to 25 % of West Point and Annapolis graduates could volunteer to receive their commissions in the newly established Air Force. This was only intended to be a short term fix, however, and disagreements between the services quickly led to the establishment of the Service Academy Board by Secretary of Defense James Forrestal. In January 1950, the Service Academy Board, headed by Dwight D. Eisenhower, then president of Columbia University, concluded that the needs of the Air Force could not be met by the two existing U.S. service academies and that an air force academy should be established. Following the recommendation of the Board, Congress passed legislation in 1954 to begin the construction of the Air Force Academy, and President Eisenhower signed it into law on 1 April of that year. The legislation established an advisory commission to determine the site of the new school. Among the panel members were Charles Lindbergh, General Carl Spaatz, and Lieutenant General Hubert R. Harmon, who later became the Academy 's first superintendent. The original 582 sites considered were winnowed to three : Alton, Illinois ; Lake Geneva, Wisconsin ; and the ultimate site at Colorado Springs, Colorado. The Secretary of the Air Force, Harold E. Talbott, announced the winning site on 24 June 1954. Meanwhile, Air Training Command ( ATC ) began developing a detailed curriculum for the Academy program. Early years ( edit ) Cadets from the first USAFA class lined up for physical training at Lowry AFB in 1955 The early Air Force Academy leadership had the model of West Point and Annapolis in designing an appropriate curriculum, faculty, and campus. The Academy 's permanent site had not yet been completed when the first class entered, so the 306 cadets from the Class of 1959 were sworn in at a temporary site at Lowry Air Force Base in Denver on 11 July 1955. While at Lowry, they were housed in renovated World War II barracks. There were no upper class cadets to train the new cadets, so the Air Force appointed a cadre of `` Air Training Officers '' ( ATOs ) to conduct training. The ATOs were junior officers, many of whom were graduates of West Point, Annapolis, and The Citadel. They acted as surrogate upper class cadets until the upper classes could be populated over the next several years. The Academy 's dedication ceremony took place on that first day and was broadcast live on national television, with Walter Cronkite covering the event. Arnold W. Braswell, a native of Minden, Louisiana, was commander of the original four cadet squadrons at the academy 1955 to 1958. In developing a distinctive uniform for cadets, the Air Force turned to Hollywood. Famed director Cecil B. DeMille designed the cadet parade uniform ; it is still worn by cadets today. The Class of 1959 established many other important traditions that continue until the present. The first class adopted the Cadet Honor Code, and chose the falcon as the Academy 's mascot. On 29 August 1958, the wing of 1,145 cadets moved to the present site near Colorado Springs, and less than a year later the Academy received accreditation. The first USAFA class graduated and was commissioned on 3 June 1959. Vietnam ( edit ) The Vietnam War was the first war in which Academy graduates fought and died. As such, it had a profound effect on the development of the character of the Academy. Due to the need for more pilots, Academy enrollment grew significantly during this time. The size of the graduating classes went from 217 cadets in 1961 to 745 cadets in 1970. Academy facilities were likewise expanded, and training was modified to better meet the needs of the wartime Air Force. The Jacks Valley field training area was added, the Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape ( SERE ) program was expanded, and light aircraft training started in 1968. Many Academy graduates of this era served with distinction in the Vietnam War. F - 4 Phantom II pilot Steve Ritchie ' 64 and weapon systems officer Jeffrey Feinstein ' 68 each became aces by downing five enemy aircraft in combat. One hundred forty - one graduates died in the conflict ; thirty - two graduates became prisoners of war. Lance Sijan, ' 65, fell into both categories and became the first Academy graduate to be awarded the Medal of Honor due to his heroism while evading capture and in captivity. Sijan Hall, one of the cadet dormitories, is named in his memory. The effects of the anti-war movement were felt at the Academy as well. Because the Academy grounds are generally open to the public, the Academy often became a site for protests by anti-war demonstrators. Regular demonstrations were held at the Cadet Chapel, and cadets often became the targets of protesters ' insults. Other aggravating factors were the presence in the Cadet Wing of cadets motivated to attend the Academy for reasons of draft avoidance, and a number of highly publicized cheating scandals. Morale sometimes suffered as a consequence. Women at the Academy ( edit ) One of the most significant events in the history of the Academy was the admission of women. On 7 October 1975, President Gerald R. Ford signed legislation permitting women to enter the United States service academies. On 26 June 1976, 157 women entered the Air Force Academy with the Class of 1980. Because there were no female upper class cadets, the Air Training Officer model used in the early years of the Academy was revived, and fifteen young female officers were brought in to help with the integration process. The female cadets were initially segregated from the rest of the Cadet Wing but were fully integrated into their assigned squadrons after their first semester. On 28 May 1980, 97 of the original female cadets completed the program and graduated from the Academy -- just over 10 % of the graduating class. Women have made up just over 20 % of the most recent classes, with the class of 2016 having the highest proportion of any class, 25 %. Many of the women from those early classes went on to achieve success within the Cadet Wing and after graduation ( see list of Academy graduates below ). Despite these successes, integration issues were long apparent. Female cadets have had consistently higher dropout rates than men and have left the Air Force in higher numbers than men. Some male cadets also believed that the presence of women had softened the rigors of Academy life and that women received special treatment. According to one hostile commentator, as many as ten percent of male Academy graduates in the late 1970s and early 1980s requested Army commissions, in part because of controversy over such issues. The Class of 1979, the last all - male class, went so far as to unofficially label themselves `` LCWB, '' or `` Last Class With Balls '' an abbreviation that appeared on many of their class - specific items and still appears at reunions, sporting events and other Academy alumni functions. Campus and facilities ( edit ) Interior of Cadet Chapel Initial proposals for the Air Force Academy location were between Prescott, Arizona ; Linn, Wisconsin ; Alton, Illinois and Colorado Springs, Colorado. The selection committee cut the final list to only Alton, Linn and Colorado Springs. Final selection was awarded to Colorado Springs. The campus of the Academy covers 18,500 acres ( 29 sq mi ; 75 km ) on the east side of the Rampart Range of the Rocky Mountains, just north of Colorado Springs. Its elevation is normally given as 7,258 feet ( 2,212 m ) above sea level, which is at the cadet area. The Academy was designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill ( SOM ) and lead architect Walter Netsch. SOM partner John O. Merrill moved from Chicago to a Colorado Springs field office to oversee the construction and to act as a spokesman for the project. The most controversial aspect of the SOM - designed Air Force Academy was its chapel. It was designed by SOM architect Walter Netsch, who at one point was prepared to abandon the design ; but the accordion - like structure is acknowledged as an iconic symbol of the academy campus. The Cadet Area ( edit ) Main article : United States Air Force Academy, Cadet Area The buildings in the Cadet Area were designed in a distinct, modernist style, and make extensive use of aluminum on building exteriors, suggesting the outer skin of aircraft or spacecraft. On 1 April 2004, fifty years after Congress authorized the building of the Academy, the Cadet Area at the Academy was designated a National Historic Landmark. The main buildings in the Cadet Area are set around a large, square pavilion known as `` the Terrazzo, '' and the most recognizable is the 17 - spired Cadet Chapel. The subject of controversy when it was first built, it is now considered among the most prominent examples of modern American academic architecture. Other buildings on the Terrazzo include Vandenberg Hall and Sijan Hall, the two dormitories ; Mitchell Hall, the cadet dining facility ; and Fairchild Hall, the main academic building, which houses academic classrooms, laboratories, research facilities, faculty offices and the Robert F. McDermott Library. The Aeronautics Research Center ( also known as the `` Aero Lab '' ) contains numerous aeronautical research facilities, including transonic, subsonic, low speed, and cascade wind tunnels ; engine and rocket test cells ; and simulators. The Consolidated Education and Training Facility ( CETF ) was built in 1997 as an annex to Fairchild Hall. It contains chemistry and biology classrooms and labs, medical and dental clinics, and civil engineering and astronautics laboratories. The Cadet Area also contains an observatory and a planetarium for academic use and navigation training. The cadet social center is Arnold Hall, located just outside the Cadet Area, which houses a 3000 - seat theater, a ballroom, a number of lounges, and dining and recreation facilities for cadets and visitors. Harmon Hall is the primary administration building, which houses the offices of the Superintendent and the Superintendent 's staff. The Cadet Area also contains extensive facilities for use by cadets participating in intercollegiate athletics, intramural athletics, physical education classes and other physical training. Set amid numerous outdoor athletic fields are the ' ' Cadet Gymnasium ' ' and the Cadet Fieldhouse. The Fieldhouse is the home to Clune Arena, the ice hockey rink and an indoor track, which doubles as an indoor practice facility for a number of sports. Falcon Stadium, located outside of the Cadet Area, is the football field and site of the graduation ceremonies. Commemorative displays ( edit ) The Class Wall is located just below the Cadet Chapel Many displays around the Cadet Area commemorate heroes and air power pioneers, and serve as an inspiration to cadets. The ' ' War Memorial ' ', a black marble wall located just under the flagpole on the Terrazzo, is etched with the names of Academy graduates who have been killed in combat. The ' ' Honor Wall, ' ' overlooking the Terrazzo, is inscribed with the Cadet Honor Code : `` We will not lie, cheat, or steal, nor tolerate among us anyone who does. '' Just under the Cadet Chapel, the ' ' Class Wall ' ' bears the crests of each of the Academy 's graduating classes. The crest of the current first ( senior ) class is displayed in the center position. Another display often used as a symbol of the Academy, the ' ' Eagle and Fledglings Statue ' ' was given as a gift to the Academy in 1958 by the personnel of Air Training Command. It contains the inscription by Austin Dusty Miller, `` Man 's flight through life is sustained by the power of his knowledge. '' Static air - and spacecraft displays on the Academy grounds include an F - 4, F - 15, F - 16 and F - 105 on the Terrazzo ; a B - 52 by the North Gate ; a T - 38 and A-10 at the airfield ; an F - 100 by the preparatory school ; a SV - 5J lifting body next to the aeronautics laboratory ; and a Minuteman III missile in front of the Fieldhouse. The Minuteman III was removed 10 years ago in August 2008 due to rusting and other internal damage. The `` Core Values Ramp '' ( formerly known as the `` Bring Me Men Ramp '' ) leads down from the main Terrazzo level toward the parade field. On in - processing day, new cadets arrive at the base of the ramp and start their transition into military and Academy life by ascending the ramp to the Terrazzo. From 1964 to 2004, the portal at the base of the ramp was inscribed with the words `` Bring me men... '' taken from the poem, `` The Coming American, '' by Samuel Walter Foss. In a controversial move following the 2003 sexual assault scandal, the words `` Bring me men... '' were taken down and replaced with the Academy 's ( later adopted as the Air Force 's ) core values : `` Integrity first, service before self, and excellence in all we do. '' Air Academy high school ( edit ) Main article : Air Academy High School With an enrollment of over 1300, Air Academy High School is the only high school in the United States built on a military academy. It ranks in the top ten in the state in academic standards. Part of School District 20 ( D20 ), its marching band regularly places in the top ten in state championships. D20 also maintains an elementary school on the academy grounds. Other locations on campus ( edit ) Cadets have the opportunity to fly gliders as part of their training Other locations on campus serve support roles for cadet training and other base functions. Doolittle Hall is the headquarters of the Academy 's Association of Graduates and also serves as the initial reception point for new cadets arriving for Basic Cadet Training. It is named after General Jimmy Doolittle. The Goldwater Visitor Center, named after longtime proponent of the Academy United States Senator Barry Goldwater, is the focal point for family, friends and tourists visiting the Academy grounds. The Academy Airfield is used for training cadets in airmanship courses, including parachute training, soaring and powered flight. Interment at the ' ' Academy Cemetery ' ' is limited to Academy cadets and graduates, certain senior officers, certain Academy staff members, and certain other family members. Air power notables Carl Spaatz, Curtis E. LeMay and Robin Olds, are interred here. The United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School ( usually referred to as the `` Prep School '' ) is a program offered to selected individuals who were not able to obtain appointments directly to the Academy. The program involves intense academic preparation ( particularly in English, math and science ), along with athletic and military training, meant to prepare the students for appointment to the Academy. A high percentage of USAFA Preparatory School students ( known as `` Preppies '' ) earn appointments to the Academy following their year at the Prep School. The Honor Code and character education ( edit ) More than 1,300 basic cadets salute during the ceremonial Oath of Office formation on 26 June 2009. The Cadet Chapel is in the background. The Cadet Honor Code is the cornerstone of a cadet 's professional training and development -- the minimum standard of ethical conduct that cadets expect of themselves and their fellow cadets. The Honor Code was developed and adopted by the Class of 1959, the first class to graduate from the Academy and has been handed down to every subsequent class. The Code itself is simple : We will not lie, steal, or cheat, nor tolerate among us anyone who does. In 1984, the Cadet Wing voted to add an `` Honor Oath, '' which was to be taken by all cadets. The oath is administered to fourth class cadets ( freshmen ) when they are formally accepted into the Wing at the conclusion of Basic Cadet Training. The oath remains unchanged since its adoption in 1984 and consists of a statement of the code, followed by a resolution to live honorably ( the phrase `` So help me God '' is now optional ) : We will not lie, steal or cheat, nor tolerate among us anyone who does. Furthermore, I resolve to do my duty and to live honorably, ( so help me God ). -- `` Honor Code Handbook '' Cadets are considered the `` guardians and stewards '' of the Code. Cadet honor representatives are chosen by senior leadership, and oversee the honor system by conducting education classes and investigating suspected honor violations. Cadets throughout the Wing are expected to sit on Honor Boards as juries that determine whether their fellow cadets violated the code. Cadets also recommend sanctions for violations. The presumed sanction for an honor violation is disenrollment, but mitigating factors may result in the violator being placed in a probationary status for some period of time. This `` honor probation '' is usually only reserved for cadets in their first two years at the Academy. To reinforce the importance of honor, character and integrity to future officers, cadets are given an extensive character and leadership curriculum. The Academy 's Center for Character and Leadership Development provides classroom, seminar, workshop and experiential - based learning programs to all cadets, beginning when they enter Basic Cadet Training and continuing each year through their last semester at the Academy. The Center 's programs, when coupled with the Honor Code and Honor System, establish a foundation for the `` leaders of character '' that the Academy aspires to produce. Organization ( edit ) The Academy 's organization is unusual in a number of respects. Because it is primarily a military unit, much of the Academy 's structure is set up like that of any other Air Force Base. This is particularly true of the non-cadet units -- most assigned to the 10th Air Base Wing -- that provide base services such as security, communications, and engineering. Because the Academy is also a university, however, the organization of the faculty and the Cadet Wing have some aspects that are more similar to the faculty and student body at a civilian college. The Cadet Wing ( edit ) Main article : United States Air Force Academy Cadet Wing Air Force Academy cadets celebrate after graduation. The student body of the Academy is known as the Cadet Wing. The students, called `` cadets '', are divided into four classes, based on their year in school, much like a civilian college. They are not referred to as freshmen, sophomores, juniors and seniors, however, but as fourth -, third -, second - and first class cadets, respectively. Fourth class cadets ( freshmen ) are often referred to as `` doolies, '' a term derived from the Greek word δοῦλος ( `` doulos '' ) meaning `` slave '' or `` servant. '' Members of the three lower classes are also referred to as `` 4 degrees, '' `` 3 degrees '' or `` 2 degrees '' based on their class. First - class cadets ( seniors ) are referred to as `` firsties. '' In the military structure of the Cadet Wing, first class cadets hold the positions of cadet officers, second class cadets act as the cadet non-commissioned officers and third class cadets represent the cadet junior non-commissioned officers. The Cadet Wing is divided into four groups, of ten cadet squadrons each. Each cadet squadron consists of about 110 cadets, roughly evenly distributed among the four classes. Selected first -, second - and third - class cadets hold leadership, operational and support jobs at the squadron, group and wing levels. Cadets live, march and eat meals with members of their squadrons. Military training and intramural athletics are conducted by squadron as well. Each cadet squadron and cadet group is supervised by a specially selected active duty officer called an Air Officer Commanding ( AOC ). In the case of a cadet squadron, the AOC is normally an active duty Air Force major. For a cadet group, the AOC is normally an active - duty lieutenant colonel. These officers have command authority over the cadets, counsel cadets on leadership and military career issues, oversee military training and serve as role models for the future officers. In addition to an AOC, cadet squadrons and groups are also supervised by an active duty non-commissioned officer known as an Academy Military Trainer ( AMT ), who fulfills a similar job as the AOC. Base organization ( edit ) See also : List of Superintendents of the United States Air Force Academy The Superintendent of the Academy is the commander and senior officer. The position of Superintendent is normally held by an active - duty lieutenant general. The superintendent 's role is roughly similar to that of the president of a civilian university. As such, the Superintendent oversees all aspects of the Academy, including military training, academics, athletics, admissions and also functions as the installation commander of the Academy Reservation. The Academy is a Direct Reporting Unit within the Air Force, so the Superintendent reports directly to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force. Those reporting to the Superintendent include the Dean of the Faculty and Commandant of Cadets, each of whom typically holds the rank of brigadier general, as well as the Director of Athletics, the Commander of the 10th Air Base Wing and the Commander of the Prep School, each of whom typically holds the rank of colonel. The 10th Air Base Wing provides all base support functions that exist at other air force bases, including civil engineering, communications, medical support, personnel, administration, security and base services. The Preparatory School provides an academic, athletic and military program for qualified young men and women who may need certain additional preparation prior to acceptance to the Academy. All flying programs at the Academy are run by the 306th Flying Training Group, which reports to the Air Education and Training Command, ensuring uniformity of flight training with the rest of the Air Force. Board of visitors ( edit ) Congressional oversight of the Academy is exercised through a Board of Visitors ( BOV ), established under Title 10, United States Code, Section 9355. The board inquires into the morale, discipline, curriculum, instruction, physical equipment, fiscal affairs, academic methods and other matters relating to the Academy. The board meets at least four times per year and prepares semi-annual reports containing its views and recommendations submitted concurrently to the Secretary of Defense, the Senate Armed Services Committee, and the House Armed Services Committee. The 15 members of the BOV are variously appointed by the President of the United States, the Vice President, the Senate and House Armed Services Committees and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. Since 2006, the board has been required to include at least two Academy graduates. In July 2009, Speaker Nancy Pelosi appointed Colorado Congressman Jared Polis to the BOV, the first openly gay person to serve on a service academy 's advisory board. Military training ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Sandhurst Competition ( a military skills event ) DA40 of USAFA at RIAT 2010. Cadets ' military training occurs throughout their time at the Academy, but is especially intense during their four summers. The first military experience for new cadets ( called `` basic cadets '' ) occurs during the six weeks of Basic Cadet Training ( BCT ), in the summer before their fourth class ( freshman ) year. During BCT, also known as `` beast, '' cadets learn the fundamentals of military and Academy life under the leadership of a cadre of first and second class cadets. Basic cadets learn military customs and courtesies, proper wear of the uniform, drill and ceremony, and study military knowledge and undergo a rigorous physical training program. During the second half of BCT, basic cadets march to Jacks Valley, where they complete the program in a field encampment environment. Upon completion of BCT, basic cadets receive their fourth - class shoulder boards, take the Honor Oath and are formally accepted as members of the Cadet Wing. The fourth - class ( freshman ) year is traditionally the most difficult at the Academy, militarily. In addition to their full academic course loads, heavy demands are placed on fourth class cadets outside of class. Fourth class cadets are expected to learn an extensive amount of military and Academy - related knowledge and have significant restrictions placed on their movement and actions -- traversing the Cadet Area only by approved routes ( including staying on the marble `` strips '' on the Terrazzo ) and interacting with upper class cadets using a very specific decorum. The fourth class year ends with `` Recognition, '' a physically and mentally demanding several - day event which culminates in the award of the Prop and Wings insignia to the fourth class cadets, signifying their ascension to the ranks of upper class cadets. After Recognition, the stringent rules of the fourth class year are relaxed. After the first year, cadets have more options for summer military training. Between their fourth and third class years, cadets undergo training in Air Force operations in a deployed environment ( called Expeditionary Skills and Evasion Training ( ESET ) ) and may participate in flying gliders, cyber-warfare training, satellite and space operations, unmanned systems, or free - fall parachute training. From the late 1960s until the mid-1990s, cadets also completed SERE training in the Jacks Valley complex between their fourth - and third - class years. This program was replaced with Combat Survival Training ( CST ) in 1995 and done away with entirely in 2005. In the summer of 2008, the CST program was reintroduced, but was cut again in 2011 and replaced with ESET for the summer of 2012 ( the Class of 2015 was the first to participate in ESET ). During their last two summers, cadets may serve as BCT cadre, travel to active duty Air Force bases and participate in a variety of other research, aviation and leadership programs. They may also be able to take courses offered by other military services, such as the U.S. Army 's Airborne School at Fort Benning, Georgia, or the Air Assault School, at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. During the academic year, all cadets take formal classes in military theory, operations and leadership. Academics ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Eagle and Fledglings Statue at the south end of the Air Gardens is inscribed with the quote, `` Man 's flight through life is sustained by the power of his knowledge '' The Air Force Academy is an accredited four - year university offering bachelor 's degrees in a variety of subjects. Active - duty Air Force officers make up approximately 70 percent of the faculty, with the balance long - term civilian professors, visiting professors from civilian universities and instructors from other U.S. and allied foreign military services. In recent years, civilians have become a growing portion of senior faculty. Every Dean of the Faculty ( equivalent to a Provost at most universities ) has always been an active - duty brigadier general, although technically, a civilian may hold the position. The Dean, the Vice Dean, and each academic department chair hold the academic rank of Permanent Professor. Permanent Professors are nominated by the President of the United States and approved by the Senate, and can serve until age 64. All graduates receive a Bachelor of Science degree, regardless of major, because of the technical content of the core requirements. Cadets may choose from a variety of majors, including engineering, the basic sciences, social sciences and humanities, as well as in a variety of divisional or inter-disciplinary subjects. The academic program has an extensive core curriculum, in which all cadets take required courses in the sciences, engineering, social sciences, humanities, military studies and physical education. Approximately sixty percent of a cadet 's course load is mandated by the core curriculum. As a result, most of a cadet 's first two years are spent in core classes. While core requirements remain significant during the third and fourth years, cadets have more flexibility to focus in their major areas of study, allowing them to participate in international and inter-service Academy exchange programs. Traditionally, the academic program at the Air Force Academy ( as with military academies in general ) has focused heavily on science and engineering, with the idea that many graduates would be expected to manage complex air, space and information technology systems. As a result, the Academy 's engineering programs have traditionally been ranked highly. Over time, however, the Academy broadened its humanities offerings. About 55 % of cadets typically select majors in non-technical disciplines. The academy 's recent implementation of a computer and network security program may represent a return to form. Externally funded research at the Air Force Academy has been a large and growing part of the technical majors. Air Force has ranked highest of all undergraduate - only universities in federally funded research as reported by the National Science Foundation, surpassing $60 million in 2010. Many cadets are involved in research via their major, coordinated in more than a dozen Academy research centers, including the Institute for Information Technology Applications, the Institute for National Security Studies, the Air Force Humanities Institute, the Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies, the Life Sciences Research Center, the Academy Center for Physics Education Research, among others. Athletics ( edit ) Main article : Air Force Falcons United States Air Force Academy Mascot Echo, one of USAFA 's trained prairie falcon mascots All cadets at the Academy take part in the school 's extensive athletic program. The program is designed to enhance the physical conditioning of all cadets, to develop the physical skills necessary for officership, to teach leadership in a competitive environment and to build character. The primary elements of the athletic program are intercollegiate athletics, intramural athletics, physical education, and the physical fitness tests. Physical education ( edit ) Cadets are required to take physical education courses in each of their four years at the Academy. The classes cover a wide range of activities : Swimming and water survival build confidence while teaching important survival skills. Combative sports such as boxing, wrestling, judo and unarmed combat build confidence, teach controlled aggression and develop physical fitness. Cadets also take classes in team sports such as basketball and soccer, in lifetime sports such as tennis and golf and on the physiology of exercise. Fitness tests ( edit ) Each semester, cadets must pass two athletic fitness tests : a 1.5 mi ( 2.4 km ) run to measure aerobic fitness, and a 15 - minute, 5 - event, physical fitness test consisting of pull - ups, a standing long jump, sit - ups, push - ups and a 600 yd ( 550 m ) sprint. Failure to pass a fitness test usually results in the cadet being assigned to reconditioning until he can pass the test. Repeated failures can lead to disenrollment. Intramural athletics ( edit ) All cadets are required to compete in intramural athletics for their entire time at the Academy, unless they are on - season for intercollegiate athletics. Intramural sports put cadet squadrons against one another in many sports, including basketball, cross-country, flag football, ice hockey, racquetball, flickerball, rugby union, boxing, soccer, mountain biking, softball, team handball, tennis, Ultimate, wallyball and volleyball. Winning the Wing Championship in a given sport is a particular source of pride for a cadet squadron. Intercollegiate athletics ( edit ) See also : Air Force Falcons The Academy 's intercollegiate program has 17 men 's and 10 women 's NCAA sanctioned teams, nicknamed the ' ' Falcons. ' ' Men 's teams compete in football, baseball, basketball, ice hockey, cross-country, fencing, golf, gymnastics, indoor and outdoor track, lacrosse, soccer, swimming and diving, tennis, water polo and wrestling. Women 's teams include basketball, cross-country, fencing, gymnastics, indoor and outdoor track, swimming and diving, soccer, tennis and volleyball. The Academy fields a coeducational team in rifle. In addition, the Academy also sponsors two non-NCAA programs : cheerleading and boxing. The Academy also has several club sports, such as rugby, that compete intercollegiately. The men 's and women 's programs compete in NCAA 's Division I, with the football team competing in Division I FBS. Most teams are in the Mountain West Conference ; however, the wrestling team competes in the Big 12 Conference, the gymnastics teams compete in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ; the men 's soccer team competes in the Western Athletic Conference ; the men 's hockey team competes in Atlantic Hockey, the water polo team competes in the Western Water Polo Association, the coeducational rifle team competes in the Patriot Rifle Conference, and the men 's lacrosse team competes in the Southern Conference. The men 's boxing team competes in the National Collegiate Boxing Association. For a number of years, only the men 's teams competed in Division I. Women 's teams competed in Division II and were once members of the Continental Divide Conference, then the Colorado Athletic Conference. With new NCAA legislation, beginning in 1996, women 's teams also competed in Division I. Presentation of the Commander in Chief 's Trophy to the Air Force Falcons, May 2, 2017 Air Force has traditional service academy rivalries with Navy and Army. The three service academies compete for the Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy in football each year. Air Force Falcons football has had the best showing of the three, winning the trophy 18 of its 34 years. The Academy also has an in - state rivalry with Colorado State University, which is located in Fort Collins and is a fellow member of the Mountain West Conference. The boxing team, led for 31 years by Coach Ed Weichers, has won 18 national championships. The Academy 's men 's and women 's rugby teams have each won multiple national championships and the women 's side recently had two players selected for the United States national team. The football team has played in 17 bowl games and the basketball team has had strong showings in the last several years, qualifying for the NCAA tournament and, most recently, making the final four of the 2007 NIT Tournament. The men 's ice hockey team won the last two Atlantic Hockey conference tournaments, made the first ever appearance by a service academy in the NCAA hockey tournament in 2007, and made a repeat appearance in 2008. The Air Force Academy 's Men 's Hockey team recently lost in the `` Elite Eight '' of hockey in double overtime. This marked the farthest they had gone in the post-season in school history and the longest an Atlantic Hockey Association team has made it into the post-season. In 2014, Academy Superintendent Lt. Gen. Michelle Johnson responded to reports of allegations of sexual assault and drug use at a December 2011 party by calling for a review of the Athletic Department by the Inspector General. Airmanship ( edit ) Cessna T - 41D of the 557th Flying Training Squadron. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cadets have the opportunity to take part in several airmanship activities to include soaring, parachuting, and powered flight. Airmanship activities at the Academy are primarily conducted by the 306th Flying Training Group. The 94th Flying Training Squadron trains cadets in basic airmanship principles through several flights in TG - 16A sailplanes. Each year, several soaring students are selected to become instructor pilots to teach new classes of soaring students. Some of these cadet instructor pilots also compete on the Soaring Racing Team or Acrobatics Team in national competitions. Cadets also have the opportunity to take a parachuting course conducted by the 98th Flying Training Squadron. Each year, hundreds of cadets earn their Basic Parachutist Badge by completing five jumps in the program. A number of cadets are selected for further training and become members of The Wings of Blue, the U.S. Air Force Parachute Team. A powered flight program is conducted under the 557th Flying Training Squadron to expose cadets to the basics of powered flight. The program uses T - 53A aircraft to offer cadets basic flight training and the opportunity to solo. The U.S. Air Force Academy Flying Team is composed of ~ 26 cadets selected to compete in National Intercollegiate Flying Association competitions. The Flying Team uses T - 41D and T - 51A aircraft to compete in precision landing, navigation, and message drop events. Admissions ( edit ) To be eligible to enter the Academy, a candidate must : Be a citizen of the United States ( unless nominated by an official of a country invited by the Department of Defense ) Be unmarried with no dependents Be of good moral character Be at least 17, but less than 23 years of age by 1 July of the year of entry Meet high leadership, academic, physical and medical standards In addition to the normal application process, all candidates must secure a nomination to the Academy, normally from a U.S. Senator or U.S. Representative. Each member of Congress and the Vice President can have five appointees attending the Air Force Academy at any time. The process for obtaining a congressional nomination is not political and candidates do not have to know their senator or representative to secure a nomination. Additional nomination slots are available for children of career military personnel, children of disabled veterans or veterans who were killed in action, or children of Medal of Honor recipients. The admissions process is a lengthy one and applicants usually begin the paperwork during their junior year of high school. Class size ( edit ) There were 306 cadets admitted for the first class ( class of 1959 ). By 1961, class size was down to 271, but due to the need for officers in the Vietnam War, grew to 745 admittees in 1970, and peaking in 1974, with 1,620, and 1975, with 1,626, the largest number ever admitted. After that class sizes shrank down to about 1,300. Despite a peak of 1,350 ( admitted 2004 ) and 1,418 ( admitted 2005 ), from 1995 to 2005 class size averaged about 1,250 freshmen. From 2005 to 2010 class sizes were slightly down from the 2005 peak. The 2013 class ( beginning 2009 ) had 1,286 and the 2014 class ( beginning Fall 2010 ) had 1,285. Cutbacks were ordered in 2011, so by 2012, the entering class ( class of 2016 ) was down to about 1,050. The current class ( class of 2019 ) began with 1,248 students. Traditions ( edit ) Prop and Wings ( edit ) Traditional Prop and Wings insignia, currently used at the U.S. Air Force Academy The Prop and Wings insignia of the Air Service ( 1918 -- 26 ), Air Corps ( 1926 -- 41 ), and Army Air Forces ( 1941 -- 47 ) became the insignia of upperclass cadets at the Air Force Academy beginning with the first class, 1959. The insignia is given to fourth class ( freshmen ) cadets at the Recognition Ceremony near the end of their first year rite of passage. The standard insignia uses the design of the Air Corps Prop and Wings, except that it is all silver instead of the gold wings and silver prop of the earlier design. Cadets who have ancestors who served in the Air Service, Air Corps, or Army Air Forces, or those who are direct descendants of Air Force Academy graduates, are eligible to wear a silver prop and gold wings set of prop and wings. Cadet sabre ( edit ) The Air Force Academy cadet sabre is carried by first class ( senior ) cadets in command positions in the Cadet Wing. All graduates are normally entitled to own no more than two sabres : one for personal use and one to be given as a gift. The Plaque and Sabre Award is the highest award given by the Cadet Wing to dignitaries and other honorees. Class ring ( edit ) The American college tradition of the class ring began with the class of 1835 at the U.S. Military Academy. From there, it spread to the U.S. Naval Academy in the class of 1869. The Air Force Academy continued the tradition, beginning with the first class, 1959, and so is the only service academy to have had class rings for every class since its founding. The Air Force ring is distinctive for being white gold instead of the yellow gold used at the other academies. Each class designs its own class crest ; the only requirements being that each crest include all the elements on the Class of 1959 's crest : the class number, the class year, the Polaris star, and the eagle. One side of the ring bears the academy crest, while the other side bears the class crest ; the center bezel bears the words United States Air Force Academy. Cadets choose their own stones for the center of the ring. The rings are received at the Ring Dance at the beginning of the Graduation Week festivities for the class ahead of the ring recipients. The rings traditionally are placed in glasses of champagne and are caught in the teeth following a toast. During the cadet 's first class ( senior ) year, the ring is worn with the class crest facing the wearer ; following graduation, the ring is turned so that the class crest faces out. The rings of all the academies were originally designed to be worn on the left hand, so that the wearer reads the name of the academy on the bezel while a cadet or midshipman and others can read it after graduation, the rings are now worn on either hand. The Academy 's Association of Graduates ( AOG ) accepts rings of deceased graduates which are melted down to form an ingot of white gold from which a portion of all future rings are made. Both the academy 's Association of Graduates and the Academy Library maintain displays of class rings. Controversies ( edit ) Honor scandals ( edit ) The first Honor scandal broke in 1965, when a resigning cadet reported knowing of more than 100 cadets who had been involved in a cheating ring. One hundred and nine cadets were ultimately expelled. Cheating scandals plagued the Academy again in 1967, 1972, 1984, 2004, 2007, 2012, and 2014. Following each of these events, the Academy thoroughly examined the etiology of the mass cheating in addition to alleged excessive pressures that the academic system at the time placed on cadets and made changes in attempts to reduce the opportunities for future incidents Allegations of sexual harassment, assault and gender bias ( edit ) See also : 2003 United States Air Force Academy sexual assault scandal The sexual assault scandal that broke in 2003 forced the Academy to look more closely at how effectively women had been integrated into cadet life ; concerns with sexual assault, hazing of male cadets, and the disciplinary process during this period were detailed in a 2010 book by a former cadet. Following the scandal and rising concerns about sexual assault throughout the U.S. military, the Department of Defense established a task force to investigate sexual harassment and assault at each of the United States service academies. The report also revealed 92 incidents of reported sexual assault. At the same time, the Academy implemented programs to combat sexual assault, harassment and gender bias. The new programs actively encourage prompt sexual assault reporting. The Academy 's decisive actions of zero tolerance were praised by officials and experts. Following the 2003 crisis, the Department of Defense directed its attention to the problem of sexual harassment and assault at the military academies. The Department of Defense claimed that the program was successful although during the school year 2010 -- 11 there were increased reports of sexual assault at the academy ; however, one goal of the program is increased reporting. There have been several attempts to prosecute cadets for rape since 2003, but only three have been successful convictions, citing the confidential informant program that ran from 2011 - 2012. The informant program was led by former AFOSI agent Brandon Enos, AFOSI 's most successful agent in Air Force Academy 's history in combating sexual assault and drug use amongst cadets. After the confidential informant program was mysteriously disbanded in 2013 on orders from General Johnson, sexual assault reporting fell by half. On 5 January 2012 rape charges were preferred against cadets in three unrelated cases. To help combat these problems, the United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations ( AFOSI ) created a system of cadet informants to hunt for misconduct among students. According to The New York Times in Academic Year 2014, `` after the informant program ended with no further convictions, reports fell by half. '' The New York Times has cited a letter to Congress from former AFOSI Agent, Staff Sergeant Brandon Enos, who said that Lieutenant General Michael C. Gould, the superintendent from 2009 to 2013 and a former quarterback on the team, had repeatedly interfered in cases involving football players. In turn Gould said to the Times that the suggestion that he had interfered with the investigation `` preposterous. '' Gould was found guilty by a report from the Pentagon in June 2016 of interfering with AFOSI investigations from 2011 - 2012, including blocking an investigation into the football coaches. Gould was removed from the College Football Selection Committee but was able to retain his retirement pay. These and other problems again rose to national prominence in the summer of 2014 when The Gazette broke an investigation into behavior by Academy cadets and faculty that included allegations of drug use, alcohol abuse, cheating, and sexual assault. This behavior, described as `` so wild that AFOSI leaders canceled a planned 2012 sting out of concern that undercover agents and confidential informants at a party would n't be enough to protect women from rape, '' prompted the Academy superintendent to call for an investigation of the Academy 's athletic department. Religious atmosphere ( edit ) In 2005, allegations surfaced that some Evangelical Christian cadets and staff were effectively engaging in religious proselytizing at the Academy. These allegations, along with concerns over how the Air Force handles other religious issues, prompted Academy graduate Michael L. Weinstein to file a lawsuit against the Air Force. An Air Force panel investigated the accusations and issued a report on 22 June 2005. The panel 's investigation found a `` religious climate that does not involve overt religious discrimination, but a failure to fully accommodate all members ' needs and a lack of awareness over where the line is drawn between permissible and impermissible expression of beliefs. '' Evidence discovered during the investigation included antisemitic remarks, official sponsorship of a showing of the film The Passion of the Christ and a locker room banner that said academy athletes played for `` Team Jesus. '' In response to the panel 's findings, the Air Force released new guidelines to discourage public prayers at official events or meetings and to facilitate worship by non-Christian religions. In 2010 the academy set up an outdoor worship area for cadets following Wicca, Neo-Druidism, or other earth - based religions to practice their faiths. A 2010 survey found that 41 percent of academy cadets who identified themselves as non-Christian reported they were subjected to unwanted religious proselytizing at least once or twice last year at the school. The survey 's results, however, showed that the number of cadets who felt pressured to join in religious activities had declined from previous years. Colorado congressman Mike Coffman criticized the academy for resisting calls to release details of the survey 's results. In 2012, 66 House Republicans complained about policies set in place the last September to curtail requirements to attend religious events. Notable alumni ( edit ) Main article : List of United States Air Force Academy alumni See also ( edit ) United States portal Military of the United States portal United States Air Force portal Colorado portal Education portal University portal Air Force Academy, Colorado Jabara Award KAFA - FM radio United States Military Academy at West Point ( Army ) United States Naval Academy United States Coast Guard Academy United States Merchant Marine Academy Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` USAFA Endowment Audit Report 2014 '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ `` General Officer Announcements ''. Jump up ^ United States Air Force Academy - Profile, Rankings and Data US News Best Colleges. Retrieved November 8, 2017 Jump up ^ `` AF Branding & Trademark Licensing > About Us > The Air Force Symbol > Display Guidelines ''. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07. ^ Jump up to : `` A Quick Look at the U.S. Air Force Academy, Archived 23 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine., '' USAFA Fact Sheet, May 2008 ^ Jump up to : `` Air academy holds first graduation ''. Spokesman - Review. ( Spokane, Washington ). Associated Press. June 4, 1959. p. 3. Jump up ^ Cadets have also been able to `` cross-commission '' into the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard, and each year a small number of graduates do so, usually in a one - for - one `` trade '' with similarly inclined cadets or midshipmen at the other service academies. Graduates who have lost their medical qualification for commissioning while at their final semester at Academy ( a small number each year ) may receive a degree but are not commissioned. Foreign cadets will commission into their home country 's armed forces. ^ Jump up to : Air Force Academy Admissions Web site, last visited 22 Mar 2007. Archived 27 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ The commitment is normally five years of active duty and three years in the reserves, although it has varied depending on the graduate 's Air Force Specialty Code. The obligation attaches on the first day of a cadet 's second class year, and non-graduates after that point are expected to fulfill their obligations in enlisted service or pay back full tuition. ^ Jump up to : Steven A. Simon, `` A Half - Century of History, '' Fifty Years of Excellence : Building Leaders of Character for the Nation, 2004. Jump up ^ M. Hamlin Cannon and Henry S. Fellerman, Quest for an Air Force Academy, 1974. ( ASIN : B00071G1T6 ) Jump up ^ `` Air Force Academy Act signed by Eisenhower ''. Spokesman - Review. ( Spokane, Washington ). Associated Press. April 2, 1954. p. 1. Jump up ^ `` Colorado town gets air school ''. Spokesman - Review. ( Spokane, Washington ). Associated Press. June 25, 1954. p. 1. Jump up ^ `` West Point of air to rise on Colorado 's rugged land ''. Spokane Daily Chronicle. ( Washington ). United Press. June 25, 1954. p. 2. Jump up ^ `` Air Force Academy dedicated at Lowry ''. Spokesman - Review. ( Spokane, Washington ). Associated Press. July 12, 1955. p. 1. Jump up ^ Boyle, Hal ( February 20, 1956 ). `` Air Force Academy seeks new tradition ''. Spencer Daily Reporter. ( Iowa ). Associated Press. p. 8. Jump up ^ `` Arnold W. Braswell ''. mindenmemories.org. Retrieved 1 February 2012. Jump up ^ `` Air Force cadets move to new site ''. Eugene register - Guard. ( Oregon ). Associated Press. August 29, 1958. p. 1A. Jump up ^ `` Air Force Academy History ''. ^ Jump up to : Bill McKeown, `` Cadets Learned True Meaning of Service During Vietnam War, '' ( Colorado Springs ) Gazette, USAF Academy 50th Anniversary Edition, Spring 2004. Jump up ^ USAF Bio : Richard S. Ritchie, available at http://www.af.mil/history/person.asp?dec=&pid=123006498 Archived 22 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Rebecca Grant, `` The Missing Aces, '' Air Force Magazine, Sep. 2004. Archived 17 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` ' ' Air Force Museum Fact Sheet : Capt. Lance P. Sijan, ' ' ''. Nationalmuseum.af.mil. Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2012. Jump up ^ Judith Stiehm, Bring Me Men and Women : Mandated Change at the U.S. Air Force Academy ( 1981 ) online free. Jump up ^ Katherine L. Schifani, `` Bring Me Men : Intertextual Identity Formation at the US Air Force Academy. '' ( Masters Theses, U of Massachusetts - Amherst, 2008 ) : online free Jump up ^ Pam Zubeck, Women, Blacks Face Different Obstacles, '' ( Colorado Springs ) Gazette, USAF Academy 50th Anniversary Celebration, Spring 2004. Jump up ^ Brian Mitchell, Women in the Military : Flirting With Disaster, 1998. ( ISBN 978 - 0895263766 ) Jump up ^ `` USAFA Class of ' 79. Alumni Home Page. LCWB ''. Archived from the original on 19 November 2008. Jump up ^ Atif Z. Qadir, The Tech. Volume 123, Issue 13, 18 March 2003. Rape in the Air Force. Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 3 June 1954 ). `` Prescott Evening Courier ''. Prescott Evening Courier. Retrieved 27 Oct 2016. Jump up ^ Nauman, Robert Allen. ( 2004 ). On the Wings of Modernism : the United States Air Force Academy, pp. 72 -- 80., p. 72, at Google Books Jump up ^ Wilkes, Joseph A. and Robert T. Packard. ( 1989 ). Encyclopedia of Architecture : Design, Engineering & Construction, p. 454. Jump up ^ `` Radical Design Dropped For Air Academy Chapel, '' New York Times. 4 July 1955. Jump up ^ Particularly in the early days, cadets at the other service academies teasingly referred to USAFA as `` Alcoa U '' or `` Aluminum U. '' Jump up ^ `` United States Air Force Academy, Cadet Area ''. National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 13 November 2007. Retrieved 16 October 2007. Jump up ^ John H. Sprinkle, Ed., `` National Historic Landmark Nomination Study, US Air Force Academy Archived 5 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. '', National Park Service, 1 April 2004 Jump up ^ Although the number of spires is only significant to the architectural proportions of the chapel, cadets and chaplains sometimes joke that the seventeen spires represent the `` 12 Apostles and the 5 Chiefs of Staff. '' The original reference was to the Chiefs of Staff of the four major branches of the US armed services and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs. With the addition of a Vice Chairman in the late 1980s changing the number to six, the reference came to be thought of as the five Air Force Chiefs of Staff in the USAF 's history up until the completion of the chapel in 1963. Jump up ^ `` USAFA Department of Aeronautics, Aero Research Center ''. Web.archive.org. 30 March 2008. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20. ^ Jump up to : `` The Honor Code, Archived 26 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. '' USAFA Fact Sheet, April 2009, Retrieved 3 April 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Honor Code Reference Handbook - Volume II -- The Honor System ``, ( 646 KB ) USAFA, August 2008, Retrieved 3 April 2010 -- Although the original code adopted was identical to West Point 's Honor Code ( '' We will not lie, cheat or steal, or tolerate among us those who do. `` ), it was modified slightly in 1960 -- 61 to its current wording. Jump up ^ Center for Character and Leadership Development, Project, U.S. Air Force Academy CCLD. Retrieved 26 October 2013 Jump up ^ Don Hall, Class of ' 76, created the popular character `` Waldo F. Dumbsquat, whose Svejk - like innocence and good intentions overcome his abysmal ineptitude. Jump up ^ The `` degree '' terminology comes from a generic ordinal indicator used for classes in the early years of the Academy -- for example, `` 2 ° '' was read as `` second class. '' In recent years, `` degree '' has been further shortened to `` dig '', as in `` 4 digs '', `` 3 digs '', etc. Jump up ^ Air Force Mission Directive 12, paragraph 2.1 Jump up ^ Wyatt, Kristen ( 24 July 2009 ). `` First openly gay member, U.S. Rep. Jared Polis, joins Air Force Academy board ''. Associated Press. Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15. `` Polis said he expects that Congress will start debating as soon as this fall a repeal of the 1993 ban on gay service members. '' Jump up ^ Idiots Guide to Careers in the Military. Google Books. 2002. ISBN 9780028643816. Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Basic Cadet Training - Air Force Academy ''. Air Force Academy. Jump up ^ Baillie, Amber ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ). `` AFA to award new cybersecurity degree ''. The Colorado Springs Business Journal. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 27. ^ Jump up to : Athletics, USAFA Fact Sheet, April 2006 Archived 9 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Physical Fitness ''. Air Force Academy. Jump up ^ `` WAC Adds Men 's Soccer '' ( Press release ). Western Athletic Conference. January 9, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Profile : Coach Ed Weichers, USAFA Sports Site ''. Goairforcefalcons.cstv.com. Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Air Force Academy Rugby ''. 29 September 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Jump up ^ `` '' Comeback Effort Falls Just Short, 68 -- 67, '' AP Wire Story ``. Goairforcefalcons.cstv.com. 27 March 2007. Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20. Jump up ^ `` David Albright, `` Gophers Earn NCAA Hockey No. 1 Overall Seed, '' ESPN.com, accessed Apr. 9, 2007 ``. ESPN. 18 March 2007. Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20. Jump up ^ Roeder, Tom ( 2 August 2014 ). `` Air Force Academy superintendent orders investigation of athletic department after Gazette inquiry ''. gazette.com. Colorado Springs Gazette. Retrieved 3 August 2014. Jump up ^ USAFA Admissions Eligibility Archived 27 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ U.S. Air Force Academy Admissions Philosophy, USAFA Fact Sheet, April 2006. Archived 3 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ USAFA Admissions : International Student Guidelines Archived 30 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Air Force Academy ''. Admissions team, United States Air Force Academy. ^ Jump up to : Roeder, Tom ( 13 June 2005 ). `` AFA class size grows as Air Force downsizes ''. The Gazette. Colorado Springs. Archived from the original on 23 December 2013. Jump up ^ Staff ( 1983 ). `` Military Schools Are Again Popular With Students ''. Education Week ( 19 January 1983 ). Jump up ^ United States General Accounting Office ( 1992 ). Service Academies : Historical Proportion of New Officers During Benchmark Periods ( GAO / NSIAD - 92 - 90 ) ( PDF ). Washington, D.C. : U.S. General Accounting Office. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 November 2008. Jump up ^ `` America 's Best Colleges : # 7 United States Air Force Academy ''. Forbes. 5 August 2009. Archived from the original on 9 August 2009. ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 7 February 2011 ). `` Academy told to cut enrollment to save money ''. The Gazette. Colorado Springs. Archived from the original on 23 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Commissioning Week Traditions ''. Usna.com. Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Class Ring Heritage ''. Association of Graduates, United States Air Force Academy. Archived from the original on 26 July 2007. Jump up ^ Erin Emery, 19 AFA Cadets Admit Cheating, Denver Post, 8 Feb. 2007 In April 2004, cadets were given a military knowledge test over the computer in cadet dorms. An estimated 265 cadets were questioned for cheating then, when academy officials noticed it took only three minutes for cadets to take a 25 - question test. Several cadets resigned during the investigation. Jump up ^ Chase Squires, `` Air Force Academy Investigates Cheating, '' ABC News, 7 February 2007. Approximately 28 freshmen cadets, including 19 varsity athletes, were investigated for possible cheating on a military knowledge test. The answers were reportedly posted on a social - networking Web site. `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011. Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 03. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Graney, David W. ( 2010 ). Rogue institution : vigilante injustice, lawlessness, and disorder at the Air Force Academy ( 1st ed. ). Tucson, AZ : Wheatmark. ISBN 9781604943955. Jump up ^ `` Report of the Defense Task Force on Sexual Assault and Violence at the Service Academies, June 2005 '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20. Jump up ^ `` David Kassabian, `` Experts Praise AFA 's Steps Against Sex Assault, '' ' ' Aimpoints, ' ' Oct. 7, 2005 ``. Aimpoints.hq.af.mil. 7 October 2005. Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Department of Defense Annual Report on Sexual Harassment and Violence at the Military Service Academies Academic Program Year 2010 -- 2011 : Report to the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives '' ( PDF ). United States Department of Defense. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2011. The 65 reports represent an increase from the 41 reports made in APY 09 - 10. The Department does not have the ability to conclusively identify the reasons for this increase in reporting behavior. However, in prior years ' assessments, the Department identified steps the academies could take to encourage more victims to report. Some of the increased reporting of sexual assault may be attributed to these efforts as well as many other factors. Jump up ^ Tom Roeder ( 5 January 2012 ). `` 3 AFA cadets charged with rape ''. The Colorado Springs Gazette. Retrieved 5 January 2012. Jump up ^ Philipps, Dave ( 1 December 2013 ). `` HONOR AND DECEPTION : A secretive Air Force program recruits academy students to inform on fellow cadets and disavows them afterward ''. gazette.com. Colorado Springs Gazette. Retrieved 1 December 2013. ^ Jump up to : Phillips, Dave ( 9 August 2014 ). `` Informant Debate Renewed as Air Force Revisits Cadet Misconduct ''. The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 15 August 2014. Jump up ^ Tom Roeder ( August 4, 2014 ). `` Broken Code : AFA superintendent calls for investigation of athletic transgressions ''. The Gazette. Retrieved August 4, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Zealots at the Air Force Academy, editorial, ' ' New York Times, ' ' Jun. 11, 2005 ''. Select.nytimes.com. 11 June 2005. Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20. Jump up ^ Weinstein 's 2006 book With God on Our Side ( ISBN 0 - 312 - 36143 - 2 ) details the alleged proselytization and harassment at the Academy. Jump up ^ `` Air Force Sued over Religion, CBS News, Oct. 6, 2005 ''. Cbsnews.com. 11 February 2009. Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20. Jump up ^ Report of HQ Review Group Concerning the Religious Climate at the U.S. Air Force Academy, 22 June 2005. Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Banerjee, Neela, `` Religion and Its Role Are in Dispute at the Service Academies '', New York Times, 25 June 2008 Jump up ^ Associated Press, `` Colorado : Academy Accommodates Wiccans '', New York Times, 2 February 2010. Jump up ^ Correll, DeeDee, `` Cross Found At Air Force Pagan Center '', Los Angeles Times, 3 February 2010, p. 8. Jump up ^ Elliot, Dan, `` 41 % Of Non-Christian AF Cadets Cite Proselytizing '', Atlanta Journal - Constitution, 29 October 2010. Jump up ^ Benzel, Lance, `` AFASurvey : Cadets Fear Racial, Religious Bias '', Colorado Springs Gazette, 30 October 2010. Jump up ^ Lisee, Chris. `` Debate reignites over religion at Air Force Academy. '' Religion News Service, 16 July 2012. References ( edit ) Bruegmann, Robert. Modernism at Mid-Century : The Architecture of the United States Air Force Academy. University of Chicago Press : 1995. ISBN 0 - 226 - 07693 - 8. Celebrating the U.S. Air Force Academy 's Golden Anniversary, ( Colorado Springs ) Gazette, Special Edition, Spring 2004. Contrails ( various years ) Fagan, George V. Air Force Academy : An Illustrated History. Johnson Books : 1988. ISBN 1 - 55566 - 032 - 0. Fifty Years of Excellence : Building Leaders of Character for the Nation, 2004. Lui, Elizabeth Gill. Spirit and Flight : A Photographic Salute to the United States Air Force Academy. 1996. ISBN 0 - 9652585 - 0 - 5. Nauman, Robert Allen. ( 2004 ). On the Wings of Modernism : the United States Air Force Academy. Urbana : University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 02891 - 5 ; OCLC 52542599 Schemo, Diana Jean. Skies to Conquer : A Year Inside the Air Force Academy. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. : 2010. Schifani, Katherine L. `` Bring Me Men : Intertextual Identity Formation at the US Air Force Academy. '' ( Masters Theses, U of Massachusetts - Amherst, 2008 ) : online free Stiehm, Judith. Bring Me Men and Women : Mandated Change at the U.S. Air Force Academy ( 1981 ) online free. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Air Force Academy. Official website Air Force Athletics website Coordinates : 39 ° 01 ′ N 104 ° 53 ′ W  /  39.01 ° N 104.89 ° W  / 39.01 ; - 104.89 United States Air Force Academy Located in : Air Force Academy, Colorado Academics FalconLaunch FalconSAT Robert F. McDermott Prep School Aircraft Diamond T - 52A Cirrus T - 53A Blanik TG - 10 Ximango TG - 14 Schempp - Hirth TG - 15 de Havilland UV - 18B Twin Otter Athletics Air Force Falcons Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Boxing Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy Football Ice hockey Rugby Campus Cadet Area Carlton House Cemetery Chapel Clune Arena Eisenhower Golf course Falcon Baseball Field Falcon Stadium Fieldhouse Ice Arena Jacks Valley Soccer stadium History Academy history Air Training Officers Lowry Air Force Base Military training Freefall Parachuting SERE People Alumni Air Officer Commanding Commandants Superintendents Lance P. Sijan Traditions The Bird Contrails The Dodo Honor Code Insignia Jabara Award KAFA Prop and Wings Units Wings 10 ABW 34 TRW Groups 306 FTG Squadrons 1 FTS 70 FTS 94 FTS 98 FTS 557 FTS Founded : 1954 Students : Approximately 4,000 Endowment : 47 million Links to related articles United States federal service academies and military colleges Service academies Military Academy ( West Point ) Naval Academy ( Annapolis ) Air Force Academy Coast Guard Academy ( New London ) Merchant Marine Academy ( Kings Point ) Colleges Air Force Institute of Technology Community College of the Air Force Defense Language Institute Naval Postgraduate School Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Staff colleges Joint Forces Staff College Army Command and General Staff College Army War College Army Warrant Officer Career College Marine Corps University Marine Corps War College National Defense University Naval War College School of Advanced Military Studies Air Command and Staff College Air University Air War College Preparatory Military Academy Preparatory School Naval Academy Preparatory School Air Force Academy Preparatory School Military academy Military education and training United States Air Force Leadership Secretary of the Air Force Under Secretary of the Air Force Chief of Staff Vice Chief of Staff Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Four - star generals House Armed Services Committee House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Senate Committee on Armed Services Senate Subcommittee on Airland Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Structure Commands Reserve Air National Guard Field Operating Agencies Installations Direct Reporting Units District of Washington Operational Test and Evaluation Center USAF Academy Major Commands ACC AETC AFGSC AFMC AFRC AFSPC AFSOC AMC USAFE PACAF Numbered Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Fourteenth Seventeenth Eighteenth Nineteenth Twentieth Twenty - Second Twenty - Fourth Twenty - Fifth Air Forces Central Wings ANG Groups ANG Squadrons ANG Security Forces Civilian auxiliary : Civil Air Patrol Personnel and training Airmen Rank officers enlisted Specialty Code Aeronautical ratings Judge Advocate General 's Corps RED HORSE Medical Service Chief of Chaplains Chief Scientist Training : Air Force Academy Officer Training School Reserve Officer Training Corps Basic Training Airman Leadership School SERE Fitness Assessment Uniforms and equipment Awards and decorations Badges Equipment Uniforms History and traditions History Aeronautical Division / Aviation Section / Division of Military Aeronautics / Army Air Service / Army Air Corps / Army Air Forces `` The U.S. Air Force '' Air Force Band The Airmen of Note Tops In Blue Airman 's Creed Core Values Flag Symbol Memorial National Museum Air Force One Honor Guard Thunderbirds Service numbers Category United States Air Force portal Current military installations of Colorado Army Fort Fort Carson Depot Pueblo Chemical Depot Air Force Air Force Base Buckley Peterson Schriever Air Force Station Cheyenne Mountain Service Academy Air Force Academy Air force academies Africa Egypt South Africa The Americas Brazil Canada United States Asia Bangladesh India Indonesia Jordan Korea Pakistan Sri Lanka Taiwan Turkey Europe Denmark Finland France Greece Italy Norway Poland Portugal Russia United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG Category MC AF CG Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers United States military seniority National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : Army Marine Corps Reserve N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Northern Central European Pacific Southern Africa Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : Army Center of Military History MC History Division Naval History and Heritage Command Air Force Historical Research Agency American official war artists : Army Art Program AF Art Program Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC Weapons : N CG Aircraft : N CG Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard The State of Colorado History Economy Geography Law & Government Education Diversity Religion Sports National Parks Rivers Highways Coloradoans Collegiate institutions Adams State University Arapahoe Community College The Art Institute of Colorado Colorado Christian University Colorado College Colorado Mesa University Colorado Mountain College Colorado Northwestern Community College Colorado School of Mines Colorado State University Colorado State University - Pueblo Colorado Technical University Community College of Aurora Community College of Denver Emily Griffith Opportunity School Fort Lewis College Front Range Community College Iliff School of Theology Lamar Community College Metropolitan State University of Denver Morgan Community College Naropa University Nazarene Bible College Northeastern Junior College Otero Junior College Pikes Peak Community College Pueblo Community College Regis University Red Rocks Community College Rocky Mountain College of Art and Design Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine Trinidad State Junior College United States Air Force Academy University of Colorado System : Boulder - Colorado Springs - Denver University of Denver University of Northern Colorado Western Colorado Community College Western State Colorado University Categories Colorado Images Project Colorado Coloradans Internet and the Web Mountain West Conference Mountain Division Air Force Falcons Boise State Broncos Colorado State Rams New Mexico Lobos Utah State Aggies Wyoming Cowboys / Cowgirls West Division Fresno State Bulldogs Hawaiʻi Rainbow Warriors * Nevada Wolf Pack San Diego State Aztecs San Jose State Spartans UNLV Rebels Women 's soccer associate member Colorado College Tigers Championships & Awards List of Mountain West Conference champions History 2010 -- 13 Mountain West Conference realignment * Football - only member Atlantic Hockey Air Force Falcons ( Cadet Ice Arena ) American International Yellow Jackets ( MassMutual Center ) Army Black Knights ( Tate Rink ) Bentley Falcons ( John A. Ryan Arena ) Canisius Golden Griffins ( HarborCenter ) Holy Cross Crusaders ( Hart Center ) Mercyhurst Lakers ( Mercyhurst Ice Center ) Niagara Purple Eagles ( Dwyer Arena ) Robert Morris Colonials ( 84 Lumber Arena ) RIT Tigers ( Gene Polisseni Center ) Sacred Heart Pioneers ( Webster Bank Arena ) NCAA List of champions Blue Cross Arena ( conference tournament site ) Big 12 Conference Full members Baylor Bears and Lady Bears Iowa State Cyclones Kansas Jayhawks Kansas State Wildcats Oklahoma Sooners Oklahoma State Cowboys and Cowgirls TCU Horned Frogs Texas Longhorns Texas Tech Red Raiders West Virginia Mountaineers Associate members Air Force Falcons ( wrestling ) Alabama Crimson Tide ( women 's rowing ) Denver Pioneers ( women 's gymnastics ) Fresno State Bulldogs ( wrestling ) North Dakota State Bison ( wrestling ) Northern Colorado Bears ( wrestling ) Northern Iowa Panthers ( wrestling ) Old Dominion Lady Monarchs ( women 's rowing ) South Dakota State Jackrabbits ( wrestling ) Tennessee Volunteers ( women 's rowing ) Utah Valley Wolverines ( wrestling ) Wyoming Cowboys ( wrestling ) Championships & awards Conference champions All - time football team History Big Eight Conference Southwest Conference 1996 conference realignment 2010 -- 13 Big 12 realignment Patriot Rifle Conference Air Force Falcons Alaska Nanooks Nevada Wolf Pack Ohio State Buckeyes TCU Horned Frogs UTEP Miners Southern Conference Current members Chattanooga Mocs The Citadel Bulldogs ETSU Buccaneers Furman Paladins Mercer Bears Samford Bulldogs UNC Greensboro Spartans VMI Keydets Western Carolina Catamounts Wofford Terriers Associate members Air Force Falcons ( men 's lacrosse ) Appalachian State Mountaineers ( wrestling ) Bellarmine Knights ( men 's lacrosse ) Belmont Bruins ( men 's soccer ; joining in 2018 ) Campbell Fighting Camels ( wrestling ) Central Michigan Chippewas ( women 's lacrosse ) Davidson Wildcats ( wrestling ) Delaware State Hornets ( women 's lacrosse ) Detroit Titans ( women 's lacrosse ) Gardner -- Webb Runnin ' Bulldogs ( wrestling ) Georgia Southern Eagles ( rifle ) High Point Panthers ( men 's lacrosse ) Jacksonville Dolphins ( men 's lacrosse ) North Georgia Nighthawks ( rifle ) Richmond Spiders ( men 's lacrosse ) SIU Edwardsville Cougars ( wrestling ; leaving in 2018 ) UAB Blazers ( rifle ) Former members Former Southern Conference members ( 30 + schools ) Championships & awards Southern Conference Hall of Fame Disney Sports Spirit Award winners 1996 : Daniel Huffman 1997 : Dwight Collins 1998 : Matt Hartl 1999 : East Carolina University 2000 : Hameen Ali 2001 : United States Air Force Academy ; United States Military Academy ; United States Naval Academy 2002 : Dewayne White 2003 : Neil Parry 2004 : Tim Frisby 2005 : Tulane University 2006 : Patrick Henry Hughes 2007 : Zerbin Singleto 2008 : Tim Tebow 2009 : Mark Herzlich 2010 : D.J. Williams 2011 : Alabama Crimson Tide football team 2012 : Nate Boyer 2013 : Devon Walker 2014 : Sterling Shepard 2015 : Hank Goff 2016 : James Conner 2017 : University of Iowa Colorado Springs Colorado Springs metropolitan area General topics Buildings Companies Geography History Timeline Mining industry Organizations People from Colorado Springs Tallest buildings Tuberculosis treatment Flag Culture Broadmoor World Arena Colorado Springs City Auditorium Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center Colorado Springs Philharmonic Cultural Office of the Pikes Peak Region In popular culture Parks Pikes Peak Center for the Performing Arts Pioneers Museum Religious institutions Government Colorado Springs City Hall Pikes Peak Library District Emergency services Hospitals ( Penrose Hospital ) Police Education Colorado College Colorado Technical University Pikes Peak Community College United States Air Force Academy University of Colorado Colorado Springs Transportation Colorado Springs Airport Colorado Springs East Airport ( private ) Front Range Express ( FREX ) Media Colorado Springs Business Journal Colorado Springs Independent The Gazette Sports Blizzards Mountain Lions Sky Sox Switchbacks United Neighborhoods and historic places Banning Lewis Ranch Boulder Crescent Place Historic District Broadmoor Cragmor Ivywild Knob Hill Old Colorado City Old North End Historic District Pikeview ( Pinecliff ) Roswell Papeton ( Venetian Village ) St. Peter 's Dome See also National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Springs, Colorado Attractions Cheyenne Mountain Zoo Garden of the Gods Glen Eyrie Manitou Springs, Colorado Old Colorado City Parks Peterson Air and Space Museum Pikes Peak ProRodeo Hall of Fame Seven Falls United States Olympic Training Center Western Museum of Mining & Industry Will Rogers Shrine of the Sun World Figure Skating Hall of Fame Military Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station Fort Carson North American Aerospace Defense Command ( NORAD ) Peterson Air Force Base Schriever Air Force Base Colorado United States Municipalities and communities of El Paso County, Colorado, United States County seat : Colorado Springs Cities Colorado Springs Fountain Manitou Springs Towns Calhan Green Mountain Falls ‡ Monument Palmer Lake Ramah CDPs Air Force Academy Black Forest Cascade - Chipita Park Cimarron Hills Ellicott Fort Carson Gleneagle Peyton Rock Creek Park Security - Widefield Stratmoor Woodmoor Unincorporated communities Alta Vista Cascade Chipita Park Cragmor Crystola ‡ Eastonville Elsmere Falcon Ivywild Midway Minnehaha Old Colorado City Rush Shirley Truckton Venetian Village ( formerly Papeton ) Wigwam Yoder Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties VIAF : 134468964 LCCN : n79109909 ISNI : 0000 0001 0722 8794 GND : 870 - 9 SUDOC : 027215598 BNF : cb11930608w ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&oldid=815328522 '' Categories : United States Air Force Academy Installations of the United States Air Force in Colorado Air force academies Buildings and structures in El Paso County, Colorado Direct reporting units of the United States Air Force Economy of Colorado Springs, Colorado Education in El Paso County, Colorado Liberal arts colleges in Colorado Military academies of the United States Military education and training in the United States Military facilities in Colorado Organizations based in Colorado Springs, Colorado Tourist attractions in El Paso County, Colorado Unincorporated communities in El Paso County, Colorado Military history of El Paso County, Colorado Educational institutions established in 1954 1954 establishments in Colorado 1954 establishments in the United States Unincorporated communities in Colorado Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from May 2012 TEMP - Infobox university with a superintendent parameter value All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 Articles needing additional references from August 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles needing additional references from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017, at 05 : 40. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "United States Air Force Academy", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&amp;oldid=815328522" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "18125623669435589715" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Educational psychology - wikipedia Educational psychology Jump to : navigation, search Psychology Outline History Subfields Basic types Abnormal Behavioral genetics Biological Cognitive Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Differential Developmental Evolutionary Experimental Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Quantitative Social Applied psychology Applied behavior analysis Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Environmental Ergonomics Forensic Health Humanistic Industrial and organizational Interpretive Legal Medical Military Music Occupational health Political Religion School Sport Traffic Lists Disciplines Organizations Psychologists Psychotherapies Publications Research methods Theories Timeline Topics Psychology portal Educational psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of human learning. The study of learning processes, from both cognitive and behavioral perspectives, allows researchers to understand individual differences in intelligence, cognitive development, affect, motivation, self - regulation, and self - concept, as well as their role in learning. The field of educational psychology relies heavily on quantitative methods, including testing and measurement, to enhance educational activities related to instructional design, classroom management, and assessment, which serve to facilitate learning processes in various educational settings across the lifespan. Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines. It is informed primarily by psychology, bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology. It is also informed by neuroscience. Educational psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialities within educational studies, including instructional design, educational technology, curriculum development, organizational learning, special education, classroom management, and student motivation. Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences. In universities, departments of educational psychology are usually housed within faculties of education, possibly accounting for the lack of representation of educational psychology content in introductory psychology textbooks. The field of educational psychology involves the study of memory, conceptual processes, and individual differences ( via cognitive psychology ) in conceptualizing new strategies for learning processes in humans. Educational psychology has been built upon theories of operant conditioning, functionalism, structuralism, constructivism, humanistic psychology, Gestalt psychology, and information processing. Educational psychology has seen rapid growth and development as a profession in the last twenty years. School psychology began with the concept of intelligence testing leading to provisions for special education students, who could not follow the regular classroom curriculum in the early part of the 20th century. However, `` school psychology '' itself has built a fairly new profession based upon the practices and theories of several psychologists among many different fields. Educational psychologists are working side by side with psychiatrists, social workers, teachers, speech and language therapists, and counselors in attempt to understand the questions being raised when combining behavioral, cognitive, and social psychology in the classroom setting. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.1. 1 Plato and Aristotle 1.1. 2 John Locke 1.2 Before 1890 1.2. 1 Juan Vives 1.2. 2 Johann Pestalozzi 1.2. 3 Johann Herbart 1.3 1890 -- 1920 1.3. 1 William James 1.3. 2 Alfred Binet 1.3. 3 Edward Thorndike 1.3. 4 John Dewey 1.3. 5 Jean Piaget 1.4 1920 -- present 1.4. 1 Jerome Bruner 1.4. 2 Benjamin Bloom 1.4. 3 Nathaniel Gage 2 Perspectives 2.1 Behavioral 2.2 Cognitive 2.2. 1 Cognitive view of intelligence 2.3 Developmental 2.4 Constructivist 3 Conditioning and learning 3.1 Motivation 4 Technology 5 Applications 5.1 Teaching 5.2 Counseling 5.2. 1 Training 5.2. 2 Employment outlook 6 Methods of research 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Educational psychology is a fairly new and growing field of study. Though it can date back as early as the days of Plato and Aristotle, it was not identified as a specific practice. It was unknown that everyday teaching and learning in which individuals had to think about individual differences, assessment, development, the nature of a subject being taught, problem solving, and transfer of learning was the beginning to the field of educational psychology. These topics are important to education and as a result it is important to understanding human cognition, learning, and social perception. Plato and Aristotle ( edit ) Educational psychology dates back to the time of Aristotle and Plato. Plato and Aristotle researched individual differences in the field of education, training of the body and the cultivation of psycho - motor skills, the formation of good character, the possibilities and limits of moral education. Some other educational topics they spoke about were the effects of music, poetry, and the other arts on the development of individual, role of teacher, and the relations between teacher and student. Plato saw knowledge as an innate ability, which evolves through experience and understanding of the world. Such a statement has evolved into a continuing argument of nature vs. nurture in understanding conditioning and learning today. Aristotle observed the phenomenon of `` association. '' His four laws of association included succession, contiguity, similarity, and contrast. His studies examined recall and facilitated learning processes. John Locke ( edit ) John Locke followed by taking issue with Plato 's theory of innate learning processes. In place of this theory, he introduced a new theory of learning based on the term `` tabula rasa, '' which means `` blank slate. '' Locke explained that learning took place primarily through experience, and we were all born without knowledge. This doctrine is known as `` empiricism, '' the view that knowledge is primarily built on learning and experience. In the late 1600s, John Locke advanced the hypothesis that people learn primarily from external forces. He believed that the mind was like a blank tablet ( tabula rasa ), and that successions of simple impressions give rise to complex ideas through association and reflection. Locke is credited with establishing `` empiricism '' as a criterion for testing the validity of knowledge, thus providing a conceptual framework for later development of excremental methodology in the natural and social sciences. Before 1890 ( edit ) Philosophers of education such as Juan Vives, Johann Pestalozzi, Friedrich Fröbel, and Johann Herbart had examined, classified and judged the methods of education centuries before the beginnings of psychology in the late 1800s. Juan Vives ( edit ) Juan Vives ( 1493 -- 1540 ) proposed induction as the method of study and believed in the direct observation and investigation of the study of nature. His studies focus of humanistic learning, which opposed scholasticism and was influenced by a variety of sources including philosophy, psychology, politics, religion, and history. He was one of the first to emphasize that the location of the school is important to learning. He suggested that the school should be located away from disturbing noises ; the air quality should be good and there should be plenty of food for the students and teachers. Vives emphasized the importance of understanding individual differences of the students and suggested practice as an important tool for learning. Vives introduced his educational ideas in his writing, `` De anima et vita '' in 1538. In this publication, Vives explores moral philosophy as a setting for his educational ideals ; with this, he explains that the different parts of the soul ( similar to that of Aristotle 's ideas ) are each responsible for different operations, which function distinctively. The first book covers the different `` souls '' : `` The Vegatative Soul ; '' this is the soul of nutrition, growth, and reproduction, `` The Sensitive Soul, '' which involves the five external senses ; `` The Cogitative soul, '' which includes internal senses and cognitive facilities. The second book involves functions of the rational soul : mind, will, and memory. Lastly, the third book explains the analysis of emotions. Johann Pestalozzi ( edit ) Johann Pestalozzi ( 1746 -- 1827 ), a Swiss educational reformer, emphasized the child rather than the content of the school. Pestalozzi fostered an educational reform backed by the idea that early education was crucial for children, and could be manageable for mothers. Eventually, this experience with early education would lead to a `` wholesome person characterized by morality. '' Pestalozzi has been acknowledged for opening institutions for education, writing books for mother 's teaching home education, and elementary books for students, mostly focusing on the kindergarten level. In his later years, he published teaching manuals and methods of teaching. During the time of The Enlightenment, Pestalozzi 's ideals introduced `` educationalisation. '' This created the bridge between social issues and education by introducing the idea of social issues to be solved through education. Horlacher describes the most prominent example of this during The Enlightenment to be `` improving agricultural production methods. '' Johann Herbart ( edit ) Johann Herbart ( 1776 -- 1841 ) is considered the father of educational psychology. He believed that learning was influenced by interest in the subject and the teacher. He thought that teachers should consider the students ' existing mental sets -- what they already know -- when presenting new information or material. Herbart came up with what are now known as the formal steps. The 5 steps that teachers should use are : Review material that has already been learned by the student Prepare the student for new material by giving them an overview of what they are learning next Present the new material. Relate the new material to the old material that has already been learned. Show how the student can apply the new material and show the material they will learn next. 1890 -- 1920 ( edit ) William James ( edit ) William James The period of 1890 -- 1920 is considered the golden era of educational psychology where aspirations of the new discipline rested on the application of the scientific methods of observation and experimentation to educational problems. From 1840 to 1920 37 million people immigrated to the United States. This created an expansion of elementary schools and secondary schools. The increase in immigration also provided educational psychologists the opportunity to use intelligence testing to screen immigrants at Ellis Island. Darwinism influenced the beliefs of the prominent educational psychologists. Even in the earliest years of the discipline, educational psychologists recognized the limitations of this new approach. The pioneering American psychologist William James commented that : Psychology is a science, and teaching is an art ; and sciences never generate arts directly out of themselves. An intermediate inventive mind must make that application, by using its originality ``. James is the father of psychology in America but he also made contributions to educational psychology. In his famous series of lectures Talks to Teachers on Psychology, published in 1899 and now regarded as the first educational psychology textbook, James defines education as `` the organization of acquired habits of conduct and tendencies to behavior ''. He states that teachers should `` train the pupil to behavior '' so that he fits into the social and physical world. Teachers should also realize the importance of habit and instinct. They should present information that is clear and interesting and relate this new information and material to things the student already knows about. He also addresses important issues such as attention, memory, and association of ideas. Alfred Binet ( edit ) Alfred Binet published Mental Fatigue in 1898, in which he attempted to apply the experimental method to educational psychology. In this experimental method he advocated for two types of experiments, experiments done in the lab and experiments done in the classroom. In 1904 he was appointed the Minister of Public Education. This is when he began to look for a way to distinguish children with developmental disabilities. Binet strongly supported special education programs because he believed that `` abnormality '' could be cured. The Binet - Simon test was the first intelligence test and was the first to distinguish between `` normal children '' and those with developmental disabilities. Binet believed that it was important to study individual differences between age groups and children of the same age. He also believed that it was important for teachers to take into account individual students strengths and also the needs of the classroom as a whole when teaching and creating a good learning environment. He also believed that it was important to train teachers in observation so that they would be able to see individual differences among children and adjust the curriculum to the students. Binet also emphasized that practice of material was important. In 1916 Lewis Terman revised the Binet - Simon so that the average score was always 100. The test became known as the Stanford - Binet and was one of the most widely used tests of intelligence. Terman, unlike Binet, was interested in using intelligence test to identify gifted children who had high intelligence. In his longitudinal study of gifted children, who became known as the Termites, Terman found that gifted children become gifted adults. Edward Thorndike ( edit ) Edward Thorndike ( 1874 -- 1949 ) supported the scientific movement in education. He based teaching practices on empirical evidence and measurement. Thorndike developed the theory of instrumental conditioning or the law of effect. The law of effect states that associations are strengthened when it is followed by something pleasing and associations are weakened when followed by something not pleasing. He also found that learning is done a little at a time or in increments, learning is an automatic process and all the principles of learning apply to all mammals. Thorndike 's research with Robert Woodworth on the theory of transfer found that learning one subject will only influence your ability to learn another subject if the subjects are similar. This discovery led to less emphasis on learning the classics because they found that studying the classics does not contribute to overall general intelligence. Thorndike was one of the first to say that individual differences in cognitive tasks were due to how many stimulus response patterns a person had rather than a general intellectual ability. He contributed word dictionaries that were scientifically based to determine the words and definitions used. The dictionaries were the first to take into consideration the users maturity level. He also integrated pictures and easier pronunciation guide into each of the definitions. Thorndike contributed arithmetic books based on learning theory. He made all the problems more realistic and relevant to what was being studied, not just to improve the general intelligence. He developed tests that were standardized to measure performance in school related subjects. His biggest contribution to testing was the CAVD intelligence test which used a multidimensional approach to intelligence and the first to use a ratio scale. His later work was on programmed instruction, mastery learning and computer - based learning : If, by a miracle of mechanical ingenuity, a book could be so arranged that only to him who had done what was directed on page one would page two become visible, and so on, much that now requires personal instruction could be managed by print. John Dewey ( edit ) John Dewey ( 1859 -- 1952 ) had a major influence on the development of progressive education in the United States. He believed that the classroom should prepare children to be good citizens and facilitate creative intelligence. He pushed for the creation of practical classes that could be applied outside of a school setting. He also thought that education should be student - oriented, not subject - oriented. For Dewey, education was a social experience that helped bring together generations of people. He stated that students learn by doing. He believed in an active mind that was able to be educated through observation, problem solving and enquiry. In his 1910 book How We Think, he emphasizes that material should be provided in a way that is stimulating and interesting to the student since it encourages original thought and problem solving. He also stated that material should be relative to the student 's own experience. `` The material furnished by way of information should be relevant to a question that is vital in the students own experience '' Jean Piaget ( edit ) Jean Piaget ( 1896 -- 1980 ) developed the theory of cognitive development. The theory stated that intelligence developed in four different stages. The stages are the sensorimotor stage from birth to 2 years old, the preoperational state from 2 years old to 7 years old, the concrete operational stage from 7 years old to 10 years old, and formal operational stage from 11 years old and up. He also believed that learning was constrained to the child 's cognitive development. Piaget influenced educational psychology because he was the first to believe that cognitive development was important and something that should be paid attention to in education. Most of the research on Piagetian theory was carried out by American educational psychologists. 1920 -- present ( edit ) The number of people receiving a high school and college education increased dramatically from 1920 to 1960. Because very few jobs were available to teens coming out of eighth grade, there was an increase in high school attendance in the 1930s. The progressive movement in the United State took off at this time and led to the idea of progressive education. John Flanagan, an educational psychologist, developed tests for combat trainees and instructions in combat training. In 1954 the work of Kenneth Clark and his wife on the effects of segregation on black and white children was influential in the Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education. From the 1960s to present day, educational psychology has switched from a behaviorist perspective to a more cognitive based perspective because of the influence and development of cognitive psychology at this time. Jerome Bruner ( edit ) Jerome Bruner is notable for integrating Piaget 's cognitive approaches into educational psychology. He advocated for discovery learning where teachers create a problem solving environment that allows the student to question, explore and experiment. In his book The Process of Education Bruner stated that the structure of the material and the cognitive abilities of the person are important in learning. He emphasized the importance of the subject matter. He also believed that how the subject was structured was important for the student 's understanding of the subject and it is the goal of the teacher to structure the subject in a way that was easy for the student to understand. In the early 1960s Bruner went to Africa to teach math and science to school children, which influenced his view as schooling as a cultural institution. Bruner was also influential in the development of MACOS, Man a Course of Study, which was an educational program that combined anthropology and science. The program explored human evolution and social behavior. He also helped with the development of the head start program. He was interested in the influence of culture on education and looked at the impact of poverty on educational development. Benjamin Bloom ( edit ) Benjamin Bloom ( 1913 -- 1999 ) spent over 50 years at the University of Chicago, where he worked in the department of education. He believed that all students can learn. He developed taxonomy of educational objectives. The objectives were divided into three domains : cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. The cognitive domain deals with how we think. It is divided into categories that are on a continuum from easiest to more complex. The categories are knowledge or recall, comprehension application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation. The affective domain deals with emotions and has 5 categories. The categories are receiving phenomenon, responding to that phenomenon, valuing, organization, and internalizing values. The psychomotor domain deals with the development of motor skills, movement and coordination and has 7 categories, that also goes from simplest to complex. The 7 categories of the psychomotor domain are perception, set, guided response, mechanism, complex overt response, adaptation, and origination. The taxonomy provided broad educational objectives that could be used to help expand the curriculum to match the ideas in the taxonomy. The taxonomy is considered to have a greater influence internationally than in the United States. Internationally, the taxonomy is used in every aspect of education from training of the teachers to the development of testing material. Bloom believed in communicating clear learning goals and promoting an active student. He thought that teachers should provide feedback to the students on their strengths and weaknesses. Bloom also did research on college students and their problem solving processes. He found that they differ in understanding the basis of the problem and the ideas in the problem. He also found that students differ in process of problem solving in their approach and attitude toward the problem. Nathaniel Gage ( edit ) Nathaniel Gage ( 1917 - 2008 ) is an important figure in educational psychology as his research focused on improving teaching and understanding the processes involved in teaching. He edited the book Handbook of Research on Teaching ( 1963 ), which helped develop early research in teaching and educational psychology. Gage founded the Stanford Center for Research and Development in Teaching, which contributed research on teaching as well as influencing the education of important educational psychologists. Perspectives ( edit ) Behavioral ( edit ) Applied behavior analysis, a research - based science utilizing behavioral principles of operant conditioning, is effective in a range of educational settings. For example, teachers can alter student behavior by systematically rewarding students who follow classroom rules with praise, stars, or tokens exchangeable for sundry items. Despite the demonstrated efficacy of awards in changing behavior, their use in education has been criticized by proponents of self - determination theory, who claim that praise and other rewards undermine intrinsic motivation. There is evidence that tangible rewards decrease intrinsic motivation in specific situations, such as when the student already has a high level of intrinsic motivation to perform the goal behavior. But the results showing detrimental effects are counterbalanced by evidence that, in other situations, such as when rewards are given for attaining a gradually increasing standard of performance, rewards enhance intrinsic motivation. Many effective therapies have been based on the principles of applied behavior analysis, including pivotal response therapy which is used to treat autism spectrum disorders. Cognitive ( edit ) Among current educational psychologists, the cognitive perspective is more widely held than the behavioral perspective, perhaps because it admits causally related mental constructs such as traits, beliefs, memories, motivations and emotions. Cognitive theories claim that memory structures determine how information is perceived, processed, stored, retrieved and forgotten. Among the memory structures theorized by cognitive psychologists are separate but linked visual and verbal systems described by Allan Paivio 's dual coding theory. Educational psychologists have used dual coding theory and cognitive load theory to explain how people learn from multimedia presentations. Three experiments reported by Krug, Davis and Glover demonstrated the advantage of delaying a 2nd reading of a text passage by one week ( distributed ) compared with no delay between readings ( massed ). The spaced learning effect, a cognitive phenomenon strongly supported by psychological research, has broad applicability within education. For example, students have been found to perform better on a test of knowledge about a text passage when a second reading of the passage is delayed rather than immediate ( see figure ). Educational psychology research has confirmed the applicability to education of other findings from cognitive psychology, such as the benefits of using mnemonics for immediate and delayed retention of information. Problem solving, according to prominent cognitive psychologists, is fundamental to learning. It resides as an important research topic in educational psychology. A student is thought to interpret a problem by assigning it to a schema retrieved from long - term memory. A problem students run into while reading is called `` activation. '' This is when the student 's representations of the text are present during working memory. This causes the student to read through the material without absorbing the information and being able to retain it. When working memory is absent from the readers representations of the working memory they experience something called `` deactivation. '' When deactivation occurs, the student has an understanding of the material and is able to retain information. If deactivation occurs during the first reading, the reader does not need to undergo deactivation in the second reading. The reader will only need to reread to get a `` gist '' of the text to spark their memory. When the problem is assigned to the wrong schema, the student 's attention is subsequently directed away from features of the problem that are inconsistent with the assigned schema. The critical step of finding a mapping between the problem and a pre-existing schema is often cited as supporting the centrality of analogical thinking to problem solving. Cognitive view of intelligence ( edit ) An example of an item from a cognitive abilities test Each person has an individual profile of characteristics, abilities and challenges that result from predisposition, learning and development. These manifest as individual differences in intelligence, creativity, cognitive style, motivation and the capacity to process information, communicate, and relate to others. The most prevalent disabilities found among school age children are attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ), learning disability, dyslexia, and speech disorder. Less common disabilities include intellectual disability, hearing impairment, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and blindness. Although theories of intelligence have been discussed by philosophers since Plato, intelligence testing is an invention of educational psychology, and is coincident with the development of that discipline. Continuing debates about the nature of intelligence revolve on whether intelligence can be characterized by a single factor known as general intelligence, multiple factors ( e.g., Gardner 's theory of multiple intelligences ), or whether it can be measured at all. In practice, standardized instruments such as the Stanford - Binet IQ test and the WISC are widely used in economically developed countries to identify children in need of individualized educational treatment. Children classified as gifted are often provided with accelerated or enriched programs. Children with identified deficits may be provided with enhanced education in specific skills such as phonological awareness. In addition to basic abilities, the individual 's personality traits are also important, with people higher in conscientiousness and hope attaining superior academic achievements, even after controlling for intelligence and past performance. Developmental ( edit ) Main article : Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development Developmental psychology, and especially the psychology of cognitive development, opens a special perspective for educational psychology. This is so because education and the psychology of cognitive development converge on a number of crucial assumptions. First, the psychology of cognitive development defines human cognitive competence at successive phases of development. Education aims to help students acquire knowledge and develop skills which are compatible with their understanding and problem - solving capabilities at different ages. Thus, knowing the students ' level on a developmental sequence provides information on the kind and level of knowledge they can assimilate, which, in turn, can be used as a frame for organizing the subject matter to be taught at different school grades. This is the reason why Piaget 's theory of cognitive development was so influential for education, especially mathematics and science education. In the same direction, the neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development suggest that in addition to the concerns above, sequencing of concepts and skills in teaching must take account of the processing and working memory capacities that characterize successive age levels. Second, the psychology of cognitive development involves understanding how cognitive change takes place and recognizing the factors and processes which enable cognitive competence to develop. Education also capitalizes on cognitive change, because the construction of knowledge presupposes effective teaching methods that would move the student from a lower to a higher level of understanding. Mechanisms such as reflection on actual or mental actions vis - à - vis alternative solutions to problems, tagging new concepts or solutions to symbols that help one recall and mentally manipulate them are just a few examples of how mechanisms of cognitive development may be used to facilitate learning. Finally, the psychology of cognitive development is concerned with individual differences in the organization of cognitive processes and abilities, in their rate of change, and in their mechanisms of change. The principles underlying intra - and inter-individual differences could be educationally useful, because knowing how students differ in regard to the various dimensions of cognitive development, such as processing and representational capacity, self - understanding and self - regulation, and the various domains of understanding, such as mathematical, scientific, or verbal abilities, would enable the teacher to cater for the needs of the different students so that no one is left behind. Constructivist ( edit ) Main article : Constructivism Constructivism is a category of learning theory in which emphasis is placed on the agency and prior `` knowing '' and experience of the learner, and often on the social and cultural determinants of the learning process. Educational psychologists distinguish individual ( or psychological ) constructivism, identified with Piaget 's theory of cognitive development, from social constructivism. A dominant influence on the latter type is Lev Vygotsky 's work on sociocultural learning, describing how interactions with adults, more capable peers, and cognitive tools are internalized to form mental constructs. Elaborating on Vygotsky 's theory, Jerome Bruner and other educational psychologists developed the important concept of instructional scaffolding, in which the social or information environment offers supports for learning that are gradually withdrawn as they become internalized. Conditioning and learning ( edit ) An abacus provides concrete experiences for learning abstract concepts. To understand the characteristics of learners in childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age, educational psychology develops and applies theories of human development. Often represented as stages through which people pass as they mature, developmental theories describe changes in mental abilities ( cognition ), social roles, moral reasoning, and beliefs about the nature of knowledge. For example, educational psychologists have conducted research on the instructional applicability of Jean Piaget 's theory of development, according to which children mature through four stages of cognitive capability. Piaget hypothesized that children are not capable of abstract logical thought until they are older than about 11 years, and therefore younger children need to be taught using concrete objects and examples. Researchers have found that transitions, such as from concrete to abstract logical thought, do not occur at the same time in all domains. A child may be able to think abstractly about mathematics, but remain limited to concrete thought when reasoning about human relationships. Perhaps Piaget 's most enduring contribution is his insight that people actively construct their understanding through a self - regulatory process. Piaget proposed a developmental theory of moral reasoning in which children progress from a naïve understanding of morality based on behavior and outcomes to a more advanced understanding based on intentions. Piaget 's views of moral development were elaborated by Kohlberg into a stage theory of moral development. There is evidence that the moral reasoning described in stage theories is not sufficient to account for moral behavior. For example, other factors such as modeling ( as described by the social cognitive theory of morality ) are required to explain bullying. Rudolf Steiner 's model of child development interrelates physical, emotional, cognitive, and moral development in developmental stages similar to those later described by Piaget. Developmental theories are sometimes presented not as shifts between qualitatively different stages, but as gradual increments on separate dimensions. Development of epistemological beliefs ( beliefs about knowledge ) have been described in terms of gradual changes in people 's belief in : certainty and permanence of knowledge, fixedness of ability, and credibility of authorities such as teachers and experts. People develop more sophisticated beliefs about knowledge as they gain in education and maturity. Motivation ( edit ) Motivation is an internal state that activates, guides and sustains behavior. Motivation can have several impacting effects on how students learn and how they behave towards subject matter : Provide direction towards goals Enhance cognitive processing abilities and performance Direct behavior toward particular goals Lead to increased effort and energy Increase initiation of and persistence in activities Educational psychology research on motivation is concerned with the volition or will that students bring to a task, their level of interest and intrinsic motivation, the personally held goals that guide their behavior, and their belief about the causes of their success or failure. As intrinsic motivation deals with activities that act as their own rewards, extrinsic motivation deals with motivations that are brought on by consequences or punishments. A form of attribution theory developed by Bernard Weiner describes how students ' beliefs about the causes of academic success or failure affect their emotions and motivations. For example, when students attribute failure to lack of ability, and ability is perceived as uncontrollable, they experience the emotions of shame and embarrassment and consequently decrease effort and show poorer performance. In contrast, when students attribute failure to lack of effort, and effort is perceived as controllable, they experience the emotion of guilt and consequently increase effort and show improved performance. The self - determination theory ( SDT ) was developed by psychologists Edward Deci and Richard Ryan. SDT focuses on the importance of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in driving human behavior and posits inherent growth and development tendencies. It emphasizes the degree to which an individual 's behavior is self - motivated and self - determined. When applied to the realm of education, the self - determination theory is concerned primarily with promoting in students an interest in learning, a value of education, and a confidence in their own capacities and attributes. Motivational theories also explain how learners ' goals affect the way they engage with academic tasks. Those who have mastery goals strive to increase their ability and knowledge. Those who have performance approach goals strive for high grades and seek opportunities to demonstrate their abilities. Those who have performance avoidance goals are driven by fear of failure and avoid situations where their abilities are exposed. Research has found that mastery goals are associated with many positive outcomes such as persistence in the face of failure, preference for challenging tasks, creativity and intrinsic motivation. Performance avoidance goals are associated with negative outcomes such as poor concentration while studying, disorganized studying, less self - regulation, shallow information processing and test anxiety. Performance approach goals are associated with positive outcomes, and some negative outcomes such as an unwillingness to seek help and shallow information processing. Locus of control is a salient factor in the successful academic performance of students. During the 1970s and ' 80s, Cassandra B. Whyte did significant educational research studying locus of control as related to the academic achievement of students pursuing higher education coursework. Much of her educational research and publications focused upon the theories of Julian B. Rotter in regard to the importance of internal control and successful academic performance. Whyte reported that individuals who perceive and believe that their hard work may lead to more successful academic outcomes, instead of depending on luck or fate, persist and achieve academically at a higher level. Therefore, it is important to provide education and counseling in this regard. Technology ( edit ) For a broader coverage related to this topic, see Educational technology. Bloom 's taxonomy of educational objectives : categories in the cognitive domain Instructional design, the systematic design of materials, activities and interactive environments for learning, is broadly informed by educational psychology theories and research. For example, in defining learning goals or objectives, instructional designers often use a taxonomy of educational objectives created by Benjamin Bloom and colleagues. Bloom also researched mastery learning, an instructional strategy in which learners only advance to a new learning objective after they have mastered its prerequisite objectives. Bloom discovered that a combination of mastery learning with one - to - one tutoring is highly effective, producing learning outcomes far exceeding those normally achieved in classroom instruction. Gagné, another psychologist, had earlier developed an influential method of task analysis in which a terminal learning goal is expanded into a hierarchy of learning objectives connected by prerequisite relationships. The following list of technological resources incorporate computer - aided instruction and intelligence for educational psychologists and their students : Intelligent tutoring system Cognitive tutor Cooperative learning Collaborative learning Problem - based learning Computer - supported collaborative learning Constructive alignment Technology is essential to the field of educational psychology, not only for the psychologist themselves as far as testing, organization, and resources, but also for students. Educational Psychologists whom reside in the K - 12 setting focus the majority of their time with Special Education students. It has been found that students with disabilities learning through technology such as IPad applications and videos are more engaged and motivated to learn in the classroom setting. Liu et al. explain that learning - based technology allows for students to be more focused, and learning is more efficient with learning technologies. The authors explain that learning technology also allows for students with social - emotional disabilities to participate in distance learning. Applications ( edit ) Teaching ( edit ) A class size experiment in the United States found that attending small classes for 3 or more years in the early grades increased high school graduation of students from low income families. Research on classroom management and pedagogy is conducted to guide teaching practice and form a foundation for teacher education programs. The goals of classroom management are to create an environment conducive to learning and to develop students ' self - management skills. More specifically, classroom management strives to create positive teacher -- student and peer relationships, manage student groups to sustain on - task behavior, and use counseling and other psychological methods to aid students who present persistent psychosocial problems. Introductory educational psychology is a commonly required area of study in most North American teacher education programs. When taught in that context, its content varies, but it typically emphasizes learning theories ( especially cognitively oriented ones ), issues about motivation, assessment of students ' learning, and classroom management. A developing Wikibook about educational psychology gives more detail about the educational psychology topics that are typically presented in preservice teacher education. Special education Secondary Education Lesson plan Counseling ( edit ) Training ( edit ) In order to become an educational psychologist, students can complete an undergraduate degree in their choice. They then must go to graduate school to study education psychology, counseling psychology, and / or school counseling. Most students today are also receiving their doctorate degrees in order to hold the `` psychologist '' title. Educational psychologists work in a variety of settings. Some work in university settings where they carry out research on the cognitive and social processes of human development, learning and education. Educational psychologists may also work as consultants in designing and creating educational materials, classroom programs and online courses. Educational psychologists who work in k -- 12 school settings ( closely related are school psychologists in the US and Canada ) are trained at the master 's and doctoral levels. In addition to conducting assessments, school psychologists provide services such as academic and behavioral intervention, counseling, teacher consultation, and crisis intervention. However, school psychologists are generally more individual - oriented towards students. Many colleges and high schools are starting to teach students how to teach students in the classroom. In colleges educational psychology is starting to be a general education requirement. Employment Outlook ( edit ) Employment for psychologists in the United States is expected to grow faster than most occupations through the year 2014, with anticipated growth of 18 -- 26 %. One in four psychologists are employed in educational settings. In the United States, the median salary for psychologists in primary and secondary schools is US $58,360 as of May 2004. Colleges offer and allow someone to obtain an PHD in educational Psychology. In recent decades the participation of women as professional researchers in North American educational psychology has risen dramatically. Methods of research ( edit ) Educational psychology, as much as any other field of psychology heavily relies on a balance of pure observation and quantitative methods in psychology. The study of education generally combines the studies of history, sociology, and ethics with theoretical approaches. Smeyers and Depaepe explain that historically, the study of education and child rearing have been associated with the interests of policymakers and practitioners within the educational field, however, the recent shift to sociology and psychology has opened the door for new findings in education as a social science. Now being its own academic discipline, educational psychology has proven to be helpful for social science researchers. Quantitative research is the backing to most observable phenomena in psychology. This involves observing, creating, and understanding a distribution of data based upon the studies subject matter. Researchers use particular variables to interpret their data distributions from their research and employ statistics as a way of creating data tables and analyzing their data. Psychology has moved from the `` common sense '' reputations initially posed by Thomas Reid to the methodology approach comparing independent and dependent variables through natural observation, experiments, or combinations of the two. Though results are still, with statistical methods, objectively true based upon significance variables or p - values. See also ( edit ) Education portal Psychology portal Applied psychology Instructional theory Learning theory ( education ) List of educational psychologists List of publications in psychology List of educational psychology journals Living educational theory -- an educational psychology action research method Motivation theory References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Snowman, Jack ( 1997 ). Educational Psychology : What Do We Teach, What Should We Teach?. `` Educational Psychology '', 9, 151 - 169 Jump up ^ Lucas, J.L. ; Blazek, M.A. & Riley, A.B. ( 2005 ). The lack of representation of educational psychology and school psychology in introductory psychology textbooks. Educational Psychology, 25, 347 -- 51. ^ Jump up to : Farrell, P. ( 2010 ). School psychology : Learning lessons from history and moving forward. School Psychology International, 31 ( 6 ), 581 - 598. ^ Jump up to : Berliner, David. `` The 100 - Year Journey Of Educational Psychology '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ Toomas Lott ( 2011 ). `` Plato on the Rationality of Belief, Trames '', 15, 339 - 364. Jump up ^ `` The History of Educational Psychology ''. cortland.edu. Retrieved May 5, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Zimmerman, B.J. & Schunk, D.H. ( Eds. ) ( 2003 ). Educational psychology : A century of contributions. Mahwah, NJ, US : Erlbaum. ^ Jump up to : Vives, J, & Watson, F. ( 1913 ). On education : a translation of the de tradendis disciplinis of juan luis vives. Cambridge : The University Press. Jump up ^ Casini, Lorenzo ( 2010 ). `` Quid sit anima '' : Juan Luis Vives on the soul and its relation to the body ``. Renaissance Studies, 24, 496 - 517 Jump up ^ Glover, J, & Ronning, R. ( Ed. ). ( 1987 ). ^ Jump up to : Horlacher, Rebekka ( 2011 ). Schooling as a means of popular education : Pestalozzi 's method as a popular education experiment. `` Paedagogica Historica '' : 47, 65 - 75 ^ Jump up to : Hergenhahn, B.R. ( 2009 ). An introduction to the history of psychology. Belmont, CA : Wadsworth. ^ Jump up to : James, W. ( 1983 ). Talks to teachers on psychology and to students on some of life 's ideals. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press. ( Original work published 1899 ) Jump up ^ Thorndike, E.L. ( 1912 ). Education : A first book. New York : MacMillan. ^ Jump up to : Dewey J. ( 1910 ). How we think. New York D.C. Heath & Co. ^ Jump up to : Clark, D. ( n.d. ). Bloom 's taxonomy of learning domains. Retrieved from http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/bloom.html Jump up ^ Alberto, P. & Troutman, A. ( 2003 ) Applied behavior analysis for teachers ( 6th ed. ). Columbus, OH, USA : Prentice - Hall - Merrill. Jump up ^ McGoey, K.E. & DuPaul, G.J. ( 2000 ) Token reinforcement and response cost procedures : Reducing the disruptive behavior of preschool children with attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder. School Psychology Quarterly, 15, 330 -- 43. Jump up ^ Theodore, L.A. ; Bray, M.A. ; Kehle, T.J. & Jenson, W.R. ( 2001 ) Randomization of group contingencies and reinforcers to reduce classroom disruptive behavior. Journal of School Psychology, 39, 267 -- 77. Jump up ^ Lepper, M.R. ; Greene, D. & Nisbett, R.E. ( 1973 ). Undermining children 's intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward : A test of the `` overjustification '' hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28, 129 -- 37. Jump up ^ Cameron, J. ; Pierce, W.D. ; Banko, K.M. & Gear, A. ( 2005 ). Achievement - based rewards and intrinsic motivation : A test of cognitive mediators. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97, 641 -- 55. Jump up ^ Pierce, W.D. & Cameron, J. ( 2002 ). A summary of the effects of reward contingencies on interest and performance. The Behavior Analyst Today, 3, 222 -- 26. ABO Jump up ^ Mayer, R.E. ( 2001 ). Multimedia learning. Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press. ^ Jump up to : Krug, D. ; Davis, T.B. ; Glover, J.A. ( 1990 ). Massed versus distributed repeated reading : A case of forgetting helping recall? Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 366 -- 71. Jump up ^ Dempster, F.N. ( 1989 ). Spacing effects and their implications for theory and practice. Educational Psychology Review, 1, 309 -- 30. Jump up ^ Carney, R.N. & Levin, J.R. ( 2000 ). Fading mnemonic memories : Here 's looking anew, again! Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 499 -- 508. Jump up ^ Kalyuga, S. ; Chandler, P. ; Tuovinen, J. & Sweller, J. ( 2001 ). When problem solving is superior to studying worked examples. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93, 579 -- 88. ^ Jump up to : Woolfolk, A.E. ; Winne, P.H. & Perry, N.E. ( 2006 ). Educational Psychology ( 3rd Canadian ed. ). Toronto, Canada : Pearson. Jump up ^ Spearman, C. ( 1904 ) `` General intelligence '' objectively determined and measured. American Journal of Psychology, 15, 201 -- 93. Jump up ^ Gardner, Howard. ( 1983 ) Frames of Mind : The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York : Basic Books. Jump up ^ Wechsler, D. ( 1949 ). The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. New York : Psychological Corp. Jump up ^ Day, L. ; Hanson, K. ; Maltby, J. ; Proctor, C.L. & Wood, A.M. ( in press ). Hope uniquely predicts objective academic achievement above intelligence, personality, and previous academic achievement. Journal of Research in Personality. Jump up ^ Furth, H.G. & Wachs, H. ( 1975 ). Thinking goes to school : Piaget 's theory in practice. Oxford : Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Demetriou, A. & Valanides, N. ( 1998 ). A three level of theory of the developing mind : Basic principles and implications for instruction and assessment. In R.J. Sternberg & W.M. Williams ( Eds. ), Intelligence, instruction, and assessment ( pp. 149 -- 99 ). Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum. ^ Jump up to : Demetriou, A. ; Spanoudis, G. & Mouyi, A. ( 2010 ). A Three - level Model of the Developing Mind : Functional and Neuronal Substantiation. In M. Ferrari and L. Vuletic ( Eds. ), The Developmental Relations between Mind, Brain, and Education : Essays in honor of Robbie Case. New York : Springer. Jump up ^ Case, R. ( 1985 ). Intellectual development : Birth to adulthood. New York : Academic Press. Jump up ^ Case, R. ( 1992 ). The role of central conceptual structures in the development of children 's mathematical and scientific thought. In A. Demetriou, M. Shayer, & A. Efklides ( Eds. ), Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development : Implications and applications to education ( pp. 52 -- 65 ). London : Routledge. Jump up ^ Seifert, Kelvin & Sutton, Rosemary. Educational Psychology : Second Edition. Global Text Project, 2009, pp. 33 -- 37. Jump up ^ `` Educational Psychology Promotes Teaching and Learning ''. http://www.apa.org. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29. External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Woods, Ashley and Woods, Steiner Schools in England, University of West of England, Bristol : Research Report RR645, section 1.5, `` Findings from the survey and case studies '' Jump up ^ Carrie Y. Nordlund, `` Art Experiences in Waldorf Education, '' Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Missouri - Columbia, May 2006 Jump up ^ Cano, F. ( 2005 ). Epistemological beliefs and approaches to learning : Their change through secondary school and their influence on academic performance. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 75, 203 -- 21. Jump up ^ Omrod, Jeanne. `` Educational Theme : Motivation in the Classroom '' ( PDF ). Green Education Foundation. ^ Jump up to : Weiner, B. ( 2000 ). Interpersonal and intrapersonal theories of motivation from an attributional perspective. Educational Psychology Review, 12, 1 -- 14. Jump up ^ Deci, Edward L. ( 1991 ). `` Motivation and Education : The Self - Determination Perspective ''. Educational Psychologist. 26 ( 3 & 4 ) : 325 -- 346. doi : 10.1207 / s15326985ep2603&4_6. ^ Jump up to : Elliot, A.J. ( 1999 ). Approach and avoidance motivation and achievement goals. Educational Psychologist, 34, 169 -- 89. Jump up ^ Whyte, C. ( 1980 ). An Integrated Counseling and Learning Assistance Center. New Directions Sourcebook. Jossey - Bass, Inc. San Francisco. Jump up ^ Whyte, C. ( 1978 ). Effective Counseling Methods for High - Risk College Freshmen. Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance, 6 ( 4 ), 198 -- 200. ^ Jump up to : Anderson, L.W. & Krathwohl, D.R. ( 2001 ). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing : A revision of Bloom 's taxonomy of educational objectives. New York, USA : Addison - Wesley Longman. Jump up ^ Bloom, B.S. ( 1984 ). The two sigma problem : The search for methods of group instruction as effective as one - to - one tutoring. Educational Researcher, 13 ( 6 ), 4 -- 16. Jump up ^ Gronlund, N.E. ( 2000 ). How to write and use instructional objectives ( 6th ed. ). Columbus, OH, USA : Merrill. Jump up ^ Liu, Gi Zen ; Wu, No - Wei ; Chen, Ye - Wen. Identifying Emerging Trends for implementing learning technology in special education. `` Research in Development disabilities '', 2013, 3618 -- 3628 Jump up ^ Finn, J.D. ; Gerber, S.B. ; Boyd - Zaharias, J. ( 2005 ). Small classes in the early grades, academic achievement, and graduating from high school. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97, 214 -- 33. Jump up ^ Emmer, E.T. & Stough, L.M. ( 2001 ). Classroom management : A critical part of educational psychology with implications for teacher education. Educational Psychologist, 36, 103 -- 12. Jump up ^ Love, P. ( 2009 ). Educational psychologists : the early search for an identity. Educational Psychology In Practice, 25 ( 1 ), 3 - 8. Jump up ^ Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational Outlook Handbook. 2006 -- 07 Edition. Psychologists. retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos056.htm on June 30, 2006. Jump up ^ Evans, J. ; Hsieh, P.P. & Robinson, D.H. ( 2005 ). Women 's Involvement in educational psychology journals from 1976 to 2004. Educational Psychology Review, 17, 263 -- 71. ^ Jump up to : Smeyers, Paul ; Depaepe, Marc. The Lure of Psychology for Education and Educational Research. `` The Journal of Educational Philosophy '', ( 2012 ) 46, 315 - 331. Further reading ( edit ) Barry, W.J. ( 2012 ). Challenging the Status Quo Meaning of Educational Quality : Introducing Transformational Quality ( TQ ) Theory ©. Educational Journal of Living Theories. 4, 1 - 29. http://ejolts.net/node/191 External links ( edit ) `` The template below ( Library resources box ) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. '' Library resources about Educational psychology Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Subject : Educational psychology Wikiversity has learning resources about Educational psychology Wikisource has the text of a 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article about Educational psychology. Educational Psychology Resources by Athabasca University Division 15 of the American Psychological Association Psychology of Education Section of the British Psychological Society Explorations in Learning & Instructional Design : Theory Into Practice Database Classics in the History of Psychology The Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing The Psychology of Educational Quality - Transformational Quality ( TQ ) Theory ( video ) Psychology History Philosophy Portal Psychologist Basic psychology Abnormal Affective science Affective neuroscience Behavioral genetics Behavioral neuroscience Behaviorism Cognitive Cognitive neuroscience Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Developmental Differential Ecological Evolutionary Experimental Gestalt Intelligence Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Psycholinguistics Psychophysics Psychophysiology Quantitative Social Theoretical Applied psychology Anomalistic Applied behavior analysis Assessment Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Ergonomics Feminist Forensic Health Industrial and organizational Legal Media Military Music Occupational health Pastoral Political Psychometrics Psychotherapy Religion School Sport and exercise Suicidology Systems Traffic Methodologies Animal testing Archival research Behavior epigenetics Case study Content analysis Experiments Human subject research Interviews Neuroimaging Observation Qualitative research Quantitative research Self - report inventory Statistical surveys Psychologists William James ( 1842 -- 1910 ) Ivan Pavlov ( 1849 -- 1936 ) Sigmund Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) Edward Thorndike ( 1874 -- 1949 ) Carl Jung ( 1875 -- 1961 ) John B. Watson ( 1878 -- 1958 ) Clark L. Hull ( 1884 -- 1952 ) Kurt Lewin ( 1890 -- 1947 ) Jean Piaget ( 1896 -- 1980 ) Gordon Allport ( 1897 -- 1967 ) J.P. Guilford ( 1897 -- 1987 ) Carl Rogers ( 1902 -- 1987 ) Erik Erikson ( 1902 -- 1994 ) B.F. Skinner ( 1904 -- 1990 ) Donald O. Hebb ( 1904 -- 1985 ) Ernest Hilgard ( 1904 -- 2001 ) Harry Harlow ( 1905 -- 1981 ) Raymond Cattell ( 1905 -- 1998 ) Abraham Maslow ( 1908 -- 1970 ) Neal E. Miller ( 1909 -- 2002 ) Jerome Bruner ( 1915 -- 2016 ) Donald T. Campbell ( 1916 -- 1996 ) Hans Eysenck ( 1916 -- 1997 ) Herbert A. Simon ( 1916 -- 2001 ) David McClelland ( 1917 -- 1998 ) Leon Festinger ( 1919 -- 1989 ) George Armitage Miller ( 1920 -- 2012 ) Richard Lazarus ( 1922 -- 2002 ) Stanley Schachter ( 1922 -- 1997 ) Robert Zajonc ( 1923 -- 2008 ) Albert Bandura ( b. 1925 ) Roger Brown ( 1925 -- 1997 ) Endel Tulving ( b. 1927 ) Lawrence Kohlberg ( 1927 -- 1987 ) Noam Chomsky ( b. 1928 ) Ulric Neisser ( 1928 -- 2012 ) Jerome Kagan ( b. 1929 ) Walter Mischel ( b. 1930 ) Elliot Aronson ( b. 1932 ) Daniel Kahneman ( b. 1934 ) Paul Ekman ( b. 1934 ) Michael Posner ( b. 1936 ) Amos Tversky ( 1937 -- 1996 ) Bruce McEwen ( b. 1938 ) Larry Squire ( b. 1941 ) Richard E. Nisbett ( b. 1941 ) Martin Seligman ( b. 1942 ) Ed Diener ( b. 1946 ) Shelley E. Taylor ( b. 1946 ) John Anderson ( b. 1947 ) Ronald C. Kessler ( b. 1947 ) Joseph E. LeDoux ( b. 1949 ) Richard Davidson ( b. 1951 ) Susan Fiske ( b. 1952 ) Roy Baumeister ( b. 1953 ) Lists Counseling topics Disciplines Important publications Organizations Outline Psychologists Psychotherapies Research methods Schools of thought Timeline Topics Wiktionary definition Wiktionary category Wikisource Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikinews Wikibooks Dyslexia and related specific developmental disorders ( F80 -- F83, 315 ) General conditions Speech and language impairment, communication disorder Expressive language disorder Infantile speech Landau -- Kleffner syndrome Language disorder Lisp Mixed receptive - expressive language disorder Specific language impairment Speech and language impairment Speech disorder Speech error Speech sound disorder Stammering Tip of the tongue Scholastic skills, learning disorder Developmental dyslexia Dyscalculia Dysgraphia ( Disorder of written expression ) Motor function Developmental coordination disorder Developmental verbal dyspraxia also known as Childhood apraxia of speech Other Auditory processing disorder Sensory processing disorder Related topics Dyslexia research Irlen filters Learning Ally Learning problems in childhood cancer Literacy Management of dyslexia, Dyslexia interventions Multisensory integration Neuropsychology Reading acquisition Spelling Writing system Lists Dyslexia in fiction Languages by Writing System People with dyslexia Topics in education General Glossary Index Outline Aims and objectives Anthropology Assessment Economics Evaluation History Leadership Philosophy Policy Politics Psychology Research Rights Sociology Technology Theory Types of institutions By subject Agricultural Art Bilingual Business Chemistry Design Economics Engineering Environmental Euthenics Health Language Legal Mathematics Medical Military Music Nursing Peace Performing arts Philosophy Physical Physics Reading Religious Science Sex Teacher Technology Values Vocational More... Alternative Autodidacticism Education reform Gifted education Homeschooling Religious education Special education More... Wikimedia Books Definitions Images Learning resources News Quotes Texts Stages of formal education Early childhood education Primary education Secondary education Tertiary education Preschool → Kindergarten → Elementary school → Infant → Junior → High school → Junior high school → Senior high school → Higher education Vocational Further continuing Undergraduate → Postgraduate Alternative education Homeschooling Adult education Portal Education by region Education in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / ( see also plazas de soberanía ) ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Education in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Education in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Catalonia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Education in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Education in Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Education in South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Portal WikiProject NDL : 00567169 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Educational_psychology&oldid=806894654 '' Categories : Applied psychology Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Branches of psychology Educational psychology Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Български Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017, at 20 : 21. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Educational psychology", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Educational_psychology&amp;oldid=806894654" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "experience with early education would lead to a `` wholesome person characterized by morality. '' Pestalozzi has been acknowledged for opening institutions for education, writing books for mother 's teaching home education, and elementary books for students, mostly focusing on the kindergarten level. In his later years, he published teaching manuals and methods of teaching. During the time of The Enlightenment, Pestalozzi 's ideals introduced `` educationalisation. '' This created the bridge between social issues and education by introducing the idea of social issues to be solved through education. Horlacher describes the most prominent example of this during The Enlightenment to be `` improving agricultural production methods. '' Johann Herbart ( edit ) Johann Herbart ( 1776 -- 1841 ) is considered the father of educational psychology. He believed that learning was influenced by interest in the subject and the teacher. He thought that teachers should consider the students ' existing mental sets -- what they already know -- when presenting new information or material. Herbart came up with what are now known as the formal steps. The 5 steps that teachers should use are : Review material that has already been learned by the student Prepare the student for new material by giving them an overview of what they are learning next Present the new material. Relate the new material to the old material that has already been" ], "id": [ "12627219959442814539" ], "short_answers": [ "Johann Herbart" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Nate Archibald ( Gossip Girl ) - wikipedia Nate Archibald ( Gossip Girl ) Jump to : navigation, search Nate Archibald Gossip Girl character Chace Crawford as Nathaniel Archibald First appearance Novel : Gossip Girl Television : `` Pilot '' ( episode 1.01 ) Last appearance Novel : I Will Always Love You Television : `` New York, I Love You XOXO '' ( episode 6.10 ) Created by Character Cecily von Ziegesar Developed for Television Josh Schwartz Stephanie Savage Portrayed by Chace Crawford Information Full name Nathaniel Fitzwilliam Archibald Nickname ( s ) Nate Nathaniel ( by his grandfather and Chuck ) Novels : Natie ( by Serena and Blair ) Aliases Golden Boy Gender Male Occupation Novels : Sailor and lacrosse captain High school student ( at St. Jude 's ; graduated ) College student ( at Yale ; later Deep Springs College ) Television : High school student ( at St. Jude 's ; graduated ) College student ( at Columbia ) Editor - in - chief ( at The New York Spectator ) Family Novels : Captain Archibald ( father ) Mrs. Archibald ( mother ) Television : Howard Archibald ( father ) Anne Archibald ( mother ; née van der Bilt ) William van der Bilt I ( maternal grandfather ) William van der Bilt II ( maternal uncle ) William `` Tripp '' van der Bilt III ( first cousin ) Nathaniel Fitzwilliam `` Nate '' Archibald is a character in the best selling Gossip Girl book series. He is portrayed by Chace Crawford in the television series of the same name. In the novels, he is considered the primary male character, always being fought over by the two most prominent females, Blair Waldorf and Serena van der Woodsen. Contents ( hide ) 1 Novel series 2 TV series 2.1 In other media 3 References Novel series Nate Archibald is a lacrosse player at the elite St. Jude 's School for Boys. His mother, Anne Archibald, is a French socialite, and his father, Captain Archibald, is a former Navy captain and a wealthy banker. His closest friends are Chuck Bass, Serena van der Woodsen and Blair Waldorf. He has been dating Blair since middle school. However, Nate is shown to have deep, unresolved feelings for Serena. They have sex during the summer at a wedding. He reveals this to Blair in the first novel after Serena returns, and right before they were supposed to lose their virginity to each other, which causes their first breakup. He gets together with freshman Jenny Humphrey, but later dumps her for Blair for being too clingy. He and Blair have an on - again - off - again relationship throughout most of the novels. Nate 's family resides in a stately townhouse off Park Avenue on the exclusive Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City, and his mother 's French socialite family owns a summer chateau in Nice. He is a fan of sailing like his father, and wished to do that instead of attending Yale with Blair, although he expressed interest in attending Brown University. At the end of the series he sails around the world with a friend of his father 's, Captain Charles `` Chips '' White to avoid getting in between Blair and Serena again. In I Will Aways Love You, on break from Deep Springs College, Nate chooses Blair in part I and then Serena in part II. Tv series Nathaniel Archibald was born to Captain Howard Archibald, a successful business magnate, and Anne Vanderbilt Archibald, a member of the Vanderbilt family. On the surface, Nate seems to be the perfect `` Golden Boy '' of the Upper East Side. He is best friends with Chuck Bass, with whom he attends the elite St. Jude 's School for Boys. Nate has been with girlfriend Blair Waldorf `` since kindergarten ''. However, he secretly harbors feelings for Blair 's best friend, Serena van der Woodsen. They shared a sordid one night stand before the show began, which caused her departure to boarding school. Nate 's feelings for Blair are complicated by his ongoing infatuation with Serena and his parents ' determination to keep him on a certain path. He later goes on to attend Columbia University. In other media Nate is the subject of the song ' Nate Will Not Return ' by British post-punk band The Fall on their 2011 album Ersatz GB. References Jump up ^ `` Gossip Girl - Cast - Chace Crawford ''. CWtv.com. Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 21. Jump up ^ `` Nate Will Not Return - Reformation! ''. ( hide ) Gossip Girl Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Wild Brunch '' `` Victor, Victrola '' `` Hi, Society '' `` The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate '' `` Desperately Seeking Serena '' `` All About My Brother '' `` Much ' I Do ' About Nothing '' Season 2 `` Summer, Kind of Wonderful '' `` Never Been Marcused '' `` The Dark Night '' `` The Ex Files '' `` The Serena Also Rises '' `` Seder Anything '' `` Valley Girls '' `` The Goodbye Gossip Girl '' Season 3 `` Reversals of Fortune '' `` The Freshman '' `` The Lost Boy '' `` Enough About Eve '' `` They Shoot Humphreys, Do n't They? '' `` The Last Days of Disco Stick '' `` The Debarted '' `` The Hurt Locket '' `` Last Tango, Then Paris '' Season 4 `` Belles de Jour '' `` Double Identity '' `` The Undergraduates '' `` Touch of Eva '' `` Easy J '' `` Gaslit '' `` The Townie '' `` Petty in Pink '' `` The Princesses and the Frog '' `` The Wrong Goodbye '' Season 5 `` Yes, Then Zero '' `` All the Pretty Sources '' `` Rhodes to Perdition '' `` Riding in Town Cars with Boys '' `` The End of the Affair? '' `` Father and the Bride '' `` G.G. '' `` The Backup Dan '' Season 6 `` Gone Maybe Gone '' `` New York, I Love You XOXO '' Characters Serena van der Woodsen Blair Waldorf Dan Humphrey Nate Archibald Jenny Humphrey Chuck Bass Vanessa Abrams Eric van der Woodsen Lily van der Woodsen Rufus Humphrey Georgina Sparks Juliet Sharp Ivy Dickens Lola Rhodes Related Gossip Girl novel series The It Girl novel series OMFGG -- Original Music Featured on Gossip Girl No. 1 Gossip Girl : Acapulco episodes Gossip Girl : Thailand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nate_Archibald_(Gossip_Girl)&oldid=815168291 '' Categories : Gossip Girl characters Characters in American novels of the 21st century Fictional characters introduced in 2002 Fictional characters from New York City Fictional sailors Fictional male prostitutes Fictional American people of English descent Fictional American people of French descent Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional socialites Fictional American people of Dutch descent Fictional fraudsters Fictional college students Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017, at 05 : 07. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Nate Archibald (Gossip Girl)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Nate_Archibald_(Gossip_Girl)&amp;oldid=815168291" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "11141008710146872381" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Qualification problem - Wikipedia Qualification problem Jump to : navigation, search This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. ( July 2011 ) In philosophy and AI ( especially, knowledge based systems ), the qualification problem is concerned with the impossibility of listing all the preconditions required for a real - world action to have its intended effect. It might be posed as how to deal with the things that prevent me from achieving my intended result. It is strongly connected to, and opposite the ramification side of, the frame problem. John McCarthy gives the following motivating example, in which it is impossible to enumerate all the circumstances that may prevent a rowboat from performing its ordinary function : `` ( T ) he successful use of a boat to cross a river requires, if the boat is a rowboat, that the oars and rowlocks be present and unbroken, and that they fit each other. Many other qualifications can be added, making the rules for using a rowboat almost impossible to apply, and yet anyone will still be able to think of additional requirements not yet stated. '' See also ( edit ) Non-monotonic logic Circumscription External links ( edit ) John McCarthy `` Introduction : The Qualification Problem '' This article about epistemology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qualification_problem&oldid=690772395 '' Categories : Knowledge representation Logic programming Epistemology Epistemology stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2011 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 November 2015, at 16 : 20. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Qualification problem", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Qualification_problem&amp;oldid=690772395" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "13976500293194333411" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Blue Ridge Mountains - wikipedia Blue Ridge Mountains Jump to : navigation, search Blue Ridge Mountains The Blue Ridge Mountains as seen from the Blue Ridge Parkway near Mount Mitchell in North Carolina Highest point Peak Mount Mitchell Elevation 6,684 ft ( 2,037 m ) Coordinates 35 ° 45 ′ 53 '' N 82 ° 15 ′ 55 '' W  /  35.76472 ° N 82.26528 ° W  / 35.76472 ; - 82.26528 Coordinates : 35 ° 45 ′ 53 '' N 82 ° 15 ′ 55 '' W  /  35.76472 ° N 82.26528 ° W  / 35.76472 ; - 82.26528 Geography Appalachian Mountains Country United States States List ( show ) North Carolina Virginia Tennessee Maryland Pennsylvania West Virginia South Carolina Georgia Parent range Appalachian Mountains Geology Orogeny Grenville orogeny Type of rock granite, gneiss and limestone The Blue Ridge Mountains are a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian Mountains range. This province consists of northern and southern physiographic regions, which divide near the Roanoke River gap. The mountain range is located in the eastern United States, starting at its southernmost portion in Georgia, then ending northward in Pennsylvania. To the west of the Blue Ridge, between it and the bulk of the Appalachians, lies the Great Appalachian Valley, bordered on the west by the Ridge and Valley province of the Appalachian range. The Blue Ridge Mountains are noted for having a bluish color when seen from a distance. Trees put the `` blue '' in Blue Ridge, from the isoprene released into the atmosphere, thereby contributing to the characteristic haze on the mountains and their distinctive color. Within the Blue Ridge province are two major national parks -- the Shenandoah National Park in the northern section, and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in the southern section -- and eight national forests including George Washington and Jefferson National Forests, Monongahela National Forest, Daniel Boone National Forest, Cherokee National Forest, Pisgah National Forest, Nantahala National Forest and Chattahoochee National Forest. The Blue Ridge also contains the Blue Ridge Parkway, a 469 - mile ( 755 km ) long scenic highway that connects the two parks and is located along the ridge crest - lines with the Appalachian Trail. Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Geology 3 History 4 Flora and fauna 4.1 Flora 4.2 Fauna 5 In music 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Geography ( edit ) See also : List of mountains of the Blue Ridge and Southern Sixers Although the term `` Blue Ridge '' is sometimes applied exclusively to the eastern edge or front range of the Appalachian Mountains, the geological definition of the Blue Ridge province extends westward to the Ridge and Valley area, encompassing the Great Smoky Mountains, the Great Balsams, the Roans, the Blacks, the Brushy Mountains ( a `` spur '' of the Blue Ridge ) and other mountain ranges. The Blue Ridge Mountains as seen from Blowing Rock, North Carolina. The Blue Ridge extends as far north into Pennsylvania as South Mountain. While South Mountain dwindles to mere hills between Gettysburg and Harrisburg, the band of ancient rocks that forms the core of the Blue Ridge continues northeast through the New Jersey and Hudson River highlands, eventually reaching The Berkshires of Massachusetts and the Green Mountains of Vermont. The Blue Ridge contains the highest mountains in eastern North America south of Baffin Island. About 125 peaks exceed 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) in elevation. The highest peak in the Blue Ridge ( and in the entire Appalachian chain ) is Mt. Mitchell in North Carolina at 6,684 feet ( 2,037 m ). There are 39 peaks in North Carolina and Tennessee higher than 6,000 feet ( 1,800 m ) ; by comparison, in the northern portion of the Appalachian chain only New Hampshire 's Mt. Washington rises above 6,000 feet. Southern Sixers is a term used by peak baggers for this group of mountains. The Blue Ridge Parkway runs 469 miles ( 755 km ) along crests of the Southern Appalachians and links two national parks : Shenandoah and Great Smoky Mountains. In many places along the parkway, there are metamorphic rocks ( gneiss ) with folded bands of light - and dark - colored minerals, which sometimes look like the folds and swirls in a marble cake. Geology ( edit ) Blue Ridge Mountains, viewed from Chimney Rock Mountain Overlook in North Carolina Most of the rocks that form the Blue Ridge Mountains are ancient granitic charnockites, metamorphosed volcanic formations, and sedimentary limestone. Recent studies completed by Richard Tollo, a professor and geologist at George Washington University, provide greater insight into the petrologic and geochronologic history of the Blue Ridge basement suites. Modern studies have found that the basement geology of the Blue Ridge is made of compositionally unique gneisses and granitoids, including orthopyroxene - bearing charnockites. Analysis of zircon minerals in the granite completed by John Aleinikoff at the U.S. Geological Survey has provided more detailed emplacement ages. The northernmost extension of the Blue Ridge Mountains, in northern Maryland Many of the features found in the Blue Ridge and documented by Tollo and others have confirmed that the rocks exhibit many similar features in other North American Grenville - age terranes. The lack of a calc - alkaline affinity and zircon ages less than 1,200 Ma suggest that the Blue Ridge is distinct from the Adirondacks, Green Mountains, and possibly the New York - New Jersey Highlands. The petrologic and geochronologic data suggest that the Blue Ridge basement is a composite orogenic crust that was emplaced during several episodes from a crustal magma source. Field relationships further illustrate that rocks emplaced prior to 1,078 - 1,064 Ma preserve deformational features. Those emplaced post-1,064 Ma generally have a massive texture and missed the main episode of Mesoproterozoic compression. The Blue Ridge Mountains began forming during the Silurian Period over 400 million years ago. Approximately 320 Mya, North America and Europe collided, pushing up the Blue Ridge. At the time of their emergence, the Blue Ridge were among the highest mountains in the world, and reached heights comparable to the much younger Alps. Today, due to weathering and erosion over hundreds of millions of years, the highest peak in the range, Mount Mitchell in North Carolina, is only 6,684 feet high -- still the highest peak east of the Rockies. History ( edit ) The Blue Ridge Mountains in the background from Lynchburg, Virginia This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The English who settled colonial Virginia in the early 17th century recorded that the native Powhatan name for the Blue Ridge was Quirank. At the foot of the Blue Ridge, various tribes including the Siouan Manahoacs, the Iroquois, and the Shawnee hunted and fished. A German physician - explorer, John Lederer, first reached the crest of the Blue Ridge in 1669 and again the following year ; he also recorded the Virginia Siouan name for the Blue Ridge ( Ahkonshuck ). At the Treaty of Albany negotiated by Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood ( 1676 - 1740 ), of Virginia with the Iroquois between 1718 and 1722, the Iroquois ceded lands they had conquered south of the Potomac River and east of the Blue Ridge to the Virginia Colony. This treaty made the Blue Ridge the new demarcation point between the areas and tribes subject to the Six Nations, and those tributary to the Colony. When colonists began to disregard this by crossing the Blue Ridge and settling in the Shenandoah Valley in the 1730s, the Iroquois began to object, finally selling their rights to the Valley, on the west side of the Blue Ridge, at the Treaty of Lancaster in 1744. During the Gettysburg Campaign of the American Civil War, the Army of Northern Virginia, Robert E. Lee commanding, slipped across the Potomac to begin the second invasion of the North. They moved slowly across the Blue Ridge, using the mountains to screen their movements. Flora and fauna ( edit ) The forest environment provides natural habitat for many plants, trees, and animals. Flora ( edit ) See also : Category : Flora of the Appalachian Mountains The Blue Ridge Mountains have stunted oak and oak - hickory forest habitats, which comprise most of the Appalachian slope forests. Flora also includes grass, shrubs, hemlock and mixed - oak pine forests. While the Blue Ridge range includes the highest summits in the eastern United States, the climate is nevertheless too warm to support an alpine zone, and thus the range lacks the tree line found at lower elevations in the northern half of the Appalachian range. The highest parts of the Blue Ridge are generally vegetated in dense Southern Appalachian spruce - fir forests. Fauna ( edit ) The area is host to many animals, including : Many species of amphibians and reptiles A large diversity of fish species, many of which are endemic American black bear Songbirds and other bird species Bobcat Coyote Grouse Whitetail deer Wild boar Wild turkey In Music ( edit ) They are included in the later lyrics of `` Freight Train '', an American folk song first written by Elizabeth Cotten in the early 20th century. ( `` To watch those old Blue Ridge Mountains climb. As I ride ol ' Number Nine. '' ) The Trail of the Lonesome Pine ( as published in 1913 ) was recorded by Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy and features in their 1937 film Way Out West. This version of the song climbed to the number 2 spot in the UK Top 40 charts in 1975. A particularly well known song about the Blue Ridge is `` My Home 's Across the Blue Ridge Mountains '', first recorded by the Carolina Tar Heels ( 1929 ), later by the Carter Family ( 1937 ), and still later by others, including Doc Watson and Joan Baez. The John Denver hit, `` Take Me Home, Country Roads '' ( 1971 ), mentions them in the line `` Blue Ridge Mountains, Shenandoah River '', a song about West Virginia. ( These geographic features only traverse a tiny portion of the easternmost tip of the state, but the song was written in the Blue Ridge Mountains outside of the state, according to its authors. ) The bluegrass song, `` Blue Ridge Cabin Home '', was performed and recorded by many artists, including Flatt and Scruggs. The song, `` Stonewall Jackson 's Way '', mentions the Blue Ridge Mountains. The bluegrass song, `` My Little Georgia Rose '', mentions the Blue Ridge Mountains. The Clemson University alma mater opens with the line, `` Where the Blue Ridge yawns its greatness... '', in reference to the school 's location at foot of the mountains The bluegrass song `` Blue Ridge Mountain '' ( 2014 ) by American group Hurray for the Riff Raff mentions the Blue Ridge Mountains, along with small facets of the culture surrounding them. The song `` Levi '' from Old Crow Medicine Show 's album Carry Me Back ( 2012 ), about First Lt., opens with the lines, `` Born up on the Blue Ridge / At the Carolina line / Baptized on the banks of the New River ''. The song `` Blue Ridge Mountains '' from Fleet Foxes ' self - titled album Fleet Foxes ( 2010 ) has the lyrics `` I heard that you missed your connecting flight, to the Blue Ridge Mountains, over near Tennessee. '' See also ( edit ) Appalachian balds Appalachian bogs Appalachian temperate rainforest Appalachian - Blue Ridge forests Cove ( Appalachian Mountains ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Physiographic divisions of the conterminous U.S. '' U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 06. Jump up ^ Johnson, A. W ( 1998 ). Invitation To Organic Chemistry. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 261. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 0432 - 2. Jump up ^ `` Blue Ridge Parkway, Frequently Asked Questions ''. National Park Service. 2007. Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29. Jump up ^ Leighty, Dr. Robert D. ( 2001 ). `` Blue Ridge Physiographic Province ''. Contract Report. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DOD ) Information Sciences Office. Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29. Jump up ^ Medina, M.A. ; J.C. Reid ; R.H. Carpenter ( 2004 ). `` Physiography of North Carolina '' ( PDF ). North Carolina Geological Survey, Division of Land Resources. Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29. Jump up ^ South Beyond 6000 Jump up ^ Tollo, Richard P. ; Aleinkoff, John N. ; Borduas, Elizabeth A. ( 2004 ). `` Petrology and Geochronology of Grenville - Age Magmatism, Blue Ridge Province, Northern Virginia ''. Northeastern Section ( 39th Annual ) and Southeastern Section ( 53rd Annual ) Joint Meeting. Geological Society of America. ^ Jump up to : `` Blue Ridge Mountains ''. The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 4 September 2016. Jump up ^ History and lyrics of Peter, Paul and Mary Freight Train ( Elizabeth Cotten ) Retrieved May 24, 2018. Jump up ^ John Denver. `` Take Me Home, Country Roads Lyrics ''. Lyricsfreak.com. Retrieved May 24, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Bill & John Denver ''. Billdanoff.com. Retrieved May 24, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Stonewall Jackson 's Way ''. Poetry and Music of the War Between the States. Retrieved May 24, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Bill Monroe : My Little Georgia Rose ''. Retrieved May 24, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Clemson University Alma Mater ''. Clemson.edu. Retrieved May 24, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Slain N.C. National Guardsman Remembered ''. NPR. July 6, 2009. Retrieved May 24, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Blue Ridge Mountains Lyrics ''. Lyricsfreak.com. Fleet Foxes. Retrieved May 24, 2018. Olson, Ted ( 1998 ). Blue Ridge Folklife, University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 1 - 57806 - 023 - 0. External links ( edit ) Blue Ridge Mountains travel guide from Wikivoyage Mountains of Georgia Blue Ridge Mountains Big Bald Mountain Big John Dick Mountain Black Mountain Black Rock Mountain Blood Mountain Brasstown Bald Coosa Bald Cowrock Mountain Currahee Mountain Dick 's Knob Double Spring Knob Flat Top Fort Mountain Glade Mountain Glassy Mountain Grassy Mountain Grassy Ridge Hightower Bald Horsetrough Mountain Jacks Knob Levelland Mountain Mount Oglethorpe Rabun Bald Rich Mountain Slaughter Mountain Springer Mountain Tray Mountain Wildcat Mountain Wolfpen Ridge Young Lick Rich Knob Screamer Mountain Three Sisters Yonah Mountain Rock Mountain Rocky Knob Rocky Mountain Ridge - and - Valley Baugh Mountain Blossom Hill Horseleg Mountain Lookout Mountain Lumpkin Hill Johns Mountain Old Shorter Hill Jackson Hill Pigeon Mountain Snodgrass Hill Taylor Ridge Turkey Mountain Others Alcovy Mountain Arabia Mountain Bear Mountain Blackjack Mountain Chenocetah Mountain Dowdell 's Knob Kennesaw Mountain Little Kennesaw Mountain Mount Wilkinson Panola Mountain Pine Log Mountain Pine Mountain ( Bartow County ) Pine Mountain ( Cobb County ) Sawnee Mountain Six Flags Hill Stone Mountain Sweat Mountain Mountains of Maryland Allegheny Mountains Backbone Mountain Dans Mountain Haystack Mountain Negro Mountain Roundtop Hill Blue Ridge Mountains Catoctin Mountain Elk Ridge Lambs Knoll Quirauk Mountain South Mountain Sugarloaf Mountain Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Big Savage Mountain Breakneck Hill Collier Mountain Evitts Mountain Savage Mountain Tonoloway Ridge Warrior Mountain Others Hoye - Crest Martin Mountain Ridge Nicholas Mountain Polish Mountain Town Hill Mountains of North Carolina Blue Ridge Mountains Bald Mountains Max Patch Black Mountains Celo Knob Mount Craig Mount Mitchell Brushy Mountains Hibriten Mountain Pores Knob Great Balsam Mountains Black Balsam Knob Chestnut Mountain ( Transylvania County ) Cold Mountain Richland Balsam Shining Rock Tanasee Bald Great Craggy Mountains Beaucatcher Mountain Great Smoky Mountains Andrews Bald Charlies Bunion Clingmans Dome Gregory Bald Marks Knob Mount Cammerer Mount Chapman Mount Collins Mount Guyot Mount Hardison Mount Kephart Mount Sequoyah Mount Sterling Old Black Shuckstack Silers Bald Spence Field Thunderhead Mountain Tricorner Knob Plott Balsams Eaglenest Mountain North Eaglenest Mountain Waterrock Knob Unaka Range Big Yellow Mountain Grassy Ridge Bald Little Yellow Mountain Roan Mountain Unicoi Mountains Bob Stratton Bald Hooper Bald Iron Mountains Snake Mountain North Carolina - Tennessee - Virginia Corners Others Adams Mountain Bear 's Paw Bee Mountain Beech Mountain Bluerock Mountain Brier Knob Brown Mountain Chestnut Mountain ( Caldwell County ) Crossing Knob Doe Hill Mountain Elk Knob Fire Scale Mountain Flattop Mountain Grandfather Mountain Grandmother Mountain Howard Knob Humpback Mountain Little Chestnut Mountain Mount Pisgah Peak Mountain Pixie Mountain Rich Mountain Rich Mountain Bald Sassafras Mountain Spanish Oak Mountain Stone Mountain Sugar Mountain Table Rock Three Top Mountain Tomkins Knob Woody 's Knob Sauratown Mountains Moore 's Knob Pilot Mountain Uwharrie Mountains Caraway Mountains Morrow Mountain Others Albert Mountain Big Butt Mountain Cane Creek Mountains Crowder 's Mountain Devil 's Courthouse Kings Pinnacle Looking Glass Rock Mayfield Mountain McAlpine Mountain Mount Jefferson Mulatto Mountain Occoneechee Mountain Old Butt Knob South Mountains Standing Indian Mountain Terrells Mountain Wayah Bald Wesser Bald Whiteside Mountain Mountains of Pennsylvania Allegheny Mountains Allegheny Front Allegheny Mountain Bald Eagle Mountain Blue Knob Brush Mountain Herman Point Kinton Knob Laurel Hill Mount Davis Negro Mountain North Mountain Pine Knob Ritchey Knob Schaefer Head Sugarloaf Knob Wills Mountain Allegheny Plateau Blue Ridge Mountain Camelback Mountain Elk Hill Endless Mountains Forkston Mountain Miller Mountain Mount Ararat Mount Pisgah ( Bradford County ) Penobscot Knob Pocono Mountains Red Rock Mountain Blue Ridge Mountains South Mountain Reading Prong Applebutter Hill Chestnut Hill Christines Hill Focht Hill Hexenkopf Hill Kirchberg Kohlberg Lehigh Mountain Morgan Hill Pektor Hill Saucon Hill South Mountain Swoveberg Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Bald Mountain Bear Mountain Bear Pond Mountains Big Mountain Big Savage Mountain Blue Mountain Clarks Knob Cross Mountain Dunning Mountain Hawk Mountain Martin Hill Mount Minsi Nesquehoning Mountain Parnell Knob The Pinnacle Savage Mountain Sharp Mountain Sideling Hill Tuscarora Mountain Tussey Mountain Williamsburg Mountain Others Buck Mountain Buckingham Mountain Butler Knob Catawissa Mountain Central Mountain Conewago Mountains Conococheague Mountain Haycock Mountain Haystack Mountain Jacks Mountain McCauley Mountain Moosic Mountains Mount Nittany Mount Pisgah ( Carbon County ) Nescopeck Mountain Osterhout Mountain Peters Mountain Pimple Hill Pisgah Mountain Sidneys Knob Turkey Hill Watchung Outliers Mountains of South Carolina Blue Ridge Mountains Pinnacle Mountain Sassafras Mountain Saluda Mountains Others Brown 's Mountain Caesars Head Glassy Mountain Henry 's Knob Joes Mountain Little Mountain Nanny Mountain Thicketty Mountain Whitaker Mountain Mountains of Tennessee Blue Ridge Mountains Bald Mountains Max Patch Great Smoky Mountains Bote Mountain Chilhowee Mountain Chimney Tops Clingmans Dome Coon Butt English Mountain Gregory Bald Mount Cammerer Mount Chapman Mount Collins Mount Guyot Mount Kephart Mount Le Conte Mount Sequoyah Old Black Silers Bald Spence Field Thunderhead Mountain Tricorner Knob Unicoi Mountains Oswald Dome Unaka Range Roan Mountain Iron Mountains Snake Mountain North Carolina - Tennessee - Virginia Corners Others Holston Mountain Cumberland Mountains Crab Orchard Mountains Frozen Head Tri-State Peak Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Bays Mountain House Mountain Others Big Frog Mountain Brown Mountain Gee Hill Little Mountain Lone Mountain Mount Evil Penile Hill Mountains of Virginia Allegheny Mountains Allegheny Mountain Peters Mountain Reddish Knob Shenandoah Mountain Blue Ridge Mountains Apple Orchard Mountain Battle Mountain Broken Hills Bull Run Mountains Catoctin Mountain Elk Pond Mountain Furnace Mountain Hawksbill Mountain High Knob Hogback Mountain Holston Mountain Humpback Rock Knob Mountain Loudoun Heights Maintop Mountain Mary 's Rock Mount Jefferson Mount Rogers Neighbor Mountain Old Rag Mountain Paris Mountain Peaks of Otter Pignut Mountain Poor Mountain The Priest Purcell Knob Ragged Mountains Rocky Mountain Short Hill Mountain Southwest Mountains Stony Man Mountain Turkeycock Mountain Twelve O'clock Knob Whitetop Mountain Cumberland Mountains High Knob Pine Mountain Tri-State Peak Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Beartown Mountain Big Schloss Clinch Mountain Elliott Knob Fort Lewis Mountain Great North Mountain Massanutten Mountain Powell Mountain Salt Pond Mountain Timber Ridge Others Camp Rock Carpenter Mountain Cedar Mountain House Mountain Kate 's Mountain McAfee Knob Nakedtop Pantops Mountain Roanoke Mountain Short Mountain Signal Knob Willis Mountain Mountains of West Virginia Allegheny Mountains Allegheny Mountain Back Allegheny Mountain Bald Knob Barton Knob Cheat Mountain Droop Mountain Elleber Ridge Gaudineer Knob Knobly Mountain Laurel Mountain Mount Porte Crayon North Fork Mountain North Mountain Peters Mountain River Knobs Reddish Knob Shavers Fork Mountain Complex Shavers Mountain Shenandoah Mountain Sleepy Creek Mountain Snowshoe Mountain Spring Gap Mountain Spruce Knob Spruce Mountain Thorny Flat White Top Blue Ridge Mountains Blue Ridge Mountain Raven Rocks Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Baker Mountain Bear Garden Mountain Big Schloss Cacapon Mountain Castle Mountain ( Hampshire County ) Castle Mountain ( Pendleton County ) Cooper Mountain Great North Mountain High Knob Horsepen Mountain Keeney Knob Little Cacapon Mountain Mill Creek Mountain Nathaniel Mountain New Creek Mountain North River Mountain Patterson Creek Mountain Saddle Mountain Schaffenaker Mountain Short Mountain South Branch Mountain Third Hill Mountain Others Bickett Knob Bickle Knob Black Mountain Black Rock Buffalo Bull Knob Burner Mountain Caesar Mountain Calders Peak Camp Hill Close Mountain Cottle Knob Day Mountain Dorsey Knob Evick Knob Greenwood Mountain Gregg Knob Gunstock Knob Gwinn Mountain Honsocker Knob Hump Mountain Ice Mountain Limestone Mountain Michael Mountain Paddy Knob Pifer Mountain Pinnickinnick Mountain See All Sewell Mountain Socrates Mountain Tallery Mountain Twin Sugars Ugly Mountain Viney Mountain Weaver Knob Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Harrisburg ( capital ) Topics Index Delegations Government History Geography Geology Law Pennsylvanians State parks Symbols Tourist attractions Society Agriculture Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Sports Metro areas Altoona Baltimore - Washington Erie Harrisburg -- Carlisle Johnstown Lancaster Lebanon Lehigh Valley New York Philadelphia Pittsburgh Reading Scranton ‐ Wilkes - Barre State College Williamsport York - Hanover Largest cities Allentown Altoona Bethlehem Butler Chester DuBois Easton Erie Greensburg Harrisburg Hazleton Johnstown Lancaster Lebanon McKeesport New Castle Philadelphia Pittsburgh Pottsville Reading Scranton Sunbury Wilkes - Barre Williamsport York Largest municipalities Abington Bensalem Bethel Park Bristol Cheltenham Cranberry Darby Falls Hampden Haverford Hempfield Lower Macungie Lower Makefield Lower Merion Lower Paxton Manheim McCandless Middletown Millcreek Township Monroeville Mount Lebanon Norristown Northampton North Huntingdon Penn Hills Radnor Ridley Ross Shaler Spring State College Tredyffrin Upper Darby Upper Merion Warminster West Chester Whitehall York Township Regions Allegheny Mountains Allegheny National Forest Allegheny Plateau Atlantic Coastal Plain Bald Eagle Valley Blue Ridge Coal Region Cumberland Valley Delaware Valley Dutch Country Eastern Endless Mountains Great Valley Mahoning Valley Happy Valley Laurel Highlands Lehigh Valley Main Line Moshannon Valley Nittany Valley Northeastern Northern Tier Northwestern North Central North Penn Valley Ohio Valley Oil Region Oley Valley Pennsylvania Highlands Penns Valley Philicon Valley Piedmont Pocono Mountains Ridge and Valley Saucon Valley South Central Southeastern Southern Southwestern Susquehanna Valley Western Wyoming Valley Counties Adams Allegheny Armstrong Beaver Bedford Berks Blair Bradford Bucks Butler Cambria Cameron Carbon Centre Chester Clarion Clearfield Clinton Columbia Crawford Cumberland Dauphin Delaware Elk Erie Fayette Forest Franklin Fulton Greene Huntingdon Indiana Jefferson Juniata Lackawanna Lancaster Lawrence Lebanon Lehigh Luzerne Lycoming McKean Mercer Mifflin Monroe Montgomery Montour Northampton Northumberland Perry Philadelphia Pike Potter Schuylkill Snyder Somerset Sullivan Susquehanna Tioga Union Venango Warren Washington Wayne Westmoreland Wyoming York State of Maryland Annapolis ( capital ) Topics Index Cities Government History Media Newspapers Radio TV People Congressional delegations Congressional maps Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Allegheny Mountains Atlantic coastal plain Baltimore -- Washington metro area Blue Ridge Chesapeake Cumberland Valley Delaware Valley Delmarva Peninsula Eastern Shore Piedmont Ridge and Valley Southern Maryland Western Maryland Western Shore Cities Aberdeen Annapolis Baltimore Bowie Brunswick Cambridge College Park Cumberland Frederick Gaithersburg Greenbelt Hagerstown Havre de Grace Laurel Rockville Salisbury Takoma Park Westminster Towns Bel Air Denton Easton Elkton Ocean City Port Deposit CDPs Arbutus Arnold Aspen Hill Baltimore Highlands Bethesda Camp Springs Carney Catonsville Chillum Clinton Cockeysville - Hunt Valley Colesville Columbia Crofton Dundalk Edgewood Eldersburg Elkridge Ellicott City Essex Fairland Ferndale Fort Washington Germantown Glen Burnie Green Haven Hillcrest Heights Landover Langley Park Lanham Lansdowne Lochearn Lutherville Middle River Milford Mill Montgomery Village Odenton Olney Owings Mills Oxon Hill Parkville Perry Hall Pikesville Potomac Randallstown Redland Reisterstown Rosedale St. Charles Severn Severna Park Silver Spring South Gate Suitland Timonium Towson Urbana Waldorf Wheaton - Glenmont White Oak Woodlawn Counties Allegany Anne Arundel Baltimore Calvert Caroline Carroll Cecil Charles Dorchester Frederick Garrett Harford Howard Kent Montgomery Prince George 's Queen Anne 's St. Mary 's Somerset Talbot Washington Wicomico Worcester State of West Virginia Charleston ( capital ) Topics Cities Towns Villages Census - designated places History Environment People Government Governors Delegations Colleges and universities Tourist attractions Seal of West Virginia Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Elections Media Newspapers Radio TV Insignia Coat of arms Flag Motto Seal Regions Allegheny Mountains Allegheny Plateau Baltimore - Washington Metropolitan Area Blue Ridge Charleston Metropolitan Area Cumberland Plateau Cumberland Mountains Eastern Panhandle Huntington Metropolitan Area North - Central West Virginia Northern Panhandle Potomac Highlands Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Shenandoah Valley Southern West Virginia Western West Virginia Metro areas Charleston Huntington Morgantown Martinsburg Parkersburg - Vienna Wheeling Winchester Weirton Largest cities Beckley Charleston Fairmont Huntington Martinsburg Morgantown Parkersburg Wheeling Weirton Counties Barbour Berkeley Boone Braxton Brooke Cabell Calhoun Clay Doddridge Fayette Gilmer Grant Greenbrier Hampshire Hancock Hardy Harrison Jackson Jefferson Kanawha Lewis Lincoln Logan Marion Marshall Mason McDowell Mercer Mineral Mingo Monongalia Monroe Morgan Nicholas Ohio Pendleton Pleasants Pocahontas Preston Putnam Raleigh Randolph Ritchie Roane Summers Taylor Tucker Tyler Upshur Wayne Webster Wetzel Wirt Wood Wyoming Commonwealth of Virginia Richmond ( capital ) Topics Administrative divisions Climate Colleges and universities Colony Congressional districts Delegations Senators Representatives Environment Furniture Government History Historic Landmarks Law Homes Music People Rights Rivers Scouting Slogan Sports teams State Fair State parks Symbols Tourist attractions Transportation Tribes Seal of Virginia Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Newspapers Radio TV Politics Regions Allegheny Mountains Atlantic Coastal Plain Blue Ridge Chesapeake Bay Cumberland Mountains Delmarva Peninsula Eastern Shore Hampton Roads Middle Peninsula Northern Neck Northern Virginia Piedmont Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Shenandoah Valley South Hampton Roads Southside Southwest Virginia Tennessee Valley Tidewater Tri-Cities Virginia Peninsula Western Virginia Metro areas Blacksburg - Christiansburg - Radford Bluefield Bristol Charlottesville Danville Harrisonburg Lynchburg Martinsville Richmond Roanoke Staunton - Waynesboro Norfolk - Virginia Beach Washington - Arlington - Alexandria Winchester Counties Accomack Albemarle Alleghany Amelia Amherst Appomattox Arlington Augusta Bath Bedford Bland Botetourt Brunswick Buchanan Buckingham Campbell Caroline Carroll Charles City Charlotte Chesterfield Clarke Craig Culpeper Cumberland Dickenson Dinwiddie Essex Fairfax Fauquier Floyd Fluvanna Franklin Frederick Giles Gloucester Goochland Grayson Greene Greensville Halifax Hanover Henrico Henry Highland Isle of Wight James City King and Queen King George King William Lancaster Lee Loudoun Louisa Lunenburg Madison Mathews Mecklenburg Middlesex Montgomery Nelson New Kent Northampton Northumberland Nottoway Orange Page Patrick Pittsylvania Powhatan Prince Edward Prince George Prince William Pulaski Rappahannock Richmond Roanoke Rockbridge Rockingham Russell Scott Shenandoah Smyth Southampton Spotsylvania Stafford Surry Sussex Tazewell Warren Washington Westmoreland Wise Wythe York Independent cities Alexandria Bristol Buena Vista Charlottesville Chesapeake Colonial Heights Covington Danville Emporia Fairfax Falls Church Franklin Fredericksburg Galax Hampton Harrisonburg Hopewell Lexington Lynchburg Manassas Manassas Park Martinsville Newport News Norfolk Norton Petersburg Poquoson Portsmouth Radford Richmond Roanoke Salem Staunton Suffolk Virginia Beach Waynesboro Williamsburg Winchester State of Tennessee Nashville ( capital ) Topics History Geography Tennesseans African Americans Media Newspapers Radio TV Constitution Elections Governors Lieutenant Governors General Assembly Supreme Court Tennessee National Guard Law Enforcement Tourist attractions Seal of Tennessee Grand Divisions East Tennessee Middle Tennessee West Tennessee Regions Blue Ridge Mountains Cumberland Mountains Cumberland Plateau Highland Rim Mississippi Plain Nashville Basin Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Tennessee Valley Tri-Cities Largest cities Bartlett Bristol Chattanooga Clarksville Cleveland Franklin Hendersonville Jackson Johnson City Kingsport Knoxville Memphis Murfreesboro Nashville Counties Anderson Bedford Benton Bledsoe Blount Bradley Campbell Cannon Carroll Carter Cheatham Chester Claiborne Clay Cocke Coffee Crockett Cumberland Davidson Decatur DeKalb Dickson Dyer Fayette Fentress Franklin Gibson Giles Grainger Greene Grundy Hamblen Hamilton Hancock Hardeman Hardin Hawkins Haywood Henderson Henry Hickman Houston Humphreys Jackson Jefferson Johnson Knox Lake Lauderdale Lawrence Lewis Lincoln Loudon Macon Madison Marion Marshall Maury McMinn McNairy Meigs Monroe Montgomery Moore Morgan Obion Overton Perry Pickett Polk Putnam Rhea Roane Robertson Rutherford Scott Sequatchie Sevier Shelby Smith Stewart Sullivan Sumner Tipton Trousdale Unicoi Union Van Buren Warren Washington Wayne Weakley White Williamson Wilson State of North Carolina Raleigh ( capital ) Topics Climate Geography State Parks Wildlife History Media Newspapers Radio TV North Carolinians Politics Government Law Tourist attractions Seal of North Carolina Society Culture Music Sports Crime Demographics Economy Education Elections Gambling Regions Western Foothills High Country Piedmont Metrolina ( Charlotte ) Piedmont Triad Triangle Eastern Sandhills Cape Fear Crystal Coast Inner Banks Outer Banks Largest cities Asheville Cary Chapel Hill Charlotte Concord Durham Fayetteville Gastonia Greensboro Greenville High Point Jacksonville Raleigh Wilmington Winston ‐ Salem Smaller cities Albemarle Apex Asheboro Burlington Conover Eden Elizabeth City Garner Goldsboro Graham Havelock Henderson Hendersonville Hickory Kannapolis Kings Mountain Kinston Laurinburg Lenoir Lexington Lumberton Monroe Morganton New Bern Newton Reidsville Roanoke Rapids Rocky Mount Salisbury Sanford Shelby Statesville Thomasville Wake Forest Wilson Major towns Beaufort Boone Brevard Carrboro Clayton Cornelius Dunn Fuquay - Varina Harrisburg Holly Springs Hope Mills Huntersville Indian Trail Kernersville Knightdale Leland Matthews Midland Mint Hill Mooresville Morehead City Morrisville Mount Pleasant Oxford Shallotte Smithfield Southern Pines Tarboro Waynesville Winterville Counties Alamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie Bladen Brunswick Buncombe Burke Cabarrus Caldwell Camden Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe Forsyth Franklin Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood Henderson Hertford Hoke Hyde Iredell Jackson Johnston Jones Lee Lenoir Lincoln Macon Madison Martin McDowell Mecklenburg Mitchell Montgomery Moore Nash New Hanover Northampton Onslow Orange Pamlico Pasquotank Pender Perquimans Person Pitt Polk Randolph Richmond Robeson Rockingham Rowan Rutherford Sampson Scotland Stanly Stokes Surry Swain Transylvania Tyrrell Union Vance Wake Warren Washington Watauga Wayne Wilkes Wilson Yadkin Yancey State of South Carolina Columbia ( capital ) Regions Atlantic Coastal Plain Blue Ridge Mountains Grand Strand High Hills of Santee Lake Murray Country Lowcountry Metrolina Midlands Ninety - Six District Olde English District Pee Dee Piedmont Sandhills Sea Islands Upstate Seal of South Carolina Larger cities Charleston Columbia Greenville North Charleston Rock Hill Spartanburg Smaller cities Aiken Anderson Beaufort Bennettsville Camden Cayce Conway Easley Florence Forest Acres Gaffney Georgetown Greenwood Greer Goose Creek Hilton Head Island Isle of Palms Laurens Lexington Mauldin Myrtle Beach North Augusta North Myrtle Beach Orangeburg Simpsonville Summerville Sumter Union Walterboro West Columbia York Towns Abbeville Barnwell Batesburg - Leesville Bluffton Clemson Darlington Dillon Edgefield Fort Mill Fountain Inn Great Falls Hardeeville Irmo Jefferson Kingstree Liberty Marion McCormick Moncks Corner Mount Pleasant Newberry Pageland Pendleton Pickens Seneca Sullivan 's Island Travelers Rest Walhalla Westminster Williamston CDPs Berea Carolina Forest Dentsville Gantt Garden City Ladson Parker Red Hill Saint Andrews Seven Oaks Socastee Taylors Wade Hampton Counties Abbeville Aiken Allendale Anderson Bamberg Barnwell Beaufort Berkeley Calhoun Charleston Cherokee Chester Chesterfield Clarendon Colleton Darlington Dillon Dorchester Edgefield Fairfield Florence Georgetown Greenville Greenwood Hampton Horry Jasper Kershaw Lancaster Laurens Lee Lexington Marion Marlboro McCormick Newberry Oconee Orangeburg Pickens Richland Saluda Spartanburg Sumter Union Williamsburg York Topics Airports Amusement parks Census areas Colleges and universities Congressional districts Famous people Governors Highways Historic places History Legislature Media Newspapers Radio TV Rivers Shopping malls Sports venues State House State parks Tourist attractions Wildlife refuges Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports State of Georgia Atlanta ( capital ) Topics Index Geology History Congressional delegations Government Law People Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Elections Geography State Parks Symbols Transportation Tourist Attractions Seal of Georgia Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Atlantic coastal plain Blue Ridge Central Georgia Cumberland Plateau Golden Isles Historic South Lower Coastal Plain Metro Atlanta North Georgia North Georgia Mountains Northeast Georgia Piedmont Ridge and Valley Sea Islands Southern Rivers Southeast Georgia Southwest Georgia Tennessee Valley Wiregrass Region Largest cities Albany Atlanta Athens Augusta Columbus Johns Creek Macon Marietta Roswell Sandy Springs Savannah Valdosta Warner Robins Counties Appling Atkinson Bacon Baker Baldwin Banks Barrow Bartow Ben Hill Berrien Bibb Bleckley Brantley Brooks Bryan Bulloch Burke Butts Calhoun Camden Candler Carroll Catoosa Charlton Chatham Chattahoochee Chattooga Cherokee Clarke Clay Clayton Clinch Cobb Coffee Colquitt Columbia Cook Coweta Crawford Crisp Dade Dawson Decatur DeKalb Dodge Dooly Dougherty Douglas Early Echols Effingham Elbert Emanuel Evans Fannin Fayette Floyd Forsyth Franklin Fulton Gilmer Glascock Glynn Gordon Grady Greene Gwinnett Habersham Hall Hancock Haralson Harris Hart Heard Henry Houston Irwin Jackson Jasper Jeff Davis Jefferson Jenkins Johnson Jones Lamar Lanier Laurens Lee Liberty Lincoln Long Lowndes Lumpkin Macon Madison Marion McDuffie McIntosh Meriwether Miller Mitchell Monroe Montgomery Morgan Murray Muscogee Newton Oconee Oglethorpe Paulding Peach Pickens Pierce Pike Polk Pulaski Putnam Quitman Rabun Randolph Richmond Rockdale Schley Screven Seminole Spalding Stephens Stewart Sumter Talbot Taliaferro Tattnall Taylor Telfair Terrell Thomas Tift Toombs Towns Treutlen Troup Turner Twiggs Union Upson Walker Walton Ware Warren Washington Wayne Webster Wheeler White Whitfield Wilcox Wilkes Wilkinson Worth ( Campbell ) ( Milton ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Ridge_Mountains&oldid=842765505 '' Categories : Blue Ridge Mountains Subranges of the Appalachian Mountains Mountain ranges of North Carolina Mountain ranges of Virginia Mountain ranges of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Mountain ranges of Maryland Mountain ranges of Pennsylvania Mountain ranges of Tennessee Mountain ranges of South Carolina Geography of Appalachia Regions of Tennessee Appalachia Appalachian culture Roanoke River Shenandoah River Rappahannock River Physiographic provinces Physiographic regions of the United States Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from August 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Boarisch Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018, at 14 : 39. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Blue_Ridge_Mountains&amp;oldid=842765505" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "8905636891168851498" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "I 'm So Sorry - wikipedia I 'm So Sorry This article is about the Imagine Dragons song. For other songs of the same name, see I 'm So Sorry ( disambiguation ). `` I 'm So Sorry '' Promotional single by Imagine Dragons from the album Smoke + Mirrors Released June 11, 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2014 Studio Imagine Dragons Studio, Las Vegas, Nevada Genre Garage rock blues rock Length 3 : 50 Label KIDinaKORNER Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Ben McKee Daniel Platzman Dan Reynolds Wayne Sermon Producer ( s ) Imagine Dragons Imagine Dragons promotional singles chronology `` Smoke and Mirrors '' ( 2015 ) `` I 'm So Sorry '' ( 2015 ) `` Walking the Wire '' ( 2017 ) `` I 'm So Sorry '' is a song by American rock band Imagine Dragons. The song serves as the second promotional single and fourth track from the band 's second studio album Smoke + Mirrors. Along with the songs `` Hopeless Opus '' and `` Gold '' on Smoke + Mirrors, the song touches upon lead - singer Dan Reynolds ' depression struggles. The song has peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Hot Rock Songs chart. Contents 1 Critical reception 2 Track listing 3 Chart performance 3.1 Peak positions 3.2 Year - end charts 4 In other media 5 References Critical reception ( edit ) The song has been compared to the work of the Black Keys by music critics, with Mikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times comparing the song to the Black Keys ' `` fuzzy garage blues '' sound, Jon Dolan of Rolling Stone describing the song as a `` Black Keys - indebted garage - blues grinder '', and Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic calling the song `` a Black Keys number stripped of any sense of R&B groove ''. Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No. Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1. `` I 'm So Sorry '' Ben McKee Daniel Platzman Dan Reynolds Wayne Sermon Imagine Dragons 3 : 50 Chart performance ( edit ) Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 14 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position US Billboard Hot Rock Songs 97 In other media ( edit ) This section gives self - sourcing examples without describing their significance in the context of the article. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources that describe the examples ' significance, and by removing less pertinent examples. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged or removed. ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A remixed version of the song 's melody is used in The Arrival of Kai from the 2016 animated martial arts film Kung Fu Panda 3. The song is featured in the NBA 2K16 soundtrack. The song is used in the trailer for Season 3 of TV show Orange Is the New Black. The song is featured in the second trailer for Legend ( 2015 film ). The song is featured in the launch trailer for Battlefield Hardline. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Music Times. `` Smoke + Mirrors Album Review ''. musictimes.com. Retrieved June 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Wood, Mikael ( February 17, 2015 ). `` Review : Imagine Dragons ' ' Smoke + Mirrors ' a blast of strong emotions ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Dolan, Jon ( 17 February 2015 ). `` Album Review : Imagine Dragons, Smoke + Mirrors ''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. `` Smoke + Mirrors -- Imagine Dragons ''. AllMusic. Retrieved June 25, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved June 25, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs : Dec 31, 2015 Billboard Chart Archive ''. Billboard. billboard.com. Retrieved January 3, 2016. Jump up ^ Netflix ( 9 April 2015 ). `` Orange Is The New Black - Season 3 - Official Trailer ( HD ) - Netflix '' -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ FRESH Movie Trailers ( 29 June 2015 ). `` LEGEND Movie Trailer # 2 ( Tom Hardy - 2015 ) '' -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ Electronic Arts ( 15 March 2015 ). `` Battlefield Hardline : Official Launch Gameplay Trailer '' -- via YouTube. Imagine Dragons Dan Reynolds Wayne Sermon Ben McKee Daniel Platzman Discography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums Night Visions Smoke + Mirrors Evolve Live albums Live at Independent Records Night Visions Live EPs Imagine Dragons Hell and Silence It 's Time Continued Silence EP Hear Me It 's Time Remixes The Archive iTunes Session Singles `` It 's Time '' `` Radioactive '' `` Hear Me '' `` Demons '' `` On Top of the World '' `` Monster '' `` Battle Cry '' `` Warriors '' `` I Bet My Life '' `` Gold '' `` Shots '' `` Roots '' `` I Was Me '' `` Sucker for Pain '' `` Believer '' `` Thunder '' `` Whatever It Takes '' `` Next to Me '' `` Born to Be Yours '' `` Natural '' Promotional singles `` Amsterdam '' `` Round and Round '' `` I 'm So Sorry '' `` Walking the Wire '' Other songs `` Tiptoe '' `` Bleeding Out '' `` Who We Are '' Tours Night Visions Tour Smoke + Mirrors Tour Evolve World Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_So_Sorry&oldid=846180566 '' Categories : 2014 songs Imagine Dragons songs Interscope Records singles Songs written by Wayne Sermon Songs written by Dan Reynolds ( musician ) Songs written by Daniel Platzman Songs written by Ben McKee Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart called without song Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Português Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018, at 22 : 35 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "I'm So Sorry", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=I%27m_So_Sorry&amp;oldid=846180566" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "8877926792251231224" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of players with eight or more points in an NHL game - wikipedia List of players with eight or more points in an NHL game Jump to : navigation, search Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard recorded the first eight - point game in league history. Mario Lemieux recorded three eight - point games. Wayne Gretzky had two eight - point games. Sam Gagner is the most recent NHL player to score an eight - point game. This is a list of players who have scored eight or more points in a National Hockey League game. Scoring eight or more points in a single game is considered a great feat, which has happened only 16 times, by 13 different players. Only one player, Darryl Sittler, scored more than eight points in a game, setting the NHL record with 10 while playing for the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1976. Paul Coffey and Tom Bladon are the only defensemen to have scored eight points. The feat of scoring eight points in a game has been mostly achieved in the 1980s, with 10 out of the 16 instances happening in that decade. Mario Lemieux has the most games with at least eight points, scoring eight points in three separate games ( in one season ). Wayne Gretzky is the only other player to attain the feat more than once ( twice in one season ). The most recent player to do so was Sam Gagner of the Edmonton Oilers, who scored eight points against the Chicago Blackhawks on 2 February 2012 ; Gagner 's 8 - point night was also the first 8 - point game for a player since the 1980s. Scorers ( edit ) Legend Player is still active in the NHL Player scored eight points in a playoff game Name Team Date Goals Assists Points Richard, Maurice Maurice Richard Montreal Canadiens 000000001944 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28, 1944 5 8 Olmstead, Bert Bert Olmstead Montreal Canadiens 000000001954 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9, 1954 8 Sittler, Darryl Darryl Sittler Toronto Maple Leafs 000000001976 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7, 1976 6 10 Bladon, Tom Tom Bladon Philadelphia Flyers 000000001977 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11, 1977 8 Trottier, Bryan Bryan Trottier New York Islanders 000000001978 - 12 - 23 - 0000 December 23, 1978 5 8 Stastny, Peter Peter Stastny Quebec Nordiques 000000001981 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22, 1981 8 Stastny, Anton Anton Stastny Quebec Nordiques 000000001981 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22, 1981 5 8 Gretzky, Wayne Wayne Gretzky Edmonton Oilers 000000001983 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19, 1983 5 8 Gretzky, Wayne Wayne Gretzky Edmonton Oilers 000000001984 - 01 - 04 - 0000 January 4, 1984 8 Coffey, Paul Paul Coffey Edmonton Oilers 000000001986 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14, 1986 6 8 Sundstrom, Patrik Patrik Sundstrom New Jersey Devils 000000001988 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22, 1988 5 8 Lemieux, Mario Mario Lemieux Pittsburgh Penguins 000000001988 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15, 1988 6 8 Nicholls, Bernie Bernie Nicholls Los Angeles Kings 000000001988 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1, 1988 6 8 Lemieux, Mario Mario Lemieux Pittsburgh Penguins 000000001988 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31, 1988 5 8 Lemieux, Mario Mario Lemieux Pittsburgh Penguins 000000001989 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25, 1989 5 8 Gagner, Sam Sam Gagner Edmonton Oilers 000000002012 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2, 2012 8 References ( edit ) General `` Records + Rankings NHL Points ''. Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04. `` Records + Rankings NHL Playoff Points ''. Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04. List of NHL - related topics History Pre-NHL seasons National Hockey Association 1917 -- 42 1942 -- 67 1967 -- 92 1992 -- present All - time standings All - time team performance Seasons Most frequent playoff series Retired numbers First NHL player by country Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Personnel Famous linemates Captains Head coaches General managers Owners Notable families Presidents and Commissioners Referees and linesmen Records League records ( individual, team ) Statistical leaders ( by country of birth ) Points, career ( min. 1000 ) Assists, career ( min. 1000 ) Goals, career ( min. 500 ) Points, season ( min. 100 ) Goals, season ( min. 50 ) 50 goals in 50 games Games, career ( min. 1000 ) Consecutive games, career ( min. 500 ) PIMs, career ( min. 2000 ) 5 + goals, game 8 + points, game 300 wins, goaltender Goaltenders who have scored Wayne Gretzky 's records Gordie Howe 's records Related International games with NHL teams International games with NHL players World Cup of Hockey Hockey Fights Cancer Other Trade deadline Player salaries Team payrolls Video games Mascots National Hockey League lore Advanced statistics NHL uniform Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_players_with_eight_or_more_points_in_an_NHL_game&oldid=817328091 '' Categories : Lists of National Hockey League players National Hockey League statistical records Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles with hCards Dts templates with deprecated parameters Talk About Wikipedia Magyar Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017, at 17 : 50. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of players with eight or more points in an NHL game", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_players_with_eight_or_more_points_in_an_NHL_game&amp;oldid=817328091" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "in an NHL game - wikipedia List of players with eight or more points in an NHL game Jump to : navigation, search Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard recorded the first eight - point game in league history. Mario Lemieux recorded three eight - point games. Wayne Gretzky had two eight - point games. Sam Gagner is the most recent NHL player to score an eight - point game. This is a list of players who have scored eight or more points in a National Hockey League game. Scoring eight or more points in a single game is considered a great feat, which has happened only 16 times, by 13 different players. Only one player, Darryl Sittler, scored more than eight points in a game, setting the NHL record with 10 while playing for the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1976. Paul Coffey and Tom Bladon are the only defensemen to have scored eight points. The feat of scoring eight points in a game has been mostly achieved in the 1980s, with 10 out of the 16 instances happening in that decade. Mario Lemieux has the most games with at least eight points, scoring eight points in three separate games ( in one season ). Wayne Gretzky is the only other player to attain the feat more than once ( twice in one season ). The most recent player to do so was Sam Gagner of the" ], "id": [ "3658295351450138073" ], "short_answers": [ "Darryl Sittler" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Standard of Ur - wikipedia Standard of Ur Jump to : navigation, search The Standard of Ur `` War '' panel Material shell, limestone, lapis lazuli, bitumen Writing cuneiform Created 2600 BC Discovered Royal Cemetery Present location British Museum, London Identification 121201 Reg number : 1928, 1010.3 The Standard of Ur is an artifact, a hollow wooden box measuring 21.59 centimetres ( 8.50 in ) wide by 49.53 centimetres ( 19.50 in ) long, inlaid with a mosaic of shell, red limestone and lapis lazuli. It comes from the ancient city of Ur ( located in modern - day Iraq south of Baghdad ). It dates to the Early Dynastic period and is c. 4,600 years old. The standard was probably constructed in the form of a hollow wooden box with scenes of war and peace represented on each side through elaborately inlaid mosaics. Although interpreted as a standard by its discoverer, its original purpose remains enigmatic. It was found in a royal tomb in Ur in the 1920s next to the skeleton of a ritually sacrificed man who may have been its bearer. It is now on display, in a reconstructed form, in the British Museum in London. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Description 2.1 Mosaic scenes 3 Interpretations 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The artifact was found in one of the largest royal tombs in Ur, tomb PG 779, associated with Ur - Pabilsag, a king who died around 2550 BC. Sir Leonard Woolley 's excavations in Mesopotamia in 1927 -- 28 uncovered the artifact in the corner of a chamber, lying close to the shoulder of a man who may have held it on a pole. For this reason, Woolley interpreted it as a standard, giving the object its popular name, although subsequent investigation has failed to confirm this assumption. The discovery was quite unexpected, as the tomb in which it occurred had been thoroughly plundered by robbers in ancient times. As one corner of the last chamber was being cleared, a workman spotted a piece of shell inlay. Woolley later recalled that `` the next minute the foreman 's hand, carefully brushing away the earth, laid bare the corner of a mosaic in lapis lazuli and shell. '' The Standard of Ur survived in only a fragmentary condition. The ravages of time over more than four thousand years caused the decay of the wooden frame and bitumen glue which had cemented the mosaics in place. The soil 's weight crushed the object, fragmenting it and breaking its end panels. This made excavating the Standard a challenging task. Woolley 's excavators were instructed to look for hollows in the ground created by decayed objects and to fill them with plaster or wax to record the shape of the objects that had once filled them, rather like the famous plaster casts of the victims of Pompeii. When the remains of the Standard were discovered by the excavators, they found that the mosaic pieces had kept their form in the soil, while their wooden frame had disintegrated. They carefully uncovered small sections measuring about 3 square centimetres ( 0.47 sq in ) and covered them with wax, enabling the mosaics to be lifted while maintaining their original designs. Description ( edit ) The present form of the artifact is a reconstruction, presenting a best guess of its original appearance. It has been interpreted as a hollow wooden box measuring 21.59 centimetres ( 8.50 in ) wide by 49.53 centimetres ( 19.50 in ) long, inlaid with a mosaic of shell, red limestone and lapis lazuli. The box has an irregular shape with end pieces in the shape of truncated triangles, making it wider at the bottom than at the top, along the lines of a Toblerone bar. Inlaid mosaic panels cover each long side of the Standard. Each presents a series of scenes displayed in three registers, upper, middle and bottom. The two mosaics have been dubbed `` War '' and `` Peace '' for their subject matter, respectively a representation of a military campaign and scenes from a banquet. The panels at each end originally showed fantastical animals but they suffered significant damage while buried, though they have since been restored. Mosaic scenes ( edit ) `` Peace, '' detail showing lyrist and possibly a singer. `` War '' is one of the earliest representations of a Sumerian army, engaged in what is believed to be a border skirmish and its aftermath. The `` War '' panel shows the king in the middle of the top register, standing taller than any other figure, with his head projecting out of the frame to emphasize his supreme status -- a device also used on the other panel. He stands in front of his bodyguard and a four - wheeled chariot, drawn by a team of some sort of equids ( possibly onagers or domestic asses ; horses were only introduced in the 2nd millennium BC after being imported from Central Asia ). He faces a row of prisoners, all of whom are portrayed as naked, bound and injured with large, bleeding gashes on their chests and thighs -- a device indicating defeat and debasement. In the middle register, eight virtually identically depicted soldiers give way to a battle scene, followed by a depiction of enemies being captured and led away. The soldiers are shown wearing leather cloaks and helmets ; actual examples of the sort of helmet depicted in the mosaic were found in the same tomb. The nudity of the captive and dead enemies was probably not meant to depict literally how they appeared in real life, but was more likely to have been symbolic and associated with a Mesopotamian belief that linked death with nakedness. The lower register shows four chariots, each carrying a charioteer and a warrior ( carrying either a spear or an axe ) and drawn by a team of four equids. The chariots are depicted in considerable detail ; each has solid wheels ( spoked wheels were not invented until about 1800 BC ) and carries spare spears in a container at the front. The arrangement of the equids ' reins is also shown in detail, illustrating how the Sumerians harnessed them without using bits, which were only introduced a millennium later. The chariot scene evolves from left to right in a way that emphasizes motion and action through changes in the depiction of the animals ' gait. The first chariot team is shown walking, the second cantering, the third galloping and the fourth rearing. Trampled enemies are shown lying under the hooves of the latter three groups, symbolizing the potency of a chariot attack. `` Peace '' portrays a banquet scene. The king again appears in the upper register, sitting on a carved stool on the left - hand side. He is faced by six other seated participants, each holding a cup raised in his right hand. They are attended by various other figures including a long - haired individual, possibly a singer, who accompanies a lyrist. In the middle register, bald - headed figures wearing skirts with fringes parade animals, fish and other goods, perhaps bringing them to the feast. The bottom register shows a series of figures dressed and coiffed in a different way from those above, carrying produce in shoulder bags or backpacks, or leading equids by ropes attached to nose rings. Interpretations ( edit ) The original function of the Standard of Ur is not conclusively understood. Woolley 's suggestion that it represented a standard is now thought unlikely. It has also been speculated that it was the soundbox of a musical instrument. Paola Villani suggests that it was used as a chest to store funds for warfare or civil and religious works. It is, however, impossible to say for sure, as there is no inscription on the artifact to provide any background context. Although the side mosaics are usually referred to as the `` war side '' and `` peace side '', they may in fact be a single narrative -- a battle followed by a victory celebration. This would be a visual parallel with the literary device of merism, used by the Sumerians, in which the totality of a situation was described through the pairing of opposite concepts. A Sumerian ruler was considered to have a dual role as a lugal ( literally `` big man '' or war leader ) and an en or civic / religious leader, responsible for mediating with the gods and maintaining the fecundity of the land. The Standard of Ur may have been intended to depict these two complementary concepts of Sumerian kingship. External media Audio The Standard of Ur programme as part of the BBC 's ' A History of the World in 100 Objects ' Video The Standard of Ur, Smarthistory The scenes depicted in the mosaics were reflected in the tombs where the `` Standard '' was found. The skeletons of attendants and musicians were found accompanying the remains of the kings, as was equipment used in both the `` War '' and `` Peace '' scenes of the mosaics. Unlike ancient Egyptian tombs, the dead were not buried with provisions of food and serving equipment ; instead, they were found with the remains of meals, such as empty food vessels and animal bones. They may have participated in one last ritual feast, the remains of which were buried alongside them, before being put to death ( possibly by poisoning ) to accompany their master in the afterlife. See also ( edit ) Ancient Near East portal Lyres of Ur References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hamblin, William James. Warfare in the ancient Near East to 1600 BC : holy warriors at the dawn of history, p. 49. Taylor & Francis, 2006. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 25588 - 2 ^ Jump up to : The Standard of Ur, British Museum. Accessed 2010 - 12 - 05. ^ Jump up to : Zettler, Richard L. ; Horne, Lee ; Hansen, Donald P. ; Pittman, Holly. Treasures from the royal tombs of Ur, pp. 45 - 47. UPenn Museum of Archaeology, 1998. ISBN 978 - 0 - 924171 - 54 - 3 Jump up ^ Woolley, Leonard ( 1965 ). Excavations at Ur : a record of twelve years ' work. Crowell. p. 86. ^ Jump up to : Collon, Dominique. Ancient Near Eastern Art, p. 65. University of California Press, 1995. ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20307 - 5 Jump up ^ Chadwick, Robert ( 1996 ). First Civilizations : Ancient Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. Editions Champ Fleury. ISBN 9780969847113. Jump up ^ Clutton - Brock, Juliet ( 1992 ). Horse Power : A History of the Horse and the Donkey in Human Societies. U.S. : Harvard University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 40646 - 9. Jump up ^ Gates, Charles ( 2003 ). Ancient Cities : The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome. Routledge. p. 48. ISBN 9780415121828. Jump up ^ Bahrani, Zainab ( 2001 ). Women of Babylon : Gender and Representation in Mesopotamia. Routledge. p. 60. ISBN 9780415218306. Jump up ^ Settemila anni di strade. Milano : Edi - Cem. 2010. Jump up ^ Harrison, R.K. `` Genesis '', p. 441 in Bromiley, Geoffrey W. ( ed. ), International Standard Bible Encyclopedia : E-J. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1982. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3782 - 0 Jump up ^ Kleiner, Fred S. Gardner 's Art Through the Ages : The Western Perspective, p. 24. Cengage Learning, 2009. ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 57360 - 9 Jump up ^ `` The Standard of Ur ''. Smarthistory at Khan Academy. Retrieved March 27, 2013. Jump up ^ Cohen, Andrew C. Death rituals, ideology, and the development of early Mesopotamian kingship : toward a new understanding of Iraq 's royal cemetery of Ur, p. 92. BRILL, 2005. ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 14635 - 8 External links ( edit ) Podcast of The Standard of Ur BBC Radio programme ( mp3 ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Standard of Ur. This article is about an item held in the British Museum. The object reference is EA 121201 / Reg number : 1928, 1010.3. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_of_Ur&oldid=815448172 '' Categories : Sumerian art and architecture Middle Eastern objects in the British Museum Archaeology of Iraq Ur Musical instruments in art Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių 日本 語 Occitan Polski Português Română Русский 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017, at 21 : 58. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Standard of Ur", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Standard_of_Ur&amp;oldid=815448172" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "13778612403615370607" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Peafowl - Wikipedia Peafowl `` Peacock '' redirects here. For other uses, see Peacock ( disambiguation ). Peafowl Temporal range : 3 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg ↓ Late Pliocene -- recent Indian peacock displaying. The elongated upper tail coverts make up the train of the Indian peacock. Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Galliformes Family : Phasianidae Subfamily : Phasianinae Species Pavo cristatus Pavo muticus Afropavo congensis The peafowl include three species of birds in the genera Pavo and Afropavo of the Phasianidae family, the pheasants and their allies. The two Asiatic species are the blue or Indian peafowl originally of the Indian subcontinent, and the green peafowl of Southeast Asia ; the one African species is the Congo peafowl, native only to the Congo Basin. Male peafowl are known for their piercing calls and their extravagant plumage. The latter is especially prominent in the Asiatic species, which have an eye - spotted `` tail '' or `` train '' of covert feathers, which they display as part of a courtship ritual. The term peacock is properly reserved for the male ; the female is known as a peahen, and the immature offspring are sometimes called peachicks. The functions of the elaborate iridescent coloration and large `` train '' of peacocks have been the subject of extensive scientific debate. Charles Darwin suggested they served to attract females, and the showy features of the males had evolved by sexual selection. More recently, Amotz Zahavi proposed in his handicap theory that these features acted as honest signals of the males ' fitness, since less - fit males would be disadvantaged by the difficulty of surviving with such large and conspicuous structures. Contents 1 Plumage 1.1 Iridescence 1.2 Evolution and sexual selection 1.2. 1 Female choice 1.2. 2 Food courtship theory 1.2. 3 Natural selection 1.2. 4 Plumage colours as attractants 1.2. 5 Redundant signal hypothesis 1.2. 6 Vocalization 2 Behaviour 3 Diet 4 Cultural significance 4.1 Indian peafowl 5 Depictions in culture 6 Gastronomy 7 References 8 External links Plumage ( edit ) Head A leucistic Indian peacock Play media Video analysis of the mechanisms behind the display The Royal beauty of the jungle The Indian peacock has iridescent blue and green plumage, mostly metallic blue and green, but the green peacock has green and bronze body feathers. In both species, females are as big as males, but lack the train and the head ornament. The peacock `` tail '', known as a `` train '', consists not of tail quill feathers, but highly elongated upper tail coverts. These feathers are marked with eyespots, best seen when a peacock fans his tail. Both sexes of all species have a crest atop the head. The Indian peahen has a mixture of dull grey, brown, and green in her plumage. The female also displays her plumage to ward off female competition or signal danger to her young. The green peafowl differs from the Indian peafowl in that the male has green and gold plumage and black wings with a sheen of blue. Unlike the Indian peafowl, the green peahen is similar to the male, only having shorter upper tail coverts, a more coppery neck, and overall less iridescence. The Congo peacock male does not display his covert feathers, but uses his actual tail feathers during courtship displays. These feathers are much shorter than those of the Indian and green species, and the ocelli are much less pronounced. Females of the Indian and African species are dull grey and / or brown. Chicks of both sexes in all the species are cryptically colored. They vary between yellow and tawny, usually with patches of darker brown or light tan and `` dirty white '' ivory. Occasionally, peafowl appear with white plumage. Although albino peafowl do exist, this is quite rare, and almost all white peafowl are not, in fact, albinos ; they have a different condition called leucism, which causes an overall reduction in different types of pigment. This can result in the complete lack of coloration of their plumage, while preserving normal eye color. By contrast, true albino peafowl have a complete lack of melanin, resulting in the albino 's characteristic red or pink eyes. Leucistic peachicks are born yellow and become fully white as they mature. Iridescence ( edit ) Further information : Iridescence and Structural coloration As with many birds, vibrant iridescent plumage colors are not primarily pigments, but structural coloration. Optical interference Bragg reflections, based on regular, periodic nanostructures of the barbules ( fiber - like components ) of the feathers, produce the peacock 's colors. Slight changes to the spacing of these barbules result in different colors. Brown feathers are a mixture of red and blue : one colour is created by the periodic structure and the other is created by a Fabry -- Pérot interference peak from reflections from the outer and inner boundaries. Such structural coloration causes the iridescence of the peacock 's hues. Interference effects depend on light angle rather than actual pigments. Evolution and sexual selection ( edit ) Charles Darwin suggested in On the Origin of Species that the peafowl 's plumage had evolved through sexual selection. He expanded upon this in his second book, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. The sexual struggle is of two kinds ; in the one it is between individuals of the same sex, generally the males, in order to drive away or kill their rivals, the females remaining passive ; whilst in the other, the struggle is likewise between the individuals of the same sex, in order to excite or charm those of the opposite sex, generally the females, which no longer remain passive, but select the more agreeable partners. Sexual selection is the ability of male and female organisms to exert selective forces on each other with regard to mating activity. The strongest driver of sexual selection is gamete size. In general, eggs are bigger than sperm, and females produce fewer gametes than males. This leads to eggs being a bigger investment, so to females being choosy about the traits that will be passed on to her offspring by males. The peahen 's reproductive success and the likelihood of survival of her chicks is partly dependent on the genotype of the mate. Females generally have more to lose when mating with an inferior male due to her gametes being more costly than the male 's. Female choice ( edit ) Peacock ( seen from behind ) displaying to attract peahen in foreground Multiple hypotheses attempt to explain the evolution of female choice. Some of these suggest direct benefits to females, such as protection, shelter, or nuptial gifts that sway the female 's choice of mate. Another hypothesis is that females choose mates with good genes. Males with more exaggerated secondary sexual characteristics, such as bigger, brighter peacock trains, tend to have better genes in the peahen 's eyes. These better genes directly benefit her offspring, as well as her fitness and reproductive success. Runaway selection also seeks to clarify the evolution of the peacock 's train. In runaway sexual selection, linked genes in males and females code for sexually dimorphic traits in males, and preference for those traits in females. The close spatial association of alleles for loci involved in the train in males, and for preference for more exuberant trains in females, on the chromosome ( linkage disequilibrium ) causes a positive feedback loop that exaggerates both the male traits and the female preferences. Another hypothesis is sensory bias, in which females have a preference for a trait in a nonmating context that becomes transferred to mating. Multiple causality for the evolution of female choice is also possible. Work concerning female behaviour in many species of animals has sought to confirm Darwin 's basic idea of female preference for males with certain characteristics as a major force in the evolution of species. Females have often been shown to distinguish small differences between potential mates, and to prefer mating with individuals bearing the most exaggerated characters. In some cases, those males have been shown to be more healthy and vigorous, suggesting that the ornaments serve as markers indicating the males ' abilities to survive, and thus their genetic qualities. The peacock 's train and iridescent plumage are perhaps the best - known example of traits believed to have arisen through sexual selection, though with some controversy. Male peafowl erect their trains to form a shimmering fan in their display to females. Marion Petrie tested whether or not these displays signalled a male 's genetic quality by studying a feral population of peafowl in Whipsnade Wildlife Park in southern England. The number of eyespots in the train predicted a male 's mating success. She was able to manipulate this success by cutting the eyespots off some of the males ' tails : females lost interest in pruned males and became attracted to untrimmed ones. Males with fewer eyespots, thus with lower mating success, suffered from greater predation. She allowed females to mate with males with differing numbers of eyespots, and reared the offspring in a communal incubator to control for differences in maternal care. Chicks fathered by more ornamented males weighed more than those fathered by less ornamented males, an attribute generally associated with better survival rate in birds. These chicks were released into the park and recaptured one year later. Those with heavily ornamented feathers were better able to avoid predators and survive in natural conditions. Thus, Petrie 's work has shown correlations between tail ornamentation, mating success, and increased survival ability in both the ornamented males and their offspring. A peacock in flight : Zahavi argued that the long train would be a handicap Furthermore, peafowl and their sexual characteristics have been used in the discussion of the causes for sexual traits. Amotz Zahavi used the excessive tail plumes of male peafowls as evidence for his `` Handicap Principle ''. Since these trains are likely to be deleterious to the survival of an individual ( as the brilliant plumes are visible to predators and the longer plumes make escape from danger more difficult ), Zahavi argued that only the fittest males could survive the handicap of a large train. Thus, a brilliant train serves as an honest indicator for females that these highly ornamented males are good at surviving for other reasons, so are preferable mates. This theory may be contrasted with Ronald Fisher 's theory ( and Darwin 's hypothesis ) that male sexual traits are the result of initially arbitrary aesthetic selection by females. In contrast to Petrie 's findings, a seven - year Japanese study of free - ranging peafowl concluded that female peafowl do not select mates solely on the basis of their trains. Mariko Takahashi found no evidence that peahens preferred peacocks with more elaborate trains ( such as with more eyespots ), a more symmetrical arrangement, or a greater length. Takahashi determined that the peacock 's train was not the universal target of female mate choice, showed little variance across male populations, and did not correlate with male physiological condition. Adeline Loyau and her colleagues responded that alternative and possibly central explanations for these results had been overlooked. They concluded that female choice might indeed vary in different ecological conditions. Food courtship theory ( edit ) Merle Jacobs ' food - courtship theory states that peahens are attracted to peacocks for the resemblance of their eye spots to blue berries. Natural selection ( edit ) It has been suggested that a peacock 's train, loud call, and fearless behaviour have been formed by natural selection ( not sexual selection ), and served as an aposematic display to intimidate predators and rivals. Plumage colours as attractants ( edit ) Eyespot on a peacock 's train feather A peacock 's copulation success rate depends on the colours of his eyespots ( ocelli ) and the angle at which they are displayed. The angle at which the ocelli are displayed during courtship is more important in a peahen 's choice of males than train size or number of ocelli. Peahens pay careful attention to the different parts of a peacock 's train during his display. The lower train is usually evaluated during close - up courtship, while the upper train is more of a long - distance attraction signal. Actions such as train rattling and wing shaking also kept the peahens ' attention. Redundant signal hypothesis ( edit ) Although an intricate display catches a peahen 's attention, the redundant signal hypothesis also plays a crucial role in keeping this attention on the peacock 's display. The redundant signal hypothesis explains that whilst each signal that a male projects is about the same quality, the addition of multiple signals enhances the reliability of that mate. This idea also suggests that the success of multiple signalling is not only due to the repetitiveness of the signal, but also of multiple receivers of the signal. In the peacock species, males congregate a communal display during breeding season and the peahens observe. Peacocks first defend their territory through intra-sexual behaviour, defending their areas from intruders. They fight for areas within the congregation to display a strong front for the peahens. Central positions are usually taken by older, dominant males, which influences mating success. Certain morphological and behavioural traits come in to play during inter and intra-sexual selection, which include train length for territory acquisition and visual and vocal displays involved in mate choice by peahens. Vocalization ( edit ) Pavo cristatus vocalization Problems playing this file? See media help. In courtship, vocalisation stands to be a primary way for peacocks to attract peahens. Some studies suggest that the intricacy of the `` song '' produced by displaying peacocks proved to be impressive to peafowl. Singing in peacocks usually occurs just before, just after, or sometimes during copulation. Behaviour ( edit ) A green peafowl ( Pavo muticus ) Peacock sitting. Peafowl are forest birds that nest on the ground, but roost in trees. They are terrestrial feeders. All species of peafowl are believed to be polygamous. In common with other members of the Galliformes, the males possess metatarsal spurs or `` thorns '' on their legs used during intraspecific territorial fights with other members of their kind. Diet ( edit ) Peafowl are omnivores and eat mostly plant parts, flower petals, seed heads, insects and other arthropods, reptiles, and amphibians. Wild peafowl look for their food scratching around in leaf litter either early in the morning or at dusk. They retreat to the shade and security of the woods for the hottest portion of the day. These birds are not picky and will eat almost anything they can fit in their beak and digest. They actively hunt insects like ants, crickets and termites ; millipedes ; and other arthropods and small mammals. Indian peafowl also eat small snakes. Domesticated peafowl may also eat bread and cracked grain such as oats and corn, cheese, cooked rice and sometimes cat food. It has been noticed by keepers that peafowl enjoy protein rich food including larvae that infest granaries, different kinds of meat and fruit, as well as vegetables including dark leafy greens, broccoli, carrots, beans, beets, and peas. Cultural significance ( edit ) A peacock in a flask, `` representing the stage in the alchemical process when the substance breaks out into many colours '', from the Splendor Solis ( 1582 ) Indian peafowl ( edit ) The peafowl is native to India, while also displaying significance in its culture. In Hinduism, the Indian peacock is the mount of the God of war, Lord Kartikeya. During a war with Asuras, Karthikeya split the demon king Surapadman in half. Out of respect for his adversary 's prowess in battle, the God converted the two halves as an integral part of himself. One half became a peacock serving as his mount, and another a rooster adorning his flag. The peacock displays the divine shape of Omkara when it spreads its magnificent plumes into a full - blown circular form. Peacock feathers also adorn the crest of Lord Krishna, an avatar of Lord Vishnu, one of the trimurti. Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Mauryan Empire, was born an orphan and raised by a family farming peacocks. When establishing his empire with the aid of Chanakya, Chandragupta ascribed its name as Maurya ( मौर्य ), translating to peacocks. After conquering the Nanda Empire and defeating the Seleucid Empire, Chandragupta established the uncontested power of its time. It 's royal emblem remained the peacock until Emperor Ashoka changed it to Lions, as seen in the Lion Capital of Ashoka, as well in his edicts. The peacocks significance of elegance and royalty pertained in India during medieval times, as it was the Mughal seat of power called the Peacock Throne. The peacock is represented in both the Burmese and Sinhalese zodiacs. To the Sinhalese people, the peacock is the third animal of the zodiac of Sri Lanka. Peacocks ( often a symbol of pride and vanity ) were believed to deliberately consume poisonous substances in order to become immune to them, as well as to make the colours of their resplendent plumage all the more vibrant - seeing as so many poisonous flora and fauna are so colorful due to aposematism, this idea appears to have merit. The Buddhist deity Mahamayuri is depicted seated on a peacock. Peacocks are seen supporting the throne of Amitabha, the ruby red sunset coloured archetypal Buddha of Infinite Light. In Persia and Babylonia, the peacock is seen as a guardian to royalty and is often engraved upon royal thrones. Nonetheless, using the peacock as the symbol of royalty has an old and distinguished pedigree in India too. Melek Taus ( Arabic : طاووس ملك ‎ ; Persian : ملک طاووس ‎ ; Kurdish : Tawûsê Melek ‎ ), the `` Peacock Angel '', is the Yazidi name for the central figure of their faith. The Yazidi consider Tawûsê Melek an emanation of God and a benevolent angel who has redeemed himself from his fall and has become a demiurge who created the cosmos from the cosmic egg. After he repented, he wept for 7,000 years, his tears filling seven jars, which then quenched the fires of hell. In art and sculpture, Tawûsê Melek is depicted as a peacock. Ancient Greeks believed that the flesh of peafowl did not decay after death, so it became a symbol of immortality. In Hellenistic imagery, the Greek goddess Hera 's chariot was pulled by peacocks, birds not known to Greeks before the conquests of Alexander. Alexander 's tutor, Aristotle, refers to it as `` the Persian bird ''. One myth states that Hera 's servant, the hundred - eyed Argus Panoptes, was instructed to guard the woman - turned - cow, Io. Hera had transformed Io into a cow after learning of Zeus 's interest in her. Zeus had the messenger of the gods, Hermes, kill Argus through eternal sleep and free Io. According to Ovid, to commemorate her faithful watchman, Hera had the hundred eyes of Argus preserved forever, in the peacock 's tail. Stone from Mingachevir Church Complex The symbolism was adopted by early Christianity, thus many early Christian paintings and mosaics show the peacock. The peacock is still used in the Easter season, especially in the east. The ' eyes ' in the peacock 's tail feathers symbolise the all - seeing Christian God and -- in some interpretations -- the Church. A peacock drinking from a vase is used as a symbol of a Christian believer drinking from the waters of eternal life. The peacock can also symbolise the cosmos if one interprets its tail with its many ' eyes ' as the vault of heaven dotted by the sun, moon, and stars. By Christian adoption of old Persian and Babylonian symbolism, in which the peacock was associated with Paradise and the Tree of Life, the bird is again associated with immortality. In Christian iconography, the peacock is often depicted next to the Tree of Life. Among Ashkenazi Jews, the golden peacock is a symbol for joy and creativity, with quills from the bird 's feathers being a metaphor for a writer 's inspiration. The peacock motif was revived in the Renaissance iconography that unified Hera and Juno, and on which European painters focused. In 1956, John J. Graham created an abstraction of an 11 - feathered peacock logo for American broadcaster NBC. This brightly hued peacock was adopted due to the increase in colour programming. NBC 's first colour broadcasts showed only a still frame of the colourful peacock. The emblem made its first on - air appearance on 22 May 1956. India adopted the peacock as its national bird in 1963 and it is part of the National symbols of India. The current peacock logo, which has six feathers, debuted in 1986. A stylised peacock in full display is the logo for the Pakistan Television Corporation. Depictions in culture ( edit ) Lord Kartikeya with his wives on his peacock mount `` Peacock '' by Merab Abramishvili In the 1486 painting Annunciation with St. Emidius by Carlo Crivelli, a peacock is sitting on the roof above the praying Virgin Mary. A peacock served in full plumage ( detail of the Allegory of Taste, Hearing and Touch by Jan Brueghel the Elder, 1618 ) Painting by Abbott Thayer and Richard Meryman for Thayer 's 1909 book, wrongly suggesting that the peacock 's plumage was camouflage Common Pea Fowl, John Gould, c. 1880 Brooklyn Museum Syrian Bowl with Peacock Motif, c. 1200 Brooklyn Museum Gastronomy ( edit ) During the Medieval period, various types of fowl were consumed as food, with the poorer populations ( such as serfs ) consuming more common birds, such as chicken. However, the more wealthy gentry were privileged to less usual foods, such as swan, and even peafowl were consumed. On a king 's table, a peacock would be for ostentatious display as much as for culinary consumption. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Peacock ( bird ) ''. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Jump up ^ `` Peacock - Facts and Habitat ''. britannica.com. Jump up ^ Blau, S.K. ( January 2004 ). `` Light as a Feather : Structural Elements Give Peacock Plumes Their Color ''. Physics Today. 57 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 20. doi : 10.1063 / 1.1650059. Archived from the original on 22 June 2006. Jump up ^ Darwin, Charles. ( 1871 ), The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex John Murray, London. Jump up ^ Jacobs, M. March 10, 1999. A New Look at Darwinian Sexual Selection. Natural Science. ( 9 / 14 / 2014 ) ; http://naturalscience.com/ns/articles/01-11/ns_mej.html Jump up ^ Manning, JT. December 19, 2002. Age - advertisement and the evolution of the peacock 's train. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. ( 9 / 14 / 14 ) ; 2 ( 5 ), 379 - 384. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1989.2050379.x/pdf. Jump up ^ Manning, J.T. `` Age - advertisement and the evolution of the peacock 's train ''. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 2 ( 5 ) : 379 -- 384. doi : 10.1046 / j. 1420 - 9101.1989. 2050379. x. Jump up ^ Caldwell, Roy, and Jennifer Collins. `` When Sexual Selection Runs Away. '' Evolution 101 : Runaway Selection. N.p., n.d. 24 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : Zuk, Marlene. ( 2002 ). Sexual Selections : What we can and ca n't learn about sex from animals. University of California Press ; Berkeley, CA. ISBN 0520240758 Jump up ^ Davies N, Krebs J, and West S. ( 2012 ). An Introduction to Behavioral Ecology, 4th Ed. Wiley - Blackwell ; Oxford. Jump up ^ Male Peacock 's Feather Fails to Impress Females : Study. The Indian News. 27 March 2008. Jump up ^ Petrie, Marion ; Halliday, T. ; Sanders, C. ( 1991 ). `` Peahens prefer peacocks with elaborate trains ''. Animal Behaviour. 41 ( 2 ) : 323 -- 331. doi : 10.1016 / S0003 - 3472 ( 05 ) 80484 - 1. Jump up ^ Petrie, M. ( 1992 ). `` Peacocks with low mating success are more likely to suffer predation ''. Animal Behaviour. 44 : 585 -- 586. doi : 10.1016 / 0003 - 3472 ( 92 ) 90072 - H. Jump up ^ Zahavi, Amotz ( 1975 ). `` Mate selection -- A selection for a handicap '' ( PDF ). Journal of Theoretical Biology. 53 ( 1 ) : 205 -- 214. doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 5193 ( 75 ) 90111 - 3. PMID 1195756. Jump up ^ Loyau, A. ; Saint Jalme, M. ; Cagniant, C. ( 3 May 2005 ). `` Multiple sexual advertisements honestly reflect health status in peacocks ( Pavo cristatus ) ''. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 58 ( 6 ) : 552 -- 557. doi : 10.1007 / s00265 - 005 - 0958 - y. Jump up ^ Takahashi, Mariko ; Arita, Hiroyuki ; Hiraiwa - Hasegawa, Mariko ; Hasegawa, Toshikazu ( 2008 ). `` Peahens do not prefer peacocks with more elaborate trains ''. Animal Behaviour. 75 ( 4 ) : 1209 -- 1219. doi : 10.1016 / j. anbehav. 2007.10. 004. Jump up ^ `` Do peahens not prefer peacocks with more elaborate trains? '' ( PDF ). Anim. Behav. 76 : e5 -- e9. 2008. doi : 10.1016 / j. anbehav. 2008.07. 021. Jump up ^ Jacobs, M. ( 10 March 1999 ). A New Look at Darwinian Sexual Selection. Natural Science. Jump up ^ Jordania, Joseph ( 2011 ) `` Peacock 's Tail : Tale of Beauty and Intimidation ''. pp. 192 -- 196 in Why do People Sing? Music in Human Evolution Logos. Jump up ^ Dakin, Roslyn ; Robert Montgomerie ( 2013 ). `` Eye for an Eyespot : How Iridescent Plumage Ocelli Influence Peacock Mating Success ''. Ebscohost. the Original Journal of the ISBE. Jump up ^ Yorzinski, Jessica L. ; Patricell, Gail L. ; Babcock, Jason S. ; Pearson, John M. ; Platt, Michael L. ( 2 April 2013 ). `` Through Their Eyes : Selective Attention in Peahens During Courtship ''. The Journal of Experimental Biology. Jump up ^ Loyau, Adeline ; Michel S. Jalme ; Gabriele Sorci ( 2005 ). `` Intra - and Intersexual Selection for Multiple Traits in the Peacock ( Pavo Cristatus ) ''. Ebscohost. Blackwell Verlag. Jump up ^ Yorzinski, Jessica L. ; K.R. Annop ( 5 November 2012 ). `` Peacock Copulation Calls Attract Distant Females ''. Ebscohost. Brill. Jump up ^ `` Peacock ''. National Geographic. March 6, 2015 http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/peacock/ Jump up ^ Johnsingh, AJT ( 1976 ). `` Peacocks and cobra ''. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 73 ( 1 ) : 214. Jump up ^ Amistadt, Axi. `` What is a peacock 's diet? ''. Demand Media. ( February 2014 ) http://animals.pawnation.com/peacocks-diet-10104.html Jump up ^ `` Splendor solis ''. Wellcome Library no. 38825i. Wellcome Trust. Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31. Jump up ^ Clothey, Fred W. Many Faces of Murakan : The History and Meaning of a South Indian God. Walter De Gruyter Inc., 1978. ISBN 978 - 9027976321. Jump up ^ Ayyar, SRS. `` Muruga -- The Ever - Merciful Lord ''. Murugan Bhakti : The Skanda Kumāra site. Retrieved 31 March 2014. Jump up ^ Upham, Edward ( 20 June 2018 ). `` The history and doctrine of Budhism, popularly illustrated ''. Ackermann -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ `` What is the Peacock Angel? ''. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ Ovid I, 625. The peacock is an Eastern bird, unknown to Greeks before the time of Alexander. Jump up ^ `` Birds, symbolic ''. Peter and Linda Murray, Oxford Dictionary of Christian Art ( 2004 ). Jump up ^ `` Singhania University ''. Jewish Folk Songs. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 14. Jump up ^ `` The Golden Peacock ''. Jewish Folk Songs. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 14. Jump up ^ Seznec, Jean ( 1953 ) The Survival of the Pagan Gods : Mythological Tradition in Renaissance Humanism and Art Jump up ^ Brown, Les ( 1977 ). The New York Times Encyclopedia of Television. Times Books. p. 328. ISBN 0 - 8129 - 0721 - 3. Jump up ^ `` Indian Peacock : A Symbol of Grace, Joy, Beauty and Love ''. Jump up ^ `` Fowl Recipes ''. Medieval-Recipes.com. 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2012. Wikiquote has quotations related to : Peafowl Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Pavo cristatus ( category ) Wikispecies has information related to Pavo External links ( edit ) Look up peafowl in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Peafowl Varieties Database Etymology of the word `` peacock '' Peafowl videos, photos, and sounds on the Internet Bird Collection. `` Behavioural Ecologists Elucidated How Peahens Choose Their Mates, And Why '', an article at Science Daily. Birds ( class : Aves ) Anatomy Bird anatomy Flight Eggs Feathers Plumage Beak Vision Dactyly Preen gland Behaviour Singing Intelligence Migration Sexual selection Lek mating Seabird breeding Incubation Brood parasites Nesting Hybrids Evolution Origin of birds Origin of flight Evolution of birds Darwin 's finches Seabirds Fossil birds Archaeopteryx Omnivoropterygiformes Confuciusornithiformes Enantiornithes Chaoyangiiformes Patagopterygiformes Ambiortiformes Songlingornithiformes Gansuiformes Ichthyornithiformes Hesperornithes Lithornithiformes Dinornithiformes Aepyornithiformes Gastornithiformes Human interaction Ringing Ornithology Bird collections Birdwatching Bird feeding Conservation Aviculture Waterfowl hunting Cockfighting Pigeon racing Falconry Pheasantry Egg collecting Ornithomancy Lists Families and orders Genera Glossary of bird terms List by population Lists by region Recently extinct birds Late Quaternary prehistoric birds Notable birds Individuals Fictional Neornithes Palaeognathae Struthioniformes ( ostriches ) Rheiformes ( rheas ) Tinamiformes ( tinamous ) Apterygiformes ( kiwis ) Casuariiformes ( emus and cassowaries ) Neognathae Galloanserae ( fowls ) Anseriformes ( waterfowls ) Anatidae ( ducks ) Anatinae Aythyini Mergini Oxyurini Anserinae swans true geese Dendrocygninae Stictonettinae Tadorninae Anhimidae Anhima Chauna Anseranatidae Anatalavis Anseranas Galliformes ( landfowls - gamebirds ) Cracidae Cracinae Oreophasinae Penelopinae Megapodidae Aepypodius Alectura Eulipoa Leipoa Macrocephalon Megapodius Talegalla Numididae Acryllium Agelastes Guttera Numida Odontophoridae Callipepla Colinus Cyrtonyx Dactylortyx Dendrortyx Odontophorus Oreortyx Philortyx Rhynchortyx Phasianidae Meleagridinae Perdicinae Phasianinae ( pheasants and relatives ) Tetraoninae Neoaves Columbea Columbimorphae Columbiformes ( doves and pigeons ) Mesitornithiformes ( mesites ) Pteroclidiformes ( sandgrouses ) Mirandornithes Phoenicopteriformes ( flamingos ) Podicipediformes ( grebes ) Passerea Otidimorphae Cuculiformes ( cuckoos ) Musophagiformes ( turacos ) Otidiformes ( bustards ) Strisores Caprimulgiformes ( nightjars and relatives ) Steatornithiformes Podargiformes Apodiformes ( swifts and hummingbirds ) Opisthocomiformes Opisthocomiformes ( hoatzin ) Cursorimorphae Charadriiformes ( gulls and relatives ) Gruiformes ( cranes and relatives ) Phaethontimorphae Phaethontiformes ( tropicbirds ) Eurypygiformes ( kagu and sunbittern ) Aequornithes Gaviiformes ( loons or divers ) Sphenisciformes ( penguins ) Procellariiformes ( albatrosses and petrels ) Ciconiiformes ( storks ) Suliformes ( cormorants and relatives ) Pelecaniformes ( pelicans and relatives ) Australaves Cariamiformes ( seriemas and relatives ) Falconiformes ( falcons and relatives ) Psittaciformes ( parrots ) Passeriformes ( perching birds ) Afroaves Cathartiformes ( New World vultures and condors ) Accipitriformes ( eagles and hawks ) Strigiformes ( owls ) Coliiformes ( mousebirds ) Trogoniformes ( trogons and quetzals ) Leptosomatiformes ( cuckoo roller ) Bucerotiformes ( hornbills and hoopoes ) Coraciiformes ( kingfishers and rollers ) Piciformes ( woodpeckers and relatives ) Portal Outline Phasianidae Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Galliformes Phasianinae Pheasants Afropavo Congo peacock ( A. congensis ) Argusianus Great argus ( A. argus ) Double - banded argus ( A. bipunctatus ) Catreus Cheer pheasant ( Catreus wallichi ) Chrysolophus Lady Amherst 's pheasant ( C. amherstiae ) Golden pheasant ( C. pictus ) Crossoptilon Blue eared pheasant ( C. auritum ) White - eared pheasant ( C. crossoptilon ) Tibetan eared pheasant ( C. harmani ) Brown eared pheasant ( C. mantchuricum ) Ithaginis Blood pheasant ( I. cruentus ) Lophophorus Himalayan monal ( L. impejanus ) Chinese monal ( L. lhuysii ) Sclater 's monal ( L. sclateri ) Lophura Bulwer 's pheasant ( L. bulweri ) Siamese fireback ( L. diardi ) Edward 's pheasant ( L. edwardsi ) Crestless fireback ( L. erythrophthalma ) Vietnamese pheasant ( L. hatinhensis ) Hoogerwerf 's pheasant ( L. hoogerwerfi ) Crested fireback ( L. ignita ) Imperial pheasant ( L. imperialis ) Salvadori 's pheasant ( L. inornata ) Kalij pheasant ( L. leucomelanos ) Silver pheasant ( L. nycthemera ) Swinhoe 's pheasant ( L. swinhoii ) Phasianus Common pheasant ( P. colchicus ) Green pheasant ( P. versicolor ) Polyplectron Grey peacock - pheasant ( P. bicalcaratum ) Bronze - tailed peacock - pheasant ( P. chalcurum ) Palawan peacock - pheasant ( P. emphanum ) Germain 's peacock - pheasant ( P. germaini ) Mountain peacock - pheasant ( P. inopinatum ) Hainan peacock - pheasant ( P. katsumatae ) Malayan peacock - pheasant ( P. malacense ) Bornean peacock - pheasant ( P. schleiermacheri ) Pucrasia Koklass pheasant ( P. macrolopha ) Rheinartia Crested argus ( R. ocellata ) Syrmaticus Elliot 's pheasant ( S. ellioti ) Mrs. Hume 's pheasant ( S. humiae ) Mikado pheasant ( S. mikado ) Copper pheasant ( S. soemmerringi ) Reeve 's pheasant ( S. reevesi ) Tragopans Blyth 's tragopan ( T. blythii ) Cabot 's tragopan ( T. caboti ) Western tragopan ( T. melanocephalus ) Satyr tragopan ( T. satyra ) Temminck 's tragopan ( T. temminckii ) Gallus Red junglefowl ( G. gallus ) Sri Lanka junglefowl ( G. lafayetii ) Grey junglefowl ( G. sonneratii ) Green junglefowl ( G. varius ) Pavo Indian peafowl ( P. cristatus ) Green peafowl ( P. muticus ) Meleagridinae Meleagris Wild turkey Ocellated turkey Meleagris californica Grouse ( Tetraoninae ) Falcipennis Siberian grouse Spruce grouse Dendragapus Dusky grouse Sooty grouse Lagopus Willow ptarmigan Red grouse Rock ptarmigan White - tailed ptarmigan Falcipennis Black grouse Caucasian grouse Western capercaillie Cantabrian capercaillie Black - billed capercaillie Tetrastes Hazel grouse Chinese grouse Bonasa Ruffed grouse Centrocercus Sage grouse Gunnison grouse Tympanuchus Sharp - tailed grouse Columbian sharp - tailed grouse Greater prairie chicken Heath Hen ( extinct ) Attwater 's prairie chicken Lesser prairie chicken Perdicinae Partridges Ptilopachus Lerwa Tetraophasis Alectoris Ammoperdix Perdix Rhizothera Margaroperdix Melanoperdix Xenoperdix Arborophila Caloperdix Haematortyx Rollulus Bambusicola Old World quail Coturnix Anurophasis Perdicula Ophrysia Francolins Francolinus Peliperdix Dendroperdix Scleroptila Pternistis 100 living species in 32 genera Human uses of birds Activities Aviculture Birdwatching Bird conservation Fletching In sport Cockfighting Falconry Pigeon racing Vinkensport In science Model organism Ornithology In mythology and religion Augury Sacred ibis Sky burial In heraldry Crow / Raven Eagle Martlet Turul In hunting Cormorant fishing Driven grouse shooting Plume hunting Wildfowling Products Chicken Down Egg Feather Guano Poultry In the arts In art Bird - and - flower painting Feather tights In poetry The Conference of the Birds Ode to a Nightingale To a Skylark Crow In prose A History of British Birds The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck The Ugly Duckling In theatre and ballet The Birds Swan Lake The Firebird In film The Birds Kes Animated films Chicken films Horror films In music In fashion Aigrette Feather boa Feather cloak In dance Cendrawasih Species Chicken Cormorant Crow Cuckoo Golden eagle Goldfinch Kingfisher Parrot Partridge Peacock Penguin Pheasant Pigeon / Dove Raven of the Tower of London Sparrow Swallow People Illustrators John James Audubon ( The Birds of America ) Thomas Bewick John Gould Lars Jonsson John Gerrard Keulemans Edward Lear Richard Lewington Roger Tory Peterson Henry Constantine Richter Joseph Smit Archibald Thorburn Joseph Wolf Conservationists Niels Krabbe Peter Scott Organisations BirdLife International Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust Related Category : Birds and humans Dinosaurs in culture Human uses of living things Zoomusicology Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&oldid=862940459 '' Categories : Birds of Asia Peafowl Pheasants Extant Piacenzian first appearances National symbols of India Birds by common name Hidden categories : Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from October 2014 Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Persian - language text Articles containing Kurdish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons भोजपुरी བོད ་ ཡིག Brezhoneg Cymraeg فارسی Français Gaeilge ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ Kiswahili Latviešu Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Basa Sunda Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe اردو Vahcuengh ייִדיש 粵語 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018, at 18 : 15 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Peafowl", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Peafowl&amp;oldid=862940459" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "9688279434688447506" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "American Revolutionary war - wikipedia American Revolutionary war Jump to : navigation, search This article is about military actions only. For political and social developments, including the origins and aftermath of the war, see American Revolution. American Revolutionary War Clockwise : Surrender of Lord Cornwallis after the Siege of Yorktown, Battle of Trenton, The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill, Battle of Long Island, Battle of Guilford Court House Date April 19, 1775 -- September 3, 1783 ( 8 years, 4 months and 15 days ) Ratification effective : May 12, 1784 ( 9 years and 23 days ) Location Eastern North America, Caribbean Sea, Indian subcontinent, Africa, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Indian Ocean Result Allied victory : Peace of Paris British recognition of American independence End of the First British Empire British retention of Canada and Gibraltar Territorial changes Great Britain cedes to the United States the area east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Great Britain cedes East Florida, West Florida, and Menorca to Spain Great Britain cedes Tobago and Senegal to France Dutch Republic cedes Negapatnam to Great Britain Belligerents Thirteen Colonies ( before 1776 ) United States ( after 1776 ) Vermont Republic French Empire Spanish Empire Co-belligerents : Dutch Republic Mysore American Indians : ( show ) Oneida Tuscarora Catawba Lenape Chickasaw Choctaw Mahican Mi'kmaq Abenaki Cheraw Seminole Pee Dee Lumbee Watauga Association British Empire Hanover German mercenaries : Hesse - Kassel Hesse - Hanau Waldeck Brunswick Ansbach Anhalt - Zerbst American Indians : ( show ) Onondaga Mohawk Cayuga Seneca Mi'kmaq Cherokee Odawa Muscogee Susquehannock Shawnee Commanders and leaders George Washington Thomas Chittenden Louis XVI Charles III William V Hyder Ali † Tipu Sultan full list... George III Lord North Lord George Germain full list... Strength United States : Army & Militia : 40,000 ( average ) 200,000 ( total served ) Navy : 5,000 sailors ( peak 1779 ) 53 frigates and sloops ( total served ) State Navies : 106 ships ( total served ) Privateers : 55,000 sailors ( total served ) 1,697 ships Allies : Army : 63,000 French and Spanish ( Gibraltar ) Navy : 146 ships - of - the - line ( 1782 ) American Indian Allies : Unknown Great Britain : Army : 48,000 ( America peak ) 121,000 ( global 1781 ) 7,500 ( Gibraltar ) Navy : 94 ships - of - the - line ( 1782 ) 104 frigates ( 1781 ) 37 sloops ( 1781 ) 171,000 sailors Loyalists : 25,000 ( total served ) Hanoverians : 2,365 ( total served ) German mercenaries : 29,875 ( total served ) American Indian Allies : 13,000 Casualties and losses United States : 25,000 -- 70,000 total dead 6,800 killed in battle 17,000 died of disease France : at least 7,000 dead ( 2,112 in the United States ) Spain : 5,000 killed Netherlands : 500 killed Total : 37,000 -- 82,500 + soldiers dead Great Britain : Army : 43,633 total dead ~ 9,372 killed in battle 27,000 died of disease Navy : 1,243 killed in battle 18,500 died of disease ( 1776 -- 1780 ) 42,000 deserted Germans : 7,774 total dead 1,800 killed in battle 4,888 deserted Loyalists : 7,000 total dead 1,700 killed in battle 5,300 died of disease ( estimated ) Total : 78,200 + soldiers dead American Revolutionary War Campaigns and theaters Boston Quebec New York and New Jersey Saratoga Philadelphia Western Northern Northern ( after Saratoga ) Southern Yorktown Caribbean Gulf Coast Gold Coast Naval The American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 1783 ), also known as the American War of Independence, was a global war that began as a conflict between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies which declared independence as the United States of America. After 1765, growing philosophical and political differences strained the relationship between Great Britain and its colonies. Patriot protests against taxation without representation followed the Stamp Act and escalated into boycotts, which culminated in 1773 with the Sons of Liberty destroying a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor. Britain responded by closing Boston Harbor and passing a series of punitive measures against Massachusetts Bay Colony. Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, and they established a shadow government which wrested control of the countryside from the Crown. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, establishing committees and conventions that effectively seized power. British attempts to disarm the Massachusetts militia at Concord in April 1775 led to open combat. Militia forces then besieged Boston, forcing a British evacuation in March 1776, and Congress appointed George Washington to command the Continental Army. Concurrently, an American attempt to invade Quebec and raise rebellion against the British failed decisively. On July 2, 1776, the Continental Congress voted for independence, issuing its declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe launched a British counter-offensive, capturing New York City and leaving American morale at a low ebb. However, victories at Trenton and Princeton restored American confidence. In 1777, the British launched an invasion from Quebec under John Burgoyne, intending to isolate the New England Colonies. Instead of assisting this effort, Howe took his army on a separate campaign against Philadelphia, and Burgoyne was decisively defeated at Saratoga in October 1777. Burgoyne 's defeat had drastic consequences ; France formally allied with the Americans and entered the war in 1778, and Spain joined the war the following year as an ally of France but not as an ally of the United States. In 1780, the Kingdom of Mysore attacked the British in India, and tensions between Great Britain and the Netherlands erupted into open war. In North America, the British mounted a `` Southern strategy '' led by Charles Cornwallis which hinged upon a Loyalist uprising, but too few came forward. Cornwallis suffered reversals at King 's Mountain and Cowpens. He retreated to Yorktown, Virginia, intending an evacuation, but a decisive French naval victory deprived him of an escape. A Franco - American army led by the Comte de Rochambeau and Washington then besieged Cornwallis ' army and, with no sign of relief, he surrendered in October 1781. Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tories in Parliament, and the surrender gave them the upper hand. In early 1782, Parliament voted to end all offensive operations in North America, but the war continued in Europe and India. Britain remained under siege in Gibraltar but scored a major victory over the French navy. On September 3, 1783, the belligerent parties signed the Treaty of Paris in which Great Britain agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the United States and formally end the war. French involvement had proven decisive, but France made few gains and incurred crippling debts. Spain made some minor territorial gains but failed in its primary aim of recovering Gibraltar. The Dutch were defeated on all counts and were compelled to cede territory to Great Britain. In India, the war against Mysore and its allies concluded in 1784 without any territorial changes. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Taxation disputes 1.2 Colonial response 2 Course of the war 2.1 War breaks out ( 1775 -- 1776 ) 2.2 Political reactions 2.3 British counter-offensive ( 1776 -- 1777 ) 2.4 British northern strategy fails ( 1777 -- 1778 ) 2.5 Foreign intervention 2.6 International war breaks out ( 1778 -- 1780 ) 2.6. 1 Europe 2.6. 2 Americas 2.6. 3 India 2.7 Stalemate in the North ( 1778 -- 1780 ) 2.8 War in the South ( 1778 -- 1781 ) 2.9 British defeat in America ( 1781 ) 2.10 North Ministry collapses 2.11 Final years of the war ( 1781 -- 1783 ) 2.11. 1 Europe 2.11. 2 Americas 2.11. 3 India 3 Peace of Paris 4 Aftermath 4.1 Casualties and losses 4.1. 1 Americans and allies 4.1. 2 British and allies 4.2 Financial debts 5 Analysis of combatants 5.1 Great Britain 5.1. 1 Armed forces 5.1. 1.1 Recruitment 5.1. 1.1. 1 Loyalists and Hessians 5.1. 1.2 Leadership 5.1. 1.3 Logistics 5.1. 1.4 Discipline 5.1. 2 Strategic deficiencies 5.1. 2.1 William Howe 5.1. 2.2 Clinton and Cornwallis 5.1. 3 Campaign issues 5.2 Patriots 5.3 African Americans 5.4 American Indians 5.5 Race and class 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 Reference literature 11 External links 11.1 Bibliographies Background Main article : American Revolution Taxation disputes Parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765. Colonists condemned the tax because their rights as Englishmen protected them from being taxed by a Parliament in which they had no elected representatives. Parliament argued that the colonies were `` represented virtually '', an idea that was criticized throughout the Empire. Parliament did repeal the act in 1766 ; however, it also affirmed its right to pass laws that were binding on the colonies. From 1767, Parliament began passing legislation to raise revenue for the salaries of civil officials, ensuring their loyalty while inadvertently increasing resentment among the colonists, and opposition soon became widespread. This iconic 1846 lithograph by Nathaniel Currier was entitled `` The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor '' ; the phrase `` Boston Tea Party '' had not yet become standard. Contrary to Currier 's depiction, few of the men dumping the tea were actually disguised as Indians. Enforcing the acts proved difficult. The seizure of the sloop Liberty in 1768 on suspicions of smuggling triggered a riot. In response, British troops occupied Boston, and Parliament threatened to extradite colonists to face trial in England. Tensions rose after the murder of Christopher Seider by a customs official in 1770 and escalated into outrage after British troops fired on civilians in the Boston Massacre. In 1772, colonists in Rhode Island boarded and burned a customs schooner. Parliament then repealed all taxes except the one on tea, passing the Tea Act in 1773, attempting to force colonists to buy East India Company tea on which the Townshend duties were paid, thus implicitly agreeing to Parliamentary supremacy. The landing of the tea was resisted in all colonies, but the governor of Massachusetts permitted British tea ships to remain in Boston Harbor. So, the Sons of Liberty destroyed the tea chests, an incident that later became known as the `` Boston Tea Party ''. Parliament then passed punitive legislation. It closed Boston Harbor until the tea was paid for and revoked the Massachusetts Charter, taking upon themselves the right to directly appoint the Massachusetts Governor 's Council. Additionally, the royal governor was granted powers to undermine local democracy. Further measures allowed the extradition of officials for trial elsewhere in the Empire, if the governor felt that a fair trial could not be secured locally. The act 's vague reimbursement policy for travel expenses left few with the ability to testify, and colonists argued that it would allow officials to harass them with impunity. Further laws allowed the governor to billet troops in private property without permission. The colonists referred to the measures as the `` Intolerable Acts '', and they argued that both their constitutional rights and their natural rights were being violated, viewing the acts as a threat to all of America. The acts were widely opposed, driving neutral parties into support of the Patriots and curtailing Loyalist sentiment. Colonial response The colonists responded by establishing the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, effectively removing Crown control of the colony outside Boston. Meanwhile, representatives from twelve colonies convened the First Continental Congress to respond to the crisis. The Congress narrowly rejected a proposal to create an American parliament to act in concert with the British Parliament ; instead, they passed a compact declaring a trade boycott against Britain. The Congress also affirmed that Parliament had no authority over internal American matters, but they were willing to consent to trade regulations for the benefit of the empire, and they authorized committees and conventions to enforce the boycott. The boycott was effective, as imports from Britain dropped by 97 % in 1775 compared to 1774. Parliament refused to yield. In 1775, it declared Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion and enforced a blockade of the colony. It then passed legislation to limit colonial trade to the British West Indies and the British Isles. Colonial ships were barred from the Newfoundland cod fisheries, a measure which pleased Canadiens but damaged New England 's economy. These increasing tensions led to a mutual scramble for ordnance and pushed the colonies toward open war. Thomas Gage was the British Commander - in - Chief and military governor of Massachusetts, and he received orders on April 14, 1775 to disarm the local militias. Course of the war War breaks out ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Main articles : Battles of Lexington and Concord ; Boston campaign ; Invasion of Quebec ( 1775 ) ; Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War § Early operations, 1775 -- 1778 ; and Battle of Nassau Major Campaigns of the American Revolutionary War On April 18, 1775, 700 troops were sent to confiscate militia ordnance stored at Concord. Fighting broke out, forcing the regulars to conduct a fighting withdrawal to Boston. Overnight, the local militia converged on and laid siege to Boston. On March 25, 4,500 British reinforcements arrived with generals William Howe, John Burgoyne, and Henry Clinton. The British seized the Charlestown peninsula on June 17 after a costly frontal assault, leading Howe to replace Gage. Many senior officers were dismayed at the attack, which had gained them little, while Gage wrote to London stressing the need for a large army to suppress the revolt. On July 3, George Washington took command of the Continental Army besieging Boston. Howe made no effort to attack, much to Washington 's surprise. A plan was rejected to assault the city, and the Americans instead fortified Dorchester Heights in early March 1776 with heavy artillery captured from a raid on Fort Ticonderoga. The British were permitted to withdraw unmolested on March 17, and they sailed to Halifax, Nova Scotia. Washington then moved his army to New York. Starting in August 1775, American Privateers began to raid villages in Nova Scotia, first at Saint John, then Charlottetown and Yarmouth. They continued in 1776 at Canso and then a land assault on Fort Cumberland. The British marching to Concord Meanwhile, British officials in Quebec began lobbying Indian tribes to support them, while the Americans urged them to maintain their neutrality. In April 1775, Congress feared an Anglo - Indian attack from Canada and authorized an invasion of Quebec. Quebec had a largely Francophone population and had been under British rule for only 12 years, and the Americans expected that they would welcome being liberated from the British. The Americans attacked Quebec City on December 31 after an arduous march but were defeated. After a loose siege, the Americans withdrew on May 6. 1776. A failed counter-attack on June 8 ended American operations in Quebec. However, the British could not conduct an aggressive pursuit because of American ships on Lake Champlain. On October 11, the British defeated the American squadron, forcing them to withdraw to Ticonderoga and ending the campaign. The invasion cost the Patriots their support in British public opinion, while aggressive anti-Loyalist policies diluted Canadien support. The Patriots continued to view Quebec as a strategic aim, though no further attempts to invade were ever made. British soldiers and Provincial militiamen repulse the American assault at Sault - au - Matelot, Canada, December 1775 In Virginia, Royal governor Lord Dunmore had attempted to disarm the militia as tensions increased, although no fighting broke out. He issued a proclamation on November 7, 1775 promising freedom for slaves who fled their Patriot masters to fight for the Crown. Dunmore 's troops were overwhelmed by Patriots at Great Bridge, and Dunmore fled to naval ships anchored off Norfolk. Subsequent negotiations broke down, so Dunmore ordered the ships to destroy the town. Fighting broke out on November 19 in South Carolina between Loyalist and Patriot militias, and the Loyalists were subsequently driven out of the colony. Loyalists were recruited in North Carolina to reassert colonial rule in the South, but they were decisively defeated and Loyalist sentiment was subdued. A troop of British regulars set out to reconquer South Carolina and launched an attack on Charleston on June 28, 1776, but it failed and effectively left the South in Patriot control until 1780. The shortage of gunpowder had led Congress to authorize an expedition against the Bahamas colony in the British West Indies in order to secure ordnance there. On March 3, 1776, the Americans landed after a bloodless exchange of fire, and the local militia offered no resistance. They confiscated all the supplies that they could load and sailed away on March 17. The squadron reached New London, Connecticut on April 8, after a brief skirmish with the Royal Navy frigate HMS Glasgow on April 6. Political reactions Main articles : Olive Branch Petition and United States Declaration of Independence After fighting began, Congress launched a final attempt to avert war, which Parliament rejected as insincere. King George then issued a Proclamation of Rebellion on August 23, 1775, which only served to embolden the colonists in their determination to become independent. After a speech by the King, Parliament rejected coercive measures on the colonies by 170 votes. British Tories refused to compromise, while Whigs argued that current policy would drive the colonists towards independence. Despite opposition, the King himself began micromanaging the war effort. The Irish Parliament pledged to send troops to America, and Irish Catholics were allowed to enlist in the army for the first time. Irish Protestants favored the Americans, while Catholics favored the King. The initial hostilities provided a sobering military lesson for the British, causing them to rethink their views on colonial military capability. The weak British response gave the Patriots the advantage, and the British lost control over every colony. The army had been deliberately kept small in England since 1688 to prevent abuses of power by the King. Parliament secured treaties with small German states for additional troops and sent an army of 32,000 men to America after a year, the largest that it had ever sent outside Europe at the time. In the colonies, the success of Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense had boosted public support for independence. On July 2, Congress voted in favor of independence with twelve affirmatives and one abstention, issuing its declaration on July 4. Washington read the declaration to his men and the citizens of New York on July 9, invigorating the crowd to tear down a lead statue of the King and melting it to make bullets. British Tories criticized the signatories for not extending the same standards of equality to slaves. Patriots followed independence with the Test Laws, requiring residents to swear allegiance to the state in which they lived, intending to root out neutrals or opponents to independence. Failure to do so meant possible imprisonment, exile, or even death. American Tories were barred from public office, forbidden from practising medicine and law, forced to pay increased taxes, or even barred from executing wills or becoming guardians to orphans. Congress enabled states to confiscate Loyalist property to fund the war. Some Quakers who remained neutral had their property confiscated. States later prevented Loyalists from collecting any debts that they were owed. British counter-offensive ( 1776 -- 1777 ) Main article : New York and New Jersey campaign American soldiers in combat at the Battle of Long Island, 1776 After regrouping at Halifax, William Howe determined to take the fight to the Americans. He set sail in June 1776 and began landing troops on Staten Island near the entrance to New York Harbor on July 2. Due to poor military intelligence, Washington split his army to positions on Manhattan Island and across the East River in western Long Island, and an informal attempt to negotiate peace was rejected by the Americans. On August 27, Howe outflanked Washington and forced him back to Brooklyn Heights. Howe restrained his subordinates from pursuit, opting to besiege Washington instead. Washington withdrew to Manhattan without any losses in men or ordnance. Following the withdrawal, the Staten Island Peace Conference failed to negotiate peace, as the British delegates did not possess the authority to recognize independence. Howe then seized control of New York City on September 15, and unsuccessfully engaged the Americans the following day. He attempted to encircle Washington, but the Americans successfully withdrew. On October 28, the British fought an indecisive action against Washington, in which Howe declined to attack Washington 's army, instead concentrating his efforts upon a hill that was of no strategic value. British warships forcing passage of the Hudson River Washington 's retreat left his forces isolated, and the British captured an American fortification on November 16, taking 3,000 prisoners and amounting to what one historian terms `` the most disastrous defeat of the entire war ''. Washington 's army fell back four days later. Henry Clinton then captured Newport, Rhode Island, an operation which he opposed, feeling that the 6,000 troops assigned to him could have been better employed in the pursuit of Washington. The American prisoners were then sent to the infamous prison ships in which more American soldiers and sailors died of disease and neglect than died in every battle of the war combined. Charles Cornwallis pursued Washington, but Howe ordered him to halt, and Washington marched away unmolested. The outlook of the American cause was bleak ; the army had dwindled to fewer than 5,000 men and would be reduced further when the enlistments expired at the end of the year. Popular support wavered, morale ebbed away, and Congress abandoned Philadelphia. Loyalist activity surged in the wake of the American defeat, especially in New York. Emanuel Leutze 's famous 1851 depiction of Washington Crossing the Delaware News of the campaign was well received in Britain. Festivities took place in London, public support reached a peak, and the King awarded the Order of the Bath to William Howe. The successes led to predictions that the British could win within a year. The American defeat revealed what one writer views as Washington 's strategic deficiencies, such as dividing a numerically weaker army in the face of a stronger one, his inexperienced staff misreading the situation, and his troops fleeing in disorder when fighting began. In the meantime, the British entered winter quarters and were in a good place to resume campaigning. On December 25, 1776, Washington stealthily crossed the Delaware River, and his army overwhelmed the Hessian garrison at Trenton, New Jersey the following morning, taking 900 prisoners. The decisive victory rescued the army 's flagging morale and gave a new hope to the cause for independence. Cornwallis marched to retake Trenton, but his efforts were repulsed on January 2. Washington outmanoeuvred Cornwallis that night, and defeated his rearguard the following day. The victories proved instrumental in convincing the French and Spanish that the Americans were worthwhile allies, as well as recovering morale in the army. Washington entered winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey on January 6, though a protracted guerrilla conflict continued. While encamped, Howe made no attempt to attack, much to Washington 's amazement. British northern strategy fails ( 1777 -- 1778 ) Main articles : Saratoga campaign and Philadelphia campaign In December 1776, John Burgoyne returned to London to set strategy with Lord George Germain. Burgoyne 's plan was to establish control of the Champlain - George - Hudson route from New York to Quebec, isolating New England. Efforts could then be concentrated on the southern colonies, where it was believed Loyalist support was in abundance. `` The Surrender at Saratoga '' shows General Daniel Morgan in front of a French de Vallière 4 - pounder. Burgoyne 's plan was to lead an army along Lake Champlain, while a strategic diversion advanced along the Mohawk River, and both would rendezvous at Albany. Burgoyne set out on June 14, 1777, quickly capturing Ticonderoga on July 5. Leaving 1,300 men behind as a garrison, Burgoyne continued the advance. Progress was slow ; the Americans blocked roads, destroyed bridges, dammed streams and denuded the area of food. Meanwhile, Barry St. Ledger 's diversionary column laid siege to Fort Stanwix. St. Ledger withdrew to Quebec on August 22 after his Indian support abandoned him. On August 16, a Hessian foraging expedition was soundly defeated at Bennington, and more than 700 troops were captured. Meanwhile, the vast majority of Burgoyne 's Indian support abandoned him and Howe informed Burgoyne he would launch his campaign on Philadelphia as planned, and would be unable to render aid. Burgoyne decided to continue the advance. On September 19, he attempted to flank the American position, and clashed at Freeman 's Farm. The British won, but at the cost of 600 casualties. Burgoyne then dug in, but suffered a constant haemorrhage of deserters, and critical supplies were running low. On October 7, a British reconnaissance in force against the American lines was repulsed with heavy losses. Burgoyne then withdrew with the Americans in pursuit, and by October 13, he was surrounded. With no hope of relief and supplies exhausted, Burgoyne surrendered on October 17, and 6,222 soldiers became prisoners of the Americans. The decisive success spurred France to enter the war as an ally of the United States, securing the final elements needed for victory over Britain, that of foreign assistance. Washington and Lafayette inspect the troops at Valley Forge. Meanwhile, Howe launched his campaign against Washington, though his initial efforts to bring him to battle in June 1777 failed. Howe declined to attack Philadelphia overland via New Jersey, or by sea via the Delaware Bay, even though both options would have enabled him to assist Burgoyne if necessary. Instead, he took his army on a time - consuming route through the Chesapeake Bay, leaving him completely unable to assist Burgoyne. This decision was so difficult to understand, Howe 's critics accused him of treason. Howe outflanked and defeated Washington on September 11, though he failed to follow - up on the victory and destroy his army. A British victory at Willistown left Philadelphia defenceless, and Howe captured the city unopposed on September 26. Howe then moved 9,000 men to Germantown, north of Philadelphia. Washington launched a surprise attack on Howe 's garrison on October 4, which was eventually repulsed. Again, Howe did not follow - up on his victory, leaving the American army intact and able to fight. Later, after several days of probing American defences at White Marsh, Howe inexplicably ordered a retreat to Philadelphia, astonishing both sides. Howe ignored the vulnerable American rear, where an attack could have deprived Washington of his baggage and supplies. On December 19, Washington 's army entered winter quarters at Valley Forge. Poor conditions and supply problems resulted in the deaths of some 2,500 troops. Howe, only 20 miles ( 32 km ) away, made no effort to attack, which critics observed could have ended the war. The Continental Army was put through a new training program, supervised by Baron von Steuben, introducing the most modern Prussian methods of drilling. Meanwhile, Howe resigned and was replaced by Henry Clinton on May 24, 1778. Clinton received orders to abandon Philadelphia and fortify New York following France 's entry into the war. On June 18, the British departed Philadelphia, with the reinvigorated Americans in pursuit. The two armies fought at Monmouth Court House on June 28, with the Americans holding the field, greatly boosting morale and confidence. By July, both armies were back in the same positions they had been two years prior. Foreign intervention Main articles : France in the American Revolutionary War, Spain in the American Revolutionary War, and Carlisle Peace Commission The defeat at Saratoga caused considerable anxiety in Britain over foreign intervention. The North ministry sought reconciliation with the colonies by consenting to their original demands, although Lord North refused to grant independence. No positive reply was received from the Americans. French troops storming Redoubt 9 during the Siege of Yorktown French foreign minister the Comte de Vergennes was strongly anti-British, and he sought a casus belli to go to war with Britain following the conquest of Canada in 1763. The French had covertly supplied the Americans through neutral Dutch ports since the onset of the war, proving invaluable throughout the Saratoga campaign. The French public favored war, though Vergennes and King Louis XVI were hesitant, owing to the military and financial risk. The American victory at Saratoga convinced the French that supporting the Patriots was worthwhile, but doing so also brought major concerns. The King was concerned that Britain 's concessions would be accepted, and that she would then reconcile with the Colonies to strike at French and Spanish possessions in the Caribbean. To prevent this, France formally recognized the United States on February 6, 1778 and followed with a military alliance. France aimed to expel Britain from the Newfoundland fishery, end restrictions on Dunkirk sovereignty, regain free trade in India, recover Senegal and Dominica, and restore the Treaty of Utrecht provisions pertaining to Anglo - French trade. Spain was wary of provoking war with Britain before she was ready, so she covertly supplied the Patriots via her colonies in New Spain. Congress hoped to persuade Spain into an open alliance, so the first American Commission met with the Count of Aranda in 1776. Spain was still reluctant to make an early commitment, owing to a lack of direct French involvement, the threat against their treasure fleets, and the possibility of war with Portugal, Spain 's neighbor and a close ally of Britain. However, Spain affirmed its desire to support the Americans the following year, hoping to weaken Britain 's empire. In the Spanish - Portuguese War ( 1776 - 77 ), the Portuguese threat was neutralized. On 12 April 1779, Spain signed the Treaty of Aranjuez with France and went to war against Britain. Spain sought to recover Gibraltar and Menorca in Europe, as well as Mobile and Pensacola in Florida, and also to expel the British from Central America. Meanwhile, George III had given up on subduing America while Britain had a European war to fight. He did not welcome war with France, but he believed that Britain had made all necessary steps to avoid it and cited the British victories over France in the Seven Years ' War as a reason to remain optimistic. Britain tried in vain to find a powerful ally to engage France, leaving it isolated, preventing Britain from focusing the majority of her efforts in one theater, and forcing a major diversion of military resources from America. Despite this, the King determined never to recognize American independence and to ravage the colonies indefinitely, or until they pleaded to return to the yoke of the Crown. Mahan argues that Britain 's attempt to fight in multiple theaters simultaneously without major allies was fundamentally flawed, citing impossible mutual support, exposing the forces to defeat in detail. Since the outbreak of the conflict, Britain had appealed to her ally, the neutral Dutch Republic, to loan her the use of the Scots Brigade for service in America, but pro-American sentiment among the Dutch public forced them to deny the request. Consequently, the British attempted to invoke several treaties for outright Dutch military support, but the Republic still refused. Moreover, American troops were being supplied with ordnance by Dutch merchants via their West Indies colonies. French supplies bound for America had also passed through Dutch ports. The Republic maintained free trade with France following France 's declaration of war on Britain, citing a prior concession by Britain on this issue. Britain responded by confiscating Dutch shipping, and even firing upon it. Consequently, the Republic joined the First League of Armed Neutrality to enforce their neutral status. The Republic had also given sanctuary to American privateers and had drafted a treaty of commerce with the Americans. Britain argued that these actions contravened the Republic 's neutral stance and declared war in December 1780. International war breaks out ( 1778 -- 1780 ) Main articles : France in the American Revolutionary War, Anglo - French War ( 1778 - 1783 ), Spain in the American Revolutionary War, Second Anglo - Mysore War, and Fourth Anglo - Dutch War Europe The Moonlight Battle of Cape St. Vincent, 16 January 1780 by Francis Holman, painted 1780 Soon after France declared war, French and British fleets fought an indecisive action off Ushant on 27 July 1778. Spain entered the war on 12 April 1779, with a primary goal of capturing Gibraltar, Spanish troops under the Duc de Crillon laid siege to the Rock on 24 June. The naval blockade, however, was relatively weak, and the British were able to resupply the garrison. Meanwhile, a plan was formulated for a combined Franco - Spanish invasion of the British mainland, but the expedition failed due to a combination of poor planning, disease, logistical issues, and high financial expenditures. However, a diversionary Franco - American squadron did meet with some success on 23 September under John Paul Jones. On 16 January 1780, the Royal Navy under George Rodney scored a major victory over the Spanish, weakening the naval blockade of Gibraltar. A Franco - Spanish fleet commanded by Luis de Córdova intercepted and decisively defeated a large British convoy off the Azores led by John Moutray on 9 August which was bound for the West Indies. The defeat was catastrophic for Britain, which lost 52 merchant ships, 5 East Indiamen, 80,000 muskets, equipment for 40,000 troops, 294 guns, and 3,144 men, making it one of the most complete naval captures ever made. The loss was valued at some £ 1.5 million ( £ 181 million in today 's money ), dealing a severe blow to British commerce. Americas The French blockaded the lucrative sugar islands of Barbados and Jamaica, intending to damage British trade. French troops led by the Marquis de Bouillé captured Dominica on 7 September 1778 in order to improve communication among French Caribbean islands and to strike a blow to privateering. The British defeated a French naval force on 15 December and captured St. Lucia on 28 December. Both fleets received reinforcements through the first half of 1779, but the French under the Comte d'Estaing had superiority in the Caribbean and began capturing British territories, seizing St. Vincent on 18 June and Grenada on 4 July. The British fleet under John Byron was tactically defeated on July 6, having pursued d'Estaing from Grenada, the worst loss that the Royal Navy had suffered since 1690. Naval skirmishes continued until 17 April 1780, when British and French fleets clashed indecisively off Martinique. At New Orleans Governor Bernardo de Gálvez decided conquered West Florida and Mobile. In Central America, the defense of Guatemala was a priority for Spain. The British intended to capture the key fortress of San Fernando de Omoa and drive the Spanish from the region. After inadequate first attempts, 1,200 British troops led by William Dalrymple arrived on 16 October, and they captured the fort on 20 October. However, the British suffered terribly due to disease and were forced to abandon the fort on 29 November ; Spanish troops subsequently reoccupied it. In 1780, Jamaica 's governor John Dalling planned an expedition to cut New Spain in two by capturing Granada, which would subsequently allow them full control of the San Juan River. A British expedition set out on 3 February 1780, led by John Polson and Horatio Nelson. They reached Fort San Juan on 17 March and laid siege, capturing it on 29 April. The British were ravaged by disease and were running low on food due to poor logistics. They withdrew on 8 November, the expedition having suffered a decisive defeat ; some 2,500 troops had perished, making it the costliest British disaster of the war. India Mysorean troops defeat the British at Pollilur, using rockets against closely massed British infantry The British East India Company moved quickly to capture French possessions in India when they learned about the hostilities with France, and they took Pondicherry on 19 October 1778 after a two - week siege. The Company resolved to drive the French completely out of India, and they captured the Malabar port of Mahé in 1779 where French ordnance passed through. Mahé was under the protection of Mysore 's ruler Hyder Ali ( the Tipu Sultan ), and tensions were already inflamed because the British had supported Malabar rebels who had risen against him ; so the fall of Mahé precipitated war. Hyder Ali invaded the Carnatic region in July 1780 and laid siege to Tellicherry and Arcot. A British relief force of 7,000 men under William Baille was intercepted and destroyed by the Tipu Sultan on 10 September, the worst defeat suffered by a European army in India at the time. Ali then renewed the siege at Arcot instead of pressing on for a decisive victory against a second British army at Madras, capturing it on 3 November. The delay allowed British forces to regroup for campaigning the following year. Stalemate in the North ( 1778 -- 1780 ) Main articles : Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga and Western theater of the American Revolutionary War `` Give ' em Watts, boys! '' -- American troops repulse Wilhelm von Knyphausen 's attack at Springfield Henry Clinton withdrew from Philadelphia, consolidating his forces in New York following the British defeat at Saratoga and the entry of France into the war. French admiral the Comte d'Estaing had been dispatched to North America in April 1778 to assist Washington, and he arrived shortly after Clinton withdrew into New York. The Franco - American forces felt that New York 's defenses were too formidable for the French fleet, and they opted to attack Newport. This effort was launched on August 29, but it failed when the French opted to withdraw, and this displeased the Americans. The war then ground down to a stalemate, with the majority of actions fought as large skirmishes, such as those at Chestnut Neck and Little Egg Harbor. In the summer of 1779, the Americans captured British posts at Stony Point and Paulus Hook. In July, Clinton unsuccessfully attempted to coax Washington into a decisive engagement by making a major raid into Connecticut. That month, a large American naval operation attempted to retake Maine, but it resulted in the worst American naval defeat until Pearl Harbor in 1941. The high frequency of Iroquois raids on the locals compelled Washington to mount a punitive expedition which destroyed a large number of Iroquois settlements, but the effort ultimately failed to stop the raids. During the winter of 1779 -- 80, the Continental Army suffered greater hardships than at Valley Forge. Morale was poor ; public support was being eroded by the long war ; the national currency was virtually worthless ; the army was plagued with supply problems ; desertion was common ; and whole regiments mutinied over the conditions in early 1780. Hamilton surrenders at Vincennes, February 29, 1779 In 1780, Clinton launched an attempt to retake New Jersey. On June 7, 6,000 men invaded under Hessian general Wilhelm von Knyphausen, but they met stiff resistance from the local militia. The British held the field, but Knyphausen feared a general engagement with Washington 's main army and withdrew. Knyphausen and Clinton decided upon a second attempt two weeks later which was soundly defeated at Springfield, effectively ending British ambitions in New Jersey. Meanwhile, American general Benedict Arnold had defected to the British, and he conspired to betray the key American fortress of West Point by surrendering it to the enemy. The plot was foiled when British spy master John André was captured, so Arnold fled to British lines in New York. He attempted to justify his betrayal by appealing to Loyalist public opinion, but the Patriots strongly condemned him as a coward and turncoat. The war to the west of the Appalachians was largely confined to skirmishing and raids. An expedition of militia was halted due to adverse weather in February 1778 which had set out to destroy British military supplies in settlements along the Cuyahoga River. Later in the year, a second campaign was undertaken to seize the Illinois Country from the British. The Americans captured Kaskaskia on July 4 and then secured Vincennes, although Vincennes was recaptured by Henry Hamilton, the British commander at Detroit. In early 1779, the Americans counterattacked by undertaking a risky winter march, and they secured the surrender of the British at Vincennes, taking Hamilton prisoner. On May 25, 1780, the British launched an expedition into Kentucky as part of a wider operation to clear resistance from Quebec to the Gulf coast. The expedition met with only limited success, though hundreds of settlers were killed or captured. The Americans responded with a major offensive along the Mad River in August which met with some success, but it did little to abate the Indian raids on the frontier. French militia attempted to capture Detroit, but it ended in disaster when Miami Indians ambushed and defeated the gathered troops on November 5. The war in the west had become a stalemate ; the Americans did not have the manpower to simultaneously defeat the hostile Indian tribes and occupy their land. War in the South ( 1778 -- 1781 ) Main article : Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War British troops besiege Charleston in 1780, by Alonzo Chappel The British turned their attention to conquering the South in 1778, after Loyalists in London assured them of a strong Loyalist base there. A southern campaign also had the advantage of keeping the Royal Navy closer to the Caribbean, where it would be needed to defend lucrative colonies against the Franco - Spanish fleets. On December 29, 1778, an expeditionary corps from New York captured Savannah, and British troops then moved inland to recruit Loyalist support. There was a promising initial turnout in early 1779, but then a large Loyalist militia was defeated at Kettle Creek on February 14 and they had to recognize their dependence upon the British. The British, however, defeated Patriot militia at Brier Creek on March 3, and then launched an abortive assault on Charleston, South Carolina. The operation became notorious for its high degree of looting by British troops, enraging both Loyalists and Patriot colonists. In October, a combined Franco - American effort failed to recapture Savannah. In May 1780, Henry Clinton captured Charleston, taking over 5,000 prisoners and effectively destroying the Continental Army in the south. Organized American resistance in the region collapsed when Banastre Tarleton defeated the withdrawing Americans at Waxhaws on May 29. American and British cavalry clash at the Battle of Cowpens ; from an 1845 painting by William Ranney Clinton returned to New York, leaving Charles Cornwallis in command in Charleston to oversee the southern war effort. Far fewer Loyalists than expected joined him. In the interim, the war was carried on by Patriot militias who effectively suppressed Loyalists by winning victories in Fairfield County, Lincolnton, Huck 's Defeat, Stanly County, and Lancaster County. Congress appointed Horatio Gates, victor at Saratoga, to lead the American effort in the south. He suffered a major defeat at Camden on August 16, 1780, setting the stage for Cornwallis to invade North Carolina. The British attempted to subjugate the countryside, and Patriot militia continued to fight against them, so Cornwallis dispatched troops to raise Loyalist forces to cover his left flank as he moved north. This wing of Cornwallis ' army was virtually destroyed on October 7, irreversibly breaking Loyalist support in the Carolinas. Cornwallis subsequently aborted his advance and retreated back into South Carolina. In the interim, Washington replaced Gates with his trusted subordinate, Nathanael Greene. Greene was unable to confront the British directly, so he dispatched a force under Daniel Morgan to recruit additional troops. Morgan then defeated the cream of the British army under Tarleton on January 17, 1781 at Cowpens. Cornwallis was criticized for having detached a substantial part of his army without adequate support, but he advanced into North Carolina despite the setbacks, gambling that he would receive substantial Loyalist support there. Greene evaded combat with Cornwallis, instead wearing his army down through a protracted war of attrition. By March, Greene 's army had increased in size enough that he felt confident in facing Cornwallis. The two armies engaged at Guilford Courthouse on March 15 ; Greene was beaten, but Cornwallis ' army suffered irreplaceable casualties. Compounding this, far fewer Loyalists were joining than the British had previously expected. Cornwallis ' casualties were such that he was compelled to retreat to Wilmington for reinforcement, leaving the Patriots in control of the interior of the Carolinas and Georgia. Greene then proceeded to reclaim the South. The American troops suffered a reversal at Hobkirk 's Hill on April 25 ; nonetheless, they continued to dislodge strategic British posts in the area, capturing Fort Watson and Fort Motte. Augusta was the last major British outpost in the South outside of Charleston and Savannah, but the Americans reclaimed possession of it on June 6. A British force clashed with American troops at Eutaw Springs on September 8 in a final effort to stop Greene, but the British casualties were so high that they withdrew to Charleston. Minor skirmishes continued in the Carolinas until the end of the war, and British troops were effectively confined to Charleston and Savannah for the remainder of the conflict. British defeat in America ( 1781 ) Main article : Yorktown campaign The French ( left ) and British ( right ) lines exchange fire at the Battle of the Chesapeake Cornwallis had discovered that the majority of American supplies in the Carolinas were passing through Virginia, and he had written to both Lord Germain and Clinton detailing his intentions to invade. Cornwallis believed that a successful campaign there would cut supplies to Greene 's army and precipitate a collapse of American resistance in the South. Clinton strongly opposed the plan, favoring a campaign farther north in the Chesapeake Bay region. Lord Germain wrote to Cornwallis to approve his plan and neglected to include Clinton in the decision - making, even though Clinton was Cornwallis ' superior officer, and Cornwallis then decided to move into Virginia without informing Clinton. Clinton, however, had failed to construct a coherent strategy for British operations in 1781, owing to his difficult relationship with his naval counterpart Marriot Arbuthnot. Following the calamitous operations at Newport and Savannah, French planners realized that closer cooperation with the Americans was required to achieve success. The French fleet led by the Comte de Grasse had received discretionary orders from Paris to assist joint efforts in the north if naval support was needed. Washington and the Comte de Rochambeau discussed their options. Washington pushed for an attack on New York, while Rochambeau preferred a strike in Virginia where the British were less well - established and thus easier to defeat. Franco - American movements around New York caused Clinton a great deal of anxiety, fearing an attack on the city. His instructions were vague to Cornwallis during this time, rarely forming explicit orders. However, Clinton did instruct Cornwallis to establish a fortified naval base and to transfer troops to the north to defend New York. Cornwallis dug in at Yorktown and awaited the Royal Navy. Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown by John Trumbull, 1797 Washington still favored an assault on New York, but he acquiesced to the French when they opted to send their fleet to their preferred target of Yorktown. In August, the combined Franco - American army moved south to coordinate with de Grasse in defeating Cornwallis. The British lacked sufficient naval resources to effectively counter the French, but they dispatched a fleet under Thomas Graves to assist Cornwallis and attempt to gain naval dominance. On September 5, the French fleet decisively defeated Graves, giving the French control of the seas around Yorktown and cutting off Cornwallis from reinforcements and relief. Despite the continued urging of his subordinates, Cornwallis made no attempt to break out and engage the Franco - American army before it had established siege works, expecting that reinforcements would arrive from New York, and the Franco - American army laid siege to Yorktown on September 28. Cornwallis continued to think that relief was imminent from Clinton, and he abandoned his outer defenses which were immediately occupied by American troops -- serving to hasten his subsequent defeat. The British then failed in an attempt to break out of the siege across the river at Gloucester Point when a storm hit. Cornwallis and his subordinates were under increasing bombardment and facing dwindling supplies ; they agreed that their situation was untenable and negotiated a surrender on October 17, 1781, and 7,685 soldiers became prisoners of the Americans. The same day as the surrender, 6,000 troops under Clinton had departed New York, sailing to relieve Yorktown. North ministry collapses The Gordon Riots, by John Seymour Lucas On 25 November 1781, news arrived in London of the surrender at Yorktown. The Whig opposition gained traction in Parliament, and a motion was proposed on December 12 to end the war which was defeated by only one vote. On 27 February 1782, the House voted against further war in America by 19 votes. Lord Germain was dismissed and a vote of no confidence was passed against North. The Rockingham Whigs came to power and opened negotiations for peace. Rockingham died and was succeeded by the Earl of Shelburne. Despite their defeat, the British still had 30,000 troops garrisoned in New York, Charleston, and Savannah. Henry Clinton was recalled and was replaced by Guy Carleton who was under orders to suspend offensive operations. Final years of the war ( 1781 -- 1783 ) Main articles : Anglo - French War ( 1778 - 1783 ), Spain in the American Revolutionary War, Second Anglo - Mysore War, and Fourth Anglo - Dutch War Europe The Defeat of the Floating Batteries at Gibraltar, September 13, 1782, by John Singleton Copley After hostilities with the Dutch began in late 1780, Britain had moved quickly, enforcing a blockade across the North Sea. Within weeks, the British had captured 200 Dutch merchantmen, and 300 more were holed up in foreign ports, though political turmoil within the Republic and peace negotiations by both sides helped keep conflict to a minimum. The majority of the Dutch public favored a military alliance with France against Britain ; however, the Dutch Stadtholder impeded these efforts, hoping to secure an early peace. To restore diminishing trade a Dutch squadron under Johan Zoutman escorted a fleet of some 70 merchantmen from the Texel. Zoutman 's ships were intercepted by Sir Hyde Parker, who engaged Zoutman at Dogger Bank on 5 August 1781. Though the contest was tactically inconclusive, the Dutch fleet did not leave harbor again during the war, and their merchant fleet remained crippled. On 6 January 1781, a French attempt to capture Jersey to neutralize British privateering failed. Frustrated in their attempts to capture Gibraltar, a Franco - Spanish force of 14,000 men under the Duc de Mahon invaded Minorca on 19 August. After a long siege of St. Philip 's, the British garrison under James Murray surrendered on 5 February 1782, securing a primary war goal for the Spanish. At Gibraltar, a major Franco - Spanish assault on 13 September 1782 was repulsed with heavy casualties. On 20 October 1782, following a successful resupply of Gibraltar, British ships under Richard Howe successfully refused battle to the Franco - Spanish fleet under Luis de Córdova, denying Córdova dominance at sea. On 7 February 1783, after 1,322 days of siege, the Franco - Spanish army withdrew, decisively defeated. Americas Spanish troops led by Bernardo de Gálvez in combat at Pensacola. Oil on canvas, Augusto Ferrer - Dalmau, 2015. In the West Indies, on 29 -- 30 April 1781, a Royal Navy squadron under Samuel Hood was narrowly defeated by the French, led by the Comte de Grasse, who continued seizing British territories : Tobago fell on 2 June ; Demerara and Essequibo on 22 January 1782 ; St. Kitts and Nevis on 12 February, despite a British naval victory on 25 January ; and Montserrat on 22 February. In 1782, the primary strategic goal of the French and Spanish was the capture of Jamaica, whose sugar exports were more valuable to the British than the Thirteen Colonies combined. On 7 April 1782, de Grasse departed Martinique to rendezvous with Franco - Spanish troops at Saint Domingue and invade Jamaica from the north. The British under Hood and George Rodney pursued and decisively defeated the French off Dominica between 9 -- 12 April. The Franco - Spanish plan to conquer Jamaica was in ruins, and the balance of naval power in the Caribbean shifted to the Royal Navy. After the fall of Mobile to Spanish troops under Bernardo de Gálvez, an attempt to capture Pensacola was thwarted due to a hurricane. Emboldened by the disaster, John Campbell, British commander at Pensacola, decided to recapture Mobile. Campbell 's expeditionary force of around 700 men was defeated on 7 January 1781. After re-grouping at Havana, Gálvez set out for Pensacola on 13 February. Arriving on 9 March, siege operations did not begin until 24 March, owing to difficulties in bringing the ships into the bay. After a 45 - day siege, Gálvez decisively defeated the garrison, securing the conquest of West Florida. In May, Spanish troops captured the Bahamas, although the British bloodlessly recaptured the islands the following year on 18 April. In Guatemala, Matías de Gálvez led Spanish troops in an effort to dislocate British settlements along the Gulf of Honduras. Gálvez captured Roatán on 16 March 1782, and then quickly took Black River. Following the decisive naval victory at the Saintes, Archibald Campbell, the Royal governor of Jamaica, authorized Edward Despard to re-take Black River, which he did on 22 August. However, with peace talks opening, and Franco - Spanish resources committed to the siege of Gibraltar, no further offensive operations took place. Few operations were conducted against the Dutch, although several Dutch colonies were captured by the British in 1781. Sint Eustatius, a key supply port for the Patriots, was sacked by British forces under George Rodney on 3 February 1782, plundering the island 's wealth. India Following Dutch entry into the conflict, East India Company troops under Hector Munro captured the Dutch port of Negapatam after a three - week siege on 11 October 1781. Soon after, British Admiral Edward Hughes captured Trincomalee after a brief engagement on 11 January 1782. The British ( right ) and the French ( left ), with Admiral Suffren 's flagship Cléopâtre on the far left, exchange fire at Cuddalore, by Auguste Jugelet, 1836. In March 1781, French Admiral Bailli de Suffren was dispatched to India to assist colonial efforts. Suffren arrived off the Indian coast in February 1782, where he clashed with a British fleet under Hughes, winning a narrow tactical victory. After landing troops at Porto Novo to assist Mysore, Suffren 's fleet clashed with Hughes again Providien on 12 April. There was no clear victor, though Hughes ' fleet came off worse, and he withdrew to the British - held port of Trincomalee. Hyder Ali wished for the French to capture Negapatam to establish naval dominance over the British, and this task fell to Suffren. Suffren 's fleet clashed with Hughes again off Negapatam on 6 July. Suffren withdrew to Cuddalore, strategically defeated, and the British remained in control of Negapatam. Intending to find a more suitable port than Cuddalore, Suffren captured Trincomalee on 1 September, and successfully engaged Hughes two days later. Meanwhile, Ali 's troops loosely blockaded Vellore as the East India Company regrouped. Company troops under Sir Eyre Coote led a counter-offensive, defeating Ali at Porto Novo on 1 July 1781, Pollilur on 27 August, and Sholinghur on 27 September, expelling the Mysorean troops from the Carnatic. On 18 February 1782, Tipu Sultan defeated John Braithwaite near Tanjore, taking his entire 1,800 - strong force prisoner. The war had, by this point, reached an uneasy stalemate. On 7 December 1782, Hyder Ali died, and the rule of Mysore passed to his son, Tipu Sultan. Sultan advanced along the west coast, laying siege to Mangalore on 20 May 1783. Meanwhile, on the east coast, an army under James Stuart besieged the French - held port of Cuddalore on 9 June 1783. On 20 June, key British naval support for the siege was neutralized when Suffren defeated Hughes ' fleet off Cuddalore, and though narrow, the victory gave Suffren the opportunity to displace British holdings in India. On 25 June, the Franco - Mysorean defenders made repeated sorties against British lines, though all assaults failed. On 30 June, news arrived of a preliminary peace between the belligerent powers, and the siege was effectively over when the French abandoned the siege. Mangalore remained under siege, and capitulated to Sultan on 30 January 1784. Little fighting took place thereafter, and Mysore and Britain made peace on 11 March. Peace of Paris Main articles : Peace of Paris ( 1783 ) and Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Benjamin West 's famous painting of the American delegations at the Treaty of Paris. The British delegation refused to pose, and the painting was never completed. Following the surrender at Yorktown, the Whig party came to power in Britain and began opening negotiations for a cessation of hostilities. While peace negotiations were being undertaken, British troops in America were restricted from launching further offensives. Prime Minister the Earl of Shelburne was reluctant to accept American independence as a prerequisite for peace, as the British were aware that the French economy was nearly bankrupt, and reinforcements sent to the West Indies could potentially reverse the situation there. He preferred that the colonies accept Dominion status within the Empire, though a similar offer had been rejected by the Americans in 1778. Negotiations soon began in Paris. The Americans initially demanded that Quebec be ceded to them as spoils of war, a proposal that was dropped when Shelburne accepted American demands for recognition of independence. On April 19, 1782, the Dutch formally recognized the United States as a sovereign power, enhancing American leverage at the negotiations. Spain initially impeded the negotiations, refusing to enter into peace talks until Gibraltar had been captured. The Comte de Vergennes proposed that American territory be confined to the east of the Appalachians ; Britain would have sovereignty over the area north of the Ohio River, below which an Indian barrier state would be established under Spanish control. The United States fiercely opposed the proposal. Washington enters New York in triumph following the British evacuation of America. The Americans skirted their allies, recognizing that more favorable terms would be found in London. They negotiated directly with Shelburne, who hoped to make Britain a valuable trading partner of America at the expense of France. To this end, Shelburne offered to cede all the land east of the Mississippi River, north of Florida, and south of Quebec, while also allowing American fishermen access to the rich Newfoundland fishery. Shelburne was hoping to facilitate the growth of the American population, creating lucrative markets that Britain could exploit at no administrative cost to London. As Vergennes commented, `` the English buy peace rather than make it ''. Throughout the negotiations, Britain never consulted her American Indian allies, forcing them to reluctantly accept the treaty. However, the subsequent tension erupted into conflicts between the Indians and the young United States, the largest being the Northwest Indian War. Britain continued trying to create an Indian buffer state in the American Midwest as late as 1814 during the War of 1812. Britain negotiated separate treaties with Spain, France, and the Dutch Republic. Gibraltar proved to be a stumbling block in the peace talks ; Spain offered to relinquish their conquests in West Florida, Menorca, and the Bahamas in exchange for Gibraltar, terms which Shelburne steadfastly refused. Shelburne instead offered to cede East Florida, West Florida, and Menorca if Spain would relinquish the claim on Gibraltar, terms which were reluctantly accepted. However, in the long - term, the new territorial gains were of little value to Spain. France 's only net gains were the island of Tobago in the Caribbean and Senegal in Africa, after agreeing to return all other colonial conquests to British sovereignty. Britain returned Dutch Caribbean territories to Dutch sovereignty, in exchange for free trade rights in the Dutch East Indies and control of the Indian port of Negapatnam. Preliminary peace articles were signed in Paris on 30 November 1782, while preliminaries between Britain, Spain, France, and the Netherlands continued until September 1783. The United States Congress of the Confederation ratified the Treaty of Paris on January 14, 1784. Copies were sent back to Europe for ratification by the other parties involved, the first reaching France in March 1784. British ratification occurred on April 9, 1784, and the ratified versions were exchanged in Paris on May 12, 1784. The war formally concluded on September 3, 1783. The last British troops departed New York City on November 25, 1783, marking the end of British rule in the new United States. Aftermath Casualties and losses Americans and allies The total loss of life throughout the conflict is largely unknown. As was typical in wars of the era, diseases such as smallpox claimed more lives than battle. Between 1775 and 1782, a smallpox epidemic broke out throughout North America, killing 40 people in Boston alone. Historian Joseph Ellis suggests that Washington 's decision to have his troops inoculated against the disease was one of his most important decisions. Between 25,000 and 70,000 American Patriots died during active military service. Of these, approximately 6,800 were killed in battle, while at least 17,000 died from disease. The majority of the latter died while prisoners of war of the British, mostly in the prison ships in New York Harbor. If the upper limit of 70,000 is accepted as the total net loss for the Patriots, it would make the conflict proportionally deadlier than the American Civil War. Uncertainty arises due to the difficulties in accurately calculating the number of those who succumbed to disease, as it is estimated at least 10,000 died in 1776 alone. The number of Patriots seriously wounded or disabled by the war has been estimated from 8,500 to 25,000. The French suffered approximately 7,000 total dead throughout the conflict ; of those, 2,112 were killed in combat in the American theaters of war. The Dutch suffered around 500 total killed, owing to the minor scale of their conflict with Britain. British and allies British returns in 1783 listed 43,633 rank and file deaths across the British Armed Forces. A table from 1781 puts total British Army deaths at 9,372 soldiers killed in battle across the Americas ; 6,046 in North America ( 1775 -- 1779 ), and 3,326 in the West Indies ( 1778 -- 1780 ). In 1784, a British lieutenant compiled a detailed list of 205 British officers killed in action during the war, encompassing Europe, the Caribbean and the East Indies. Extrapolations based upon this list puts British Army losses in the area of at least 4,000 killed or died of wounds. Approximately 7,774 Germans died in British service in addition to 4,888 deserters ; of the former, it is estimated 1,800 were killed in combat. Around 171,000 sailors served in the Royal Navy during the war ; approximately a quarter of whom had been pressed into service. Around 1,240 were killed in battle, while an estimated 18,500 died from disease ( 1776 -- 1780 ). The greatest killer at sea was scurvy, a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency. It was not until 1795 that scurvy was eradicated from the Royal Navy after the Admiralty declared lemon juice and sugar were to be issued among the standard daily rations of sailors. Around 42,000 sailors deserted during the war. The impact on merchant shipping was substantial ; an estimated 3,386 merchant ships were seized by enemy forces during the war ; of those, 2,283 were taken by American privateers alone. Financial debts Main article : Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War At the start of the war, the economy of the colonies was flourishing, and the free white population enjoyed the highest standard of living in the world. The Royal Navy enforced a naval blockade during the war to financially cripple the colonies, however, this proved unsuccessful ; 90 % of the population worked in farming, not in coastal trade, and, as such, the American economy proved resilient enough to withstand the blockade. Congress had immense difficulties throughout the conflict to efficiently finance the war effort. As the circulation of hard currency declined, the Americans had to rely on loans from American merchants and bankers, France, Spain and the Netherlands, saddling the young nation with crippling debts. Congress attempted to remedy this by printing vast amounts of paper money and bills of credit to raise revenue. The effect was disastrous ; inflation skyrocketed, and the paper money became virtually worthless. The inflation spawned a popular phrase that anything of little value was `` not worth a continental ''. By 1791, the United States had accumulated a national debt of approximately $75.5 million. The United States finally solved its debt and currency problems in the 1790s, when Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton secured legislation by which the national government assumed all of the state debts, and, in addition, created a national bank and a funding system based on tariffs and bond issues that paid off the foreign debts. Britain spent around £ 80 million and ended with a national debt of £ 250 million, ( £ 27.1 billion in today 's money ), generating a yearly interest of £ 9.5 million annually. The debts piled upon that which it had already accumulated from the Seven Years ' War. Due to wartime taxation upon the British populace, the tax for the average Briton amounted to approximately four shillings in every pound. The French spent approximately 1.3 billion livres on aiding the Americans, accumulating a national debt of 3.315. 1 billion livres by 1783 on war costs. Unlike Britain, which had a very efficient taxation system, the French tax system was highly unstable, eventually leading to a financial crisis in 1786. The debts contributed to a worsening fiscal crisis that ultimately begat the French Revolution at the end of the century. The debt continued to spiral ; on the eve of the French Revolution, the national debt had skyrocketed to 12 billion livres. Spain had nearly doubled her military spending during the war, from 454 million reales in 1778 to over 700 million in 1779. Spain more easily disposed of her debts unlike her French ally, partially due to the massive increase in silver mining in her American colonies ; production increased approximately 600 % in Mexico, and by 250 % in Peru and Bolivia. Analysis of combatants Great Britain See also : British Army during the American Revolutionary War, Royal Navy, Hessian ( soldier ), and Loyalist ( American Revolution ) British redcoats at the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775 The population of Great Britain and Ireland in 1780 was approximately 12.6 million, while the Thirteen Colonies held a population of some 2.8 million, including some 500,000 slaves. Theoretically, Britain had the advantage, however, many factors inhibited the procurement of a large army. Armed forces Recruitment In 1775, the standing British Army, exclusive of militia, comprised 45,123 men worldwide, made up of 38,254 infantry and 6,869 cavalry. The Army had approximately eighteen regiments of foot, some 8,500 men, stationed in North America. Standing armies had played a key role in the purge of the Long Parliament in 1648, the maintenance of a military dictatorship under Oliver Cromwell, and the overthrow of James II, and, as such, the Army had been deliberately kept small in peacetime to prevent abuses of power by the King. Despite this, eighteenth century armies were not easy guests, and were regarded with scorn and contempt by the press and public of the New and Old World alike, derided as enemies of liberty. An expression ran in the Navy ; `` A messmate before a shipmate, a shipmate before a stranger, a stranger before a dog, a dog before a soldier ''. Press gang at work, British caricature of 1780 Parliament suffered chronic difficulties in obtaining sufficient manpower, and found it impossible to fill the quotas they had set. The Army was a deeply unpopular profession, one contentious issue being pay. A Private infantryman was paid a wage of just 8 d. per day, the same pay as for a New Model Army infantryman, 130 years earlier. The rate of pay in the army was insufficient to meet the rising costs of living, turning off potential recruits, as service was nominally for life. To entice people to enrol, Parliament offered a bounty of £ 1.10 s for every recruit. As the war dragged on, Parliament became desperate for manpower ; criminals were offered military service to escape legal penalties, and deserters were pardoned if they re-joined their units. After the defeat at Saratoga, Parliament doubled the bounty to £ 3, and increased it again the following year, to £ 3.3 s, as well as expanding the age limit from 17 -- 45 to 16 -- 50 years of age. Impressment, essentially conscription by the `` press gang '', was a favored recruiting method, though it was unpopular with the public, leading many to enlist in local militias to avoid regular service. Attempts were made to draft such levies, much to the chagrin of the militia commanders. Competition between naval and army press gangs, and even between rival ships or regiments, frequently resulted in brawls between the gangs in order to secure recruits for their unit. Men would maim themselves to avoid the press gangs, while many deserted at the first opportunity. Pressed men were militarily unreliable ; regiments with large numbers of such men were deployed to garrisons such as Gibraltar or the West Indies, purely to increase the difficulty in successfully deserting. By 1781, the Army numbered approximately 121,000 men globally, 48,000 of whom were stationed throughout the Americas. Of the 171,000 sailors who served in the Royal Navy throughout the conflict, around a quarter were pressed. Interestingly, this same proportion, approximately 42,000 men, deserted during the conflict. At its height, the Navy had 94 ships - of - the - line, 104 frigates and 37 sloops in service. Loyalists and Hessians Hessian soldiers of the Leibregiment In 1775, Britain unsuccessfully attempted to secure 20,000 mercenaries from Russia, and the use of the Scots Brigade from the Dutch Republic, such was the shortage of manpower. Parliament managed to negotiate treaties with the princes of German states for large sums of money, in exchange for mercenary troops. In total, 29,875 troops were hired for British service from six German states ; Brunswick ( 5,723 ), Hesse - Kassel ( 16,992 ), Hesse - Hannau ( 2,422 ), Ansbach - Bayreuth ( 2,353 ), Waldeck - Pyrmont ( 1,225 ) and Anhalt - Zerbst ( 1,160 ). King George III, who also ruled Hanover as a Prince - elector of the Holy Roman Empire, was approached by Parliament to loan the government Hanoverian soldiers for service in the war. Hanover supplied 2,365 men in five battalions, however, the lease agreement permitted them to only be used in Europe. Without any major allies, the manpower shortage became critical when France and Spain entered the war, forcing a major diversion of military resources from the Americas. Recruiting adequate numbers of Loyalist militia in America proved difficult due to high Patriot activity. To bolster numbers, the British promised freedom and grants of land to slaves who fought for them. Approximately 25,000 Loyalists fought for the British throughout the war, and provided some of the best troops in the British service ; the British Legion, a mixed regiment of 250 dragoons and 200 infantry commanded by Banastre Tarleton, gained a fearsome reputation in the colonies, especially in the South. Leadership Britain had a difficult time appointing a determined senior military leadership in America. Thomas Gage, Commander - in - Chief of North America at the outbreak of the war, was criticized for being too lenient on the rebellious colonists. Jeffrey Amherst, who was appointed Commander - in - Chief of the Forces in 1778, refused a direct command in America, due to unwillingness to take sides in the war. Admiral Augustus Keppel similarly opposed a command, stating ; `` I can not draw the sword in such a cause ''. The Earl of Effingham resigned his commission when his regiment was posted to America, while William Howe and John Burgoyne were opposed to military solutions to the crisis. Howe and Henry Clinton both stated they were unwilling participants, and were only following orders. As was the case in many European armies, except the Prussian Army, officers in British service could purchase commissions to ascend the ranks. Despite repeated attempts by Parliament to suppress it, the practise was common in the Army. Values of commissions varied, but were usually in line with social and military prestige, for example, regiments such as the Guards commanded the highest prices. The lower ranks often regarded the treatment to high - ranking commissions by wealthier officers as `` plums for ( their ) consumption ''. Wealthy individuals lacking any formal military education, or practical experience, often found their way into positions of high responsibility, diluting the effectiveness of a regiment. Though Royal authority had forbade the practise since 1711, it was still permitted for infants to hold commissions. Young boys, often orphans of deceased wealthy officers, were taken from their schooling and placed in positions of responsibility within regiments. Logistics Grenadier of the 40th Regiment of Foot in 1767, armed with a Brown Bess musket Logistical organization of eighteenth century armies was chaotic at best, and the British Army was no exception. No logistical corps existed in the modern sense ; while on campaign in foreign territories such as America, horses, wagons, and drivers were frequently requisitioned from the locals, often by impressment or by hire. No centrally organized medical corps existed. It was common for surgeons to have no formal medical education, and no diploma or entry examination was required. Nurses sometimes were apprentices to surgeons, but many were drafted from the women who followed the army. Army surgeons and doctors were poorly paid and were regarded as social inferiors to other officers. The heavy personal equipment and wool uniform of the regular infantrymen were wholly unsuitable for combat in America, and the outfit was especially ill - suited to comfort and agile movement. During the Battle of Monmouth in late June 1778, the temperature exceeded 100 ° F ( 37.8 ° C ) and is said to have claimed more lives through heat stroke than through actual combat. The standard - issue firearm of the British Army was the Land Pattern Musket. Some officers preferred their troops to fire careful, measured shots ( around two per minute ), rather than rapid firing. A bayonet made firing difficult, as its cumbersome shape hampered ramming down the charge into the barrel. British troops had a tendency to fire impetuously, resulting in inaccurate fire, a trait for which John Burgoyne criticized them during the Saratoga campaign. Burgoyne instead encouraged bayonet charges to break up enemy formations, which was a preferred tactic in most European armies at the time. Soldiers of the Black Watch armed with Brown Bess muskets, c. 1790. Every battalion in America had organized its own rifle company by the end of the war, although rifles were not formally issued to the army until the Baker Rifle in 1801. Flintlocks were heavily dependent on the weather ; high winds could blow the gunpowder from the flash pan, while heavy rain could soak the paper cartridge, ruining the powder and rendering the musket unable to fire. Furthermore, flints used in British muskets were of notoriously poor quality ; they could only be fired around six times before requiring resharpening, while American flints could fire sixty. This led to a common expression among the British : `` Yankee flint was as good as a glass of grog ''. Provisioning troops and sailors proved to be an immense challenge, as the majority of food stores had to be shipped overseas from Britain. The need to maintain Loyalist support prevented the Army from living off the land. Other factors also impeded this option ; the countryside was too sparsely populated and the inhabitants were largely hostile or indifferent, the network of roads and bridges was poorly developed, and the area which the British controlled was so limited that foraging parties were frequently in danger of being ambushed. After France entered the war, the threat of the French navy increased the difficulty of transporting supplies to America. Food supplies were frequently in bad condition. The climate was also against the British in the southern colonies and the Caribbean, where the intense summer heat caused food supplies to sour and spoil. Life at sea was little better. Sailors and passengers were issued a daily food ration, largely consisting of hardtack and beer. The hardtack was often infested by weevils and was so tough that it earned the nicknames `` molar breakers '' and `` worm castles '', and it sometimes had to be broken up with cannon shot. Meat supplies often spoiled on long voyages. The lack of fresh fruit and vegetables gave rise to scurvy, one of the biggest killers at sea. Discipline Discipline was harsh in the armed forces, and the lash was used to punish even trivial offences -- and not used sparingly. For instance, two redcoats received 1,000 lashes each for robbery during the Saratoga campaign, while another received 800 lashes for striking a superior officer. Flogging was a common punishment in the Royal Navy and came to be associated with the stereotypical hardiness of sailors. Despite the harsh discipline, a distinct lack of self - discipline pervaded all ranks of the British forces. Soldiers had an intense passion for gambling, reaching such excesses that troops would often wager their own uniforms. Many drank heavily, and this was not exclusive to the lower ranks ; William Howe was said to have seen many `` crapulous mornings '' while campaigning in New York. John Burgoyne drank heavily on a nightly basis towards the end of the Saratoga campaign. The two generals were also reported to have found solace with the wives of subordinate officers to ease the stressful burdens of command. During the Philadelphia campaign, British officers deeply offended local Quakers by entertaining their mistresses in the houses where they had been quartered. Some reports indicated that British troops were generally scrupulous in their treatment of non-combatants. This is contrasted diaries of Hessian soldiers, who recorded their disapproval of British conduct towards the colonists, such as the destruction of property and the execution of prisoners. The presence of Hessian soldiers caused considerable anxiety among the colonists, both Patriot and Loyalist, who viewed them as brutal mercenaries. British soldiers were often contemptuous in their treatment of Hessian troops, despite orders from General Howe that `` the English should treat the Germans as brothers ''. The order only began to have any real effect when the Hessians learned to speak a minimal degree of English, which was seen as a prerequisite for the British troops to accord them any respect. During peacetime, the Army 's idleness led to it being riddled with corruption and inefficiency, resulting in many administrative difficulties once campaigning began. Strategic deficiencies The British leadership soon discovered it had overestimated the capabilities of its own troops, while underestimating those of the colonists, causing a sudden re-think in British planning. The ineffective initial response of British military and civil officials to the onset of the rebellion had allowed the advantage to shift to the colonists, as British authorities rapidly lost control over every colony. A microcosm of these shortcomings were evident at the Battle of Bunker Hill. It took ten hours for the British leadership to respond following the sighting of the Americans on the Charlestown Peninsula, giving the colonists ample time to reinforce their defenses. Rather than opt for a simple flanking attack that would have rapidly succeeded with minimal loss, the British decided on repeated frontal attacks. The results were telling ; the British suffered 1,054 casualties of a force of around 3,000 after repeated frontal assaults. The British leadership had nevertheless remained excessively optimistic, believing that just two regiments could suppress the rebellion in Massachusetts. Debate persists over whether a British defeat was a guaranteed outcome. Ferling argues that the odds were so long, the defeat of Britain was nothing short of a miracle. Ellis, however, considers that the odds always favored the Americans, and questions whether a British victory by any margin was realistic. Ellis argues that the British squandered their only opportunities for a decisive success in 1777, and that the strategic decisions undertaken by William Howe underestimated the challenges posed by the Americans. Ellis concludes that, once Howe failed, the opportunity for a British victory `` would never come again ''. Conversely, the United States Army 's official textbook argues that, had Britain been able to commit 10,000 fresh troops to the war in 1780, a British victory was within the realms of possibility. William Howe A 1777 mezzotint of Sir William Howe, British Commander - in - Chief from 1775 -- 1778 Historians such as Ellis and Stewart have observed that, under William Howe 's command, the British squandered several opportunities to achieve a decisive victory over the Americans. Throughout the New York and Philadelphia campaigns, Howe made several strategic errors, errors which cost the British opportunities for a complete victory. At Long Island, Howe failed to even attempt an encirclement of Washington, and actively restrained his subordinates from mounting an aggressive pursuit of the defeated American army. At White Plains, he refused to engage Washington 's vulnerable army, and instead concentrated his efforts upon a hill which offered the British no strategic advantage. After securing control of New York, Howe dispatched Henry Clinton to capture Newport, a measure which Clinton was opposed to, on the grounds the troops assigned to his command could have been put to better use in pursuing Washington 's retreating army. Despite the bleak outlook for the revolutionary cause and the surge of Loyalist activity in the wake of Washington 's defeats, Howe made no attempt to mount an attack upon Washington while the Americans settled down into winter quarters, much to their surprise. During planning for the Saratoga campaign, Howe was left with the choice of committing his army to support Burgoyne, or capture Philadelphia, the revolutionary capital. Howe decided upon the latter, determining that Washington was of a greater threat. When Howe launched his campaign, he took his army upon a time - consuming route through the Chesapeake Bay, rather than the more sensible choices of overland through New Jersey, or by sea through the Delaware Bay. The move left him unable to assist Burgoyne even if it was required of him. The decision so angered Parliament, that Howe was accused by Tories on both sides of the Atlantic of treason. During the Philadelphia campaign, Howe failed to pursue and destroy the defeated Americans on two occasions ; once after the Battle of Brandywine, and again after the Battle of Germantown. At the Battle of White Marsh, Howe failed to even attempt to exploit the vulnerable American rear, and then inexplicably ordered a retreat to Philadelphia after only minor skirmishes, astonishing both sides. While the Americans wintered only twenty miles away, Howe made no effort to attack their camp, which critics argue could have ended the war. Following the conclusion of the campaign, Howe resigned his commission, and was replaced by Henry Clinton on May 24, 1778. Contrary to Howe 's more hostile critics, however, there were strategic factors at play which impeded aggressive action. Howe may have been dissuaded from pursuing aggressive manoeuvres due to the memory of the grievous losses the British suffered at Bunker Hill. During the major campaigns in New York and Philadelphia, Howe often wrote of the scarcity of adequate provisions, which hampered his ability to mount effective campaigns. Howe 's tardiness in launching the New York campaign, and his reluctance to allow Cornwallis to vigorously pursue Washington 's beaten army, have both been attributed to the paucity of available food supplies. During the winter of 1776 -- 1777, Howe split his army into scattered cantonments. This decision dangerously exposed the individual forces to defeat in detail, as the distance between them was such that they could not mutually support each other. This strategic failure allowed the Americans to achieve victory at the Battle of Trenton, and the concurrent Battle of Princeton. While a major strategic error to divide an army in such a manner, the quantity of available food supplies in New York was so low that Howe had been compelled to take such a decision. The garrisons were widely spaced so their respective foraging parties would not interfere with each other 's efforts. Howe 's difficulties during the Philadelphia campaign were also greatly exacerbated by the poor quality and quantity of available provisions. Clinton and Cornwallis General Charles Cornwallis, who led British forces in the southern campaign. In 1780, the primary British strategy hinged upon a Loyalist uprising in the south, for which Charles Cornwallis was chiefly responsible. After an encouraging success at Camden, Cornwallis was poised to invade North Carolina. However, any significant Loyalist support had been effectively destroyed at the Battle of Kings Mountain, and the British Legion, the cream of his army, had been decisively defeated at the Battle of Cowpens. Following both defeats, Cornwallis was fiercely criticized for detaching a significant portion of his army without adequate mutual support. Despite the defeats, Cornwallis chose to proceed into North Carolina, gambling his success upon a large Loyalist uprising which never materialized. As a result, subsequent engagements cost Cornwallis valuable troops he could not replace, as at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse, and the Americans steadily wore his army down in an exhaustive war of attrition. Cornwallis had thus left the Carolinas ripe for reconquest. The Americans had largely achieved this aim by the end of 1781, effectively confining the British to the coast, and undoing all the progress they had made in the previous year. In a last - ditch attempt to win the war in the South, Cornwallis resolved to invade Virginia, in order to cut off the American 's supply base to the Carolinas. Henry Clinton, Cornwallis ' superior, strongly opposed the plan, believing the decisive confrontations would take place between Washington in the North. London had approved Cornwallis plan, however they had failed to include Clinton in the decision - making, despite his seniority over Cornwallis, leading to a muddled strategic direction. Cornwallis then decided to invade Virginia without informing Clinton of his intentions. Clinton, however, had wholly failed to construct a coherent strategy for British campaigning that year, owing to his fractious relationship that he shared with Mariot Arbuthnot, his naval counterpart. As the Franco - American army approached Cornwallis at Yorktown, he made no attempt to sally out and engage before siege lines could be erected, despite the repeated urging of his subordinate officers. Expecting relief to soon arrive from Clinton, Cornwallis prematurely abandoned all of his outer defences, which were then promptly occupied by the besiegers, serving to hasten the British defeat. These factors contributed to the eventual surrender of Cornwallis ' entire army, and the end of major operations in North America. Like Howe before him, Clinton 's efforts to campaign suffered from chronic supply issues. In 1778, Clinton wrote to Germain complaining of the lack of supplies, even after the arrival of a convoy from Ireland. That winter, the supply issue had deteriorated so badly, that Clinton expressed considerable anxiety over how the troops were going to be properly fed. Clinton was largely inactive in the North throughout 1779, launching few major campaigns. This inactivity was partially due to the shortage of food. By 1780, the situation had not improved. Clinton wrote a frustrated correspondence to Germain, voicing concern that a `` fatal consequence will ensue '' if matters did not improve. By October that year, Clinton again wrote to Germain, angered that the troops in New York had not received `` an ounce '' of that year 's allotted stores from Britain. Campaign issues Suppressing a rebellion in America presented the British with major problems. The key issue was distance ; it could take up to three months to cross the Atlantic, and orders from London were often outdated by the time that they arrived. The colonies had never been formally united prior to the conflict and there was no centralized area of ultimate strategic importance. Traditionally, the fall of a capital city often signalled the end of a conflict, yet the war continued unabated even after the fall of major settlements such as New York, Philadelphia ( which was the Patriot capital ), and Charleston. Britain 's ability to project its power overseas lay chiefly in the power of the Royal Navy, allowing her to control major coastal settlements with relative ease and enforce a strong blockade of colonial ports. However, the overwhelming majority of the American population was agrarian, not urban. As a result, the American economy proved resilient enough to withstand the blockade 's effects. Black Loyalist soldiers fought alongside British regulars in the 1781 Battle of Jersey, from The Death of Major Peirson The need to maintain Loyalist support prevented the British from using the harsh methods of suppressing revolts that they had used in Scotland and Ireland. For example, British troops looted and pillaged the locals during an aborted attack on Charleston in 1779, enraging both Patriots and Loyalists. Neutral colonists were often driven into the ranks of the Patriots when brutal combat broke out between Tories and Whigs across the Carolinas in the later stages of the war. Conversely, Loyalists were often emboldened when Patriots resorted to intimidating suspected Tories, such as destroying property or tarring and feathering. The vastness of the American countryside and the limited manpower available meant that the British could never simultaneously defeat the Americans and occupy captured territory. One British statesman described the attempt as `` like trying to conquer a map ''. Wealthy Loyalists wielded great influence in London and were successful in convincing the British that the majority view in the colonies was sympathetic toward the Crown. Consequently, British planners pinned the success of their strategies on popular uprisings of Loyalists. Historians have estimated that Loyalists made up only 15 -- 20 % of the population ( vs. 40 - 45 % Patriots ) and that they continued to deceive themselves on their level of support as late as 1780. The British discovered that any significant level of organized Loyalist activity would require the continued presence of British regulars, which presented them with a major dilemma. The manpower that the British had available was insufficient to both protect Loyalist territory and counter American advances. The vulnerability of Loyalist militias was repeatedly demonstrated in the South, where they suffered strings of defeats to their Patriot neighbors. The most crucial juncture of this was at Kings Mountain, and the victory of the Patriot partisans irreversibly crippled Loyalist military capability in the South. Upon the entry of France and Spain into the conflict, the British were forced to severely limit the number of troops and warships that they sent to North America in order to defend other key territories and the British mainland. As a result, King George III abandoned any hope of subduing America militarily while he had a European war to contend with. The small size of Britain 's army left them unable to concentrate their resources primarily in one theater as they had done in the Seven Years ' War, leaving them at a critical disadvantage. The British were compelled to disperse troops from the Americas to Europe and the East Indies, and these forces were unable to assist one other as a result, precariously exposing them to defeat. In North America, the immediate strategic focus of the French, Spanish, and British shifted to Jamaica, whose sugar exports were more valuable to the British than the economy of the Thirteen Colonies combined. Following the end of the war, Britain had lost some of her most populous colonies. However, the economic effects of the loss were negligible in the long - term, and she became a global superpower just 32 years after the end of the conflict. Patriots Main articles : Continental Army and Minutemen 1st Maryland Regiment holding the line at the Battle of Guilford The Americans began the war with significant disadvantages compared to the British. They had no national government, no national army or navy, no financial system, no banks, no established credit, and no functioning government departments, such as a treasury. The Congress tried to handle administrative affairs through legislative committees, which proved inefficient. The state governments were themselves brand new and officials had no administrative experience. In peacetime the colonies relied heavily on ocean travel and shipping, but that was now shut down by the British blockade and the Americans had to rely on slow overland travel. However, the Americans had multiple advantages that in the long run outweighed the initial disadvantages they faced. The Americans had a large prosperous population that depended not on imports but on local production for food and most supplies, while the British were mostly shipped in from across the ocean. The British faced a vast territory far larger than Britain or France, located at a far distance from home ports. Most of the Americans lived on farms distant from the seaports -- the British could capture any port but that did not give them control over the hinterland. They were on their home ground, had a smoothly functioning, well organized system of local and state governments, newspapers and printers, and internal lines of communications. They had a long - established system of local militia, previously used to combat the French and Native Americans, with companies and an officer corps that could form the basis of local militias, and provide a training ground for the national army created by Congress. Motivation was a major asset. The Patriots wanted to win ; over 200,000 fought in the war ; 25,000 died. The British expected the Loyalists to do much of the fighting, but they did much less than expected. The British also hired German mercenaries to do much of their fighting. At the onset of the war, the Americans had no major international allies. Battles such as the Battle of Bennington, the Battles of Saratoga and even defeats such as the Battle of Germantown proved decisive in gaining the attention and support of powerful European nations such as France and Spain, who moved from covertly supplying the Americans with weapons and supplies, to overtly supporting them militarily, moving the war to a global stage. The new Continental Army suffered significantly from a lack of an effective training regime, and largely inexperienced officers and sergeants. The inexperience of its officers was compensated for in part by its senior officers ; officers such as George Washington, Horatio Gates, Charles Lee, Richard Montgomery and Francis Marion all had military experience with the British Army during the French and Indian War. The Americans solved their training dilemma during their stint in Winter Quarters at Valley Forge, where they were relentlessly drilled and trained by General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, a veteran of the famed Prussian General Staff. He taught the Continental Army the essentials of military discipline, drills, tactics and strategy, and wrote the Revolutionary War Drill Manual. When the Army emerged from Valley Forge, it proved its ability to equally match the British troops in battle when they fought a successful strategic action at the Battle of Monmouth. Population density in the American Colonies in 1775 When the war began, the 13 colonies lacked a professional army or navy. Each colony sponsored local militia. Militiamen were lightly armed, had little training, and usually did not have uniforms. Their units served for only a few weeks or months at a time, were reluctant to travel far from home and thus were unavailable for extended operations, and lacked the training and discipline of soldiers with more experience. If properly used, however, their numbers could help the Continental armies overwhelm smaller British forces, as at the battles of Concord, Bennington and Saratoga, and the siege of Boston. Both sides used partisan warfare but the Americans effectively suppressed Loyalist activity when British regulars were not in the area. Seeking to coordinate military efforts, the Continental Congress established a regular army on June 14, 1775, and appointed George Washington as commander - in - chief. The development of the Continental Army was always a work in progress, and Washington used both his regulars and state militia throughout the war. Three current branches of the United States Military trace their institutional roots to the American Revolutionary War ; the United States Army comes from the Continental Army, formed by a resolution of the Continental Congress on June 14, 1775. The United States Navy recognizes October 13, 1775 as the date of its official establishment, the passage of the resolution of the Continental Congress at Philadelphia that created the Continental Navy. And the United States Marine Corps traces its institutional roots to the Continental Marines of the war, formed by a resolution of the Continental Congress on November 10, 1775, a date regarded and celebrated as the birthday of the Marine Corps. At the beginning of 1776, Washington 's army had 20,000 men, with two - thirds enlisted in the Continental Army and the other third in the various state militias. At the end of the American Revolution in 1783, both the Continental Navy and Continental Marines were disbanded. About 250,000 men served as regulars or as militiamen for the Revolutionary cause in the eight years of the war, but there were never more than 90,000 men under arms at one time. About 55,000 American sailors served aboard privateers during the war. The American privateers had almost 1,700 ships, and they captured 2,283 enemy ships. John Paul Jones became the first great American naval hero, capturing HMS Drake on April 24, 1778, the first victory for any American military vessel in British waters. Armies were small by European standards of the era, largely attributable, on the American side, to limitations such as lack of powder and other logistical capabilities ; and, on the British side, to the difficulty of transporting troops across the Atlantic, as well as the dependence on local supplies, which the Patriots tried to cut off. The largest force Washington commanded was certainly under 17,000, and may have been no more than 13,000 troops, and even the combined American and French forces at the siege of Yorktown amounted to only about 19,000. By comparison, Duffy notes that in an era when European rulers were generally revising their forces downward, in favor of a size that could be most effectively controlled ( the very different perspective of mass conscript armies came later, during the French Revolutionary and then the Napoleonic Wars ), the largest army that Frederick the Great ever led into battle was 65,000 men ( at Prague in 1757 ), and at other times he commanded between 23,000 and 50,000 men, considering the latter the most effective number. African Americans 1780 drawing of American soldiers from the Yorktown campaign shows a black infantryman from the 1st Rhode Island Regiment. African Americans -- slave and free -- served on both sides during the war. The British recruited slaves belonging to Patriot masters and promised freedom to those who served by act of Lord Dunmore 's Proclamation. Because of manpower shortages, George Washington lifted the ban on black enlistment in the Continental Army in January 1776. Small all - black units were formed in Rhode Island and Massachusetts ; many slaves were promised freedom for serving. Some of the men promised freedom were sent back to their masters, after the war was over, out of political convenience. Another all - black unit came from Saint - Domingue with French colonial forces. At least 5,000 black soldiers fought for the Revolutionary cause. Tens of thousands of slaves escaped during the war and joined British lines ; others simply moved off in the chaos. For instance, in South Carolina, nearly 25,000 slaves ( 30 % of the enslaved population ) fled, migrated or died during the disruption of the war. This greatly disrupted plantation production during and after the war. When they withdrew their forces from Savannah and Charleston, the British also evacuated 10,000 slaves belonging to Loyalists. Altogether, the British evacuated nearly 20,000 blacks at the end of the war. More than 3,000 of them were freedmen and most of these were resettled in Nova Scotia ; other blacks were sold in the West Indies. American Indians A watercolor painting depicting a variety of Continental Army soldiers. Washington and the Comte de Rochambeau at Yorktown, 1781 Most American Indians east of the Mississippi River were affected by the war, and many tribes were divided over the question of how to respond to the conflict. A few tribes were on friendly terms with the other Americans, but most Indians opposed the union of the Colonies as a potential threat to their territory. Approximately 13,000 Indians fought on the British side, with the largest group coming from the Iroquois tribes, who fielded around 1,500 men. The powerful Iroquois Confederacy was shattered as a result of the conflict, whatever side they took ; the Seneca, Onondaga, and Cayuga nations sided with the British. Members of the Mohawk nation fought on both sides. Many Tuscarora and Oneida sided with the colonists. The Continental Army sent the Sullivan Expedition on raids throughout New York to cripple the Iroquois tribes that had sided with the British. Mohawk leaders Joseph Louis Cook and Joseph Brant sided with the Americans and the British respectively, and this further exacerbated the split. Early in July 1776, a major action occurred in the fledgling conflict when the Cherokee allies of Britain attacked the western frontier areas of North Carolina. Their defeat resulted in a splintering of the Cherokee settlements and people, and was directly responsible for the rise of the Chickamauga Cherokee, bitter enemies of the Colonials who carried on a frontier war for decades following the end of hostilities with Britain. Creek and Seminole allies of Britain fought against Americans in Georgia and South Carolina. In 1778, a force of 800 Creeks destroyed American settlements along the Broad River in Georgia. Creek warriors also joined Thomas Brown 's raids into South Carolina and assisted Britain during the Siege of Savannah. Many Indians were involved in the fighting between Britain and Spain on the Gulf Coast and up the Mississippi River -- mostly on the British side. Thousands of Creeks, Chickasaws, and Choctaws fought in major battles such as the Battle of Fort Charlotte, the Battle of Mobile, and the Siege of Pensacola. Race and class Pybus ( 2005 ) estimates that about 20,000 slaves defected to or were captured by the British, of whom about 8,000 died from disease or wounds or were recaptured by the Patriots. The British took some 12,000 at the end of the war ; of these 8000 remained in slavery. Including those who left during the war, a total of about 8000 to 10,000 slaves gained freedom. About 4000 freed slaves went to Nova Scotia and 1200 blacks remained slaves. Baller ( 2006 ) examines family dynamics and mobilization for the Revolution in central Massachusetts. He reports that warfare and the farming culture were sometimes incompatible. Militiamen found that living and working on the family farm had not prepared them for wartime marches and the rigors of camp life. Rugged individualism conflicted with military discipline and regimentation. A man 's birth order often influenced his military recruitment, as younger sons went to war and older sons took charge of the farm. A person 's family responsibilities and the prevalent patriarchy could impede mobilization. Harvesting duties and family emergencies pulled men home regardless of the sergeant 's orders. Some relatives might be Loyalists, creating internal strains. On the whole, historians conclude the Revolution 's effect on patriarchy and inheritance patterns favored egalitarianism. McDonnell ( 2006 ) shows a grave complication in Virginia 's mobilization of troops was the conflicting interests of distinct social classes, which tended to undercut a unified commitment to the Patriot cause. The Assembly balanced the competing demands of elite slave - owning planters, the middling yeomen ( some owning a few slaves ), and landless indentured servants, among other groups. The Assembly used deferments, taxes, military service substitute, and conscription to resolve the tensions. Unresolved class conflict, however, made these laws less effective. There were violent protests, many cases of evasion, and large - scale desertion, so that Virginia 's contributions came at embarrassingly low levels. With the British invasion of the state in 1781, Virginia was mired in class division as its native son, George Washington, made desperate appeals for troops. See also American Revolutionary War portal United States Army portal Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War Bibliography of George Washington Commemoration of the American Revolution Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War British Army during the American War of Independence First Treaty of San Ildefonso First League of Armed Neutrality Fourth Anglo - Dutch War George Washington in the American Revolution Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War List of American Revolutionary War battles List of British Forces in the American Revolutionary War List of Continental Forces in the American Revolutionary War List of infantry weapons in the American Revolution List of plays and films about the American Revolution List of revolutions and rebellions Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War Treaty of El Pardo ( 1778 ) Notes Jump up ^ This article primarily refers to the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies who supported the American Revolution as `` Americans '', with occasional references to `` Patriots '' or `` Revolutionaries ''. Colonists who supported the British and opposed the Revolution are referred to as `` Loyalists '' or `` Tories ''. The geographical area of the thirteen colonies is often referred to simply as `` America ''. References Jump up ^ ( from 1777 ) Jump up ^ ( from 1778 ) Jump up ^ The term `` French Empire '' colloquially refers to the empire under Napoleon, but it is used here for brevity to refer to France proper and to the colonial empire that the Kingdom of France ruled Jump up ^ ( from 1779 ) Jump up ^ ( 1780 -- 84 ) Jump up ^ ( 1780 -- 84 ) Jump up ^ ( until 1779 ) Jump up ^ Hanover supplied troops per Personal union treaty, not as mercenaries Jump up ^ Lowell, Edward J ( 1884 ), `` The Hessians and the other German Auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War '', Harper and Brothers Publishers, New York, Chapter II. Quote : `` Five battalions of the Hanoverian subjects of George III were despatched to Gibraltar and Menorca '' Jump up ^ ( from 1779 ) ^ Jump up to : Duncan, Louis C. MEDICAL MEN IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION ( 1931 ). ^ Jump up to : Michael Lanning ( 2009 ). American Revolution 100 : The Battles, People, and Events of the American War for Independence, Ranked by Their Significance. Sourcebooks. pp. 195 -- 96. ISBN 9781402241703. ^ Jump up to : Jack P. Greene and J.R. Pole. A Companion to the American Revolution ( Wiley - Blackwell, 2003 ), p. 328. Jump up ^ Paullin, Charles Oscar ( 1906 ). The navy of the American Revolution : its administration, its policy and its achievements. The Burrows Brothers Co. Jump up ^ `` Privateers or Merchant Mariners help win the Revolutionary War ''. Usmm.org. Retrieved May 25, 2017. Jump up ^ Howarth 1991, p. 16 Jump up ^ Montero, Francisco Maria ( 1860 ), Historia de Gibraltar y de su campo ( in Spanish ), Imprenta de la Revista Médica, p. 356 Jump up ^ Chartrand & Courcelle 2006, p. 79. ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Dull, A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ( Yale University Press, 1985 ), p. 110. ^ Jump up to : `` Red Coats Facts -- British Soldiers in the American Revolution ''. totallyhistory.com. ^ Jump up to : `` The British Army 1775 -- 1783 '' ( PDF ). orbat. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2013. Jump up ^ Chartrand & Courcelle 2006, p. 63 : `` Of 7,500 men in the Gibraltar garrison in September ( including 400 in hospital ), some 3,430 were always on duty '' Jump up ^ Winfield, Rif, British Warships in the Age of Sail : 1714 -- 1792 ( Seaforth Publishing, 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 700 - 6 Jump up ^ Winfield, Rif, British Warships in the Age of Sail 1714 -- 1792 : Design, Construction, Careers and Fates ( Seaforth Publishing, 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Mackesy ( 1964 ), pp. 6, 176 ( British seamen ). ^ Jump up to : Savas and Dameron ( 2006 ), p. xli Jump up ^ Knesebeck, Ernst von dem ( 1845 ), `` Geschichte de churhannoverschen Truppen in Gibraltar, Menorca und Ostindien '', Published by Im Verlage der Helwingschen Hof - Buchhandlung. Note : The strength of a Hanoverian battalion is listed as 473 men ^ Jump up to : Lowell, Edward J ( 1884 ), `` The Hessians and the other German Auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War '', Harper and Brothers Publishers, New York, Chapter II Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1999 ), p. 393 ; Boatner ( 1974 ), p. 545. ^ Jump up to : Howard H. Peckham, ed., The Toll of Independence : Engagements and Battle Casualties of the American Revolution ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1974 ). ^ Jump up to : Burrows, Edwin G. ( Fall 2008 ). `` Patriots or Terrorists ''. American Heritage. 58 ( 5 ). Archived from the original on March 23, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Dawson, Warrington. `` The 2112 Frenchmen who died in the United States from 1777 to 1783 while fighting for the American Independence ''. Washington - Rochambeau Revolutionary Route. Journal de la societe des Americanistes. Archived from the original on June 5, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Spanish casualties in The American Revolutionary war ''. Necrometrics. ^ Jump up to : Annual Register, 1783 ( 1785 ), pp. 199 -- 200. ^ Jump up to : Parliamentary Register ( 1781 ), pp. 263 -- 65. Jump up ^ `` Eighteenth Century Death Tolls ''. necrometrics.com. Retrieved January 7, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Parliamentary Register ( 1781 ), p. 269. ^ Jump up to : Mackesy ( 1964 ), pp. 6, 176 ( British seamen ) Jump up ^ Burrows, Edwin. `` Forgotten Patriots : The Untold Story of American Prisoners During the Revolutionary War. '' Basic Books. New York, 2008. Page 203. Jump up ^ Modern British writers generally favor `` American War of Independence '', rather than `` American Rebellion '' or `` War of American Independence ''. `` National Curriculum England ''. Retrieved April 21, 2016. Jump up ^ The colony of Georgia joined later. Jump up ^ Brooks, Richard ( editor ). Atlas of World Military History. HarperCollins, 2000, p. 101 `` Washington 's success in keeping the army together deprived the British of victory, but French intervention won the war. '' Jump up ^ Gladney, Henry M. ( 2014 ). No Taxation without Representation : 1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Liberty and Property : Political Ideology in Eighteenth - century Britain -- H.T. Dickinson -- Google Books. Books.google.com. 1977. p. 218. ISBN 9780416729306. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 07. Jump up ^ Charles Howard McIlwain ( 1938 ). The American Revolution : A Constitutional Interpretation. p. 51. ISBN 9781584775683. Jump up ^ Paul Boyer ; et al. ( 2014 ). The Enduring Vision : A History of the American People. Cengage Learning. p. 142. ISBN 9781285193397. Jump up ^ Knollenberg, Growth, 48 ; Thomas, Duties Crisis, 76 Jump up ^ Young, Shoemaker, 183 -- 85. Jump up ^ Knollenberg, Growth, 69 Jump up ^ `` What was the Boston Massacre? ''. Boston Massacre Society. Jump up ^ `` Boston Tea Party ''. History.com. Jump up ^ http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/mass_gov_act.asp Jump up ^ Ian R. Christie and Benjamin W. Labaree, Empire or Independence, 1760 -- 1776 ( New York : Norton, 1976 ) p. 188. Jump up ^ Ammerman, David ( 1974 ). In the Common Cause : American Response to the Coercive Acts of 1774. New York : Norton., p. 9 Jump up ^ Ammerman points out that the act only permitted soldiers to be quartered in unoccupied buildings -- although they were still private property. ( Ammerman, In the Common Cause, 10 ) Jump up ^ Ammerman, In the Common Cause, 15. Jump up ^ Gary B. Nash ; Carter Smith ( 2007 ). Atlas Of American History. Infobase Publishing. p. 64. ISBN 9781438130132. Jump up ^ Peter Knight ( 2003 ). Conspiracy Theories in American History : An Encyclopedia. ABC - CLIO. pp. 184 -- 85. ISBN 9781576078129. Jump up ^ Georgia did not attend Jump up ^ Ferling, John. ( 2003 ). A Leap in the Dark. Oxford University Press. p. 112. Jump up ^ Kindig, Thomas E. ( 1995 ). `` Galloway 's Plan for the Union of Great Britain and the Colonies ''. Declaration of Independence. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA : Independence Hall Association, publishing electronically as ushistory.org. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2015. The plan was considered very attractive to most of the members, as it proposed a popularly elected Grand Council which would represent the interests of the colonies as a whole, and would be a continental equivalent to the English Parliament. After a sincere debate, it was rejected by a six to five vote on October 22, 1774. It may have been the arrival of the Suffolk County ( Boston ) resolutions that killed it. ^ Jump up to : Kramnick, Isaac ( ed ) ; Thomas Paine ( 1982 ). Common Sense. Penguin Classics. p. 21. Jump up ^ `` Resolved, 4. That the foundation of English liberty, and of all free government, is a right in the people to participate in their legislative council : and as the English colonists are not represented, and from their local and other circumstances, can not properly be represented in the British parliament, they are entitled to a free and exclusive power of legislation in their several provincial legislatures, where their right of representation can alone be preserved, in all cases of taxation and internal polity, subject only to the negative of their sovereign, in such manner as has been heretofore used and accustomed : But, from the necessity of the case, and a regard to the mutual interest of both countries, we cheerfully consent to the operation of such acts of the British parliament, as are bonfide, restrained to the regulation of our external commerce, for the purpose of securing the commercial advantages of the whole empire to the mother country, and the commercial benefits of its respective members ; excluding every idea of taxation internal or external, for raising a revenue on the subjects, in America, without their consent. '' quoted from the Declarations and Resolves of the First Continental Congress October 14, 1774. Jump up ^ Cogliano, Francis D. Revolutionary America, 1763 -- 1815 : A Political History. Routledge, 1999. pp. 47 Jump up ^ Cogliano, Revolutionary America, 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Alan Axelrod, The Real History of the American Revolution : A New Look at the Past, p. 83 Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 76 Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 85 Jump up ^ Chidsey, p. 6. This is the total size of Smith 's force. Jump up ^ Ketchum, pp. 18, 54 Jump up ^ Ketchum, pp. 2 -- 9 Jump up ^ Ketchum pp. 110 -- 111 Jump up ^ Adams, Charles Francis, `` The Battle of Bunker Hill '', in American Historical Review ( 1895 -- 1896 ), pp. 401 -- 13. Jump up ^ Higginbotham ( 1983 ), pp. 75 -- 77. Jump up ^ Ketchum, p. 183, 198 -- 209 Jump up ^ Hugh F. Rankin, ed. ( 1987 ). Rebels and Redcoats : The American Revolution Through the Eyes of Those who Fought and Lived it. Da Capo Press. p. 63. ISBN 9780306803079. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lecky, William Edward Hartpole, A History of England in the Eighteenth CentuIry ( 1882 ), pp. 449 -- 50. Jump up ^ McCullough, p. 53 Jump up ^ Frothingham, pp. 100 -- 101 Jump up ^ John R. Alden ( 1989 ). A History of the American Revolution. Da Capo Press. pp. 188 -- 90. ISBN 9780306803666. Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ), vol 1, p. 293 Jump up ^ Glatthaar ( 2006 ), p. 91 Jump up ^ Glatthaar ( 2006 ), p. 93 Jump up ^ Quebec was officially ceded in 1763 Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ), vol 1, p. 242 Jump up ^ Gabriel, Michael P. ( 2002 ). Major General Richard Montgomery : The Making of an American Hero. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 3931 - 3., p. 141 Jump up ^ Mark R. Anderson, The Battle for the Fourteenth Colony : America 's War of Liberation in Canada, 1774 -- 1776 ( University Press of New England ; 2013 ). Jump up ^ Alden, The American Revolution ( 1954 ) p. 206 Jump up ^ Willard Sterne Randall, `` Benedict Arnold at Quebec '', MHQ : Quarterly Journal of Military History, Summer 1990, Vol. 2, Issue 4, pp 38 -- 49. Jump up ^ Davies, Blodwen ( 1951 ). Quebec : Portrait of a Province. Greenberg. p. 32. Carleton 's men had won a quick and decisive victory Jump up ^ Lanctot ( 1967 ), pp. 141 -- 146 Jump up ^ Thomas A. Desjardin, Through a Howling Wilderness : Benedict Arnold 's March to Quebec, 1775 ( 2006 ). Jump up ^ Stanley, pp. 127 -- 128 Jump up ^ Watson ( 1960 ), p. 203. Jump up ^ Arthur S. Lefkowitz, Benedict Arnold 's Army : The 1775 American Invasion of Canada during the Revolutionary War ( 2007 ). Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ), volume 2, pp. 459 -- 552 Jump up ^ Selby and Higginbotham, p. 2 Jump up ^ Levy, Andrew ( Jan 9, 2007 ). The First Emancipator : Slavery, Religion, and the Quiet Revolution of Robert Carter. Random House Trade Paperbacks. p. 74. ISBN 978 - 0375761041. Jump up ^ Scribner, Robert L. ( 1983 ). Revolutionary Virginia, the Road to Independence. University of Virginia Press. pp. xxiv. ISBN 0 - 8139 - 0748 - 9. Jump up ^ Russell, p. 73 Jump up ^ McCrady, p. 89 Jump up ^ Landrum, John Belton O'Neall ( 1897 ). Colonial and Revolutionary History of Upper South Carolina. Greenville, SC : Shannon. OCLC 187392639., pp. 80 -- 81 Jump up ^ Wilson, David K ( 2005 ). The Southern Strategy : Britain 's Conquest of South Carolina and Georgia, 1775 -- 1780. Columbia, SC : University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 1 - 57003 - 573 - 3. OCLC 56951286., p. 33 Jump up ^ Hibbert, C : Rebels and Redcoats, p. 106 Jump up ^ Kepner, F, `` A British View of the Siege of Charleston, 1776 '', The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 11, No. 1. ( Feb., 1945 ), p. 94 Jstor link Jump up ^ Bicheno, H : Rebels and Redcoats, p. 154, 158 Jump up ^ Field, Edward ( 1898 ). Esek Hopkins, commander - in - chief of the continental navy during the American Revolution, 1775 to 1778. Providence : Preston & Rounds. OCLC 3430958., p. 104 Jump up ^ McCusker, John J ( 1997 ). Essays in the economic history of the Atlantic world. London : Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 16841 - 0. OCLC 470415294., p. 185 - 187 Jump up ^ Riley, pp. 101 -- 102 Jump up ^ Field, pp. 117 -- 118 Jump up ^ Field, pp. 120 -- 125 Jump up ^ `` DECLARATION OF TAKING UP ARMS : RESOLUTIONS OF THE SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS ''. Constitution Society. Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23. Jump up ^ Ketchum, p. 211 Jump up ^ Maier, American Scripture, 25. The text of the 1775 king 's speech is online, published by the American Memory project. Jump up ^ Middlekauff, Glorious Cause, 168 ; Ferling, Leap in the Dark, 123 -- 24. Jump up ^ Maier, American Scripture, 25 Jump up ^ Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy, The Men who Lost America : British Leadership, the American Revolution, and the Fate of the Empire ( Yale UP, 2013 ). Jump up ^ Frank A. Biletz ( 2013 ). Historical Dictionary of Ireland. Scarecrow Press. p. 8. Jump up ^ Lecky. A History of England. pp. 162 -- 65. Jump up ^ Vincent Morley ( 2002 ). Irish Opinion and the American Revolution, 1760 -- 1783. Cambridge UP. pp. 154 -- 57. ^ Jump up to : Ketchum, pp. 208 -- 209 ^ Jump up to : Frothingham ( 1903 ), p. 298 ^ Jump up to : John C. Miller ( 1959 ). Origins of the American Revolution. Stanford UP. pp. 410 -- 12. ^ Jump up to : Scheer, p. 64 ^ Jump up to : http://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/hessiansotherge00lowe Jump up ^ David Smith ( 2012 ). New York 1776 : The Continentals ' First Battle. Osprey Publishing. pp. 21 -- 23. Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree, Empire or Independence, 270 ; Maier, American Scripture, 31 -- 32. Jump up ^ Maier, American Scripture, 33 -- 34 Jump up ^ Boyd, Evolution, 19 Jump up ^ Maier, American Scripture, 160 -- 61 Jump up ^ Fischer ( 2004 ), p. 29. Jump up ^ Maier, American Scripture, 156 -- 57 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the American Revolution Mark M. Botner III, ( 1974 ) P. 1094. Jump up ^ Liberty 's Exiles ; American Loyalists & the Revolutionary World. Maya Jasanoff ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ The American Revolution ; Colin Bonwick ( 1991 ) P. 152 ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of American History. Richard B. Morris and Jeffrey B. Morris, eds., 6th Edition ( New York : Harper & Row Publishers, 1982 ), p. 130. Jump up ^ Flight of the Tories from the Republic, The Tories of the American Revolution. North Callahan ( 1967 ) P. 120. Jump up ^ Land confiscation Records of north Carolina, Vol. 1 ( 1779 -- 1800 ) Stewart Dunaway, p. 9 Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 76 -- 78 Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 89, 381 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ), p. 104 ^ Jump up to : Adams, Charles Francis, `` Battle of Long Island '', in American Historical Review ( 1895 -- 1896 ), p. 657. Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 88 -- 102 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ), p. 117 Jump up ^ Thomas J. McGuire ( 2011 ). Stop the Revolution : America in the Summer of Independence and the Conference for Peace. Stackpole Books. pp. 165 -- 66. Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 102 -- 107 ^ Jump up to : Fischer ( 2004 ), pp. 102 -- 11. ^ Jump up to : Barnet Schecter, The battle for New York : The city at the heart of the American Revolution ( 2002 ). Jump up ^ Ketchum p. 111, 130 Jump up ^ Fischer, pp. 109 -- 125 ^ Jump up to : Ridpath, John Clark ( 1915 ). The new complete history of the United States of America, Volume 6. Cincinnati : Jones Brothers. OCLC 2140537., p. 2531 Jump up ^ David McCullough ( 2006 ). 1776. p. 122. ^ Jump up to : Stedman, Charles, The History of the Origin, Progress and Termination of the American War Volume I ( 1794 ), p. 221. Jump up ^ Larry Lowenthal, Hell on the East River : British Prison Ships in the American Revolution ( 2009 ). Jump up ^ Mary Tucker ( March 1, 2002 ). Washington Crossing the Delaware. Lorenz Educational Press. pp. 22 -- 23. Jump up ^ Stedman, Charles, The History of the Origin, Progress and Termination of the American War Volume I ( 1794 ), p. 223. Jump up ^ Schecter, pp. 266 -- 267 ^ Jump up to : Fischer, pp. 138 -- 142 Jump up ^ Lecky. A History of England. pp. 70 -- 78. Jump up ^ McCullough 2006, p. 195. Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ), p. 191, 269 Jump up ^ Charles Francis Adams, `` The Battle of Long Island, '' American Historical Review Vol. 1, No. 4 ( Jul. 1896 ), pp. 650 -- 670 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Schecter, pp. 259 -- 263 Jump up ^ Fischer p. 254. Casualty numbers vary slightly with the Hessian forces, usually between 21 -- 23 killed, 80 -- 95 wounded, and 890 -- 920 captured ( including the wounded ). Jump up ^ Fischer ( 2004 ), pp. 206 -- 59. Jump up ^ Wood, W. J ( 1995 ). Battles of the Revolutionary War, 1775 -- 1781. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0 - 306 - 80617 - 7. ISBN 0 - 306 - 81329 - 7 ( 2003 paperback reprint ), p. 72 - 74 Jump up ^ Fischer p. 307 Jump up ^ Ketchum p. 286 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ), pp. 388 -- 389 Jump up ^ Schecter, p. 268 Jump up ^ McCullough p. 290 Jump up ^ Lengel p. 208 Jump up ^ Fischer ( 2004 ), pp. 345 -- 58. ^ Jump up to : Lecky, William, A History of England in the Eighteenth Century, Vol. IV ( 1891 ), p. 57. Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ), p. 84 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ), p. 84. Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ), p. 244 - 249 Jump up ^ Gabriel, Michael P. ( 2012 ). The Battle of Bennington : Soldiers and Civilians. The History Press. Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ), p. 283 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ), pp. 337 -- 378. Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ), pp. 403 -- 425. Jump up ^ Edmund Morgan, The Birth of the Republic : 1763 -- 1789 ( 1956 ) pp 82 -- 83 Jump up ^ Higginbotham ( 1983 ), pp. 188 -- 98 Jump up ^ Stedman, Charles, The History of the Origin, Progress and Termination of the American War Volume I ( 1794 ), pp. 287 -- 89. ^ Jump up to : Adams, Charles Francis. Campaign of 1777 Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Volume 44 ( 1910 -- 11 ) pp. 25 -- 26 ^ Jump up to : Higginbotham, The War of American Independence, pp. 181 -- 86 ^ Jump up to : Adams, Charles Francis. `` Campaign of 1777 '', Massachusetts Historical Society, Vol. 44 ( 1910 -- 11 ), p. 43. Jump up ^ Ward, Christopher. The War of the Revolution. ( 2 volumes. New York : Macmillan, 1952. ) History of land battles in North America., p. 362 Jump up ^ Stephen R. Taaffe, The Philadelphia Campaign, 1777 -- 1778 ( 2003 ), pp. 95 -- 100 except and text search. ^ Jump up to : Rose, Michael ( 2007 ), Washington 's War : From Independence to Iraq, ( 1 ), Retrieved on May 24, 2017 ^ Jump up to : McGuire, p. 254 Jump up ^ Cadwalader, Richard McCall ( 1901 ). Observance of the One Hundred and Twenty - third Anniversary of the Evacuation of Philadelphia by the British Army. Fort Washington and the Encampment of White Marsh, November 2, 1777 :. pp. 20 -- 28. Retrieved January 7, 2016. Jump up ^ Freedman, 2008, p. 1 - 30 ^ Jump up to : Noel Fairchild Busch, Winter Quarters : George Washington and the Continental Army at Valley Forge ( Liveright, 1974 ). ^ Jump up to : `` A Concluding Commentary '' Supplying Washington 's Army ( 1981 ). ^ Jump up to : `` The Winning of Independence, 1777 -- 1783 '' American Military History Volume I ( 2005 ). Jump up ^ Paul Douglas Lockhart, The Drillmaster of Valley Forge : The Baron de Steuben and the Making of the American Army ( 2008 ). ^ Jump up to : Frances H. Kennedy ( 2014 ). The American Revolution : A Historical Guidebook. Oxford UP. p. 163. Jump up ^ Text incorporated from Valley Forge National Historical Park website, which is in the public domain. Jump up ^ Freedman, 2008, p. 70 - 83 Jump up ^ Reid, Authority to Tax, 51. Jump up ^ Stockley ( 2001 ), p. 11 - 12 Jump up ^ Terry M. Mays ( 2009 ). Historical Dictionary of the American Revolution. Scarecrow Press. p. 7. ^ Jump up to : Jones, Howard ( 2002 ). Crucible of Power : A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913. Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 5. ISBN 0 - 8420 - 2916 - 8. Jump up ^ Hoffman, Ronald, and Peter J. Albert, eds. Diplomacy and Revolution : The Franco - American Alliance of 1778 ( United States Capitol Historical Society, 1981 ) Jump up ^ `` Journal of the American Revolution, The Gunpowder shortage ( September 9, 2013 ). ( 2 ) Jump up ^ James Brown Scott, Historical Introduction, p. 8 -- 9 in Samuel Flagg Bemis, Ed. The American Secretaries of State and their diplomacy V. 1 -- 2, 1963. Jump up ^ `` Springfield Armory ''. Nps.gov. April 25, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2013. Jump up ^ Georges Édouard Lemaître ( 2005 ). Beaumarchais. Kessinger Publishing. p. 229. Jump up ^ Thomas G. Paterson ; et al. ( 2009 ). American Foreign Relations, Volume 1 : A History to 1920. Cengage Learning. pp. 13 -- 15. Jump up ^ Perkins, James Breck, France In The Revolution ( 1911 ). Jump up ^ Corwin, Edward Samuel, French Policy and the American Alliance ( 1916 ), pp. 121 -- 48. Jump up ^ Morris, Richard B. ( 1983 ) ( 1965 ). The Peacemakers : The Great Powers and American Independence., p. 15 Jump up ^ Renaut, Francis P. ( 1922 ). Le Pacte de famille et l'Amérique : La politique coloniale franco - espagnole de 1760 à 1792. Paris., p. 290 Jump up ^ Caughey, John W. ( 1998 ). Bernardo de Gálvez in Louisiana 1776 -- 1783. Gretna : Pelican Publishing Company. ISBN 1 - 56554 - 517 - 6., p. 87 Jump up ^ Mitchell, Barbara A. ( Autumn 2012 ). `` America 's Spanish Savior : Bernardo de Gálvez ''. MHQ ( Military History Quarterly ). pp. 98 -- 104., p. 99 Jump up ^ E. Chavez, Thomas ( 1997 ). Spain 's Support Vital to United States Independence, 1777 -- 1783. United States. Dept. of Defense. pp. United States. Jump up ^ Sparks, Jared ( 1829 -- 1830 ). The Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution. Boston : Nathan Hale and Gray & Bowen., p. 1 : 408 Jump up ^ Fernández y Fernández, Enrique ( 1885 ). Spain 's Contribution to the independence of the United States. Embassy of Spain : United States of America., p. 4 Jump up ^ Clarfield, Gerard. United States Diplomatic History : From Revolution to Empire. New Jersey : Prentice - Hall, 1992. Jump up ^ Stockley, Andrew ( 1 January 2001 ). Britain and France at the Birth of America : The European Powers and the Peace Negotiations of 1782 -- 1783. University of Exeter Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 85989 - 615 - 3. Retrieved 28 August 2015., p. 19 Jump up ^ Chartrand, René ( 2006 ). Gibraltar 1779 -- 83 : The Great Siege. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 977 - 6. Retrieved 16 November 2015., p. 9 Jump up ^ John Ferling ( 2007 ). Almost a Miracle : The American Victory in the War of Independence. Oxford UP. p. 294. Jump up ^ Syrett ( 1998 ), p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Scott, Hamish M. ( 1990 ). British Foreign Policy in the Age of the American Revolution. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820195 - 3., p. 264 - 72 ^ Jump up to : Cf., Richard Pares, ( 1936 ) : 429 -- 65 Jump up ^ Syrett, David ( 1998 ). The Royal Navy in European Waters During the American Revolutionary War. Univ of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 238 - 7., p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ), p. 405 -- 448 ^ Jump up to : Higginbotham ( 1983 ), pp. 175 -- 88 Jump up ^ Trevelyan ( 1912 ), vol. 1, p. 4., p. 5. ^ Jump up to : Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660 -- 1783 ( Boston : Little, Brown, 1890 ), p. 534 Jump up ^ Edler 2001, pp. 28 -- 32 Jump up ^ Edler 2001, pp. 42 -- 62 Jump up ^ Edler 2001, pp. 95 -- 138 Jump up ^ Edler 2001, pp. 62 -- 69 Jump up ^ Edler 2001, pp. 88 -- 91, 151 -- 152, 164 Jump up ^ Nickerson, Hoffman ( 1967 ) ( 1928 ). The Turning Point of the Revolution. Port Washington, NY : Kennikat. OCLC 549809., p. 412 Jump up ^ Chartrand, René ( 2006 ). Gibraltar 1779 -- 83 : The Great Siege. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 977 - 6. Retrieved 16 November 2015., p. 9 Jump up ^ Harvey, Robert ( 2001 ), A Few Bloody Noses : The American War of Independence, London, ISBN 0719561418, OCLC 46513518, p. 385 - 87 Jump up ^ Chartrand, René ( 2006 ). Gibraltar 1779 -- 83 : The Great Siege. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 977 - 6. Retrieved 16 November 2015., p. 37 Jump up ^ Selig, Robert A ; et al. ( 1999 ), `` 5, sect 3 '', Rochambeau in Connecticut, Connecticut Historical Commission, retrieved 7 December 2007. Jump up ^ Patterson, Alfred Temple ( 1960 ), The Other Armada : The Franco - Spanish attempt to invade Britain in 1779, Manchester, UK : Manchester University Press, p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Bonhomme Richard ''. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 2 June 2017. Jump up ^ Black, Jeremy ( 1992 ). `` Naval Power, Strategy and Foreign Policy, 1775 - 1791 ''. In Michael Duffy ( Ed. ). Parameters of British Naval Power, 1650 -- 1850. Exeter, UK : University of Exeter Press. pp. 95 -- 120 ; here : p. 105. ISBN 978 - 0 - 85989 - 385 - 5. Retrieved 12 April 2013. CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Volo, M. James. Blue Water Patriots : The American Revolution Afloat, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ( 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 6120 - 5, p. 77 Jump up ^ Campbell, Thomas. Annals of Great Britain from the ascension of George III to the peace of Amiens, Printed by Mundell and co., for Silvester Doig and Andrew Stirling ( 1811 )., p. 56 Jump up ^ Gordon, William. The history of the rise, progress, and establishment of the Independence of the United States of America, Books for Libraries Press ( 1969 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8369 - 5024 - 3, p. 4 Jump up ^ Campbell p. 36 Jump up ^ Syrett, p. 136 Jump up ^ Parkinson N, C. The Trade Winds : A Study of British Overseas Trade during the French wars, 1793 -- 1815. Routledge ; Reprint edition. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 38191 - 8, p. 38 Jump up ^ Syrett, p. 136 Jump up ^ The encyclopaedia of London, p. 483 Jump up ^ Guthrie, William. A New Geographical, Historical And Commercial Grammar And Present State Of The World. Complete With 30 Fold Out Maps -- All Present. J. Johnson Publishing ( 1808 ), p. 354, OCLC 222956803 Jump up ^ Ramsay, David. Universal History Americanized, or an Historical View of the World from the Earliest Records to the Nineteenth Century, with a Particular Reference to the State of Society, Literature, Religion, and Form of Government of the United States of America. Vol. VI ( 1819 ), p. 184 Jump up ^ Mirza, Rocky M. ( 2007 ). The Rise and Fall of the American Empire : A Re-Interpretation of History, Economics and Philosophy : 1492 -- 2006. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4251 - 1383 - 4. Retrieved 14 November 2015., p. 185 Jump up ^ Boromé, Joseph ( January 1969 ). `` Dominica during French Occupation, 1778 -- 1784 ''. The English Historical Review ( Volume 884, No. 330 ) : 36 -- 58. JSTOR 562321. Jump up ^ Mirza, p. 185 Jump up ^ Mahan, pp. 429 -- 432 Jump up ^ Colomb, Philip ( 1895 ). Naval Warfare, its Ruling Principles and Practice Historically Treated. London : W.H. Allen. OCLC 2863262., pp. 388 -- 389 Jump up ^ Colomb, 389 -- 391 Jump up ^ Castex, Jean - Claude ( 2004 ). Dictionnaire des batailles navales franco - anglaises. Presses Université Laval. ISBN 978 - 2 - 7637 - 8061 - 0., pp. 196 -- 199 Jump up ^ Mahan, pp. 438 -- 439 Jump up ^ James W. Raab ( 2007 ). Spain, Britain and the American Revolution in Florida, 1763 - 1783. p. 135. Jump up ^ Chávez, Thomas E ( 2004 ). Spain and the Independence of the United States : An Intrinsic Gift. UNM Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 2794 - 9. OCLC 149117944., p. 151 Jump up ^ Chávez, p. 152 Jump up ^ Chávez, p. 153 Jump up ^ Chávez, p. 158 Jump up ^ Southey, Robert ( 2007 ). The Life of Horatio Lord Nelson. Teddington, UK : Echo Library. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4068 - 3003 - 3., p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Southey p. 10 Jump up ^ de Saavedra de Sangronis, Francisco ; Francisco Morales Padrón ( 2004 ). Diario de don Francisco de Saavedra. Madrid, Spain : Universidad de Sevilla. ISBN 978 - 84 - 472 - 0782 - 4., p. 73 Jump up ^ Coleman, Terry ( 2004 ). The Nelson Touch : The Life and Legend of Horatio Nelson. London, UK : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517322 - 2., p. 32 Jump up ^ Linebaugh, Peter ; Rediker, Marcus ( 2005 ). La hidra de la revolución : marineros, esclavos y campesinos en la historia oculta del Atlántico. Editorial Critica. ISBN 978 - 84 - 8432 - 601 - 4., p. 307 Jump up ^ Sudgen, John ( 2004 ). Nelson : A Dream of Glory, 1758 -- 1797. New York, USA : Holt. ISBN 0 - 224 - 06097 - X., p. 173 Jump up ^ Riddick, John F. ( 2006 ). The History of British India : A Chronology. Greenwood Publishing Group., p. 23 - 25 Jump up ^ Barua, Pradeep ( 2005 ). The State at War in South Asia. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0 - 8032 - 1344 - 1., p. 79 Jump up ^ `` History of Mahé ''. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2017. Jump up ^ Almon, John ; Deberett, John & Stockdale, John ( 1793 ). The Parliamentary Register ; or History of the Proceedings and Debates of the House of Commons. New York Public Library. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ), p. 56 Jump up ^ Cust, Eduard. ( 1862 ). `` Annals of the Wars of the Eighteenth Century, Compiled from the Most Authentic Histories of the Period '' Volume 3, University of Lausanne., p. 222 Jump up ^ Dalrymple, William ( 1 October 2005 ). `` ASSIMILATION AND TRANSCULTURATION IN EIGHTEENTH - CENTURY INDIA : A Response to Pankaj Mishra ''. Common Knowledge. 11 ( 3 ) : 445 -- 485. doi : 10.1215 / 0961754X - 11 - 3 - 445. Retrieved 2 June 2017. As late as 1780, following the disastrous British defeat by Tipu Sultan of Mysore at the Battle of Pollilur, 7,000 British men, along with an unknown number of women, were held captive by Tipu in his sophisticated fortress of Seringapatam. Jump up ^ Ramaswami, N.S. ( 1984 ). Political History of Carnatic under the Nawabs. New Delhi : Abhinav Publications. p. 225 Jump up ^ Barua, p. 80 Jump up ^ Morrissey, p. 77 Jump up ^ Daughan, George ( 2011 ) ( 2008 ). If By Sea : The Forging of the American Navy -- from the Revolution to the War of 1812. Basic Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 02514 - 5. OCLC 701015376., pp. 174 -- 175 Jump up ^ Morrissey, p. 78 Jump up ^ Dearden, Paul F ( 1980 ). The Rhode Island Campaign of 1778. Providence, RI : Rhode Island Bicentennial Federation. ISBN 978 - 0 - 917012 - 17 - 4. OCLC 60041024., p. 102 - 106 Jump up ^ Hazard 's Register of Pennsylvania : Devoted to the Preservation of Facts and Documents, and Every Kind of Useful Information Respecting the State of Pennsylvania, Volume 4. W.F. Geddes. 1829. p. 54. Jump up ^ Eaton, Harry ( 1899 ). Jersey City and its historic sites. Jersey City, NJ : The Woman 's Club. OCLC 6340873. Jump up ^ Nelson, Paul David ( 1990 ). William Tryon and the course of empire : a life in British imperial service. UNC Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1917 - 3., p. 170 Jump up ^ Bicheno, Hugh ( 2003 ). Redcoats and Rebels : The American Revolutionary War. London : Harper Collins. ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 715625 - 2. OCLC 51963515., p. 149 Jump up ^ Fischer, Joseph R. ( 2007 ). `` A Well Executed Failure : The Sullivan campaign against the Iroquois, July -- September 1779 ''. Columbia, SC : University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 837 - 2. Jump up ^ Alfred Creigh ( 1871 ). History of Washington County. B. Singerly. p. 49. Jump up ^ Tolson, Jay ( July 7 -- 14, 2008 ). How Washington 's Savvy Won the Day. U.S. News & World Report. Jump up ^ Jonathan Chandler, `` ' To become again our brethren ' : desertion and community during the American Revolutionary War, 1775 -- 83. '' Historical Research 90 # 248 ( 2017 ) : 363 - 380. Jump up ^ Fleming, Thomas ( 1973 ). The Forgotten Victory : The Battle for New Jersey -- 1780. New York : Reader 's Digest Press. ISBN 0 - 88349 - 003 - X., p. 174 - 175 Jump up ^ Fleming, p. 232, 302 Jump up ^ `` July 15, 1780 -- Benedict Arnold to John André ( Code ) '', Spy Letters of the American Revolution -- from the Collection of the Clements Collection, archived from the original on April 8, 2013, retrieved May 30, 2017 Jump up ^ Willard M. Wallace, Traitorous Hero : The Life and Fortunes of Benedict Arnold ( New York : Harper & Brothers, 1954 ), p. 263, 270 Jump up ^ Downes, Council Fires, 211 ; Nester, Frontier War, 194 ; Nelson, Man of Distinction, 101. Jump up ^ James, James Alton, ed. George Rogers Clark Papers. 2 vols. Originally published 1912 -- 1926. Reprinted New York : AMS Press, 1972. ISBN 0 - 404 - 01556 - 5, p. 144 - 48 Jump up ^ Lowell Hayes Harrison, George Rogers Clark and the War in the West ( 2001 ). Jump up ^ Grenier, John. The First Way of War : American War Making on the Frontier, 1607 -- 1814. Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0 - 521 - 84566 - 1., p. 159. Grenier argues that `` The slaughter the Indians and rangers perpetrated was unprecedented. '' Jump up ^ Nelson, Larry L. A Man of Distinction among Them : Alexander McKee and the Ohio Country Frontier, 1754 -- 1799. Kent, Ohio : Kent State University Press, 1999. ISBN 0 - 87338 - 620 - 5 ( hardcover ). p. 118 Jump up ^ Gaff, Alan D. ( 2004 ). Bayonets in the Wilderness. Anthony Waynes Legion in the Old Northwest. Norman : University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3585 - 9. Jump up ^ Scaggs, David Curtis, ed. The Old Northwest in the American Revolution : An Anthology. Madison : The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1977. ISBN 0 - 87020 - 164 - 6, p. 132 Jump up ^ Henry Lumpkin, From Savannah to Yorktown : The American Revolution in the South ( 2000 ). Jump up ^ Morrill, Dan ( 1993 ). Southern Campaigns of the American Revolution. Nautical & Aviation Publishing., p. 46 - 47 Jump up ^ Morrill ( 1993 ), p. 48 - 50 Jump up ^ Wilson, David K ( 2005 ). The Southern Strategy : Britain 's Conquest of South Carolina and Georgia, 1775 -- 1780. Columbia, SC : University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 1 - 57003 - 573 - 3. OCLC 232001108., p. 112 Jump up ^ John W. Gordon and John Keegan, South Carolina and the American Revolution : A Battlefield History ( 2007 ). Jump up ^ Hugh F. Rankin, North Carolina in the American Revolution ( 1996 ). Jump up ^ Buchanan, John ( 1997 ). The Road To Guilford Court House : The American Revolution in the Carolinas. New York : John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0 - 471 - 32716 - 6., p. 202 ^ Jump up to : Buchanan, p. 241 Jump up ^ Buchanan, p. 275 ^ Jump up to : Clinton, H. ; The American Rebellion ; 1783 Jump up ^ Buchanan, p. 326 ^ Jump up to : McGrath, Nick. `` Battle of Guilford Courthouse ''. George Washington 's Mount Vernon : Digital Encyclopedia. Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association. Retrieved January 26, 2017. In three hours, Cornwallis 's army took possession of the field, but it was a Pyrrhic victory... Cornwallis could not afford the casualties his army sustained, and withdrew to Wilmington. By doing so, Cornwallis ceded control of the countryside to the Continentals. Jump up ^ Lumpkin, From Savannah to Yorktown : The American Revolution in the South ( 2000 ). Jump up ^ Greene, Francis Vinton D. General Greene, Appleton and Company 1893, p. 241 Jump up ^ Pancake, John ( 1985 ). This Destructive War. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0191 - 7. Jump up ^ C. Cate, Alan ( 2006 ). Founding Fighters : The Battlefield Leaders who Made American Independence. Greenwood Publishing Group., p. 162 Jump up ^ Reynolds, Jr., William R. ( 2012 ). Andrew Pickens : South Carolina Patriot in the Revolutionary War. Jefferson NC : McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6694 - 8. Jump up ^ Pancake, John ( 1985 ). This Destructive War. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0191 - 7., p. 221 ^ Jump up to : Bicheno, H : Rebels and Redcoats : The American Revolutionary War, London, 2003 ^ Jump up to : Cornwallis ; An Answer to Sir Henry Clinton 's Narrative. Note : Cornwallis wrote this pamphlet shortly after the war in explanation of his actions. ^ Jump up to : Cornwallis Correspondence, Public Record Office Jump up ^ Clinton, H. ; The American Rebellion. Note : This lack of notification was one of Clinton 's main arguments in his own defense in the controversy which followed the surrender at Yorktown. Jump up ^ Grainger, John ( 2005 ). The Battle of Yorktown, 1781 : a Reassessment. Woodbridge, NJ : Boydell Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 137 - 2. OCLC 232006312., p. 29 ^ Jump up to : Billias, George ( 1969 ). George Washington 's Generals and Opponents : their Exploits and Leadership. New York : Da Capo Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80560 - 8. OCLC 229206429., p. 267 - 275 Jump up ^ Dull, Jonathan R ( 1975 ). The French Navy and American Independence : A Study of Arms and Diplomacy, 1774 -- 1787. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 06920 - 3. OCLC 1500030., p. 247 - 248 Jump up ^ Grainger, p. 40 Jump up ^ Dull, p. 241 Jump up ^ Ketchum, p. 139 Jump up ^ Grainger, p. 43 - 44 Jump up ^ Michael Cecere, Great Things are Expected from the Virginians : Virginia in the American Revolution ( 2009 ). Jump up ^ Johnston, Henry Phelps ( 1881 ). The Yorktown Campaign and the Surrender of Cornwallis, 1781. New York : Harper & Bros. OCLC 426009., p. 101 Jump up ^ Middleton, Richard ( 2014 ). `` Naval Resources and the British Defeat at Yorktown, 1781 ''. The Mariner 's Mirror. 100 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 43. doi : 10.1080 / 00253359.2014. 866373. Jump up ^ Duffy, Michael ( 1992 ). Parameters of British Naval Power, 1650 -- 1850. University of Exeter Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 85989 - 385 - 5. Retrieved 8 February 2016., p. 110 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum, p. 205 Jump up ^ Ketchum, p. 214 Jump up ^ Lengel, Edward ( 2005 ). General George Washington. New York : Random House Paperbacks. ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6950 - 2., p. 337 Jump up ^ Davis, Burke ( 2007 ). The Campaign that Won America. New York : HarperCollins. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8368 - 5393 - 3., p. 237 Jump up ^ Fleming, Thomas ( 1970 ). The Perils of Peace. New York : The Dial Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 113911 - 6., p. 16 Jump up ^ Greene, pp. 307 -- 308 Jump up ^ Ketchum, p. 241 Jump up ^ Richard Ferrie, The World Turned Upside Down : George Washington and the Battle of Yorktown ( 1999 ). Jump up ^ Lewis Namier and John Brooke ( 1985 ). The House of Commons 1754 - 1790. p. 246. Jump up ^ Mackesy, p. 435. ^ Jump up to : Greene, p. 325 Jump up ^ Dirks, J.J.B. ( 1871 ), De Nederlandsche Zeemagt in Hare verschillende Tijdperken Geschetst. Deel 3 ( in Dutch ), Rotterdam : H. Nijgh, p. 291 Jump up ^ Edler, pp. 169 -- 176 Jump up ^ Edler, F. ( 2001 ) ( 1911 ), The Dutch Republic and The American Revolution, Honolulu, Hawaii : University Press of the Pacific, ISBN 0 - 89875 - 269 - 8, p. 193 - 198 Jump up ^ Edler, p. 200 - 203 Jump up ^ Davies, Charles Maurice. The history of Holland and the Dutch nation, Volume 3 Jump up ^ Syrett p. 131 Jump up ^ Maj Gen Porter. History of the Corps of Royal Engineers. p. 208. Jump up ^ Chartrand, Rene. The French Army in the American War of Independence ( 1994 ), p. 54 - 56 Jump up ^ Stockley, p. 19 Jump up ^ `` Bajas españolas de las baterías flotantes del ataque a Gibraltar el 13 de septiembre de 1782 '', Gaceta de Madrid ( in Spanish ), Todo a Babor, retrieved 11 March 2010. Jump up ^ Chartrand p. 84 Jump up ^ Fernández Duro, Cesáreo ( 1901 ). Armada Española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón. VII. Madrid, Spain : Sucesores de Rivadeneyra., p. 329 Jump up ^ ( 3 years, 7 months and 2 weeks ) Jump up ^ Syrett ( 2006 ), p. 105 Jump up ^ Chartrand, René ; Courcelle, Patrice ( 2006 ), Gibraltar 1779 -- 1783 : The Great Siege, Gibraltar : Osprey, ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 977 - 6, archived from the original on September 27, 2007, p. 86 Jump up ^ Castex, Jean - Claude ( 2004 ). Dictionnaire des batailles navales franco - anglaises. Presses Université Laval. ISBN 978 - 2 - 7637 - 8061 - 0., p. 175 - 176 Jump up ^ De Grasse, François Joseph Paul. The Operations of the French fleet under the Count de Grasse in 1781 - 2 Jump up ^ Henry, Dalton G. ( 1855 ) The History of British Guiana : Comprising a General Description of the Colony : A narrative of some of the principal events from the earliest period of products and natural history., p. 239 Jump up ^ David F. Marley. Wars of the Americas : A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present ABC - CLIO ( 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 87436 - 837 - 5, p. 182 Jump up ^ Jaques, Hood arrived and repulsed de Grasse with victory at sea off Basseterre p. 881 Jump up ^ Black p. 59 Jump up ^ Dull, Jonathan. ( 1985 ) `` A diplomatic history of the American Revolution '', ISBN 978 - 0 - 3000 - 3886 - 6, p. 244 ^ Jump up to : O'Shaughnessy p. 208 Jump up ^ Trew, Peter. ( 2005 ), `` Rodney and the Breaking of the Line '', Published by Leo Cooper Ltd. ISBN 978 - 1 - 8441 - 5143 - 1, p. 154 - 55 Jump up ^ Trew p. 157 - 62 Jump up ^ Mahan, Alfred T. ( 1898 ). Major Operations of the Royal Navy, 1762 -- 1783 : Being Chapter XXXI in The Royal Navy. A History. Boston : Little, Brown. OCLC 46778589., p. 205 - 226 Jump up ^ Black, Jeremy ( 1999 ). Warfare in the Eighteenth Century. London : Cassell. p. 141. ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 35245 - 6. Jump up ^ O'Shaughnessy p. 314 Jump up ^ Mahan, p. 225 - 226 Jump up ^ Nester, William R ( 2004 ). The frontier war for American independence. Mechanicsburg, PA : Stackpole Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 0077 - 1, p. 291 Jump up ^ Nester, p. 291 Jump up ^ Bense, Judith Ann ( 1999 ). Archaeology of colonial Pensacola. Gainesville, FL : University Press of Florida. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 1661 - 0, p. 36 Jump up ^ Dupuy, R. Ernest ; Hammerman, Gay ; Hayes, Grace P ( 1977 ). The American Revolution : A Global War. New York : David McKay. ISBN 0 - 679 - 50648 - 9, p. 151 Jump up ^ Caughey pp. 209 -- 211 Jump up ^ Chavez, Thomas E. Spain and the Independence of the United States : An Intrinsic Gift, University of New Mexico Press, 2003., p. 208 Jump up ^ Marley, David. Wars of the Americas : A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present, ABC - CLIO ( 1998 ). ISBN 0 - 87436 - 837 - 5, p. 346 Jump up ^ Chávez, p. 151 Jump up ^ Chávez, p. 163 Jump up ^ Chávez, p. 165 Jump up ^ Jay, Mike, The Unfortunate Colonel Despard, Bantam Press, 2004 ISBN 0 - 593 - 05195 - 5, p. 93 ^ Jump up to : Chavez, p. 165 Jump up ^ Edler, F. ( 2001 ) ( 1911 ). The Dutch Republic and The American Revolution. Honolulu, Hawaii : University Press of the Pacific. ISBN 0 - 89875 - 269 - 8. Jump up ^ Edler, p. 184 Jump up ^ Lohuizen, Jan ( 1961 ). The Dutch East India Company and Mysore, 1762 -- 1790. ' s - Gravenhage : M. Nijhoff, p. 117 Jump up ^ Nicolas, Paul Harris ( 1845 ). Historical record of the Royal Marine Forces, Volume 2. London : Thomas and William Boone., p. 124 Jump up ^ Castex ( 2004 ), p. 340 - 344 Jump up ^ Castex ( p. 315 ) calls this a French victory, on account of more severe damage to Hughes ' fleet. Mahan ( p. 566 ) does not explicitly designate a victor. Jump up ^ Castex ( 2004 ), pp. 269 -- 272 Jump up ^ Sweetman, Jack ( 1997 ). The Great Admirals : Command at Sea, 1587 -- 1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9780870212291., p. 176 Jump up ^ Fredriksen, John C ( 2006 ). Revolutionary War Almanac Almanacs of American wars Facts on File library of American history. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9780816074686., p. 229 Jump up ^ Malleson, George Bruce ( 1884 ). Final French Struggles in India and on the Indian Seas. W.H. Allen. Jump up ^ Vibart, H. M ( 1881 ). The military history of the Madras engineers and pioneers, from 1743 up to the present time, Volume 1 Jump up ^ Naravane, M.S. ( 2014 ). Battles of the Honorourable East India Company. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. p. 174. ISBN 9788131300343. Jump up ^ Wilks, Mark. `` Historical Sketches of the South of India, in an Attempt to Trace the History of Mysoor '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 4 June 2017. Jump up ^ Singh, Sarbans ( 1993 ). Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757 -- 1971. New Delhi : Vision Books. pp. 102 -- 103. ISBN 8170941156. Jump up ^ Vibart, H.M. ( 1881 ). The Military History of the Madras Engineers and Pioneers, from 1743 up to the present time ( Volume 1 ). London : W.H. Allen & Co. pp. 158 -- 159. Retrieved 3 November 2013. ^ Jump up to : Naravane, M.S. ( 2014 ). Battles of the Honorourable East India Company. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 173 -- 175. ISBN 9788131300343. Jump up ^ Lohuizen, p. 115 Jump up ^ Hasan, Mohibbul ( 2005 ). History of Tipu Sultan. Aakar Books. p. 21. ISBN 8187879572. Retrieved 19 January 2013. Jump up ^ Hasan, Mohibbul ( 2005 ). History of Tipu Sultan. Aakar Books. p. 24. ISBN 8187879572. Retrieved 19 January 2013. Jump up ^ Fortescue, John ( 1902 ). A history of the British army. Volume 3. pp. 483 -- 489. Jump up ^ Fortescue, Sir John William ( 1902 ), A history of the British army, 3, Macmillan, pp. 481 -- 485 Jump up ^ Paine, Lincoln P. ( 2000 ). Warships of the world to 1900. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 98414 - 7., p. 75 Jump up ^ Mahan, p. 416 Jump up ^ Hagan, Kenneth J. ( 16 October 2009 ). `` The birth of American naval strategy ''. In Hagan, Kenneth J. ; McMaster, Michael T. ; Stoker, Donald. Strategy in the American War of Independence : A Global Approach. Routledge. ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 21039 - 8., p. 51 Jump up ^ Fortescue, p. 483 - 489 Jump up ^ Jerome R. Reich ( 1997 ). British friends of the American Revolution. M.E. Sharpe. p. 121. Jump up ^ Dwight L. Smith, `` A North American Neutral Indian Zone : Persistence of a British Idea. '' Northwest Ohio Quarterly 61 # 2 -- 4 ( 1989 ) : 46 -- 63. Jump up ^ William E. Lass ( 1980 ). Minnesota 's Boundary with Canada : Its Evolution Since 1783. Minnesota Historical Society. pp. 63 -- 70. Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull ( 1987 ). A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution. pp. 144 -- 151. Jump up ^ Quote from Thomas Paterson, J. Garry Clifford and Shane J. Maddock, American foreign relations : A history, to 1920 ( 2009 ) vol 1 p 20 Jump up ^ Benn ( 1993 ), p. 17. Jump up ^ Dwight L. Smith, `` A North American Neutral Indian Zone : Persistence of a British Idea '' Northwest Ohio Quarterly 1989 61 ( 2 -- 4 ) : 46 -- 63. Jump up ^ Francis M. Carroll ( 2001 ). A Good and Wise Measure : The Search for the Canadian - American Boundary, 1783 -- 1842. U of Toronto Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780802083586. Jump up ^ Frances G, Davenport and Charles O. Paullin, European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies ( 1917 ) vol 1 p vii Jump up ^ Dull, p. 321 Jump up ^ Dull, p. 327 - 331 Jump up ^ Lawrence S. Kaplan, `` The Treaty of Paris, 1783 : A Historiographical Challenge '', International History Review, September 1983, Vol. 5, Issue 3, pp 431 -- 42. Jump up ^ Stone, Bailey. The Genesis of the French Revolution : A Global - historical Interpretation, UK, Cambridge University Press ( 1994 ). Jump up ^ Gerald Newman and Leslie Ellen Brown, Britain in the Hanoverian age, 1714 -- 1837 ( 1997 ) p. 533 Jump up ^ Edler 2001, 181 -- 189 Jump up ^ W., Francis ( 2002 ). Gazetteer of South India, Volume 1. Mittal Publications., p. 161 Jump up ^ Dwight L. Smith, `` Josiah Harmar, Diplomatic Courier. '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 87.4 ( 1963 ) : 420 -- 430. Jump up ^ A ceasefire in America was proclaimed by Congress on April 11, 1783 in response to a ceasefire agreement between Great Britain and France on January 20, 1783. The final peace treaty was signed on September 3, 1783 and ratified in the U.S. on January 14, 1784, with final ratification exchanged in Europe on May 12, 1784. Hostilities in India continued until July 1783. Jump up ^ Richard Morris, The Peacemakers : The Great Powers and American Independence ( 1983 ). Jump up ^ Ellis ( 2004 ), p. 87. Jump up ^ American dead and wounded : Shy, pp. 249 -- 50. The lower figure for number of wounded comes from Chambers, p. 849. Jump up ^ The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Volume 27 ( 1903 ), p. 176. ^ Jump up to : `` Scurvy ''. GARD. 5 June 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2016. Jump up ^ Vale, Brian ( 2008 ). `` The Conquest of Scurvy in the Royal Navy 1793 -- 1800 : a Challenge to Current Orthodoxy ''. The Mariner 's Mirror. 94 : 160 -- 175. Jump up ^ Mackesy ( 1964 ), pp. 6, 176 ( British seamen ). Jump up ^ Conway ( 1995 ) p. 191 ^ Jump up to : John Pike ( October 18, 1907 ). `` Privateers ''. Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved May 8, 2013. Jump up ^ Marston, Daniel. The American Revolution 1774 -- 1783. Osprey Publishing ( 2002 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 343 - 9. p. 82 Jump up ^ Whaples, Robert ( March 1995 ). `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions ''. The Journal of Economic History. Cambridge University Press. 55 ( 1 ) : 144. CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.482. 4975. doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602. JSTOR 2123771 -- via JSTOR. ( Registration required ( help ) ). There is an overwhelming consensus that Americans ' economic standard of living on the eve of the Revolution was among the highest in the world. ^ Jump up to : Greene and Pole, eds., A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) chapters 42, 48 Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels, The Emergence of a National Economy, 1775 -- 1815 ( 1962 ) pp 23 -- 44 Jump up ^ `` Not worth a continental Archived July 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. '', `` Creating the United States '', Library of Congress. Retrieved 14 January 2012. Jump up ^ Trescott, Paul. `` Federal - State Financial Relations, 1790 -- 1860 ''. 15 : 227 -- 45. Jump up ^ David Kennedy ; et al. ( 2011 ). The Brief American Pageant : A History of the Republic, Volume I : To 1877. Cengage Learning. p. 136. ISBN 0495915351. Jump up ^ Robert Tombs and Isabelle Tombs ( 2006 ). That Sweet Enemy : The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present. Knopf Doubleday. p. 179. ISBN 9781400040247. Jump up ^ Conway, Stephen. The War of American Independence 1775 -- 1783. Publisher : E. Arnold ( 1995 ) ISBN 0 - 340 - 62520 - 1. 280 pages. Jump up ^ Schiff, Stacy ( 2006 ). A Great Improvisation : Franklin, France, and the Birth of America. Macmillan. p. 5. ISBN 9781429907996. Jump up ^ Conway ( 1995 ) p. 242 Jump up ^ Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers ( 1987 ) p. 81, 119 Jump up ^ Marston ( 2002 ) p. 82 Jump up ^ Tombs ( 2007 ) p. 179 Jump up ^ Stacy Schiff ( 2006 ). A Great Improvisation : Franklin, France, and the Birth of America. Macmillan. p. 5. ISBN 9781429907996. Jump up ^ Lynch, John. Bourbon Spain 1700 -- 1808. Publisher : Oxford ( 1989 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 19245 - 9. p. 326 Jump up ^ Castillero Calvo, Alfredo ( 2004 ). Las Rutas de la Plata : La Primera Globalización. Madrid : Ediciones San Marcos. ISBN 84 - 89127 - 47 - 6., p. 193 Jump up ^ Mulhall, Michael G., Mulhall 's Dictionary of Statistics ( 1884 ), p. 357. Jump up ^ Colonial and Pre-Federal Statistics U.S. Census Bureau. Jump up ^ Clode, Charles Matthew ( 1869 ), `` The Military Forces of the Crown : Their Administration and Government '', London, J Murray, p. 268. Note : Figures include the 41st regiment of invalids, but not the 20 independent companies on garrison duty. Troops in India were under the control of the East India Company, and did not become part of the British Army until 1858. Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to British History ( 2 ed. ). Jump up ^ Plant, David, Rule of the Major - Generals, British Civil Wars and Commonwealth website, retrieved June 9, 2017 Jump up ^ Rodger, N.A.M ( 2004 ). The Command of the Ocean : A Naval History of Britain 1649 -- 1815. Penguin Group. ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06050 - 8, p. 137 Jump up ^ `` The March of the Guards to Finchley ; 18th Century Recruitment ''. Umich education. Jump up ^ Belcher, Henry ( 1911 ), `` The First American Civil War ; First Period, 1775 -- 1778, with chapters on the Continental or Revolutionary army and on the forces of the Crown '', Volume 1, London Macmillan, p. 250, 258 Jump up ^ War Office Papers, Manuscripts in the Public Record Office, 1 : 992 -- 1008, passim Jump up ^ War Officer Papers, 4 : 275, Jenkinson to Clinton, 5 Dec. 1780 Jump up ^ 9th Report on Public Accounts ( 1783 ) in 39 House of Commons Journal, H.M. Stationery Office, 1803, pp. 325 -- 344 Jump up ^ Plant, David, `` The New Model Army '', BCW Project, http://bcw-project.org/military/new-model-army, Retrieved 9 June 2017 Jump up ^ Fortescue, Volume III, p. 41 Jump up ^ Owen, Captain Wheeler ( 1914 ), `` The War Office Past and Present '', Methuen & Co. London, p. 90 Jump up ^ War Office Papers, 3 : 5, Harvey to Elliot, 10 March 1775 Jump up ^ Clode, Volume II, p. 13 - 14 Jump up ^ Statutes at Large, Ruffhead 's Edition ( London, 1763 -- 1800 ), Volume XIII, p. 273 - 280 Jump up ^ Statutes at Large, Ruffhead 's Edition, Volume XIII, p. 316 - 317 Jump up ^ War Office Papers, 4 : 966, Jenkinson to John Livesey and E. Brewer, 13 Apr. 1779 Jump up ^ War Office Papers, 1 : 996, Sir William Codrington to Barrington, December 1778 Jump up ^ War Office Papers. 1 : 998, Lieutenant General Parker to Barrington, 19 June 1778. Jump up ^ War Office Papers, 1 : 1005, Oughton to Jenkinson, 27 May 1779 Jump up ^ Andrews, Charles McLean ( 1912 ), `` Guide to the materials for American history, to 1783, in the Public record office of Great Britain '', Washington, D.C., Carnegie institution of Washington, Volume II, p. 32 Jump up ^ War Office Papers, 4 : 966, Jenkinson to Amherst, 26 Oct. 1779 Jump up ^ Jonathan Dull, A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ( Yale University Press, 1985 ), p. 110. Jump up ^ Winfield, Rif, British Warships in the Age of Sail : 1714 -- 1792 ( Seaforth Publishing, 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 700 - 6 Jump up ^ Winfield, Rif, British Warships in the Age of Sail 1714 -- 1792 : Design, Construction, Careers and Fates ( Seaforth Publishing, 2007 ) Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers. Manuscripts in the Public Record Office, 5 : 92, Dartmouth to Howe, 5 Sept. 1775 Jump up ^ Edler 2001, pp. 28 -- 32 Jump up ^ Knesebeck, Ernst von dem ( 1845 ), `` Geschichte de churhannoverschen Truppen in Gibraltar, Menorca und Ostindien '', Published by Im Verlage der Helwingschen Hof - Buchhandlung. Note : The strength of a Hanoverian battalion is listed as 473 men ^ Jump up to : Black ( 2001 ), p. 59. On militia see Boatner ( 1974 ), p. 707, and Weigley ( 1973 ), ch. 2. Jump up ^ `` Lord Dunmore 's Proclamation ''. Digital History. 2007 - 10 - 18. Archived from the original on April 22, 2008. Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18. Jump up ^ Buchanan, 327 Jump up ^ Babits, page 46, `` British Legion Infantry strength at Cowpens was between 200 and 271 enlisted men ''. However, this statement is referenced to a note on pages 175 -- 176, which says, `` The British Legion infantry at Cowpens is usually considered to have had about 200 -- 250 men, but returns for the 25 December 1780 muster show only 175. Totals obtained by Cornwallis, dated 15 January, show that the whole legion had 451 men, but approximately 250 were dragoons ''. There would therefore appear to be no evidence for putting the total strength of the five British Legion Light Infantry companies at more than 200. Jump up ^ Review by : Hugh F. Rankin ; Reviewed Work : The Green Dragoon : The Lives of Banastre Tarleton and Mary Robinson by Robert D. Bass, The North Carolina Historical Review, Vol. 34, No. 4 ( October, 1957 ), pp. 548 -- 550 Jump up ^ Bass, Robert. D ( August 1957 ). `` The Green Dragoon : The Lives of Banastre Tarleton and Mary Robinson ``. North Carolina Office of Archives and History. JSTOR 23517100. Jump up ^ Agniel, Lucien ( June 1972 ). `` The Late Affair Has Almost Broke My Heart : The American Revolution in the South, 1780 -- 1781 ''. Chatham Press. Retrieved 18 November 2015. Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ), p. 76 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ), p. 77 Jump up ^ Duffy, Christopher. The Military Experience in the Age of Reason. p. 61. ISBN 1 - 85326 - 690 - 6. Jump up ^ Forteseue, The British Army, 1783 -- 1802, p. 34 Jump up ^ Armatys, John ; Cordery, Robert George ( 2005 ). `` The Purchase of Officers ' Commissions in the British Army ''. Colonial Wargames. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2017. Jump up ^ Belcher, Volume I, p. 270 Jump up ^ Michael Lanning ( 2009 ). American Revolution 100 : The Battles, People, and Events of the American War for Independence, Ranked by Their Significance. Sourcebooks. pp. 193 -- 96. ISBN 9781402241703. Jump up ^ Duncan, Volume II, p. 15 Jump up ^ Duncan, Francis ( 1879 ). `` History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery '', Volume 1. J. Murray, p. 131, 303, 309 Jump up ^ Sergeant Lamb, `` Journal of the American War '', p. 75 Jump up ^ Duncan, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, Volume 2, p. 15 Jump up ^ Burgoyne, State of the Expedition, p. 148 Jump up ^ `` Battle of Monmouth Courthouse ''. Robinson Library. Self - published. Retrieved 20 June 2017. Jump up ^ Lloyd, Ernest Marsh ( 1908 ), Review of the History of Infantry, p. 155 Jump up ^ Trevelyan, Volume III, p. 6 ; Volume IV, p. 158 Jump up ^ Fortescue, The British Army, 1783 -- 1802, p. 83. Jump up ^ Sawyer, Charles Winthrop ( 1910 ), `` Firearms in American History '', p. 99 Jump up ^ Trevelyan, Volume IV, pp. 224, 34 Jump up ^ Minute Book of a Board of General Officers of the British Army in New York, 1781. New York Historical Society Collections, 1916, p. 81. Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ), p. 14 Jump up ^ Correspondence of George III with Lord North, Volume II, p. 7, 52 Jump up ^ Merril D. Smith ( 2015 ). The World of the American Revolution : A Daily Life Encyclopedia. ABC - CLIO. p. 374. Jump up ^ `` Ships Biscuits -- Royal Navy hardtack ''. Royal Navy Museum. Archived from the original on October 31, 2009. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 14. Jump up ^ `` 19th United States Infantry ''. 19thusregulars.com. Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 25. Jump up ^ Lowell, Edward J and Andrews, Raymond J ( June 15, 1997 ) `` The Hessians in the Revolutionary War '', Corner House Pub, ISBN 978 - 0879281168, p. 56 Jump up ^ Howe, ( Sir ) William, Orderly Book, edited by B.F. Stevens ( London, 1890 ), pp. 263, 288 Jump up ^ Burgoyne, John, Orderly Book, edited by E.B. O'Callaghan ( Albany, 1860 ), p. 74. Jump up ^ Howe, Orderly Book, pp 263, 288 Jump up ^ `` Life at sea in the age of sail ''. National Maritime Museum. Jump up ^ Lamb, Memoir, p. 74 Jump up ^ Riedesel, Mrs. General, Letters and Journals, translated from the original German by W.L. Stone ( Albany, 1867 ) p. 125 Jump up ^ Stedman, Charles, History of the American War ( London, 1794 ), Volume I, p. 309 Jump up ^ Fortescue, The British Army, 1783 -- 1802, p. 35 Jump up ^ Steven Schwamenfeld. `` The Foundation of British Strength : National Identity and the Common British Soldier. '' Ph. D. diss., Florida State University 2007, p. 123 - 124 Jump up ^ Schwamenfeld ( 2007 ), p. 123 - 124 Jump up ^ Schwamenfeld ( 2007 ), p. 123 Jump up ^ Clayton, Anthony ( 2007 ). The British Officer : Leading the Army from 1660 to the Present. Routledge. ISBN 178159287X, p. 65 Jump up ^ French, pp. 263 -- 265 Jump up ^ Frothingham, p. 155 Jump up ^ Frothingham pp. 191, 194 Jump up ^ Frothingham, p. 156 Jump up ^ Ferling, 2015, p. 127 - 129 Jump up ^ John E. Ferling, Almost A Miracle : The American Victory in the War of Independence ( 2009 ), pp. 562 -- 77. ^ Jump up to : Joseph J. Ellis ( 2013 ). Revolutionary Summer : The Birth of American Independence. Random House. ISBN 0307701220. ^ Jump up to : Richard W. Stewart, ed., American Military History Volume 1 The United States Army And The Forging Of A Nation, 1775 -- 1917 '' ( 2005 ) ch 4 `` The Winning of Independence, 1777 -- 1783 '' ( 2005 ), p. 103. Jump up ^ Adams, Charles Francis, `` Battle of Long Island '', in American Historical Review ( 1895 -- 1896 ), pp. 668 -- 669. Jump up ^ David McCullough ( 2006 ). 1776. p. 122. Jump up ^ Cadwalader, Richard McCall ( 1901 ). Observance of the One Hundred and Twenty - third Anniversary of the Evacuation of Philadelphia by the British Army. Fort Washington and the Encampment of White Marsh, November 2, 1777 :. pp. 20 -- 28. Retrieved January 7, 2016. Jump up ^ Frothingham pp. 152 -- 153 Jump up ^ Jackson, Kenneth T ; Dunbar, David S ( 2005 ). Empire City : New York Through the Centuries. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 10909 - 3, p. 20 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers, Manuscripts in the Public Record Office, 5 : 93, Howe to Dartmouth, 1st December 1775 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers, 5 : 93, Howe to Germain, 7 June and 7 July 1776 Jump up ^ A View of the Evidence ( London, 1783 ), p. 13 Jump up ^ Correspondence of George III with Lord North, Volume II, p. 57 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers, 5 : 93, Howe to Germain, 30 Nov 1776 Jump up ^ Stedman, American War, Volume I, p. 287 Jump up ^ Lumpkin, From Savannah to Yorktown : The American Revolution in the South ( 2000 ). Jump up ^ Pancake, John ( 1985 ). This Destructive War. University of Alabama Press., p. 221 Jump up ^ Clinton, H. ; The American Rebellion. Note : This lack of notification was one of Clinton 's main arguments in his own defense in the controversy that followed the surrender at Yorktown. Jump up ^ Grainger, John ( 2005 ). The Battle of Yorktown, 1781 : a Reassessment. Woodbridge, NJ : Boydell Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 137 - 2. OCLC 232006312., p. 29 Jump up ^ Lengel, Edward ( 2005 ). General George Washington. New York : Random House Paperbacks. ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6950 - 2., p. 337 Jump up ^ Fleming, Thomas ( 1970 ). The Perils of Peace. New York : The Dial Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 113911 - 6, p. 16 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers, 5 : 96, Clinton to Germain, 15 September 1778 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers, 5 : 97, Clinton to Germain, 15 December 1778 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers, 5 : 98, Haldimand to Clinton, 19 July and 29 August 1779 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers, 5 : 100, Clinton to Germain, 31st October 1780 Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ), p. 39 ; Greene and Pole ( 1999 ), pp. 298, 306 Jump up ^ Rossman, Vadim ( 2016 ), `` Capital Cities : Varieties and Patterns of Development and Relocation '', Taylor & Francis, ISBN 1317562852, p. 2 Jump up ^ Edward E. Curtis, The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution, Conclusion, ( Yale U.P. 1926 ), ( 3 ) Retrieved 10 June 2017 Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ), p. 14. Jump up ^ Wilson, David K ( 2005 ). The Southern Strategy : Britain 's Conquest of South Carolina and Georgia, 1775 -- 1780. Columbia, SC : University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 1 - 57003 - 573 - 3. OCLC 232001108. p. 112 Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ), pp. 14 -- 16 ( Harsh methods ), pp. 35, 38 ( slaves and Indians ), p. 16 ( neutrals into revolutionaries ). Jump up ^ Leonard Woods Larabee, Conservatism in Early American History ( 1948 ) pp 164 -- 65 Jump up ^ Calhoon, Robert M. The Loyalists in Revolutionary America, 1760 -- 1781 ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Curtis, `` The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution, Conclusion Jump up ^ C. Ritcheson, `` Loyalist Influence on British Policy Toward the United States After the American Revolution '' ; Eighteenth - Century Studies ; ( 1973 ) 7 # 1 p. 6. Jstor link Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1999 ), p. 235 Jump up ^ William Edward Hartpole Lecky ( 1891 ). A History of England : In the Eighteenth Century. p. 139. Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ), p. 12. Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ), p. 13 -- 14. Jump up ^ Ferling ( 2007 ), p. 294 Jump up ^ Dull, ( 1985 ) p. 244 Jump up ^ Tellier, L. - N. ( 2009 ). Urban World History : an Economic and Geographical Perspective. Quebec : PUQ. p. 463. ISBN 2 - 7605 - 1588 - 5. Jump up ^ Pole and Greene, eds. Companion to the American Revolution, ch. 36 -- 39. Jump up ^ Trevelyan, p. 249. Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ), pp. 405 -- 48. Jump up ^ Philander D. Chase. `` Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm von '' ; American National Biography Online ( 2000 ). Accessed January 29, 2015. Jump up ^ Ferling, John ( 2007 ), pp. 294 -- 95 '' Jump up ^ `` Establishment of the Navy, 13 October 1775 ''. United States Navy. Retrieved November 5, 2009. Jump up ^ Crocker ( 2006 ), p. 51. Jump up ^ `` Privateers or Merchant Mariners help win the Revolutionary War ''. Usmm.org. Retrieved May 8, 2013. Jump up ^ Higginbotham ( 1983 ), pp. 331 -- 46. Jump up ^ Boatner ( 1974 ), p. 264. ^ Jump up to : Duffy, Christopher ( 2005 ). Military Experience in the Age of Reason. London : Routledge. ISBN 0203976851. p. 13. In the original 1987 edition, p. 17. Jump up ^ Kaplan and Kaplan ( 1989 ), pp. 64 -- 69. Jump up ^ Leslie Alexander ( 2010 ). Encyclopedia of African American History. ABC - CLIO. p. 356. ISBN 9781851097746. Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin, American Slavery : 1619 -- 1877, New York : Hill and Wang, 1994, p. 73 Jump up ^ Kolchin, p. 73 Jump up ^ William Weir ( 2004 ). The Encyclopedia of African American Military History. Prometheus Books. pp. 31 -- 32. ISBN 9781615928316. Jump up ^ Cassadra Pybus, `` Jefferson 's Faulty Math : the Question of Slave Defections in the American Revolution '', William and Mary Quarterly ( 2005 ) 62 # 2 pp : 243 -- 264. in JSTOR Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1999 ), p. 393 ; Boatner ( 1974 ), p. 545. Jump up ^ John Finger, Tennessee Frontiers : Three Regions in Transition ( Bloomington, Ind. : Indiana University Press, 2001 ), pp. 43 -- 64. Jump up ^ Ward, Harry M. ( 1999 ). The war for independence and the transformation of American society. Psychology Press. p. 198. ISBN 978 - 1 - 85728 - 656 - 4. Retrieved March 25, 2011. Jump up ^ O'Brien, Greg ( April 30, 2008 ). Pre-removal Choctaw history : exploring new paths. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 123 -- 126. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3916 - 6. Retrieved March 25, 2011. Jump up ^ Cassandra Pybus, `` Jefferson 's Faulty Math : the Question of Slave Defections in the American Revolution '', William and Mary Quarterly 2005 62 # 2 : 243 -- 264. Jump up ^ John N. Grant, `` Black Immigrants into Nova Scotia, 1776 -- 1815. '' Journal of Negro History ( 1973 ) : 253 -- 270. in JSTOR Jump up ^ James W. St G. Walker, The Black Loyalists : The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783 -- 1870 ( 1992 ). Jump up ^ William Baller, `` Farm Families and the American Revolution, '' Journal of Family History ( 2006 ) 31 ( 1 ) : 28 -- 44. ISSN 0363 - 1990. Fulltext : online in EBSCO. Jump up ^ Michael A. McDonnell, `` Class War : Class Struggles During the American Revolution in Virginia '', William and Mary Quarterly 2006 63 ( 2 ) : 305 -- 344. ISSN 0043 - 5597 Fulltext : online at History Cooperative. Further reading Black, Jeremy. War for America : The Fight for Independence, 1775 -- 1783. 2001. Analysis from a noted British military historian. Benn, Carl Historic Fort York, 1793 -- 1993. Toronto : Dundurn Press Ltd. 1993. ISBN 0 - 920474 - 79 - 9. Boatner, Mark Mayo, III. Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. 1966 ; revised 1974. ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0578 - 1. Military topics, references many secondary sources. Calloway, Colin G. The American Revolution in Indian Country : Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities ( Cambridge UP, 1995 ). Chambers, John Whiteclay II, ed. in chief. The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0. Conway, Stephen. The British Isles and the War of American Independence ( 2002 ) doi : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780199254552.001. 0001 online Crocker III, H.W. ( 2006 ). Do n't Tread on Me. New York : Crown Forum. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 5363 - 6. Curtis, Edward E. The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution ( Yale U.P. 1926 ) online Duffy, Christopher. The Military Experience in the Age of Reason, 1715 -- 1789 Routledge, 1987. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7102 - 1024 - 1. Edler, Friedrich. The Dutch Republic and The American Revolution. University Press of the Pacific, 1911, reprinted 2001. ISBN 0 - 89875 - 269 - 8. Ellis, Joseph J. His Excellency : George Washington. ( 2004 ). ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4031 - 0. David Hackett Fischer. Washington 's Crossing. New York : Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0 - 19 - 517034 - 2. Fletcher, Charles Robert Leslie. An Introductory History of England : The Great European War, Volume 4. E.P. Dutton, 1909. OCLC 12063427. Greene, Jack P. and Pole, J.R., eds. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. Malden, Massachusetts : Blackwell, 1991 ; reprint 1999. ISBN 1 - 55786 - 547 - 7. Collection of essays focused on political and social history. Gilbert, Alan. Black Patriots and Loyalists : Fighting for Emancipation in the War for Independence. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2012. ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 29307 - 3. Higginbotham, Don. The War of American Independence : Military Attitudes, Policies, and Practice, 1763 -- 1789. Northeastern University Press, 1983. ISBN 0 - 930350 - 44 - 8. Overview of military topics ; online in ACLS History E-book Project. Morrissey, Brendan. Monmouth Courthouse 1778 : The Last Great Battle in the North. Osprey Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1 - 84176 - 772 - 7. Jensen, Merrill. The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution 1763 -- 1776. ( 2004 ) Kaplan, Sidney and Emma Nogrady Kaplan. The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution. Amherst, Massachusetts : The University of Massachusetts Press, 1989. ISBN 0 - 87023 - 663 - 6. Ketchum, Richard M. Saratoga : Turning Point of America 's Revolutionary War. Henry Holt, 1997. ISBN 0 - 8050 - 4681 - X. Mackesy, Piers. The War for America : 1775 -- 1783. London, 1964. Reprinted University of Nebraska Press, 1993. ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8192 - 7. Highly regarded examination of British strategy and leadership. McCullough, David. 1776. New York : Simon & Schuster, 2005. Middleton, Richard, The War of American Independence, 1775 -- 1783. London : Pearson, 2012. ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 22942 - 6 Reynolds, Jr., William R. ( 2012 ). Andrew Pickens : South Carolina Patriot in the Revolutionary War. Jefferson NC : McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6694 - 8. Riddick, John F. The History of British India : a Chronology. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32280 - 8. Savas, Theodore P. and Dameron, J. David. A Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution. New York : Savas Beatie LLC, 2006. ISBN 1 - 932714 - 12 - X. Schama, Simon. Rough Crossings : Britain, the Slaves, and the American Revolution, New York, NY : Ecco / HarperCollins, 2006 O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson. The Men who Lost America : British Leadership, the American Revolution, and the Fate of the Empire ( Yale UP, 2014 ). Shy, John. A People Numerous and Armed : Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence. New York : Oxford University Press, 1976 ( ISBN 0 - 19 - 502013 - 8 ) ; revised University of Michigan Press, 1990 ( ISBN 0 - 472 - 06431 - 2 ). Collection of essays. Stephenson, Orlando W. `` The Supply of Gunpowder in 1776 '', American Historical Review, 30 # 2 ( 1925 ), pp. 271 -- 281 online free. Taylor, Alan. American Revolutions : A Continental History, 1750 - 1804 ( WW Norton & Company, 2016 ). Tombs, Robert and Isabelle. That Sweet Enemy : The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present Random House, 2007. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 4024 - 7. Trevelyan, George Otto. George the Third and Charles Fox : the concluding part of The American revolution Longmans, Green, 1912. Watson, J. Steven. The Reign of George III, 1760 -- 1815. 1960. Standard history of British politics. Weigley, Russell F. The American Way of War. Indiana University Press, 1977. ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 28029 - 9. Weintraub, Stanley. Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom, Britain 's Quagmire : 1775 -- 1783. New York : Free Press, 2005 ( a division of Simon & Schuster ). ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2687 - 9. An account of the British politics on the conduct of the war. Reference literature These are some of the standard works about the war in general that are not listed above ; books about specific campaigns, battles, units, and individuals can be found in those articles. Billias, George Athan. George Washington 's Generals and Opponents : Their Exploits and Leadership ( 1994 ) scholarly studies of key generals on each side. \\ Black, Jeremy. `` Could the British Have Won the American War of Independence?. '' Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. ( Fall 1996 ), Vol. 74 Issue 299, pp 145 -- 154. online video lecture, uses Real Player Conway, Stephen. The War of American Independence 1775 -- 1783. Publisher : E. Arnold, 1995. ISBN 0 - 340 - 62520 - 1. 280 pages. Lowell, Edward J. The Hessians in the Revolution Williamstown, Massachusetts, Corner House Publishers, 1970, Reprint Bancroft, George. History of the United States of America, from the discovery of the American continent. ( 1854 -- 78 ), vol. 7 -- 10. Bobrick, Benson. Angel in the Whirlwind : The Triumph of the American Revolution. Penguin, 1998 ( paperback reprint ). Fremont - Barnes, Gregory, and Ryerson, Richard A., eds. The Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War : A Political, Social, and Military History ( ABC - CLIO, 2006 ) 5 volume paper and online editions ; 1000 entries by 150 experts, covering all topics Frey, Sylvia R. The British Soldier in America : A Social History of Military Life in the Revolutionary Period ( University of Texas Press, 1981 ). Hibbert, Christopher. Redcoats and Rebels : The American Revolution through British Eyes. New York : Norton, 1990. ISBN 0 - 393 - 02895 - X. Kwasny, Mark V. Washington 's Partisan War, 1775 -- 1783. Kent, Ohio : 1996. ISBN 0 - 87338 - 546 - 2. Militia warfare. Middlekauff, Robert. The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution, 1763 -- 1789. Oxford University Press, 1984 ; revised 2005. ISBN 0 - 19 - 516247 - 1. online edition Savas, Theodore ; J. David Dameron ( 2006 ). Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution. Savas Beatie. ISBN 9781611210118. Contains a detailed listing of American, French, British, German, and Loyalist regiments ; indicates when they were raised, the main battles, and what happened to them. Also includes the main warships on both sides, And all the important battles. Simms, Brendan. Three Victories and a Defeat : The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire, 1714 -- 1783 ( 2008 ) 802 pp., detailed coverage of diplomacy from London viewpoint Symonds, Craig L. A Battlefield Atlas of the American Revolution ( 1989 ), newly drawn maps emphasizing the movement of military units Ward, Christopher. The War of the Revolution. ( 2 volumes. New York : Macmillan, 1952. ) History of land battles in North America. Wood, W.J. Battles of the Revolutionary War, 1775 -- 1781. ISBN 0 - 306 - 81329 - 7 ( 2003 paperback reprint ). Analysis of tactics of a dozen battles, with emphasis on American military leadership. Men - at - Arms series : short ( 48pp ), very well illustrated descriptions : Zlatich, Marko ; Copeland, Peter. General Washington 's Army ( 1 ) : 1775 -- 78 ( 1994 ) Zlatich, Marko. General Washington 's Army ( 2 ) : 1779 -- 83 ( 1994 ) Chartrand, Rene. The French Army in the American War of Independence ( 1994 ) May, Robin. The British Army in North America 1775 -- 1783 ( 1993 ) The Partisan in War, a treatise on light infantry tactics written by Colonel Andreas Emmerich in 1789. External links Look up American Revolutionary War in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Revolutionary War. Liberty -- The American Revolution from PBS American Revolutionary War 1775 -- 1783 in the News Important battles of the American Revolutionary War Bibliographies Library of Congress Guide to the American Revolution Bibliographies of the War of American Independence https://web.archive.org/web/20151101171424/http://www.history.army.mil/reference/revbib/revwar.htm compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History Political bibliography from Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture ( hide ) American Revolutionary War Origins of the American Revolution Philosophy American Enlightenment John Locke Colonial history Liberalism Republicanism Freedom of religion Rights of Englishmen Common Sense Spirit of ' 76 `` All men are created equal '' `` Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Royalists Pitt -- Newcastle ministry Bute ministry Grenville ministry First Rockingham ministry Chatham ministry Grafton ministry North ministry Second Rockingham ministry Shelburne ministry Fox -- North coalition Loyalists Black Loyalist Related British Acts of Parliament Navigation Iron Molasses Royal Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Currency Quartering Stamp Declaratory Townshend Tea Quebec Intolerable Conciliatory Resolution Restraining Proclamation of Rebellion Prohibitory Colonials Stamp Act Congress Declaration of Rights and Grievances Virginia Association Sons of Liberty Patriots Committees of correspondence Committees of safety Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Massachusetts Circular Letter First Continental Congress Continental Association Minutemen Second Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation Events French and Indian War Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) Boston Massacre Gaspee Affair Hutchinson Letters Affair Boston Tea Party Powder Alarm Combatants Campaigns Theaters Battles Events Colonies Combatants Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Army Navy Marines Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament British Army Royal Navy German allies Colonial allies France army navy Hortalez et Cie Campaigns and theaters Boston Canada New York and New Jersey Saratoga Philadelphia Northern Southern Western Yorktown Naval battles Major battles Lexington and Concord Boston Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Bunker Hill Quebec Valcour Island Long Island Harlem Heights Fort Washington Trenton Assunpink Creek Princeton Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Bennington Saratoga Brandywine Germantown Monmouth St. Lucia Grenada Stony Point Sullivan Expedition Savannah Gibraltar Cape St. Vincent Charleston Springfield Camden Kings Mountain Cowpens Guilford Court House Lochry 's Defeat Yorktown Saintes Cuddalore Other events Staten Island Peace Conference `` First Salute '' Washington 's crossing of the Delaware River Conway Cabal Valley Forge Entry of France into war Carlisle Peace Commission Gordon Riots Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781 Sint Eustatius Newburgh Conspiracy Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 Related conflicts Cherokee -- American wars Fourth Anglo - Dutch War Second Anglo - Mysore War Involvement ( by colony or location ) Rebel colonies Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Virginia Loyal colonies East Florida Nova Scotia Quebec West Florida Leaders British Military Arbuthnot Brant Burgoyne Campbell Carleton Clinton Cornwallis Fraser Gage Graves Richard Howe William Howe Knyphausen Rodney Civilian King George III Amherst Barrington Germain North Rockingham Sandwich Shelburne Colonial Military Washington Alexander Allen Arnold Barry Claghorn Clark Duportail Gates Greene Hamilton Hopkins Jones de Kalb Knox Lafayette Charles Lee Lincoln Mercer Montgomery Nicholson Putnam Rodney St. Clair Schuyler von Steuben Sullivan Ward Wayne Civilian John Adams Samuel Adams Carroll Dickinson Franklin Hancock Hanson Henry Huntington Jay Jefferson Laurens Richard Henry Lee McKean Morris Revere Rush Witherspoon Colonial allies French Louis XVI Beaumarchais d'Estaing de Grasse de Guichen Luzerne de Rochambeau Suffren Vergennes Aftermath Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Constitutional Convention Constitution Bill of Rights The Federalist Papers Shays ' Rebellion Jay Treaty Related topics Categories Related topics Military Prisoners Society of the Cincinnati The Turtle Political Founding Fathers Diplomacy Liberty Tree Yankee Doodle Other topics African Americans Timeline Women Categories Casualties Diplomacy Films Flags Military operations Military personnel Military units and formations Museums Novels Ships Sites Sister projects American Revolutionary War at Wiktionary Source texts at Wikisource Textbooks at Wikibooks Images and media at the Commons Quotations at Wikiquote News stories at Wikinews American Revolutionary War Portal The Continental Army of the American Revolutionary War Departments Units By State Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Virginia By Year 1775 1776 1777 -- 1784 Extra Extra Continental regiments and Additional Continental regiments Other units 1st Canadian 2nd Canadian Ottendorf 's Corps Militia units that participated alongside Other Cavalry Units 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Armand 's Pulaski 's Artillery Regiments Knox 's 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Events Conway Cabal Newburgh Conspiracy Pennsylvania Line Mutiny Pompton Mutiny Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 Manual Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States Related Board of War George Washington in the American Revolution Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion John Fries Rebellion German Coast Uprising Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Cherokee War of 1776 Northwest Indian War Cherokee War of 1786 Coldwater Indian War Cherokee - Franklin War of 1788 Southwest Territory Indian War Quasi-War First Barbary War Tecumseh 's War War of 1812 Creek War Second Barbary War First Seminole War First Sumatran expedition Second Seminole War Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War Jicarilla War First Fiji Expedition Third Seminole War Second Opium War Antelope Hills expedition Second Fiji Expedition Battle of Pease River First Battle of Adobe Walls Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War Posey War World War II Korean War Vietnam War 1958 Lebanon crisis Laotian Civil War Bay of Pigs Invasion Communist insurgency in Thailand Korean DMZ Conflict Dominican Civil War Insurgency in Bolivia Cambodian Civil War Shaba II Operation Eagle Claw Gulf of Sidra incident Lebanese Civil War Operation Urgent Fury Action in the Gulf of Sidra Operation El Dorado Canyon Tanker War 1989 air battle near Tobruk Operation Just Cause Gulf War Iraqi no - fly zones Somali Civil War Bosnian War Operation Uphold Democracy Kosovo War Operation Infinite Reach USS Cole bombing Afghanistan War Al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Operation Enduring Freedom -- Horn of Africa Iraq War Second Liberian Civil War United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti War in North - West Pakistan Insurgency in the Maghreb Libyan Civil War Operation Enduring Freedom -- Philippines Intervention against ISIL Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Yemeni Civil War Syrian Civil War Related articles List of conflicts in the U.S. List of wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Overseas expansion Military history Covert regime - change actions Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector War on Terror Colonial conflicts involving the English / British Empire 17th century Virginia ( 1609 -- 46 ) Swally ( 1612 ) Ormuz ( 1622 ) Saint Kitts ( 1626 ) Quebec ( 1628 ) Pequot War ( 1634 -- 38 ) Acadia ( 1654 -- 67 ) Anglo - Spanish War ( 1654 -- 60 ) Jamaica ( 1655 -- 1739 ) King Philip 's War ( 1675 -- 78 ) King William 's War ( 1688 -- 97 ) Ghana ( 1694 -- 1700 ) 18th century Queen Anne 's War ( 1702 -- 13 ) Tuscarora War ( 1711 -- 15 ) Yamasee War ( 1715 -- 17 ) Father Rale 's War / Dummer 's War ( 1722 -- 25 ) War of Jenkins ' Ear ( 1740 -- 42 ) King George 's War ( 1744 -- 48 ) Carnatic Wars ( 1746 -- 63 ) Nova Scotia ( 1749 -- 55 ) French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) Anglo -- Cherokee War ( 1758 -- 61 ) Jamaica ( 1762 ) Anglo - Spanish War ( 1762 -- 63 ) Pontiac 's War ( 1763 -- 66 ) Lord Dunmore 's War ( 1774 ) American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) First Anglo -- Maratha War ( 1775 -- 82 ) Second Anglo -- Mysore War ( 1779 -- 84 ) Gold Coast ( 1781 -- 82 ) Sumatra ( 1782 -- 84 ) Australian Frontier Wars ( 1788 -- 1934 ) Nootka Sound ( 1789 ) Third Anglo -- Mysore War ( 1789 -- 92 ) Cotiote ( Wayanad ) War ( 1793 -- 1806 ) Cape Colony ( 1795 ) Jamaica ( 1795 -- 96 ) Ceylon ( 1795 ) Kandyan Wars ( 1796 -- 1818 ) Malta ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Fourth Anglo -- Mysore War ( 1798 -- 99 ) Dwyer 's Guerrilla Campaign ( 1799 -- 1803 ) 19th century Newfoundland ( 1800 ) Castle Hill convict rebellion Second Anglo -- Maratha War ( 1803 -- 05 ) Suriname ( 1804 ) Guiana ( 1804 ) Cape Colony ( 1806 ) Río de la Plata ( 1806 -- 07 ) Egypt ( 1807 ) Froberg mutiny ( 1807 ) Reunion ( 1809 ) Seychelles ( 1809 ) Mauritius ( 1810 ) Java ( 1810 -- 11 ) Xhosa Wars ( 1811 -- 79 ) Martinique ( 1809 ) Guadeloupe ( 1810 ) USA ( 1812 -- 15 ) Nepal ( 1814 -- 16 ) Guadeloupe ( 1815 ) Cape Colony ( 1815 ) Third Anglo - Maratha War ( 1817 -- 18 ) Guiana ( 1823 ) Anglo - Ashanti wars ( 1824 -- 1901 ) First Anglo - Burmese War ( 1824 -- 26 ) Black War ( Van Diemen 's Land ) 1828 -- 32 ) Jamaica ( 1831 -- 32 ) Malacca ( 1831 -- 33 ) Lower Canada ( 1837 -- 38 ) Upper Canada ( 1837 -- 38 ) Egyptian -- Ottoman War ( 1839 -- 41 ) First Anglo - Afghan War ( 1839 -- 42 ) First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) New Zealand Wars ( 1845 -- 72 ) First Anglo -- Sikh War ( 1845 -- 46 ) Río de la Plata ( 1845 -- 50 ) Ceylon ( 1848 ) Second Anglo -- Sikh War ( 1848 -- 49 ) Second Anglo -- Burmese War ( 1852 ) Eureka Rebellion ( 1852 ) Anglo -- Persian War ( 1856 -- 57 ) Second Opium War ( 1856 -- 60 ) Indian Rebellion ( 1857 -- 59 ) Ambela Campaign ( 1863 -- 64 ) Bhutan War ( 1864 -- 65 ) Fenian Rebellion in Canada ( 1866 -- 71 ) Abyssinia ( 1868 ) Manitoba ( 1870 ) Perak ( 1875 -- 76 ) Anglo -- Zulu War ( 1879 ) Second Anglo - Afghan War ( 1879 -- 80 ) Basutoland ( 1880 -- 81 ) First Boer War ( 1880 -- 81 ) Mahdist War ( 1881 -- 99 ) Anglo - Egyptian War ( 1882 ) Saskatchewan ( 1885 ) Central Africa ( 1886 -- 89 ) Third Anglo - Burmese War ( 1885 ) Mashonaland ( 1890 ) Hunza - Nagar Campaign ( 1891 ) Anglo - Manipur War ( 1891 ) Matabeleland ( 1893 -- 94 ) North Borneo ( 1894 -- 1905 ) Chitral Expedition ( 1895 ) Jameson Raid South Africa ( 1896 ) Anglo -- Zanzibar War ( 1896 ) Matabeleland ( 1896 -- 97 ) Benin Expedition ( 1897 ) Siege of Malakand ( 1897 ) First Mohmand Campaign ( 1897 -- 98 ) Tirah Campaign ( 1897 -- 98 ) Six - Day War ( 1899 ) Boxer Rebellion ( 1898 -- 1901 ) Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) 20th century Somaliland ( 1900 -- 20 ) West Africa ( 1901 -- 02 ) Tibet expedition ( 1903 -- 04 ) Bambatha Rebellion ( 1906 ) Nyasaland ( 1915 ) Nigeria ( 1915 ) Nigeria ( 1918 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Waziristan campaign ( 1919 -- 1920 ) Iraq ( 1920 ) Malabar Rebellion ( 1921 ) Kurdistan ( 1922 -- 24 ) Transjordan ( 1923 ) Pink 's War ( 1925 ) Ikhwan Revolt ( 1927 -- 30 ) Barzani revolt ( 1931 -- 32 ) Second Mohmand Campaign ( 1935 ) Palestine ( 1936 -- 39 ) Waziristan campaign ( 1936 -- 1939 ) Ethiopia ( 1943 ) Indochina ( 1945 -- 46 ) Indonesia ( 1945 ) Sarawak ( 1946 -- 50 ) Malayan Emergency ( 1948 -- 60 ) Mau Mau Uprising Kenya ( 1952 -- 60 ) Oman ( 1954 -- 59 ) Cyprus Emergency ( 1955 -- 59 ) Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Oman ( 1962 -- 76 ) Brunei ( 1962 ) Sarawak ( 1962 -- 90 ) Malaysia ( 1962 -- 66 ) Aden ( 1963 -- 67 ) Falklands ( 1982 ) History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red ( South ) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Category Portal GND : 4131739 - 7 LCCN : sh85140139 NARA : 10639078 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Revolutionary_War&oldid=843544522 '' Categories : American Revolutionary War Global conflicts Rebellions against the British Empire Wars of independence Conflicts in 1775 Conflicts in 1776 Conflicts in 1777 Conflicts in 1778 Conflicts in 1779 Conflicts in 1780 Conflicts in 1781 Conflicts in 1782 Conflicts in 1783 Proxy wars Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages with login required references or sources Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Use mdy dates from June 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk View source Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių La. lojban. Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Sardu Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 84 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018, at 20 : 48. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "American Revolutionary War", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=American_Revolutionary_War&amp;oldid=843544522" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ ", Cornwallis made no attempt to break out and engage the Franco - American army before it had established siege works, expecting that reinforcements would arrive from New York, and the Franco - American army laid siege to Yorktown on September 28. Cornwallis continued to think that relief was imminent from Clinton, and he abandoned his outer defenses which were immediately occupied by American troops -- serving to hasten his subsequent defeat. The British then failed in an attempt to break out of the siege across the river at Gloucester Point when a storm hit. Cornwallis and his subordinates were under increasing bombardment and facing dwindling supplies ; they agreed that their situation was untenable and negotiated a surrender on October 17, 1781, and 7,685 soldiers became prisoners of the Americans. The same day as the surrender, 6,000 troops under Clinton had departed New York, sailing to relieve Yorktown. North ministry collapses The Gordon Riots, by John Seymour Lucas On 25 November 1781, news arrived in London of the surrender at Yorktown. The Whig opposition gained traction in Parliament, and a motion was proposed on December 12 to end the war which was defeated by only one vote. On 27 February 1782, the House voted against further war in America by 19 votes. Lord Germain was dismissed and a vote of no confidence was passed against North. The Rockingham Whigs came to" ], "id": [ "10525276611139532849" ], "short_answers": [ "October 17, 1781" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Elaine Stritch - wikipedia Elaine Stritch Jump to : navigation, search Elaine Stritch Stritch in 1973 ( 1925 - 02 - 02 ) February 2, 1925 Detroit, Michigan, U.S. July 17, 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 17 ) ( aged 89 ) Birmingham, Michigan, U.S. Occupation Actress, singer Years active 1944 -- 2014 Spouse ( s ) John Bay ( m. 1973 ; d. 1982 ) Elaine Stritch ( February 2, 1925 -- July 17, 2014 ) was an American actress and singer, known for her work on Broadway. She made her professional stage debut in 1944 and appeared in numerous stage plays, musicals, feature films and television series. She was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1995. Stritch made her Broadway debut in the 1946 comedy Loco and went on to receive four Tony Award nominations : for the William Inge play Bus Stop ( 1956 ) ; the Noël Coward musical Sail Away ( 1962 ) ; the Stephen Sondheim musical Company ( 1971 ), which included her performance of the song `` The Ladies Who Lunch '' ; and for the revival of the Edward Albee play A Delicate Balance ( 1996 ). Her one - woman show Elaine Stritch at Liberty, won the 2002 Tony Award for Best Special Theatrical Event. Stritch relocated to London in the 1970s and starred in several West End productions, including Tennessee Williams ' Small Craft Warnings ( 1973 ) and Neil Simon 's The Gingerbread Lady ( 1974 ). She also starred with Donald Sinden in the ITV sitcom Two 's Company ( 1975 -- 79 ), which earned her a 1979 BAFTA TV Award nomination. She won an Emmy Award in 1993 for her guest role on Law & Order and another for the 2004 television documentary of her one - woman show. From 2007 to 2012, she had a recurring role as Colleen Donaghy on the NBC sitcom 30 Rock, a role that won her a third Emmy in 2007. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early stage career 2.2 Television 2.3 Film roles 2.4 BBC Radio 2.5 Later stage work 2.5. 1 Elaine Stritch at Liberty 2.5. 2 A Little Night Music 2.6 Cabaret 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 In popular culture 6 Honors and awards 7 Work 7.1 Stage 8 Filmography 9 References 10 External links Early life ( edit ) Stritch was born on February 2, 1925, in Detroit, Michigan, the youngest daughter of Mildred ( née Jobe ; 1893 -- 1987 ), a homemaker, and George Joseph Stritch ( 1892 -- 1987 ), an executive with B.F. Goodrich. She had two older sisters, Georgine and Sally. Her Roman Catholic family was well - off. Her father was of Irish descent, while her mother had Welsh ancestry. Samuel Stritch, Archbishop of Chicago from 1940 to 1958, was one of her uncles. She trained at the Dramatic Workshop of The New School in New York City under Erwin Piscator, alongside Marlon Brando and Bea Arthur. Career ( edit ) Early stage career ( edit ) Stritch made her stage debut in 1944. However, her Broadway debut was in Loco in 1946, directed by Jed Harris, followed soon after by Made in Heaven ( as a replacement ) and then Angel in the Wings ( 1947 ), a revue in which she performed comedy sketches and the song `` Civilization ''. Stritch understudied Ethel Merman for Call Me Madam, and, at the same time, appeared in the 1952 revival of Pal Joey, singing `` Zip ''. Stritch later starred in the national tour of Call Me Madam, and appeared in a supporting role in the original Broadway production of William Inge 's play Bus Stop. In 1958 she originated the leading role of Maggie Harris in the musical Goldilocks. She starred in Noël Coward 's Sail Away on Broadway in 1961. Stritch started in the show in a `` relatively minor role and was only promoted over the title and given virtually all the best songs when it was reckoned that the leading lady... although excellent, was rather too operatic for a musical comedy ''. During out - of - town tryouts in Boston, Coward was `` unsure about the dramatic talents '' of one of the leads, opera singer Jean Fenn. They were, after all, engaged for their voices and... it is madness to expect two singers to play subtle ' Noël Coward ' love scenes with the right values and sing at the same time. Joe Layton suggested `` What would happen if... we just eliminated ( Fenn 's ) role and gave everything to Stritch? The show was very old - fashioned, and the thing that was working was Elaine Stritch. Every time she went on stage ( she ) was a sensation. '' The reconstructed ' Sail Away ' opened on Broadway at the Broadhurst Theatre on October 3, 1961 ``, with Stritch giving what Howard Taubman of The New York Times said `` must be the performance of her career. '' In 1966, she played Ruth Sherwood in the musical Wonderful Town at New York 's City Center, and appeared in an Off Broadway revival of Private Lives in 1968. Stritch became known as a singer with a brassy, powerful voice. She was the original performer cast in the role of Joanne in Stephen Sondheim 's Company ( 1970 ) on Broadway. After over a decade of successful runs in shows in New York, Stritch moved in 1972 to London, where she starred in the West End production of Company. On tour and in stock, Stritch appeared in such musicals as No, No, Nanette, The King and I, I Married an Angel, and both as Vera Charles ( opposite Janet Blair ) and Mame Dennis in Mame. Television ( edit ) Elaine Stritch in 2009 Strich 's earliest television appearances were in The Growing Paynes ( 1949 ) and the Goodyear Television Playhouse ( 1953 -- 55 ). She also appeared on episodes of The Ed Sullivan Show in 1954. She was the first and original Trixie Norton in a Honeymooners sketch with Jackie Gleason, Art Carney and Pert Kelton. The character was originally a burlesque dancer, but the role was rewritten and recast after just one episode with the more wholesome looking Joyce Randolph playing the character as an ordinary housewife. Stritch 's other television credits included a number of dramatic programs in the 1950s and 1960s, including Studio One. In the 1960 television season, Stritch appeared in the role of writer Ruth Sherwood in the CBS sitcom My Sister Eileen, opposite Shirley Bonne as her younger sister, Eileen Sherwood, an aspiring actress. The sisters, natives of Ohio, live in a brownstone apartment in Greenwich Village. The one - season series aired opposite Hawaiian Eye on ABC and Perry Como 's Kraft Music Hall on NBC. In 1975, Stritch starred in the British LWT comedy series Two 's Company opposite Sir Donald Sinden. She played Dorothy McNab, an American writer living in London who was known for her lurid and sensationalist thriller novels. Sinden played Robert, her English butler, who disapproved of practically everything Dorothy did and the series derived its comedy from the inevitable culture clash between Robert 's very British stiff - upper - lip attitude and Dorothy 's devil - may - care New York view of life. Two 's Company was exceptionally well received in Britain and ran for four series until 1979. In 1979, both Stritch and Sinden were nominated for a BAFTA TV Award for Two 's Company, in the category `` Best Light Entertainment Performance '', losing out to Ronnie Barker. In 1980, Stritch starred in another series for LWT, Nobody 's Perfect ( the British version of Maude ) - not to be confused with the 1980 American series of the same name, which aired in the UK as Hart Of The Yard - playing Bill Hooper alongside Richard Griffiths as her husband Sam. Unsatisfied with the Anglicised scripts, Stritch herself adapted the original American scripts for all but one of the fourteen episodes ( Griffiths handled the remaining one ). Other British television appearances by Strich included Roald Dahl 's Tales of the Unexpected. Although she appeared several times in different roles, perhaps her most memorable appearance was in the story `` William and Mary '', in which she played the wife of a man who has cheated death by having his brain preserved. She appeared on BBC 1 's children 's series, Jackanory, reading, among other stories, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl. After returning to the United States, she appeared on The Edge of Night as vinegary nanny Mrs. DeGroot, then was cast as a regular on the short - lived The Ellen Burstyn Show in 1986. She appeared as the stern schoolteacher Mrs. McGee on three episodes of The Cosby Show ( 1989 -- 90 ). She had a recurring role in Law & Order ( 1992, 1997 ) as Lanie Stieglitz. On April 26, 2007, she began guest appearances on the NBC sitcom 30 Rock as Colleen, the fearsome mother of Alec Baldwin 's lead character, Jack Donaghy. Her later roles included Judge Grace Lema on Oz ( 1998 ) ; and Martha Albright ( mother of Jane Curtin 's character ) on two episodes of 3rd Rock From the Sun ( 1997, 2001 ), alongside her Broadway co-star George Grizzard, who played George Albright. Stritch was reportedly considered for the role of Dorothy Zbornak on The Golden Girls but, as she related in her show Elaine Stritch at Liberty, she `` blew her audition ''. The role was cast with Bea Arthur. She was seen on One Life to Live ( 1993 ), replacing fellow stage legend Eileen Heckart as Wilma Bern. Film roles ( edit ) Stritch appeared in more films in her later years than the early part of her career. In an interview in 1988, it was noted that `` Making movies is challenging to Stritch since she considers herself a novice. '' She said : `` I 'm fascinated with it. And I want to do more of them. '' She was asked why she waited so long to make movies since she apparently enjoys it so much. `` You do a movie for, like, three months and then you 're finished. You do a part in a play and it 's like going into a roomful of audiences for a year. '' Early in her career, she appeared in Three Violent People ( 1956 ) starring Charlton Heston, as the hotel proprietor pal of Anne Baxter, and then co-starred opposite Rock Hudson and Jennifer Jones in the David O. Selznick remake of A Farewell to Arms ( 1957 ) as Hudson 's nurse. In The Perfect Furlough, she co-starred opposite Tony Curtis and Janet Leigh. She had a showy role as the lesbian proprietor of a bar in the cult film Who Killed Teddy Bear? ( 1965 ), which starred Sal Mineo. She played a `` tough - as - nails '' nurse in the remake of The Spiral Staircase ( 1975 ) and was praised for her performance in Providence ( 1977 ). When she returned to the United States in the mid-1980s from London, Woody Allen cast her as the former movie star mother in his drama September ( 1987 ). People magazine called her performance `` acclaimed '' and wrote `` Though the movie has received mixed reviews, Stritch 's roaring presence, like Godzilla in a stalled elevator, ca n't be ignored. '' Allen later cast her in his comedy Small Time Crooks ( 2000 ) in which she played a `` snobby socialite ''. Rex Reed wrote of her performance : `` Elaine Stritch can still stop you in your tracks with a meaningless, drop - dead one - liner ( which is all she gets here ). '' She joined the ensemble of Cocoon : The Return ( 1988 ) as an apartment manager who helps widowed Jack Gilford get over his wife 's death. Among her co-stars were former Goldilocks co-star Don Ameche and Gwen Verdon. She appeared in Out to Sea ( 1997 ) as Dyan Cannon 's wise - cracking mother and `` danced up a storm '' with the other characters. She played Winona Ryder 's loving grandmother in the film Autumn in New York ( 2000 ). Stritch had a rare co-starring role in the comedy Screwed ( 2000 ), playing Miss Crock, who becomes the intended victim of a kidnapping by her disgruntled butler ( Norm Macdonald ). She appeared in the comedy Monster in Law ( 2005 ) starring Jennifer Lopez and Jane Fonda, playing Fonda 's mother - in - law. BBC Radio ( edit ) In 1982, Stritch appeared on an edition of the long - running BBC Radio comedy series Just a Minute alongside Kenneth Williams, Clement Freud and Barry Cryer. The show was described by long - time chairman Nicholas Parsons as being among the most memorable because of the way Stritch stretched the show 's rules. She described Kenneth Williams as capable of making `` one word into a three - act play ''. Later stage work ( edit ) After her husband, John Bay, died from brain cancer in 1982, Stritch returned to America, and after a further lull in her career and struggles with alcoholism, Stritch began performing again. She appeared in a one - night only concert of Company in 1993 and as Parthy in a Broadway revival of the musical Show Boat in 1994. In 1996 she played Claire in a revival of Edward Albee 's A Delicate Balance, with Variety writing : `` Equally marvelous is Stritch, with a meatier role than her recent foray as Parthy in ' Show Boat. ' To watch her succumb to the vast amounts of alcohol Claire ingests, folding and refolding her legs, slipping -- no, oozing -- onto the floor, her face crumpling like a paper bag, is to witness a different but equally winning kind of thespian expertise. It 's a master class up there. '' Elaine Stritch at Liberty ( edit ) Main article : Elaine Stritch at Liberty Her one - woman show Elaine Stritch at Liberty, a summation of her life and career, premiered at New York 's Public Theater, running from November 7 to December 30, 2001. It then ran on Broadway at the Neil Simon Theatre from February 21 to May 27, 2002, and then, also in 2002, at London 's Old Vic Theatre. Newsweek noted : Now we see how At Liberty, the amazing one - woman show Stritch is moving to Broadway from the Public Theater this week, acquired the credit, `` Constructed by John Lahr. Reconstructed by Elaine Stritch ''. `` The reconstruction means I had the last say '', she says. `` Damn right I did. ''... In case you did n't notice, Stritch is not the kind of woman who goes in for the sappy self - indulgence that pollutes most one - person shows. In fact, At Liberty is in a class by itself, a biting, hilarious and even touching tour - de-force tour of Stritch 's career and life. Almost every nook and cranny of `` At Liberty '' holds a surprise. Turns out she dated Marlon Brando, Gig Young and Ben Gazzara, though she dropped Ben when Rock Hudson showed an interest in her. `` And we all know what a bum decision that turned out to be '', she says. And then there were the shows. A British writer recently called Stritch `` Broadway 's last first lady '', and when you see her performing her signature numbers from Company and Pal Joey and hear her tell tales of working with Merman, Coward, Gloria Swanson and the rest, it 's hard to argue. Especially since she does it all dressed in a long white shirt and form - fitting black tights. It 's both a metaphor for her soul - baring musical and a sartorial kiss - my - rear gesture to anyone who thinks there is n't some life left in the 76 - year - old diva. `` Somebody said to me the other day, ' Is this the last thing you 're going to do? ' '', says Stritch. `` In your dreams! I ca n't wait to get back into an Yves Saint Laurent costume that is n't mine -- but ( that ) will be when the show is over. A Little Night Music ( edit ) Stritch appeared in the Broadway revival of the Sondheim - Wheeler musical A Little Night Music from July 2010 to January 2011, succeeding Angela Lansbury in the role of Madame Armfeldt, the wheelchair - bound mother who remembers her life as a courtesan in the song `` Liaisons ''. The AP reviewer of the musical ( with the two new leads ) wrote `` Devotees of Stritch, who earned her Sondheim stripes singing, memorably, `` The Ladies Who Lunch '' in Company 40 years ago, will revel in how the actress, who earned a huge ovation before her very first line at a recent preview, brings her famously salty, acerbic style to the role of Madame Armfeldt. '' The theatre critic for The Toronto Star wrote : Stritch offers a sophisticated gloss on her by now patented, plain - talking woman who reveals all the home truths everyone ever wanted ( or did n't ) to hear about themselves. When Stritch tears into her big set - piece, ' Liaisons ', about all the affairs in her life, it 's not just a witty catalogue of indiscretions but a deeply moving fast - forward through a life filled equally with love, loss, joy and regret. Cabaret ( edit ) Stritch performed a cabaret act in New York City at the Cafe Carlyle in the Carlyle Hotel, where she was a resident from 2005 until she left New York in 2013. Her first show at the Carlyle was titled `` At Home at the Carlyle ''. The New York Times reviewer wrote : Amazingly, none of the 16 songs she performs have ever been in her repertory, and just as amazingly, you do n't miss signature numbers... ( L ) etting them go has allowed her to venture into more sensitive emotional territory. Interpreting stark, talk - sing versions of Rodgers and Hart 's `` He Was Too Good to Me '', `` Fifty Percent '' from the musical Ballroom, and Kurt Weill and Ogden Nash 's `` That 's Him '', she comes into her own as a dramatic ballad singer. Between musical numbers, Stritch told stories from the world of stage and screen, tales from her everyday life and personal glimpses of her private tragedies and triumphs. She performed at the Cafe Carlyle in early 2010 and in fall 2011 in At Home at the Carlyle : Elaine Stritch Singin ' Sondheim... One Song at a Time. Personal life ( edit ) Strich was married to the actor John Bay from 1973 until his death in 1982. He was part of the family that owns the Bay 's English Muffins company, and Stritch sent English muffins as gifts to friends. Said John Kenley : `` Every Christmas, she still sends me English muffins. '' When she was based in London, Stritch and her husband lived at the Savoy Hotel. She was good friends with gossip columnist Liz Smith, with whom she shared a birthday ( February 2 ). In March 2013, Stritch announced she was leaving New York and relocating to Birmingham, Michigan. Stritch was candid about her alcoholism. She took her first drink at 14 and began using it as a crutch before performances to vanquish her stage fright and insecurities. Her drinking worsened after Bay 's death, and she sought help after experiencing problems with the effects of alcoholism, including the onset of diabetes. Elaine Stritch at Liberty discusses the topic at length. Death ( edit ) Stritch died in her sleep at her home in Birmingham, Michigan, on July 17, 2014. She was 89 years old. She suffered from diabetes and had stomach cancer. At the time of her death only three months after having had surgery for the disease, cancer was not cited as an immediate cause of her death. In popular culture ( edit ) Stritch 's voice and vocal delivery are spoofed in the Forbidden Broadway songs `` The Ladies Who Screech '' and `` Stritch '', parodies of `` The Ladies Who Lunch '' and `` Zip '', songs she performed in the musicals Company and Pal Joey. In 2009, a parody by Bats Langley entitled `` How the Stritch Stole Christmas '' ( loosely based on `` How the Grinch Stole Christmas '' ) appeared on YouTube. On The Big Gay Sketch Show in 2007, she was spoofed ( and portrayed by Nicol Paone ) as a Wal - Mart greeter who is still a theater gal at heart. In a later episode, Stritch is spoofed as an airport security guard, who 's still `` on '' and is n't able to tone down her over-the - top antics. In yet another episode, `` Stritch '' is promoting her self - titled perfume `` Stritchy '' in dramatic fashion when she is confronted by the real - life Elaine Stritch, who makes a cameo appearance. On RuPaul 's Drag Race season 7 in 2015 during a drag granny mini challenge Pearl Liaison 's drag granny is likened to Stritch. In season 9 in 2017 during introductions for the Snatch Game guest contestant Denis O'Hare's career accomplishments include having received a standing ovation from Stritch. Ms. Stritch was the basis of the character Laney Fontaine on The Simpsons. In the Modern Family episode `` Schooled '', Mitch states that school was difficult for him because of having a name that rhymes with `` witch, snitch, bitch, Elaine Stritch '' to which he states that, `` Not all bullies are straight. '' Honors and awards ( edit ) Stritch was an eight - time Emmy Award nominee ( three wins ), a four - time Tony Award nominee and a Grammy Award nominee. Year Award Work Result 1956 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play Bus Stop Nominated 1962 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical Sail Away Nominated 1971 Company Nominated 1979 BAFTA TV Award for Best Light Entertainment Performance Two 's Company Nominated 1991 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie An Inconvenient Woman Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Law & Order Won 1995 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical Show Boat Nominated Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play A Delicate Balance Won Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play Nominated 2002 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Solo Performance Elaine Stritch at Liberty Won Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical ( with John Lahr ) Won Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program Elaine Stritch at Liberty Won 2005 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children The Best Halloween Ever Nominated 2007 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series 30 Rock Won 2008 Nominated 2009 Nominated Nominated 2013 Nominated Elaine Stritch at Liberty won the Tony Award for Best Special Theatrical Event ( awarded to its producers, of which Stritch was not one ). The stage performance of observations and songs from her life in theatre would later be the focus of D.A. Pennebaker 's 2004 documentary Elaine Stritch at Liberty, which as well as the Emmy for Stritch, also won its producers the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Special. Stritch was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1995. Work ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sources : FilmReference.com ; Internet Broadway Database ; TCM Stage ( edit ) Bobino ( 1944 ) ( The New School ) The Private Life of the Master Race ( 1945 ) ( City College of New York ) Woman Bites Dog ( 1946 ) ( Philadelphia ) What Every Woman Knows ( 1946 ) ( Westport Country Playhouse ) Loco ( 1946 ) ( Broadway ) Made in Heaven ( 1947 ) ( Broadway ) ( replacement for Jane Middleton ) Angel in the Wings ( 1947 ) ( Broadway ) The Shape of Things ( 1947 ) ( East Hampton, New York ) The Little Foxes ( 1947 ) ( Off - Broadway ) Three Indelicate Ladies ( 1947 ) ( New Haven, Connecticut ) Texas Li'l Darling ( 1949 ) ( Westport Country Playhouse ) Yes, M'Lord ( 1949 ) ( Broadway ) Call Me Madam ( 1950 ) ( Broadway standby for Ethel Merman and as the leading lady on the US National Tour ) Anything Goes ( 1950 ) ( Lambertville, New Jersey ) Pal Joey ( 1952 ) ( Broadway ) Once Married, Twice Shy ( 1953 ) ( Westport Country Playhouse ) Panama Hattie ( 1954 ) ( Louisville, Kentucky ) Call Me Madam ( 1954 ) ( The Muny ) On Your Toes ( 1954 ) ( Broadway ) Bus Stop ( 1955 ) ( Broadway ) The Sin of Pat Muldoon ( 1957 ) ( Broadway ) Goldilocks ( 1958 ) ( Broadway ) Sail Away ( 1961 ) ( Broadway and London ) The Time of the Barracudas ( 1963 ) ( closed on the road ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? ( 1963 ) ( Broadway ) ( replacement for Uta Hagen ) I Married an Angel ( 1964 ) ( US regional tour ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? ( 1965 ) ( US national tour ) The King and I ( 1965 ) ( US regional tour ) The Grass Harp ( 1966 ) ( Providence, Rhode Island ) Wonderful Town ( 1967 ) ( New York City Center ) Any Wednesday ( 1967 ) ( US national tour ) Private Lives ( 1968 ) ( Off - Broadway ) Mame ( 1968 ) ( US national tour ) Mame ( 1969 ) ( US regional tour ) Company ( 1970 ) ( Broadway, US national tour and London ) Small Craft Warnings ( 1973 ) ( London ) The Gingerbread Lady ( 1974 ) ( London ) Suite in Two Keys ( 1982 ) ( Paper Mill Playhouse ) Dancing in the End Zone ( 1984 ) ( Coconut Grove, Florida ) Follies In Concert ( 1985 ) ( Lincoln Center ) Happy Birthday, Mr. Abbott! or Night of 100 Years ( 1987 ) ( Broadway ) ( benefit concert ) Broadway at the Bowl ( 1988 ) ( Hollywood Bowl ) Love Letters ( 1990 ) ( Broadway ) ( replacement for Kate Nelligan ) The Rodgers & Hart Revue ( 1991 ) ( New York City ) Cakewalk by Peter Feibleman ( 1993 ) ( American Repertory Theater ) Company ( 1993 ) ( Terrace Theater and Vivian Beaumont Theater ) Show Boat ( 1993 ) ( Toronto and Broadway ) A Delicate Balance ( 1996 ) ( Broadway ) Angela Lansbury -- A Celebration ( 1996 ) ( Broadway ) ( benefit concert ) Sail Away ( 1999 ) In Concert ( Carnegie Hall ) Elaine Stritch at Liberty ( 2002 ) ( Broadway, London, US national tour, and UK tour ) Endgame ( 2008 ) ( Brooklyn Academy of Music ) as `` Nell '' The Full Monty ( 2009 ) ( Paper Mill Playhouse ) A Little Night Music ( 2010 ) ( Broadway ) ( replacement for Angela Lansbury ) Filmography ( edit ) The Scarlet Hour ( 1956 ) Three Violent People ( 1956 ) A Farewell to Arms ( 1957 ) The Perfect Furlough ( 1958 ) Kiss Her Goodbye ( 1959 ) Who Killed Teddy Bear ( 1965 ) Too Many Thieves ( 1967 ) The Sidelong Glances of a Pigeon Kicker ( 1970 ) Original Cast Album : Company ( 1970 documentary ) Pollyanna ( 1973, BBC ) The Spiral Staircase ( 1975 ) Providence ( 1977 ) September ( 1987 ) Cocoon : The Return ( 1988 ) Cadillac Man ( 1990 ) Out to Sea ( 1997 ) Krippendorf 's Tribe ( 1998 ) Screwed ( 2000 ) Small Time Crooks ( 2000 ) Autumn in New York ( 2000 ) Broadway : The Golden Age, by the Legends Who Were There ( 2003 documentary ) Elaine Stritch at Liberty ( 2004 ) The Needs of Kim Stanley ( 2005 documentary ) Monster - in - Law ( 2005 ) Romance & Cigarettes ( 2005 ) Broadway : Beyond the Golden Age ( 2011 documentary ) ParaNorman ( 2012 ) ( voice ) Elaine Stritch : Shoot Me ( 2014 documentary ) Randy Cunningham : 9th Grade Ninja ( 2014 ) ( voice ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tallmer, Jerry. Interview The Villager, May 26 -- June 1, 2004 Jump up ^ `` Born in 1925 per 1930 United States census ''. Search.ancestry.com. Retrieved July 17, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Elaine Stritch profile at FilmReference.com ''. filmreference. comyear =. Retrieved February 28, 2017. Jump up ^ 1940 United States FederalCensus Jump up ^ Celia Wren ( May 3, 2002 ). `` Elaine Stritch at Liberty ''. Commonweal. Archived from the original on December 23, 2008. Retrieved January 8, 2009. ^ Jump up to : BBC Four Music. `` Elaine Stritch at Liberty ''. BBC Four. Retrieved January 8, 2009. Jump up ^ `` People : The Way Things Are ''. Time Magazine, February 23, 1948 ^ Jump up to : `` Elaine Stritch Biography '' tcm.com, accessed August 31, 2009 Jump up ^ Porter, Darwin. ( 2005 ). Brando unzipped, pp. 5, 12, 18. Blood Moon Productions, Ltd. ; ISBN 0 - 9748118 - 2 - 3 Jump up ^ `` ' Loco ' Listing '', IBDb.com ; accessed May 22, 2012 Jump up ^ `` ' Made in Heaven ' Listing '', IBDb.com ; accessed May 22, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Elaine Stritch profile, pbs.org, accessed May 22, 2012. Jump up ^ Sheridan Morley `` Chapter : Pomp and Circumstance '', Noël Coward, Haus Publishing, 2005 ; ISBN 1 - 904341 - 88 - 8, p. 126 ^ Jump up to : Hoare, Philip. `` Sail Away '', Noel Coward : A Biography, University of Chicago Press, 1998, ISBN 0 - 226 - 34512 - 2, p. 472 Jump up ^ Bruce Weber & Robert Berkvist. `` ' Elaine Stritch, Broadway 's Enduring Dame, Dies at 89 '' New York Times, July 17, 2014 Jump up ^ `` Actress Elaine Stritch dies at 89 ''. CBS News. July 17, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Elaine Stritch and Ed Sullivan, 1954 ''. Daily News. July 17, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2014. Jump up ^ Barnes, Mike ( July 17, 2014 ). `` Broadway Legend Elaine Stritch Dies at 89 ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 18, 2014. Jump up ^ Brockes, Emma ( July 16, 2008 ). `` ' I 'm a do - it - myself kind of broad ' : Two decades of sobriety have been good to Elaine Stritch. The stage legend and Emmy award - winner talks to Emma Brockes about booze, Brando and Broadway ''. The Guardian. Retrieved July 18, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Walker, Tim. `` Donald Sinden 's sadness at Elaine Stritch 's death '' The Telegraph, July 19, 2014, retrieved February 28, 2017 Jump up ^ Lewisohn, Mark. Radio Times Guide To TV Comedy. BBC. ISBN 0 563 48755 0. Jump up ^ Longsdorf, Amy ( October 4, 2004 ). `` Mixpicks : DVD : Tales of the Unexpected : Set One ''. The Record. p. F3. Jump up ^ Marshall, Ray ( July 6, 2005 ). `` Reading stars ''. Evening Chronicle. p. 22. Jump up ^ `` Elaine Stritch Films '' imdb.com, retrieved February 28, 2017 Jump up ^ `` Elaine Stritch Talks About Her Guest Stint on ' 30 Rock ' ''. Buddytv.com. December 12, 2008. Retrieved July 17, 2014. Jump up ^ Bloom, Ken ; Vlastnik, Frank ; Lithgow, John ( 2007 ). Sitcoms : The 101 Greatest TV Comedies of All Time. Black Dog Publishing ; ISBN 1 - 57912 - 752 - 5, pp. 136 -- 37 ^ Jump up to : Willistein, Paul. `` Stage Star Elaine Stritch Wrapped Up In A New Career '', mcall.com, December 3, 1988. Jump up ^ `` ' Three Violent People ' Listing '' Internet Movie Database, accessed May 21, 2012 Jump up ^ Crowther, Bosley. `` Review. A Farewell to Arms ( 1957 ) '', The New York Times, January 25, 1958 Jump up ^ Anderson, Melissa. `` ' Who Killed Teddy Bear ', A Fascinating Chronicle of Wagner - era Times Square '' Village Voice, January 19, 2010 Jump up ^ Pfeiffer, Lee. `` Review '' cinemaretro.com, accessed May 21, 2012 Jump up ^ Canby, Vincent. `` Movie Review ' Providence ' ( 1977 ). Movie House, Yes, The Movie, No : Fake Feathers The New York Times, January 26, 1977. Jump up ^ Stark, John. `` Alone in the September of Her Years, Elaine Stritch Beats Booze to Score a Comeback in a Woody Allen Drama '' People, January 11, 1988 Jump up ^ Reed, Rex. `` Small - Time Woody, Expert Tracey '', New York Observer, May 22, 2000, ARTS&ENTERTAINMENT ; On The Town With Rex Reed Jump up ^ `` Martha Coolidge Biography '' Archived July 12, 2012, at Archive.is officialmarthacoolidge.com, accessed May 21, 2012 Jump up ^ Holden, Stephen. `` Film Review ; May - December Romance? Or Simply Hot and Cold? '' The New York Times, August 12, 2000, retrieved February 28, 2017 Jump up ^ Leydon, Joe. `` ' Screwed ' Review '' Variety, May 15, 2000, retrieved February 28, 2017 Jump up ^ Travers, Peters. Monster - in - Law Rolling Stone, May 5, 2005, retrieved February 28, 2017 Jump up ^ Eyre, Hermione. `` Kenneth Williams : Michael Sheen carries on his camping '' The Independent ( London ), March 5, 2006 Jump up ^ York, Peter. `` Elaine Stritch : Drama queen '', The Independent ( London ), September 29, 2002 Jump up ^ Blando, Bill ( January 4, 2002 ). `` Elaine Stritch, at 75, proclaims ' I 'm Still Here ' : Show - stopper will take act uptown ''. The Patriot - News. p. E3. Jump up ^ Gerard, Jeremy. `` A Delicate Balance '', Daily Variety, April 22, 1996 ( no page number ) Jump up ^ Sommers, Michael. `` It 's curtains for ' Kate ' and Elaine ' '', The Star - Ledger ( Newark, New Jersey ), December 28, 2001, p. 4 Jump up ^ Veronica Horwell. `` Elaine Stritch : everybody rise for Broadway 's greatest dame Stage ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 28. Jump up ^ Marc Peyser ( February 11, 2002 ). `` A Stritch in Time ''. Newsweek. Retrieved January 8, 2009. Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew. `` Starry, Starry Night : Peters and Stritch Return to Broadway in Sondheim Revival '' Archived July 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine... Playbill, July 13, 2010. Jump up ^ McBride, Walter. `` Photo Coverage : Bernadette Peters and Elaine Stritch Open in A Little Night Music ''. Broadwayworld.com, July 14, 2010 Jump up ^ Noveck, Jocelyn. `` Legends class up revival of ' A Little Night Music ' '' Dallas News, August 8, 2010 Jump up ^ Ouzounian, Richard. `` Bernadette Peters and Elaine Stritch : Making beautiful music in Manhattan '', The Toronto Star, August 20, 2010. Jump up ^ Holden, Stephen ( September 15, 2005 ). `` Elaine Stritch, at 80, Tries Something New ''. The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2014. Jump up ^ Hetrick, Adam. `` ' Happy Birthday, Steve ' : Elaine Stritch Singin ' Sondheim Returns to the Carlyle March 22 '' Archived May 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Playbill.com, March 22, 2010 Jump up ^ Brown, Tony. `` John Kenley turns 100 on February 20, 2006 '', February 19, 2009 Jump up ^ Musto, Michael. `` NY Mirror '', The Village Voice, January 3, 2006. Jump up ^ `` ' ' Audio Podcast : Elaine Stritch and Liz Smith at The Center ' ', January 26, 2009 ( longtime friendship referred to at 16 min. 38 sec. ) ''. Odeo.com. Archived from the original on March 2, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2014. Jump up ^ Healy, Patrick ( March 13, 2013 ). `` 71 Years in New York City Is Enough for Elaine Stritch ''. The New York Times. Retrieved July 16, 2014. Jump up ^ King, Susan ( July 17, 2014 ). `` Remembering Elaine Stritch -- formidable, fun and candid ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 18, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Elaine Stritch believed cancer was in remission '', Express, July 19, 2014, accessed February 28, 2017 Jump up ^ Reuters via amny, amnewyork, Friday - Sunday, July 18 -- 20, 2014 edition, page 7. Jump up ^ Berkvist, Robert ; Weber, Bruce ( July 17, 2014 ). `` Elaine Stritch, Tart - Tongued Broadway Actress and Singer, Is Dead at 89 ''. The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2014. Jump up ^ Staff ( July 17, 2014 ). `` Elaine Stritch, Acerbic Tony and Emmy Winner, Dies at 89 ''. Variety. Retrieved July 17, 2014. Jump up ^ Rich, Frank ( September 16, 1988 ). `` Skewering With a Smile, in ' Forbidden Broadway ' ''. The New York Times. Retrieved July 18, 2014. Jump up ^ `` How Elaine Stritch Stole Christmas ''. Advocate. December 23, 2009. Retrieved July 18, 2014. Jump up ^ Catlin, Roger ( April 24, 2007 ). `` Equal Opportunity Clunkers on ' Sketch Show ' ''. Hartford Courant. p. D2. Jump up ^ `` Episode 8, Season 2 ''. The Big Gay Sketch Show. September 16, 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2014. Jump up ^ Avery, Dan ( July 17, 2014 ). `` The Time Elaine Stritch Appeared On ' The Big Gay Sketch Show ' ''. NewNowNext. Logo TV. Retrieved July 18, 2014. Jump up ^ The Broadway League. `` Elaine Stritch IBDB : The official source for Broadway Information ''. IBDB. Retrieved July 17, 2014. Jump up ^ Viagas, Robert. `` Theatre Hall of Fame 1996 '' Playbill, January 30, 1996, retrieved February 28, 2017 Jump up ^ `` Elaine Stritch Broadway and Special Events '' ibdb.com, retrieved February 28, 2017 Jump up ^ `` Elaine Stritch Overview Film and Television '' tcm.com, retrieved February 28, 2017 Jump up ^ Barajas, Joshua ( July 17, 2014 ). `` Broadway and cabaret actress Elaine Stritch dead at 89 ''. PBS Newshour. Retrieved July 19, 2014. Jump up ^ Bledsoe, Wayne ( July 17, 2014 ). `` Broadway, acting great Elaine Stritch dies ''. Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved July 19, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Suskin, Steven. Broadway Yearbook 2001 -- 2002 : A Relevant and Irreverent Record. Oxford University Press. p. 166. ISBN 0195347943. Jump up ^ `` Cast Alumni - S '' muny.org, retrieved February 28, 2017 Jump up ^ Filichia, Peter. `` Remembering Claibe Richardson and ' The Grass Harp ' '' theatermania.com, January 12, 2003 Jump up ^ Hurren, Kenneth. `` Theatre. A Stritch in time '' Spectator ( archives ), November 2, 2974, retrieved March 1, 2017 Jump up ^ Lawson, Carol J. `` Broadway '' The New York Times, February 10, 1984 Jump up ^ Rich, Frank. `` Stage View ; Sondheim 's ' Follies ' Evokes Old Broadway ''. The New York Times, September 15, 1985 Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday, Mr. Abbott! '' theatredb.com, retrieved February 28, 2017 Jump up ^ Holden, Stephen. `` Pop and Jazz in Review '' The New York Times, October 31, 1991 Jump up ^ Campbell, Karen. `` Life With Author Lillian Hellman Was Hardly a ` Cakewalk ' '' csmonitor.com, June 19, 1993 Jump up ^ Isherwood, Charles. `` Review : ' Sail Away ' '' Variety, November 14, 1999 Jump up ^ Hetrick, Adam. `` Stritch, Epstein, Casella and Turturro Play ' Endgame ' at BAM Beginning April 25 '' Playbill, April 25, 2008, retrieved February 28, 2017 Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew. `` Elaine Stritch to Star in Paper Mill 's ' Full Monty ' '' Playbill, April 15, 2009, retrieved February 28, 2017 Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew. `` Bernadette Peters and Elaine Stritch Extend Run in Broadway 's ' A Little Night Music ' '' Playbill, October 5, 2010, retrieved March 1, 2017 Biography portal Detroit portal Michigan portal New York City portal Theatre portal Television portal Film portal Christianity portal External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elaine Stritch. Elaine Stritch at the Internet Broadway Database Elaine Stritch at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Elaine Stritch on IMDb Tommasini, Anthony ( January 7, 2006 ). `` A Broadway Legend 's Lessons for Singers ''. The New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2010. Just A Minute Transcript Father Beck interviews Elaine Stritch Elaine Stritch interview : Performance Working in the Theatre CUNY - TV video by the American Theatre Wing, September 1989 Video -- `` Late Show With David Letterman '' -- absurd recurring sketch of Stritch thinking Letterman is her pool boy ( mid 1990s ) Elaine Stritch papers, 1925 - 2012 ( bulk 1943 - 2011 ), held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. Awards for Elaine Stritch Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical George Furth ( 1970 ) Burt Shevelove ( 1971 ) John Guare and Mel Shapiro ( 1972 ) Hugh Wheeler ( 1973 ) Hugh Wheeler ( 1974 ) James Kirkwood and Nicholas Dante ( 1976 ) Thomas Meehan ( 1977 ) Hugh Wheeler ( 1979 ) James Lapine ( 1984 ) Jerry Colker ( 1985 ) Rupert Holmes ( 1986 ) L. Arthur Rose, Douglas Furber, Stephen Fry and Mike Ockrent ( 1987 ) James Lapine ( 1988 ) Larry Gelbart ( 1990 ) Marsha Norman ( 1991 ) George C. Wolfe ( 1992 ) James Lapine ( 1994 ) Jonathan Larson ( 1996 ) Terrence McNally ( 1998 ) Alfred Uhry ( 1999 ) Mel Brooks and Thomas Meehan ( 2001 ) John Lahr and Elaine Stritch ( 2002 ) Mark O'Donnell and Thomas Meehan ( 2003 ) Winnie Holzman ( 2004 ) Rachel Sheinkin ( 2005 ) Bob Martin and Don McKellar ( 2006 ) Rupert Holmes and Peter Stone ( 2007 ) Douglas Carter Beane ( 2008 ) Lee Hall ( 2009 ) Alex Timbers ( 2010 ) Adam Mathias ( 2011 ) Joe DiPietro ( 2012 ) Dennis Kelly ( 2013 ) Robert L. Freedman ( 2014 ) Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2015 ) John Caird ( 2016 ) Irene Sankoff and David Hein ( 2017 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play Frances Sternhagen ( 1975 ) Rachel Roberts ( 1976 ) Rosemary De Angelis ( 1977 ) Eileen Atkins ( 1978 ) Pamela Reed ( 1979 ) Lois de Banzie ( 1980 ) Swoosie Kurtz ( 1981 ) Amanda Plummer ( 1982 ) Judith Ivey ( 1983 ) Christine Baranski ( 1984 ) Judith Ivey ( 1985 ) Joanna Gleason ( 1986 ) Mary Alice ( 1987 ) Christine Estabrook ( 1988 ) Tovah Feldshuh ( 1989 ) Frances Conroy ( 1990 ) Irene Worth ( 1991 ) Christine Baranski ( 1992 ) Madeline Kahn ( 1993 ) Jane Adams ( 1994 ) Tara Fitzgerald ( 1995 ) Elaine Stritch ( 1996 ) Dana Ivey ( 1997 ) Allison Janney ( 1998 ) Anna Friel ( 1999 ) Marylouise Burke ( 2000 ) Viola Davis ( 2001 ) Katie Finneran ( 2002 ) Lynn Redgrave ( 2003 ) Audra McDonald ( 2004 ) Adriane Lenox ( 2005 ) Frances de la Tour ( 2006 ) Martha Plimpton ( 2007 ) Linda Lavin ( 2008 ) Angela Lansbury ( 2009 ) Viola Davis ( 2010 ) Edie Falco ( 2011 ) Judith Light ( 2012 ) Judith Light ( 2013 ) Celia Keenan - Bolger ( 2014 ) Annaleigh Ashford ( 2015 ) Saycon Sengbloh ( 2016 ) Cynthia Nixon ( 2017 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Solo Performance Ian McKellen ( 1984 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1985 ) Eric Bogosian ( 1986 ) Barbara Cook ( 1987 ) -- ( 1988 ) -- ( 1989 ) Robert Morse ( 1990 ) Eileen Atkins ( 1991 ) Patrick Stewart ( 1992 ) Anna Deavere Smith ( 1993 ) Anna Deavere Smith ( 1994 ) James Lecesne ( 1995 ) Mary Louise Wilson ( 1996 ) Fiona Shaw ( 1997 ) John Leguizamo ( 1998 ) David Hare ( 1999 ) Dame Edna Everage ( 2000 ) Pamela Gien ( 2001 ) Elaine Stritch ( 2002 ) Tovah Feldshuh ( 2003 ) Jefferson Mays ( 2004 ) Billy Crystal ( 2005 ) Antony Sher ( 2006 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 2007 ) Laurence Fishburne ( 2008 ) Lorenzo Pisoni ( 2009 ) Jim Brochu ( 2010 ) John Leguizamo ( 2011 ) Cillian Murphy ( 2012 ) Michael Urie ( 2013 ) John Douglas Thompson ( 2014 ) Benjamin Scheuer ( 2015 ) Jesse Tyler Ferguson ( 2016 ) Ed Dixon ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Cloris Leachman ( 1975 ) Beah Richards ( 1988 ) Colleen Dewhurst ( 1989 ) Swoosie Kurtz ( 1990 ) Colleen Dewhurst ( 1991 ) No Award ( 1992 ) Tracey Ullman ( 1993 ) Eileen Heckart ( 1994 ) Cyndi Lauper ( 1995 ) Betty White ( 1996 ) Carol Burnett ( 1997 ) Emma Thompson ( 1998 ) Tracey Ullman ( 1999 ) Jean Smart ( 2000 ) Jean Smart ( 2001 ) Cloris Leachman ( 2002 ) Christina Applegate ( 2003 ) Laura Linney ( 2004 ) Kathryn Joosten ( 2005 ) Cloris Leachman ( 2006 ) Elaine Stritch ( 2007 ) Kathryn Joosten ( 2008 ) Tina Fey ( 2009 ) Betty White ( 2010 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 2011 ) Kathy Bates ( 2012 ) Melissa Leo ( 2013 ) Uzo Aduba ( 2014 ) Joan Cusack ( 2015 ) Tina Fey & Amy Poehler ( 2016 ) Melissa McCarthy ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Zohra Lampert ( 1974 ) Fionnula Flanagan ( 1976 ) Beulah Bondi ( 1977 ) Rita Moreno ( 1978 ) Alfre Woodard ( 1987 ) Shirley Knight ( 1988 ) Kay Lenz ( 1989 ) Viveca Lindfors ( 1990 ) Peggy McCay ( 1991 ) Elaine Stritch ( 1993 ) Faye Dunaway ( 1994 ) Shirley Knight ( 1995 ) Amanda Plummer ( 1996 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1997 ) Cloris Leachman ( 1998 ) Debra Monk ( 1999 ) Beah Richards ( 2000 ) Sally Field ( 2001 ) Patricia Clarkson ( 2002 ) Alfre Woodard ( 2003 ) Sharon Stone ( 2004 ) Amanda Plummer ( 2005 ) Patricia Clarkson ( 2006 ) Leslie Caron ( 2007 ) Cynthia Nixon ( 2008 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 2009 ) Ann - Margret ( 2010 ) Loretta Devine ( 2011 ) Martha Plimpton ( 2012 ) Carrie Preston ( 2013 ) Allison Janney ( 2014 ) Margo Martindale ( 2015 ) Margo Martindale ( 2016 ) Alexis Bledel ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program Perry Como / Dinah Shore ( 1959 ) Harry Belafonte ( 1960 ) Fred Astaire ( 1961 ) Carol Burnett ( 1962 ) Carol Burnett ( 1963 ) Danny Kaye ( 1964 ) Art Carney ( 1967 ) Art Carney / Pat Paulsen ( 1968 ) Arte Johnson / Harvey Korman ( 1969 ) Harvey Korman ( 1971 ) Harvey Korman ( 1972 ) Tim Conway ( 1973 ) Harvey Korman / Brenda Vaccaro ( 1974 ) Jack Albertson / Cloris Leachman ( 1975 ) Chevy Chase / Vicki Lawrence ( 1976 ) Tim Conway / Rita Moreno ( 1977 ) Tim Conway / Gilda Radner ( 1978 ) Sarah Vaughan ( 1981 ) Nell Carter / André De Shields ( 1982 ) Leontyne Price ( 1983 ) Cloris Leachman ( 1984 ) George Hearn ( 1985 ) Whitney Houston ( 1986 ) Robin Williams ( 1987 ) Robin Williams ( 1988 ) Linda Ronstadt ( 1989 ) Tracey Ullman ( 1990 ) Billy Crystal ( 1991 ) Bette Midler ( 1992 ) Dana Carvey ( 1993 ) Tracey Ullman ( 1994 ) Barbra Streisand ( 1995 ) Tony Bennett ( 1996 ) Bette Midler ( 1997 ) Billy Crystal ( 1998 ) John Leguizamo ( 1999 ) Eddie Izzard ( 2000 ) Barbra Streisand ( 2001 ) Sting ( 2002 ) Wayne Brady ( 2003 ) Elaine Stritch ( 2004 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2005 ) Barry Manilow ( 2006 ) Tony Bennett ( 2007 ) Don Rickles ( 2008 ) BIBSYS : 2044523 BNF : cb13938551z ( data ) GND : 134903986 ISNI : 0000 0001 1887 7095 LCCN : n83329072 MusicBrainz : 8d484c99 - 7ec3 - 4a12 - 9514 - d22b93c82891 SUDOC : 114140693 VIAF : 106991812 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elaine_Stritch&oldid=842992332 '' Categories : 1925 births 2014 deaths 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Detroit People from Birmingham, Michigan American female singers American film actresses American musical theatre actresses American people of Irish descent American people of Welsh descent Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni Catholics from Michigan Catholics from New York ( state ) American stage actresses American television actresses American Theater Hall of Fame inductees Drama Desk Award winners New York City nightlife Primetime Emmy Award winners Tony Award winners Singers from Detroit Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from February 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018, at 03 : 11. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Elaine Stritch", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Elaine_Stritch&amp;oldid=842992332" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "14056032162012470251" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Medieval art - wikipedia Medieval art Byzantine monumental Church mosaics are one of the great achievements of medieval art. These are from Monreale in Sicily from the late 12th century. The medieval art of the Western world covers a vast scope of time and place, over 1000 years of art in Europe, and at times the Middle East and North Africa. It includes major art movements and periods, national and regional art, genres, revivals, the artists crafts, and the artists themselves. Art historians attempt to classify medieval art into major periods and styles, often with some difficulty. A generally accepted scheme includes the later phases of Early Christian art, Migration Period art, Byzantine art, Insular art, Pre-Romanesque, Romanesque art, and Gothic art, as well as many other periods within these central styles. In addition each region, mostly during the period in the process of becoming nations or cultures, had its own distinct artistic style, such as Anglo - Saxon art or Norse art. Medieval art was produced in many media, and the works that remain in large numbers include sculpture, illuminated manuscripts, stained glass, metalwork and mosaics, all of which have had a higher survival rate than other media such as fresco wall - paintings, work in precious metals or textiles, including tapestry. Especially in the early part of the period, works in the so - called `` minor arts '' or decorative arts, such as metalwork, ivory carving, enamel and embroidery using precious metals, were probably more highly valued than paintings or monumental sculpture. Medieval art in Europe grew out of the artistic heritage of the Roman Empire and the iconographic traditions of the early Christian church. These sources were mixed with the vigorous `` barbarian '' artistic culture of Northern Europe to produce a remarkable artistic legacy. Indeed, the history of medieval art can be seen as the history of the interplay between the elements of classical, early Christian and `` barbarian '' art. Apart from the formal aspects of classicism, there was a continuous tradition of realistic depiction of objects that survived in Byzantine art throughout the period, while in the West it appears intermittently, combining and sometimes competing with new expressionist possibilities developed in Western Europe and the Northern legacy of energetic decorative elements. The period ended with the self - perceived Renaissance recovery of the skills and values of classical art, and the artistic legacy of the Middle Ages was then disparaged for some centuries. Since a revival of interest and understanding in the 19th century it has been seen as a period of enormous achievement that underlies the development of later Western art. Romanesque carving Contents 1 Overview 2 Early Christian and Late Antique art 3 Byzantine art 4 Migration Period through Christianization 5 Insular art 6 The influence of Islamic art 7 Pre-Romanesque art 8 Romanesque art 9 Gothic art 10 Subsequent reputation 11 Prejudice 11.1 Jewish portrayals in medieval Christian art 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Overview ( edit ) Detail of The Effects of Good Government, a fresco in the City Hall of Siena by Ambrogio Lorenzetti, 1338. The Middle Ages in Europe saw a decrease in prosperity, stability, and population in the first centuries of the period -- to about 800 AD, and then a fairly steady and general increase until the massive setback of the Black Death around 1350, which is estimated to have killed at least a third of the overall population in Europe, with generally higher rates in the south and lower in the north. Many regions did not regain their former population levels until the 17th century. The population of Europe is estimated to have reached a low point of about 18 million in 650, to have doubled around the year 1000, and to have reached over 70 million by 1340, just before the Black Death. In 1450 it was still only 50 million. To these figures, Northern Europe, especially Britain, contributed a lower proportion than today, and Southern Europe, including France, a higher one. The increase in prosperity, for those who survived, was much less affected by the Black Death. Until about the 11th century most of Europe was short of agricultural labour, with large amounts of unused land, and the Medieval Warm Period benefited agriculture until about 1315. Scenes of courtly love on a lady 's ivory mirror - case. Paris, 1300 -- 1330. The medieval period eventually saw the falling away of the invasions and incursions from outside the area that characterized the first millennium. The Islamic conquests of the 6th and 7th century suddenly and permanently removed all of North Africa from the Western world, and over the rest of the period Islamic peoples gradually took over the Byzantine Empire, until the end of the Middle Ages when Catholic Europe, having regained the Iberian peninsula in the southwest, was once again under Muslim threat from the southeast. At the start of the medieval period most significant works of art were very rare and costly objects associated with secular elites, monasteries or major churches and, if religious, largely produced by monks. By the end of the Middle Ages works of considerable artistic interest could be found in small villages and significant numbers of bourgeois homes in towns, and their production was in many places an important local industry, with artists from the clergy now the exception. However the Rule of St Benedict permitted the sale of works of art by monasteries, and it is clear that throughout the period monks might produce art, including secular works, commercially for a lay market, and monasteries would equally hire lay specialists where necessary. The impression may be left by the surviving works that almost all medieval art was religious. This is far from the case ; though the church became very wealthy over the Middle Ages and was prepared at times to spend lavishly on art, there was also much secular art of equivalent quality which has suffered from a far higher rate of wear and tear, loss and destruction. The Middle Ages generally lacked the concept of preserving older works for their artistic merit, as opposed to their association with a saint or founder figure, and the following periods of the Renaissance and Baroque tended to disparage medieval art. Most luxury illuminated manuscripts of the Early Middle Ages had lavish treasure binding book - covers in precious metal, ivory and jewels ; the re-bound pages and ivory reliefs for the covers have survived in far greater numbers than complete covers, which have mostly been stripped off for their valuable materials at some point. The jewelled cover of the Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram, c. 870, a Carolingian Gospel book. Most churches have been rebuilt, often several times, but medieval palaces and large houses have been lost at a far greater rate, which is also true of their fittings and decoration. In England, churches survive largely intact from every century since the 7th, and in considerable numbers for the later ones -- the city of Norwich alone has 40 medieval churches -- but of the dozens of royal palaces none survive from earlier than the 11th century, and only a handful of remnants from the rest of the period. The situation is similar in most of Europe, though the 14th century Palais des Papes in Avignon survives largely intact. Many of the longest running scholarly disputes over the date and origin of individual works relate to secular pieces, because they are so much rarer - the Anglo - Saxon Fuller Brooch was refused by the British Museum as an implausible fake, and small free - standing secular bronze sculptures are so rare that the date, origin and even authenticity of both of the two best examples has been argued over for decades. The use of valuable materials is a constant in medieval art ; until the end of the period, far more was typically spent on buying them than on paying the artists, even if these were not monks performing their duties. Gold was used for objects for churches and palaces, personal jewellery and the fittings of clothes, and -- fixed to the back of glass tesserae -- as a solid background for mosaics, or applied as gold leaf to miniatures in manuscripts and panel paintings. Many objects using precious metals were made in the knowledge that their bullion value might be realized at a future point -- only near the end of the period could money be invested other than in real estate, except at great risk or by committing usury. The small private Wilton Diptych for Richard II of England, c. 1400, with stamped gold backgrounds and much ultramarine. The even more expensive pigment ultramarine, made from ground lapis lazuli obtainable only from Afghanistan, was used lavishly in the Gothic period, more often for the traditional blue outer mantle of the Virgin Mary than for skies. Ivory, often painted, was an important material until the very end of the period, well illustrating the shift in luxury art to secular works ; at the beginning of the period most uses were shifting from consular diptychs to religious objects such as book - covers, reliquaries and croziers, but in the Gothic period secular mirror - cases, caskets and decorated combs become common among the well - off. As thin ivory panels carved in relief could rarely be recycled for another work, the number of survivals is relatively high -- the same is true of manuscript pages, although these were often re-cycled by scraping, whereupon they become palimpsests. Even these basic materials were costly : when the Anglo - Saxon Monkwearmouth - Jarrow Abbey planned to create three copies of the bible in 692 -- of which one survives as the Codex Amiatinus -- the first step necessary was to plan to breed the cattle to supply the 1,600 calves to give the skin for the vellum required. Paper became available in the last centuries of the period, but was also extremely expensive by today 's standards ; woodcuts sold to ordinary pilgrims at shrines were often matchbook size or smaller. Modern dendrochronology has revealed that most of the oak for panels used in Early Netherlandish painting of the 15th century was felled in the Vistula basin in Poland, from where it was shipped down the river and across the Baltic and North Seas to Flemish ports, before being seasoned for several years. Art in the Middle Ages is a broad subject and art historians traditionally divide it in several large - scale phases, styles or periods. The period of the Middle Ages neither begins nor ends neatly at any particular date, nor at the same time in all regions, and the same is true for the major phases of art within the period. The major phases are covered in the following sections. Early Christian and late Antique art ( edit ) Main article : Early Christian art Arch of Constantine, Rome, completed 315 : The lower long relief, with squat figures of size varying with status, is of that date, while the roundels are taken from a monument of nearly 200 years earlier, which maintains a classical style. Early Christian art, more generally described as Late Antique art, covers the period from about 200 ( before which no distinct Christian art survives ), until the onset of a fully Byzantine style in about 500. There continue to be different views as to when the medieval period begins during this time, both in terms of general history and specifically art history, but it is most often placed late in the period. In the course of the 4th century Christianity went from being a persecuted popular sect to the official religion of the Empire, adapting existing Roman styles and often iconography, from both popular and Imperial art. From the start of the period the main survivals of Christian art are the tomb - paintings in popular styles of the catacombs of Rome, but by the end there were a number of lavish mosaics in churches built under Imperial patronage. Over this period imperial Late Roman art went through a strikingly `` baroque '' phase, and then largely abandoned classical style and Greek realism in favour of a more mystical and hieratic style -- a process that was well underway before Christianity became a major influence on imperial art. Influences from Eastern parts of the Empire -- Egypt, Syria and beyond, and also a robust `` Italic '' vernacular tradition, contributed to this process. Figures are mostly seen frontally staring out at the viewer, where classical art tended to show a profile view - the change was eventually seen even on coins. The individuality of portraits, a great strength of Roman art, declines sharply, and the anatomy and drapery of figures is shown with much less realism. The models from which medieval Northern Europe in particular formed its idea of `` Roman '' style were nearly all portable Late Antique works, and the Late Antique carved sarcophagi found all over the former Roman Empire ; the determination to find earlier `` purer '' classical models, was a key element in the art all'antica of the Renaissance. Ivory reliefs Ascension of Christ and Noli me tangere, c. 400, with many elements of classical style remaining. See Drogo Sacramentary for a similar Ascension 450 years later. Consular diptych, Constantinople 506, in fully Late Antique style Ottonian relief from an altar in a bold monumental style, with little attempt at classicism ; Milan 962 -- 973. Late 14th century French Gothic triptych, probably for a lay owner, with scenes from the Life of the Virgin Byzantine art ( edit ) Main article : Byzantine art King David plays the harp in the 10th century Paris Psalter, a classicising work of the Macedonian period. Byzantine art is the art of the Greek - speaking Byzantine Empire formed after the division of the Roman Empire between Eastern and Western halves, and sometimes of parts of Italy under Byzantine rule. It emerges from Late Antiquity in about 500 CE and soon formed a tradition distinct from that of Catholic Europe but with great influence over it. In the early medieval period the best Byzantine art, often from the large Imperial workshops, represented an ideal of sophistication and technique which European patrons tried to emulate. During the period of Byzantine iconoclasm in 730 - 843 the vast majority of icons ( sacred images usually painted on wood ) were destroyed ; so little remains that today any discovery sheds new understanding, and most remaining works are in Italy ( Rome and Ravenna etc. ), or Egypt at Saint Catherine 's Monastery. Byzantine art was extremely conservative, for religious and cultural reasons, but retained a continuous tradition of Greek realism, which contended with a strong anti-realist and hieratic impulse. After the resumption of icon production in 843 until 1453 the Byzantine art tradition continued with relatively few changes, despite, or because of, the slow decline of the Empire. There was a notable revival of classical style in works of 10th century court art like the Paris Psalter, and throughout the period manuscript illumination shows parallel styles, often used by the same artist, for iconic figures in framed miniatures and more informal small scenes or figures added unframed in the margins of the text in a much more realist style. Monumental sculpture with figures remained a taboo in Byzantine art ; hardly any exceptions are known. But small ivory reliefs, almost all in the iconic mode ( the Harbaville Triptych is of similar date to the Paris Psalter, but very different in style ), were a speciality, as was relief decoration on bowls and other metal objects. The Byzantine Empire produced much of the finest art of the Middle Ages in terms of quality of material and workmanship, with court production centred on Constantinople, although some art historians have questioned the assumption, still commonly made, that all work of the best quality with no indication as to origin was produced in the capital. Byzantine art 's crowning achievement were the monumental frescos and mosaics inside domed churches, most of which have not survived due to natural disasters and the appropriation of churches to mosques. 6th or 7th century Coptic icon of Jesus and an abbot shares in more homely form the anti-realist style of Byzantine iconic art. Byzantine art exercised a continuous trickle of influence on Western European art, and the splendours of the Byzantine court and monasteries, even at the end of the Empire, provided a model for Western rulers and secular and clerical patrons. For example, Byzantine silk textiles, often woven or embroidered with designs of both animal and human figures, the former often reflecting traditions originating much further east, were unexcelled in the Christian world until almost the end of the Empire. These were produced, but probably not entirely so, in Imperial workshops in Constantinople, about whose operations we know next to nothing -- similar workshops are often conjectured for other arts, with even less evidence. Some other decorative arts were less developed ; Byzantine ceramics rarely rise above the level of attractive folk art, despite the Ancient Greek heritage and the impressive future in the Ottoman period of İznik wares and other types of pottery. The Coptic art of Egypt took a different path ; after the Coptic Church separated in the mid-5th century it was never again supported by the state, and native Egyptian influences dominated to produce a completely non-realist and somewhat naive style of large - eyed figures floating in blank space. This was capable of great expressiveness, and took the `` Eastern '' component of Byzantine art to its logical conclusions. Coptic decoration used intricate geometric designs, often anticipating Islamic art. Because of the exceptionally good preservation of Egyptian burials, we know more about the textiles used by the less well - off in Egypt than anywhere else. These were often elaborately decorated with figurative and patterned designs. Other local traditions in Armenia, Syria, Georgia and elsewhere showed generally less sophistication, but often more vigour than the art of Constantinople, and sometimes, especially in architecture, seem to have had influence even in Western Europe. For example, figurative monumental sculpture on the outside of churches appears here some centuries before it is seen in the West. Migration period through Christianization ( edit ) Main article : Migration Period art Shoulder - clasp from Sutton Hoo, Anglo - Saxon, c. 620. Interlaced biting snakes and confronted boars ( end sections ) are depicted entirely schematically. Migration Period art describes the art of the `` barbarian '' Germanic and Eastern - European peoples who were on the move, and then settling within the former Roman Empire, during the Migration Period from about 300 - 700 ; the blanket term covers a wide range of ethnic or regional styles including early Anglo - Saxon art, Visigothic art, Norse art, and Merovingian art, all of which made use of the animal style as well as geometric motifs derived from classical art. By this period the animal style had reached a much more abstracted form than in earlier Scythian art or La Tène style. Most artworks were small and portable and those surviving are mostly jewellery and metalwork, with the art expressed in geometric or schematic designs, often beautifully conceived and made, with few human figures and no attempt at realism. The early Anglo - Saxon grave goods from Sutton Hoo are among the best examples. As the `` barbarian '' peoples were Christianized, these influences interacted with the post-classical Mediterranean Christian artistic tradition, and new forms like the illuminated manuscript, and indeed coins, which attempted to emulate Roman provincial coins and Byzantine types. Early coinage like the sceat shows designers completely unused to depicting a head in profile grappling with the problem in a variety of different ways. As for larger works, there are references to Anglo - Saxon wooden pagan statues, all now lost, and in Norse art the tradition of carved runestones was maintained after their conversion to Christianity. The Celtic Picts of Scotland also carved stones before and after conversion, and the distinctive Anglo - Saxon and Irish tradition of large outdoor carved crosses may reflect earlier pagan works. Viking art from later centuries in Scandinavia and parts of the British Isles includes work from both pagan and Christian backgrounds, and was one of the last flowerings of this broad group of styles. Anglo - Saxon silver sceat, Kent, c. 720. Diademed head, holding cross ; reverse, wolf - headed snake. Viking carved wood and metal prow from the Oseberg ship, ca. 800, Norway Parts of a Norwegian wooden doorway, 12th century, in the Urnes style Image - stone from Sweden Insular art ( edit ) Main article : Insular art Book of Lindisfarne, Northumbria, c. 715 ; decoration invades the text of the beginning of Matthew : `` Liber generationis Jesu Christi filii David, filii Abraham ''. Insular art refers to the distinct style found in Ireland and Britain from about the 7th century, to about the 10th century, lasting later in Ireland, and parts of Scotland. The style saw a fusion between the traditions of Celtic art, the Germanic Migration period art of the Anglo - Saxons and the Christian forms of the book, high crosses and liturgical metalwork. Extremely detailed geometric, interlace, and stylised animal decoration, with forms derived from secular metalwork like brooches, spread boldly across manuscripts, usually gospel books like the Book of Kells, with whole carpet pages devoted to such designs, and the development of the large decorated and historiated initial. There were very few human figures -- most often these were Evangelist portraits -- and these were crude, even when closely following Late Antique models. The insular manuscript style was transmitted to the continent by the Hiberno - Scottish mission, and its anti-classical energy was extremely important in the formation of later medieval styles. In most Late Antique manuscripts text and decoration were kept clearly apart, though some initials began to be enlarged and elaborated, but major insular manuscripts sometimes take a whole page for a single initial or the first few words ( see illustration ) at beginnings of gospels or other sections in a book. Allowing decoration a `` right to roam '' was to be very influential on Romanesque and Gothic art in all media. The buildings of the monasteries for which the insular gospel books were made were then small and could fairly be called primitive, especially in Ireland. There increasingly were other decorations to churches, where possible in precious metals, and a handful of these survive, like the Ardagh Chalice, together with a larger number of extremely ornate and finely made pieces of secular high - status jewellery, the Celtic brooches probably worn mainly by men, of which the Tara Brooch is the most spectacular. `` Franco - Saxon '' is a term for a school of late Carolingian illumination in north - eastern France that used insular - style decoration, including super-large initials, sometimes in combination with figurative images typical of contemporary French styles. The `` most tenacious of all the Carolingian styles '', it continued until as late as the 11th century. Giant initials Carolingian version of Insular style -- compare the `` Liber generationis... '' above. Franco - Saxon `` In principio '', 871 - 3. Romanesque interlace, `` inhabited '' with figures, England, 1190 -- 1200. Typical Gothic pen flourishes in an unillustrated working copy of John 's gospel in English, late 14th century. The influence of Islamic art ( edit ) The Romanesque portal at Moissac -- see text. Detail of the tympanum here Main article : Islamic influences on Western art Islamic art during the Middle Ages falls outside the scope of this article, but it was widely imported and admired by European elites, and its influence needs mention. Islamic art covers a wide variety of media including calligraphy, illustrated manuscripts, textiles, ceramics, metalwork and glass, and refers to the art of Muslim countries in the Near East, Islamic Spain, and Northern Africa, though by no means always Muslim artists or craftsmen. Glass production, for example, remained a Jewish speciality throughout the period, and Christian art, as in Coptic Egypt continued, especially during the earlier centuries, keeping some contacts with Europe. There was an early formative stage from 600 - 900 and the development of regional styles from 900 onwards. Early Islamic art used mosaic artists and sculptors trained in the Byzantine and Coptic traditions. Instead of wall - paintings, Islamic art used painted tiles, from as early as 862 - 3 ( at the Great Mosque of Kairouan in modern Tunisia ), which also spread to Europe. According to John Ruskin, the Doge 's Palace in Venice contains `` three elements in exactly equal proportions -- the Roman, the Lombard, and Arab. It is the central building of the world... the history of Gothic architecture is the history of the refinement and spiritualisation of Northern work under its influence ''. Islamic rulers controlled at various points parts of Southern Italy and most of modern Spain and Portugal, as well as the Balkans, all of which retained large Christian populations. The Christian Crusaders equally ruled Islamic populations. Crusader art is mainly a hybrid of Catholic and Byzantine styles, with little Islamic influence, but the Mozarabic art of Christians in Al Andaluz seems to show considerable influence from Islamic art, though the results are little like contemporary Islamic works. Islamic influence can also be traced in the mainstream of Western medieval art, for example in the Romanesque portal at Moissac in southern France, where it shows in both decorative elements, like the scalloped edges to the doorway, the circular decorations on the lintel above, and also in having Christ in Majesty surrounded by musicians, which was to become a common feature of Western heavenly scenes, and probably derives from images of Islamic kings on their diwan. Calligraphy, ornament and the decorative arts generally were more important than in the West. The Hispano - Moresque pottery wares of Spain were first produced in Al - Andaluz, but Muslim potters then seem to have emigrated to the area of Christian Valencia, where they produced work that was exported to Christian elites across Europe ; other types of Islamic luxury goods, notably silk textiles and carpets, came from the generally wealthier eastern Islamic world itself ( the Islamic conduits to Europe west of the Nile were, however, not wealthier ), with many passing through Venice. However, for the most part luxury products of the court culture such as silks, ivory, precious stones and jewels were imported to Europe only in an unfinished form and manufactured into the end product labelled as `` eastern '' by local medieval artisans. They were free from depictions of religious scenes and normally decorated with ornament, which made them easy to accept in the West, indeed by the late Middle Ages there was a fashion for pseudo-Kufic imitations of Arabic script used decoratively in Western art. Pre-Romanesque art ( edit ) Curmsun Disc - Obverse, Jomsborg, 980s Main article : Pre-Romanesque art and architecture Detail of a votive crown from Visigothic Spain, before 672. Part of the Treasure of Guarrazar. Pre-Romanesque is a term for architecture and to some extent pictorial and portable art found initially in Southern Europe ( Spain, Italy and Southern France ) between the Late Antique period to the start of the Romanesque period in the 11th century. Northern European art gradually forms part of the movement after Christianization as it assimilates post-classical styles. The Carolingian art of the Frankish Empire, especially modern France and Germany, from roughly 780 - 900 takes its name from Charlemagne and is an art of the court circle and a few monastic centres under Imperial patronage, that consciously sought to revive `` Roman '' styles and standards as befitted the new Empire of the West. Some centres of Carolingian production also pioneered expressive styles in works like the Utrecht Psalter and Ebbo Gospels. Christian monumental sculpture is recorded for the first time, and depiction of the human figure in narrative scenes became confident for the first time in Northern art. Carolingian architecture produced larger buildings than had been seen since Roman times, and the westwork and other innovations. After the collapse of the dynasty there was a hiatus before a new dynasty brought a revival in Germany with Ottonian art, again centred on the court and monasteries, with art that moved towards great expressiveness through simple forms that achieve monumentality even in small works like ivory reliefs and manuscript miniatures, above all those of the Reichenau School, such as the Pericopes of Henry II ( 1002 -- 1012 ). Later Anglo - Saxon art in England, from about 900, was expressive in a very different way, with agitated figures and even drapery perhaps best shown in the many pen drawings in manuscripts. The Mozarabic art of Christian Spain had strong Islamic influence, and a complete lack of interest in realism in its brilliantly coloured miniatures, where figures are presented as entirely flat patterns. Both of these were to influence the formation in France of the Romanesque style. Carolingian Evangelist portrait from the Codex Aureus of Lorsch, using a Late Antique model, late 8th century Another Carolingian evangelist portrait in Greek / Byzantine realist style, probably by a Greek artist, also late 8th century. Mozarabic Beatus miniature, late 10th century. The Bamberg Apocalypse, from the Ottonian Reichenau School, achieves monumentality in a small scale. 1000 -- 1020. Romanesque art ( edit ) Main article : Romanesque art Tympanum at Saint - Julien - de-Jonzy, mid-12th century. Christ in Majesty above, the Last Supper below. Romanesque art developed in the period between about 1000 to the rise of Gothic art in the 12th century, in conjunction with the rise of monasticism in Western Europe. The style developed initially in France, but spread to Christian Spain, England, Flanders, Germany, Italy, and elsewhere to become the first medieval style found all over Europe, though with regional differences. The arrival of the style coincided with a great increase in church - building, and in the size of cathedrals and larger churches ; many of these were rebuilt in subsequent periods, but often reached roughly their present size in the Romanesque period. Romanesque architecture is dominated by thick walls, massive structures conceived as a single organic form, with vaulted roofs and round - headed windows and arches. Figurative sculpture, originally colourfully painted, plays an integral and important part in these buildings, in the capitals of columns, as well as around impressive portals, usually centred on a tympanum above the main doors, as at Vézelay Abbey and Autun Cathedral. Reliefs are much more common than free - standing statues in stone, but Romanesque relief became much higher, with some elements fully detached from the wall behind. Large carvings also became important, especially painted wooden crucifixes like the Gero Cross from the very start of the period, and figures of the Virgin Mary like the Golden Madonna of Essen. Royalty and the higher clergy began to commission life - size effigies for tomb monuments. Some churches had massive pairs of bronze doors decorated with narrative relief panels, like the Gniezno Doors or those at Hildesheim, `` the first decorated bronze doors cast in one piece in the West since Roman times '', and arguably the finest before the Renaissance. Most churches were extensively frescoed ; a typical scheme had Christ in Majesty at the east ( altar ) end, a Last Judgement at the west end over the doors, and scenes from the Life of Christ facing typologically matching Old Testament scenes on the nave walls. The `` greatest surviving monument of Romanesque wall painting '', much reduced from what was originally there, is in the Abbey Church of Saint - Savin - sur - Gartempe near Poitiers, where the rounded barrel vault of the nave, the crypt, portico and other areas retain most of their paintings. An equivalent cycle in Sant'Angelo in Formis at Capua in southern Italy by Italian painters trained by Greeks illustrates the continuing predominance of Byzantine style in much of Italy. French historiated initial with men slaying a monster, from a theological manuscript. 1110 -- 1115 Romanesque sculpture and painting is often extremely vigorous and expressive, and very inventive in terms of iconography -- the subjects chosen and their treatment. Though many features absorbed from classical art form part of the Romanesque style, Romanesque artists rarely intended to achieve any sort of classical effect, except perhaps in Mosan art. As art became seen by a wider section of the population, and because of challenges from new heresies, art became more didactic, and the local church the `` Poor Man 's Bible ''. At the same time grotesque beasts and monsters, and fights with or between them, were popular themes, to which religious meanings might be loosely attached, although this did not impress St Bernard of Clairvaux, who famously denounced such distractions in monasteries : But in the cloister, in the sight of the reading monks, what is the point of such ridiculous monstrosity, the strange kind of shapely shapelessness? Why these unsightly monkeys, why these fierce lions, why the monstrous centaurs, why semi-humans, why spotted tigers, why fighting soldiers, why trumpeting huntsmen?... In short there is such a variety and such a diversity of strange shapes everywhere that we may prefer to read the marbles rather than the books. He might well have known the miniature at left, which was produced at Cîteaux Abbey before the young Bernard was transferred from there in 1115. During the period typology became the dominant approach in theological literature and art to interpreting the bible, with Old Testament incidents seen as pre-figurations of aspects of the life of Christ, and shown paired with their corresponding New Testament episode. Often the iconography of the New Testament scene was based on traditions and models originating in Late Antiquity, but the iconography of the Old Testament episode had to be invented in this period, for lack of precedents. New themes such as the Tree of Jesse were devised, and representations of God the Father became more acceptable. The vast majority of surviving art is religious. Mosan art was an especially refined regional style, with much superb metalwork surviving, often combined with enamel, and elements of classicism rare in Romanesque art, as in the Baptismal font at St Bartholomew 's Church, Liège, or the Shrine of the Three Kings at Cologne, one of a number of surviving works by Nicholas of Verdun, whose services were sought across north - western Europe. Stained glass became a significant art - form in the period, though little Romanesque glass survives. In illuminated manuscripts the bible became a new focus of intensive decoration, with the psalter also remaining important. The strong emphasis on the suffering of Christ and other sacred figures entered Western art in this period, a feature that strongly distinguishes it from both Byzantine and classical art for the remainder of the Middle Ages and beyond. The Gero Cross of 965 - 970, at the cusp of Ottonian and Romanesque art, has been called the first work to exhibit this. The end of the Romanesque period saw the start of the greatly increased emphasis on the Virgin Mary in theology, literature and so also art that was to reach its full extent in the Gothic period. The classicism of Mosan art ; Reliquary by Nicholas of Verdun in Tournai, 1205. Painted ceiling of a Spanish crypt Jonah swallowed by the whale, capital in the nave of Mozac Abbey Mary Magdalen announcing the Resurrection to the Apostles, St Albans Psalter, English, 1120 -- 1145. The 12th - century frescos in St Botolph 's Church, England, are part of the ' Lewes Group ' of Romanesque paintings created for Lewes Priory. Gothic art ( edit ) Main article : Gothic art Chartres cathedral c. 1220 ; the best High Gothic sculpture had largely rediscovered the art of naturalistic figure representation. Gothic art is a variable term depending on the craft, place and time. The term originated with the Gothic architecture which developed in France from about 1137 with the rebuilding of the Abbey Church of St Denis. As with Romanesque architecture, this included sculpture as an integral part of the style, with even larger portals and other figures on the facades of churches the location of the most important sculpture, until the late period, when large carved altarpieces and reredos, usually in painted and gilded wood, became an important focus in many churches. Gothic painting did not appear until around 1200 ( this date has many qualifications ), when it diverged from Romanesque style. A Gothic style in sculpture originates in France around 1144 and spread throughout Europe, becoming by the 13th century the international style, replacing Romanesque, though in sculpture and painting the transition was not as sharp as in architecture. The majority of Romanesque cathedrals and large churches were replaced by Gothic buildings, at least in those places benefiting from the economic growth of the period -- Romanesque architecture is now best seen in areas that were subsequently relatively depressed, like many southern regions of France and Italy, or northern Spain. The new architecture allowed for much larger windows, and stained glass of a quality never excelled is perhaps the type of art most associated in the popular mind with the Gothic, although churches with nearly all their original glass, like the Sainte - Chapelle in Paris, are extremely rare anywhere, and unknown in Britain. Most Gothic wall - paintings have also disappeared ; these remained very common, though in parish churches often rather crudely executed. Secular buildings also often had wall - paintings, although royalty preferred the much more expensive tapestries, which were carried along as they travelled between their many palaces and castles, or taken with them on military campaigns -- the finest collection of late - medieval textile art comes from the Swiss booty at the Battle of Nancy, when they defeated and killed Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and captured all his baggage train. The central panel of Duccio 's huge Maestà altarpiece for Siena Cathedral. As mentioned in the previous section, the Gothic period coincided with a greatly increased emphasis on the Virgin Mary, and it was in this period that the Virgin and Child became such a hallmark of Catholic art. Saints were also portrayed far more often, and many of the range of attributes developed to identify them visually for a still largely illiterate public first appeared. During this period panel painting for altarpieces, often polyptyches and smaller works became newly important. Previously icons on panels had been much more common in Byzantine art than in the West, although many now lost panel paintings made in the West are documented from much earlier periods, and initially Western painters on panel were very largely under the sway of Byzantine models, especially in Italy, from where most early Western panel paintings come. The process of establishing a distinct Western style was begun by Cimabue and Duccio, and completed by Giotto, who is traditionally regarded as the starting point for the development of Renaissance painting. Most panel painting remained more conservative than miniature painting however, partly because it was seen by a wide public. Reconstruction of the temple of Jerusalem, Burgundian miniature, c. 1460. International Gothic describes courtly Gothic art from about 1360 to 1430, after which Gothic art begins to merge into the Renaissance art that had begun to form itself in Italy during the Trecento, with a return to classical principles of composition and realism, with the sculptor Nicola Pisano and the painter Giotto as especially formative figures. The Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry is one of the best known works of International Gothic. The transition to the Renaissance occurred at different times in different places - Early Netherlandish painting is poised between the two, as is the Italian painter Pisanello. Outside Italy Renaissance styles appeared in some works in courts and some wealthy cities while other works, and all work beyond these centres of innovation, continued late Gothic styles for a period of some decades. The Protestant Reformation often provided an end point for the Gothic tradition in areas that went Protestant, as it was associated with Catholicism. The invention of a comprehensive mathematically based system of linear perspective is a defining achievement of the early 15th century Italian Renaissance in Florence, but Gothic painting had already made great progress in the naturalistic depiction of distance and volume, though it did not usually regard them as essential features of a work if other aims conflicted with them, and late Gothic sculpture was increasingly naturalistic. In the mid-15th century Burgundian miniature ( right ) the artist seems keen to show his skill at representing buildings and blocks of stone obliquely, and managing scenes at different distances. But his general attempt to reduce the size of more distant elements is unsystematic. Sections of the composition are at a similar scale, with relative distance shown by overlapping, foreshortening, and further objects being higher than nearer ones, though the workmen at left do show finer adjustment of size. But this is abandoned on the right where the most important figure is much larger than the mason. Death comes for the Cardinal, from a printed blockbook with hand colour, c. 1455 -- 58, an early example of the Dance of Death. The end of the period includes new media such as prints ; along with small panel paintings these were frequently used for the emotive andachtsbilder ( `` devotional images '' ) influenced by new religious trends of the period. These were images of moments detached from the narrative of the Passion of Christ designed for meditation on his sufferings, or those of the Virgin : the Man of Sorrows, Pietà, Veil of Veronica or Arma Christi. The trauma of the Black Death in the mid-14th century was at least partly responsible for the popularity of themes such as the Dance of Death and Memento mori. In the cheap blockbooks with text ( often in the vernacular ) and images cut in a single woodcut, works such as that illustrated ( left ), the Ars Moriendi ( Art of Dying ) and typological verse summaries of the bible like the Speculum Humanae Salvationis ( Mirror of Human Salvation ) were the most popular. Renaissance Humanism and the rise of a wealthy urban middle class, led by merchants, began to transform the old social context of art, with the revival of realistic portraiture and the appearance of printmaking and the self - portrait, together with the decline of forms like stained glass and the illuminated manuscript. Donor portraits, in the Early Medieval period largely the preserve of popes, kings and abbots, now showed businessmen and their families, and churches were becoming crowded with the tomb monuments of the well - off. Opening from the Hours of Catherine of Cleves, c. 1440, with Catherine kneeling before the Virgin and Child, surrounded by her family heraldry. Opposite is the start of Matins in the Little Office, illustrated by the Annunciation to Joachim. The typical exuberantly decorated margins descend from insular art, and are unlike anything in the Byzantine tradition. The book of hours, a type of manuscript normally owned by laymen, or even more often, laywomen, became the type of manuscript most often heavily illustrated from the 14th century onwards, and also by this period, the lead in producing miniatures had passed to lay artists, also very often women. In the most important centres of illumination, Paris and in the 15th century the cities of Flanders, there were large workshops, exporting to other parts of Europe. Other forms of art, such as small ivory reliefs, stained glass, tapestries and Nottingham alabasters ( cheap carved panels for altarpieces ) were produced in similar conditions, and artists and craftsmen in cities were usually covered by the guild system -- the goldsmith 's guild was typically among the richest in a city, and painters were members of a special Guild of St Luke in many places. Secular works, often using subjects concerned with courtly love or knightly heroism, were produced as illuminated manuscripts, carved ivory mirror - cases, tapestries and elaborate gold table centrepieces like nefs. It begins to be possible to distinguish much greater numbers of individual artists, some of whom had international reputations. Art collectors begin to appear, of manuscripts among the great nobles, like John, Duke of Berry ( 1340 -- 1416 ) and of prints and other works among those with moderate wealth. In the wealthier areas tiny cheap religious woodcuts brought art in an approximation of the latest style even into the homes of peasants by the late 15th century. Virgin Mary The oldest Byzantine icon of Mary, c. 600, encaustic, at Saint Catherine 's Monastery retains much of Greek realist style. Romanesque statue of the Virgin as Seat of Wisdom, 12th century The `` Ravensburger Schutzmantelmadonna '', painted limewood of ca 1480, Virgin of Mercy type. Attributed to Michel Erhart. `` Hunt of the Unicorn Annunciation '' ( ca. 1500 ) from a Netherlandish Book of Hours collected by John Pierpont Morgan. For the complicated iconography, see Hortus Conclusus Subsequent reputation ( edit ) The Assault on the Castle of Love, attacked by knights and defended by ladies, was a popular subject for Gothic ivory mirror - cases. Paris, 14th century. Medieval art had little sense of its own art history, and this disinterest was continued in later periods. The Renaissance generally dismissed it as a `` barbarous '' product of the `` Dark Ages '', and the term `` Gothic '' was invented as a deliberately pejorative one, first used by the painter Raphael in a letter of 1519 to characterise all that had come between the demise of Classical art and its supposed ' rebirth ' in the Renaissance. The term was subsequently adopted and popularised in the mid 16th century by the Florentine artist and historian, Giorgio Vasari, who used it to denigrate northern European architecture generally. Illuminated manuscripts continued to be collected by antiquarians, or sit unregarded in monastic or royal libraries, but paintings were mostly of interest if they had historical associations with royalty or others. The long period of mistreatment of the Westminster Retable by Westminster Abbey is an example ; until the 19th century it was only regarded as a useful piece of timber. But their large portrait of Richard II of England was well looked after, like another portrait of Richard, the Wilton Diptych ( illustrated above ). As in the Middle Ages themselves, other objects have often survived mainly because they were considered to be relics. There was no equivalent for pictorial art of the `` Gothic survival '' found in architecture, once the style had finally died off in Germany, England and Scandinavia, and the Gothic Revival long focused on Gothic Architecture rather than art. The understanding of the succession of styles was still very weak, as suggested by the title of Thomas Rickman 's pioneering book on English architecture : An Attempt to discriminate the Styles of English Architecture from the Conquest to the Reformation ( 1817 ). This began to change with a vengeance by the mid-19th century, as appreciation of medieval sculpture and its painting, known as Italian or Flemish `` Primitives '', became fashionable under the influence of writers including John Ruskin, Eugène Viollet - le - Duc, and Pugin, as well as the romantic medievalism of literary works like Sir Walter Scott 's Ivanhoe ( 1819 ) and Victor Hugo 's The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1831 ). Early collectors of the `` Primitives '', then still relatively cheap, included Prince Albert. William Burges ' design for the Summer Smoking Room at Cardiff Castle, 1860s. Among artists the German Nazarene movement from 1809 and English Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood from 1848 both rejected the values of at least the later Renaissance, but in practice, and despite sometimes depicting medieval scenes, their work draws its influences mostly from the Early Renaissance rather than the Gothic or earlier periods - the early graphic work of John Millais being something of an exception. William Morris, also a discriminating collector of medieval art, absorbed medieval style more thoroughly into his work, as did William Burges. Joseph 's Dream from the Byzantinesque frescos at Castelseprio, the subject of much controversy since their discovery in 1944, and now generally dated to the 10th century. By the later 19th century many book - illustrators and producers of decorative art of various kinds had learned to use medieval styles successfully from the new museums like the Victoria & Albert Museum set up for this purpose. At the same time the new academic field of art history, dominated by Germany and France, concentrated heavily on medieval art and was soon very productive in cataloguing and dating the surviving works, and analysing the development of medieval styles and iconography ; though the Late Antique and pre-Carolingian period remained a less explored `` no - man 's land '' until the 20th century. Franz Theodor Kugler was the first to name and describe Carolingian art in 1837 ; like many art historians of the period he sought to find and promote the national spirit of his own nation in art history, a search begun by Johann Gottfried Herder in the 18th century. Kugler 's pupil, the great Swiss art historian Jacob Burckhardt, though he could not be called a specialist in medieval art, was an important figure in developing the understanding of it. Medieval art was now heavily collected, both by museums and private collectors like George Salting, the Rothschild family and John Pierpont Morgan. After the decline of the Gothic Revival, and the Celtic Revival use of Insular styles, the anti-realist and expressive elements of medieval art have still proved an inspiration for many modern artists. German - speaking art historians continued to dominate medieval art history, despite figures like Émile Mâle ( 1862 -- 1954 ) and Henri Focillon ( 1881 -- 1943 ), until the Nazi period, when a large number of important figures emigrated, mostly to Britain or America, where the academic study of art history was still developing. These included the elderly Adolph Goldschmidt and younger figures including Nikolaus Pevsner, Ernst Kitzinger, Erwin Panofsky, Kurt Weitzmann, Richard Krautheimer and many others. Meyer Schapiro had immigrated as a child in 1907. Prejudice ( edit ) During the Middle Ages some Christian art was used as a way to express prejudices and commonly held negative views that were held against other religions and groups of people. Jewish portrayals in medieval Christian art ( edit ) Ecclesia and Sinagoga at the Notre Dame Cathedral In Medieval Europe between the 5th and 15th century many Christians viewed Jews as enemies and outsiders due to a variety of factors. They also tended to hate them for being both culturally and religiously different as well as because of religious teachings that held negative views of Jewish people such as portrayals of the Antichrist as Jewish. The Jewish people 's economic position as moneylenders, coupled with royal protections that were given to them, created a strained relationship between Jews and Christians. This strain manifested itself in several ways, one of which was through the creation of antisemitic and anti-Judaism art and propaganda that served the purpose of discrediting both Jews and their religious beliefs as well as spreading these beliefs even further into society. Late medieval images of Ecclesia and Synagoga represented the Christian doctrine of supercessionism, whereby the Christian New Covenant had replaced the Jewish Mosaic covenant Sara Lipton has argued that some portrayals, such as depictions of Jewish blindness in the presence of Jesus, were meant to serve as a form of self - reflection rather than be explicitly anti-Semitic. In her 2013 book Saracens, Demons, and Jews, Debra Higgs Strickland argues that negative portrayals of Jews in medieval art can be divided into three categories : art that focused on physical descriptions, art that featured signs of damnation, and images that depicted Jews as monsters. Physical depictions of Jewish people in medieval Christian art were often men with pointed Jewish hats and long beards, which was done as a derogatory symbol and to separate Jews from Christians in a clear manner. This portrayal would grow more virulent over time, however Jewish women lacked similar distinctive physical descriptions in high medieval Christian art. Art that depicted Jewish people in scenes that featured signs of damnation is believed to have stemmed from the Christian belief that Jews were responsible for the murder of Christ, which has led to some artistic representations featured Jews crucifying Christ. Jewish people were sometimes seen as outsiders in Christianity dominated societies, which Strickland states developed into the belief that Jews were barbarians, which eventually expanded into the idea that Jewish people were monsters that rejected the `` True Faith ''. Some art from this time period combined these concepts and morphed the stereotypical Jewish beard and pointed hat imagery with that of monsters, creating art that made the Jew synonymous with a monster. See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Medieval art. List of illuminated manuscripts European art history Medieval literature Medieval music Paleography Medieval theatre History of painting Western painting Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heslop traces the beginning of the change to `` around the twelfth century '', quoted, 54 ; Zarnecki, 234 Jump up ^ Kitzinger ( throughout ), Hinks ( especially Part 1 ) and Henderson ( Chapters 1, 2 & 4 ) in particular are concerned with this perennial theme. Google books Jump up ^ Fordham University Josiah Russell 's figures - all estimates are of course very imprecise. See Consequences of the Black Death for more details. Jump up ^ Li, H. ; Ku, T. ( 2002 ). `` Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Periods in Eastern China as Read from the Speleothem Records ''. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. Bibcode : 2002AGUFMPP71C... 09L. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Dodwell ( 1982 ), pp. 22 -- 23, and Chapter III Jump up ^ The White Tower ( Tower of London ) was started in 1078, and some later royal apartments in the Tower of London survive, as do the hall and parts of Eltham Palace, the most significant medieval remains from an unfortified royal palace. Royal apartments survive in some castles. Jump up ^ the small Carolingian (? ) Equestrian Statue of an Emperor in the Carnavalet Museum in Paris, Hinks, 125 - 7 ; and the 12th (? ) - century bronze of a man wrestling with a lion, variously considered English, German or Sicilian in origin, discussed by Henderson ( 1977 ), 135 -- 139. Jump up ^ Grocock, Chris has some calculations in Mayo of the Saxons and Anglican Jarrow, Evidence for a Monastic Economy, according to which sheep required only one third as much land per page as calves. 1,600 calves seems to be the standard estimate, see John, Eric ( 1996 ), Reassessing Anglo - Saxon England, Manchester : Manchester University Press, p. 14, ISBN 0 - 7190 - 5053 - 7 Jump up ^ Campbell ( 1998 ), 29 -- the following pages describe gold, pigments and other materials. Jump up ^ Dates are discussed in Calkins ( 1979 ), xix - xx, Kitzinger ( 1955 ), 1, Beckwith ( 1964 ), 9. Jump up ^ Henderson ( 1977 ), 8. Jump up ^ Hinks, chapters 1 & 2, and Kitzinger, 1955, chapter 1. Jump up ^ Kitzinger, pp. 57 -- 60. Jump up ^ Atroshenko and Judith Collins cover the Eastern influences on Romanesque art in detail. Jump up ^ Henderson 1977, ch. 2 ; Calkins 1979, chs 8 & 9 ; Wilson 1984, pp. 16 -- 27 on early Anglo - Saxon art. Jump up ^ Dodwell 1993, pp. 74 ( quote ) -- 75, and see index. Jump up ^ Hoffman, 324 ; Mack, Chapter 1, and passim throughout ; The Art of the Umayyad Period in Spain ( 711 -- 1031 ), Metropolitan Museum of Art timeline Retrieved April 1, 2011 Jump up ^ Honour 1982, pp. 256 -- 262. Jump up ^ Honour 1982, p. 269. Jump up ^ The Stones of Venice, chapter 1, paras 25 and 29 ; discussed pp. 49 -- 56 here ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Beckwith 1964, pp. 206 -- 209. Jump up ^ Jones, Dalu & Michell, George, ( eds ) ; The Arts of Islam, Arts Council of Great Britain, 9, 1976, ISBN 0 - 7287 - 0081 - 6 Jump up ^ Caiger - Smith, chapters 6 & 7 Jump up ^ Hugh Thomas, An Unfinished History of the World, 224 - 226, 2nd edn. 1981, Pan Books, ISBN 0 - 330 - 26458 - 3 ; Braudel, Fernand, Civilization & Capitalism, 15 - 18th Centuries, Vol 1 : The Structures of Everyday Life, William Collins & Sons, London 1981, p. 440 : `` If medieval Islam towered over the Old Continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific for centuries on end, it was because no state ( Byzantium apart ) could compete with its gold and silver money... '' ; and Vol 3 : The Perspective of the World, 1984, ISBN 0 - 00 - 216133 - 8, p. 106 : `` For them ( the Italian maritime republics ), success meant making contact with the rich regions of the Mediterranean - and obtaining gold currencies, the dinars of Egypt or Syria,... In other words, Italy was still only a poor peripheral region... '' ( period before the Crusades ). The Statistics on World Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP, 1 - 2008 AD compiled by Angus Maddison show Iran and Iraq as having the world 's highest per capita GDP in the year 1000 Jump up ^ Rather than along religious lines, the divide was between east and west, with the rich countries all lying east of the Nile : Maddison, Angus ( 2007 ) : `` Contours of the World Economy, 1 -- 2030 AD. Essays in Macro-Economic History '', Oxford University Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 922721 - 1, p. 382, table A. 7. and Maddison, Angus ( 2007 ) : `` Contours of the World Economy, 1 -- 2030 AD. Essays in Macro-Economic History '', Oxford University Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 922721 - 1, p. 185, table 4.2 give 425 1990 International Dollars for Christian Western Europe, 430 for Islamic North Africa, 450 for Islamic Spain and 425 for Islamic Portugal, while only Islamic Egypt and the Christian Byzantine Empire had significantly higher GDP per capita than Western Europe ( 550 and 680 -- 770 respectively ) ( Milanovic, Branko ( 2006 ) : `` An Estimate of Average Income and Inequality in Byzantium around Year 1000 '', Review of Income and Wealth, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 449 -- 470 ( 468 ) ) Jump up ^ The subject of Mack 's book ; the Introduction gives an overview Jump up ^ Hoffman, Eva R. ( 2007 ) : Pathways of Portability : Islamic and Christian Interchange from the Tenth to the Twelfth Century, pp. 324f., in : Hoffman, Eva R. ( ed. ) : Late Antique and Medieval Art of the Mediterranean World, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 2071 - 5 Jump up ^ Mack, 4 Jump up ^ Hinks 1974, Parts II & III ; Kitzinger 1955, ch. 2 ; Calkins 1979, chs 11 & 12. Jump up ^ Kitzinger 1955, pp. 75 -- 77. Jump up ^ Dodwell, 56 & Beckwith, 39 - 43. Jump up ^ A complicated subject, covered in Dodwell ( 1993 ), 175, 223, 258 among many other passages. Jump up ^ Beckwith 1964, pp. 145 -- 149. Jump up ^ Henderson 1977, pp. 190 ( quote ) -- 195. Jump up ^ Dodwell ( 1993 ), 167 - 169 Jump up ^ Honour 1982, pp. 277 & 284 -- 288. Beckwith 1964, p. 149, says the bronze column at Hildesheim of c. 1020 `` can not be said to be Romanesque... It stands apart as a curious Ottonian pastiche of a Roman monument... never to be repeated '' Jump up ^ Bernard 's letter, Books.google.co.uk, 2006 - 01 - 01, ISBN 978 - 1 - 888570 - 85 - 4, retrieved 2011 - 06 - 11 Jump up ^ Dodwell ( 1993 ), 212 -- 214. The MS is the Dijon Moralia in Job of Gregory the Great. Jump up ^ Honour 1982, p. 271. Jump up ^ Karkov, Catherine E. ( 2016 ), `` Hardham Wall Paintings '', in Paul E. Szarmach ; M. Teresa Tavormina ; Joel T. Rosenthal, Medieval England : An Encyclopedia, Routledge, p. 337, ISBN 978 - 1 - 138 - 06208 - 5 Jump up ^ The Historical Museum of Bern has many of the best pieces, and these and others were shown in an exhibition on Philip in Bern, Bruges and Vienna in 2008 - 9. Jump up ^ Plummer 1964, plates 1 -- 2. Jump up ^ In works like this, stylistically very different from the finished painting. Jump up ^ Kitzinger 1955, pp. 1 ( quote ) -- 2. Jump up ^ Holcomb, Barbara Drake ; Holcomb, Melanie ( June 2008 ). `` Jews and the Arts in Medieval Europe ''. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 28. Jump up ^ Mittman, Asa Simon ; Dendle, Peter J. ( 2013 ). The Ashgate Research Companion to Monsters and the Monstrous. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 383. ISBN 9781472418012. Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference : 0 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ). Jump up ^ Rose, Christine, `` The Jewish Mother - in - law ; Synagoga and the Man of Law 's Tale '', pp. 8 - 11, in Delany, Sheila ( ed ), Chaucer and the Jews : Sources, Contexts, Meanings, 2002, Routledge, google books, ISBN 0 - 415 - 93882 - 1, ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93882 - 2 Jump up ^ Lipton, Sara ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ). Dark Mirror : The Medieval Origins of Anti-Jewish Iconography. Macmillan. p. 5. ISBN 9780805079104. Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference : 1 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ). Jump up ^ Lipton, Sara ( 2008 ). `` Where Are the Gothic Jewish Women? On the Non-Iconography of the Jewess in the Cantigas de Santa Maria ''. Jewish History. 22 ( 1 / 2 ) : 139 -- 177. doi : 10.2307 / 40345545. JSTOR 40345545. Jump up ^ Strickland, Debra Higgs ( 2003 ). Saracens, Demons, & Jews : Making Monsters in Medieval Art. Princeton University Press. p. 99. ISBN 0691057192. ^ Jump up to : Strickland, Debra Higgs ( 2003 ). Saracens, Demons, & Jews : Making Monsters in Medieval Art. Princeton University Press. pp. 241 -- 247. ISBN 0691057192. References ( edit ) Atroshenko, V.I. ; Collins, Judith ( 1985 ), The Origins of the Romanesque, London : Lund Humphries, ISBN 0 - 85331 - 487 - X Alexander, Jonathan ( 1992 ), Medieval Illuminators and their Methods of Work, New Haven : Yale University Press, ISBN 0 - 300 - 05689 - 3 Backhouse, Janet ; Turner, D.H. ; Webster, Leslie, eds. ( 1984 ), The Golden Age of Anglo - Saxon Art, 966 - 1066, British Museum Publications, ISBN 0 - 7141 - 0532 - 5 Caiger - Smith, Alan, Lustre Pottery : Technique, Tradition and Innovation in Islam and the Western World ( Faber and Faber, 1985 ) ISBN 0 - 571 - 13507 - 2 Beckwith, John ( 1964 ), Early Medieval Art : Carolingian, Ottonian, Romanesque, Thames & Hudson, ISBN 0 - 500 - 20019 - X Calkins, Robert G. ( 1983 ), Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages, Ithaca, New York : Cornell University Press Calkins, Robert G. ( 1979 ), Monuments of Medieval Art, New York : Dutton, ISBN 0 - 525 - 47561 - 3 Campbell, Lorne ( 1998 ), The Fifteenth Century Netherlandish Paintings, National Gallery Catalogues ( new series ), New Haven : Yale University Press, ISBN 1 - 85709 - 171 - X Cormack, Robin ( 1985 ), Writing in Gold, Byzantine Society and its Icons, London : George Philip, ISBN 0 - 540 - 01085 - 5 Cormack, Robin ( 1997 ), Painting the Soul ; Icons, Death Masks and Shrouds, London : Reaktion Books Dodwell, C.R. ( 1982 ), Anglo - Saxon Art, A New Perspective, Manchester : Manchester University Press, ISBN 0 - 7190 - 0926 - X ( US edn. Cornell, 1985 ) Dodwell, C.R. ( 1993 ), The Pictorial arts of the West, 800 - 1200, New Haven : Yale University Press, ISBN 0 - 300 - 06493 - 4 Henderson, George ( 1977 ) ( 1972 ), Early Medieval Art ( rev. ed. ), Harmondsworth : Penguin Heslop, T.A. ( Sandy ), in Dormer, Peter ( ed. ), `` How strange the change from major to minor ; hierarchies and medieval art '', in The Culture of Craft, 1997, Manchester University Press, ISBN 0719046181, 9780719046186, google books Hinks, Roger ( 1974 ) ( 1935 ), Carolingian Art, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 0 - 472 - 06071 - 6 Hoffman, Eva R. ( 2007 ) : Pathways of Portability : Islamic and Christian Interchange from the Tenth to the Twelfth Century, in : Hoffman, Eva R. ( ed. ) : Late Antique and Medieval Art of the Mediterranean World, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 2071 - 5 Honour, Hugh ; Fleming, John ( 1982 ), `` Honour '', A World History of Art, London : Macmillan Kitzinger, Ernst ( 1955 ) ( 1940 ), Early Medieval Art at the British Museum ( 2nd ed. ), British Museum Lasko, Peter ( 1972 ), Ars Sacra, 800 - 1200 ( nb, 1st ed. ), Penguin History of Art ( now Yale ), ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 05367 - 8. Mack, Rosamond, Bazaar to piazza : Islamic trade and italian art, 1300 -- 1600, University of California Press, 2002, ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22131 - 4, google books Mâle, Emile ( 1913 ), The Gothic Image, Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth Century ( English trans. of 3rd ed. ), London : Collins Pächt, Otto ( 1986 ), Book Illumination in the Middle Ages, London : Harvey Miller, ISBN 0 - 19 - 921060 - 8 Plummer, John ( 1964 ), The Book of Hours of Catherine of Cleves, New York : Pierpont Morgan Library Rice, David Talbot ( 1968 ), Byzantine Art ( 3rd ed. ), Penguin Books Ross, Leslie ( 1996 ), Medieval Art, a topical dictionary, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0 - 313 - 29329 - 5 Runciman, Steven ( 1975 ), Byzantine Style and Civilization, Baltimore : Penguin, ISBN 0 - 14 - 021827 - 0 Schapiro, Meyer ( 1977 ), Selected Papers, volume 2, Romanesque Art, London : Chatto & Windus, ISBN 0 - 7011 - 2239 - 0 Schapiro, Meyer ( 1980 ), Selected Papers, volume 3, Late Antique, Early Christian and Mediaeval Art, London : Chatto & Windus, ISBN 0 - 7011 - 2514 - 4 Strickland, Debra Higgs ( 2003 ), Saracens, Demons, and Jews : Making Monsters in Medieval Art, New Jersey : Princeton University Press. Syndicus, Eduard ( 1962 ), Early Christian Art, London : Burns & Oates Weitzmann, Kurt ; Chatzidakis, Manolis ( 1982 ), The Icon, London : Evans Brothers, ISBN 0 - 237 - 45645 - 1 ( trans of Le Icone, Montadori 1981 ) Wilson, David M. ( 1984 ), Anglo - Saxon Art : From The Seventh Century To The Norman Conquest, Woodstock, New York : Overlook Press, ISBN 0 - 87951 - 976 - 2 Zarnecki, George and others ; English Romanesque Art, 1066 -- 1200, 1984, Arts Council of Great Britain, ISBN 0728703866 Further reading ( edit ) Kessler, Herbert L., `` On the State of Medieval Art History '', The Art Bulletin, Vol. 70, No. 2 ( Jun., 1988 ), pp. 166 -- 187, JSTOR Husband, Timothy ( 1986 ). The wild man : medieval myth and symbolism. New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978 - 0 - 87099 - 254 - 4. The Art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500 - 1200. New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1993. ISBN 0 - 87099 - 685 - 1. External links ( edit ) Stones, Allison, Images of Medieval Art and Architecture, University of Pittsburgh Stones, Allison, Glossary of Medieval Art and Architecture, University of Pittsburgh Weitzmann, Kurt, Age of spirituality : late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century, New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1979. European Middle Ages Architecture Art Cuisine Demography Literature Poetry Medicine Music Philosophy Science Technology Warfare Household Slavery Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medieval_art&oldid=851840895 '' Categories : Medieval art Art by period of creation Middle Ages 5th century in art 6th century in art 7th century in art 8th century in art 9th century in art 10th century in art 11th century in art 12th century in art 13th century in art 14th century in art 15th century in art Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages with broken reference names Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Català Čeština Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2018, at 23 : 22 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Medieval art", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Medieval_art&amp;oldid=851840895" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "2972680607688138806" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of Masters tournament champions - wikipedia List of Masters tournament champions Jump to : navigation, search Jack Nicklaus, six - time Masters champion in 1963, 1965, 1966, 1972, 1975, and 1986, which is a record, and he is one of three golfers to successfully defend his title. He is also one of five champions to win wire - to - wire, in 1972. The Masters Tournament is a golf competition that was established in 1934, with Horton Smith winning the inaugural tournament. The Masters is the first of four major championships to be played each year, with the final round of the Masters always being scheduled for the second Sunday in April. The Masters is the only one of the four majors to use the same course every year ; the Augusta National Golf Club. Masters champions are automatically invited to play in the other three majors ( the U.S. Open, the Open Championship ( British Open ), and the PGA Championship ) for the next five years, and earn a lifetime invitation to the Masters. They also receive membership on the PGA Tour for the following five seasons and invitations to the Players Championship for the five years following their victory. The champion also receives the `` Green Jacket '', the first one being won by Sam Snead in 1949. The champion takes the jacket home for a year and returns it thereafter. A multiple - time champion will only have one jacket unless his size changes dramatically. Jack Nicklaus holds the record for the most Masters victories, winning the tournament six times during his career. Nicklaus is also the oldest winner of the Masters : he was 46 years 82 days old when he won in 1986. Nicklaus, Nick Faldo, and Tiger Woods co-hold the record for most consecutive victories with two. Woods was the youngest winner of the Masters, 21 years 104 days old when he won in 1997. Woods also set the record for the widest winning margin ( 12 strokes ), and the lowest winning score, with 270, 18 below par ( - 18 ) in 1997. The latter was equaled by Jordan Spieth in 2015. The highest winning score of 289 ( + 1 ) was originally set by Sam Snead in 1954, it was equalled by Jack Burke Jr. in 1956, and Zach Johnson in 2007. Five golfers have won the Masters wire - to - wire ; Craig Wood in 1941, Arnold Palmer in 1960, Nicklaus in 1972, Raymond Floyd in 1976, and Jordan Spieth in 2015. Other players have led wire - to - wire if ties after a round are included, most recently Trevor Immelman in the 2008 Masters Tournament. Contents ( hide ) 1 Champions 1.1 By year 1.2 Multiple champions 1.3 By nationality 2 Notes 3 References 4 External links Champions ( edit ) By year ( edit ) Arnold Palmer, four - time Masters Champion 1958, 1960, 1962, and 1964. He is one of five champions to win wire - to - wire with his victory in 1960. Tiger Woods, four - time Masters Champion in 1997, 2001, 2002, and 2005, and is one of three golfers to successfully defend his title Sam Snead, three - time Masters Champion in 1949, 1952, 1954 Gary Player, three - time Masters Champion in 1961, 1974, and 1978 Nick Faldo, three - time Masters Champion in 1989, 1990, and 1996, and is one of three golfers to successfully defend his title Phil Mickelson, three - time Masters Champion in 2004, 2006, and 2010 Key Tournament won in a playoff Masters Tournament champions Year Country Champion Total score To Par 1934 USA! United States Smith, Horton Horton Smith 284 004! − 4 1935 USA! United States Sarazen, Gene Gene Sarazen 282 006! − 6 1936 USA! United States Smith, Horton Horton Smith 285 003! − 3 1937 USA! United States Nelson, Byron Byron Nelson 283 005! − 5 1938 USA! United States Picard, Henry Henry Picard 285 003! − 3 1939 USA! United States Guldahl, Ralph Ralph Guldahl 279 009! − 9 1940 USA! United States Demaret, Jimmy Jimmy Demaret 280 008! − 8 1941 USA! United States Wood, Craig Craig Wood 280 008! − 8 1942 USA! United States Nelson, Byron Byron Nelson 280 008! − 8 1943 & -- None & -- & -- 1944 & -- None & -- & -- 1945 & -- None & -- & -- 1946 USA! United States Keiser, Herman Herman Keiser 282 006! − 6 1947 USA! United States Demaret, Jimmy Jimmy Demaret 281 007! − 7 1948 USA! United States Harmon, Claude Claude Harmon 279 009! − 9 1949 USA! United States Snead, Sam Sam Snead 282 006! − 6 1950 USA! United States Demaret, Jimmy Jimmy Demaret 283 005! − 5 1951 USA! United States Hogan, Ben Ben Hogan 280 008! − 8 1952 USA! United States Snead, Sam Sam Snead 286 002! − 2 1953 USA! United States Hogan, Ben Ben Hogan 274 014! − 14 1954 USA! United States Snead, Sam Sam Snead 289 + 1 1955 USA! United States Middlecoff, Cary Cary Middlecoff 279 009! − 9 1956 USA! United States Burke Jr., Jack Jack Burke Jr. 289 + 1 1957 USA! United States Ford, Doug Doug Ford 283 005! − 5 1958 USA! United States Palmer, Arnold Arnold Palmer 284 004! − 4 1959 USA! United States Wall Jr., Art Art Wall Jr. 284 004! − 4 1960 USA! United States Palmer, Arnold Arnold Palmer 282 006! − 6 1961 RSA! South Africa Player, Gary Gary Player 280 008! − 8 1962 USA! United States Palmer, Arnold Arnold Palmer 280 008! − 8 1963 USA! United States Nicklaus, Jack Jack Nicklaus 286 002! − 2 1964 USA! United States Palmer, Arnold Arnold Palmer 276 012! − 12 1965 USA! United States Nicklaus, Jack Jack Nicklaus 271 017! − 17 1966 USA! United States Nicklaus, Jack Jack Nicklaus 288 0! E 1967 USA! United States Brewer, Gay Gay Brewer 280 008! − 8 1968 USA! United States Goalby, Bob Bob Goalby 277 011! − 11 1969 USA! United States Archer, George George Archer 281 007! − 7 1970 USA! United States Casper, Billy Billy Casper 279 009! − 9 1971 USA! United States Coody, Charles Charles Coody 279 009! − 9 1972 USA! United States Nicklaus, Jack Jack Nicklaus 286 002! − 2 1973 USA! United States Aaron, Tommy Tommy Aaron 283 005! − 5 RSA! South Africa Player, Gary Gary Player 278 010! − 10 USA! United States Nicklaus, Jack Jack Nicklaus 276 012! − 12 1976 USA! United States Floyd, Raymond Raymond Floyd 271 017! − 17 1977 USA! United States Watson, Tom Tom Watson 276 012! − 12 1978 RSA! South Africa Player, Gary Gary Player 277 011! − 11 1979 USA! United States Zoeller, Fuzzy Fuzzy Zoeller 280 008! − 8 1980 ESP! Spain Ballesteros, Seve Seve Ballesteros 275 013! − 13 1981 USA! United States Watson, Tom Tom Watson 280 008! − 8 1982 USA! United States Stadler, Craig Craig Stadler 284 004! − 4 ESP! Spain Ballesteros, Seve Seve Ballesteros 280 008! − 8 1984 USA! United States Crenshaw, Ben Ben Crenshaw 277 011! − 11 1985 GER! West Germany Langer, Bernhard Bernhard Langer 282 006! − 6 1986 USA! United States Nicklaus, Jack Jack Nicklaus 279 009! − 9 USA! United States Mize, Larry Larry Mize 285 003! − 3 1988 SCO! Scotland Lyle, Sandy Sandy Lyle 281 007! − 7 1989 ENG! England Faldo, Nick Nick Faldo 283 005! − 5 1990 ENG! England Faldo, Nick Nick Faldo 278 010! − 10 1991 WAL! Wales Woosnam, Ian Ian Woosnam 277 011! − 11 1992 USA! United States Couples, Fred Fred Couples 275 013! − 13 1993 GER! Germany Langer, Bernhard Bernhard Langer 277 011! − 11 1994 ESP! Spain Olazábal, José María José María Olazábal 279 009! − 9 1995 USA! United States Crenshaw, Ben Ben Crenshaw 274 014! − 14 ENG! England Faldo, Nick Nick Faldo 276 012! − 12 1997 USA! United States Woods, Tiger Tiger Woods 270 018! − 18 1998 USA! United States O'Meara, Mark Mark O'Meara 279 009! − 9 1999 USA! Spain Olazábal, José María José María Olazábal 280 008! − 8 2000 FIJ! Fiji Singh, Vijay Vijay Singh 278 010! − 10 2001 USA! United States Woods, Tiger Tiger Woods 272 016! − 16 2002 USA! United States Woods, Tiger Tiger Woods 276 012! − 12 2003 CAN! Canada Weir, Mike Mike Weir 281 007! − 7 USA! United States Mickelson, Phil Phil Mickelson 279 009! − 9 2005 USA! United States Woods, Tiger Tiger Woods 276 012! − 12 2006 USA! United States Mickelson, Phil Phil Mickelson 281 007! − 7 2007 USA! United States Johnson, Zach Zach Johnson 289 + 1 2008 RSA! South Africa Immelman, Trevor Trevor Immelman 280 008! − 8 2009 ARG! Argentina Cabrera, Ángel Ángel Cabrera 276 012! − 12 USA! United States Mickelson, Phil Phil Mickelson 272 016! − 16 2011 RSA! South Africa Schwartzel, Charl Charl Schwartzel 274 014! − 14 2012 USA! United States Watson, Bubba Bubba Watson 278 010! − 10 2013 AUS! Australia Scott, Adam Adam Scott 279 009! − 9 2014 USA! United States Watson, Bubba Bubba Watson 280 008! − 8 2015 USA! United States Spieth, Jordan Jordan Spieth 270 018! − 18 2016 ENG! England Willett, Danny Danny Willett 283 005! − 5 2017 SPA! Spain García, Sergio Sergio García 279 009! − 9 2018! United States Reed, Patrick Patrick Reed 273 015! − 15 Multiple champions ( edit ) Masters Tournament multiple champions Golfer Total Years Nicklaus, Jack Jack Nicklaus ( USA ) 6 1963, 1965, 1966, 1972, 1975, 1986 Palmer, Arnold Arnold Palmer ( USA ) 1958, 1960, 1962, 1964 Woods, Tiger Tiger Woods ( USA ) 1997, 2001, 2002, 2005 Demaret, Jimmy Jimmy Demaret ( USA ) 1940, 1947, 1950 Snead, Sam Sam Snead ( USA ) 1949, 1952, 1954 Player, Gary Gary Player ( RSA ) 1961, 1974, 1978 Faldo, Nick Nick Faldo ( ENG ) 1989, 1990, 1996 Mickelson, Phil Phil Mickelson ( USA ) 2004, 2006, 2010 Smith, Horton Horton Smith ( USA ) 1934, 1936 Nelson, Byron Byron Nelson ( USA ) 1937, 1942 Hogan, Ben Ben Hogan ( USA ) 1951, 1953 Watson, Tom Tom Watson ( USA ) 1977, 1981 Ballesteros, Seve Seve Ballesteros ( ESP ) 1980, 1983 Langer, Bernhard Bernhard Langer ( GER ) 1985, 1993 Crenshaw, Ben Ben Crenshaw ( USA ) 1984, 1995 Olazábal, José María José María Olazábal ( ESP ) 1994, 1999 Watson, Bubba Bubba Watson ( USA ) 2012, 2014 By nationality ( edit ) Masters Tournament champions by nationality Nationality Wins Winners United States 60 37 Spain 5 South Africa 5 England Germany Scotland Wales Fiji Canada Argentina Australia Notes ( edit ) Par is a predetermined number of strokes that a golfer should require to complete a hole, a round ( the sum of the total pars of the played holes ), or a tournament ( the sum of the total pars of each round ). E stands for even, which means the tournament was completed in the predetermined number of strokes. The 1943, 1944, and 1945 Masters Tournaments were not held because of World War II. Gene Sarazen won in a playoff against Craig Wood. Byron Nelson won in a playoff against Ben Hogan. Sam Snead won in a playoff against Ben Hogan. Arnold Palmer won in a playoff against Dow Finsterwald and Gary Player. Jack Nicklaus won in a playoff against Gay Brewer and Tommy Jacobs. Billy Casper won in a playoff against Gene Littler. Fuzzy Zoeller won in a playoff against Ed Sneed and Tom Watson. Craig Stadler won in a playoff against Dan Pohl. Larry Mize won in a playoff against Seve Ballesteros and Greg Norman. Nick Faldo won in a playoff against Scott Hoch. Nick Faldo won in a playoff against Raymond Floyd. Mike Weir won in a playoff against Len Mattiace. Tiger Woods won in a playoff against Chris DiMarco. Ángel Cabrera won in a playoff against Chad Campbell and Kenny Perry. Bubba Watson won in a playoff against Louis Oosthuizen. Adam Scott won in a playoff against Ángel Cabrera. Sergio García won in a playoff against Justin Rose. References ( edit ) General `` Masters Champions ''. Masters. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2011. Specific Jump up ^ `` Significant Dates ''. Masters. Archived from the original on April 16, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008. Jump up ^ `` A Special Sunday ''. Augusta. April 11, 1998. Archived from the original on April 19, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Augusta 's Special Aura ''. BBC Sport. April 5, 2002. Retrieved March 20, 2008. Jump up ^ `` The Masters ''. Your Golf Travel. Retrieved March 19, 2008. Jump up ^ `` US Masters : Did You Know? ''. BBC Sport. April 2, 2001. Retrieved March 3, 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` Champions ''. Masters. Archived from the original on January 19, 2008. Retrieved January 21, 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` Scoring Statistics ''. Masters. Archived from the original on April 24, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Masters records ''. Masters. Archived from the original on July 1, 2011. Retrieved June 21, 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Scoring ''. BBC Sport. September 16, 2005. Retrieved September 23, 2008. External links ( edit ) Masters website Augusta website Major champions Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Grand Slam ( golf ) Masters Tournaments 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Masters Tournament champions 1934 Horton Smith 1935 Gene Sarazen † 1936 Horton Smith 1937 Byron Nelson 1938 Henry Picard 1939 Ralph Guldahl 1940 Jimmy Demaret 1941 ‡ Craig Wood 1942 Byron Nelson † 1943 -- 45 cancelled due to World War II 1946 Herman Keiser 1947 Jimmy Demaret 1948 Claude Harmon 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Jimmy Demaret 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Sam Snead 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Sam Snead † 1955 Cary Middlecoff 1956 Jack Burke Jr. 1957 Doug Ford 1958 Arnold Palmer 1959 Art Wall Jr. 1960 ‡ Arnold Palmer 1961 Gary Player 1962 Arnold Palmer † 1963 Jack Nicklaus 1964 Arnold Palmer 1965 Jack Nicklaus 1966 Jack Nicklaus † 1967 Gay Brewer 1968 Bob Goalby 1969 George Archer 1970 Billy Casper † 1971 Charles Coody 1972 ‡ Jack Nicklaus 1973 Tommy Aaron 1974 Gary Player 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Gary Player 1979 Fuzzy Zoeller † 1980 Seve Ballesteros 1981 Tom Watson 1982 Craig Stadler † 1983 Seve Ballesteros 1984 Ben Crenshaw 1985 Bernhard Langer 1986 Jack Nicklaus 1987 Larry Mize † 1988 Sandy Lyle 1989 Nick Faldo † 1990 Nick Faldo † 1991 Ian Woosnam 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Bernhard Langer 1994 José María Olazábal 1995 Ben Crenshaw 1996 Nick Faldo 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 José María Olazábal 2000 Vijay Singh 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Mike Weir † 2004 Phil Mickelson 2005 Tiger Woods † 2006 Phil Mickelson 2007 Zach Johnson 2008 Trevor Immelman 2009 Ángel Cabrera † 2010 Phil Mickelson 2011 Charl Schwartzel 2012 Bubba Watson † 2013 Adam Scott † 2014 Bubba Watson 2015 ‡ Jordan Spieth 2016 Danny Willett 2017 Sergio García † 2018 Patrick Reed † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Masters_Tournament_champions&oldid=842330048 '' Categories : Masters Tournament Winners of men 's major golf championships Lists of male golfers Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Pages using div col with small parameter Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018, at 19 : 11. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of Masters Tournament champions", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Masters_Tournament_champions&amp;oldid=842330048" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "12177539472004248410" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Barbed wire - wikipedia Barbed wire Jump to : navigation, search `` Barb wire '' redirects here. For other uses, see Barb wire ( disambiguation ). A close - up view of a barbed wire Roll of modern agricultural barbed wire Barbed wire, also known as barb wire, or, in the southeastern United States, bobbed wire, is a type of steel fencing wire constructed with sharp edges or points arranged at intervals along the strand ( s ). It is used to construct inexpensive fences and is used atop walls surrounding secured property. It is also a major feature of the fortifications in trench warfare ( as a wire obstacle ). A person or animal trying to pass through or over barbed wire will suffer discomfort and possibly injury. Barbed wire fencing requires only fence posts, wire, and fixing devices such as staples. It is simple to construct and quick to erect, even by an unskilled person. The first patent in the United States for barbed wire was issued in 1867 to Lucien B. Smith of Kent, Ohio, who is regarded as the inventor. Joseph F. Glidden of DeKalb, Illinois, received a patent for the modern invention in 1874 after he made his own modifications to previous versions. Barbed wire was the first wire technology capable of restraining cattle. Wire fences were cheaper and easier to erect than their alternatives. ( One such alternative was Osage orange, a thorny bush which was time - consuming to transplant and grow. The Osage orange later became a supplier of the wood used in making barb wire fence posts. ) When wire fences became widely available in the United States in the late 19th century, they made it affordable to fence much larger areas than before. They made intensive animal husbandry practical on a much larger scale. An example of the costs of fencing with lumber immediately prior to the invention of barbed wire can be found with the first farmers in the Fresno, California area, who spent nearly $4000 ( over $75,000 in present - day dollars ) to have wood for fencing delivered and erected to protect 2500 acres of wheat crop from free - ranging livestock in 1872. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Before 1865 1.2 1873 meeting and initial development 1.3 Promotion and consolidation 2 Historical uses 2.1 In the American West 2.2 In war 2.3 In concentration camps 2.4 In the Southwest United States 3 Agricultural fencing 3.1 Gates 4 Human - proof fencing 5 Injuries caused by barbed wire 6 Barbed wire classification 6.1 Materials 6.2 Strand structure 6.3 Barbed structure 6.4 Twist type 6.5 Nominal diameter 7 Installation of barbed wire 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Before 1865 ( edit ) Fencing consisting of flat and thin wire was first proposed in france, by Leonce Eugene Grassin - Baledans in 1860. His design consisted of bristling points, creating a fence that was painful to cross. In April 1865 Louis François Janin proposed a double wire with diamond - shaped metal barbs ; he was granted a patent. Michael Kelly from New York had a similar idea, and proposed that the fencing should be used specifically for deterring animals. More patents followed, and in 1867 alone there were six patents issued for barbed wire. Only two of them addressed livestock deterrence, one of which was from American Lucien B. Smith of OHIO. Before 1870, westward movement in the United States was largely across the plains with little or no settlement occurring. After the American Civil War the plains were extensively settled, consolidating America 's dominance over them. Ranchers moved out on the plains, and needed to fence their land in against encroaching farmers and other ranchers. The railroads throughout the growing West needed to keep livestock off their tracks, and farmers needed to keep stray cattle from trampling their crops. Traditional fence materials used in the Eastern U.S., like wood and stone, were expensive to use in the large open spaces of the plains, and hedging was not reliable in the rocky, clay - based and rain - starved dusty soils. A cost - effective alternative was needed to make cattle operations profitable. 1873 meeting and initial development ( edit ) An early handmade specimen of Glidden 's `` The Winner '' on display at the Barbed Wire History Museum in DeKalb, Illinois. Patent drawing for Joseph F. Glidden 's Improvement to barbed wire The `` Big Four '' in barbed wire were Joseph Glidden, Jacob Haish, Charles Francis Washburn, and Isaac L. Ellwood. Glidden, a farmer in 1873 and the first of the `` Big Four, '' is often credited for designing a successful sturdy barbed wire product, but he let others popularize it for him. Glidden 's idea came from a display at a fair in DeKalb, Illinois in 1873, by Henry B. Rose. Rose had patented `` The Wooden Strip with Metallic Points '' in May 1873. This was simply a wooden block with wire protrusions designed to keep cows from breaching the fence. That day, Glidden was accompanied by two other men, Isaac L. Ellwood, a hardware dealer and Jacob Haish, a lumber merchant. Like Glidden, they both wanted to create a more durable wire fence with fixed barbs. Glidden experimented with a grindstone to twist two wires together to hold the barbs on the wire in place. The barbs were created from experiments with a coffee mill from his home. Later Glidden was joined by Ellwood who knew his design could not compete with Glidden 's for which he applied for a patent in October 1873. Meanwhile, Haish, who had already secured several patents for barbed wire design, applied for a patent on his third type of wire, the S barb, and accused Glidden of interference, deferring Glidden 's approval for his patented wire, nicknamed `` The Winner, '' until November 24, 1874. Barbed wire production greatly increased with Glidden and Ellwood 's establishment of the Barb Fence Company in DeKalb following the success of `` The Winner ''. The company 's success attracted the attention of Charles Francis Washburn, Vice President of Washburn & Moen Manufacturing Company, an important producer of plain wire in the Eastern U.S. Washburn visited De Kalb and convinced Glidden to sell his stake in the Barb Wire Fence Company, while Ellwood stayed in DeKalb and renamed the company I.L Ellwood & Company of DeKalb. Promotion and consolidation ( edit ) In the late 1870s, John Warne Gates of Illinois began to promote barbed wire, now a proven product, in the lucrative markets of Texas. At first, Texans were hesitant, as they feared that cattle might be harmed, or that the North was somehow trying to make profits from the South. There was also conflict between the farmers who wanted fencing and the ranchers who were losing the open range. Demonstrations by Gates in San Antonio in 1876 showed that the wire could keep cattle contained, and sales then increased dramatically. Gates eventually parted company with Ellwood and became a barbed wire baron in his own right. Throughout the height of barbed wire sales in the late 19th century, Washburn, Ellwood, Gates, and Haish competed with one another, but Ellwood and Gates eventually joined forces again to create the American Steel and Wire Company, later acquired by The U.S. Steel Corporation. Between 1873 and 1899 there were as many as 150 companies manufacturing barbed wire to cash in on the demand in the West : investors were aware that the business did not require much capital and it was considered that almost anyone with enough determination could make a profit from manufacture of a new wire design. There was then a sharp decline in the number of manufacturing firms, as many were consolidated into larger companies, notably the American Steel and Wire Company, formed by the merging of Gates 's and Washburn 's and Ellwood 's industries. Smaller companies were wiped out because of economies of scale and the smaller pool of consumers available to them, compared to the larger corporations. The American Steel and Wire Company established in 1899 employed vertical integration : it controlled all aspects of production from producing the steel rods to making many different wire and nail products from the same steel ; although later part of U.S. Steel, the production of barbed wire would still be a major source of revenue Another inventor, William Edenborn, a German immigrant who later settled in Winn Parish, Louisiana, patented a machine which simplified the making of barbed wire and cut the unit price of production from seventeen to three cents per pound. His particular wire is the `` humane '' version that did not harm cattle. The original wire was sharp - teethed and contributed to western range wars. Edenborn 's company in time supplied 75 percent of the barbed wire in the United States. A wire nail machine that he also patented reduced the price of wire nails from eight to two cents per pound. Historical uses ( edit ) In the American West ( edit ) A rangeland fence Barbed wire played an important role in the protection of range rights in the Western U.S. Although some ranchers put notices in newspapers claiming land areas, and joined stockgrowers associations to help enforce their claims, livestock continued to cross range boundaries. Fences of smooth wire did not hold stock well, and hedges were difficult to grow and maintain. Barbed wire 's introduction in the West in the 1870s dramatically reduced the cost of enclosing land. Rusted barbed wire in a roll One fan wrote the inventor Joseph Glidden : it takes no room, exhausts no soil, shades no vegetation, is proof against high winds, makes no snowdrifts, and is both durable and cheap. Barbed wire also emerged as a major source of conflict with the so - called `` Big Die Up '' incident in the 1880s. This conflict occurred because of the instinctual migrations of cattle away from the blizzard conditions of the Northern Plains to the warmer and plentiful Southern Plains, but by the early 1880s this area was already divided and claimed by ranchers. The ranchers in place, especially in the Texas Panhandle, knew that their holdings could not support the grazing of additional cattle, so the only alternative was to block the migrations with barb wire fencing. Many of the herds were decimated in the winter of 1885, with some losing as many as three - quarters of all animals when they could not find a way around the fence. Later other smaller scale cattlemen, especially in central Texas, opposed the closing of the open range, and began cutting fences to allow cattle to pass through to find grazing land. In this transition zone between the agricultural regions to the south and the rangeland to the north, conflict erupted, with vigilantes joining the scene causing chaos and even death. The fence cutters war came to an end with the passage of a Texas law in 1884 that stated among other provisions that fence cutting was a felony ; and other states followed, although conflicts still occurred through the opening years of the 20th century. A federal law passed in 1885 forbade stretching such fences across the public domain. Barbed wire is often cited by historians as the invention that truly tamed the West. Herding large numbers of cattle on open terrain required significant manpower just to catch strays, but with an inexpensive method to divide, sub-divide and allocate parcels of land to control the movement of cattle, the need for a vast labor force became unnecessary. By the beginning of the 20th century the need for significant numbers of cowboys was not necessary. In War ( edit ) A wiring party deploying entanglements during World War I Barbed wire was used for the first time in the Spanish -- American War during the siege of Santiago by the Spanish defenders. Less well known is its extensive usage in the Russo - Japanese War. More significantly, barbed wire was used extensively by all participating combatants in World War I to prevent movement, with deadly consequences. Barbed wire entanglements were placed in front of trenches to prevent direct charges on men below, increasingly leading to greater use of more advanced weapons such as high - powered machine guns and grenades. A feature of these entanglements was that the barbs were much closer together, often forming a continuous sequence. Barbed wire could be exposed to heavy bombardments because it could be easily replaced, and its structure included so much open space that machine guns rarely destroyed enough of it to defeat its purpose. However, barbed wire was defeated by the tank in 1916, as shown by the Allied breakthrough at Amiens through German lines on August 8, 1918. In concentration camps ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Barbed wire and containment : Japanese prisoner of war 1945 In 1899 barbed wire was also extensively used in the Boer War, where it played a strategic role bringing spaces under control, at military outposts as well as to hold the captured Boer population in concentration camps. In the 1930s and 1940s Europe the Nazis used barbed wire in concentration camp architecture, where it usually surrounded the camp and was electrified to prevent escape. Barbed wire served the purpose of keeping prisoners contained. Infirmaries in extermination camps like Auschwitz where prisoners were gassed or experimented on were often separated from other areas by electrified wire and were often braided with branches to prevent outsiders from knowing what was concealed behind their walls. In the southwest United States ( edit ) John Warne Gates demonstrated barbed wire for Washburn and Moen in Military Plaza, San Antonio, Texas in 1876. The demonstration showing cattle restrained by the new kind of fencing was followed immediately by invitations to the Menger Hotel to place orders. Gates subsequently had a falling out with Washburn and Moen and Isaac Ellwood. He moved to St. Louis and founded the Southern Wire Company, which became the largest manufacturer of unlicensed or `` bootleg '' barbed wire. An 1880 US District Court decision upheld the validity of the Glidden patent, effectively establishing a monopoly. This decision was affirmed by the US Supreme Court in 1892. In 1898 Gates took control of Washburn and Moen, and created the American Steel and Wire monopoly, which became a part of the United States Steel Corporation. This led to disputes known as the range wars between open range ranchers and farmers in the late 19th century. These were similar to the disputes which resulted from enclosure laws in England in the early 18th century. These disputes were decisively settled in favor of the farmers, and heavy penalties were instituted for cutting a barbed wire fence. Within 2 years, nearly all of the open range had been fenced in under private ownership. For this reason, some historians have dated the end of the Old West era of American history to the invention and subsequent proliferation of barbed wire. Agricultural fencing ( edit ) Modern barbed wire Barbed wire fences remain the standard fencing technology for enclosing cattle in most regions of the United States, but not all countries. The wire is aligned under tension between heavy, braced, fence posts ( strainer posts ) and then held at the correct height by being attached to wooden or steel fence posts, and / or with battens in between. The gaps between posts vary depending on type and terrain. On short fences in hilly country, steel posts may be placed every 3 yards ( 2.7 m ), while in flat terrain with long spans and relatively few stock they may be spaced up to 30 to 50 yards ( 46 m ). Wooden posts are normally spaced at 11 yards ( 10 m ) ( 2 rods ) on all terrain, with 4 or 5 battens in between. However, many farmers place posts 2 yards ( 1.8 m ) apart as battens can bend, causing wires to close in on one another. Barbed wire for agricultural fencing is typically available in two varieties : soft or mild - steel wire and high - tensile. Both types are galvanized for longevity. High - tensile wire is made with thinner but higher - strength steel. Its greater strength makes fences longer lasting because it resists stretching and loosening better, coping with expansion and contraction caused by heat and animal pressure by stretching and relaxing within wider elastic limits. It also supports longer spans, but because of its elastic ( springy ) nature it is harder to handle and somewhat dangerous for inexperienced fencers. Soft wire is much easier to work but is less durable and only suitable for short spans such as repairs and gates, where it is less likely to tangle. In high soil - fertility areas where dairy cattle are used in great numbers 5 - or 7 - wire fences are common as the main boundary and internal dividing fences. On sheep farms 7 - wire fences are common with the second ( from bottom ) to fifth wire being plain wire. In New Zealand wire fences must provide passage for dogs since they are the main means of controlling and driving animals on farms. Gates ( edit ) Wire or `` Hampshire '' gate As with any fence, barbed wire fences require gates to allow the passage of persons, vehicles and farm implements. Gates vary in width from 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) to allow the passage of vehicles and tractors, to 40 feet ( 12 m ) on farm land to pass combines and swathers. One style of gate is called the Hampshire gate in the UK, a New Zealand gate in some areas, and often simply a `` gate '' elsewhere. Made of wire with posts attached at both ends and in the middle, it is permanently wired on one side and attaches to a gate post with wire loops on the other. Most designs can be opened by hand, though some gates that are frequently opened and closed may have a lever attached to assist in bringing the upper wire loop over the gate post Gates for cattle tend to have 4 wires when along a three wire fence, as cattle tend to put more stress on gates, particularly on corner gates. The fence on each side of the gated ends with two corner posts braced or unbraced depending on the size of the post. An unpounded post ( often an old broken post ) is held to one corner post with wire rings which act as hinges. On the other end a full length post, the tractor post, is placed with the pointed end upwards with a ring on the bottom stapled to the other corner post, the latch post, and on top a ring is stapled to the tractor post, the post is tied with a Stockgrower 's Lash or one of numerous other opening bindings. Wires are then tied around the post at one end then run to the other end where they are stretched by hand or with a stretcher, before posts are stapled on every 4 feet ( 1.2 m ), often this type of gate is called a portagee fence or a portagee gate in various ranching communities of coastal Central California. Most gates can be opened by push post. The chain is then wrapped around the tractor post and pulled onto the nail, stronger people can pull the gate tighter but anyone can jar off the chain to open the gate. Human - proof fencing ( edit ) Chain link fence with barbed wire on top Most barbed wire fences, while sufficient to discourage cattle, are passable by humans who can simply climb over the fence, or through the fence by stretching the gaps between the wires using non-barbed sections of the wire as hand holds. To prevent humans crossing, many prisons and other high - security installations construct fences with razor wire, a variant which instead of occasional barbs features near - continuous cutting surfaces sufficient to injure unprotected persons who climb on it. A commonly seen alternative is the placement of a few strands of barbed wire at the top of a chain link fence. The limited mobility of someone climbing a fence makes passing conventional barbed wire more difficult. On some chain link fences these strands are attached to a bracket tilted 45 degrees towards the intruder, further increasing the difficulty. Razor wire is a curved variation of barbed wire. Barbed wire began to be widely used as an implement of war during World War I. Wire was placed either to impede or halt the passage of soldiers, or to channel them into narrow defiles in which small arms, particularly machine guns, and indirect fire could be used with greater effect as they attempted to pass. Artillery bombardments on the Western Front became increasingly aimed at cutting the barbed wire that was a major component of trench warfare, particularly once new `` wire - cutting '' fuzes were introduced midway through the war. As the war progressed the wire was used in shorter lengths that were easier to transport and more difficult to cut with artillery. Other inventions were also a result of the war, such as the screw picket, which enabled construction of wire obstacles to be done at night in No Man 's Land without the necessity of hammering stakes into the ground and drawing attention from the enemy. Razor wire is a variation of barbed wire, commonly used on top of industrial fencing. During the Soviet - Afghan War, the accommodation of Afghan refugees into Pakistan was controlled in Pakistan 's largest province, Balochistan, under General Rahimuddin Khan, by making the refugees stay for controlled durations in barbed wire camps ( see Controlling Soviet - Afghan War Refugees ). The frequent use of barbed wire on prison walls, around concentration camps, and the like, has made it symbolic of oppression and denial of freedom in general. For example, in Germany the totality of the complex German Democratic Republic border regime is commonly referred to with the short phrase `` Mauer und Stacheldraht '' ( that is, `` wall and barbed wire '' ), and Amnesty International has a barbed wire in their symbol. Recently, Britain and France have begun restricting the use of barbed wire due to the risk of injury it poses to trespassers. Injuries caused by barbed wire ( edit ) Barbed wire and razor wire Movement against barbed wire can result in moderate to severe injuries to the skin and, depending on body area and barbed wire configuration, possibly to the underlying tissue. Humans can manage not to injure themselves excessively when dealing with barbed wire as long as they are cautious. Restriction of movement, appropriate clothing, and slow movement when close to barbed wire aid in reducing injury. Infantrymen are often trained and inured to the injuries caused by barbed wire. Several soldiers can lie across the wire to form a bridge for the rest of the formation to pass over ; often any injury thus incurred is due to the tread of those passing over and not to the wire itself. Injuries caused by barbed wire are typically seen in horses, bats, or birds. Horses panic easily, and once caught in barbed wire, large patches of skin may be torn off. At best, such injuries may heal, but they may cause disability or death ( particularly due to infection ). Birds or bats may not be able to perceive thin strands of barbed wire and suffer injuries. For this reason horse fences may have rubber bands nailed parallel to the wires. More than 60 different species of wildlife have been reported in Australia as victims of entanglement on barbed wire fences, and the wildlife friendly fencing project is beginning to address this problem. Grazing animals with slow movements that will back off at the first notion of pain ( e.g., sheep and cows ) will not generally suffer the severe injuries often seen in other animals. Barbed wire has been reported as a tool for human torture. It is also frequently used as a weapon in hardcore professional wrestling matches, often as a covering for another type of weapon -- Mick Foley was infamous for using a baseball bat wrapped in barbed wire -- and infrequently as a covering of or substitute for the ring ropes. Because of the risk of injures, in 2010 Norway prohibited making new fences with barbed wire for limiting migration of animals. Electric fences are used instead. Consequently, Rolls - Royce Motor Cars is using Norwegian hides for producing leather interior in their cars, since the hides from Norwegian cattle have fewer scratches than hides from countries where barbed wire is used. Barbed wire classification ( edit ) Materials ( edit ) Zinc coated steel wire. Galvanized steel wire is the most widely steel wire during barbed wire production. It has commercial type, Class 1 type and Class 3 type. Or it is also well known as electric galvanized steel wire and hot dipped galvanized steel wire. Zinc - aluminum alloy coated steel wire. Barbed wire is available with zinc, 5 % or 10 % aluminum alloy and mischmetal steel wire, which is also known as Galfan wire. Polymer - coated steel wire. Zinc steel wire or zinc - aluminum steel wire with PVC, PE or other organic polymer coating. Stainless steel wire. It is available with SAE 304, 316 and other materials. Strand structure ( edit ) Single strand. Simple and light duty structure with single line wire ( also known as strand wire ) and barbs. Double strand. Conventional structure with double strand wire ( line wire ) and barbs. Barbed structure ( edit ) Single barb. Also known as 2 - point barbed wire. It uses single barb wire twisted on the line wire ( strand wire ). Double barb. Also known as 4 - point barbed wire. Two barb wires twisted on the line wire ( stand wire ). Twist type ( edit ) Conventional twist. The strand wire ( line wire ) are twisted in single direction, which is also known as traditional twist. Besides, the barb wires are twisted between the two strand wire ( line wire ). Reverse twist. The strand wire ( line wire ) are twisted in opposite direction. Besides, the barb wires are twisted outside of the two line wire. Nominal diameter ( edit ) 12 - 1 / 2 gauge 0.099 in. 2.51 mm 13 gauge 0.092 in. 2.34 mm 13 - 3 / 4 gauge 0.083 in. 2.11 mm 14 gauge 0.080 in. 2.03 mm 16 - 1 / 2 gauge 0.058 in. 1.47 mm Installation of barbed wire ( edit ) Barbed wire fence in line brace The most important and most time - consuming part of a barbed wire fence is constructing the corner post and the bracing assembly. A barbed wire fence is under tremendous tension, often up to half a ton, and so the corner post 's sole function is to resist the tension of the fence spans connected to it. The bracing keeps the corner post vertical and prevents slack from developing in the fence. Brace posts are placed in - line about 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) from the corner post. A horizontal compression brace connects the top of the two posts, and a diagonal wire connects the top of the brace post to the bottom of the corner post. This diagonal wire prevents the brace post from leaning, which in turn allows the horizontal brace to prevent the corner post from leaning into the brace post. A second set of brace posts ( forming a double brace ) is used whenever the barbed wire span exceeds 200 feet ( 61 m ). When the barbed wire span exceeds 650 ft ( 200 m ), a braced line assembly is added in - line. This has the function of a corner post and brace assembly but handles tension from opposite sides. It uses diagonal brace wire that connects the tops to the bottoms of all adjacent posts. Line posts are installed along the span of the fence at intervals of 8 to 50 ft ( 2.4 to 15.2 m ). An interval of 16 ft ( 4.9 m ) is most common. Heavy livestock and crowded pasture demands the smaller spacing. The sole function of a line post is not to take up slack but to keep the barbed wire strands spaced equally and off the ground. Once these posts and bracing have been erected, the wire is wrapped around one corner post, held with a hitch ( a timber hitch works well for this ) often using a staple to hold the height and then reeled out along the span of the fence replacing the role every 400 m. It is then wrapped around the opposite corner post, pulled tightly with wire stretchers, and sometimes nailed with more fence staples, although this may make readjustment of tension or replacement of the wire more difficult. Then it is attached to all of the line posts with fencing staples driven in partially to allow stretching of the wire. There are several ways to anchor the wire to a corner post : Hand - knotting. The wire is wrapped around the corner post and knotted by hand. This is the most common method of attaching wire to a corner post. A timber hitch works well as it stays better with wire than with rope. Crimp sleeves. The wire is wrapped around the corner post and bound to the incoming wire using metal sleeves which are crimped using lock cutters. This method should be avoided because while sleeves can work well on repairs in the middle of the fence where there is not enough wire for hand knotting, they tend to slip when under tension. Wire vise. The wire is passed through a hole drilled into the corner post and is anchored on the far side. Wire wrap. The wire is wrapped around the corner post and wrapped onto a special, gritted helical wire which also wraps around the incoming wire, with friction holding it in place. Barbed wire for agriculture use is typically double - strand 121⁄2 - gauge, zinc - coated ( galvanized ) steel and comes in rolls of 1,320 ft ( 400 m ) length. Barbed wire is usually placed on the inner ( pasture ) side of the posts. Where a fence runs between two pastures livestock could be with the wire on the outside or on both sides of the fence. Galvanized wire is classified into three categories ; Classes I, II, and III. Class I has the thinnest coating and the shortest life expectancy. A wire with Class I coating will start showing general rusting in 8 to 10 years, while the same wire with Class III coating will show rust in 15 to 20 years. Aluminum - coated wire is occasionally used, and yields a longer life. Corner posts are 6 to 8 inches ( 15 to 20 cm ) in diameter or larger, and a minimum 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) in length may consist of treated wood or from durable on - site trees such as osage orange, black locust, red cedar, or red mulberry, also railroad ties, telephone, and power poles are salvaged to be used as corner posts ( poles and railroad ties were often treated with chemicals determined to be an environmental hazard and can not be reused in some jurisdictions ). In Canada spruce posts are sold for this purpose. Posts are 4 inches ( 10 cm ) in diameter driven at least 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) and may be anchored in a concrete base 20 inches ( 51 cm ) square and 42 inches ( 110 cm ) deep. Iron posts, if used, are a minimum 2.5 inches ( 64 mm ) in diameter. Bracing wire is typically smooth 9 - gauge. Line posts are set to a depth of about 30 inches ( 76 cm ). Conversely, steel posts are not as stiff as wood, and wires are fastened with slips along fixed teeth, which means variations in driving height affect wire spacing. During the First World War, screw pickets were used for the installation of wire obstacles ; these were metal rods with eyelets for holding strands of wire, and a corkscrew - like end that could literally be screwed into the ground rather than hammered, so that wiring parties could work at night near enemy soldiers and not reveal their position by the sound of hammers. See also ( edit ) Barbed tape ( razor wire ) Barbed Wire Act 1893 -- restrictions on the use of barbed wired in England Isaac L. Ellwood Jacob Haish Kansas Barbed Wire Museum Military : Bangalore torpedo, used in World War I and II to breach barbed wire obstacles Concertina wire Wire obstacle Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fencing Frontiers : The Barbed Wire Story ''. Ellwood House Museum, DeKalb, IL. Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 12. Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 27. Glidden Steel called its product `` Barb Wire ''. Jump up ^ Timothy Foote ( September 6, 1998 ). `` The Rape of the West ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 28. `` In my book a pioneer is a man who turned all the grass upside down, strung bob - wire over the dust that was left, poisoned the water, cut down the trees, killed the Indian who owned the land and called it progress. '' Timothy Egan is quoting a surprising source, the celebrated cowboy artist Charles Russell. Jump up ^ `` A Collection of Barbed Wire ''. The Murray County Museum. Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 14. Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 28. Jump up ^ `` The American Experience Technology Timeline : 1752 - 1990 ''. The American Experience. Public Broadcasting Systems. 2000. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 28. Jump up ^ `` Lucien B. Smith ''. Ohio History Central. Ohio Historical Society. 31 July 2006. Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 03. Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 28. Jump up ^ Carlisle, Rodney ( 2004 ). Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries, p. 241. John Wiley & Songs, Inc., New Jersey. ISBN 0 - 471 - 24410 - 4. Jump up ^ Winchell, Lilbourne. History of Fresno County and the San Joaquin Valley. p. 107. Jump up ^ Alan Krell, The Devil 's Rope : A Cultural History of Barbed Wire ( London : Reaktion Books Ltd, 2002 ), p. 16. Jump up ^ Alan Krell, The Devil 's Rope : A Cultural History of Barbed Wire ( London : Reaktion Books Ltd, 2002 ), p. 19. Jump up ^ Netz 2004, p. 10. ^ Jump up to : Alan Krell, The Devil 's Rope : A Cultural History of Barbed Wire ( London : Reaktion Books Ltd, 2002 ), p. 28. Jump up ^ McCallum 1965, p. 27. Jump up ^ Alan Krell, The Devil 's Rope : A Cultural History of Barbed Wire ( London : Reaktion Books Ltd, 2002 ), p. 23. ^ Jump up to : `` '' A Brief History of Barbed Wire `` ''. Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2010. CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ), Devil 's Rope Museum Jump up ^ McCallum 1965, pp. 29 -- 32. Jump up ^ McCallum 1965, p. 41. Jump up ^ McCallum 1965, p. 87. Jump up ^ Joseph M., McFadden, `` Monopoly in Barbed Wire : The Formation of the American Steel and Wire Company. '' The Business History Review, 52, 4, 1978, p. 2. Jump up ^ Joseph M., McFadden, `` Monopoly in Barbed Wire : The Formation of the American Steel and Wire Company. '' The Business History Review, 52, 4, 1978, p. 5. Jump up ^ `` Greggory E. Davies, William Edenborn of Winn Parish, La ''. files.usgwarchives.net. Retrieved March 26, 2014. Jump up ^ Glen Coleman, great - nephew of William Edenborn, wrote The Man Who Fenced the West about his uncle 's accomplishments regarding barbed wire. ^ Jump up to : Anderson, Terry Lee & Leal, Donald ( 2001 ). Free Market Environmentalism. 0 - 312 - 23503 - 8. pp. 30 -- 31. Jump up ^ See `` 1873 : Joseph Glidden applies for a patent on his barbed wire design '' History Channel Jump up ^ McCallum 1965, p. 131. Jump up ^ McCallum 1965, pp. 165 -- 166. Jump up ^ `` Honoring the Wire That Won the West ''. latimes. Retrieved 26 October 2015. Jump up ^ Netz 2004, p. 108. Jump up ^ Netz 2004, pp. 124 -- 127. Jump up ^ Razac 2003, p. 89. Jump up ^ `` No barbed wire... it might hurt the thieves, allotment holders told ''. Daily Mail. London. October 9, 2008. Jump up ^ van der Ree, Rodney ( 2016 ). `` Barbed wire fencing as a hazard for wildlife ''. Victorian Naturalist. 116 : 210 -- 217 -- via ResearchGate. Jump up ^ `` Home ''. wildlifefriendlyfencing.com. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 01. Jump up ^ Ferriman, Annabel ( 2002 - 02 - 09 ). `` Human rights group uncovers evidence of torture in Zimbabwe ''. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008. Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 28. Jump up ^ `` Bruk av piggtråd i gjerder for å regulere dyrs ferdsel er forbudt ''. Mattilsynet. 2014 - 04 - 22. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Norge selger klør, tunger, tarmer, mager, skinn og bein for millioner ''. Aftenposten. 2015 - 12 - 21. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Galfan wire ''. References ( edit ) Krell, Alan ( 2002 ). The Devil 's Rope : A Cultural History of Barbed Wire. London : Reaktion Books. ISBN 186189144X. OCLC 50494711. McCallum, Henry D. & Frances T. ( 1965 ). The Wire that Fenced the West. Norman : University of Oklahoma Press., LoC : 65 - 11234 Netz, Reviel ( 2004 ). Barbed wire. An ecology of modernity. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6719 - 2. Razac, Olivier ( 2003 ). Barbed Wire : A Political History. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 1 - 56584 - 812 - 8. Biography of John W. Gates, barbed wire promoter who monopolized the industry with the American Steel and Wire Company, accessed March 29, 2006 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barbed wire. Look up barbed wire in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Barbed Wire. Information Website of the Devils Rope Museum in McLean, Texas The Kansas Barbed Wire Museum in La Crosse, Kansas is the only museum in the world dedicated solely to barbed wire and the history of fencing. `` History of the invention of barbed wire ''. Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 21. Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 21. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Barbed Wire Photo Gallery : DeKalb photos included, barbed wire examples pgs. 3 thru 24. Development and Rise of Barbed Wire at University of Virginia accessed March 29, 2006 Barbed Wire Fencing - Its Rise and Influence also at UVA, from Agricultural History, Volume 13, October 1939, accessed September 20, 2006 Glidden 's patent for barbed wire accessed March 29, 2006 Antique Barbed Wire Society accessed September 21, 2006 Barbed Wire in Texas Barbed wire changes life on the American Great Plains The History of Barbed Wire About.com The Wildlife Friendly Fencing project Papers, 1878 - 1938, of Texas rancher and co-inventor Isaac L. Ellwood in Southwest Collection / Special Collections Library at Texas Tech University Patents -- ( about 570 were issued ) : `` Patent history ''. Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 07. Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 21. accessed September 21, 2006 U.S. Patent 66,182 -- Lucien Smith, Kent, Ohio, Wire fence -- `` rotary spools with projecting spurs '' ( June 1867 ) U.S. Patent 67,117 -- William Hunt, Scott, New York, Improvement in Fences -- `` sharpened spur wheels '' ( July 1867 ) U.S. Patent 74,379 -- Michael Kelly, New York City (! ), Improvement in Fences -- `` thorny fence '' ( 1868 ) U.S. Patent 116,755 -- Joshua Rappleye, Seneca County, New York, Improvement in Constructing Wire fence -- tensioner for fence with palings ( pickets ) ( 1871 ) U.S. Patent 138,763 -- Henry Rose, DeKalb County, Illinois, Improvement in Wire - fences -- `` strips provided with metal points '' ( 1873 ) U.S. Patent 147,756 -- Isaac Ellwood, DeKalb, Illinois Improvement in Barbed Fences -- `` single piece of metal with four points, attached to a flat rail '' ( February, 1874 ) U.S. Patent 157,124 -- Joseph Glidden, DeKalb, Illinois, Improvement in Wire - fences -- twisted fence wires with short spur coiled around one of the strands ( November, 1874 ) This became the most popular patent. U.S. Patent 167,240 -- Jacob Haish, DeKalb, Illinois, Improvement in Wire - fence Barbs -- `` single piece of wire bent into the form of the letter S '' so that both strands are clasped ( 1875 ) U.S. Patent 185,346 -- John Nelson, Creston, Illinois, Improvement in Wire - fence Barbs -- barb installable on existing fence wire, ( 1876 ) ( hide ) Fortifications Ancient history Abatis Agger Broch Burgus Castellum Castra Castros Circular rampart City gate Crannog Ditch Defensive wall Dun Faussebraye Gatehouse Gord Hillfort Limes Oppidum Palisade Pincer gate Promontory fort Rampart Ringfort ( Rath ) Refuge castle Schwedenschanze Stockade Sudis Trou de loup Vallum Wagon fort ( Laager ) Vitrified fort Post-classical history Albarrana tower Alcazaba Alcázar Arrowslit Barbican Bartizan Bastion Battery tower Battlement Bent entrance Bergfried Bretèche Bridge castle Bridge tower Butter - churn tower Caltrop Castle Chamber gate Chartaque Chashi Chemin de ronde Chemise Cheval de frise Citadel Coercion castle Concentric castle Corner tower Counter-castle Curtain Drawbridge Enceinte Embrasure Flanking tower Fortified buildings ( church, house ) Ganerbenburg Gate tower Gabion Glacis Guard tower Gulyay - gorod Gusuku Half tower Hoarding Inner bailey Keep Kremlin ( Detinets ) Landesburg L - plan castle Machicolation Merlon Moat Motte - and - bailey Murder - hole Neck ditch Outer bailey Peel tower Portcullis Postern Reduit Ringwork Quadrangular castle Shell keep Shield wall Toll castle Tower castle Tower house Turret Wall tower Bailey ( or ward ) Watchtower Witch tower Yett Modern history 18th century and earlier Abwurfdach Bastion Blockhouse Breastwork Canal Caponier Casemate Cavalier Counterguard Counterscarp Couvreface Coupure Covertway Crownwork Device fort Entrenchment Flèche Gorge Hornwork Lunette Orillon Ostrog Outwork Place - of - arms Polygonal fort Presidio ( Spanish America ) Punji sticks Ravelin Redan Redoubt Retrenchment Sandbag Scarp Sconce Schanze Sea fort Station Star fort Tenaille 19th century Barbed wire Barbette Border outpost Bunker Coastal artillery Gun turret Land mine Martello tower Outpost Trench warfare Sangar Wire obstacles 20th century Admiralty scaffolding Air raid shelter Anti-tank trench Barbed tape Blast shelter Blast wall Border barrier Buoy Bremer wall Concertina wire Defensive fighting position British `` hedgehog '' road block Czech hedgehog Dragon 's teeth Electric fence Fallout shelter Fire support base Flak tower Hardened aircraft shelter Hesco bastion Main Line of Resistance Revetment Sentry gun Spider hole Submarine pen Tunnel warfare Underground hangar By topography Cave castle Hill castle Hill fort Hillside castle Hilltop castle Island castle Lowland castle Marsh castle Moated castle Promontory fort Ridge castle Rocca Rock castle Spur castle Water castle By role Coercion castle Counter-castle Ganerbenburg Hunting lodge Imperial castle Kaiserpfalz Landesburg Lustschloss Ordensburg Refuge castle Toll castle Urban castle By design Bridge castle Circular rampart Concentric castle L - plan castle Motte - and - bailey castle Quadrangular castle Ringfort Ringwork Tower castle See also : Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbed_wire&oldid=815243057 '' Categories : American inventions Fences Wire Area denial weapons Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gàidhlig 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Limburgs Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017, at 17 : 24. About Wikipedia", "title": "Barbed wire", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Barbed_wire&amp;oldid=815243057" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "10216038258238784636" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Finances of the church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints - wikipedia Finances of the church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Jump to : navigation, search This 15 - barreled silo at Welfare Square contains enough wheat to feed a small city for 6 months. Finances of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) are similar to other non-profit and religious organizations, in that their funding comes from the donations of its members and the principal expense is in constructing and maintaining facilities. When the LDS Church takes in more donations than it pays out in period expenses, it uses the surplus to build a reserve for capital expenditures and for future years when period expenses may exceed donations. The church invests its reserve to maintain the principal and generate a reasonable return and directs its investments into income - producing assets that may help it in its mission, such as farmland - and communication - related companies and the City Creek Center ( see below ). The LDS Church has not publicly disclosed its financial statements in the United States since 1959. The church does disclose its financials in the United Kingdom and Canada where it is required to do so by law. In the UK, these financials are audited by the UK office of PricewaterhouseCoopers. The LDS Church maintains an internal audit department that provides its certification at each annual general conference that contributions are collected and spent in accordance with established church policy. In addition, the church engages a public accounting firm ( currently Deloitte & Touche ) to perform annual audits in the United States of its not - for - profit, for - profit, and some educational entities. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Current source of funding 3 Use of funds 3.1 Construction of facilities 3.2 Maintenance of facilities 3.3 Social welfare and relief 3.4 Education 3.5 Other programs 3.6 Volunteer labor 4 Assets 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Further reading History ( edit ) See also : United Order and Kirtland Safety Society In the 1880s and ' 90s, the LDS Church fell into severe financial distress due to several factors that were exacerbated by the nationwide economic depression that began with the Panic of 1893. Under the provisions of the anti-polygamy Edmunds -- Tucker Act of 1887 which were upheld in the 1890 Supreme Court ruling Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - Day Saints v. United States, the U.S. government had confiscated LDS Church property, including tithing money donated by members ( real estate such as churches and temples was never seized, though the Edmund - Tucker act allowed for such seizures ). Additionally, the LDS Church had borrowed extensively to finance a variety of infrastructural developments such as gristmills and after the 1893 financial crisis the LDS Church was unable to make timely payments on their loans ; Wilford Woodruff, Church President from 1889 to 1898, privately expressed doubt that the church would ever pay its debts. Eventually the LDS Church obtained the backing of investment bank Kuhn, Loeb & Co. to issue bonds backed by the labor of Utah residents. By the time Lorenzo Snow became church president in 1898, the church was $2.3 million in debt. Snow reemphasized the payment of tithing ( giving 10 % of one 's income to the church ) and by 1907 the church was completely out of debt and since then has not used debt to fund its operations, even for capital projects. An early pioneer venture of the LDS Church was ZCMI which lasted from 1868 to divesting ZCMI Center Mall in 2007. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, the church greatly increased spending on buildings under the leadership of Henry Moyle. Moyle 's reasoning was that by building larger meetinghouses the church would attract more converts. The accelerated building program led to a $32 million deficit in 1962. It was Moyle who convinced David O. McKay to discontinue publishing an annual financial statement in order to hide the extent of the spending. Eventually, McKay relieved Moyle from his administrative responsibilities and spending was reigned in. Moyle is also responsible for acquiring what is today one of the church 's most valuable properties : the Deseret Cattle and Citrus Ranch. Another highly profitable asset is the Polynesian Cultural Center that became one of Hawaii 's most popular tourist attractions under the leadership of Howard W. Hunter during the 1960s and 1970s. Current source of funding ( edit ) Most of the LDS Church 's revenues comes in the form of tithes and fast offerings contributed by church members. Tithing donations are used to support operations of the church, including construction and maintenance of buildings and other facilities, and are transferred from local units directly to church headquarters in Salt Lake City, where the funds are centrally managed. It is estimated that about ten percent of its funding also comes from income on its investments, mostly direct investments. Fast offerings donations are used to assist both church members and non-members in need. As part of the church 's welfare program, the funds may be used to stock a local Bishop 's Storehouse or food bank to assist in caring for those in need. Use of funds ( edit ) The LDS Church uses most of its financial resources to construct and maintain buildings and other facilities. The church also spends its funds on providing social welfare and relief and supporting missionary, educational, and other church - sponsored programs. and mission presidents, who serve full - time in these capacities, can receive compensation from the church in the form of housing, living allowances, and other benefits while they are on assignment. No funds are provided for services rendered. Construction of facilities ( edit ) The LDS Church builds additional chapels ( structures used for weekly worship and for baptisms ) and temples ( structures used for eternal marriage and ordinances ) as wards and branches of the church are organized. On average, the church builds a little more than one chapel a day. The church built about 40 smaller temples between 1998 and 2001. There are 157 operating temples ( which includes 2 previously dedicated, but closed for renovation ), 12 under construction, and 13 announced ( not yet under construction ). ( See List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints. ) Maintenance of facilities ( edit ) The LDS Church pays to maintain its chapels and temples around the world. These costs include repairs, utilities, grounds maintenance, and specialized custodial work. Members also assist with cleaning local chapels by providing general custodial work. These facilities are cost - centers for the church, and maintaining them represents a significant use of the church 's funds. The materials used in church classes and the budgets to run activities and other things done by the various congregations of the church are also centrally funded. It also funds the printing and distribution of manuals for classes, and funds all congregational activities through centralized budgeting. Social welfare and relief ( edit ) The LDS Church operates a welfare distribution system, as it encourages members to seek financial assistance from family and the church first before seeking public or state - sponsored welfare. AgReserves Inc., Deseret Cattle and Citrus Ranch, and Farmland Reserve, Inc. are part of its welfare distribution system. Welfare resources are distributed by local bishops but maintained by the Presiding Bishopric. See Preparedness. It also sends relief aid to victims of earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes and other natural disasters around the world. The relief effort has been recognized through many organizations and political leaders, including the United States leaders in reaction to the Hurricane Katrina relief effort by the church. Education ( edit ) The LDS Church uses donations to support all, or part, of the Church Educational System ( CES ). As part of CES, the church owns, operates, and subsidizes education at Brigham Young University, BYU -- Idaho, BYU -- Hawaii, and LDS Business College. These four institutions of higher education provide religious education, for both church members and those of other faiths, in addition to regular university and college - level degree programs. CES also includes the seminary program for secondary students ( typically, ages 14 -- 18 ), and institutes of religion for post-secondary students and adult learners. In 2011, approximately 730,000 individuals were enrolled in seminary and institute programs in 147 countries. CES courses of study are separate from religious instruction provided through church congregations. The church also operates a handful of elementary and secondary schools in the Pacific Islands and Mexico. Other programs ( edit ) The LDS Church also spends tithing funds collected on missionary, youth, and other programs which the church considers to be within its mission. Although the families of LDS missionaries ( usually young men ages 18 -- 25 or young women above age 19 ) generally pay US $400 a month for missions, additional general funds of the church support missionaries unable to pay for their own missions. Church members may donate to assist in supporting these missionaries. Additionally, the church provides a mission office and mission home for each of its 405 missions and pays for television advertising offering free copies of the Book of Mormon, the Bible, and church - produced videos and DVDs. The cost of printing or producing these materials is covered by the church and the materials are distributed for free. Throughout the world, it also supports Scouting programs for young men and a youth organization for young women. Volunteer labor ( edit ) The LDS Church tempers its cash expenses through the use of volunteer labor. In 1995, the church 's human resources department estimated that the 96,484 volunteers serving at the time contributed services having an annual value of $360 million. This data did not include those serving as full - time church missionaries. Assets ( edit ) Time magazine estimated in 1996 that the church 's assets exceeded $30 billion. This figure represents only one side of the balance sheet and does not include current liabilities for maintenance, although the LDS Church incurs virtually no long - term liabilities. After the Time article was published, the church responded that the financial figures in the article were `` grossly exaggerated. '' Three years later, annual revenues were estimated to be $5 billion, with total assets at $25 to $30 billion. Whatever the actual figure, some estimate that about two - thirds of it is made up of non-income - producing facilities and the land they sit on, including temples and thousands of meetinghouses the church operates worldwide, as well as educational institutions, such as Brigham Young University. The remaining assets include direct investments in for - profit businesses largely managed through Deseret Management Corporation. Although the church is a tax - exempt organization, its for - profit entities generate `` unrelated business income '' that is subject to federal, state, and local income and other taxes. Officially the church states that its commercial businesses make a `` relatively small '' amount of money and are `` primarily an outgrowth of enterprises which were begun when the Church was isolated in the West. The commercial businesses owned by the Church help serve the needs of the Church in accomplishing its mission. '' Holdings include : AgReserves Inc. - the largest producer of nuts in the United States ( circa. 1997 ) Beneficial Financial Group - An insurance and financial services company with assets of $3.1 billion. Bonneville International - the 14th largest radio chain in the U.S. Deseret News - a daily Utah newspaper, second - largest in the state of Utah. Farmland Reserve Inc. - 228,000 acres ( 923 km2 ) in Nebraska, ; 51,600 acres in Osage County, Oklahoma ; and over 670,000 acres ( 1,046 mi2 ) in Florida ( dba Deseret Cattle and Citrus ). Hawaii Reserves, Inc. - Miscellaneous church holdings in Hawaii. When combined with the Polynesian Cultural Center ( the leading paid visitor attraction in Hawaii ) and Brigham Young University - Hawaii, LDS Church - related entities generated revenue of $260 million for the Hawaii economy in 2005. See also ( edit ) Book : Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Deseret Industries Deseret Manufacturing Company Utah Property Management Associates Utah - Idaho Sugar Company Zions Bancorporation Zion 's Central Board of Trade LDS Charities Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Biema, David Van. ( August 4, 1997 ). `` Kingdom Come ''. 150 ( 5 ). Time Magazine. Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 02. With unusual cooperation from the Latter - day Saints hierarchy ( which provided some financial figures and a rare look at LDS church businesses ), TIME has been able to quantify the LDS church 's extraordinary financial vibrancy. Its current assets total a minimum of $30 billion. Jump up ^ Hinckley, Gordon B. `` Questions and Answers - Gordon B. Hinckley ''. LDS Church. Jump up ^ Hines, Alice ( 22 March 2012 ). `` What Would Jesus Buy Here? ''. Jump up ^ Stack, Peggy Fletcher. `` Order to release financial data has LDS Church, courts on collision course ''. Salt Lake Tribune. July 13, 2007. Accessed 13 July 2007. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ( 2 ) - provided by the Charity Commission based on the Charities Act Jump up ^ `` Charities Listings - Basic search results ''. Jump up ^ `` Why Deseret Trust Company? '' http://www.lds.org/deserettrust/why.html. Accessed 15 May 2007. Jump up ^ Belo Corp Form 8 - K. `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 30. Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 04... Accessed 16 May 2007. Jump up ^ `` Financial Planning ''. finserve.byu.edu. http://finserve.byu.edu/files/archives/Handouts/November%202005/Finance%20Section%20Draft%207-Without%20Requirements.doc. Accessed 16 May 2007. Jump up ^ `` Finance ''. accredit.byu.edu. See page 9 of pdf document available at http://accredit.byu.edu/resources/selfstudy/Standard_7.pdf?lms=30. Accessed 16 May 2007. ^ Jump up to : Taylor, Samuel W. ( 1978 ). Rocky Mountain Empire : The Later - Day Saints Today. NY : Macmillan Pub. Co., Inc., 1978, p. 65 - 69. Jump up ^ `` Lorenzo Snow ''. http://historyofmormonism.com/2008/07/08/lorenzo_snow/ Accessed 2013 - 04 - 03. ^ Jump up to : Hinckley, Gordon B. `` Of Missions, Temples, and Stewardship ''. Ensign. November 1995, p. 51. Jump up ^ Godfrey, Matthew C. ( 2007 ). Religion, politics, and sugar : the Mormon Church, the federal government, and the Utah - Idaho Sugar Company, 1907 - 1921. Lehi, Utah : Utah State University Press. pp. 42 -- 43. ISBN 0 - 87421 - 658 - 3. OCLC 74988178. Jump up ^ Quinn, D. Michael. `` The Mormon ' Baseball Baptism ' Era ''. Retrieved 22 November 2015. Jump up ^ Prince, Gregory A. ; Wright, William Robert ( 2005 ). David O. McKay and the Rise of Modern Mormonism. University of Utah Press. ISBN 0 - 87480 - 822 - 7. Jump up ^ Barnett, Cynthia. `` The Church 's Ranch ''. Florida Trend Archives. December 2001. Jump up ^ `` President Howard W. Hunter : The Lord 's `` Good and Faithful Servant ''. Retrieved 22 April 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Church Finances -- Commercial Businesses ''. Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03. Jump up ^ Edgley, Richard ; Edling, Wilford G. `` Finances of the Church ''. In Daniel H. Ludlow. Encyclopedia of Mormonism. 2. New York : Macmillan. pp. 507 -- 9. Jump up ^ `` Commentary : The Church and Its Financial Independence '', MormonNewsroom.org, LDS Church, 12 July 2012 Jump up ^ Nadauld, Stephen D. ( 1992 ). `` Financial Contribution ''. In Ludlow, Daniel H. Encyclopedia of Mormonism. New York : Macmillan Publishing. pp. 509 -- 510. ISBN 0 - 02 - 879602 - 0. OCLC 24502140. Jump up ^ Day, Gerald J. ( 1992 ). `` Mission President ''. In Ludlow, Daniel H. Encyclopedia of Mormonism. New York : Macmillan Publishing. pp. 914 -- 915. ISBN 0 - 02 - 879602 - 0. OCLC 24502140. Jump up ^ Hinckley, Gordon B. `` The Widow 's Mite ''. BYU Speeches. 17 September 1985. Jump up ^ `` Budget allowance - LDSTech ''. Jump up ^ Haight, David B. `` The Stake President 's Role in Welfare Services - Ensign Nov. 1978 - ensign ''. Jump up ^ Seminaries and Institutes of Religion Annual Report for 2012 ( PDF ), LDS Church Jump up ^ `` Mormon church earns $7 billion a year from tithing, analysis indicates ''. CNN. Jump up ^ Acts of Faith : 2005 The News & Observer Jump up ^ `` History of Scouting in the Church ''. Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 07. Jump up ^ Hinckley, Gordon B. ( November 1997 ). `` Latter - day Saints in Very Deed ''. Ensign. 27 ( 11 ) : 85. Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03. A recent magazine article praised us as a well - run financial institution of great wealth. It grossly exaggerated the figures. Jump up ^ Ostling, Richard and Joan. Mormon America. pp. 395 -- 400. ISBN 0 - 06 - 066371 - 5. Jump up ^ There are 157 operating temples ( which includes 2 previously dedicated, but closed for renovation ), 12 under construction, and 13 announced ( not yet under construction ). Jump up ^ Financial Information. beneficialfinancialgroup.com. Beneficial Financial Group. Retrieved on 2006 - 01 - 25. Jump up ^ Deseret News Publishing Company is a Subsidiary of Deseret Management Corporation a for - profit corporation affiliated with the Church ( 3 ). Jump up ^ Duggan, Joe, Mormon land holdings rise. Lincoln Journal Star 2004 - 10 - 03. Jump up ^ 2008 Osage County Plat Book, Osage County Conservation District Jump up ^ Deseret Cattle and Citrus Ranch east of Orlando, Florida is the world 's largest beef ranch, and the land is worth an estimated $858 million. ( Biema, 1997 ) Jump up ^ History from Polynesian Cultural Center website Jump up ^ Pacific Business News ( Honolulu ), 6 March 2007. Mormon entities contribute $173 M to economy. Accessed 2013 - 04 - 03. Further reading ( edit ) Arrington, Leonard J. ( 1992 ). `` Economic History of the Church ''. In Ludlow, Daniel H. Encyclopedia of Mormonism. New York : Macmillan Publishing. pp. 435 -- 441. ISBN 0 - 02 - 879602 - 0. OCLC 24502140. Edgley, Richard ; Edling, Wilford G. ( 1992 ). `` Finances of the Church ''. In Ludlow, Daniel H. Encyclopedia of Mormonism. New York : Macmillan Publishing. pp. 507 -- 509. ISBN 0 - 02 - 879602 - 0. Winter, Caroline ( July 18, 2012 ). `` How the Mormons Make Money ''. Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 21. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints History Joseph Smith death succession crisis Anthon Transcript Incorporation First Vision Brigham Young Handcart companies Mormon Battalion Name of the church Pioneers 1890 Manifesto Good Neighbor policy Statistical membership Mormonism and violence Historic sites Sacred texts Bible : King James Version, Joseph Smith Translation Book of Mormon Doctrine and Covenants Pearl of Great Price Book of Moses Book of Abraham Joseph Smith -- Matthew Joseph Smith -- History Articles of Faith Beliefs and practices Apostasy and restoration Calling Family Home Evening Fast Sunday For the Strength of Youth God in Mormonism Home teaching Marriage Celestial Ordinances Plan of Salvation Priesthood Revelation Sexuality `` The Family : A Proclamation to the World '' Word of Wisdom Culture and worship Brigham Young University LDS cinema ( Films ) Cultural depictions Deseret Book Deseret Industries Especially for Youth General Conference Hymns LDS Humanitarian Services Missionary service Mormons Mormon Channel Mormon music Mormon Tabernacle Choir Pageants Sunday School Temples Worship services Organization Church Educational System FamilySearch Finances Primary Relief Society Young Men Young Women Leadership President List Thomas S. Monson First Presidency Quorum of the Twelve Apostles Presiding Bishop Quorums of the Seventy Criticism Anti-Mormonism Blacks and the church Book of Mormon Archeology Genetics Historical authenticity Linguistics Origin Homosexuals and the church Mountain Meadows massacre MormonLeaks Polygamy Salamander letter September Six Other related articles Bloggernacle FairMormon Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies I 'm a Mormon Mormon fundamentalism Mormon studies Mormonism and Christianity Mormonism and women Books LDS Church small LDS Church big Standard works Book of Mormon Joseph Smith Pearl of Great Price Mormon Texts Temples Ordinances Presidents History Culture Criticism LDS Church portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finances_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints&oldid=786819579 '' Categories : Properties of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Latter Day Saint doctrines, beliefs, and practices Economy and Christianity Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2013 Articles needing more detailed references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 June 2017, at 19 : 45. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Finances of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Finances_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints&amp;oldid=786819579" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "6793158469426419769" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Common carotid artery - wikipedia Common carotid artery Jump to : navigation, search `` Carotid '' and `` carotids '' redirect here. For the parotids ( salivary glands ), see Parotid gland. Common carotid artery The common carotid artery arises directly from the aorta on the left, and as a branch of the brachiocephalic trunk on the right The common carotid artery and its main branches Details Precursor aortic arch 3 Source aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery Branches internal carotid artery, external carotid artery Vein internal jugular vein Supplies head and neck Identifiers Latin Arteria carotis communis MeSH D017536 TA A12. 2.04. 006 FMA 3939 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) In anatomy, the left and right common carotid arteries ( carotids ) ( English : / kəˈrɒtɪd / ) are arteries that supply the head and neck with oxygenated blood ; they divide in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries. Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 In the chest 1.2 In the neck 2 Collateral circulation 3 Variation 3.1 Origin 3.2 Point of division 3.3 Occasional branches 4 Clinical significance 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) The common carotid arteries are present on the left and right sides of the body. These arteries originate from different arteries, but follow symmetrical courses. The right common carotid originates in the neck from the brachiocephalic trunk ; the left from the aortic arch in the thorax. These split into the external and internal carotid arteries at the upper border of the thyroid cartilage, at around the level of the fourth cervical vertebra. The left common carotid artery can be thought of as having two parts : a thoracic ( chest ) part and a cervical ( neck ) part. The right common carotid originates in or close to the neck, so contains only a small thoracic portion. There are studies in the bioengineering literature that have looked into characterizing the geometric structure of the common carotid artery from both qualitative and mathematical ( quantitative ) standpoints. The average diameters of the common carotids in adult males and females are 6.5 mm and 6.1 mm respectively. In the chest ( edit ) Only the left common carotid artery has a substantial presence in the thorax. It originates directly from the aortic arch, and travels upward through the superior mediastinum to the level of the left sternoclavicular joint. During the thoracic part of its course, the left common carotid artery is related to the following structures : In front, it is separated from the manubrium of the sternum by the sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles, the anterior portions of the left pleura and lung, the left brachiocephalic vein, and the remains of the thymus ; behind, it lies on the trachea, esophagus, left recurrent laryngeal nerve, and thoracic duct. To its right side below is the brachiocephalic trunk, and above, the trachea, the inferior thyroid veins, and the remains of the thymus ; to its left side are the left vagus and phrenic nerves, left pleura, and lung. The left subclavian artery is posterior and slightly lateral to it. In the neck ( edit ) Arteries of the neck. The right common carotid artery -- labeled Common caroti in the figure -- divides into the right internal carotid artery and external carotid artery. The cervical portions of the common carotids resemble each other so closely that one description will apply to both. Each vessel passes obliquely upward, from behind the sternoclavicular joint to the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage, where it divides. At the lower neck the two common carotid arteries are separated from each other by a very narrow interval which contains the trachea ; but at the upper part, the thyroid gland, the larynx and pharynx separate the two arteries. The common carotid artery is contained in a sheath known as the carotid sheath, which is derived from the deep cervical fascia and encloses also the internal jugular vein and vagus nerve, the vein lying lateral to the artery, and the nerve between the artery and vein, on a plane posterior to both. On opening the sheath, each of these three structures is seen to have a separate fibrous cover. At approximately the level of the fourth cervical vertebra, the common carotid artery splits ( `` bifurcates '' in literature ) into an internal carotid artery ( ICA ) and an external carotid artery ( ECA ). While both branches travel upward, the internal carotid takes a deeper ( more internal ) path, eventually travelling up into the skull to supply the brain. The external carotid artery travels more closely to the surface, and sends off numerous branches that supply the neck and face. Superficial dissection of the right side of the neck, showing the carotid and subclavian arteries. At the lower part of the neck the common carotid artery is very deeply seated, being covered by the integument, superficial fascia, the platysma muscle, deep cervical fascia, the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and the omohyoid ; in the upper part of its course it is more superficial, being covered merely by the integument, the superficial fascia, the platysma, deep cervical fascia, and medial margin of the sternocleidomastoid. When the sternocleidomastoid muscle is drawn backward, the artery is seen to be contained in a triangular space known as the carotid triangle. This space is bounded behind by the sternocleidomastoid, above by the stylohyoid and the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, and below by the superior belly of the omohyoid. This part of the artery is crossed obliquely, from its medial to its lateral side, by the sternocleidomastoid branch of the superior thyroid artery ; it is also crossed by the superior and middle thyroid veins ( which end in the internal jugular vein ) ; descending in front of its sheath is the descending branch of the hypoglossal nerve, this filament being joined by one or two branches from the cervical nerves, which cross the vessel obliquely. Sometimes the descending branch of the hypoglossal nerve is contained within the sheath. The superior thyroid vein crosses the artery near its termination, and the middle thyroid vein a little below the level of the cricoid cartilage ; the anterior jugular vein crosses the artery just above the clavicle, but is separated from it by the sternohyoid and sternothyroid. Behind, the artery is separated from the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae by the longus colli and longus capitis muscles, the sympathetic trunk being interposed between it and the muscles. The inferior thyroid artery crosses behind the lower part of the vessel. Medially, it is in relation with the esophagus, trachea, and thyroid gland ( which overlaps it ), the inferior thyroid artery and recurrent laryngeal nerve being interposed ; higher up, with the larynx and pharynx. Lateral to the artery, inside the carotid sheath with the common carotid, are the internal jugular vein and vagus nerve. At the lower part of the neck, on the right side of the body, the right recurrent laryngeal nerve crosses obliquely behind the artery ; the right internal jugular vein diverges from the artery. On the left side, however, the left internal jugular vein approaches and often overlaps the lower part of the artery. Behind the angle of bifurcation of the common carotid artery is a reddish - brown oval body known as the carotid body. It is similar in structure to the coccygeal body which is situated on the median sacral artery. The relations of the cervical region of the common carotid artery may be discussed in two points : Internal relations of organs present inside the carotid sheath two external relations of carotid sheath Collateral circulation ( edit ) After ligature of the common carotid, the collateral circulation can be perfectly established, by the free communication which exists between the carotid arteries of opposite sides, both without and within the cranium, and by enlargement of the branches of the subclavian artery on the side corresponding to that on which the vessel has been tied. The chief communications outside the skull take place between the superior and inferior thyroid arteries, and the deep cervical artery and the descending branch of the occipital artery ; the vertebral artery takes the place of the internal carotid artery within the cranium. Variation ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) The right common carotid may arise above the level of the upper border of the sternoclavicular joint ; this variation occurs in about 12 percent of cases. In other cases the artery on the right side may arise as a separate branch from the arch of the aorta, or in conjunction with the left carotid. The left common carotid varies in its origin more than the right. In the majority of abnormal cases it arises with the brachiocephalic trunk ; if that artery is absent, the two carotids arise usually by a single trunk. It is rarely joined with the left subclavian artery, except in cases of transposition of the aortic arch. Point of division ( edit ) In the majority of abnormal cases, the bifurcation occurs higher than usual, the artery dividing opposite or even above the hyoid bone ; more rarely, it occurs below, opposite the middle of the larynx, or the lower border of the cricoid cartilage. In at least one reported case, the artery was only 4 cm in length and divided at the root of the neck. Very rarely, the common carotid artery ascends in the neck without any subdivision, either the external or the internal carotid being absent ; and in a few cases the common carotid has itself been found to be absent, the external and internal carotids arising directly from the arch of the aorta. This peculiarity existed on both sides in some instances, on one side in others. Occasional branches ( edit ) The common carotid usually gives off no branch previous to its bifurcation, but it occasionally gives origin to the superior thyroid artery or its laryngeal branch, the ascending pharyngeal artery, the inferior thyroid artery, or, more rarely, the vertebral artery. Clinical significance ( edit ) The common carotid artery is often used in measuring the pulse, especially in patients who are in shock and who lack a detectable pulse in the more peripheral arteries of the body. The pulse is taken by palpating the artery just deep to the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage. Presence of a carotid pulse has been estimated to indicate a systolic blood pressure of more than 40 mmHg, as given by the 50 % percentile. Carotidynia is a syndrome marked by soreness of the carotid artery near the bifurcation. Carotid stenosis may occur in patients with atherosclerosis. The intima - media thickness of the carotid artery wall is a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, it increases with age and with long - term exposure to particulate air pollution. Gallery ( edit ) Magnetic Resonance Angiography Normal carotidal arteriography Common carotid artery Common carotid artery -- right view Brachial plexus and common carotid artery Common carotid artery Common carotid artery Right and left common carotid arteries See also ( edit ) Head and neck anatomy Carotid sheath Carotid sinus Carotid body Carotid Doppler machine Carotidynia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ OED 2nd edition, 1989. Jump up ^ Entry `` carotid '' in Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary. ^ Jump up to : Ashrafian H. Anatomically specific clinical examination of the carotid arterial tree. Anat Sci Int. 2007 Mar ; 82 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 23. ^ Jump up to : Manbachi, A., Hoi, Y., Wasserman, B.A. Lakatta, E.G. and Steinman. D.A. ( November 2011 ). `` On the shape of the common carotid artery with implications for blood velocity profiles ''. Physiol. Meas. 32 ( 12 ) : 1885 -- 1897. doi : 10.1088 / 0967 - 3334 / 32 / 12 / 001. PMC 3494738. PMID 22031538. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ J. Krejza ; M. Arkuszewski ; S. Kasner ; J. Weigele ; A. Ustymowicz ; R. Hurst ; B. Cucchiara ; S. Messe ( April 2006 ). `` Carotid Artery Diameter in Men and Women and the Relation to Body and Neck Size ''. Stroke. 37 ( 4 ) : 1103 -- 1105. doi : 10.1161 / 01. STR. 0000206440.48756. f7. PMID 16497983. Jump up ^ Deakin CD, Low JL ( September 2000 ). `` Accuracy of the advanced trauma life support guidelines for predicting systolic blood pressure using carotid, femoral, and radial pulses : observational study ''. BMJ. 321 ( 7262 ) : 673 -- 4. doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 321.7262. 673. PMC 27481. PMID 10987771. Jump up ^ Provost, E ; Madhloum, N ; Int Panis, L ; De Boever, P ; Nawrot, T ( 2015 ). `` Carotid Intima - Media Thickness, a Marker of Subclinical Atherosclerosis, and Particulate Air Pollution Exposure : the Meta - Analytical Evidence ''. PLOS ONE. 10 ( 5 ) : e0127014. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0127014. PMC 4430520. PMID 25970426. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Common carotid artery. Anatomy figure : 21 : 06 - 01 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center Blood flow numerical simulations in stenosed carotid ( hide ) Arteries of the torso and chest Lungs Pulmonary artery Right Left ( Ligamentum arteriosum ) Heart Coronary circulation Right coronary : SA nodal AV nodal Atrial Right marginal Posterior interventricular Left coronary : Anterior interventricular Left circumflex ( Left marginal ) Aorta Sections Ascending aorta Aortic arch Descending aorta Thoracic aorta Abdominal aorta Aortic body Aortic arch Brachiocephalic Thyreoidea ima Right subclavian Right common carotid Left common carotid External carotid Internal carotid Carotid body Carotid sinus Carotid bifurcation Left subclavian Internal thoracic : Anterior intercostal Thymic Pericardiacophrenic Perforating branches terminal ( Musculophrenic, superior epigastric ) Costocervical trunk : Highest intercostal ( Posterior intercostal 1 -- 2 ) Deep cervical Descending aorta visceral : Bronchial Esophageal Mediastinal parietal : Posterior intercostal 3 -- 11 Subcostal Superior phrenic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_carotid_artery&oldid=825173901 '' Categories : Arteries of the head and neck Arteries of the thorax Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Anatomy NAV infobox with use of other NAV parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Саха тыла Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018, at 22 : 27. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Common carotid artery", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Common_carotid_artery&amp;oldid=825173901" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ ", brachiocephalic artery Branches internal carotid artery, external carotid artery Vein internal jugular vein Supplies head and neck Identifiers Latin Arteria carotis communis MeSH D017536 TA A12. 2.04. 006 FMA 3939 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) In anatomy, the left and right common carotid arteries ( carotids ) ( English : / kəˈrɒtɪd / ) are arteries that supply the head and neck with oxygenated blood ; they divide in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries. Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 In the chest 1.2 In the neck 2 Collateral circulation 3 Variation 3.1 Origin 3.2 Point of division 3.3 Occasional branches 4 Clinical significance 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) The common carotid arteries are present on the left and right sides of the body. These arteries originate from different arteries, but follow symmetrical courses. The right common carotid" ], "id": [ "15263248190960426322" ], "short_answers": [ "the neck" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Do n't Go Breaking My Heart - wikipedia Do n't Go Breaking My Heart For other uses, see Do n't Go Breaking My Heart ( disambiguation ). `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' Single cover Single by Elton John and Kiki Dee B - side `` Snow Queen '' Released 21 June 1976 Recorded March 1976 Genre Pop Length 4 : 28 Label Rocket ( UK ) MCA ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Ann Orson ( Elton John ) Carte Blanche ( Bernie Taupin ) Producer ( s ) Gus Dudgeon Elton John singles chronology `` Love Song '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( 1976 ) `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' ( 1976 ) `` Love Song '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( 1976 ) `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' ( 1976 ) Kiki Dee singles chronology `` Once a Fool '' ( 1975 ) Once a Fool1975 `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( 1976 ) Do n't Go Breaking My Heart1976 `` First Thing in the Morning '' ( 1977 ) First Thing in the Morning1977 Music video `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' on YouTube `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' is a duet by Elton John and Kiki Dee. It was written by Elton John with Bernie Taupin under the pseudonyms `` Ann Orson '' and `` Carte Blanche '', respectively, and intended as an affectionate pastiche of the Motown style, notably the various duets recorded by Marvin Gaye and singers such as Tammi Terrell and Kim Weston. It is not to be confused with the Burt Bacharach / Hal David song of the same title recorded in 1965 by Dionne Warwick for the album Here I Am. John and Taupin originally intended to record the song with Dusty Springfield, but ultimately withdrew the offer ; Springfield 's partner Sue Cameron later said this was because she was too ill at the time. Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 2 Availability 3 Personnel 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Weekly singles charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Sales and certifications 5 References 6 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Writers John and Taupin received the 1976 Ivor Novello award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically. Unlike many of John 's singles from the 1970s, it was never included on an original album ( although it was recorded during the Blue Moves sessions ), but was subsequently released as the third single on the album Duets, in early 1994. This version of the song was recorded with RuPaul, and reached # 7 on the UK charts, and the album included another duet with Kiki Dee, Cole Porter 's `` True Love '', which reached # 2 on the UK Charts. `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' was the first No. 1 single in the UK for both John and Kiki Dee, topping the chart for six weeks in mid 1976. John would not enjoy a solo British chart - topper until `` Sacrifice '' in 1990. It also became his sixth No. 1 single in the US, topping the Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks and spent one week on the Easy Listening chart. Billboard ranked it as the No. 2 song for 1976. In the U.S. it has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. After this duet with Dee, John failed to have another solo number one single until `` Candle in the Wind 1997 ''. This 21 - year period included two intervening number one hits in America with musical partners : `` That 's What Friends Are For '' by Dionne & Friends in 1986, and a 1992 re-make of John 's `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' with George Michael credited as a duet. The B - side, `` Snow Queen '', was supposedly inspired by Cher, with John quoting past Sonny & Cher hits `` I Got You Babe '' and `` The Beat Goes On '', as well as the solo Cher song `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' during the fadeout of the song. In 1977, John guest starred on The Muppet Show and performed the track with Miss Piggy. In 1985, John and Dee performed the track to the crowd at Wembley Stadium during John 's set at Live Aid ( where Dee sang backup ). In 1987, John appeared with Minnie Mouse on the NBC series Totally Minnie miming to the track. He performed the track with Alan Partridge ( Steve Coogan ) at the 2001 British Comedy awards. He also performed it with the Spice Girls on his ITV tribute programme An Audience with... Elton John. In June 2013, 37 years after its original release, the single reached one million sales in the UK. Availability ( edit ) The song can be found on Elton John 's Greatest Hits Volume II ( 1977 ) and Greatest Hits 1976 -- 1986 ; the 1995 UK CD of Rock of the Westies includes it as a bonus track ( the US edition did not, however ). In 2002, it also appeared on John 's 2 - disc greatest hits album, Elton John 's Greatest Hits 1970 - 2002. A demo version of the song was recorded by John as a solo artist. This version has not been released commercially. The B - side, `` Snow Queen '', has not seen any re-release since being issued on the single. Personnel ( edit ) Elton John -- piano, vocals Kiki Dee -- vocals James Newton Howard -- Fender Rhodes electric piano, orchestral arrangements Davey Johnstone -- electric guitars Kenny Passarelli -- bass Roger Pope -- drums Ray Cooper - tambourine, congas, bongos Curt Boettcher, Kiki Dee, Cindy Bullens - backing vocals Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada ( Steede Report ) Canada ( RPM ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 South Africa ( RISA ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary Zimbabwe Singles ( ZIMA ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Australia ( KMR ) 5 Canada ( RPM ) New Zealand UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Easy Listening 23 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 1,000,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bartlett, Karen. Dusty -- An Intimate Portrait of a Musical Legend. Jump up ^ Lister, David ( 28 May 1994 ). `` Pop ballads bite back in lyrical fashion ''. The Independent. London, England : Newspaper Publishing. Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel ( 2002 ). Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 2001. Record Research. p. 128. ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard, 25 December 1976 ( '' Billboard 's Annual Talent in Action ``, Pop Singles of 1976 ) ''. books.google.com. Google Books. Retrieved August 22, 2016. Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Go Breaking My Heart ''. Recording Industry Association of America. Jump up ^ Pakinkis, Tom ( 28 June 2013 ). `` Elton, Sheeran and Andre join million - sellers club in the UK ''. Music Week. London, England : Intent Media. Retrieved 16 June 2014. ^ Jump up to : Lane, Daniel ( 27 June 2013 ). `` Daft Punk 's Get Lucky becomes one of the UK 's biggest selling singles of all - time! ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 June 2014. ^ Jump up to : Kent, David ( 1993 ). Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992. St Ives, New South Wales, Australia : Australian Chart Book. ISBN 978 - 0 - 646 - 11917 - 5. Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Elton John & Kiki Dee -- Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( in German ). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Elton John & Kiki Dee -- Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( in Dutch ). Ultratop 50. Jump up ^ * Lwin, Nanda Top 40 Hits : The Essential Chart Guide. Mississauga, ON : Music Data Canada, 2000 Jump up ^ `` RPM Top Singles, August 21, 1976 ''. RPM, Vol. 25 No. 21. Canada : Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 16 June 2014. Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Elton John & Kiki Dee '' ( in Dutch ). Dutch Top 40. Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Elton John & Kiki Dee -- Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( in French ). Les classement single. Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Elton John & Kiki Dee Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Do n't Go Breaking My Heart ''. Irish Singles Chart. Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Elton John & Kiki Dee -- Do n't Go Breaking My Heart ''. Top Digital Download. Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Elton John & Kiki Dee -- Do n't Go Breaking My Heart ''. Top 40 Singles. Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Elton John & Kiki Dee -- Do n't Go Breaking My Heart ''. VG - lista. Jump up ^ `` '' Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' on the South African Singles Chart ``. Springbok Radio. Retrieved 25 September 2010. Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Elton John & Kiki Dee -- Do n't Go Breaking My Heart ''. Singles Top 100. Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Elton John & Kiki Dee -- Do n't Go Breaking My Heart ''. Swiss Singles Chart. Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` Elton John Chart History ( Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel ( 1993 ). Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993. Record Research. p. 122. Jump up ^ * Zimbabwe. Kimberley, C. Zimbabwe : singles chart book. Harare : C. Kimberley, 2000 Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 26, No. 14 & 15, January 08 1977 ''. RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved March 13, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1976 The Official New Zealand Music Chart ''. Nztop40.co.nz. 1963 - 12 - 08. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11. Jump up ^ Hunter, Nigel, ed. ( 1977 ). `` Top 100 Singles 1976 ''. BPI YearBook 1977 ( 2nd ed. ). British Phonographic Industry. pp. 216 -- 18. ISBN 0 - 906154 - 00 - 6. Jump up ^ Top 50 Adult Contemporary Hits of 1976 Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Elton John -- Do n't Go Breaking My Heart ''. Music Canada. Retrieved 22 November 2012. Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Elton John / Kiki Dee -- Do n't Go Breaking My Heart ''. British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 16 June 2014. Select singles in the Format field. Select Gold in the Certification field. Enter Do n't Go Breaking My Heart in the search field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Elton John & Kiki Dee -- Do n't Go Breaking My Heart ''. Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 11 May 2018. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' by The Manhattans Billboard Hot 100 number - one single 7 August 1976 -- 28 August 1976 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` You Should Be Dancing '' by Bee Gees Preceded by `` The Roussos Phenomenon EP '' by Demis Roussos UK number - one single 24 July 1976 -- 28 August 1976 ( six weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dancing Queen '' by ABBA Preceded by `` S-S-S - Single Bed '' by Fox Australian Kent Music Report number - one single 30 August 1976 ( one week ) Preceded by `` Summer '' by War Billboard Easy Listening Singles number - one single 11 September 1976 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' by Olivia Newton - John hide Elton John songs 1960s and 1970s `` Skyline Pigeon '' ( 1968 ) `` I 've Been Loving You '' ( 1968 ) `` Lady Samantha '' ( 1969 ) `` It 's Me That You Need '' ( 1969 ) `` Border Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Rock and Roll Madonna '' ( 1970 ) `` From Denver to L.A. '' ( 1970 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1970 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Friends '' ( 1971 ) `` Levon '' ( 1971 ) `` Tiny Dancer '' ( 1972 ) `` Rocket Man '' ( 1972 ) `` Honky Cat '' ( 1972 ) `` I Think I 'm Going to Kill Myself '' ( 1972 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters '' ( 1972 ) `` Crocodile Rock '' ( 1972 ) `` Elderberry Wine '' ( 1972 ) `` Daniel '' ( 1972 ) `` Teacher I Need You '' ( 1973 ) `` Funeral for a Friend / Love Lies Bleeding '' ( 1973 ) `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' ( 1973 ) `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' ( 1973 ) `` Step into Christmas '' ( 1973 ) `` Candle in the Wind '' ( 1974 ) `` Bennie and the Jets '' ( 1974 ) `` Harmony '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1974 ) `` The Bitch Is Back '' ( 1974 ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ( 1974 ) `` Philadelphia Freedom '' ( 1975 ) `` I Saw Her Standing There '' ( 1975 ) `` Someone Saved My Life Tonight '' ( 1975 ) `` Island Girl '' ( 1975 ) `` Grow Some Funk of Your Own '' ( 1976 ) `` I Feel Like a Bullet ( In the Gun of Robert Ford ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Pinball Wizard '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( 1976 ) `` Cage the Songbird '' ( 1976 ) `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' ( 1976 ) `` Bite Your Lip ( Get Up and Dance! ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Crazy Water '' ( 1977 ) `` The Goaldiggers Song '' ( 1977 ) `` Ego '' ( 1978 ) `` Part - Time Love '' ( 1978 ) `` Song for Guy '' ( 1978 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Mama Ca n't Buy You Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Johnny B. Goode '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Little Jeannie '' ( 1980 ) `` Sartorial Eloquence ( Do n't Ya Wanna Play This Game No More? ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Dear God '' ( 1980 ) `` Whatever Gets You thru the Night '' ( 1981 ) `` Nobody Wins '' ( 1981 ) `` Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever '' ( with Kiki Dee, 1981 ) `` Blue Eyes '' ( 1982 ) `` Empty Garden ( Hey Hey Johnny ) '' ( 1982 ) `` Ball and Chain '' ( 1982 ) `` All Quiet on the Western Front '' ( 1982 ) `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' ( 1983 ) `` I 'm Still Standing '' ( 1983 ) `` Sad Songs ( Say So Much ) '' ( 1984 ) `` Passengers '' ( 1984 ) `` Nikita '' ( 1985 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1985 ) `` Wrap Her Up '' ( 1985 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1988 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Go on with You Like That '' ( 1988 ) `` Town of Plenty '' ( 1988 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters ( Part Two ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Healing Hands '' ( 1989 ) `` Sacrifice '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Club at the End of the Street '' ( 1990 ) `` You Gotta Love Someone '' ( 1990 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1991 ) `` The One '' ( 1992 ) `` Runaway Train '' ( 1992 ) `` The Last Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Simple Life '' ( 1993 ) `` True Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Shakey Ground '' ( 1994 ) `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' ( 1994 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' ( 1994 ) `` Circle of Life '' ( 1994 ) `` Believe '' ( 1995 ) `` Made in England '' ( 1995 ) `` When the Money 's Gone '' ( 1995 ) `` You Can Make History ( Young Again ) '' ( 1996 ) `` The Madness of King Scar '' ( 1997 ) `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' ( 1997 ) `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' ( 1997 ) `` Written in the Stars '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` I Want Love '' ( 2001 ) `` This Train Do n't Stop There Anymore '' ( 2002 ) `` Original Sin '' ( 2002 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 2003 ) `` Ghetto Gospel '' ( 2005 ) `` Electricity '' ( 2005 ) `` The Bridge '' ( 2006 ) `` Joseph, Better You than Me '' ( 2008 ) `` Tiny Dancer ( Hold Me Closer ) '' ( 2009 ) Related articles Albums discography Videography Book : Elton John Category : Elton John hide Kiki Dee Studio albums Loving and Free ( 1973 ) Perfect Timing ( 1981 ) Songs `` ( You Do n't Know ) How Glad I Am '' `` Amoureuse '' `` I 've Got the Music in Me '' `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' `` True Love '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Go_Breaking_My_Heart&oldid=843115116 '' Categories : 1976 singles Songs with music by Elton John Songs with lyrics by Bernie Taupin Elton John songs Kiki Dee songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Vocal duets Song recordings produced by Gus Dudgeon The Rocket Record Company singles 1976 songs MCA Records singles Number - one singles in Australia RPM Top Singles number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in South Africa Hidden categories : Use British English from August 2011 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Use dmy dates from August 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018, at 00 : 16. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Don't Go Breaking My Heart", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Go_Breaking_My_Heart&amp;oldid=843115116" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Do n't Go Breaking My Heart - wikipedia Do n't Go Breaking My Heart For other uses, see Do n't Go Breaking My Heart ( disambiguation ). `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' Single cover Single by Elton John and Kiki Dee B - side `` Snow Queen '' Released 21 June 1976 Recorded March 1976 Genre Pop Length 4 : 28 Label Rocket ( UK ) MCA ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Ann Orson ( Elton John ) Carte Blanche ( Bernie Taupin ) Producer ( s ) Gus Dudgeon Elton John singles chronology `` Love Song '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( 1976 ) `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' ( 1976 )" ], "id": [ "522122949078091804" ], "short_answers": [ "21 June 1976" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Journey to the end of the night ( film ) - Wikipedia Journey to the end of the night ( film ) Journey to the End of the Night Directed by Eric Eason Produced by Richard Gladstein James Acheson Frank Demartini Written by Eric Eason Starring Brendan Fraser Mos Def Alice Braga Scott Glenn Catalina Sandino Moreno Matheus Nachtergaele Music by Elia Cmiral Cinematography Ulrich Burtin Edited by Kevin Greutert Distributed by First Look International Release date April 28, 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 28 ) ( Tribeca Film Festival ) Running time 98 minutes Country Germany, United States, Brazil Language English Portuguese Yoruba Journey to the End of the Night is a 2006 independent film directed by Eric Eason starring Brendan Fraser, Mos Def, Scott Glenn, Alice Braga and Catalina Sandino Moreno. Synopsis ( edit ) The film is set in a dark and decadent area of São Paulo, Brazil, where the exiled Americans Sinatra and his son Paul own a brothel. Paul is a compulsive gambler addicted to cocaine. Sinatra is married to a former prostitute named Angie, with whom he has a son. A Russian client is killed by his wife in their establishment, leaving behind a suitcase filled with drugs. On the night that they have scheduled a negotiation to sell the contents of the suitcase to African buyers, their go - between dies while having sex with a transvestite named Nazda. In desperation, Sinatra makes a deal with the Nigerian dishwasher of the brothel, Wemba. Wemba is to travel to the harbor of Santos, taking the place of the go - between, and make the sale to the drug dealers. In return Wemba would receive a large amount of money. Wemba accepts but while returning to his car in the harbor, he is attacked by two small - time thieves and is knocked unconscious. His lack of contact with Sinatra and Paul starts a chain - reaction of misunderstandings that lead to a tragic end. Cast ( edit ) Brendan Fraser - Paul Mos Def - Wemba Scott Glenn - Sinatra Alice Braga - Monique Catalina Sandino Moreno - Angie Ruy Polanah - The Soothsayer Matheus Nachtergaele - Nazda Gilson Adalberto Gomes - Samy Milhem Cortaz - Rodrigo Luke Denis Nolan - Lazare External links ( edit ) Journey to the End of the Night on IMDb This article about a crime thriller film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. This article related to a Brazilian film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journey_to_the_End_of_the_Night_(film)&oldid=817444852 '' Categories : 2006 films Brazilian films 2000s crime thriller films American films German films English - language films Films about prostitution Films shot in São Paulo Films scored by Elia Cmíral Crime thriller film stubs Brazilian film stubs Talk About Wikipedia فارسی Lietuvių Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017, at 12 : 06 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Journey to the End of the Night (film)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Journey_to_the_End_of_the_Night_(film)&amp;oldid=817444852" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "2202812490149730327" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Twice Upon a Time ( Doctor Who ) - wikipedia Twice Upon a Time ( Doctor Who ) Jump to : navigation, search 276 -- `` Twice Upon a Time '' Doctor Who episode Promotional image for the episode Cast Doctors Peter Capaldi ( Twelfth Doctor ) David Bradley ( First Doctor ) Jodie Whittaker ( Thirteenth Doctor ) Companion Pearl Mackie ( Bill Potts ) Others Mark Gatiss -- The Captain Jenna Coleman -- Clara Matt Lucas -- Nardole Nikki Amuka - Bird -- Helen Clay Toby Whithouse -- German Soldier Lily Travers -- Polly Jared Garfield -- Ben Jackson Nicholas Briggs -- Voice of the Daleks Production Directed by Rachel Talalay Written by Steven Moffat Produced by Peter Bennett Executive producer ( s ) Steven Moffat Brian Minchin Incidental music composer Murray Gold Length 60 minutes Originally broadcast 25 December 2017 Chronology ← Preceded by Followed by → `` The Doctor Falls '' -- Doctor Who episodes ( 1963 -- 1989 ) Doctor Who episodes ( 2005 -- present ) `` Twice Upon a Time '' is an episode of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, written by Steven Moffat, directed by Rachel Talalay, and was broadcast as the thirteenth Christmas special on 25 December 2017 on BBC One. It features the final regular appearance of Peter Capaldi as the Twelfth Doctor, the first official appearance of Jodie Whittaker as the Thirteenth Doctor, and guest - stars David Bradley as the First Doctor, having previously portrayed original First Doctor actor William Hartnell in the 2013 docudrama An Adventure in Space and Time. Pearl Mackie guest stars as the Twelfth Doctor 's former companion Bill Potts, while his other companions make guest appearances - Jenna Coleman as Clara Oswald and Matt Lucas as Nardole. This episode is a continuation of events after `` The Doctor Falls '', addressing the cliffhanger that it ended on, and takes place during the final story of the First Doctor ; footage from the 1966 serial The Tenth Planet, is used in the special. `` Twice Upon a Time '' is Capaldi 's fourth and final Christmas special as the Twelfth Doctor, and the last Doctor Who story to be written and produced by Moffat, who served as the show 's executive producer and chief writer since taking over from Russell T Davies in 2010. After the special 's broadcast, Moffat was succeeded as chief executive and showrunner by Chris Chibnall. Since its broadcast, the special has received generally positive reviews from critics. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Synopsis 1.2 Continuity 1.3 Outside references 2 Production 2.1 Cast notes 2.2 Filming 3 Broadcast and reception 3.1 Cinemas 3.2 Critical reception 4 Commercial releases 4.1 Home media 4.2 In print 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Synopsis ( edit ) Wandering back to his TARDIS through the South Pole after leaving his companions behind, the First Doctor refuses to regenerate. He encounters the Twelfth Doctor outside his own TARDIS in a similar state of mind. The pair are soon approached by a confused and injured First World War British captain, displaced from December 1914 while in a gun - point stalemate with a German soldier. All three are then forcibly taken into a large spaceship. Inside, they meet with Bill Potts ; the Twelfth Doctor, however, doubts she is the real Bill. Upon encountering the ship 's glass - like holographic pilot, they are offered freedom in exchange for allowing the ship to return the Captain to the moment of his death. Refusing to allow the Captain to die, they escape and take the First Doctor 's TARDIS to the planet Villengard. Alone, the Twelfth Doctor meets with the rogue Dalek Rusty, who has taken refuge from other Daleks hunting it. Given access to the Dalek Hivemind, the Doctor learns that the pilot and its ship, known as Testimony, were created on New Earth, designed to extract people from their timelines at the moment of their death, and archive their memories into glass avatars. `` Bill '' is one such avatar, created from her memories. Seeing no evil to fight, the Doctors agree to return the Captain to his timeline. Upon arrival, the Captain asks the Doctors to keep an eye on his family, introducing himself as Archibald Hamish Lethbridge - Stewart, a surname shared by the Doctor 's frequent ally and lifelong friend the Brigadier. As time resumes, the Doctors watch as soldiers on both sides begin singing `` Silent Night ''. The Twelfth Doctor explains to the First that he deliberately shifted the Captain 's timeline to the start of the Christmas truce, to ensure his life would be spared. With the Captain saved, the First Doctor informs the Twelfth that he is prepared to regenerate and says his goodbyes before returning to his TARDIS. Now alone with Bill 's avatar, the Twelfth Doctor adamantly contends she is not really Bill, but she argues that memories are what define a person. Bill 's avatar restores the Doctor 's memories of Clara Oswald before they are joined by Nardole 's avatar. The Doctor, however, refuses to give the avatars testimony of his life. They respect his wish to be alone and leave after he embraces them both. The Doctor then returns to the TARDIS and decides to regenerate, but not before relaying advice to his next incarnation. After the Thirteenth Doctor examines her reflection, the TARDIS suffers multiple failures. Tumbling out of the turning ship, the Doctor watches the console room explode, and the TARDIS dematerialises while she plummets towards the Earth below. Continuity ( edit ) `` Twice Upon a Time '' takes place towards the end of the First Doctor 's final serial, The Tenth Planet ( first broadcast in October 1966 ), some of which is shown at the start of the special. During the last episode 's final moments, the Doctor leaves his companions Ben and Polly and returns to the TARDIS ; they find him collapsed in the console room, where he undergoes his first regeneration. Derek Martinus, the episode 's director, reportedly cut a line from the original script which suggested that the Doctor was refusing to give in to the regeneration process. Steven Moffat 's 2017 story creates an extended narrative around that part of the story, in which the First Doctor delays his regeneration and encounters his future self -- the Twelfth Doctor -- in the snowy wasteland. When Testimony shows the First Doctor images of his future incarnations, clips from both the classic series and the revival are used, including the Third Doctor from Invasion of the Dinosaurs ; the Fifth Doctor from Arc of Infinity ; the Seventh Doctor from The Happiness Patrol ; the Eighth Doctor from `` The Night of the Doctor '' ; the Ninth Doctor from `` The Parting of the Ways '' ; and the Tenth Doctor from `` The Waters of Mars ''. Testimony also lists several of the Doctor 's future titles : `` The Shadow of the Valeyard '' ( from The Trial of a Time Lord, said to be a distillation of the Doctor 's darker side ), `` the Oncoming Storm '' ( `` The Parting of the Ways '' ), `` the Imp of the Pandorica '' ( a reference to the Eleventh Doctor story `` The Pandorica Opens '' ), `` the Beast of Trenzalore '' ( `` The Time of the Doctor '' ), `` the Butcher of Skull Moon '' and `` the Doctor of War '' ( `` Hell Bent '' ). `` The Destroyer of Skaro '' refers to the destruction of the planet in `` Remembrance of the Daleks '', although Skaro was later restored and rebuilt ; as explained in `` Asylum of the Daleks '' and shown in `` The Magician 's Apprentice ''. The Weapons Factories of Villengard were originally mentioned in `` The Doctor Dances '' ( Steven Moffat 's first Doctor Who story ), where the Ninth Doctor implied that he was responsible for their destruction. Outside References ( edit ) The Doctor addresses his original incarnation as `` Mary Berry '', `` Corporal Jones '', and `` Mr. Pastry ''. Mr. Pastry was a children 's show character played by actor Richard Hearne, who was once considered for the role of the Fourth Doctor. Hearne, however, wanted to play the Doctor as a version of Mr. Pastry, so he was passed over in favour of Tom Baker. The Doctor paraphrases philosopher Bertrand Russell when he advises his future self that `` hate is always foolish and love is always wise ''. Production ( edit ) Cast notes ( edit ) Peter Capaldi reprised his role as the Twelfth Doctor. On 30 January 2017, he confirmed that the tenth series would be his last, and that he was set to leave after the 2017 Christmas special. The episode also sees the introduction of Jodie Whittaker as the Thirteenth Doctor, whose casting was announced on 16 July 2017 following the 2017 Wimbledon Championships men 's finals. David Bradley appears in the episode as the First Doctor, having previously portrayed William Hartnell in the docudrama An Adventure in Space and Time. This makes him the third actor to play the role in the television programme, after William Hartnell and Richard Hurndall ( in 1983 's The Five Doctors ) since the premiere of Doctor Who in 1963. Bradley previously played Solomon in the 2012 episode `` Dinosaurs on a Spaceship ''. The first trailer for the episode was shown during the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con, revealing the return of Polly, a companion from the end of William Hartnell 's tenure as the First Doctor, portrayed by Lily Travers, and Pearl Mackie as Bill Potts. Also confirmed were appearances by Toby Whithouse, writer of seven episodes between 2006 and 2017, and Mark Gatiss, marking his fourth acting appearance in the series, playing a character credited as The Captain. In an interview following the episode 's broadcast, Gatiss said he cried at the thought of playing the Brigadier 's grandfather when he finished reading the script. However, the Haisman Literary Estate asserted their control of the backstory of the Brigadier, stating that Archibald was actually the Brigadier 's great - uncle who appeared in Night of the Intelligence. They later compromised in What 's Past is Prologue by implying that Archibald may secretly be the biological father of the Brigadier 's father, thereby allowing for either interpretation. It was later confirmed that Ben Jackson, a companion of the First and Second Doctors, who served alongside Polly, would also feature in the episode and that he would be played by the former Hollyoaks cast member Jared Garfield. Hartnell, Anneke Wills and Michael Craze appeared as the First Doctor, Polly and Ben respectively through archive footage, as also did Patrick Troughton as the freshly regenerated Second Doctor. Nikki Amuka - Bird voices the `` Glass Woman '' As with the last change of showrunners, Chibnall wrote the final moments of the episode, so as to allow him to write Whittaker 's first lines on the show. This happened in the 2010 special The End of Time, when Moffat took over for Russell T. Davies in the final moments of the episode, writing Matt Smith 's first words as the Eleventh Doctor. The episode includes a cameo appearance of Jenna Coleman as Clara Oswald, as the Doctor 's memories of Clara, lost during `` Hell Bent '', are restored. The scene was the last to be filmed for the episode and while Coleman was willing to come back to film, timing between the filming of this special and her work in Victoria was difficult to arrange. Moffat said `` How many times have I killed that girl off and she was right there in my last shot! It 's absolutely extraordinary. The unkillable Coleman! '' Filming ( edit ) The episode was written by Steven Moffat and directed by Rachel Talalay, who wrote and directed the two - part finale of the tenth series, `` World Enough and Time '' / `` The Doctor Falls '', respectively. In January 2016, Moffat announced that he would step down as the programme 's showrunner after the tenth series, to be replaced by Chris Chibnall beginning with the eleventh series in 2018, but a 2017 Christmas special was not mentioned in the plans at that time. The change in showrunners almost caused the annual episode to be cancelled, as Moffat planned to leave after the tenth series finale and Chibnall did not want to begin his run with a Christmas special. When he learned of Chibnall 's plans, Moffat elected to stay long enough to produce one final episode, as he was concerned that the show would lose the coveted 25 December slot in the future if it missed a year. As a result, he had to rewrite his plans for the tenth series finale to allow Capaldi to appear in one more episode. Near the end of the special, the two Doctors part company and return to their respective TARDISes to undergo regeneration. The First Doctor 's regeneration is shown, using original footage from `` The Tenth Planet ''. Although the last episode of the 1966 story is one of the missing episodes of Doctor Who, the regeneration sequence was preserved when it was used in a 1973 edition of the children 's magazine programme Blue Peter. The final scene of `` The Doctor Falls '' involving David Bradley was filmed as part of the filming of `` Twice Upon a Time '' in June 2017. Production for `` Twice Upon a Time '' started on 12 June 2017, and concluded on 10 July 2017. However, the final scene of the episode, in which Whittaker makes her debut as the Doctor, was not filmed until 19 July. The episode had been reportedly titled `` The Doctors '', before it was announced at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con that it would officially be titled `` Twice Upon a Time ''. Broadcast and reception ( edit ) The episode was watched by 5.70 million viewers overnight, making it the second lowest overnight viewership for a Christmas special, but was the fifth most watched programme of the day across all channels. The episode received 7.92 million views overall, and it received an Appreciation Index of 81. Cinemas ( edit ) `` Twice Upon a Time '' was released in cinemas in multiple countries, including Brazil on 25 December, Australia and Denmark on 26 December, and the United States and Canada on 27 -- 28 December. The cinema release includes two bonus features : a behind - the - scenes view of the episode, and a special celebrating the tenure of Peter Capaldi as the Doctor and Steven Moffat as showrunner and lead writer. Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Rotten Tomatoes ( Tomatometer ) 82 % Rotten Tomatoes ( Average Score ) 6.69 The A.V. Club A - Entertainment Weekly IndieWire C+ IGN 9.5 New York Magazine Radio Times Daily Mirror The Telegraph The episode received generally positive reviews. The episode currently holds a score of 88 % on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average score of 6.69. The site 's consensus reads `` Doctor Who : Twice Upon a Time pays gratifying homage to the outgoing doctor while marking a thoughtful, warm, and funny passing of the torch to a new era in the franchise. '' Commercial releases ( edit ) Home media ( edit ) The episode was released on DVD and Blu - ray in Region 2 on 22 January 2018 and in Region 4 on 7 February 2018, and will be released in Region 1 on 20 February 2018. In print ( edit ) Twice Upon a Time Author Paul Cornell Series Doctor Who book : Target novelisations Release number 165 Publisher BBC Books Publication date 5 April 2018 ISBN 978 - 1785943300 A novelisation of the story, written by Paul Cornell, will be released in paperback and digital formats on 2 April 2018 as part of the Target Collection. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dillon - Trenchard, Peter ( 25 December 2017 ). `` Doctor Who : geeky spots & references in Twice Upon A Time ''. Den of Geek. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017. Jump up ^ Martin, Daniel ( 25 December 2017 ). `` Doctor Who Christmas special 2017 : Twice Upon a Time ''. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Doctor Who : Easter Eggs and References in Twice Upon a Time ''. Retrieved 26 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` 19 things we learned from the set of the Doctor Who Christmas special ''. Retrieved 26 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` There 's a subtle callback to Steven Moffat 's very first Doctor Who story in the Christmas special ''. Retrieved 26 December 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Doctor Who : Easter Eggs and References in Twice Upon a Time ''. Retrieved 26 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` BBC - Archive - The Changing Face of Doctor Who - Nearly Who ''. www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2017. Jump up ^ Wollaston, Sam ( 2017 - 12 - 27 ). `` Doctor Who Christmas special review -- time, gentlemen. Now it 's Jodie 's turn ''. The Guardian. ISSN 0261 - 3077. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25. Jump up ^ `` Peter Capaldi announces he will stand down as Doctor Who at the end of the year ''. BBC. 30 January 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017. Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : New actor to be revealed after Wimbledon ''. BBC. 14 July 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : Jodie Whittaker is to replace Peter Capaldi in the Time Lord regeneration game ''. The Telegraph. 16 July 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` Series 10, Doctor Who -- The Doctor Falls : The Fact File -- BBC One ''. BBC. Retrieved 2 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` First look pictures of the First and Twelfth Doctors together in the Doctor Who Christmas special ''. The Telegraph. 1 July 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017. Jump up ^ Gill, James ( 1 July 2017 ). `` New Doctor Who Christmas special pictures tease history - making reunion for Peter Capaldi 's Doctor ''. The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 July 2017. Jump up ^ Martin, Dan ( 1 July 2017 ). `` Doctor Who recap : series 36 finale -- The Doctor Falls ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 1 July 2017. ^ Jump up to : Lambert, David ( 27 July 2017 ). `` Doctor Who -- Date and Pricing for ' 2017 Christmas Special : Twice Upon A Time ' ''. TVShowsOnDVD. Retrieved 28 July 2017. Jump up ^ McEwan, Cameron K ( 24 July 2017 ). `` Doctor Who 2017 Christmas Special : ' Twice Upon a Time ' Trailer Breakdown ''. doctorwho.tv. BBC. Retrieved 25 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` Bill returns and the Doctors unite in new Doctor Who Christmas special pictures ''. RadioTimes. 24 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` The 2017 Doctor Who Christmas special will be called... '' Radio Times. 23 July 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2017. Jump up ^ Caron, Nathalie. `` Mark Gatiss ' Doctor Who role in Christmas special was a classic Easter egg ''. Syfy Wire. Retrieved 31 December 2017. Jump up ^ Frankham - Allen, Andy ( @ FrankhamAllen ) ( 2017 - 12 - 26 ). `` It 's a complicated issue, for various legal reasons, but the official stance of Haisman / Lincoln is that he 's the brother of the Brig 's grandfather. And as owners of the LS copyright ( and derivative works ), they reserve the right to make that decision '' ( Tweet ). Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ Frankham - Allen, Andy ( 2017 ). Lethbridge - Stewart : Night of the Intelligence. ( S.l. ) : Candy Jar Books. ISBN 9780995743632. OCLC 987359707. Jump up ^ Frankham - Allen, Andy ( @ FrankhamAllen ) ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ). `` Indeed. After the last few days, I suggested a new compromise to the Haisman Estate and they agreed to it. So, currently, it 's just an implication. Now fans can accept whichever, and both could well be right '' ( Tweet ). Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ McIntee, David A ( 2017 ). What 's Past is Prologue. Candy Jar Books. Jump up ^ Fullerton, Huw ( 24 August 2017 ). `` Hollyoaks star Jared Garfield to play classic Doctor Who companion in Christmas special ''. radiotimes.com. Radio Times. Retrieved 25 August 2017. Jump up ^ Mulkern, Patrick ( 3 December 2017 ). `` Steven Moffat unveils his final Doctor Who episode -- and reveals why Carey Mulligan said no to the Tardis ''. radiotimes.com. Radio Times. Retrieved 5 December 2017. in this Christmas special when it starts we have Hartnell and the original companions Jump up ^ Marcus ( 28 November 2017 ). `` Twice Upon A Time -- New Image and Synopsis ''. Doctor Who News. Retrieved 28 November 2017. Jump up ^ Jeffery, Morgan ( 23 March 2017 ). `` Doctor Who : Steven Moffat confirms that Chris Chibnall will write the new Doctor 's first words ''. Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who Christmas cameo was `` difficult to arrange '' ``. 25 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017. Jump up ^ Marcus ( 28 May 2017 ). `` Rachel Talalay Directing Christmas Episode ''. Doctor Who News. Retrieved 28 May 2017. Jump up ^ `` Original Mondasian Cybermen return to Doctor Who! ''. BBC. 6 March 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2017. Jump up ^ Rawden, Jessica ( 3 June 2016 ). `` When Steven Moffat 's Final Doctor Who Episode Will Air ''. Cinema Blend. Retrieved 5 June 2016. Jump up ^ Ben Dowell. `` Steven Moffat quits Doctor Who to be replaced by Chris Chibnall in 2018 ''. RadioTimes. Jump up ^ Jeffery, Morgan ( 2 August 2017 ). `` Steven Moffat reveals how Doctor Who 's Christmas specials almost disappeared forever ''. Digital Spy. Retrieved 2 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Twice Upon a Time, Doctor Who - Twice Upon a Time : The Fact File - BBC One ''. BBC. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Steven Moffat & Rachel Talalay -- The Aftershow -- Doctor Who : The Fan Show ''. BBC. 1 July 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` Countdown to the Thirteenth Doctor ''. Doctor Who Magazine. No. 514. 29 June 2017. p. 4. Jump up ^ Cannon, Nick ( 11 April 2017 ). `` Doctor Who 's Peter Capaldi lifts off with new companion Bill : ' Their adventures spin out of control ' ''. What 's on TV. Retrieved 11 April 2017. Jump up ^ Allen, Ben ( 11 July 2017 ). `` Peter Capaldi says goodbye to fans on his final day of Doctor Who filming ''. Radio Times. Retrieved 11 July 2017. Jump up ^ Kibble - White, Graham ( August 2017 ). `` The XIII Chromosome ''. Doctor Who Magazine. No. 516 ( October 2017 ed. ). Tunbridge Wells, Kent, United Kingdom : Panini Comics. p. 15. Jump up ^ Marcus ( 10 July 2017 ). `` Doctor Who at San Diego Comic - Con ''. Doctor Who News. Retrieved 11 July 2017. Jump up ^ DWTV ( 2017 - 12 - 26 ). `` Christmas Day 2017 Ratings Top 10 Doctor Who TV ''. Doctor Who TV. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 26. Jump up ^ Marcus ( 3 January 2018 ). `` Twice Upon A Time : Official Rating ''. Doctor Who News. Retrieved 3 January 2018. Jump up ^ Marcus ( 3 January 2018 ). `` Twice Upon a Time -- Audience Appreciation : 81 ''. Doctor Who News. Retrieved 3 January 2018. Jump up ^ Foster, Chuck ( 14 November 2017 ). `` Australian cinema outing for Twice Upon a Time ''. Doctor Who News. Retrieved 28 November 2017. Jump up ^ Foster, Chuck ( 27 November 2017 ). `` Twice Upon a Time to show in Canadian Cinemas ''. Doctor Who News. Retrieved 28 November 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Doctor Who : Twice Upon a Time ( 2017 Christmas Special ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved January 25, 2018. Jump up ^ Siede, Caroline. `` A poignant Doctor Who Christmas special says goodbye 12, hello 13, hello love ''. The A.V. Club. Retrieved 26 December 2017. Jump up ^ Schwartz, Dana ( December 25, 2017 ). `` Doctor Who recap : ' Twice Upon a Time ' ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 25, 2017. Jump up ^ Welsh, Kaite ( December 25, 2017 ). `` ' Doctor Who ' Review : Peter Capaldi Takes Too Long to Say Goodbye In Emotional Christmas Special ''. IndieWire. Retrieved December 25, 2017. Jump up ^ Scott, Collura ( December 26, 2017 ). `` Doctor Who : `` Twice Upon a Time '' Review ``. IGN. Retrieved December 26, 2017. Jump up ^ Ruediger, Ross ( December 26, 2017 ). `` Doctor Who Christmas Special Recap : Postscript ''. New York Magazine. Retrieved December 26, 2017. Jump up ^ Mulkern, Patrick ( December 26, 2017 ). `` Doctor Who Christmas special review : Twice upon a Time offers a warm embracing hug of nostalgia but is less than gripping ''. Radio Times. Retrieved December 26, 2017. Jump up ^ Jackson, Daniel ( 25 December 2017 ). `` Doctor Who Series 10 Episode 13 Twice Upon A Time review : A very special Christmas adventure that rounds off Capaldi 's Doctor perfectly ''. Daily Mirror. Retrieved 25 December 2017. Jump up ^ Hogan, Michael ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ). `` Doctor Who, Twice Upon a Time, review : cue Jodie Whittaker, but only after a raft of self - indulgence ''. The Telegraph. ISSN 0307 - 1235. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25. Jump up ^ newsintimeandspace.net. `` Doctor Who News - Twice Upon A Time - Press Reaction ''. m.doctorwhonews.net. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who Christmas Special 2017 -- Twice Upon A Time ''. Amazon. Retrieved 15 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : Twice Upon a Time ( DVD ) ''. EzyDVD. Retrieved 17 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Steven Moffat and Russell T Davies are writing special Doctor Who novels ''. Radio Times. 15 November 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Twelfth Doctor `` Twice Upon a Time '' at the BBC Doctor Who homepage `` Twice Upon a Time '' on Tardis Data Core, an external wiki `` Twice Upon a Time '' at Doctor Who : A Brief History of Time ( Travel ) `` Twice Upon a Time '' on IMDb Doctor Who episodes 1963 -- 1989 episodes 2005 -- present episodes Original series ( 1963 -- 1989 ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 1996 film Doctor Who Revived series ( 2005 -- present ) 2008 -- 2010 specials 5 6 7 2013 specials 8 9 10 11 Episodes 840 ( 97 missing ) Stories 276 Series 10 Christmas `` The Return of Doctor Mysterio '' `` Twice Upon a Time '' Series `` The Pilot '' `` Smile '' `` Thin Ice '' `` Knock Knock '' `` Oxygen '' `` Extremis '' `` The Pyramid at the End of the World '' `` The Lie of the Land '' `` Empress of Mars '' `` The Eaters of Light '' `` World Enough and Time '' / `` The Doctor Falls '' Doctor Who episodes by Steven Moffat Ninth Doctor `` The Empty Child '' / `` The Doctor Dances '' Tenth Doctor `` The Girl in the Fireplace '' `` Blink '' `` Silence in the Library '' / `` Forest of the Dead '' Eleventh Doctor Series 5 `` The Eleventh Hour '' `` The Beast Below '' `` The Time of Angels '' / `` Flesh and Stone '' `` The Pandorica Opens '' / `` The Big Bang '' Series 6 `` A Christmas Carol '' `` The Impossible Astronaut '' / `` Day of the Moon '' `` A Good Man Goes to War '' `` Let 's Kill Hitler '' `` The Wedding of River Song '' Series 7 `` The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe '' `` Asylum of the Daleks '' `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' `` The Snowmen '' `` The Bells of Saint John '' `` The Name of the Doctor '' Specials `` The Day of the Doctor '' `` The Time of the Doctor '' Twelfth Doctor Series 8 `` Deep Breath '' `` Into the Dalek '' `` Listen '' `` Time Heist '' `` The Caretaker '' `` Dark Water '' / `` Death in Heaven '' Series 9 `` Last Christmas '' `` The Magician 's Apprentice '' / `` The Witch 's Familiar '' `` The Girl Who Died '' `` The Zygon Inversion '' `` Heaven Sent '' `` Hell Bent '' `` The Husbands of River Song '' Series 10 `` The Return of Doctor Mysterio '' `` The Pilot '' `` Extremis '' `` The Pyramid at the End of the World '' `` World Enough and Time '' / `` The Doctor Falls '' `` Twice Upon a Time '' Mini episodes `` Time Crash '' Meanwhile in the TARDIS `` Space '' / `` Time '' Night and the Doctor `` The Night of the Doctor '' `` The Last Day '' Other episodes Doctor Who : The Curse of Fatal Death Doctor Who Christmas specials Tenth Doctor `` The Christmas Invasion '' `` The Runaway Bride '' `` Voyage of the Damned '' `` The Next Doctor '' The End of Time Eleventh Doctor `` A Christmas Carol '' `` The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe '' `` The Snowmen '' `` The Time of the Doctor '' Twelfth Doctor `` Last Christmas '' `` The Husbands of River Song '' `` The Return of Doctor Mysterio '' `` Twice Upon a Time '' See also `` The Feast of Steven '' `` A Girl 's Best Friend '' `` Attack of the Graske '' Doctor Who : Regeneration television stories The Doctor Regeneration The Tenth Planet The War Games Planet of the Spiders Logopolis The Caves of Androzani Time and the Rani Doctor Who `` The Parting of the Ways '' The End of Time `` The Night of the Doctor '' `` The Day of the Doctor '' `` The Time of the Doctor '' `` Twice Upon a Time '' Post-regeneration The Power of the Daleks Spearhead from Space Robot Castrovalva The Twin Dilemma Time and the Rani Doctor Who `` The Christmas Invasion '' `` The Eleventh Hour '' `` Deep Breath '' Other characters Planet of the Spiders The Deadly Assassin Underworld Destiny of the Daleks Shada Mawdryn Undead The Five Doctors `` Utopia '' `` Day of the Moon '' `` Let 's Kill Hitler '' `` Hell Bent '' See also Doctor Who : The Curse of Fatal Death `` Doctor Who : Children in Need '' `` The Stolen Earth '' / `` Journey 's End '' `` The Impossible Astronaut '' `` The Lie of the Land '' `` World Enough and Time '' / `` The Doctor Falls '' Doctor Who : Multi-Doctor stories Television stories The Three Doctors The Five Doctors The Two Doctors `` Time Crash '' `` The Day of the Doctor '' `` Twice Upon a Time '' Minor instances `` The Name of the Doctor '' `` Deep Breath '' `` Listen '' `` The Doctor Falls '' Audio stories The Sirens of Time Project : Lazarus Zagreus The Wormery The Kingmaker 100 The Four Doctors Peri and the Piscon Paradox The Light at the End Doom Coalition `` Eye of the Storm '' Novels All - Consuming Fire Who Killed Kennedy Cold Fusion The Eight Doctors Alien Bodies Players Interference -- Book One Interference -- Book Two Heart of TARDIS The Colony of Lies Wolfsbane Comics Emperor of the Daleks Video games Dalek Attack Destiny of the Doctors See also Dimensions in Time See also : Regeneration Doctor Who : Dalek television and film stories First Doctor The Daleks The Dalek Invasion of Earth The Chase `` Mission to the Unknown '' The Daleks ' Master Plan Second Doctor The Power of the Daleks The Evil of the Daleks Third Doctor Day of the Daleks Frontier in Space Planet of the Daleks Death to the Daleks Fourth Doctor Genesis of the Daleks Destiny of the Daleks Fifth Doctor Resurrection of the Daleks Sixth Doctor Revelation of the Daleks Seventh Doctor Remembrance of the Daleks Ninth Doctor `` Dalek '' `` Bad Wolf '' / `` The Parting of the Ways '' Tenth Doctor `` Doomsday '' `` Daleks in Manhattan '' / `` Evolution of the Daleks '' `` The Stolen Earth '' / `` Journey 's End '' Eleventh Doctor `` Victory of the Daleks '' `` The Big Bang '' `` Asylum of the Daleks '' `` The Time of the Doctor '' Twelfth Doctor `` Into the Dalek '' `` The Magician 's Apprentice '' / `` The Witch 's Familiar '' Minor appearances The Space Museum The Wheel in Space The War Games The Mind of Evil Logopolis Mawdryn Undead The Five Doctors Doctor Who `` Army of Ghosts '' `` The Waters of Mars '' `` The Beast Below '' `` The Pandorica Opens '' `` The Wedding of River Song '' `` The Day of the Doctor '' `` Hell Bent '' `` The Pilot '' `` Twice Upon a Time '' Other Dr. Who and the Daleks Daleks -- Invasion Earth : 2150 A.D. Doctor Who : The Curse of Fatal Death `` The Last Day '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twice_Upon_a_Time_(Doctor_Who)&oldid=828314491 '' Categories : Twelfth Doctor episodes First Doctor serials 2017 British television episodes Doctor Who Christmas specials Christmas television episodes Screenplays by Steven Moffat Doctor Who multi-Doctor stories Christmas truce Hidden categories : Books with missing cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018, at 20 : 56. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Twice Upon a Time (Doctor Who)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Twice_Upon_a_Time_(Doctor_Who)&amp;oldid=828314491" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "16177565257035396310" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Bank of New York Mellon - wikipedia The Bank of New York Mellon The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation Type Public Traded as NYSE : BK S&P 100 component S&P 500 component Industry Banking Financial services Predecessor Bank of New York, founded in June 9, 1784 ; 234 years ago ( 1784 - 06 - 09 ) Mellon Financial Founded July 1, 2007 ; 11 years ago ( 2007 - 07 - 01 ) Founder Alexander Hamilton Aaron Burr Thomas Mellon Headquarters 240 Greenwich Street Manhattan, New York, U.S. Area served Worldwide Key people Charles Scharf ( Chairman & CEO ) Michael P. Santomassimo ( CFO ) Products Corporate banking Investment banking Global wealth management Financial analysis Private equity Revenue US $ 15.54 billion ( 2017 ) Operating income US $ 4.61 billion ( 2017 ) Net income US $ 4.11 billion ( 2017 ) AUM US $ 1.9 trillion ( 2017 ) Total assets US $ 371.76 billion ( 2017 ) Total equity US $ 41.57 billion ( 2017 ) Number of employees ~ 52,500 ( 2017 ) Website BNYMellon.com Footnotes / references The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation, which does business as BNY Mellon, is an American worldwide banking and financial services holding company headquartered in New York City. It was formed on July 1, 2007, as a result of the merger of The Bank of New York and Mellon Financial Corporation. It is the world 's largest custodian bank and asset servicing company, with $1.9 trillion in assets under management and $33.3 trillion in assets under custody as of December 2017. Through its Bank of New York predecessor, it is one of the three oldest banking corporations in the United States, and among the oldest banks in the world, having been established in June 1784 by a group that included American Founding Fathers Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr. Mellon had been founded in 1869 by the Mellon family of Pittsburgh, which included Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon. Contents 1 History 1.1 Bank of New York 1.2 Mellon Financial 1.3 Merger 1.4 Post-merger history 2 Historical data 3 Operations 3.1 Business 3.1. 1 Investment Services 3.1. 2 Investment Management 3.2 Leadership 3.3 Company culture 4 Recognition and rankings 5 Sponsorships 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Bank of New York ( edit ) The Walton Mansion housed the Bank of New York from 1784 to 1787. The first bank in the U.S. was the Bank of North America in Philadelphia, which was chartered by the Continental Congress in 1781 ; Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin were among its founding shareholders. In February 1784, The Massachusetts Bank in Boston was chartered. The shipping industry in New York City chafed under the lack of a bank, and investors envied the 14 % dividends that Bank of North America paid, and months of local discussion culminated in a June 1784 meeting at a coffee house on St. George 's Square which led to the formation of the Bank of New York company ; it operated without a charter for seven years. The initial plan was to capitalize the company with $750,000, a third in cash and the rest in mortgages, but after this was disputed the first offering was to capitalize it with $500,000 in gold or silver. When the bank opened on June 9, 1784, the full $500,000 had not been raised ; 723 shares had been sold, held by 192 people. Aaron Burr had three of them, and Hamilton had one and a half shares. The first president was Alexander McDougall and the Cashier was William Seton. Its first offices were in the old Walton Mansion in New York City. In 1787, it moved to a site on Hanover Square that the New York Cotton Exchange later moved into. The bank provided the United States government its first loan in 1789. The loan was orchestrated by Hamilton, then Secretary of the Treasury, and it paid the salaries of United States Congress members and President George Washington. The Bank of New York was the first company to be traded on the New York Stock Exchange when it first opened in 1792. In 1796, the bank moved to a location at the corner of Wall Street and Williams Street. The bank had a monopoly on banking services in the city until the Bank of the Manhattan Company was founded by Aaron Burr in 1799 ; the Bank of New York and Hamilton vigorously opposed its founding. During the 1800s, the bank was known for its conservative lending practices that allowed it to weather financial crises. It was involved in the funding of the Morris and Erie canals, and steamboat companies. The bank helped finance both the War of 1812 and the Union Army during the American Civil War. Following the Civil War, the bank loaned money to many major infrastructure projects, including utilities, railroads, and the New York City Subway. Through the early 1900s, the Bank of New York continued to expand and prosper. In July 1922, the bank merged with the New York Life Insurance and Trust Company. The bank continued to profit and pay dividends throughout the Great Depression, and its total deposits increased during the decade. In 1948, the Bank again merged, this time with the Fifth Avenue Bank, which was followed by a merger in 1966 with the Empire Trust Company. The bank 's holding company was created in 1969. Older Bank of New York logo In 1988, the Bank of New York merged with Irving Bank Corporation after a year - long hostile take over bid by Bank of New York. Irving had been headquartered at 1 Wall Street and after the merger, this became the headquarters of the Bank of New York. From 1993 to 1998, the bank made 33 acquisitions, including acquiring JP Morgan 's Global Custody Business in 1995. Ivy Asset Management was acquired in 2000, and the bank acquired Pershing LLC, the United States ' second - largest trade clearinghouse, in 2003. In 2005, the bank settled a US federal investigation that began in 1996 concerning money laundering related to post-Soviet privatization in Russia. The illegal operation involved two Russian emigres, one of whom was a Vice President of the bank, moving over US $7 billion via hundreds of wires. In 2006, the Bank of New York traded its retail banking and regional middle - market businesses for J.P. Morgan Chase 's corporate trust assets. The deal signaled the bank 's exit from retail banking. Mellon Financial ( edit ) Andrew W. Mellon Mellon Financial was founded as T. Mellon & Sons ' Bank in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1869 by retired judge Thomas Mellon and his sons Andrew W. Mellon and Richard B. Mellon. The bank invested in and helped found numerous industrial firms in the late 1800s and early 1900s including Alcoa, Westinghouse, Gulf Oil, General Motors and Bethlehem Steel. Both Gulf Oil and Alcoa are, according to the financial media, considered to be T. Mellon & Sons ' most successful financial investments. In 1902, T. Mellon & Sons ' name was changed to the Mellon National Bank. The firm merged with the Union Trust Company, a business founded by Andrew Mellon, in 1946. The newly formed organization resulting from the merger was named the Mellon National Bank and Trust Company, and was Pittsburgh 's first US $1 billion bank. The bank formed the first dedicated family office in the United States in 1971. A reorganization in 1972 led to the bank 's name changing to Mellon Bank, N.A. and the formation of a holding company, Mellon National Corporation. Mellon Bank acquired multiple banks and financial institutions in Pennsylvania during the 1980s and 1990s. In 1992, Mellon acquired 54 branch offices of Philadelphia Savings Fund Society, the first savings bank in the United States, founded in 1819. In 1993, Mellon acquired The Boston Company from American Express and AFCO Credit Corporation from The Continental Corporation. The following year, Mellon merged with the Dreyfus Corporation, bringing its mutual funds under its umbrella. In 1999, Mellon Bank Corporation became Mellon Financial Corporation. Two years later, it exited the retail banking business by selling its assets and retail bank branches to Citizens Financial Group. Merger ( edit ) On December 4, 2006, the Bank of New York and Mellon Financial Corporation announced they would merge. The merger created the world 's largest securities servicing company and one of the largest asset management firms by combining Mellon 's wealth - management business and the Bank of New York 's asset - servicing and short - term - lending specialties. The companies anticipated saving about $700 million in costs and cutting around 3,900 jobs, mostly by attrition. The deal was valued at $16.5 billion and under its terms, the Bank of New York 's shareholders received 0.9434 shares in the new company for each share of the Bank of New York that they owned, while Mellon Financial shareholders received 1 share in the new company for each Mellon share they owned. The Bank of New York and Mellon Financial entered into mutual stock option agreements for 19.9 percent of the issuer 's outstanding common stock. The merger was finalized on July 1, 2007. The company 's principal office of business at the One Wall Street office previously held by the Bank of New York. The full name of the company became The Bank of New York Mellon Corp., with the BNY Mellon brand name being used for most lines of business. Post-merger History ( edit ) In October 2008, the U.S. Treasury named BNY Mellon the master custodian of the Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) bailout fund during the financial crisis of 2007 to 2010. BNY Mellon won the assignment, which included handling accounting and record - keeping for the program, through a bidding process. In November 2008, the company announced that it would lay - off 1,800 employees, or 4 percent of its global workforce, due to the financial crisis. According to the results of a February 2009 stress test conducted by federal regulators, BNY Mellon was one of only three banks that could withstand a worsening economic situation. The company received $3 billion from TARP, which it paid back in full in June 2009, along with US $136 million to buy back warrants from the Treasury in August 2009. In August 2009, BNY Mellon purchased Insight Investment, a management business for external funds, from Lloyds Banking Group. The company acquired PNC Financial Services ' Global Investment Servicing Inc. in July 2010 and Talon Asset Management 's wealth management business in 2011. In September 2009, BNY Mellon settled a lawsuit that had been filed against the Bank of New York by the Russian government in May 2007 for money laundering ; the original suit claimed $22.5 billion in damages and was settled for $14 million. In October, 2011, the Justice Department and New York 's attorney general filed civil lawsuits against the Bank of New York, alleging foreign currency fraud. The suits hold that the bank deceived pension - fund clients by manipulating the prices assigned to them for foreign currency transactions. Allegedly, the bank selected the day 's lowest rates for currency sales and highest rates for purchases, appropriating the difference as corporate profit. The scheme is said to have generated $2 billion for the bank, at the expense of millions of Americans ' retirement funds, and to have transpired over more than a decade. Purportedly, the bank would offer secret pricing deals to clients who raised concerns, in order to avoid discovery. Bank of New York has defended itself vigorously, maintaining the fraud accusations are `` flat out wrong '' and warning that as the bank employs 8,700 employees in New York, any damage to the bank would have negative repercussions for the state of New York. By 2013, the company 's capital had steadily risen from the financial crisis. In the results of the Federal Reserve 's Dodd - Frank stress test in 2013, the bank was least affected by hypothetical extreme economic scenarios among banks tested. It was also a top performer on the same test in 2014. BNY Mellon began a marketing campaign in 2013 to increase awareness of the company that included a new slogan and logo. In 2013, the bank started building a new IT system called NEXEN. NEXEN uses open source technology and includes components such as an API store, data analytics, and a cloud computing environment. In May 2014, BNY Mellon sold its 1 Wall Street headquarters, and in 2015, moved into leased space at Brookfield Place. In June 2014, the company combined its global markets, global collateral services and prime services to create the new Markets Group, also known as BNY Markets Mellon. The company expanded its Hong Kong office in October 2014 as part of the company 's plans to grow its wealth management business. Between 2014 and 2016, BNY Mellon opened innovation centers focused on emerging technologies, big data, digital and cloud - based projects, first in Silicon Valley, In March 2015, the company admitted to facts concerning the misrepresentation of foreign exchange pricing and execution. BNY Mellon 's alleged misconduct in this area includes representing pricing as best rates to its clients, when in fact they were providing clients with bad prices while retaining larger margins. In addition to letting go key executives, the company agreed to pay a total of US $714 million to settle related lawsuits. In September 2017, BNY Mellon announced that it agreed to sell CenterSquare Investment Management to its management team and the private equity firm Lovell Minnick Partners. The transaction is subject to standard regulatory approvals and is expected to be completed by the end of 2017. Historical data ( edit ) The following graphs represent the net income and assets and liabilities for the years 2000 to 2016 for the Bank of New York Mellon, the Bank of New York Mellon Corporation 's New York state - chartered bank and an FDIC - insured depository institution. Bank of New York Mellon historical data Assets and Liabilities 2000 -- 2016 Assets / Liabilities Ratio ( % ) 2000 -- 2016 Net Income 2000 -- 2016 ( in millions ) Operations ( edit ) BNY Mellon operates in 35 countries in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East and Africa ( EMEA ), and Asia - Pacific. The company employed 52,000 people as of December 2016. In October 2015, the group 's American and global headquarters relocated to 225 Liberty Street, as the former 1 Wall Street building was sold in 2014. In July 2018, the company changed its headquarters again, this time to its existing 240 Greenwich Street location in New York ( previously addressed 101 Barclay St ). The group 's EMEA headquarters are located in London and its Asia - Pacific headquarters are located in Hong Kong. Business ( edit ) The Bank 's primary functions are managing and servicing the investments of institutions and high - net - worth individuals. BNY Mellon 's two primary businesses are Investment Services and Investment Management, which offer services for each stage of investment, from creation through to trading, holding, management, distribution and restructuring. BNY Mellon 's clients include 80 percent of Fortune 500 companies. The company also serves 77 percent of the top 100 endowments, 87 percent of the top 1,000 pension and employee benefit funds, 51 percent of the top 200 life and health insurance companies and 50 percent of the top 50 universities. Investment services ( edit ) BNY Mellon 's Investment Services business represents approximately 72 percent of the company 's revenue and it has $31.1 trillion under its custody or administration as of September 2016. The financial services offered by the business include asset servicing, alternative investment services, broker - dealer services, corporate trust services and treasury services. Other offerings include global collateral services, foreign exchange, securities lending, middle and back office outsourcing, and depository receipts. BNY Mellon 's subsidiary Pershing LLC handles securities services, including execution, settlement, and clearing. It also provides back office support to financial advisors. In 2014, the company formed a new Markets Group, which offers collateral management, securities finance, foreign exchange and capital markets. The group is now known as BNY Mellon Markets. Investment management ( edit ) BNY Mellon 's Investment Management business generates 28 percent of the company 's revenue and had US $1.7 trillion ( Q4 2016 ) in assets under management. The Investment Management business operates several asset management boutiques and as of 2014 was the largest multi-boutique investment manager in the world. BNY Mellon 's Wealth Management unit handles the private banking, estate planning, family office services, and investment servicing and management of high - net - worth individuals and families. As of 2014, it ranks 7th among wealth management businesses in the United States. Starting in 2013, the unit began expansion efforts, including opening eight new banking offices, increasing salespeople, bankers, and portfolio managers on staff, and launching an awareness campaign for wealth management services through television ads. Leadership ( edit ) In July 2017, the company announced that CEO and Chairman Gerald Hassell would retire at the end of 2017 ; Charles W. Scharf was appointed as CEO in July and was set to become Chairman after Hassell retired. Hassell had been Chairman and CEO since 2011, after serving as BNY Mellon 's president from 2007 to 2012 and as the president of the Bank of New York Mellon from 1998 until its merger. Karen Peetz served as president ( the bank 's first female president ) from 2013 to 2016, when she retired ; the company did not appoint a new president when she retired. Thomas Gibbons has been CFO since 2008 and also serves as vice chairman. BNY Mellon 's Investment Management business is run by CEO Mitchell Harris, and the company 's Investment Services business was led by Brian Shea until his retirement in December 2017. As of July 2017, the company 's board members were Linda Z. Cook, Nicholas M. Donofrio, Joseph J. Echevarria, Edward P. Garden, Jeffrey A. Goldstein, Gerald L. Hassell, John M. Hinshaw, Edmund F. ( Ted ) Kelly, John A. Luke Jr., Jennifer B. Morgan, Mark A. Nordenberg, Elizabeth E. Robinson, Charles W. Scharf and Samuel C. Scott III. Company culture ( edit ) In 2008, BNY Mellon formed a Board of Directors corporate social responsibility committee to set sustainability goals for the company. The company 's corporate social responsibility activities include philanthropy, social finance in the communities the bank is located in, and protecting financial markets globally. BNY Mellon 's philanthropic activities include financial donations and volunteerism. The company matches employee volunteer hours and donations with financial contributions through its Community Partnership program. Between 2010 and 2012, the company and its employees donated approximately $100 million to charity. In 2014, the company worked with the Forbes Fund to create a platform that connects nonprofit organizations with private businesses to solve social challenges. The company received a 100 A rating in 2013, 2014 and 2015 by the CDP, which measures corporate greenhouse gas emissions and disclosures. BNY Mellon was named on the Dow Jones Sustainability North America Index in 2013, 2014 and 2015, and the World Index in 2014, 2015 and 2016. Another one of the company 's focuses has been building efficiency. As of 2014, the company has saved $48 million due to building efficiency. Five of its buildings have achieved Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED - EB ) certification and 23 have interiors that are LEED certified. BNY Mellon also has business resource groups for employees that are focused on diversity and inclusion. In 2009, Karen Peetz co-founded the BNY Mellon Women 's Initiative Network ( WIN ), a resource group for female employees ' professional development. As of 2013, WIN had 50 chapters. Other groups include PRISM for LGBT employees, IMPACT, which serves multicultural employees and HEART for employees with disabilities. BNY Mellon also has services for returning military, including a tool to help veterans align military skills and training with jobs at the company. In 2014, BNY Mellon was recognized for its diversity practices by the National Business Inclusion Consortium, which named it Financial Services Diversity Corporation of the Year. In 2009, the company began an innovation program for employees to suggest ideas for large - scale projects and company improvement. Ideas from the initial pilot program generated approximately $165 million in pretax profit. The program results in an annual contest called `` ACE '' in which teams pitch their ideas. Recognition and rankings ( edit ) As of 2015, BNY Mellon was the world 's largest custody bank, the sixth largest investment management firm in the world and the seventh largest wealth management firm in the United States. In 2017, BNY Mellon ranked 177 on the Fortune 500 and 250 on the Financial Times Global 500. It was named one of world 's 50 Safest Banks by Global Finance in 2013 and 2014, and one of the 20 Most Valuable Banking Brands in 2014 by The Banker. The bank says it is the longest running bank in the United States, and whether it deserves this recognition is sometimes disputed by its rivals and also by some historians. The Bank of North America was chartered in 1781, and was absorbed by a series of other entities until it was acquired by Wells Fargo. Similarly, The Massachusetts Bank went through a series of acquisitions and ended up as part of Bank of America. The Bank of New York remained independent, absorbing other companies, until its merger with Mellon. There is no doubt that the BNY Mellon is at least the third oldest bank in the US. Sponsorships ( edit ) Since 2012, BNY Mellon has expanded its number of sponsorships. It is the title sponsor of the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race in London, which had been called the BNY Mellon Boat race from 2012 to 2015. The company also sponsors the Head of the Charles Regatta in Boston. In 2013, the company became a 10 - year sponsor of the San Francisco 49ers and a founding partner of Levi 's Stadium. The company is a regular sponsor of the Royal Academy of Arts in London. See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Bank of New York Mellon. 1 Wall Street Bank of New York BNY Mellon Center ( disambiguation ) CIBC Mellon Eagle Investment Systems Mellon Financial Corporation Pershing LLC References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` US SEC : Form 10 - K The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation ''. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved March 16, 2018. ^ Jump up to : David Teather ( December 5, 2006 ). `` Bank of New York merges with Mellon in £ 8bn deal ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 14 January 2015. ^ Jump up to : Dan Fitzpatrick ( May 25, 2007 ). `` Mellon Merger OK 'D, HQ On Way Out ''. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. ^ Jump up to : Patty Tascarella ( July 2, 2007 ). `` Bank of New York, Mellon complete merger ''. Pittsburgh Business Times. Retrieved 23 January 2015. ^ Jump up to : Wallack, Todd ( 20 December 2011 ). `` Which bank is the oldest? Accounts vary - The Boston Globe ''. Boston Globe. ^ Jump up to : `` The Story of the Bank of New York ; Oldest in New York and Second Oldest Recognized Bank in the Country ''. The New York Times. 14 June 1909. ^ Jump up to : Steven H. Jaffe ; Jessica Lautin ( 2014 ). Capital of Capital : Money, Banking, and Power in New York City. New York : Columbia University Press. pp. 9, 23. ISBN 0231537719. Retrieved 14 January 2015. Jump up ^ J.T.W. Hubbard ( 1995 ). For Each, the Strength of All : A History of Banking in the State of New York. NYU Press. p. 43. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 3514 - 5. Jump up ^ James Alexander Hamilton ( 1869 ). Reminiscences of James A. Hamilton : or, Men and events, at home and abroad, during three quarters of a century. C. Scribner & co. p. 265. Jump up ^ Rhodes ' Journal of Banking... : A Practical Banker 's Magazine vol 21. Chicago : B. Rhodes & Company. 1894. p. 752. Retrieved 14 January 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Bank of New York Profile ''. The New York Job Source. Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 08. Jump up ^ `` Timeline BNY Mellon ''. www.bnymellon.com. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 13. ^ Jump up to : Charles R. Geisst ( 2009 ). Encyclopedia of American Business History. Infobase Publishing. pp. 42 -- 43. ISBN 1438109873. Retrieved 14 January 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Bank of New York Building Profile ''. NYC Architecture. Retrieved 22 January 2015. ^ Jump up to : Adrian Cox ( December 4, 2006 ). `` Bank of New York agrees to acquire Mellon Financial ''. The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 22 January 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` The Bank of New York Company, Inc. - Company Profile, Information, Business Description, History, Background Information on The Bank of New York Company, Inc ''. referenceforbusiness.com. Reference for Business. Retrieved 14 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` New York 's Oldest ''. TIME. time.com. 26 March 1934. Retrieved 14 January 2015. Jump up ^ Quint, Michael ( 8 October 1988 ). `` Irving Signs Merger Deal, Ending Fight ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ `` Bank of New York ( Formerly Irving Trust Company ) Landmark ''. New York Architecture. Retrieved 13 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Bank of New York Acquires CSFB 's Pershing For $2 Billion ''. TheStreet.com. January 8, 2003. Retrieved 14 January 2015. Jump up ^ Timothy L., O'Brien ; Bonner, Raymond ( 17 February 2000 ). `` Banker and Husband Tell Of Role in Laundering Case ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ O'Brien, Timothy L. ( 9 November 2005 ). `` Bank Settles U.S. Inquiry Into Money Laundering ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ Kathie O'Donnell ( April 10, 2006 ). `` Bank of NY and J.P. Morgan swap assets ''. MarketWatch. Retrieved 22 January 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Mellon Financial Profile ''. The New York Job Source. Retrieved 14 January 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Mellon Financial Corporation -- Company Profile, Information, Business Description, History, Background Information on Mellon Financial Corporation ''. referenceforbusiness.com. Reference for Business. Retrieved 22 January 2015. ^ Jump up to : Abram Brown ( July 8, 2014 ). `` 175 Years Later, The Mellons Have Never Been Richer. How 'd They Do It? ''. Forbes. Retrieved 22 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Mellons Go to Work Again ''. TIME. February 7, 1946. Retrieved 22 January 2015. Jump up ^ Will Ashworth ( January 8, 2015 ). `` The light shines brightly on the family office ''. Wealth Professional. Retrieved 22 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` Mellon Financial Corporation - American bank ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2015 - 02 - 03. Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 22. In 1982 Mellon acquired the Girard Company, a major Philadelphia bank holding company, and in 1985 it merged with Commonwealth National Financial Corporation, a financial - services company based in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The Mellon Bank acquired the investment and money - management firm Boston Company, Inc., in 1993 and bought the Dreyfus Corporation, a large manager of mutual funds, in 1994 Jump up ^ Michael Quint ( December 6, 1989 ). `` Mellon Bank to Buy 54 of Meritor 's Units ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 22 January 2015. ^ Jump up to : Lloyd Vries ( December 4, 2006 ). `` Bank Of New York To Merge With Mellon ''. CBS News. Retrieved 22 January 2015. Jump up ^ Eric Dash ( October 14, 2008 ). `` Bank of New York Mellon Will Oversee Bailout Fund ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 15 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` WaMu, BNY Mellon latest to shed jobs ''. NBC News. AP. November 21, 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2015. Jump up ^ Maha Atal ( July 23, 2009 ). `` Banker : `` TARP helped avert a global calamity '' ``. Fortune. Retrieved 23 January 2015. Jump up ^ Stephen Bernard ( June 17, 2009 ). `` Bank of New York Mellon repays TARP funds ''. The Seattle Times. Retrieved 15 January 2015. Jump up ^ Johnathan Stempel ( August 5, 2009 ). `` Bank of NY Mellon pays $136 mln for TARP warrants ''. Reuters. Retrieved 15 January 2015. Jump up ^ Steve McGrath and Margot Patrick ( August 13, 2009 ). `` Lloyds to Sell Insight Investment to Bank of New York Mellon ''. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 14 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` BNY Mellon Initiates GFI Group ''. Zacks. July 7, 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2015. Jump up ^ Charles Stein ( April 28, 2011 ). `` BNY Mellon to Buy Talon Wealth Management to Expand in Chicago ''. Bloomberg. Retrieved 15 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` Russia sues Bank of New York for 22.5 bln usd ''. Forbes.com. May 17, 2007. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07. Jump up ^ Parloff, Roger ( September 22, 2009 ). `` Russia settles suit against U.S. bank for a pittance ''. CNN. Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 27. Jump up ^ Mollenkamp, Carrick ( 2011 - 10 - 05 ). `` US and New York Sue BNY Mellon ''. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 08. ( Subscription required ( help ) ). Jump up ^ `` King World News Interview : Barry Markopolos ''. King World News. Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 10. Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 08. Jump up ^ Joe Adler ( March 7, 2013 ). `` Fed Unveils Dodd - Frank Stress Test Results ''. American Banker. Retrieved 23 January 2015. Jump up ^ Halah Touryalai ( March 20, 2014 ). `` Stress Test Results : Big Banks Look Healthier As 29 of 30 Pass, Zions Fails ''. Forbes. Retrieved 23 January 2015. Jump up ^ Noreen O'Leary ( August 28, 2013 ). `` BNY Mellon Review Meetings Set for Next Week New CMO Judy Hu leads the search ''. AdWeek. Retrieved 15 January 2015. Jump up ^ Andrew McMains ( September 12, 2013 ). `` TBWA Wins BNY Mellon 's Global Account ''. Adweek. Retrieved 15 January 2015. Jump up ^ Babcock, Charles ( 26 October 2015 ). `` BNY Mellon Transforms IT One Step At A Time ''. InformationWeek. Retrieved 26 March 2017. Jump up ^ Baliva, Zach ( 15 June 2016 ). `` Jennifer Cole is Helping Finance Giant BNY Mellon Become a Tech Giant Too ''. Sync. Guerrero Howe. Retrieved 26 March 2017. Jump up ^ Boulton, Clint ( 2 April 2017 ). `` BNY Mellon Channels Silicon Valley Development Practices ''. The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company. Retrieved 26 March 2017. Jump up ^ Fogarty, Susan ( 21 October 2016 ). `` Banking On Open Platforms And APIs ''. NetworkComputing. UBM. Retrieved 26 March 2017. Jump up ^ Bloomberg News ( May 21, 2014 ). `` BNY Mellon reach $585 M deal to sell HQ ''. Crain 's New York Business. ^ Jump up to : Saabira Chaudhuri and Keiko Morris ( June 26, 2014 ). `` BNY Mellon to Keep Headquarters in New York City ''. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 15 January 2015. ^ Jump up to : Rick Baert ( June 25, 2014 ). `` BNY Mellon combines 3 units into new group ''. Pensions & Investments. Retrieved 20 January 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Jeannine Lehman set to leave BNY Mellon ''. Global Investor. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016. ^ Jump up to : Henny Sender ( October 22, 2015 ). `` BNY Mellon launches Asia wealth management strategy ''. Financial Times. Retrieved 14 January 2015. Jump up ^ Clint Boulton ( November 20, 2014 ). `` BNY Mellon Hiring Tech Talent for Silicon Valley Innovation Center ''. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 23 January 2015. Jump up ^ Greg MacSweeney ( December 2, 2014 ). `` BNY Mellon Aims to Tap Data Science Talent In Silicon Valley ''. Wall Street and Technology. Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 06. Retrieved 15 January 2015. Jump up ^ JD Alois ( November 27, 2016 ). `` BNY Mellon 's 8th Innovation Center Has Opened in Singapore ''. Crowdfund Insider. Retrieved 26 January 2017. Jump up ^ Antoine Gara ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ). `` Bank Of New York Mellon Settles Misrepresentation Claims For $714 Million ''. Forbes. Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 24. Jump up ^ BNY Mellon Investment Management ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ). `` BNY Mellon Investment Management Announces Sale of the CenterSquare Business to CenterSquare Management and Lovell Minnick Partners ''. PR Newswire. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20. ^ Jump up to : `` 1911 Bank Data - Bank of New York Mellon ''. Money Economics. 30 June 2012. Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 29. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 14. ^ Jump up to : `` BankEval Bank Financial Profile : The Bank of New York Mellon - Money Economics ''. www.bankeval.com. 31 December 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2018. Jump up ^ Christopher Fleisher ( December 2, 2014 ). `` Avoiding possible proxy fight, BNY Mellon gives board seat to activist investor Trian ''. Pittsburgh Tribune - Review. Retrieved 15 January 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Bank Of New York Mellon Corp ''. bloomberg.com. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 15 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` 2016 Annual Report Financial Section '' ( PDF ). p. 3. Retrieved 24 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` BNY Mellon Relocates Corporate Headquarters ''. BNY Mellon. July 25, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2018. Jump up ^ Anette Jönsson ( September 2, 2009 ). `` BNY Mellon to expand HK presence with 50 new hires ''. FinanceAsia. Retrieved 15 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` BNY Mellon ''. fundweb.co.uk. Fundweb. Retrieved 15 January 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Bank of New York Mellon Profile ''. Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 19. Jump up ^ `` BNY Mellon Company Details ''. crunchbase.com. TechCrunch. November 17, 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation '' ( PDF ). boyarresearch.com. Boyar 's Intrinsic Value Research. October 31, 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2015. Jump up ^ Kingkarn Amjaroen ( June 30, 2014 ). `` 3 Definitive Reasons Why The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation Has Much More Potential to Rise ''. The Motley Fool. Retrieved 15 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` Invested : Corporate Social Responsibility Report 2015 '' ( PDF ). BNY Mellon. Retrieved 27 July 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Fourth Quarter 2014 Financial Highlights '' ( PDF ). bnymellon.com. The Bank of New York Mellon. January 23, 2015. pp. 19, 27. Retrieved 15 January 2015. Jump up ^ Singh, Sweta ( 20 July 2017 ). `` BNY Mellon profit beats on higher fees and interest rates ''. Reuters. Retrieved 24 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` Pershing LLC Company Profile ''. biz.yahoo.com. Yahoo. Retrieved 6 February 2015. Jump up ^ `` Bank of New York 's Pershing reorganizes top management ''. Reuters. March 6, 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2015. Jump up ^ Rebecca Keats ( January 26, 2016 ). `` Analyzing Bank of New York Mellon 's Segmental Performance ''. Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved 25 February 2016. Jump up ^ Huang, Daniel ; Dulaney, Chelsey ( 21 July 2015 ). `` BNY Mellon Profit Surges 48 % ''. WSJ. Jump up ^ `` The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation 2016 Annual Report Exhibit 13.1 ''. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved 28 April 2017. Jump up ^ Mark Battersby ( December 31, 2014 ). `` Big boutique mystique -- Fund distributor with BNY Mellon ''. International Advisor. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015. ^ Jump up to : Robert Milburn ( November 29, 2014 ). `` Quiet Giant ''. Barron 's. Retrieved 17 January 2015. Jump up ^ Bray, Chad ( 17 July 2017 ). `` Bank of New York Mellon Hires Former Visa Head as C.E.O. '' The New York Times. Retrieved 24 July 2017. ^ Jump up to : Carrick Mollenkamp and Robin Sidel ( September 2, 2011 ). `` BNY Mellon 's New CEO Is Old Hand ''. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 15 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` Gerald Hassell Profile ''. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 23, 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2015. Jump up ^ `` Form 8 - K Exhibit 99.1 : Press release ''. Bank of New York Mellon Corp via SEC Edgar. 26 September 2016., `` Form 8 - K ''. Bank of New York Mellon Corp via SEC Edgar. 26 September 2016. Jump up ^ Hilary Burns ( November 3, 2014 ). `` From the financial crisis to the Sandusky scandal, this one trait gave success to Karen Peetz of BNY Mellon ''. BizWomen. Retrieved 15 January 2015. Jump up ^ Stephen Taub ( May 28, 2008 ). `` BNY Mellon Reshuffles, Names Gibbons CFO ''. CFO. Retrieved 5 February 2015. Jump up ^ Stein, Charles ( 23 February 2016 ). `` BNY Mellon Says Vice Chairman Curtis Arledge to Leave Bank ''. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 30 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` BNY Mellon names Brian Shea CEO of investment services ''. Reuters. June 25, 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2015. Jump up ^ Hayley McDowell ( 14 November 2017 ). `` BNY Mellon Investor Services head Shea departs amid major shake - up ''. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12. Jump up ^ `` Meet Our Board of Directors ''. BNY Mellon. Retrieved 24 July 2017. Jump up ^ Adam Gell ( February 5, 2015 ). `` BNY Mellon elects former Deloitte CEO to board of directors ''. HITC. Retrieved 5 February 2015. ^ Jump up to : Julie Schaeffer ( November 2014 ). `` BNY Mellon 's True Return on Investment ''. Green Building and Design. Retrieved 22 January 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Pittsburgh Businesses `` On the Frontline '' of Corporate Social Responsibility ``. WESA. December 14, 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2015. ^ Jump up to : John Grgurich ( June 14, 2013 ). `` Goldman Sachs Defies Great Vampire Squid Label ''. The Motley Fool. Retrieved 22 January 2015. Jump up ^ Melissa Massello ( December 6, 2014 ). `` Companies Where Millennials Thrive : BNY Mellon ''. PreparedU View. Retrieved 6 February 2015. Jump up ^ Patty Tascarella ( October 24, 2014 ). `` $1 M social innovation challenge launched by BNY Mellon, foundation ''. Pittsburgh Business Journal. Retrieved 18 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` CDP Ranks Top S&P 500 Climate Performers ''. Environmental Leader. September 24, 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2015. Jump up ^ Karen Henry ( November 4, 2015 ). `` CDP Reveals 2015 Climate A List ''. Environmental Leader. Retrieved 25 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` Invested : An Interview With Bny Mellon Corporate Social Responsiblity ( sic ) Director John Buckley ''. JustMeans. June 6, 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2015. Jump up ^ Heather Clancy ( September 11, 2014 ). `` The 2014 Dow Jones Sustainability Index : Abbott to Woolworths ''. GreenBiz. Retrieved 15 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` Stocks to Track -- National - Oilwell Varco, ( NOV ), SunTrust Banks, ( STI ), Bank of New York Mellon ( BK ), Apache ( APA ) ''. Techsonian. September 14, 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Dow Jones Sustainability Indices '' ( PDF ). September 19, 2016. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 12 - 20. Retrieved 18 December 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` BNY Mellon -- Fostering Global Inclusion and Multiculturalism ''. catalyst.org. Catalyst. June 9, 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2015. Jump up ^ Masud, Maha ( May 21, 2013 ). `` Interview : President of BNY Mellon Karen Peetz on Women 's Leadership ''. Americas Society Council of the Americas. Jump up ^ Maha Masud ( May 21, 2013 ). `` Interview : President of BNY Mellon Karen Peetz on Women 's Leadership ''. Council of the Americas. Retrieved 15 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` 25 Most Influential Companies for Veteran Hiring ''. Diversity Journal. 2014. Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 27. Retrieved 15 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` NGLCC names top financial services firms for diversity practices ''. Affinity Inc Magazine. July 23, 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2015. Jump up ^ Jack Milligan ( September 11, 2014 ). `` How One Large Bank Fosters Innovation ''. BankDirector.com. Retrieved 22 January 2015. Jump up ^ Tim McLaughlin ( January 23, 2015 ). `` BNY Mellon, State Street get profit boost from forex trading ''. Reuters. Retrieved 23 January 2015. Jump up ^ Margie Manning ( January 7, 2015 ). `` 3 reasons BNY Mellon keeps growing in Tampa ''. Tampa Bay Business Journal. Retrieved 17 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` Fortune 500 : Bank of New York Mellon ''. Fortune. 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017. Jump up ^ Annebritt Dullforce ( June 27, 2014 ). `` FT 500 2014 ''. Financial Times. Retrieved 17 January 2015. Jump up ^ Andrew Cunningham ( November 13, 2014 ). `` World 's Safest Banks 2014 ''. Global Finance. Retrieved 17 January 2015. Jump up ^ Andrew Cunningham ( October 1, 2013 ). `` World 's Safest Banks 2013 ''. Global Finance. Retrieved 17 January 2015. Jump up ^ Paul Wallace ( March 2, 2014 ). `` The Top 500 Banking Brands, 2014 ''. The Banker. Retrieved 17 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` Investor Relations ''. BNY Mellon. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 20. ^ Jump up to : `` BNY Mellon Banks On Expanded Sponsorship Portfolio ''. IEG SR. September 16, 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2015. Jump up ^ Michael Long ( February 9, 2012 ). `` BNY Mellon names historic Boat Race ''. SportsPro. Retrieved 22 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` Boat Race sponsors donate sponsorship to Cancer Research UK UK Fundraising ''. fundraising.co.uk. Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04. Jump up ^ Michael Long ( September 11, 2013 ). `` BNY Mellon partners 49ers, Levi 's Stadium ''. SportsPro. Retrieved 22 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` BNY Mellon rows to the Balding beat with the boat race ''. London Evening Standard. April 2, 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2015. External links ( edit ) Official website Business data for The Bank of New York Mellon : Google Finance Yahoo! Finance Reuters SEC filings Pershing LLC., a subsidiary of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation 225th Anniversary Commemorative Video iNautix Technologies, a subsidiary of The Bank of New York Mellon New York Life Insurance and Trust Company Records at Baker Library Historical Collections, Harvard Business School. 50 largest banks in the United States based on assets Ally American Express Bank of America Bank of New York Mellon Barclays * BB&T BBVA * BMO Harris * BNP Paribas * Capital One Charles Schwab CIT Citigroup Citizens Comerica Credit Suisse * Deutsche Bank * Discover E-Trade Fifth Third First Horizon Goldman Sachs HSBC * Huntington JPMorgan Chase KeyBank M&T Morgan Stanley MUFG Union Bank * Mutual of Omaha NYCB Northern Trust People 's United PNC Popular RBC * Regions Santander * State Farm State Street SunTrust SVB Synchrony TD * TIAA U.S. Bancorp UBS * USAA Wells Fargo Zions * indicates the U.S. subsidiary of a non-U.S. bank. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bank_of_New_York_Mellon&oldid=865989867 '' Categories : Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange 2007 establishments in New York ( state ) Banks based in New York City Systemically important financial institutions Companies based in Manhattan Banks established in 2007 Financial services companies based in New York City Multinational companies based in New York City Publicly traded companies based in New York City Companies formed by merger Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018, at 14 : 47 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Bank of New York Mellon", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Bank_of_New_York_Mellon&amp;oldid=865989867" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "6603908918772860624" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai - wikipedia Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Show Poster Genre Drama Romance Created by Shashi Sumeet Productions Written by Shashi Sumeet Mittal Vaishali Nageen Rajesh Chawla Mayur Puri Sanjay Chhel Directed by Yogesh Bijendra Bhati Creative director ( s ) Indrajeet Mukherjee Ambica Sharma Starring Ashi Singh Randeep Rai Voices of Kumar Sanu Sadhana Sargam Theme music composer Anu Malik Nishant - Raja Sanjay Chhel Lyrics Opening theme Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons No. of episodes 245 ( as of August 10, 2018 ) Production Producer ( s ) Shashi Sumeet Mittal Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal Production location ( s ) Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Editor ( s ) Dharmesh Patel Priya Suhas Production company ( s ) Shashi Sumeet Productions Distributor Sony Pictures Network Release Original network Sony SET India Sony Entertainment Television Network Asia Original release 5 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) -- Present Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai ( English : It 's About Those Days ) is a Hindi drama series on SET and produced by Shashi Sumeet Productions, which started airing from 5 September 2017. Newbie Ashi Singh and TV actor Randeep Rai play the lead roles of Naina and Sameer respectively. The show is based on the youngsters ' love story and is set in the 1990s. The show has been critically acclaimed for its performances and script. This show has also been dubbed in Tamil known as Ninaithale Inikkum. Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Theme song 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Recurring cast 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The story starts in 1990, place being Ahmadabad, Gujarat. Naina Aggarwal ( Ashi Singh ) is a quintessential good girl who tops her school every year. She is excellent in studies. She is looked after by Bela chachi and Anand chacha. Her mother passed away when she was young. Her father, Rakesh Aggarwal is a librarian in her school, who is a strict and stubborn person. Her elder brother Arjun is a cricketer. Sameer Maheshwari ( Randeep Rai ) is a good looking happy - go - lucky, spoilt brat. He studied in a boarding school in Nainital, after which he is transferred to Naina 's school. Naina, after meeting Sameer, falls for him instantly. She constantly tries to get his attention. Sameer 's enemies in the school challenge him to make Naina say `` I Love You '' to him, to which Sameer agrees. Thereafter, their school goes for a school trip, where she realizes that she is in love with him. Sameer also makes her fall for him. One day, Naina gathers courage to propose Sameer, where his enemies reveal that it was just a bet. Naina is heartbroken, and vows never to love anyone. Sameer realizes that he too has fallen for her, as he was never taken care of as Naina did. Sameer tries to gain her love, which he does but with much difficulty. Sameer and Naina are now in a happy relation. 2 years pass by, and the couple is in the same college. They continue their relation. After Arjun - Shefali break up, Naina fears of facing her family 's wrath and she breaks - up with Sameer. Both are heartbroken. Naina 's taiji forces her to get married, which she unwillingly agrees to and gets engaged to a to - be C.A, Sharad. Sameer also decides to move on and establishes a relation with Sunaina. Theme song ( edit ) The opening theme of the show Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai is composed by Anu Malik. The lyrics are written by Sanjay Chhel and it comprises the voices of legendary singers Kumar Sanu and Sadhana Sargam. Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Ashi Singh as Naina Agarwal Randeep Rai as Sameer Maheshwari Sadiya Siddiqui as Naina 's voiceover Jiten Lalwani as Sameer 's voiceover Sachin Khurana as Anand Agarwal, Naina 's uncle Madhusree Sharma as Bela Agarwal, Naina 's aunt Somendra Solanki as Arjun Agarwal, Naina 's older brother ( left ) Shweta Rajput as Pooja Mittal / neé Agarwal, Naina 's cousin Ayesha Kaduskar as Preeti Agarwal, Naina 's best friend / cousin Sanjay Batra as Jagdeesh Agarwal, Naina 's Tauji Abha Parmar as Beena Agarwal, Naina 's Taiji Chandresh Singh as Rakesh Agarwal, Naina 's Father Recurring cast ( edit ) Raghav Dhir as Pandit Sanjay Chaudhary as Manoj / Munna Kristina Patel as Swati Hema Sood as Shefali Hitesh Sharma as Kartik Nishi Singh as Sunaina Charu Trikha as Mitali Malina Kumra as Kamya Hema Sai as Hema Vaibhav Shrivastav as Priyank Love Joshi as Varun Mittal ( Pooja 's husband ) Reception ( edit ) The show has received mostly positive reviews and is considered to be doing well. It was particularly hailed for a fresh outlook and for bringing out the nostalgia and the flavours of the 90s well. The show topped the Sony TV shows by gaining a TRP of 1.1 its first week. Bollywood Life hailed it as one of the best TV shows launched in 2017 and praised the performances of newcomers Ashi Singh and Randeep Rai. UK 's weekly Asian newspaper Eastern Eye praised the creative team of the show for leaving no stone unturned to recreate the city of Ahmedabad from an earlier era and called it a tribute to the city. This show has also earned compliments from various television as well as film actors. For the Gold Awards 2018, Ashi Singh was nominated for ' Best Debut in a Leading Role ' in Female category. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai ``, a show revisiting 90s era, airs on Sony from today ''. uniindia.com. 5 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Sony TV confirms launch date of ' Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai ' ''. bizasialive.com. 31 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Pehredaar Piya Ki Makers ' Next Move After Show Was Taken Off Air ''. NDTV. 5 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Pehredaar Piya Ki makers ' heartbroken ' after show was axed ; next project Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai ''. Firstpost. 6 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Why Sony 's new show Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai is giving us all the good vibes about the 90s ''. inuth.com. 8 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Gear up to go into flashbacks with Sony TV 's new show ' Ye Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai ' ''. Bollywoodmdb.com. 1 September 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai will take you down the memory lane ''. indiatoday.in. 8 September 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Kundali Bhagya, Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai -- a look at the best shows launched in 2017! ''. BollywoodLife.com. 28 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Bollywood songs are losing poetic value : Kumar Sanu ''. radioandmusic.com. 5 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Kumar Sanu : Singers who sang the original track must also sing the rehashed version ''. Hindustan Times. 15 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Ye Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai : A few shows down & the story keeps you hooked! ''. bollywoodmdb.com. 14 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Promo : Randeep Rai And Ashi Singh 's New Show Will Make You Feel Nostalgic ''. Retrieved August 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` SHASHI MITTAL 'S TRIBUTE TO AHMEDABAD IN YEH UN DINON KI BAAT HAI! ''. Eastern Eye. 18 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Veteran actress Supriya Pilgaonkar compliments makers of ' Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai ' - Times of India ''. The Times of India. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Gold Awards 2018 : Divyanka Tripathi, Karan Patel, Hina Khan, Nakuul Mehta & Others Nominated! ''. https://www.filmibeat.com. 2018 - 06 - 12. Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08. External link in work = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai on IMDb Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai on Sony LIV Official website on SET India Current broadcasts on Sony Entertainment Television India Mystery CID Crime Patrol Reality and comedy 10 Ka Dum Zindagi Ke Crossroads Drama Dil Hi Toh Hai Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai History and mythology Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi Porus Prithvi Vallabh - Itihaas Bhi, Rahasya Bhi Vighnaharta Ganesha List of former shows Shashi Sumeet Productions Founder Shashi Sumeet Mittal Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal Current productions Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Mitegi Laxman Rekha Past productions Badii Devrani Diya Aur Baati Hum Dil Se Dil Tak Dream Girl Ek Rishta Aisa Bhi Haar Jeet Hum Aapke Ghar Mein Rehte Hain Main Lakshmi Tere Aangan Ki Mooh Boli Shaadi Pehredaar Piya Ki Punar Vivah Punar Vivah - Ek Nayi Umeed Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya Sajan Ghar Jaana Hai Tu Mera Hero Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi Tumhari Paakhi Tu Sooraj, Main Saanjh Piyaji TV, Biwi aur Main Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeh_Un_Dinon_Ki_Baat_Hai&oldid=854572720 '' Categories : 2017 Indian television series debuts Indian drama television series Sony Entertainment Television series Television shows set in Delhi Television shows set in Gujarat Television series set in the 1990s Shashi Sumeet Productions series Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018, at 09 : 18 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Yeh_Un_Dinon_Ki_Baat_Hai&amp;oldid=854572720" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "14635808423248905775" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom - Wikipedia Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom For other uses, see Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( disambiguation ). Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Robert Watts Screenplay by Willard Huyck Gloria Katz Story by George Lucas Starring Harrison Ford Kate Capshaw Amrish Puri Roshan Seth Philip Stone Jonathan Ke Quan Music by John Williams Cinematography Douglas Slocombe Edited by Michael Kahn Production company Lucasfilm Ltd. Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date May 8, 1984 ( 1984 - 05 - 08 ) ( Westwood ) May 23, 1984 ( 1984 - 05 - 23 ) ( United States ) Running time 118 minutes Country United States Language English Sinhala Hindi Budget $28.2 million Box office $333.1 million Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is a 1984 American action - adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg. It is the second installment in the Indiana Jones franchise and a prequel to the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark, featuring Harrison Ford reprising his role as the title character. After arriving in North India, Indiana Jones is asked by desperate villagers to find a mystical stone and rescue their children from a Thuggee cult practicing child slavery, black magic and ritual human sacrifice in honor of the goddess Kali. Executive producer and co-writer George Lucas made the film a prequel as he did not want the Nazis to be the villains again. After three rejected plot devices, Lucas wrote a film treatment that resembled the film 's final storyline. Lawrence Kasdan, Lucas 's collaborator on Raiders of the Lost Ark, turned down the offer to write the script, and Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz were hired as his replacements, with the screenplay partly based upon the 1939 film Gunga Din. The film was released to financial success but initial reviews were mixed, criticizing its violence. However, critical opinion has improved since 1984, citing the film 's intensity and imagination. In response to some of the more violent sequences in the film, and with similar complaints about Gremlins, Spielberg suggested that the Motion Picture Association of America ( MPAA ) alter its rating system, which it did within two months of the film 's release. Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Editing 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Promotion 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards 5.3 Controversy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1935, Indiana Jones narrowly escapes the clutches of Lao Che, a crime boss in Shanghai, China. With his 11 - year - old Chinese sidekick Short Round and the nightclub singer Willie Scott in tow, Indy flees Shanghai on an airplane that, unbeknownst to them, is owned by Lao. While the three of them are asleep on the plane, the pilots parachute out, and they leave the plane to crash over the Himalayas while dumping its fuel. Indy, Shorty, and Willie discover this and narrowly manage to escape by jumping out of the plane on an inflatable raft, and then riding down the slopes into a raging river. They come to Mayapore, a fictional village in northern India, where the poor villagers believe them to have been sent by Shiva to retrieve the sacred sivalinga stone stolen from their shrine, as well as the community 's children, from evil forces in the nearby Pankot Palace. During the journey to Pankot, Indy hypothesizes that the stone may be one of the five fabled Sankara stones that promise fortune and glory. The trio receive a warm welcome from the Prime Minister of Pankot Palace, Chattar Lal. The visitors are allowed to stay the night as guests, during which they attend a lavish but grotesque banquet given by the young Maharaja, Zalim Singh. Chattar Lal rebuffs Indy 's questions about the villagers ' claims and his theory that the ancient Thuggee cult is responsible for their troubles. Later that night, Indy is attacked by an assassin, leading Indy, Willie, and Shorty to believe that something is amiss. They discover a series of tunnels hidden behind a statue in Willie 's room and set out to explore them, overcoming a number of booby - traps along the way. The trio eventually reach an underground temple where the Thugs worship Kali with human sacrifice. They watch as the Thugs chain one of their victims in a cage and slowly lower him into a ceremonial lava pit, burning him alive. They discover that the Thugs, led by their high priest Mola Ram, are in possession of three of the five Sankara stones, and have enslaved the children to mine for the final two stones. As Indy tries to retrieve the stones, he, Willie, and Shorty are captured and separated. Indy is whipped and forced to drink a potion called the Blood of Kali, which places him in a trance - like state where he begins to mindlessly serve the Thugs. Willie, meanwhile, is kept as a human sacrifice, while Shorty ( who was also whipped ) is put to work in the mines alongside the enslaved children. Shorty breaks free and escapes back into the temple where he burns Indy with a torch, shocking him out of the trance. After defeating Chattar Lal, Indy stops Willie 's cage and cranks it out of the pit just in time before it has a chance to enter the fire. They go back to the mines to free the children, but Indy is caught up in a fight with a hulking overseer. The Maharaja, who was also entranced, attempts to cripple Indy with a voodoo doll. Shorty spars with the Maharajah, ultimately burning him to snap him out of the trance. With his strength returned, Indy kills the overseer. The Maharaja then tells Shorty how to get out of the mines. While Mola Ram escapes, Indy and Shorty rescue Willie and retrieve the three Sankara stones, the village children escape. After a mine cart chase to escape the temple, the trio emerge above ground and are again cornered by Mola Ram and his henchmen on a rope bridge high above a crocodile - infested river. Using a sword, Indy cuts the rope bridge in half, leaving everyone to hang on for their lives. Indy utters an incantation which causes the stones to glow red hot. Two of the stones fall into the river, while the last falls into Mola Ram 's hand, burning his hand. Indy catches the now - cool stone, while Mola Ram falls into the river below and is devoured by hungry crocodiles. The Thuggees then attempt to shoot Indy with arrows, until a company of British Indian Army riflemen, summoned by the Maharaja, arrive and open fire on the Thuggee archers. Indy, Willie, and Shorty return to the village with the children and give the missing stone back to the villagers. Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Indiana Jones characters Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones : An archaeologist adventurer who is asked by a desperate Indian village to retrieve a mysterious stone and rescue the missing village children. Ford undertook a strict physical exercise regimen headed by Jake Steinfeld to gain a more muscular tone for the part. Kate Capshaw as Willie Scott : An American nightclub singer working in Shanghai. Willie is unprepared for her adventure with Indy and Short Round, and appears to be a damsel in distress. She also forms a romantic relationship with Indy. Over 120 actresses auditioned for the role, including Sharon Stone. To prepare for the role, Capshaw watched The African Queen and A Guy Named Joe. Spielberg wanted Willie to be a complete contrast to Marion Ravenwood from Raiders of the Lost Ark, so Capshaw dyed her brown hair blonde for the part. Costume designer Anthony Powell wanted the character to have red hair. Amrish Puri as Mola Ram : A Thuggee priest who performs rituals of human sacrifices. The character is named after a 17th - century Indian painter. Lucas wanted Mola Ram to be terrifying, so the screenwriters added elements of Aztec and Hawaiian human sacrificers, and European devil worship to the character. To create his headdress, make - up artist Tom Smith based the skull on a cow ( as this would be sacrilegious ), and used a latex shrunken head. Jonathan Ke Quan as Short Round : Indy 's eleven - year - old Chinese sidekick, who drives the 1936 Auburn Boat Tail Speedster which allows Indy to escape during the opening sequence. Quan was chosen as part of a casting call in Los Angeles. Around 6000 actors auditioned worldwide for the part : Quan was cast after his brother auditioned for the role. Spielberg liked his personality, so he and Ford improvised the scene where Short Round accuses Indy of cheating during a card game. He was credited by his birthname, Ke Huy Quan. Roshan Seth as Chattar Lal : The Prime Minister of the Maharaja of Pankot. Chattar, also a Thuggee worshiper, is enchanted by Indy, Willie and Short Round 's arrival, but is offended by Indy 's questioning of the palace 's history and the archaeologist 's own dubious past. Philip Stone as Captain Philip Blumburtt : A British Indian Army Captain called to Pankot Palace for `` exercises ''. Alongside a unit of his riflemen, Blumburtt assists Indy towards the end in fighting off Thuggee reinforcements. Roy Chiao as Lao Che : A Shanghai crime boss who, with his sons, hires Indy to recover the cremated ashes of one of his ancestors, only to attempt to kill him and cheat him out of his fee, a large diamond. David Yip as Wu Han : A friend of Indy. He is killed by one of Lao Che 's sons while posing as a waiter at Club Obi Wan. Raj Singh as Zalim Singh, the adolescent Maharajá of Pankot, who appears as an innocent puppet of the Thuggee faithful. In the end, he helps to defeat them. D.R. Nanayakkara as Shaman : The leader of a small village that recruits Indy to retrieve their stolen sacred Shiva lingam stone. Actor Pat Roach plays the Thuggee overseer in the mines, Roach had previously appeared as a mechanic and the Grand Sherpa in Raiders of the Lost Ark. Spielberg, Lucas, Marshall, Kennedy, and Dan Aykroyd have cameos at the airport. Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Spielberg later recalled that when Lucas first approached him for Raiders of the Lost Ark, `` George said if I directed the first one then I would have to direct a trilogy. He had three stories in mind. It turned out George did not have three stories in mind and we had to make up subsequent stories. '' Both men later attributed the film 's tone, which was darker than Raiders of the Lost Ark, to their personal moods following the breakups of their relationships. In addition, Lucas felt `` it had to have been a dark film. The way Empire Strikes Back was the dark second act of the Star Wars trilogy. '' Lucas set the film in an earlier year than the first to avoid repeating the use of Nazis as the villains. Spielberg originally wanted to bring Marion Ravenwood back, with Abner Ravenwood considered as a possible character. In developing the story, Lucas conceived of an opening chase scene with Indiana Jones on a motorcycle on the Great Wall of China, followed by the discovery of a `` Lost World pastiche with a hidden valley inhabited by dinosaurs ''. Another idea was to feature the Monkey King as the plot device. However, Chinese authorities refused permission for them to film in the country, requiring a different setting. Lucas wrote a film treatment that included a haunted castle in Scotland, but Spielberg felt it was too similar to Poltergeist ; so the setting transformed into a demonic temple in India. Lucas came up with ideas that involved a religious cult devoted to child slavery, black magic and ritual human sacrifice. Lawrence Kasdan of Raiders of the Lost Ark was asked to write the script. `` I did n't want to be associated with Temple of Doom, '' he reflected. `` I just thought it was horrible. It 's so mean. There 's nothing pleasant about it. I think Temple of Doom represents a chaotic period in both their ( Lucas and Spielberg ) lives, and the movie is very ugly and mean - spirited. '' Lucas hired Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz to write the script because of their knowledge of Indian culture. Gunga Din served as an influence for the film. Huyck and Katz spent four days at Skywalker Ranch for story discussions with Lucas and Spielberg in early 1982. They later said the early plot consisted of two notions of Lucas ' : that Indy would recover something stolen from a village and decide whether to give it back, and that the picture would start in China and work its way to India. Huyck says Lucas was very single - minded about getting through meetings, while `` Steve would always stop and think about visual stuff. '' Lucas ' initial idea for Indiana 's sidekick was a virginal young princess, but Huyck, Katz, and Spielberg disliked the idea. Just as Indiana Jones was named after Lucas ' Alaskan Malamute, the character of Willie was named after Spielberg 's Cocker Spaniel, and Short Round was named after Huyck 's dog, whose name was derived from The Steel Helmet. Lucas handed Huyck and Katz a 20 - page treatment in May 1982 titled Indiana Jones and the Temple of Death to adapt into a screenplay. Scenes such as the fight scene in Shanghai, the escape from the airplane, and the mine cart chase came from earlier scripts of Raiders of the Lost Ark. Lucas, Huyck, and Katz had been developing Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) since the early 1970s. The opening music was taken from that script and applied to Temple of Doom. Spielberg reflected, `` George 's idea was to start the movie with a musical number. He wanted to do a Busby Berkeley dance number. At all our story meetings he would say, ' Hey, Steven, you always said you wanted to shoot musicals. ' I thought, ' Yeah, that could be fun. ' '' Lucas, Spielberg, Katz, and Huyck were concerned how to keep the audience interest while explaining the Thuggee cult. Huyck and Katz proposed a tiger hunt but Spielberg said, `` There 's no way I 'm going to stay in India long enough to shoot a tiger hunt. '' They eventually decided on a dinner scene involving eating bugs, monkey brains, and the like. `` Steve and George both still react like children, so their idea was to make it as gross as possible, '' says Katz. Lucas sent Huyck and Katz a 500 - page transcript of their taped conversations to help them with the script. The first draft was written in six weeks, in early August 1982. `` Steve was coming off an enormously successful movie and George did n't want to lose him, '' said Katz. `` He desperately wanted him to direct ( Temple of Doom ). We were under a lot of pressure to do it really, really fast so we could hold on to Steve. '' A second draft was finished by September. Captain Blumburtt, Chattar Lal, and the boy Maharaja originally had more crucial roles. A dogfight was deleted, as well as those who drank the Kali blood turned into zombies with physical superhuman abilities. During pre-production, the Temple of Death title was replaced with Temple of Doom. From March to April 1983, Huyck and Katz simultaneously performed rewrites for a final shooting script. Huyck and Katz later said Harrison Ford took many of the one liners originally given to Short Round. Filming ( edit ) Steven Spielberg and Chandran Rutnam on a location in Sri Lanka during the filming of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Huyck later recalled `` at one point when we were writing it we told George `` We know a lot of Indians. We 've been there... I do n't think they 're going to think this is really so cool. Do you think you 're going to have trouble shooting there? '' He said, `` Are you kidding? It 's me and Steve. '' Months later they called and said, `` We ca n't shoot in India. They 're really upset. '' So they shot in Sri Lanka and London, mostly. '' The filmmakers were denied permission to film in North India and Amer Fort due to the government finding the script offensive. The government demanded many script changes, rewritings and final cut privilege. As a result, location work went to Kandy, Sri Lanka, with matte paintings and scale models applied for the village, temple, and Pankot Palace. Budgetary inflation also caused Temple of Doom to cost $28.17 million, $8 million more than Raiders of the Lost Ark. Filming began on April 18, 1983 in Kandy, and moved to Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire, England on May 5. Producer Frank Marshall recalled, `` when filming the bug scenes, crew members would go home and find bugs in their hair, clothes and shoes. '' Eight out of the nine sound stages at Elstree housed the filming of Temple of Doom. Lucas biographer Marcus Hearn observed, `` Douglas Slocombe 's skillful lighting helped disguise the fact that about 80 percent of the film was shot with sound stages. '' Harrison Ford with Chandran Rutnam on the set of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom which was shot in Kandy, Sri Lanka in 1983. Danny Daniels choreographed the opening music number `` Anything Goes ''. Capshaw learned to sing in Mandarin and took tap dance lessons. However the dress was fitted so tightly that Capshaw was not able to dance in it. Made by Barbara Matera out of original 1920s and 1930s beads, the dress was one of a kind. The opening dance number was actually the last scene to be shot, but the dress did feature in some earlier location shots in Sri Lanka, drying on a nearby tree. Unfortunately an elephant had started to eat it, tearing the whole back of the dress. Consequently, some emergency repair work had to be done by Matera with what remained of the original beads, and it was costume designer Anthony Powell who had to fill in the insurance forms. As to the reason for damage, he had no option but to put `` dress eaten by elephant ''. Production designer Norman Reynolds could not return for Temple of Doom because of his commitment to Return to Oz. Elliot Scott ( Labyrinth, Who Framed Roger Rabbit ), Reynolds ' mentor, was hired. To build the rope bridge the filmmakers found a group of British engineers from Balfour Beatty working on the nearby Victoria Dam. Harrison Ford suffered a severe spinal disc herniation by performing a somersault while filming the scene with the assassin in Jones ' bedroom. A hospital bed was brought on set for Ford to rest between takes. Lucas stated, `` He could barely stand up, yet he was there every day so shooting would not stop. He was in incomprehensible pain, but he was still trying to make it happen. '' With no alternatives, Lucas shut down production while Ford was flown to Centinela Hospital on June 21 for recovery. Stunt double Vic Armstrong spent five weeks as a stand - in for various shots. Wendy Leech, Armstrong 's wife, served as Capshaw 's stunt double. Macau ( then a Portuguese colony ) was substituted for Shanghai, while cinematographer Douglas Slocombe caught fever from June 24 to July 7 and could not work. Ford returned on August 8. Despite the problems during filming, Spielberg was able to complete Temple of Doom on schedule and on budget, finishing principal photography on August 26. Various pick - ups took place afterwards. This included Snake River Canyon, in Idaho, Mammoth Mountain, Tuolumne and American River, Yosemite National Park, San Joaquin Valley, Hamilton Air Force Base and Arizona. Producer Frank Marshall directed a second unit in Florida in January 1984, using alligators to double as crocodiles. The mine chase was a combination of a roller coaster and scale models with dolls doubling for the actors. Minor stop motion was also used for the sequence. Visual effects supervisors Dennis Muren, Joe Johnston and a crew at Industrial Light & Magic provided the visual effects work, while Skywalker Sound, headed by Ben Burtt, commissioned the sound design. Burtt recorded Willie Scott 's scream and roller coasters at Disneyland Park in Anaheim for the mine cart scene. Editing ( edit ) `` After I showed the film to George ( Lucas ), at an hour and 55 minutes, we looked at each other, '' Spielberg remembered. `` The first thing that we said was, ' Too fast '. We needed to decelerate the action. I did a few more matte shots to slow it down. We made it a little bit slower, by putting breathing room back in so there 'd be a two - hour oxygen supply for the audience. '' Release ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Temple of Doom was released on May 23, 1984 in America, accumulating a record - breaking $45.7 million in its first week. The film went on to gross $333.1 million worldwide, with $180 million in North America and $153.1 million in other markets. The film had the highest opening weekend of 1984, and was that year 's highest - grossing film ( third in North America, behind Beverly Hills Cop and Ghostbusters ). It was also the tenth highest - grossing film of all time during its release. It sold an estimated 53,532,800 tickets in the United States. Promotion ( edit ) Marvel Comics published a comic book adaptation of the film by writer David Michelinie and artists Jackson Guice, Ian Akin, Brian Garvey, and Bob Camp. It was published as Marvel Super Special # 30 and as a three - issue limited series. LucasArts and Atari Games promoted the film by releasing an arcade game. Hasbro released a toy line based on the film in September 2008. Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews upon its release, but over the years the film 's reception has shifted to a more positive tone. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 85 %, based on 66 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, `` It may be too ' dark ' for some, but Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom remains an ingenious adventure spectacle that showcases one of Hollywood 's finest filmmaking teams in vintage form. '' On Metacritic the film has a rating of 57 out of 100, based on reviews from 14 critics, indicating `` mixed or average reviews ''. Roger Ebert gave the film a perfect four - star rating, calling it `` the most cheerfully exciting, bizarre, goofy, romantic adventure movie since Raiders, and it is high praise to say that it 's not so much a sequel as an equal. It 's quite an experience. '' Vincent Canby felt the film was `` too shapeless to be the fun that Raiders is, but shape may be beside the point. Old - time, 15 - part movie serials did n't have shape. They just went on and on and on, which is what Temple of Doom does with humor and technical invention. '' Neal Gabler commented that `` I think in some ways, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom was better than Raiders of the Lost Ark. In some ways it was less. In sum total, I 'd have to say I enjoyed it more. That does n't mean it 's better necessarily, but I got more enjoyment out of it. '' Colin Covert of the Star Tribune called the film `` sillier, darkly violent and a bit dumbed down, but still great fun. '' Pauline Kael, writing in The New Yorker, claimed it was `` one of the most sheerly pleasurable physical comedies ever made. '' Halliwell 's Film Guide described the film as a `` slow - starting adventure romp with much ingenuity and too much brutality and horror. '' Dave Kehr gave a largely negative review ; `` The film betrays no human impulse higher than that of a ten - year - old boy trying to gross out his baby sister by dangling a dead worm in her face. '' Ralph Novak of People complained `` The ads that say ' this film may be too intense for younger children ' are fraudulent. No parent should allow a young child to see this traumatizing movie ; it would be a cinematic form of child abuse. Even Harrison Ford is required to slap Quan and abuse Capshaw. There are no heroes connected with the film, only two villains ; their names are Steven Spielberg and George Lucas. '' The Observer described it as `` a thin, arch, graceless affair. '' The Guardian summarized it as `` a two - hour series of none too carefully linked chase sequences... sitting on the edge of your seat gives you a sore bum but also a numb brain. '' Leonard Maltin gave the movie only 2 out of 4 stars, saying that the film is `` headache inducing '' and `` never gives us a chance to breathe '', and chiding the `` ' gross - out ' gags. '' Some of the film 's cast and crew, including Spielberg, retrospectively view the film in a negative light, partly due to the film being the darkest and most overtly violent Indiana Jones film. Both Lucas and Spielberg attributed the film 's darkness to their recent divorces from Marcia Lucas and Amy Irving, respectively. Kate Capshaw called her character `` not much more than a dumb screaming blonde. '' Steven Spielberg said in 1989, `` I was n't happy with Temple of Doom at all. It was too dark, too subterranean, and much too horrific. I thought it out - poltered Poltergeist. There 's not an ounce of my own personal feeling in Temple of Doom. '' He later added during the Making of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom documentary, `` Temple of Doom is my least favorite of the trilogy. I look back and I say, ' Well the greatest thing that I got out of that was I met Kate Capshaw. ' We married years later and that to me was the reason I was fated to make Temple of Doom. '' In 2014, Time Out polled several film critics, directors, actors and stunt actors to list their top action films. Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom was listed at 71st place on this list. Vulture, in a 2015 compilation of Steven Spielberg 's films ranked from worst to best, ranked Temple of Doom # 11, stating that `` Jonathan Ke Quan 's Short Round character is ' '' Mickey Rooney in Breakfast at Tiffany 's `` ' - level offensive, and, fine, Kate Capshaw is no Karen Allen. But other than that, this movie is nonstop adrenaline, with Spielberg hell - bent on topping Raiders ' stunt sequences. '' Awards ( edit ) Dennis Muren and Industrial Light & Magic 's visual effects department won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 57th Academy Awards. Soundtrack composer John Williams was, as he had been for his work on Raiders of the Lost Ark, again nominated for Original Music Score. The visual effects crew won the same category at the 38th British Academy Film Awards. Cinematographer Douglas Slocombe, editor Michael Kahn, Ben Burtt and other sound designers at Skywalker Sound received nominations. Spielberg, the writers, Harrison Ford, Jonathan Ke Quan, Anthony Powell and makeup designer Tom Smith were nominated for their work at the Saturn Awards. Temple of Doom was nominated for Best Fantasy Film but lost to Ghostbusters. Controversy ( edit ) The film has also been the subject of controversy due to its portrayal of India and Hinduism. The depiction of Hindus caused controversy in India, and brought it to the attention of the country 's censors, who placed a temporary ban on it. The depiction of the goddess Kali as a representative of the underworld and evil was met with much criticism, as she is almost exclusively depicted as a goddess of change and empowerment ( Shakti ), meaning that while she does destroy, she almost always does so in order to effect positive change. The depiction of Indian cuisine was also criticized, as dishes such as baby snakes, eyeball soup, beetles, and chilled monkey brains are not actual Indian foods. Shashi Tharoor has condemned the film and has criticized numerous parts of the film as offensive and factually inaccurate. Yvette Rosser has criticized the film for contributing to negative stereotypes of Indians in Western society, writing `` ( it ) seems to have been taken as a valid portrayal of India by many teachers, since a large number of students surveyed complained that teachers referred to the eating of monkey brains. '' See also ( edit ) White savior narrative in film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` INDIANA JONES AND THE TEMPLE OF DOOM ( PG ) ( CUT ) ''. British Board of Film Classification. May 31, 1984. Retrieved March 8, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Rinzler, Bouzereau, Chapter 8 : `` Forward on All Fronts ( August 1983 -- June 1984 ) '', p. 168 -- 183 ^ Jump up to : J.W. Rinzler ; Laurent Bouzereau ( 2008 ). `` Temple of Death : ( June 1981 -- April 1983 ) ''. The Complete Making of Indiana Jones. Random House. pp. 129 -- 141. ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 192661 - 8. Jump up ^ https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/indiana-jones-temple-doom-changed-mpaa-ratings-system-999618 ^ Jump up to : John Baxter ( 1999 ). `` Snake Surprise ''. Mythmaker : The Life and Work of George Lucas. Avon Books. pp. 332 -- 341. ISBN 0 - 380 - 97833 - 4. ^ Jump up to : `` The People Who Were Almost Cast ''. Empire. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved August 26, 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` Adventure 's New Name ''. TheRaider.net. Retrieved April 23, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Scouting for Locations and New Faces ''. TheRaider.net. Retrieved April 23, 2008. ^ Jump up to : Indiana Jones : Making the Trilogy, 2003, Paramount Pictures ^ Jump up to : `` Temple of Doom : An Oral History ''. Empire. May 1, 2008. Archived from the original on August 8, 2008. Retrieved May 1, 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` Gloria Katz and Willard Huyck 's Best Defense Against Critics Is Their Screenwriting Track Record '' By Donald G. McNeil Jr. August 20, 1984 People Magazine accessed April 22, 2015 ^ Jump up to : Joseph McBride ( 1997 ). `` Ecstasy and Grief ''. Steven Spielberg : A Biography. New York City : Faber and Faber. pp. 323 -- 358. ISBN 0 - 571 - 19177 - 0. ^ Jump up to : `` FORTUNE AND GLORY : Writers of Doom! Quint interviews Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz! '' Ai n't It Cool New 23 May 2014 accessed April 23, 2015 ^ Jump up to : Rinzler, Bouzereau, Chapter 6 : `` Doomruners ( April -- August 1983 ), p. 142 -- 167 ^ Jump up to : Marcus Hearn ( 2005 ). The Cinema of George Lucas. Harry N. Abrams Inc. pp. 144 -- 147. ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7. ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7, ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7, ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7. Jump up ^ The Stunts of Indiana Jones, 2003, Paramount Pictures Jump up ^ The Light and Magic of Indiana Jones, 2003, Paramount Pictures Jump up ^ The Sound of Indiana Jones, 2003, Paramount Pictures ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 24, 2008. Jump up ^ `` 1984 Domestic Grosses ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 24, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 30, 2016. Jump up ^ `` GCD : : Issue : : Marvel Super Special # 30 ''. comics.org. Retrieved December 22, 2016. Jump up ^ Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Edward Douglas ( February 17, 2008 ). `` Hasbro Previews G.I. Joe, Hulk, Iron Man, Indy & Clone Wars ''. Superhero Hype!. Retrieved February 17, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved July 15, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ''. metacritic.com. Retrieved December 22, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ''. Chicago Sun - Times. Retrieved August 24, 2008. Jump up ^ Canby, Vincent ( March 23, 1983 ). `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ''. The New York Times. Retrieved September 1, 2013. Jump up ^ Hagen, Dan ( January 1988 ). `` Neal Gabler ''. Comics Interview ( 54 ). Fictioneer Books. pp. 61 -- 63. Jump up ^ Covert, Colin ( May 21, 2008 ). `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ''. Star Tribune. Retrieved September 1, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Halliwell 's Film Guide, 13th edition -- ISBN 0 - 00 - 638868 - X. Jump up ^ Kehr, Dave ( September 1, 1984 ). `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ''. Chicago Reader. Retrieved September 1, 2013. Jump up ^ Leonard, Maltin ( September 24, 2010 ). `` Leonard Maltin 's 2010 Movie Guide ''. PENGUIN group. Retrieved December 22, 2016 -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ Hutchinson, Sean ( May 23, 2014 ). `` 20 Fun Facts About Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ''. Mental Floss. Retrieved October 16, 2018. Jump up ^ `` The 100 best action movies ''. Time Out. Retrieved November 7, 2014. Jump up ^ `` The 100 best action movies : 80 -- 71 ''. Time Out. Retrieved November 7, 2014. Jump up ^ Will Leitch & Tim Grierson ( March 28, 2018 ). `` Every Steven Spielberg Movie Ranked from Best to Worst ''. Vulture. Retrieved April 15, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ''. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved August 25, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ''. British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved August 25, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards ''. Saturn Awards. Archived from the original on February 11, 2009. Retrieved August 25, 2008. ^ Jump up to : Gogoi, Pallavi ( November 5, 2006 ). `` Banned Films Around the World : Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ''. BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on April 1, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2007. ^ Jump up to : Tharoor, Shashi ( March 10, 2007 ). `` SHASHI ON SUNDAY : India, Jones and the template of dhoom ''. The Times of India. ^ Jump up to : Yvette Rosser. `` Teaching South Asia ''. Missouri Southern State University. Archived from the original on January 8, 2005. Retrieved August 27, 2008. Further reading Willard Huyck ; Gloria Katz ( October 1984 ). Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom : The Illustrated Screenplay. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0 - 345 - 31878 - 1. James Kahn ( May 1984 ). Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. novelization of the film. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 31457 - 4. Rinzler, J.W. ; Bouzereau, Laurent ( January 1, 2008 ). The Complete Making of Indiana Jones. Ebury Publishing. ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 192661 - 8. Suzanne Weyn ( May 2008 ). Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. `` junior novelization '' of the film. Scholastic Corporation. ISBN 0 - 545 - 04255 - 0. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Wikiquote has quotations related to : Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Official website Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom at LucasFilm.com Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom on IMDb Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom at Box Office Mojo Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom at Rotten Tomatoes Indiana Jones Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Video game Soundtrack Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Video game ( NES ) Soundtrack Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Video games Soundtrack Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Soundtrack Television The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 1993 ) ( episodes ) Characters Indiana Jones Marion Ravenwood Sallah Marcus Brody Henry Jones, Sr. Mutt Williams Games Video games Lost Kingdom Revenge of the Ancients Fate of Atlantis The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles The Pinball Adventure Instruments of Chaos Greatest Adventures Desktop Adventures Infernal Machine Emperor 's Tomb Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures Staff of Kings Lego Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues Adventure World Role - playing games The Adventures of Indiana Jones The World of Indiana Jones Tomb of the Templars Books The Peril at Delphi The Dance of the Giants The Seven Veils The Philosopher 's Stone Comics Iron Phoenix Spear of Destiny Tomb of the Gods Other media Lego Indiana Jones The Raiders of the Lost Brick Raiders of the Lost Ark : The Adaptation Indyfans and the Quest for Fortune and Glory Golden Idol Montana Jones Attractions Epic Stunt Spectacular! Temple du Péril Indiana Jones Adventure Indiana Jones Summer of Hidden Mysteries Portal Steven Spielberg Awards and nominations Bibliography Filmography Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment, 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974, also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977, also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment, 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001, also wrote ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) The Post ( 2017 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Films written Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) Poltergeist ( 1982, also produced ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Films produced An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Television Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) See also Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Television Amblimation DreamWorks USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education Lucasfilm Productions Films American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) Willow ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Solo ( 2018 ) Star Wars : Episode IX ( 2019 ) TV series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 93 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- present ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- 18 ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- 17 ) Star Wars Resistance ( 2018 -- present ) Star Wars Detours ( unaired ) TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Theme park films Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter ( 1995 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 ( 1971 ) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid SoundDroid Kerner Optical Pixar THX People George Lucas ( Founder ) Kathleen Kennedy ( President ) Howard Roffman ( EVP, Franchise Management ) Parent : Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) George Lucas filmography Films directed Feature THX 1138 ( 1971 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Short Look at Life ( 1965 ) Herbie ( 1965, with Paul Golding ) Freiheit ( 1966 ) 1 : 42.08 ( 1966 ) Electronic Labyrinth : THX 1138 4EB ( 1967 ) The Emperor ( 1967 ) Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town ( 1967 ) 6 - 18 - 67 ( 1967 ) Filmmaker ( 1968 ) Bald : The Making of THX 1138 ( 1971, uncredited ) Films written Feature The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Willow ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Short Captain EO ( 1986 ) Films produced Feature The Rain People ( 1969, associate ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) Kagemusha ( 1980 ) Body Heat ( 1981, uncredited ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Latino ( 1985, uncredited ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Powaqqatsi ( 1988 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Short Star Tours ( 1987 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Television Writer Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Creator The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 96 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- present ) Star Wars Detours ( Cancelled ) Producer Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Inside the Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones Documentaries ( 2007 -- 08 ) Double Victory : The Tuskegee Airmen at War ( 2012 ) Related American Zoetrope Indiana Jones Lucasfilm ILM LucasArts Lucasfilm Animation Skywalker Sound Pixar Skywalker Ranch Star Wars The Star Wars Corporation THX Edutopia WorldCat Identities LCCN : n82224093 VIAF : 225067341 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Temple_of_Doom&oldid=866041541 '' Categories : 1984 films Indiana Jones films American films English - language films 1980s action films 1980s adventure films American action films American adventure films Foreign films shot in India Films scored by John Williams Films about slavery Films directed by Steven Spielberg Films set in 1935 Films set in India Films set in the British Raj Films set in Shanghai Films shot in Arizona Films shot in California Films shot in Macau Films shot in England Films shot in Florida Films shot in Sri Lanka Films shot in Washington ( state ) Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award Mining in film Obscenity controversies in film Prequel films Screenplays by Willard Huyck Screenplays by Gloria Katz American supernatural thriller films Treasure hunt films Films shot at Elstree Studios Lucasfilm films Paramount Pictures films American action adventure films Films about cults Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from October 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Good articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018, at 21 : 53 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Temple_of_Doom&amp;oldid=866041541" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "United States ) Running time 118 minutes Country United States Language English Sinhala Hindi Budget $28.2 million Box office $333.1 million Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is a 1984 American action - adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg. It is the second installment in the Indiana Jones franchise and a prequel to the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark, featuring Harrison Ford reprising his role as the title character. After arriving in North India, Indiana Jones is asked by desperate villagers to find a mystical stone and rescue their children from a Thuggee cult practicing child slavery, black magic and ritual human sacrifice in honor of the goddess Kali. Executive producer and co-writer George Lucas made the film a prequel as he did not want the Nazis to be the villains again. After three rejected plot devices, Lucas wrote a film treatment that resembled the film 's final storyline. Lawrence Kasdan, Lucas 's collaborator on Raiders of the Lost Ark, turned down the offer to write the script, and Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz were hired as his replacements, with the screenplay partly based upon the 1939 film Gunga Din" ], "id": [ "4439405245248904078" ], "short_answers": [ "North India" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Anne of Green Gables - wikipedia Anne of Green Gables This article is about the novel. For other uses, see Anne of Green Gables ( disambiguation ). Anne of Green Gables First edition. Author Lucy Maud Montgomery Illustrator M.A. and W.A.J. Claus Country Written and set in Canada, published in the United States Language English Series Anne of Green Gables Genre Novel Set in Prince Edward Island, 1876 -- 81 Published June 1908 ( L.C. Page & Co. ) Followed by Anne of Avonlea Text Anne of Green Gables at Wikisource Anne of Green Gables is a 1908 novel by Canadian author Lucy Maud Montgomery ( published as L.M. Montgomery ). Written for all ages, it has been considered a classic children 's novel since the mid-twentieth century. Set in the late 19th century, the novel recounts the adventures of Anne Shirley, an 11 - year - old orphan girl, who was mistakenly sent to two middle - aged siblings ; Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert, originally intending to adopt a boy to help them on their farm in the fictional town of Avonlea on Prince Edward Island. The novel recounts how Anne makes her way through life with the Cuthberts, in school, and within the town. Since its publication, Anne of Green Gables has sold more than 50 million copies and has been translated into at least 36 languages. Montgomery wrote numerous sequels, and since her death, another sequel has been published, as well as an authorized prequel. The original book is taught to students around the world. The book has been adapted as films, made - for - television movies, and animated and live - action television series. Musicals and plays have also been created, with productions annually in Canada since 1964 of the first musical production, which has toured in Canada, the United States, Europe, and Japan. Contents 1 Background 2 Plot summary 3 Characters 3.1 Green Gables household 3.2 Anne 's schoolmates 3.3 Avonlea 's locals 3.4 Others 4 Related works 5 Tourism and merchandising 6 Legacy and honours 7 Adaptations 7.1 Films 7.2 Literature 7.3 Radio productions 7.4 Stage productions 7.5 Television movies 7.6 Television series 7.7 Web productions 8 Parodies 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Background ( edit ) The portrait of Evelyn Nesbit by Rudolf Eickemeyer Jr. which inspired Montgomery. In writing the novel, Montgomery was inspired by notes she had made as a young girl about a couple who were mistakenly sent an orphan girl instead of the boy they had requested yet decided to keep her. She drew upon her own childhood experiences in rural Prince Edward Island, Canada. Montgomery used a photograph of Evelyn Nesbit, which she had clipped from New York 's Metropolitan Magazine and put on the wall of her bedroom, as the model for the face of Anne Shirley and a reminder of her `` youthful idealism and spirituality. '' Montgomery was also inspired by the `` formula Ann '' orphan stories ( called such because they followed such a predictable formula ) which were popular at the time and distinguished her character by spelling her name with an extra `` e ''. She based other characters, such as Gilbert Blythe, in part on people she knew. She said she wrote the novel in the twilight of the day, while sitting at her window and overlooking the fields of Cavendish. Plot summary ( edit ) Anne attacks Gilbert Anne Shirley, a young orphan from the fictional community of Bolingbroke, Nova Scotia ( based upon the real community of New London, Prince Edward Island ), is sent to live with Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert, siblings in their fifties and sixties, after a childhood spent in strangers ' homes and orphanages. Marilla and Matthew had originally decided to adopt a boy from the orphanage to help Matthew run their farm at Green Gables, which is set in the fictional town of Avonlea. Through a misunderstanding, the orphanage sends Anne instead. Anne is highly imaginative, eager to please and, at times, quite a dramatic individual. However, she is defensive about her appearance, despising her red hair and pale, thin frame. She is often quite talkative, especially when it comes to describing her fantasies and dreams. At first, stern and sharp Marilla says Anne must return to the orphanage, but after much observation and considering, along with Matthew 's strong liking to Anne, she decides to let her stay. As a child of imagination, Anne takes much joy in life and adapts quickly, thriving in the close - knit farming village. Her imagination and talkativeness soon brighten up Green Gables. The book recounts Anne 's adventures in making a home : the country school where she quickly excels in her studies ; her friendship with Diana Barry, the girl living next door ( her best or `` bosom friend '' as Anne fondly calls her ) ; her budding literary ambitions ; and her rivalry with her classmate Gilbert Blythe, who teases her about her red hair. For that, he earns her instant hatred, although he apologizes many times. As time passes, Anne realizes she no longer hates Gilbert but can not bring herself to speak to him. The book also follows Anne 's adventures with her new - found friends. Episodes include her play - time with her friends Diana, a calm girl named Jane Andrews and a good - natured but often hysterical girl called Ruby Gillis, and her run - ins with the unpleasant Pye sisters Gertie and Josie ; and domestic mishaps such as dyeing her hair green while intending to dye it black, and accidentally getting Diana drunk by giving her what she thought was raspberry cordial but turned out to be currant wine. At sixteen, Anne goes to Queen 's Academy to earn a teaching license, along with Gilbert, Ruby, Josie, Jane, and several other students, excluding Diana, much to Anne 's dismay. She obtains her license in one year instead of the usual two and wins the Avery Scholarship for the top student in English. This scholarship would allow her to pursue a Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) degree at the fictional Redmond College ( based on the real Dalhousie University ) on the mainland in Nova Scotia. Near the end of the book, however, tragedy strikes when Matthew dies of a heart attack after learning that all of his and Marilla 's money has been lost in a bank failure. Out of devotion to Marilla and Green Gables, Anne gives up the scholarship to stay at home and help Marilla, whose eyesight is failing. She plans to teach at the Carmody school, the nearest school available, and return to Green Gables on weekends. In an act of friendship, Gilbert Blythe gives up his teaching position at the Avonlea School to work at the White Sands School instead, knowing that Anne wants to stay close to Marilla after Matthew 's death. After this kind act, Anne and Gilbert 's friendship is cemented, and Anne looks forward to what life will bring next. Characters ( edit ) Diana and Anne Green Gables household ( edit ) Anne Shirley : An imaginative, talkative, red - headed orphan who comes to live with Matthew Cuthbert and Marilla Cuthbert. Anne is very sensitive and dislikes the color of her hair. She exhibits categorical interest in everything romantic. Marilla Cuthbert : Matthew 's sister, she is an austere but fair woman who objects to Anne 's imaginative, unusual conduct on the grounds of its being part of the same group of behavioral misconducts that bring about dereliction of responsibility or produce a disrespectful personal image. Life experience with Anne, however, profoundly affects Marilla 's ways ; in a very early instance, she experiences first - hand how worthless a confession under duress could be. Although conservative and austere, she is fond of Anne and has the glimmerings of a sense of humor. Matthew Cuthbert : Marilla 's brother, he is an overly shy, albeit kind, old man with a lumbering frame and above - average strength. Matthew takes a liking to Anne from the start and the two become fast friends. Because Marilla has primary responsibility for rearing the girl, he has no qualms about `` spoiling '' her and indulging her in pretty clothes and other frivolities. Anne 's schoolmates ( edit ) Diana Barry : Anne 's bosom friend and a kindred spirit. Anne and Diana become best friends from the moment they meet. She is the only girl of Anne 's age who lives close to Green Gables. Anne admires Diana for being pretty and for her amiable disposition. Diana lacks Anne 's powerful imagination but is a loyal friend. Gilbert Blythe : A handsome, smart, witty and chivalrous classmate who has a crush on Anne the moment he sees her. Unaware of Anne 's near - pathological sensitivity about her red hair, he tries to get Anne 's attention by holding her braid and calling her `` Carrots ''. Anne 's explosively hostile reaction only causes Gilbert to be more smitten. He makes several attempts to apologize, the failure of all of which do not seem to mar his admiration. He attempts to apologize one last time when he saves Anne from drowning ; Anne crassly rebuffs this attempt, only to regret it almost immediately. Years later, he gives up his job offer of teaching at the Avonlea school so that Anne may live at Green Gables, upon which the two reconcile and become good friends ( and eventually marry ). Ruby Gillis : Another of Anne 's friends. Having several `` grown up '' sisters, Ruby loves to share her knowledge of beaux with her friends. Ruby is portrayed as traditionally beautiful with long golden hair. She is hysterical and suffers from consumption ( tuberculosis ). Jane Andrews : One of Anne 's friends from school, she is plain and sensible. She does well enough academically to join Anne 's class at Queen 's. Josie Pye : A classmate generally disliked by the other girls ( as are her siblings ), Josie is vain, dishonest, and jealous of Anne 's popularity. Avonlea 's locals ( edit ) Mrs. Rachel Lynde : A neighbour of Matthew and Marilla, Mrs. Lynde is an amalgamation of vices and virtues. Mrs. Lynde is industrious and helpful, and does work for the church, yet she is famous for being nosy and condescending. Although she and Anne start off on the wrong foot, owing to Mrs. Lynde 's blunt criticism and Anne 's short temper, they soon become quite close. Mrs. Lynde is married and has raised ten children, although her husband, Thomas Lynde, is mentioned briefly and never speaks. Mr. Phillips : Anne 's first teacher at Avonlea, Mr. Phillips is unpopular with students, because of his boring and crude ways. In Anne 's case, he continually misspells her name ( without the `` E '' ) and punishes only her among twelve pupils who arrive late. He is described as lacking discipline, and `` courts '' one of his pupils openly. Miss Muriel Stacy : Anne 's energetic replacement teacher. Her warm and sympathetic nature appeals to her students, but Avonlea 's conservative parents disapprove of her liberal teaching methods. She forms a special relationship with Anne, who views her as a mentor. Miss Stacy encourages Anne to develop her character and intellect and helps prepare her for the entrance exam at Queen 's Academy, where she finishes in a tie for first with Gilbert Blythe. Reverend and Mrs. Allan : The minister and his wife also befriend Anne, with Mrs. Allan becoming particularly close. She is described as pretty. Mr. & Mrs. Barry : Diana 's parents. Mr. Barry farms. Near the end of the book, he offers to rent some tracts to help out Anne and Marilla, after Matthew 's death. Mrs. Barry has a severe personality, expecting her children to follow strict rules. After Anne accidentally gets Diana drunk, Mrs. Barry rejects the girl, forbidding Diana to have anything to do with Anne. This sanction is repealed after Anne saves Minnie May. Minnie May Barry : Diana 's baby sister, whose life is saved by Anne when she comes down with croup. Others ( edit ) Miss Josephine Barry : Diana 's great - aunt. Initially portrayed in a negative light, she is quickly charmed by Anne 's imagination, and eventually invites her and Diana to tea. She refers to Anne as `` the Anne - girl '' and even sends Anne beaded slippers as a Christmas present. Mrs Hammond : Anne had lived with her for a portion of her pre-Green - Gables life. She was very mean as a result of her husband ′ s death. Anne was treated more as a maid in her home than as a daughter or friend. Related works ( edit ) Based on the popularity of her first book, Montgomery wrote a series of sequels to continue the story of her heroine Anne Shirley. They are listed chronologically below, by Anne 's age in each of the novels. Lucy Maud Montgomery 's books on Anne Shirley : No Book Date published Anne Shirley 's age Timeline year Anne of Green Gables 1908 11 -- 16 1876 -- 1881 Anne of Avonlea 1909 16 -- 18 1881 -- 1883 Anne of the Island 1915 18 -- 22 1883 - 1887 Anne of Windy Poplars ( Canada and USA ) Anne of Windy Willows ( UK and Australia ) 1936 22 -- 25 1887 -- 1890 5 Anne 's House of Dreams 1917 25 -- 27 1890 -- 1892 6 Anne of Ingleside 1939 34 -- 40 1899 -- 1905 The following books focus on Anne 's children, or on other family friends. Anne appears in these volumes, but plays a lesser part. No Book Date published Anne Shirley 's age Timeline year 7 Rainbow Valley 1919 41 -- 43 1906 -- 1908 8 Rilla of Ingleside 1921 49 -- 53 1914 -- 1918 9 The Blythes Are Quoted 2009 40 -- 75 1905 -- 1940 Anne Shirley features in one story ( and is referenced in other stories ) in each of the following collections : No Book Date published Anne Shirley 's age Timeline year -- Chronicles of Avonlea 1912 approx. 20 1885 -- Further Chronicles of Avonlea 1920 approx. 20 1885 The prequel, Before Green Gables ( 2008 ), was written by Budge Wilson with authorization of heirs of L.M. Montgomery. Tourism and merchandising ( edit ) The Green Gables farmhouse located in Cavendish Sign marking trail through Balsam Hollow The province and tourist facilities have highlighted the local connections to the internationally popular novels. Anne of Green Gables has been translated into 36 languages. `` Tourism by Anne fans is an important part of the Island economy ''. Merchants offer items based on the novels. The Green Gables farmhouse is located in Cavendish, Prince Edward Island. Many tourist attractions on Prince Edward Island have been developed based on the fictional Anne, and provincial licence plates once bore her image. Balsam Hollow, the forest that inspired the Haunted Woods and Campbell Pond, the body of water which inspired The Lake of Shining Waters, both described in the book, are located in the vicinity. In addition, the Confederation Centre of the Arts has featured the wildly successful Anne of Green Gables musical on its mainstage every summer for over five decades. The Anne of Green Gables Museum is located in Park Corner, PEI, in a home that inspired L.M. Montgomery. The novel has been very popular in Japan, where it is known as Red - haired Anne, and where it has been included in the national school curriculum since 1952. ' Anne ' is revered as `` an icon '' in Japan, especially since 1979 when this story was broadcast as anime, Anne of Green Gables. Japanese couples travel to Prince Edward Island to have civil wedding ceremonies on the grounds of the Green Gables farm. Some Japanese girls arrive as tourists with red - dyed hair styled in pigtails, to look like Anne. In 2014, Asadora ' Hanako to Anne ' ( Hanako Muraoka is the first translator in Japan ) was broadcast and Anne became popular among old and young alike. A replica of the Green Gables house in Cavendish is located in the theme park Canadian World in Ashibetsu, Hokkaido, Japan. The park was a less expensive alternative for Japanese tourists instead of traveling to P.E.I. The park hosted performances featuring actresses playing Anne and Diana. The theme park is open during the summer season with free admission, though there are no longer staff or interpreters. The Avonlea theme park near Cavendish and the Cavendish Figurines shop have trappings so that tourists may dress like the book 's characters for photos. Souvenir shops throughout Prince Edward Island offer numerous foods and products based on details of the ' Anne Shirley ' novels. Straw hats for girls with sewn - in red braids are common, as are bottles of raspberry cordial soda. In the first book, Lucy Maud Montgomery established the cordial soda as the favorite beverage of Anne, who declares : `` I just love bright red drinks! '' Panorama of Green Gable farmhouse and grounds in Cavendish Entrance to Anne of Green Gables Museum in Park Corner Legacy and honours ( edit ) Buildings The popularity of the books and subsequent film adaptations is credited with inspiring the design and naming of buildings `` Green Gables ''. An example still standing is an apartment block called `` Green Gables '' built in the 1930s, in New Farm, Queensland, Australia. Museum Bala 's Museum, located in Bala, Ontario, Canada, is a house museum established in 1992 and dedicated to Lucy M. Montgomery information and heritage. The house was a tourist home owned by Fanny Pike when Montgomery and her family stayed there on a summer vacation in 1922. That visit to the region inspired the novel The Blue Castle ( 1926 ). The town is named Deerwood in the novel ; this was Montgomery 's only narrative setting outside Atlantic Canada. Postage stamps On May 15, 1975, Canada Post issued Lucy Maud Montgomery, Anne of Green Gables designed by Peter Swan and typographed by Bernard N.J. Reilander. The 8 ¢ stamps are perforated 13 and were printed by Ashton - Potter Limited. In 2008, Canada Post issued two postage stamps and a souvenir sheet honouring Anne and the `` Green Gables '' house. Reading lists In 2003, Anne of Green Gables was ranked number 41 in The Big Read, a survey of the British public by BBC to determine the `` nation 's best - loved novel '' ( not children 's novel ). In 2012, it was ranked number nine among all - time children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal, a monthly with primarily U.S. audience. Adaptations ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1919 ), a silent film adapted to the screen by Frances Marion, directed by William Desmond Taylor, and starring Mary Miles Minter as Anne ; this is considered a lost film. Anne of Green Gables ( 1934 ), directed by George Nichols Jr. and starring Dawn O'Day as Anne Shirley ; after filming, O'Day changed her screen name to Anne Shirley. Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1940 ) -- directed by Jack Hively, is a black & white `` talkie '' starring Dawn O'Day as Anne Shirley, now billed as `` Anne Shirley ''. Anne of Green Gables ( TBA ), an upcoming feature film version of Anne of Green Gables : The Musical. Literature ( edit ) Ana of California : A Novel ( 2015 ), by Andi Teran, is a `` contemporary spin on Anne of Green Gables. The lead character of Anne Shirley has been adapted to Ana Cortez, a 15 - year - old orphan who `` ca n't tell a tomato plant from a blackberry bush '' when she leaves East Los Angeles for the Northern California farm of Emmett and Abbie Garber. Radio productions ( edit ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1941 ), a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Home Service Basic, adapted into four parts by Muriel Levy, and starring Cherry Cottrell as Anne. Anne of Green Gables ( 1944 ), a recreation of the 1941 BBC Radio drama, produced and broadcast by BBC Home Service Basic. Anne of Green Gables ( 1954 ), a Canadian radio drama produced and broadcast by CBC Radio, adapted into 13 parts by Andrew Allen and starring Toby Tarnow as Anne. Anna zo Zeleného domu ( 1966 ), a Slovak radio drama produced and broadcast by Czechoslovak Radio, starring Anna Bučinská as Anne. Anne of Green Gables ( 1971 ), a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Radio 4, adapted into 13 parts by Cristina Sellors, and read by Ann Murray. Anne of Green Gables ( 1997 ), a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Radio 4, dramatized into five parts by Marcy Kahan and starred Barbara Barnes as Anne. Stage productions ( edit ) Anne of Green Gables : The Musical, performed annually in the summer, at Charlottetown Festival, since 1965, this is Canada 's longest - running main stage musical production, and has had a total audience of more than 2 million. Anne of Green Gables -- The Musical was composed by Canadians Don Harron and Norman Campbell, with lyrics by Elaine Campbell and Mavor Moore. The production has been performed before Queen Elizabeth II and it has toured across Canada, the United States, and Europe. In 1969, it had a run in London 's West End. The Charlottetown Festival production performed at the 1970 World 's Fair in Osaka, Japan. Walter Learning directed and organized a successful national tour of the musical in Japan in 1991. The Guild in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, hosts Anne and Gilbert, The Musical. Written by Nancy White, Bob Johnston, and Jeff Hochhauser, the production is based on Montgomery 's sequels featuring Anne Shirley. The Nine Lives of L.M. Montgomery, a musical adapted from Montgomery 's novel and her life, opened at Kings Playhouse in Georgetown, Prince Edward Island on June 20, 2008, the 100th anniversary of the book 's publication. With book and lyrics by Adam - Michael James and music by Emmy - nominated composer Leo Marchildon, the musical depicts events from Montgomery 's life and features as characters heroines from all of her novels. Anne figures prominently, and is shown from age 12 into her 40s. Gilbert Blythe also appears. The show 's second production was at the Carrefour Theatre in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island and opened July 11, 2009. Both years, the musical was nominated for The Prince Edward Island Museum and Heritage Foundation 's Wendell Boyle Award. In July 2010, a concert version of the show toured Prince Edward Island, with four performances at Green Gables. Theatreworks USA, a New York - based children 's theatre company, produced an Anne of Green Gables musical in 2006 at the Lucille Lortel Theatre. A revived production, with musical contributions from Gretchen Cryer, is planned to tour grade - schools. The Peterborough Players, based in Peterborough, New Hampshire, staged an adaptation by Joseph Robinette of Anne of Green Gables in August 2009. Anne and Gilbert is a musical adaptation of the books Anne of Avonlea and Anne of the Island. It depicts the relationship of Anne and Gilbert during their years as teachers and college students, as well as their return to Avonlea. Television movies ( edit ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1956 ), a made - for - television musical version directed by Norman Campbell and starring Toby Tarnow as Anne. Anne de Green Gables ( 1957 ), a French - Canadian television film directed by Jacques Gauthier, starring Mireille Lachance as Anne Shirley. Anne of Green Gables ( 1958 ), a recreation of the 1956 film directed by Don Harron, starring Kathy Willard as Anne. Anne of Green Gables ( 1972 ), a British made - for - television 5 - part mini-series directed by Joan Craft, starring Kim Braden as Anne. Anne of Avonlea ( 1975 ), a British made - for - television 4 - part mini-series directed by Joan Craft, starring Kim Braden as Anne. Anne of Green Gables ( 1985 ), a CBC 4 - hour television mini series directed by Kevin Sullivan with Megan Follows as Anne. Anne of Green Gables : The Sequel ( 1987 ), a sequel to the 1985 miniseries which aired on CBC and the Disney Channel as Anne of Avonlea : The Continuing Story of Anne of Green Gables. Anne of Green Gables : The Continuing Story ( 2000 ), a television miniseries based upon the novels. Anne : Journey to Green Gables ( 2005 ), an animated video film produced by Sullivan Entertainment and the prequel to Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Anne of Green Gables : A New Beginning ( 2008 ), a television miniseries whose script is not based on the novels. L.M. Montgomery 's Anne of Green Gables ( 2016 ), a 90 - minute made - for - television adaptation of the book by Breakthrough Films & Television, which began filming in Toronto in May 2015. Casting was held in February 2015. ( This replaces the previously announced 13 - part series that had been set to film in 2013 ). It was adapted by Susan Coyne, directed by John Kent Harrison, and stars Ella Ballentine as Anne. The world premiere of the film, advertised under the abbreviated title Anne of Green Gables, on February 15, 2016 on YTV. Anne of Green Gables : The Good Stars aired on YTV on February 20, 2017. Anne of Green Gables : Fire & Dew, aired July 1, 2017 on YTV. Television series ( edit ) Anne as she appeared in the 1979 Japanese anime adaptation of Anne of Green Gables. Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series Anne of Green Gables ( 1952 ), a BBC television series starring Carole Lorimer as Anne. Akage no An ( 1979 ; Red - Haired Anne ), an animated television series, part of Nippon Animation 's World Masterpiece Theater, produced in Japan and directed by Isao Takahata. Road to Avonlea ( 1990 -- 1996 ) shown on CBC, a live - action television series produced by Kevin Sullivan, based upon characters and episodes from several of L.M. Montgomery 's books, excluding Anne Shirley. Gilbert Blythe, Marilla Cuthbert, Rachel Lynde and other characters from the Anne books are included, and the series is set within the same continuity as Sullivan 's 1980s miniseries. Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2000 ), a PBS Kids animated series for older children ages eight to twelve, created by Sullivan Entertainment Inc. Kon'nichiwa Anne : Before Green Gables ( 2009 ), part of the World Masterpiece Theater, this prequel to Akage no An is based on Budge Wilson 's authorized prequel Before Green Gables ( 2008 ). Anne ( 2017 ), an eighteen - part TV series produced and broadcast by CBC in Canada, and released through Netflix internationally under the title, Anne with an `` E ''. Web productions ( edit ) Green Gables Fables ( 2014 -- 2016 ), an American - Canadian web series which conveys the story in the form of Tumblr posts, tweets, vlogs, and other social media. It is a modern adaptation of Anne of Green Gables and Anne of the Island, with many of its elements changed to better suit 21st - century culture. Mandy Harmon portrays the main character, Anne Shirley. Project Green Gables ( 2015 -- 2016 ), a Finnish web series and a modern adaptation of Anne of Green Gables, which conveys the story in the form of vlogs. Laura Eklund Nhaga plays Anne Shirley. Parodies ( edit ) As one of the most familiar characters in Canadian literature, Anne of Green Gables has been parodied by several Canadian comedy troupes, including CODCO ( Anne of Green Gut ) and The Frantics ( Fran of the Fundy ). References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Devereux, Cecily Margaret ( 2004 ). A Note on the Text. In Montgomery ( 2004 ), p. 42. ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 362 - 3. Jump up ^ Montgomery, Lucy Maud ( 2004 ) ( 1908 ). Devereux, Cecily Margaret, ed. Anne of Green Gables. Peterborough, Ontario : Broadview Press. ISBN 1 - 55111 - 362 - 7. Jump up ^ `` ' Anne of Green Gables ' 1st edition sells at auction for US $37,000, a new record ''. The Guardian. December 12, 2009. ^ Jump up to : Mollins, Julie ( March 19, 2008 ). `` New Anne of Green Gables book stirs debate ''. Reuters Life!. Toronto. Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables New TV Series Willow and Thatch ''. Willow and Thatch. 2016 - 08 - 24. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Tourists flock to see Anne of Green Gables-World-chinadaily.com.cn ''. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia ISBN 978 - 0 - 771 - 02099 - 5 p. 1972 ^ Jump up to : Gammel, Irene ( 2009 ). Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and her Literary Classic. New York : St. Martin 's Press. Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables ''. Jump up ^ Gammel, Irene ( July 8, 2008 ). Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and Her Literary Classic. Macmillan. ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 38237 - 7 -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ Gammel, Irene ( 2009 ). `` The Mystery of Anne Revealed, ''. Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and her Literary Classic. New York : St. Martin 's Press. Jump up ^ `` The Geography of Anne of the Island ''. lmm-anne.net. 2008. Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 23. Jump up ^ `` Birthplace of L.M. Montgomery, New London ''. lmm-anne.net. 2008. Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 23. Jump up ^ Anne of Green Gables -- Celebrate 100 Years Archived December 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. `` Anne of Green Gables has sold millions of copies in more than 36 languages '' Jump up ^ Anne of Green Gables still rules Prince Edward Island ``, USA Today, August 5, 2008 Jump up ^ CBC News ( June 19, 2008 ). CBC.ca, `` 100 years of Anne of Green Gables ''. Jump up ^ `` License plate goes green '', `` The Guardian '', April 5, 2007 Jump up ^ Green Gables Government of Prince Edward Island. Retrieved on July 24, 2006 Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables - The Musical ''. Retrieved September 30, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Anne Museum - Park Corner, Prince Edward Island - Home Page ''. www.annemuseum.com. Jump up ^ Yuka Kajihara ( April 4, 2004 ). `` Anne in Japan FAQ 1.0 ''. Yukazine.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Buttercups : L.M. Montgomery & Anne of Green Gables fan club in Japan '' Archived May 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., Yukazine, April 4, 2004 Jump up ^ Bruni, Frank ( November 18, 2007 ). `` Beckoned by Bivalves : Prince Edward Island ''. The New York Times Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables theme park in Japan falls on hard times ''. CBC News. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Cloning Anne of Green Gables ''. Tacky Tourist Photos. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Heroine 's Bookshelf : Anne of Green Gables ''. Theheroinesbookshelf.com. October 12, 2010. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2011. Jump up ^ `` In search of Anne with some unexpected discoveries ''. State Library of Queensland. 2016 - 02 - 15. Retrieved February 2, 2016. Jump up ^ `` History : A look back at the last 20 years ''. Bala 's Museum with Memories of Lucy Maud Montgomery. Retrieved October 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Montgomery, Lucy Maud ( 12 February 2018 ). `` The Blue Castle ''. Bibliotech Press -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ Depository, Book. `` The Blue Castle : Lucy Maud Montgomery : 9781618950239 ''. www.bookdepository.com. Jump up ^ L.M. Montgomery and Canadian Culture ISBN 978 - 0 - 802 - 04406 - 8 pp. 120 - 121 Jump up ^ `` Canadian Postal Archives Database ''. collectionscanada.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Canada Post -- Anne of Green Gables ''. Canada Post. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 16. Jump up ^ `` The Big Read -- Top 100 ''. BBC. April 2003. Retrieved October 27, 2012. Jump up ^ Bird, Elizabeth ( July 7, 2012 ). `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results ''. A Fuse # 8 Production. Blog. School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ). Retrieved October 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` New Anne of Green Gables film announced ''. cbc.ca. 10 September 2013. Jump up ^ Teran, Andi ( June 2015 ). Ana of California : A Novel. Penguin Books. Jump up ^ `` BBC Home Service Basic - 21 April 1944 - BBC Genome ''. genome.ch.bbc.co.uk. Jump up ^ IMDB, Toby Tarnow Biography, https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0850558/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm Jump up ^ `` Panáček v říši mluveného slova ''. mluveny.panacek.com. Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables ''. 9 September 1971. p. 37 -- via BBC Genome. Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 FM - 26 January 1997 - BBC Genome ''. genome.ch.bbc.co.uk. Jump up ^ `` 25 Hundred and Counting ''. 22 August 2017. Jump up ^ McIntosh, Andrew. `` Lucy Maud Montgomery ''. Jump up ^ `` 150surprises ''. 150surprises. Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia ISBN 978 - 0 - 771 - 02099 - 5 p. 439 Jump up ^ `` Charlottetown expands as Land of Musical Anne - The Guardian ''. www.theguardian.pe.ca. Jump up ^ `` The Nine Lives of L.M. Montgomery ''. Ninelivesoflmm.com. February 15, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2013. Jump up ^ `` TheatreworksUSA 2006 - 2007 season ''. 19 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` PeterBoroughPlayers.org ''. PeterBoroughPlayers.org. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2011. Jump up ^ Robinson, Joanna. `` Anne of Green Gables : Netflix 's Bleak Adaptation Gets It All So Terribly Wrong ''. Jump up ^ `` In Production -- ANNE OF GREEN GABLES TV Movie ''. Ontario Film Commission. May 15, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015. Jump up ^ `` MAJOR UPDATE : ANNE OF GREEN GABLES ADAPTATION BY BREAKTHROUGH ENTERTAINMENT ''. L.M. Montgomery Online. April 1, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Canada Wide Casting for Anne of Green Gables ( Movie of the Week ) ''. ACTpei. February 9, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables returns to TV ''. CBC News. June 11, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables Movies 1 X 90 ''. Breakthrough Entertainment. Retrieved May 21, 2015. Jump up ^ Lorimer, Carole ; Miller, Joan ; Richardson, Charles ; Young, Joan ( 1952 - 09 - 16 ), Anne of Green Gables, retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables set for new life on CBC - TV ''. CBC. Retrieved January 12, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Netflix Boards CBC 's ' Anne Of Green Gables ' Adaptation ; Niki Caro To Helm Premiere ''. Deadline. August 22, 2016. Jump up ^ Green Gables Fables, `` Cast and Crew '' http://www.greengablesfables.com/cast-crew Jump up ^ `` About ''. www.projectgreengables.com. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27. Bibliography ( edit ) Bustard, Ned ( January 2009 ). Anne of Green Gables Comprehension Guide. Veritas Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 932168 - 79 - 2. Campbell, Norman ( 1972 ). Anne of Green Gables. Samuel French, Inc. ISBN 978 - 0 - 573 - 68002 - 1. Gammel, Irene ( 2008 ). Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and her Literary Classic. authorized by the heirs of L.M. Montgomery. Gammel, Irene ; Benjamin Lefebvre ( May 30, 2010 ). Anne 's World : A New Century of Anne of Green Gables. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 1106 - 1. Montgomery, Lucy Maud ( June 3, 2008 ). The Green Gables Collection. Doubleday Canada. ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 66599 - 5. Teran, Andi ( June 2015 ). Ana of California. Penguin Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 312649 - 2. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anne of Green Gables. Wikisource has original text related to this article : Anne of Green Gables Wikiquote has quotations related to : Anne of Green Gables The Anne of Green Gables and L.M. Montgomery Lexicon, collection of Anne book cover artwork, games, recipes, time line and more Anne of Green Gables at Project Gutenberg Anne of Green Gables at Faded Page ( Canada ) Anne of Green Gables public domain audiobook at LibriVox Anne of Green Gables Centenary `` L.M. Montgomery Research Centre '', University of Guelph Library Archival & Special Collections. Anne of Green Gables at L.M. Montgomery Online Formerly the L.M. Montgomery Research Group `` Top 100 Children 's Novels # 9 ''. School Library Journal Blog. Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20. Works by Lucy Maud Montgomery Novels Anne of Green Gables series Anne of Green Gables ( 1908 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1909 ) Anne of the Island ( 1915 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1936 ) Anne 's House of Dreams ( 1917 ) Anne of Ingleside ( 1939 ) Rainbow Valley ( 1919 ) Rilla of Ingleside ( 1921 ) Emily trilogy Emily of New Moon ( 1923 ) Emily Climbs ( 1925 ) Emily 's Quest ( 1927 ) Pat of Silver Bush Pat of Silver Bush ( 1932 ) Mistress Pat ( 1935 ) The Story Girl The Story Girl ( 1911 ) The Golden Road ( 1913 ) Miscellaneous Kilmeny of the Orchard ( 1910 ) The Blue Castle ( 1926 ) Magic for Marigold ( 1929 ) A Tangled Web ( 1931 ) Jane of Lantern Hill ( 1937 ) Short story collections Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1912 ) Further Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1920 ) The Blythes Are Quoted ( 2009 ) Poetry The Watchman & Other Poems ( 1916 ) The Poetry of Lucy Maud Montgomery ( 1987 ) Non-fiction The Alpine Path : The Story of My Career ( 1917 ) Courageous Women ( 1934 ) ( with Marian Keith and Mabel Burns McKinley ) The Selected Journals of L.M. Montgomery, Vol. I -- V ( 1985 -- 2004 ) The Anne of Green Gables series by L.M. Montgomery Characters Anne Shirley Gilbert Blythe Walter Blythe Original novels Anne of Green Gables ( 1908 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1909 ) Anne of the Island ( 1915 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1936 ) Anne 's House of Dreams ( 1917 ) Anne of Ingleside ( 1939 ) Rainbow Valley ( 1919 ) Rilla of Ingleside ( 1921 ) Companion books Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1912 ) Further Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1920 ) Before Green Gables ( authorised prequel by Budge Wilson, 2008 ) The Blythes Are Quoted ( 2009 ) Films Anne of Green Gables ( 1919 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1934 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1940 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1956 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1985 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Sequel ( 1987 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Continuing Story ( 2000 ) Anne : Journey to Green Gables ( 2005 ) Anne of Green Gables : A New Beginning ( 2008 ) L.M. Montgomery 's Anne of Green Gables ( 2016 ) Television series Anne of Green Gables ( 1972 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1975 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1979 ) Road to Avonlea ( 1990 - 1996 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2000 ) Kon'nichiwa Anne : Before Green Gables ( 2009 ) Anne ( 2017 ) Stage Anne of Green Gables : The Musical ( since 1965 ) Anne & Gilbert ( since 2005 ) Related articles Avonlea Green Gables BNF : cb14532211w ( data ) GND : 4359421 - 9 LCCN : no2010143485 VIAF : 181345094 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne_of_Green_Gables&oldid=857075278 '' Categories : Anne of Green Gables 1908 Canadian novels Anne of Green Gables books New Canadian Library Novels by Lucy Maud Montgomery Works about adoption Novels about orphans Canadian children 's novels Novels set in Prince Edward Island Debut novels Canadian novels adapted into films 1908 children 's books Novels set in the 1870s Novels set in the 1880s Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles that link to Wikisource Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Български Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018, at 11 : 55 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Anne of Green Gables", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Anne_of_Green_Gables&amp;oldid=857075278" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "the face of Anne Shirley and a reminder of her `` youthful idealism and spirituality. '' Montgomery was also inspired by the `` formula Ann '' orphan stories ( called such because they followed such a predictable formula ) which were popular at the time and distinguished her character by spelling her name with an extra `` e ''. She based other characters, such as Gilbert Blythe, in part on people she knew. She said she wrote the novel in the twilight of the day, while sitting at her window and overlooking the fields of Cavendish. Plot summary ( edit ) Anne attacks Gilbert Anne Shirley, a young orphan from the fictional community of Bolingbroke, Nova Scotia ( based upon the real community of New London, Prince Edward Island ), is sent to live with Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert, siblings in their fifties and sixties, after a childhood spent in strangers ' homes and orphanages. Marilla and Matthew had originally decided to adopt a boy from the orphanage to help Matthew run their farm at Green Gables, which is set in the fictional town of Avonlea. Through a misunderstanding, the orphanage sends Anne instead. Anne is highly imaginative, eager to please and, at times, quite a dramatic individual. However, she is defensive about her appearance, despising her red hair and pale, thin frame. She is often" ], "id": [ "1677735206597584621" ], "short_answers": [ "Bolingbroke, Nova Scotia" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Hazardous materials Transportation Act - wikipedia Hazardous materials Transportation Act Jump to : navigation, search Hazardous Materials Transportation Act Long title Hazardous Materials Transportation Act of 1975 Acronyms ( colloquial ) HMTA Enacted by the 93rd United States Congress Effective January 3, 1975 Citations Public law P.L. 93 - 933 Statutes at Large 88 Stat. 2156 Codification Acts amended Hazardous Material Transportation Control Act of 1970 Titles amended 49 ( Transportation ) U.S.C. sections created 49 U.S.C. § § 5101 -- 5127 Legislative history Signed into law by President Gerald Ford on January 3, 1975 Major amendments The Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act of 1990 Hazardous Materials Transportation Authorization Act of 1994 The Hazardous Materials Transportation Act ( HMTA ), enacted in 1975, is the principal federal law in the United States regulating the transportation of hazardous materials. Its purpose is to `` protect against the risks to life, property, and the environment that are inherent in the transportation of hazardous material in intrastate, interstate, and foreign commerce '' under the authority of the United States Secretary of Transportation. The Act was passed as a means to improve the uniformity of existing regulations for transporting hazardous materials and to prevent spills and illegal dumping endangering the public and the environment, a problem exacerbated by uncoordinated and fragmented regulations. Regulations are enforced through four key provisions encompassing federal standards under Title 49 of the United States Code : Procedures and Policies Material Designations & Labeling Packaging Requirements Operational Rules Violation of the HMTA regulations can result in civil or criminal penalties, unless a special permit is granted under the discretion of the Secretary of Transportation. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 History 1.2 Importance 1.3 Regulatory role 1.3. 1 Regulatory Categories 1.3. 2 Responsible Parties 1.3. 3 Enforcement 1.4 Roles of the Federal Government and States 1.4. 1 Enforcement Agencies 2 Special permits and exclusions 2.1 Applications 2.2 Description of Relevant Sections for which Special Permits Apply 3 Penalties 3.1 Civil Penalties 3.2 Criminal Penalties 4 Key provisions 4.1 Procedures and Policies 4.2 Material Designations & Labeling 4.2. 1 Hazardous Materials Table 4.2. 2 Shipping Papers Requirements 4.2. 3 Marking Requirements 4.2. 4 Labeling Requirements 4.2. 5 Placarding Requirements 4.2. 6 Emergency Response and Security Plans 4.3 Packaging Requirements 4.3. 1 General Requirements 4.3. 1.1 Mixing 4.3. 1.2 Shipper 's responsibility 4.3. 2 Description of Relevant Sections for which Packaging Requirements Apply 4.4 Operational Rules 4.4. 1 Description of Relevant Sections for which Operational Rules Apply 5 Major amendments 5.1 The Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act ( 1990 ) 5.2 Hazardous Materials Transportation Authorization Act ( 1994 ) 5.3 Influence of the September 11 Attacks ( 2001 ) 6 See also 7 References Background ( edit ) History ( edit ) Illegal dumping in an area just off the New Jersey Turnpike. In the 1970s, landfills throughout the United States began to refuse the acceptance of hazardous wastes for the protection of property, the environment, and liability from what would later become known as Superfund sites, which dramatically increased the cost of disposal. The high cost of disposal led to increased dumping of materials that were increasingly being deemed `` hazardous '' by the public and government. Illegal dumping took place on vacant lots, along highways, or on the actual highways themselves. At the same time, increased accidents and incidents with hazardous materials during transportation was a growing problem, causing damage to property and the environment, injury, and death. At the time, the U.S. Department of Transportation estimated that 75 % of all hazardous waste shipments violated existing regulations due to a lack of inspection personnel and poor coordination among the U.S. Coast Guard, the Federal Aviation Administration, the Federal Highway Administration, and the Federal Railroad Administration. The increasing frequency of illegal `` midnight '' dumping and spills, along with the already existing inconsistent regulations and fragmented enforcement, led to the passing of the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act. It was signed into law on January 3, 1975 by President Gerald Ford, as a means to strengthen the Hazardous Materials Transportation Control Act of 1970 and unify existing regulations. Since its passage, the HMTA has had two major amendments : the Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act ( 1990 ) and the Hazardous Materials Transportation Authorization Act ( 1994 ). Importance ( edit ) It is estimated that the United States alone makes over 500,000 shipments of hazardous materials every day. More than 90 % of these shipments are transported by truck, and anywhere from 5 -- 15 % of those trucks are carrying hazardous materials regulated under the HMTA. Approximately 50 % of those materials are corrosive or flammable petroleum products, while the remaining shipments represent any of the 2,700 other chemicals considered hazardous in interstate commerce. Accidents that occurred in the transportation of hazardous materials resulted in injury, death, and the destruction of property and the environment. However, the accidents were not limited to the road. The number of incidents regarding hazardous wastes was second in railway accidents behind road accidents. The passage of the HMTA ( and its subsequent amendments ) has significantly reduced the number of incidents and the gravity of those incidents with hazardous materials in transportation. Regulatory role ( edit ) The HMTA is one of the eight laws defining the EPA 's Emergency Management Program. The other laws comprising the Emergency Management Program include the Clean Air Act ( CAA ), the Clean Water Act ( CWA ), the Oil Pollution Act ( OPA ), the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ( CERCLA ), Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act ( SARA ), the Emergency Planning and Community Right - to - Know Act ( EPCRA ), and the Chemical Safety Information, Site Security and Fuels Regulatory Relief Act ( CSISSFRRA ). The primary objective of the HMTA is to protect `` life, property, and the environment '' from the inherent risks of transporting hazardous material, in all major modes of commerce, by improving the regulation and enforcement authority of the Secretary of Transportation. It is in the Secretary 's authority to designate material or a group or class of material as hazardous when they meet the definition of hazardous material under the Act. A hazardous material, as defined by the Secretary, is any particular quantity or form of a material that may pose an unreasonable risk to health and safety or property during transportation in commerce. This includes materials that are explosive, radioactive, infectious, flammable, toxic, oxidizing, or corrosive. Hazardous wastes and hazardous substances are designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ). Hazardous wastes are designated under the EPA 's Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, while hazardous substances are designated by the Clean Water Act ( CWA ) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ( CERCLA ). The HMTA regulates all essential modes of transportation due to the dangers hazardous materials can present during shipment by ground, air, sea, or any other mode of transportation, such as through a pipeline. Regulatory categories ( edit ) Regulations under the Act are categorized into four key provisions, encompassing federal standards under Title 49 of the United States Code that guide the safe transportation of hazardous materials : Procedures and Policies Material Designations & Labeling Packaging Requirements Operational Rules Responsible parties ( edit ) The HMTA specifically states that regulations apply to any person who -- transports hazardous materials in commerce ; causes hazardous material to be transported in commerce ; designs, manufactures, fabricates, inspects, marks, maintains, reconditions, repairs, or tests a package, container, or packaging component that is represented, marked, certified, or sold as qualified for use in transporting hazardous material in commerce ; prepares or accepts hazardous material for transportation in commerce ; is responsible for the safety of transporting hazardous material in commerce ; certifies compliance with any requirement under the Act ; or misrepresents whether such person is engaged in any activity under the above requirements. Essentially, all persons involved in the preparation of the transportation of hazardous materials, though the primary burden of liability falls on the shipper of the hazardous materials ( the person who offers shipment ). Carriers are only required to ensure that required information accompanying hazardous materials packages is immediately available to personnel who would respond to an incident or conduct a hazardous materials investigation, per the amendments enforced in the Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act of 1990. Enforcement ( edit ) Regulations are enforced by use of compliance orders, civil penalties, and injunctive relief, under the discretion of the Secretary of Transportation. As the Act stands now ( with its latest amendments ), the Department of Transportation ( DOT ) is most concerned with the test conditions of packages, rather than the transportation conditions. Enforcement includes random packaging inspections by DOT inspectors at freight terminals, intermodal transfer facilities, airports, and other facilities to determine compliance with proper marking and labeling of packaging. DOT also has made it its intent to inspect manufacturing facilities, testing facilities, and shipper 's facilities where manufacturing operations occur. Roles of the Federal government and States ( edit ) As the current statute stands, the `` HMTA ( Section 112, 40 U.S.C. 1811 ) preempts state and local governmental requirements that are inconsistent with the statute, unless that requirement affords an equal or greater level of protection to the public than the HMTA requirement. '' Enforcement Agencies ( edit ) The Hazardous Materials Transportation Act is implemented through various agencies based on the mode of transportation and the type of hazardous material being transported : Enforcement Agency Role in HMTA Research and Innovative Technology Administration ( RITA ) Container manufacturing guidelines Federal Highway Administration ( FHWA ) Regulations for motor carriers Federal Railroad Administration ( FRA ) Regulations for rail carriers Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) Regulations for air carriers United States Coast Guard ( USCG ) Regulations for shipment by water Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration ( PHMSA ) Regulations for transportation by pipeline and for special permits Department of Energy ( DOE ) Regulations for radioactive materials Atomic Energy Authority ( AEA ) Regulations for radioactive materials Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( NRC ) Regulations for hazardous materials Department of Transportation ( DOT ) Regulations for hazardous materials and compliance Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) Regulations for hazardous materials and compliance Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) Regulations for compliance National Fire Protection Association ( NFPA ) Regulations for emergency response Special permits and exclusions ( edit ) § 5117 provides that the Secretary may `` issue, modify, or terminate '' a special permit authorizing a variance to regulations prescribed under § 5103 ( b ), § 5104, § 5110, or § 5112 of the Act to a person performing the functions under § 5103 ( b ) in a way that achieves a safety level that -- ( A ) is at least equal to the safety required by the Act ; or ( B ) is consistent with the public interest and the Act, if a required safety level does not exist. Special permits are effective for an initial period of no more than 2 years. Renewal of the special permits is granted under the Secretary 's discretion upon application for the permit for successive periods of no more than 4 years each. In the case of a special permit relating to § 5112, the additional period following permit renewal must be no more than 2 years each. Applications ( edit ) To apply for a special permit, the applicant must provide a safety analysis prescribed by the Secretary that justifies the special permit, and submit the application to the Administrator of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. The Secretary then must publish notice of the application in the Federal Register to give the opportunity for public review and comment. Upon the applicant 's filing of the application, the Secretary must issue, renew, or deny the application within 180 days after the first day of the month following the filing date. If more time is needed, the Secretary must publish a statement to the Federal Register addressing the reason for the delay in the Secretary 's decision on the permit, along with an estimate for when the decision will be made. The Secretary, after completing a review of the circumstance for the permit, and after providing opportunity for public comment and review, must either institute a new rule incorporating the special permit into the regulations of the Act, or publish in the Federal Register the justification for not including the special permit into the regulations. Description of relevant sections for which special permits apply ( edit ) § 5103 ( b ) : Regulations for safe transportation prescribed by the Secretary for people who -- transport hazardous material in commerce ; causes to transport hazardous material in commerce ; designs, inspects, repairs, or tests packages qualified for hazardous material transport ; prepares or accepts hazardous material for transportation in commerce ; is responsible for the safety of transporting hazardous materials in commerce ; or certifies compliance with any requirements under the Act § 5104 : Representation and tampering regulations for a package, component of a package, or packaging intended for the use of transporting hazardous material. § 5110 : Shipping papers and disclosure regulations. § 5112 : Highway routing of hazardous material regulations. Penalties ( edit ) Civil penalties ( edit ) Under § 5123, a person is liable for a civil penalty of up to $75,000 for each violation of a `` regulation, order, special permit or approval '' of the Act that has been knowingly committed. A separate violation is considered for each day the violation, committed by a person who transports or causes the transportation of a hazardous material, continues. A person acts knowingly when -- ( A ) the person has knowledge of the facts regarding the violation ; or ( B ) the person acting in the circumstance demonstrating reasonable logic and care would have that knowledge. Under the discretion of the Secretary, he or she may increase the penalty amount upwards to $175,000 if the violation results in the death, serious illness or injury to any person, or in substantial damage to property. Violations resulting from training activities must be at least $450. In determining the amount of the civil penalty, the Secretary must consider -- the nature, circumstances, extent, and gravity of the violation ; the degree of culpability of the violator, any history of prior violations, the ability to pay, and the effect on the ability to continue to do business ; and any other matters that justice requires. An opportunity for a hearing must be granted to the violator, along with a written notice from the Secretary specifying the amount of the penalty. Criminal penalties ( edit ) A person is subject to a criminal penalty under § 5124 if that person knowingly tampers with the labels or packages used for transporting hazardous material, or `` willfully or recklessly '' violates a `` regulation, order, special permit, or approval '' under the Act and shall be fined under Title 18 of the United States Code, imprisoned for no more than 5 years, or both. A violation under this section that results in the release of hazardous material causing bodily injury or death to any person can render a maximum prison penalty of 10 years. Under § 5104, tampering refers to the alteration, removal, destruction, or otherwise unlawful tampering of -- a marking, label, placard, or description on a document prescribed by regulations of the Act ; or a package, component of a package, packaging, container, motor vehicle, rail freight car, aircraft, or vessel used to transport hazardous material. A person acts knowingly when -- ( A ) the person has knowledge of the facts regarding the violation ; or ( B ) the person acting in the circumstance demonstrating reasonable logic and care would have that knowledge. Knowledge of the existence of a statutory regulation required by the Secretary is not considered an element of offense. A person acts willfully when -- ( A ) the person has knowledge of the facts regarding the violation ; and ( B ) the person has knowledge that the conduct was unlawful. A person acts recklessly when the person displays a deliberate indifference or conscious disregard to the consequences of that person 's conduct. Key provisions ( edit ) Procedures and Policies ( edit ) Procedures on proper handling and preparation for handling hazardous materials, as well as finding out information about implementing the Act ( permitting procedures, registration procedures, adding a regulation into the Act, etc. ), can be found under this provision. Under § 5106, the Secretary of Transportation may prescribe criteria for handling hazardous material, including -- ( 1 ) a minimum number of personnel ; ( 2 ) minimum levels of training and qualifications for personnel ; ( 3 ) the kind and frequency of inspections ; ( 4 ) equipment for detecting, warning of, and controlling risks posed by the hazardous material ; ( 5 ) specifications for the use of equipment and facilities used in handling and transporting the hazardous material ; and ( 6 ) a system of monitoring safety procedures for transporting the hazardous material. Under § 5107, the hazmat employee training requirements and grants are summarized : ( A ) Training Requirements -- The Secretary shall prescribe by regulation requirements for training that a hazmat employer must give hazmat employees of the employer on the safe loading, unloading, handling, storing, and transporting of hazardous material and emergency preparedness for responding to an accident or incident involving the transportation of hazardous material. ( B ) Beginning and Completing Training -- A hazmat employer shall begin the training of hazmat employees of the employer no later than 6 months after the Secretary prescribes the regulations under subsection ( a ) of this section. ( C ) Certification of Training -- After completing the training, each hazmat employer shall certify, with documentation the Secretary may require by regulation, that the hazmat employees of the employer have received training and have been tested on appropriate transportation areas of responsibility, including at least one of the following : ( 1 ) recognizing and understanding the Department of Transportation hazardous material classification system. ( 2 ) the use and limitations of the Department hazardous material placarding, labeling, and marking systems. ( 3 ) general handling procedures, loading and unloading techniques, and strategies to reduce the probability of release or damage during or incidental to transporting hazardous material. ( 4 ) health, safety, and risk factors associated with hazardous material and the transportation of hazardous material. ( 5 ) appropriate emergency response and communication procedures for dealing with an accident or incident involving hazardous material transportation. ( 6 ) the use of the Department Emergency Response Guidebook and recognition of its limitations or the use of equivalent documents and recognition of the limitations of those documents. ( 7 ) applicable hazardous material transportation regulations. ( 8 ) personal protection techniques. ( 9 ) preparing a shipping document for transporting hazardous material. ( D ) Coordination of Training Requirements -- In consultation with the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency and the United States Secretary of Labor, the Secretary shall ensure that the training requirements prescribed under this section do not conflict with or duplicate -- ( 1 ) the requirements of regulations the Secretary of Labor prescribes related to hazard communication, and hazardous waste operations, and emergency response that are contained in part 1910 of title 29, Code of Federal Regulations ; and ( 2 ) the regulations the Agency prescribes related to worker protection standards for hazardous waste operations that are contained in part 311 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations. ( E ) Training Grants -- ( 1 ) In general -- Subject to the availability of funds, the Secretary shall make grants under this subsection -- ( A ) for training instructors to train hazmat employees ; and ( B ) to the extent determined appropriate by the Secretary, for such instructors to train hazmat employees. ( 2 ) Eligibility -- A grant under this subsection shall be made through a competitive process to a nonprofit organization that demonstrates -- ( A ) expertise in conducting a training program for hazmat employees ; and ( B ) the ability to reach and involve in a training program a target population of hazmat employees. ( F ) Training of Certain Employees -- The Secretary shall ensure that maintenance - of - way employees and railroad signalmen receive general awareness and familiarization training and safety training. Material Designations & labeling ( edit ) Under the Act, transporting hazardous material requires regulations unique to the type of hazardous materials being transported. Hazardous materials table ( edit ) The table listing all hazardous materials regulated by the Act for transportation can be found here. This table identifies the hazard class of the material to inform specific packaging requirements, or outlines whether the material is forbidden in transportation. An example of shipping papers under the HMTA. Shipping papers requirements ( edit ) Each person who offers transportation of hazardous materials must describe the material on accompanied shipping papers. The papers must include -- an identification number a proper shipping name, identified in the Hazardous Materials Table the hazard class the packing group, identified in Roman numerals the total quantity of hazardous materials the number and type of packages holding the hazardous contents Additionally, the hazardous material must be accompanied by an EPA manifest, a sheet that tracks the transportation of the hazardous material. Marking Requirements ( edit ) Each `` package, freight container, and transport vehicle '' carrying the hazardous material must have markings that are -- durable, in English, and printed or affixed on the surface of the shipping package, or on a label, tag, or sign on the package displayed on a background of sharply contrasting color not obscured by labels or attachments located away from any other marking that could reduce its effectiveness Labels and placards for hazardous materials transportation. Labeling requirements ( edit ) Each non-bulk package, container, or small tank must be labeled with a label code corresponding to the hazard class of the hazardous material being transported, and must follow design and placement requirements. A properly labeled package carrying hazardous materials. Placarding requirements ( edit ) Each `` bulk packaging, freight container, unit load device, transport vehicle or rail car containing any quantity of a hazardous material '' must be placarded corresponding to the hazard class of the hazardous material being transported, and must follow design and placement requirements. Emergency response and security plans ( edit ) Regulations providing for immediate emergency response information in an incident, as well as requirements for the development and implementation of security plans must be adhered by `` any person who offers for transportation in commerce or transports in commerce '' hazardous materials regulated under the Act. Packaging requirements ( edit ) Packaging requirements under the Act are detailed in Title 49 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations under § 173, 178, 179, and 180. Packaging requirements vary based on the hazardous material being transported. General requirements ( edit ) Packaging material must fulfill a set of testing requirements before being authorized to store hazardous materials for transportation to endure the physical stress and environmental changes that may result in phase changes of the packaging contents during transportation. All packaging provisions under the Act apply to -- ( 1 ) Bulk and non-bulk packagings ; ( 2 ) New packagings and packagings which are reused ; and ( 3 ) Specification and non-specification packagings. Each package must be `` designed, constructed, maintained, filled, its contents so limited, and closed '' so that during transportation of hazardous contents -- ( 1 ) There will be no identifiable ( without the use of instruments ) release of hazardous materials to the environment ; ( 2 ) The effectiveness of the package is not reduced during transportation ( can withstand changes in temperature, pressure, humidity, shocks, loadings, vibrations, etc. ) ( 3 ) The effectiveness of the package is not reduced from the mixture of gases or vapors inside the package that can compromise the packaging material ; and ( 4 ) There will be no hazardous material residue adhering to the outside of the package during transport. Mixing ( edit ) The contents of the package ( the hazardous material ) and the material of the package itself must be resistant to significant `` chemical or galvanic reaction '' that can compromise the integrity of the package. Additionally, hazardous materials may not be mixed together with other hazardous or nonhazardous materials creating a reaction causing -- combustion or dangerous evolution of heat ; flammable, poisonous, or asphyxiant gases ; or formation of unstable or corrosive materials. Shipper 's responsibility ( edit ) It is up to the shipper of the stored, hazardous material to determine that the compatibility between the hazardous material and the packaging is sufficient for safe transportation. Description of relevant sections for which packaging requirements apply ( edit ) 49 CFR § 173 : General packaging requirements. 49 CFR § 178 : Specifications for packagings. 49 CFR § 179 : Specifications for tank cars. 49 CFR § 180 : Continuing qualification and maintenance of packagings. Operational rules ( edit ) The `` operational rules '' are the final key provision to the HMTA. They are a summary of the above provisions, including procedures and policies, material designations and labeling, and packaging requirements. Operational rules are covered by 49 CFR § 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, and 177 and are all subjective to the U.S. Department of Transportation. Operational rules cover the entire transportation process from pick - up to delivery within all known modes of transportation subject to interstate and intrastate commerce. Description of Relevant Sections for which Operational Rules Apply ( edit ) 49 CFR § 171 - General Information, Regulations, and North American Shipments ( a ) applicability, general requirements, and North American shipments ( b ) incident reporting, notification, BOE approvals and authorization ( c ) authorization and requirements for the use of international transport standards and regulations 49 CFR § 173 : Shippers General Requirements for Shipping and Packaging 49 CFR § 174 : Carriage by Rail 49 CFR § 175 : Carriage by Aircraft 49 CFR § 176 : Carriage by Vessel 49 CFR § 177 : Carriage by Public Highway Major amendments ( edit ) The hazardous materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act ( 1990 ) ( edit ) In 1990, Congress enacted the Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act ( HMTUSA ) in order to clarify the 1975 Hazardous Materials Transportation Act. This amendment sought to standardize international hazardous material transportation requirements as recommended by the United Nations, define preemption over local state regulations that differed from the Act 's regulations, and to give more authority to the Secretary of Transportation in requiring registration of hazardous materials. Before the HMTUSA was passed, the Secretary 's authority to require registration by all shippers of hazardous materials and by all parties involved in the preparation of shipment ( manufacture, repair, testing, or sale ) was never exercised. New provisions under this amendment were designed to `` encourage uniformity among different state and local highway routing regulations, to develop criteria for the issuance of federal permits to motor carriers of hazardous materials, and to regulate the transport of radioactive materials. '' The amendment also outlined two types of emergency response information : Information immediately available upon an accident ( such as shipping papers ) ; and Comprehensive and product - specific emergency response information that is also immediately available from a shipper - provided contact ( whose contact information is also available on the shipping papers ). Under the HMTUSA, the Secretary continues to enforce regulations for the safe transport of hazardous material in intrastate, interstate, and foreign commerce in the same manner as the HMTA. The Secretary also retains authority to classify hazardous materials, when `` they pose unreasonable risks to health, safety, or property. '' Hazardous materials Transportation Authorization Act ( 1994 ) ( edit ) Signed by President Bill Clinton on August 26, 1994, the purpose of the amendment was to broaden the `` regulatory and enforcement authority of the Secretary of Transportation. '' The Secretary is given discretionary power to require anyone who transports hazardous materials through aircraft, rail, ship, or vehicle to register with the Department of Transportation who are not already under mandatory obligation to do so. Additionally, the amendment restructured the Act, reauthorizing funding for the HMTA and requiring additional safety initiatives to be taken by the Department of Transportation. Under this amendment, its underlying goal remained the same as the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act : to protect against the risks to life, property, and the environment during the transportation of hazardous materials. Influence of the September 11 attacks ( 2001 ) ( edit ) After the September 11 attacks, Congress considered new security measures to the Act, including background checks for truck drivers, requiring shipping companies to create alternative security plans, the use of electronic tracking devices to pinpoint exact locations of hazardous materials and their transporters, and creating strict federal penalties for hijacking trucks carrying hazardous materials. The enormity of attempting to monitor every shipment in the country was recognized as a `` logistical impossibility '' and an exorbitant expense. However, on October 18, 2001, Senator Hatch introduced the Hazardous Material in Transportation Protection Act of 2001, which amended the Act to require stricter regulations of issuing operational licenses for the motor - vehicular transportation of hazardous materials. Specifically, the bill prohibits states from issuing licenses to transporters unless the Secretary clears the transporter through a comprehensive background check. See also ( edit ) Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ( CERCLA ) Emergency Planning and Community Right - to - Know Act ( EPCRA ) Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration ( PHMSA ) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( RCRA ) United States Department of Energy ( DOE ) United States Department of Transportation ( DOT ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 49 U.S.C ''. Retrieved 28 March 2013. et seq. ^ Jump up to : Klyza, Christopher McGrory. `` Industry Hazards - Transporting Hazardous Materials ''. Hazardous Materials Transportation Act ( 1975 ). Retrieved 4 April 2013. ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Transportation. `` Federal Hazardous Materials Transportation Law Secs. 5116 to 5119 ''. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. Retrieved 19 April 2013. ^ Jump up to : Panwar, Samina T. ( 30 December 2000 ). `` Development of a GIS - Based Hazardous Materials Transportation Management System '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 2 May 2013. ^ Jump up to : Boyd, Don A ( 1993 ). Transportation of Hazardous Materials. Norwell, Massachusetts : Kluwer Academic Publisher. ISBN 9780792393405. Jump up ^ `` Laws Defining EPA 's Emergency Management Program ''. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 22 April 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Hazardous Materials Transportation Law ''. Office of Hazardous Materials Safety. Retrieved 22 April 2013. ^ Jump up to : United States Department of Labor. `` Industry Hazards - Transporting Hazardous Materials ''. Retrieved 29 March 2013. Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR 172, Subpart B - Special Permits ''. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 22 April 2013. Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Transportation. `` Federal Hazardous Materials Transportation Law Secs. 5103 to 5104 ''. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. Retrieved 19 April 2013. Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Transportation. `` Federal Hazardous Materials Transportation Law Secs. 5108 to 5110 ''. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. Retrieved 19 April 2013. Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Transportation. `` Federal Hazardous Materials Transportation Law Secs. 5111 to 5115 ''. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. Retrieved 19 April 2013. Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Transportation. `` Federal Hazardous Materials Transportation Law Secs. 5120 to 5124 ''. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. Retrieved 19 April 2013. Jump up ^ Legal Information Institute. `` 49 USC 5106 - Handling criteria ''. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 26 April 2013. Jump up ^ Legal Information Institute. `` 49 USC 5107 - Hazmat employee training requirements and grants ''. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 26 April 2013. Jump up ^ http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/PHMSA/DownloadableFiles/Files/Hazmat/Alpha_Hazmat_Table.xls ^ Jump up to : `` Hazardous Materials Transportation Act ''. The Office of Health, Safety and Security. Retrieved 1 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR 172.101 - Purpose and use of hazardous materials table ''. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 20 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR 172, Subpart C - Shipping Papers ''. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 22 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR 172, Subpart D - Marking ''. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 22 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR 172, Subpart E - Labeling ''. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 22 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR 172, Subpart F - Placarding ''. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 22 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR 172, Subpart I - Safety and Security Plans ''. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 22 April 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` 49 CFR Part 173 - SHIPPERS -- GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SHIPMENTS AND PACKAGINGS ''. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 20 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR 173.22 - Shipper 's responsibility ''. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 20 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR Part 178 - SPECIFICATIONS FOR PACKAGINGS ''. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 20 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR Part 179 - SPECIFICATIONS FOR TANK CARS ''. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 20 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR Part 180 - CONTINUING QUALIFICATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PACKAGINGS ''. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 20 April 2013. Jump up ^ GPO. `` Electronic Code of Federal Regulations : Title 49 - Transportation ''. U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 13 April 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Industry Hazards - Transporting Hazardous Materials ''. Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Retrieved 22 April 2013. Jump up ^ Olexa, Michael T. `` The Florida Agricultural Handbook of Solid and Hazardous Waste Regulation : Hazardous Materials Transportation Authorization Act ''. Retrieved 6 April 2013. ^ Jump up to : Maurer, William R. `` The Transportation of Hazardous Materials After September 11 : Issues and Developments ''. The Federalist Society. Retrieved 3 May 2013. Dangerous goods portal United States portal Law portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazardous_Materials_Transportation_Act&oldid=787762918 '' Categories : United States federal environmental legislation United States federal transportation legislation 1975 in the environment 1975 in law Hazardous materials 93rd United States Congress Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 June 2017, at 11 : 32. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Hazardous Materials Transportation Act", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Hazardous_Materials_Transportation_Act&amp;oldid=787762918" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "fragmented enforcement, led to the passing of the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act. It was signed into law on January 3, 1975 by President Gerald Ford, as a means to strengthen the Hazardous Materials Transportation Control Act of 1970 and unify existing regulations. Since its passage, the HMTA has had two major amendments : the Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act ( 1990 ) and the Hazardous Materials Transportation Authorization Act ( 1994 ). Importance ( edit ) It is estimated that the United States alone makes over 500,000 shipments of hazardous materials every day. More than 90 % of these shipments are transported by truck, and anywhere from 5 -- 15 % of those trucks are carrying hazardous materials regulated under the HMTA. Approximately 50 % of those materials are corrosive or flammable petroleum products, while the remaining shipments represent any of the 2,700 other chemicals considered hazardous in interstate commerce. Accidents that occurred in the transportation of hazardous materials resulted in injury, death, and the destruction of property and the environment. However, the accidents were not limited to the road. The number of incidents regarding hazardous wastes was second in railway accidents behind road accidents. The passage of the HMTA ( and its subsequent amendments ) has significantly reduced the number of incidents and the gravity of those incidents with hazardous materials" ], "id": [ "12461824593280995433" ], "short_answers": [ "truck" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Riding shotgun - wikipedia Riding shotgun Jump to : navigation, search For other uses, see Riding shotgun ( disambiguation ). Riding shotgun. The driver is holding the whip with the shotgun messenger on his left. Riding shotgun was used to describe the guard who rode alongside a stagecoach driver, ready to use his shotgun to ward off bandits or hostile Native Americans. In modern use, it refers to the practice of sitting alongside the driver in a moving vehicle. The phrase has been used to mean giving actual or figurative support or aid to someone in a situation. The earliest coining of this phrase dates to at most 1905. Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Historical examples 2.1 Tombstone, Arizona Territory 2.2 Historical weapon 3 Modern usage 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Etymology ( edit ) The expression `` riding shotgun '' is derived from `` shotgun messenger '', a colloquial term for `` express messenger '', when stagecoach travel was popular during the American Wild West and the Colonial period in Australia. The person rode alongside the driver. The first known use of the phrase `` riding shotgun '' was in the 1905 novel The Sunset Trail by Alfred Henry Lewis. Wyatt and Morgan Earp were in the service of The Express Company. They went often as guards -- `` riding shotgun, '' it was called -- when the stage bore unusual treasure. It was later used in print and especially film depiction of stagecoaches and wagons in the Old West in danger of being robbed or attacked by bandits. A special armed employee of the express service using the stage for transportation of bullion or cash would sit beside the driver, carrying a short shotgun ( or alternatively a rifle ), to provide an armed response in case of threat to the cargo, which was usually a strongbox. Absence of an armed person in that position often signaled that the stage was not carrying a strongbox, but only passengers. Historical examples ( edit ) Tombstone, Arizona Territory ( edit ) On the evening of March 15, 1881, a Kinnear & Company stagecoach carrying US $26,000 in silver bullion ( about $659,324 in today 's dollars ) was en route from the boom town of Tombstone, Arizona Territory to Benson, Arizona, the nearest freight terminal. Bob Paul, who had run for Pima County Sheriff and was contesting the election he lost due to ballot - stuffing, was temporarily working once again as the Wells Fargo shotgun messenger. He had taken the reins and driver 's seat in Contention City because the usual driver, a well - known and popular man named Eli `` Budd '' Philpot, was ill. Philpot was riding shotgun. Near Drew 's Station, just outside Contention City, a man stepped into the road and commanded them to `` Hold! '' Three Cowboys attempted to rob the stage. Paul, in the driver 's seat, fired his shotgun and emptied his revolver at the robbers, wounding a Cowboy later identified as Bill Leonard in the groin. Philpot, riding shotgun, and passenger Peter Roerig, riding in the rear dickey seat, were both shot and killed. The horses spooked and Paul was n't able to bring the stage under control for almost a mile, leaving the robbers with nothing. Paul, who normally rode shotgun, later said he thought the first shot killing Philpot had been meant for him. When Wyatt Earp first arrived in Tombstone in December 1879, he initially took a job as a stagecoach shotgun messenger for Wells Fargo, guarding shipments of silver bullion. When Wyatt Earp was appointed Pima County Deputy Sheriff on July 27, 1881, his brother Morgan Earp took over his job. Historical weapon ( edit ) When Wells, Fargo & Co. began regular stagecoach service from Tipton, Missouri to San Francisco, California in 1858, they issued shotguns to its drivers and guards for defense along the perilous 2,800 mile route. The guard was called a shotgun messenger and they were issued a Coach gun, typically a 10 - gauge or 12 - gauge, short, double - barreled shotgun. Modern usage ( edit ) More recently, the term has been applied to a game, usually played by groups of friends to determine who rides beside the driver in a car. Typically, this involves claiming the right to ride shotgun by being the first person to call out `` shotgun ''. While there are many other rules for the game, such as a requirement that the vehicle be in sight, nearly all players agree that the game may only begin on the way to the car. The game creates an environment that is fair by forgetting and leaving out most seniority except for that Moms and significant others automatically get shotgun, and this meanwhile leaves out any conflicts that may have previously occurred when deciding who gets to ride shotgun. Therefore, it is best played and seen mainly within friend groups because of the lack of seniority, and it is when most people enjoy participating in games. Also, the front passenger seat is typically most wanted because of the small perks it contains like more leg room and easier access to the radio and air controls of the car. Calling shotgun does not apply to bi-directional trips, shotgun must be called before each journey. See also ( edit ) Coach gun Shotgun messenger References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Define Shotgun at Dictionary.com ''. dictionary.reference.com. Dictionary.com. Retrieved 11 February 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Riding shotgun ''. phrases.org.uk. Retrieved 1 May 2010. Jump up ^ Lewis, Alfred Henry. `` The Sunset Trail ''. Retrieved 30 March 2018. Jump up ^ Agnew, Jeremy ( 2012 ). The Old West in Fact and Film : History Versus Hollywood. Jefferson, North Carolina : McFarland. p. 17. ISBN 0786468882. Jump up ^ O'Neal, Bill ( 1979 ). Encyclopedia of Western Gunfighters. Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2335 - 6. Retrieved 14 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Tombstone, AZ ''. Retrieved 17 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` Wyatt Earp Trial : 1881 -- A Mysterious Stage Coach Robbery -- Clanton, Holliday, Told, Leonard, Doc, and Ike ''. Retrieved 8 February 2011. Jump up ^ `` History Raiders ''. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011. Jump up ^ WGBH American Experience : Wyatt Earp, Complete Program Transcript. January 25, 2010. Jump up ^ Jones, Spencer ( 1 June 2004 ). `` Revival Of The Coach Gun ''. Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2007. Jump up ^ Wilson, RL ( 1992 ). The Peacemakers : Arms and Adventure in the American West. New York : NAL. pp. 121, 197, 244. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7858 - 1892 - 2. Jump up ^ `` Shotgun Rules ''. bored.com. Archived from the original on 27 July 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2010. Jump up ^ Tom Dalzell ( 25 July 2008 ). The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge. p. 877. ISBN 1 - 134 - 19478 - 1. Jump up ^ `` Official Rules for Calling Shotgun Riding Shotgun Shotgun Rules ''. www.shotgunrules.com. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25. Further reading ( edit ) What 's the origin of `` riding shotgun ''? Rules of shotgun, Shotgunrules.com, Retrieved 27 March 2015. The Shotgun Rules, version 1.1 by the Airborne Early Warning Association, Retrieved 27 March 2015. Rules of shotgun : The 25 Universal Rules of Order for Riding Shotgun By David A. Tomar, Retrieved 27 March 2015. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riding_shotgun&oldid=833333192 '' Categories : American cultural conventions Car games Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018, at 22 : 48. About Wikipedia", "title": "Riding shotgun", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Riding_shotgun&amp;oldid=833333192" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "15443466332924272370" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Human digestive system - wikipedia Human digestive system See also gastrointestinal tract. `` Digestive system '' and `` alimentary system '' redirect here. For digestive systems of non-human animals, see Digestion. Human digestive system Human digestive system Details Identifiers Latin Systema digestorium MeSH D004064 TA A05. 0.00. 000 FMA 7152 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion ( the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder ). In this system, the process of digestion has many stages, the first of which starts in the mouth. Digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body. Chewing, in which food is mixed with saliva begins the process of digestion. This produces a bolus which can be swallowed down the esophagus and into the stomach. Here it is mixed with gastric juice until it passes into the duodenum where it is mixed with a number of enzymes produced by the pancreas. Saliva also contains a catalytic enzyme called amylase which starts to act on food in the mouth. Another digestive enzyme called lingual lipase is secreted by some of the lingual papillae on the tongue and also from serous glands in the main salivary glands. Digestion is helped by the mastication of food by the teeth and also by the muscular actions of peristalsis and segmentation contractions. Gastric juice in the stomach is essential for the continuation of digestion as is the production of mucus in the stomach. Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction of muscles that begins in the esophagus and continues along the wall of the stomach and the rest of the gastrointestinal tract. This initially results in the production of chyme which when fully broken down in the small intestine is absorbed as chyle into the lymphatic system. Most of the digestion of food takes place in the small intestine. Water and some minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon of the large intestine. The waste products of digestion ( feces ) are defecated from the anus via the rectum. Contents ( hide ) 1 Components 1.1 Mouth 1.1. 1 Salivary glands 1.1. 1.1 Saliva 1.1. 2 Tongue 1.1. 2.1 Taste 1.1. 3 Teeth 1.1. 4 Epiglottis 1.2 Pharynx 1.3 Esophagus 1.4 Diaphragm 1.5 Stomach 1.6 Spleen 1.7 Liver 1.7. 1 Bile 1.7. 2 Gallbladder 1.8 Pancreas 1.9 Lower gastrointestinal tract 1.9. 1 Small intestine 1.9. 2 Cecum 1.9. 3 Large intestine 2 Blood supply 3 Nerve supply 4 Development 5 Clinical significance 5.1 In pregnancy 6 See also 7 References Components Historical depiction of the digestive system, 17th century Persia There are several organs and other components involved in the digestion of food. The organs known as the accessory digestive glands are the liver, gall bladder and pancreas. Other components include the mouth, salivary glands, tongue, teeth and epiglottis. The largest structure of the digestive system is the gastrointestinal tract ( GI tract ). This starts at the mouth and ends at the anus, covering a distance of about nine ( 9 ) metres. The largest part of the GI tract is the colon or large intestine. Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste matter is stored prior to defecation. Most of the digestion of food takes place in the small intestine. A major digestive organ is the stomach. Within its mucosa are millions of embedded gastric glands. Their secretions are vital to the functioning of the organ. There are many specialised cells of the GI tract. These include the various cells of the gastric glands, taste cells, pancreatic duct cells, enterocytes and microfold cells. Some parts of the digestive system are also part of the excretory system, including the large intestine. Mouth The mouth is the first part of the gastrointestinal tract and is equipped with several structures that begin the first processes of digestion. These include salivary glands, teeth and the tongue. The mouth consists of two regions ; the vestibule and the oral cavity proper. The vestibule is the area between the teeth, lips and cheeks, and the rest is the oral cavity proper. Most of the oral cavity is lined with oral mucosa, a mucous membrane that produces a lubricating mucus, of which only a small amount is needed. Mucous membranes vary in structure in the different regions of the body but they all produce a lubricating mucus, which is either secreted by surface cells or more usually by underlying glands. The mucous membrane in the mouth continues as the thin mucosa which lines the bases of the teeth. The main component of mucus is a glycoprotein called mucin and the type secreted varies according to the region involved. Mucin is viscous, clear, and clinging. Underlying the mucous membrane in the mouth is a thin layer of smooth muscle tissue and the loose connection to the membrane gives it its great elasticity. It covers the cheeks, inner surfaces of the lips, and floor of the mouth. The roof of the mouth is termed the palate and it separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. The palate is hard at the front of the mouth since the overlying mucosa is covering a plate of bone ; it is softer and more pliable at the back being made of muscle and connective tissue, and it can move to swallow food and liquids. The soft palate ends at the uvula. The surface of the hard palate allows for the pressure needed in eating food, to leave the nasal passage clear. The lips are the mouth 's front boundary and the fauces ( the passageway between the tonsils, also called the throat ), mark its posterior boundary. At either side of the soft palate are the palatoglossus muscles which also reach into regions of the tongue. These muscles raise the back of the tongue and also close both sides of the fauces to enable food to be swallowed. Mucus helps in the mastication of food in its ability to soften and collect the food in the formation of the bolus. Salivary glands Oral cavity There are three pairs of main salivary glands and between 800 and 1,000 minor salivary glands, all of which mainly serve the digestive process, and also play an important role in the maintenance of dental health and general mouth lubrication, without which speech would be impossible. The main glands are all exocrine glands, secreting via ducts. All of these glands terminate in the mouth. The largest of these are the parotid glands -- their secretion is mainly serous. The next pair are underneath the jaw, the submandibular glands, these produce both serous fluid and mucus. The serous fluid is produced by serous glands in these salivary glands which also produce lingual lipase. They produce about 70 % of the oral cavity saliva. The third pair are the sublingual glands located underneath the tongue and their secretion is mainly mucous with a small percentage of saliva. Within the oral mucosa ( a mucous membrane ) lining the mouth and also on the tongue and palates and mouth floor, are the minor salivary glands ; their secretions are mainly mucous and are innervated by the facial nerve ( the seventh cranial nerve ). The glands also secrete amylase a first stage in the breakdown of food acting on the carbohydrate in the food to transform the starch content into maltose. There are other glands on the surface of the tongue that encircle taste buds on the back part of the tongue and these also produce lingual lipase. Lipase is a digestive enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of lipids ( fats ). These glands are termed Von Ebner 's glands which have also been shown to have another function in the secretion of histatins which offer an early defense ( outside of the immune system ) against microbes in food, when it makes contact with these glands on the tongue tissue. Sensory information can stimulate the secretion of saliva providing the necessary fluid for the tongue to work with and also to ease swallowing of the food. Saliva Main article : Saliva Saliva moistens and softens food, and along with the chewing action of the teeth, transforms the food into a smooth bolus. The bolus is further helped by the lubrication provided by the saliva in its passage from the mouth into the esophagus. Also of importance is the presence in saliva of the digestive enzymes amylase and lipase. Amylase starts to work on the starch in carbohydrates, breaking it down into the simple sugars of maltose and dextrose that can be further broken down in the small intestine. Saliva in the mouth can account for 30 % of this initial starch digestion. Lipase starts to work on breaking down fats. Lipase is further produced in the pancreas where it is released to continue this digestion of fats. The presence of salivary lipase is of prime importance in young babies whose pancreatic lipase has yet to be developed. As well as its role in supplying digestive enzymes, saliva has a cleansing action for the teeth and mouth. It also has an immunological role in supplying antibodies to the system, such as immunoglobulin A. This is seen to be key in preventing infections of the salivary glands, importantly that of parotitis. Saliva also contains a glycoprotein called haptocorrin which is a binding protein to vitamin B. It binds with the vitamin in order to carry it safely through the acidic content of the stomach. When it reaches the duodenum, pancreatic enzymes break down the glycoprotein and free the vitamin which then binds with intrinsic factor. Tongue Food enters the mouth where the first stage in the digestive process takes place, with the action of the tongue and the secretion of saliva. The tongue is a fleshy and muscular sensory organ, and the very first sensory information is received via the taste buds in the papillae on its surface. If the taste is agreeable, the tongue will go into action, manipulating the food in the mouth which stimulates the secretion of saliva from the salivary glands. The liquid quality of the saliva will help in the softening of the food and its enzyme content will start to break down the food whilst it is still in the mouth. The first part of the food to be broken down is the starch of carbohydrates ( by the enzyme amylase in the saliva ). The tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth by a ligamentous band called the frenum and this gives it great mobility for the manipulation of food ( and speech ) ; the range of manipulation is optimally controlled by the action of several muscles and limited in its external range by the stretch of the frenum. The tongue 's two sets of muscles, are four intrinsic muscles that originate in the tongue and are involved with its shaping, and four extrinsic muscles originating in bone that are involved with its movement. Taste Main article : Taste Cross section of circumvallate papilla showing arrangement of nerves and taste buds Taste is a form of chemoreception that takes place in the specialised taste receptors, contained in structures called taste buds in the mouth. Taste buds are mainly on the upper surface ( dorsum ) of the tongue. The function of taste perception is vital to help prevent harmful or rotten foods from being consumed. There are also taste buds on the epiglottis and upper part of the esophagus. The taste buds are innervated by a branch of the facial nerve the chorda tympani, and the glossopharyngeal nerve. Taste messages are sent via these cranial nerves to the brain. The brain can distinguish between the chemical qualities of the food. The five basic tastes are referred to as those of saltiness, sourness, bitterness, sweetness, and umami. The detection of saltiness and sourness enables the control of salt and acid balance. The detection of bitterness warns of poisons -- many of a plant 's defences are of poisonous compounds that are bitter. Sweetness guides to those foods that will supply energy ; the initial breakdown of the energy - giving carbohydrates by salivary amylase creates the taste of sweetness since simple sugars are the first result. The taste of umami is thought to signal protein - rich food. Sour tastes are acidic which is often found in bad food. The brain has to decide very quickly whether the food should be eaten or not. It was the findings in 1991, describing the first olfactory receptors that helped to prompt the research into taste. The olfactory receptors are located on cell surfaces in the nose which bind to chemicals enabling the detection of smells. It is assumed that signals from taste receptors work together with those from the nose, to form an idea of complex food flavours. Teeth Main article : Human tooth Teeth are complex structures made of materials specific to them. They are made of a bone - like material called dentin, which is covered by the hardest tissue in the body -- enamel. Teeth have different shapes to deal with different aspects of mastication employed in tearing and chewing pieces of food into smaller and smaller pieces. This results in a much larger surface area for the action of digestive enzymes. The teeth are named after their particular roles in the process of mastication -- incisors are used for cutting or biting off pieces of food ; canines, are used for tearing, premolars and molars are used for chewing and grinding. Mastication of the food with the help of saliva and mucus results in the formation of a soft bolus which can then be swallowed to make its way down the upper gastrointestinal tract to the stomach. The digestive enzymes in saliva also help in keeping the teeth clean by breaking down any lodged food particles. Epiglottis Main article : Epiglottis The epiglottis is a flap of elastic cartilage attached to the entrance of the larynx. It is covered with a mucous membrane and there are taste buds on its lingual surface which faces into the mouth. Its laryngeal surface faces into the larynx. The epiglottis functions to guard the entrance of the glottis, the opening between the vocal folds. It is normally pointed upward during breathing with its underside functioning as part of the pharynx, but during swallowing, the epiglottis folds down to a more horizontal position, with its upper side functioning as part of the pharynx. In this manner it prevents food from going into the trachea and instead directs it to the esophagus, which is behind. During swallowing, the backward motion of the tongue forces the epiglottis over the glottis ' opening to prevent any food that is being swallowed from entering the larynx which leads to the lungs ; the larynx is also pulled upwards to assist this process. Stimulation of the larynx by ingested matter produces a strong cough reflex in order to protect the lungs. Pharynx Main article : Pharynx The pharynx is a part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system and also a part of the digestive system. It is the part of the throat immediately behind the nasal cavity at the back of the mouth and above the esophagus and larynx. The pharynx is made up of three parts. The lower two parts -- the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx are involved in the digestive system. The laryngopharynx connects to the esophagus and it serves as a passageway for both air and food. Air enters the larynx anteriorly but anything swallowed has priority and the passage of air is temporarily blocked. The pharynx is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus of the vagus nerve. Muscles in the pharynx push the food into the esophagus. The pharynx joins the esophagus at the oesophageal inlet which is located behind the cricoid cartilage. Esophagus Main article : Esophagus The esophagus, commonly known as the gullet, is an organ which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus is continuous with the laryngeal part of the pharynx. It passes through the posterior mediastinum in the thorax and enters the stomach through a hole in the thoracic diaphragm -- the esophageal hiatus, at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra ( T10 ). Its length averages 25 cm, varying with height. It is divided into cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts. The pharynx joins the esophagus at the esophageal inlet which is behind the cricoid cartilage. At rest the esophagus is closed at both ends, by the upper and lower esophageal sphincters. The opening of the upper sphincter is triggered by the swallowing reflex so that food is allowed through. The sphincter also serves to prevent back flow from the esophagus into the pharynx. The esophagus has a mucous membrane and the epithelium which has a protective function is continuously replaced due to the volume of food that passes inside the esophagus. During swallowing, food passes from the mouth through the pharynx into the esophagus. The epiglottis folds down to a more horizontal position so as to prevent food from going into the trachea, instead directing it to the esophagus. Once in the esophagus, the bolus travels down to the stomach via rhythmic contraction and relaxation of muscles known as peristalsis. The lower esophageal sphincter is a muscular sphincter surrounding the lower part of the esophagus. The junction between the esophagus and the stomach ( the gastroesophageal junction ) is controlled by the lower esophageal sphincter, which remains constricted at all times other than during swallowing and vomiting to prevent the contents of the stomach from entering the esophagus. As the esophagus does not have the same protection from acid as the stomach, any failure of this sphincter can lead to heartburn. The esophagus has a mucous membrane of epithelium which has a protective function as well as providing a smooth surface for the passage of food. Due to the high volume of food that is passed over time, this membrane is continuously renewed. An illustration of the digestive system in an adult. Diaphragm The diaphragm is an important part of the body 's digestive system. The muscular diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity where most of the digestive organs are located. The suspensory muscle attaches the ascending duodenum to the diaphragm. This muscle is thought to be of help in the digestive system in that its attachment offers a wider angle to the duodenojejunal flexure for the easier passage of digesting material. The diaphragm also attaches to, and anchors the liver at its bare area. The esophagus enters the abdomen through a hole in the diaphragm at the level of T10. Stomach Main article : Stomach Areas of the stomach The stomach is a major organ of the gastrointestinal tract and digestive system. It is a consistently J - shaped organ joined to the esophagus at its upper end and to the duodenum at its lower end. Gastric acid ( informally gastric juice ), produced in the stomach plays a vital role in the digestive process, and mainly contains hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride. A peptide hormone, gastrin, produced by G cells in the gastric glands, stimulates the production of gastric juice which activates the digestive enzymes. Pepsinogen is a precursor enzyme ( zymogen ) produced by the gastric chief cells, and gastric acid activates this to the enzyme pepsin which begins the digestion of proteins. As these two chemicals would damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by innumerable gastric glands in the stomach, to provide a slimy protective layer against the damaging effects of the chemicals on the inner layers of the stomach. At the same time that protein is being digested, mechanical churning occurs through the action of peristalsis, waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes. Gastric lipase secreted by the chief cells in the fundic glands in the gastric mucosa of the stomach, is an acidic lipase, in contrast with the alkaline pancreatic lipase. This breaks down fats to some degree though is not as efficient as the pancreatic lipase. The pylorus, the lowest section of the stomach which attaches to the duodenum via the pyloric canal, contains countless glands which secrete digestive enzymes including gastrin. After an hour or two, a thick semi-liquid called chyme is produced. When the pyloric sphincter, or valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes further with digestive enzymes from the pancreas, and then passes through the small intestine, where digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95 % of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon of the large intestine, where the environment is slightly acidic. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K produced by bacteria in the gut flora of the colon are also absorbed. The parietal cells in the fundus of the stomach, produce a glycoprotein called intrinsic factor which is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 ( cobalamin ), is carried to, and through the stomach, bound to a glycoprotein secreted by the salivary glands - transcobalamin I also called haptocorrin, which protects the acid - sensitive vitamin from the acidic stomach contents. Once in the more neutral duodenum, pancreatic enzymes break down the protective glycoprotein. The freed vitamin B12 then binds to intrinsic factor which is then absorbed by the enterocytes in the ileum. The stomach is a distensible organ and can normally expand to hold about one litre of food. This expansion is enabled by a series of gastric folds in the inner walls of the stomach. The stomach of a newborn baby will only be able to expand to retain about 30 ml. Spleen Main article : Spleen The spleen breaks down both red and white blood cells that are spent. This is why it is sometimes known as the ' graveyard of red blood cells '. A product of this digestion is the pigment bilirubin, which is sent to the liver and secreted in the bile. Another product is iron, which is used in the formation of new blood cells in the bone marrow. Medicine treats the spleen solely as belonging to the lymphatic system, though it is acknowledged that the full range of its important functions is not yet understood. Liver Main article : Liver The liver is the second largest organ ( after the skin ) and is an accessory digestive gland which plays a role in the body 's metabolism. The liver has many functions some of which are important to digestion. The liver can detoxify various metabolites ; synthesise proteins and produce biochemicals needed for digestion. It regulates the storage of glycogen which it can form from glucose ( glycogenesis ). The liver can also synthesise glucose from certain amino acids. Its digestive functions are largely involved with the breaking down of carbohydrates. It also maintains protein metabolism in its synthesis and degradation. In lipid metabolism it synthesises cholesterol. Fats are also produced in the process of lipogenesis. The liver synthesises the bulk of lipoproteins. The liver is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen and below the diaphragm to which it is attached at one part, This is to the right of the stomach and it overlies the gall bladder. The liver produces bile, an important alkaline compound which aids digestion. Bile Bile produced by the liver is made up of water ( 97 % ), bile salts, mucus and pigments, 1 % fats and inorganic salts. Bilirubin is its major pigment. Bile acts partly as a surfactant which lowers the surface tension between either two liquids or a solid and a liquid and helps to emulsify the fats in the chyme. Food fat is dispersed by the action of bile into smaller units called micelles. The breaking down into micelles creates a much larger surface area for the pancreatic enzyme, lipase to work on. Lipase digests the triglycerides which are broken down into two fatty acids and a monoglyceride. These are then absorbed by villi on the intestinal wall. If fats are not absorbed in this way in the small intestine problems can arise later in the large intestine which is not equipped to absorb fats. Bile also helps in the absorption of vitamin K from the diet. Bile is collected and delivered through the common hepatic duct. This duct joins with the cystic duct to connect in a common bile duct with the gallbladder. Bile is stored in the gallbladder for release when food is discharged into the duodenum and also after a few hours. Gallbladder The gallbladder is a hollow part of the biliary tract that sits just beneath the liver, with the gallbladder body resting in a small depression. It is a small organ where the bile produced by the liver is stored, before being released into the small intestine. Bile flows from the liver through the bile ducts and into the gall bladder for storage. The bile is released in response to cholecystokinin ( CCK ) a peptide hormone released from the duodenum. The production of CCK ( by endocrine cells of the duodenum ) is stimulated by the presence of fat in the duodenum. It is divided into three sections, a fundus, body and neck. The neck tapers and connects to the biliary tract via the cystic duct, which then joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct. At this junction is a mucosal fold called Hartmann 's pouch, where gallstones commonly get stuck. The muscular layer of the body is of smooth muscle tissue that helps the gallbladder contract, so that it can discharge its bile into the bile duct. The gallbladder needs to store bile in a natural, semi-liquid form at all times. Hydrogen ions secreted from the inner lining of the gallbladder keep the bile acidic enough to prevent hardening. To dilute the bile, water and electrolytes from the digestion system are added. Also, salts attach themselves to cholesterol molecules in the bile to keep them from crystallising. If there is too much cholesterol or bilirubin in the bile, or if the gallbladder does n't empty properly the systems can fail. This is how gallstones form when a small piece of calcium gets coated with either cholesterol or bilirubin and the bile crystallises and forms a gallstone. The main purpose of the gallbladder is to store and release bile, or gall. Bile is released into the small intestine in order to help in the digestion of fats by breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones. After the fat is absorbed, the bile is also absorbed and transported back to the liver for reuse. Pancreas Main article : Pancreas Action of digestive hormones Pancreas, duodenum and bile duct The pancreas is a major organ functioning as an accessory digestive gland in the digestive system. It is both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland. The endocrine part secretes insulin when the blood sugar becomes high ; insulin moves glucose from the blood into the muscles and other tissues for use as energy. The endocrine part releases glucagon when the blood sugar is low ; glucagon allows stored sugar to be broken down into glucose by the liver in order to re-balance the sugar levels. The pancreas produces and releases important digestive enzymes in the pancreatic juice that it delivers to the duodenum. The pancreas lies below and at the back of the stomach. It connects to the duodenum via the pancreatic duct which it joins near to the bile duct 's connection where both the bile and pancreatic juice can act on the chyme that is released from the stomach into the duodenum. Aqueous pancreatic secretions from pancreatic duct cells contain bicarbonate ions which are alkaline and help with the bile to neutralise the acidic chyme that is churned out by the stomach. The pancreas is also the main source of enzymes for the digestion of fats and proteins. Some of these are released in response to the production of CKK in the duodenum. ( The enzymes that digest polysaccharides, by contrast, are primarily produced by the walls of the intestines. ) The cells are filled with secretory granules containing the precursor digestive enzymes. The major proteases, the pancreatic enzymes which work on proteins, are trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen. Elastase is also produced. Smaller amounts of lipase and amylase are secreted. The pancreas also secretes phospholipase A2, lysophospholipase, and cholesterol esterase. The precursor zymogens, are inactive variants of the enzymes ; which avoids the onset of pancreatitis caused by autodegradation. Once released in the intestine, the enzyme enteropeptidase present in the intestinal mucosa activates trypsinogen by cleaving it to form trypsin ; further cleavage results in chymotripsin. Lower gastrointestinal tract Main article : Gastrointestinal tract The lower gastrointestinal tract ( GI ), includes the small intestine and all of the large intestine. The intestine is also called the bowel or the gut. The lower GI starts at the pyloric sphincter of the stomach and finishes at the anus. The small intestine is subdivided into the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. The cecum marks the division between the small and large intestine. The large intestine includes the rectum and anal canal. Small intestine Lower GI tract - 3 ) Small intestine ; 5 ) Cecum ; 6 ) Large intestine Duodenum Food starts to arrive in the small intestine one hour after it is eaten, and after two hours the stomach has emptied. Until this time the food is termed a bolus. It then becomes the partially digested semi-liquid termed chyme. In the small intestine, the pH becomes crucial ; it needs to be finely balanced in order to activate digestive enzymes. The chyme is very acidic, with a low pH, having been released from the stomach and needs to be made much more alkaline. This is achieved in the duodenum by the addition of bile from the gall bladder combined with the bicarbonate secretions from the pancreatic duct and also from secretions of bicarbonate - rich mucus from duodenal glands known as Brunner 's glands. The chyme arrives in the intestines having been released from the stomach through the opening of the pyloric sphincter. The resulting alkaline fluid mix neutralises the gastric acid which would damage the lining of the intestine. The mucus component lubricates the walls of the intestine. When the digested food particles are reduced enough in size and composition, they can be absorbed by the intestinal wall and carried to the bloodstream. The first receptacle for this chyme is the duodenal bulb. From here it passes into the first of the three sections of the small intestine, the duodenum. ( The next section is the jejunum and the third is the ileum ). The duodenum is the first and shortest section of the small intestine. It is a hollow, jointed C - shaped tube connecting the stomach to the jejunum. It starts at the duodenal bulb and ends at the suspensory muscle of duodenum. The attachment of the suspensory muscle to the diaphragm is thought to help the passage of food by making a wider angle at its attachment. Most food digestion takes place in the small intestine. Segmentation contractions act to mix and move the chyme more slowly in the small intestine allowing more time for absorption ( and these continue in the large intestine ). In the duodenum, pancreatic lipase is secreted together with a co-enzyme, colipase to further digest the fat content of the chyme. From this breakdown, smaller particles of emulsified fats called chylomicrons are produced. There are also digestive cells called enterocytes lining the intestines ( the majority being in the small intestine ). They are unusual cells in that they have villi on their surface which in turn have innumerable microvilli on their surface. All these villi make for a greater surface area, not only for the absorption of chyme but also for its further digestion by large numbers of digestive enzymes present on the microvilli. The chylomicrons are small enough to pass through the enterocyte villi and into their lymph capillaries called lacteals. A milky fluid called chyle, consisting mainly of the emulsified fats of the chylomicrons, results from the absorbed mix with the lymph in the lacteals. Chyle is then transported through the lymphatic system to the rest of the body. The suspensory muscle marks the end of the duodenum and the division between the upper gastrointestinal tract and the lower GI tract. The digestive tract continues as the jejunum which continues as the ileum. The jejunum, the midsection of the small intestine contains circular folds, flaps of doubled mucosal membrane which partially encircle and sometimes completely encircle the lumen of the intestine. These folds together with villi serve to increase the surface area of the jejunum enabling an increased absorption of digested sugars, amino acids and fatty acids into the bloodstream. The circular folds also slow the passage of food giving more time for nutrients to be absorbed. The last part of the small intestine is the ileum. This also contains villi and vitamin B12 ; bile acids and any residue nutrients are absorbed here. When the chyme is exhausted of its nutrients the remaining waste material changes into the semi-solids called feces, which pass to the large intestine, where bacteria in the gut flora further break down residual proteins and starches. Cecum Cecum and beginning of ascending colon The cecum is a pouch marking the division between the small intestine and the large intestine. The cecum receives chyme from the last part of the small intestine, the ileum, and connects to the ascending colon of the large intestine. At this junction there is a sphincter or valve, the ileocecal valve which slows the passage of chyme from the ileum, allowing further digestion. It is also the site of the appendix attachment. Large intestine In the large intestine, the passage of the digesting food in the colon is a lot slower, taking from 12 to 50 hours until it is removed by defecation. The colon mainly serves as a site for the fermentation of digestible matter by the gut flora. The time taken varies considerably between individuals. The remaining semi-solid waste is termed feces and is removed by the coordinated contractions of the intestinal walls, termed peristalsis, which propels the excreta forward to reach the rectum and exit via defecation from the anus. The wall has an outer layer of longitudinal muscles, the taeniae coli, and an inner layer of circular muscles. The circular muscle keeps the material moving forward and also prevents any back flow of waste. Also of help in the action of peristalsis is the basal electrical rhythm that determines the frequency of contractions. The taeniae coli can be seen and are responsible for the bulges ( haustra ) present in the colon. Most parts of the GI tract are covered with serous membranes and have a mesentery. Other more muscular parts are lined with adventitia. Blood supply Blood supply to the digestive organs Arteries and veins around the pancreas and spleen The digestive system is supplied by the celiac artery. The celiac artery is the first major branch from the abdominal aorta, and is the only major artery that nourishes the digestive organs. There are three main divisions -- the left gastric artery, the common hepatic artery and the splenic artery. The celiac artery supplies the liver, stomach, spleen and the upper 1 / 3 of the duodenum ( to the sphincter of Oddi ) and the pancreas with oxygenated blood. Most of the blood is returned to the liver via the portal venous system for further processing and detoxification before returning to the systemic circulation via the hepatic veins. The next branch from the abdominal aorta is the superior mesenteric artery, which supplies the regions of the digestive tract derived from the midgut, which includes the distal 2 / 3 of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and the proximal 2 / 3 of the transverse colon. The final branch which is important for the digestive system is the inferior mesenteric artery, which supplies the regions of the digestive tract derived from the hindgut, which includes the distal 1 / 3 of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and the anus above the pectinate line. Nerve supply Dietary life rules, Japan, Edo period. The enteric nervous system consists of some one hundred million neurons that are embedded in the peritoneum, the lining of the gastrointestinal tract extending from the esophagus to the anus. These neurons are collected into two plexuses - the myenteric ( or Auerbach 's ) plexus that lies between the longitudinal and the smooth muscle layers, and the submucosal ( or Meissner 's ) plexus that lies between the circular smooth muscle layer and the mucosa. Parasympathetic innervation to the ascending colon is supplied by the vagus nerve. Sympathetic innervation is supplied by the splanchnic nerves that join the celiac ganglia. Most of the digestive tract is innervated by the two large celiac ganglia, with the upper part of each ganglion joined by the greater splanchnic nerve and the lower parts joined by the lesser splanchnic nerve. It is from these ganglia that many of the gastric plexuses arise. Development Main article : Development of the digestive system Early in embryonic development, the embryo has three germ layers and abuts a yolk sac. During the second week of development, the embryo grows and begins to surround and envelop portions of this sac. The enveloped portions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract. Sections of this foregut begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. During the fourth week of development, the stomach rotates. The stomach, originally lying in the midline of the embryo, rotates so that its body is on the left. This rotation also affects the part of the gastrointestinal tube immediately below the stomach, which will go on to become the duodenum. By the end of the fourth week, the developing duodenum begins to spout a small outpouching on its right side, the hepatic diverticulum, which will go on to become the biliary tree. Just below this is a second outpouching, known as the cystic diverticulum, that will eventually develop into the gallbladder. Clinical significance Main article : Gastrointestinal disease Each part of the digestive system is subject to a wide range of disorders many of which can be congenital. Mouth diseases can also be caused by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi and as a side effect of some medications. Mouth diseases include tongue diseases and salivary gland diseases. A common gum disease in the mouth is gingivitis which is caused by bacteria in plaque. The most common viral infection of the mouth is gingivostomatitis caused by herpes simplex. A common fungal infection is candidiasis commonly known as thrush which affects the mucous membranes of the mouth. There are a number of esophageal diseases such as the development of Schatzki rings that can restrict the passageway, causing difficulties in swallowing. They can also completely block the esophagus. Stomach diseases are often chronic conditions and include gastroparesis, gastritis, and peptic ulcers. A number of problems including malnutrition and anemia can arise from malabsorption, the abnormal absorption of nutrients in the GI tract. Malabsorption can have many causes ranging from infection, to enzyme deficiencies such as exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. It can also arise as a result of other gastrointestinal diseases such as coeliac disease. Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine. This can cause vitamin deficiencies due to the improper absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. The small intestine can also be obstructed by a volvulus, a loop of intestine that becomes twisted enclosing its attached mesentery. This can cause mesenteric ischemia if severe enough. A common disorder of the bowel is diverticulitis. Diverticula are small pouches that can form inside the bowel wall, which can become inflamed to give diverticulitis. This disease can have complications if an inflamed diverticulum bursts and infection sets in. Any infection can spread further to the lining of the abdomen ( peritoneum ) and cause potentially fatal peritonitis. Crohn 's disease is a common chronic inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD ), which can affect any part of the GI tract, but it mostly starts in the terminal ileum. Ulcerative colitis an ulcerative form of colitis, is the other major inflammatory bowel disease which is restricted to the colon and rectum. Both of these IBDs can give an increased risk of the development of colorectal cancer. Ulcerative coliltis is the most common of the IBDs Irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS ) is the most common of the functional gastrointestinal disorders. These are idiopathic disorders that the Rome process has helped to define. Giardiasis is a disease of the small intestine caused by a protist parasite Giardia lamblia. This does not spread but remains confined to the lumen of the small intestine. It can often be asymptomatic, but as often can be indicated by a variety of symptoms. Giardiasis is the most common pathogenic parasitic infection in humans. There are diagnostic tools mostly involving the ingestion of barium sulphate to investigate disorders of the GI tract. These are known as upper gastrointestinal series that enable imaging of the pharynx, larynx, oesophagous, stomach and small intestine and lower gastrointestinal series for imaging of the colon. In pregnancy Gestation can predispose for certain digestive disorders. Gestational diabetes can develop in the mother as a result of pregnancy and while this often presents with few symptoms it can lead to pre-eclampsia. See also Gastrointestinal physiology Gut -- brain axis Neurogastroenterology References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human digestive system. ^ Jump up to : `` Large intestine ''. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016. Jump up ^ Kong F, Singh RP ( June 2008 ). `` Disintegration of solid foods in human stomach ''. J. Food Sci. 73 ( 5 ) : R67 -- 80. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1750 - 3841.2008. 00766. x. PMID 18577009. Jump up ^ Maton, Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, US : Prentice Hall. ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1. Jump up ^ Pocock, Gillian ( 2006 ). Human Physiology ( Third ed. ). Oxford University Press. p. 382. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 856878 - 0. ^ Jump up to : Macpherson, G ( 1999 ). Black 's Medical Dictionary. A & C. Black Ltd. ISBN 0713645660. access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : consultants Daniel Albert et al. ( 2012 ). Dorland 's illustrated medical dictionary ( 32nd ed. ). Philadelphia, PA : Saunders / Elsevier. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Ten Cate 's Oral Histology, Nanci, Elsevier, 2007, page 321 ^ Jump up to : Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. 2007. ISBN 1593392931. ^ Jump up to : Ten Cate 's Oral Histology, Nanci, Elsevier, 2013, page 275 - 276 Jump up ^ Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck, Fehrenbach and Herring, Elsevier, 2012, p. 157 Jump up ^ Piludu, M ; Lantini, MS ; et al. ( November 2006 ). `` Salivary histatins in human deep posterior lingual glands ( of von Ebner ) ''. Arch Biol. 51 : 967 -- 73. doi : 10.1016 / j. archoralbio. 2006.05. 011. PMID 16859632. Jump up ^ Maton, Anthea. Human Biology and Health. Prentice Hall 1993. ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1. ^ Jump up to : Edgar, WM ( 25 April 1992 ). `` Saliva : its secretion, composition and functions ''. British dental journal. 172 ( 8 ) : 305 -- 12. PMID 1591115. Jump up ^ S Fagarasan ; T Honjo ( 2003 ). `` Intestinal IgA Synthesis : Regulation of Front - line Body Defenses ''. Nature Reviews Immunology. 3 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 72. doi : 10.1038 / nri982. PMID 12511876. Jump up ^ Pettit, John D. ; Paul Moss ( 2006 ). Essential Haematology 5e ( Essential ). Blackwell Publishing Professional. p. 44. ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3649 - 9. Jump up ^ Bradbury, Jane ( March 2004 ). `` Taste Perception Cracking the code ''. PLOS Biology. 2 ( 3 ) : E64. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0020064. PMC 368160. PMID 15024416. Jump up ^ `` Prehension, Mastication and Swallowing ''. Jump up ^ Baelum, edited by Ole Fejerskov and Edwina Kidd ; with Bente Nyvad and Vibeke ( 2008 ). Dental caries : the disease and its clinical management ( 2nd ed. ed. ). Oxford : Blackwell Munksgaard. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 3889 - 5. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Jowett, Shrestha ( 1998 ). `` Mucosa and taste buds of the human epiglottis ''. Journal of Anatomy. 193 ( 4 ) : 617 -- 618. doi : 10.1046 / j. 1469 - 7580.1998. 19340617. x. PMC 1467887. PMID 10029195. Jump up ^ `` pharyngeal plexus ( anatomy ) ''. GPnotebook. Jump up ^ Sherwood, Lauralee ( 1997 ). Human physiology : from cells to systems. Belmont, CA : Wadsworth Pub. Co. ISBN 0 - 314 - 09245 - 5. OCLC 35270048. Jump up ^ Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary. Elsevier Saunders 2012. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8. Jump up ^ Guyton and Hall ( 2011 ). Textbook of Medical Physiology. U.S. : Saunders Elsevier. p. 784. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 4574 - 8. Jump up ^ Black 's Medical Dictionary 39th Ed. 1999 Jump up ^ Drake, Richard L. ; Vogl, Wayne ; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard ; Richardson, Paul ( 2005 ). Gray 's anatomy for students. Philadelphia : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone. p. 287. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2306 - 0. Jump up ^ `` Histology guide ''. Retrieved 22 May 2015. Jump up ^ Ahrens, Thomas ; Prentice, Donna ( 1998 ). Critical care certification : preparation, review & practice exams. Norwalk, CT : Appleton & Lange. p. 265. ISBN 0 - 8385 - 1474 - X. Jump up ^ Lower + Gastrointestinal + Tract at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Jump up ^ Cummings, JH ; Macfarlane, GT ( November 1997 ). `` Role of intestinal bacteria in nutrient metabolism ''. JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition. 21 ( 6 ) : 357 -- 65. doi : 10.1177 / 0148607197021006357. PMID 9406136. Jump up ^ O.D.E. 2nd. Edition 2005 Jump up ^ Wood, Jackie D. ( 2009 ), `` Gastrointestinal Physiology '', in Rhoades, Rodney A. ; Bell, David R., Medical Physiology : Principles for Clinical Medicine ( 3 ed. ), Philadelphia, PA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp. 463 -- 496 Jump up ^ Essential Clinical Anatomy. K.L. Moore & A.M. Agur. Lippincott, 2 ed. 2002. Page 150 Jump up ^ Boron, Walter F. ; Boulpaep, Emile L. ( 2005 ). Medical Physiology. Elsevier Saunders. p. 883. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 2328 - 9. Jump up ^ Hall, John E. ( 2011 ). `` General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function ''. Guyton and Hal Textbook of Medical Physiology ( 12 ed. ). Saunders Elsevier. p. 755. ISBN 978 - 1416045748. Jump up ^ `` The Enteric Nervous System ''. Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 29. Jump up ^ Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 194 : Sensory Nerves, Brendan J. Canning, Domenico Spina. Springer. Page 341. Jump up ^ Costa, M ; Brookes, SJH ; Hennig, GW ( 2000 ). `` Anatomy and physiology of the enteric nervous system ''. Gut. 47 : iv15 -- iv19. doi : 10.1136 / gut. 47. suppl_4. iv15. PMC 1766806. PMID 11076898. ^ Jump up to : Gary C. Schoenwolf ; et al. ( 2009 ). Larsen 's human embryology ( Thoroughly rev. and updated 4th ed. ). Philadelphia : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier. pp. `` Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract ''. ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 06811 - 9. Jump up ^ Cotran, Ramzi S. ; Kumar, Vinay ; Fausto, Nelson ; Nelso Fausto ; Robbins, Stanley L. ; Abbas, Abul K. ( 2005 ). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. St. Louis, Mo : Elsevier Saunders. p. 800. ISBN 0 - 7216 - 0187 - 1. Jump up ^ Morris, AM ; Regenbogen, SE ; Hardiman, KM ; Hendren, S ( Jan 15, 2014 ). `` Sigmoid diverticulitis : a systematic review ''. JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association. 311 ( 3 ) : 287 -- 97. doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2013.282025. PMID 24430321. Jump up ^ `` Crohn 's Disease ''. National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse ( NDDIC ). July 10, 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2014. Jump up ^ Danese, S. & Fiocci, C. ( 2011 ). Ulcerative colitis. The New England Journal of Medicine, 365 : 1713 - 1725. Jump up ^ Thompson WG, Longstreth GL, Drossman DA et al. ( 2000 ). Functional Bowel Disorders. In : Drossman DA, Corazziari E, Talley NJ et al. ( eds. ), Rome II : The Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. Diagnosis, Pathophysiology and Treatment. A Multinational Consensus. Lawrence, KS : Allen Press. ISBN 0 - 9656837 - 2 - 9. Jump up ^ Harrison 's Internal Medicine, Harrison 's Online Chapter 199 Protozoal intestinal infections and trochomoniasis Jump up ^ Esch KJ, Petersen CA ( January 2013 ). `` Transmission and epidemiology of zoonotic protozoal diseases of companion animals ''. Clin Microbiol Rev. 26 ( 1 ) : 58 -- 85. doi : 10.1128 / CMR. 00067 - 12. PMC 3553666. PMID 23297259. Jump up ^ Boland, Giles W ( 2013 ). Gastrointestinal imaging : the requisites ( 4th ed. ). Philadelphia : Elsevier / Saunders. ISBN 9780323101998. Anatomy of the mouth Lip Vermilion border Frenulum of lower lip Labial commissure of mouth Philtrum Cheek Buccal fat pad Roof Hard palate Soft palate Palatine raphe Incisive papilla Gums Interdental papilla Gingival sulcus Gingival margin Gingival fibers Junctional epithelium Mucogingival junction Sulcular epithelium Stippling Periodontium Cementum Gingiva Periodontal ligament Glands Parotid gland duct Submandibular gland duct Sublingual gland duct Teeth see tooth anatomy Tongue Top Taste bud Median sulcus Terminal sulcus Foramen cecum Lingual tonsils Underside Frenulum Fimbriated fold Sublingual caruncle Glossoepiglottic folds Lingual septum Back of mouth Oropharynx fauces Plica semilunaris of the fauces Uvula Palatoglossal arch Palatopharyngeal arch Tonsillar fossa Palatine tonsil hide Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract, excluding the mouth Upper Pharynx Muscles Spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Piriform sinus Esophagus Sphincters upper lower glands Stomach Curvatures greater lesser Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus antrum canal sphincter Gastric mucosa Gastric folds Microanatomy Gastric pits Gastric glands Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Foveolar cell Parietal cell Gastric chief cell Enterochromaffin - like cell Lower Small intestine Microanatomy Intestinal villus Intestinal gland Enterocyte Enteroendocrine cell Goblet cell Paneth cell Duodenum Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner 's glands Jejunum No substructures Ileum Ileocecal valve Peyer 's patches Microfold cell Large intestine Cecum Appendix Colon Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix Rectum Transverse folds Ampulla Anal canal Anus Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Internal anal sphincter Intersphincteric groove External anal sphincter Wall Serosa / Adventitia Subserosa Muscular layer Submucosa Circular folds Mucosa Muscularis mucosa hide Anatomy of the liver, pancreas and biliary tree Liver Bare area Cantlie line Ligamentum venosum Porta hepatis Round ligament Lobes of liver Caudate Quadrate Fibrous capsule of Glisson Perisinusoidal space Liver sinusoid Periportal space Portal triad Lobules of liver Liver segment Microanatomy Hepatocyte Hepatic stellate cell Kupffer cell Biliary tract Bile ducts Intrahepatic bile ducts Bile canaliculus Canals of Hering Interlobular Left hepatic duct Right hepatic duct Common hepatic duct Gallbladder Cystic duct Common bile duct Ampulla of Vater Sphincter of Oddi Cells Cholecystocyte Pancreas Gross Tail Body Neck Head ( Uncinate process ) Ducts main accessory Microanatomy Pancreatic islets Centroacinar cell Stellate cell Physiology of the gastrointestinal system GI tract Upper Exocrine Chief cells Pepsinogen Parietal cells Gastric acid Intrinsic factor Foveolar cells HCO Mucus Goblet cells Mucus Processes Swallowing Vomiting Fluids Saliva Gastric acid Lower Enteric nervous system Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus Endocrine / paracrine G cells gastrin D cells somatostatin ECL cells Histamine enterogastrone : I cells CCK K cells GIP S cells secretin Enteroendocrine cells Enterochromaffin cell APUD cell Fluids Intestinal juice Processes Segmentation contractions Migrating motor complex Borborygmus Defecation Either / both Processes Peristalsis ( Interstitial cell of Cajal Basal electrical rhythm ) Gastrocolic reflex Digestion Enterocyte Accessory Fluids Bile Pancreatic juice Processes Enterohepatic circulation Abdominopelvic Peritoneal fluid Diseases of the digestive system ( primarily K20 -- K93, 530 -- 579 ) Upper GI tract Esophagus Esophagitis Candidal Eosinophilic Herpetiform Rupture Boerhaave syndrome Mallory -- Weiss syndrome UES Zenker 's diverticulum LES Barrett 's esophagus Esophageal motility disorder Nutcracker esophagus Achalasia Diffuse esophageal spasm Gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD ) Laryngopharyngeal reflux ( LPR ) Esophageal stricture Megaesophagus Stomach Gastritis Atrophic Ménétrier 's disease Gastroenteritis Peptic ( gastric ) ulcer Cushing ulcer Dieulafoy 's lesion Dyspepsia Pyloric stenosis Achlorhydria Gastroparesis Gastroptosis Portal hypertensive gastropathy Gastric antral vascular ectasia Gastric dumping syndrome Gastric volvulus Lower GI tract : Intestinal / Enteropathy Small intestine ( Duodenum / Jejunum / Ileum ) Enteritis Duodenitis Jejunitis Ileitis Peptic ( duodenal ) ulcer Curling 's ulcer Malabsorption : Coeliac Tropical sprue Blind loop syndrome Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome Whipple 's Short bowel syndrome Steatorrhea Milroy disease Bile acid malabsorption Large intestine ( Appendix / Colon ) Appendicitis Colitis Pseudomembranous Ulcerative Ischemic Microscopic Collagenous Lymphocytic Functional colonic disease IBS Intestinal pseudoobstruction / Ogilvie syndrome Megacolon / Toxic megacolon Diverticulitis / Diverticulosis Large and / or small Enterocolitis Necrotizing Gastroenterocolitis IBD Crohn 's disease Vascular : Abdominal angina Mesenteric ischemia Angiodysplasia Bowel obstruction : Ileus Intussusception Volvulus Fecal impaction Constipation Diarrhea Infectious Intestinal adhesions Rectum Proctitis Radiation proctitis Proctalgia fugax Rectal prolapse Anismus Anal canal Anal fissure / Anal fistula Anal abscess Hemorrhoid Anal dysplasia Pruritus ani GI bleeding / BIS Upper Hematemesis Melena Lower Hematochezia Accessory Liver Hepatitis Viral hepatitis Autoimmune hepatitis Alcoholic hepatitis Cirrhosis PBC Fatty liver NASH Vascular Budd - Chiari syndrome Hepatic veno - occlusive disease Portal hypertension Nutmeg liver Alcoholic liver disease Liver failure Hepatic encephalopathy Acute liver failure Liver abscess Pyogenic Amoebic Hepatorenal syndrome Peliosis hepatis Metabolic disorders Wilson 's disease Hemochromatosis Gallbladder Cholecystitis Gallstones / Cholecystolithiasis Cholesterolosis Adenomyomatosis Postcholecystectomy syndrome Porcelain gallbladder Bile duct / Other biliary tree Cholangitis Primary sclerosing cholangitis Secondary sclerosing cholangitis Ascending Cholestasis / Mirizzi 's syndrome Biliary fistula Haemobilia Gallstones / Cholelithiasis Common bile duct Choledocholithiasis Biliary dyskinesia Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction Pancreatic Pancreatitis Acute Chronic Hereditary Pancreatic abscess Pancreatic pseudocyst Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency Pancreatic fistula Abdominopelvic Hernia Diaphragmatic Congenital Hiatus Inguinal Indirect Direct Umbilical Femoral Obturator Spigelian Lumbar Petit 's Grynfeltt - Lesshaft Undefined location Incisional Internal hernia Richter 's Peritoneal Peritonitis Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Hemoperitoneum Pneumoperitoneum Development of the digestive system Foregut Stomodeum Buccopharyngeal membrane Rathke 's pouch Tracheoesophageal septum Pancreatic bud Hepatic diverticulum Midgut Midgut Hindgut Urorectal septum Proctodeum Cloaca Cloacal membrane Surgical procedures involving the digestive system ( ICD - 9 - CM V3 42 -- 54, ICD - 10 - PCS 0D ) Digestive tract Upper GI tract SGs / Esophagus Esophagectomy Heller myotomy Sialography Impedance -- pH monitoring Esophageal pH monitoring Esophageal motility study Stomach Bariatric surgery Adjustable gastric band Gastric bypass surgery Sleeve gastrectomy Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery Collis gastroplasty Gastrectomy Billroth I Billroth II Roux - en - Y Gastroenterostomy Gastropexy Gastrostomy Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy Hill repair Nissen fundoplication Pyloromyotomy Medical imaging Endoscopy : Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Barium swallow Upper gastrointestinal series Lower GI tract Small bowel Bariatric surgery Duodenal switch Jejunoileal bypass Bowel resection Ileostomy Intestine transplantation Jejunostomy Partial ileal bypass surgery Strictureplasty Large bowel Appendicectomy Colectomy Colonic polypectomy Colostomy Hartmann 's operation Rectum Abdominoperineal resection / Miles operation Lower anterior resection Total mesorectal excision Anal canal Anal sphincterotomy Anorectal manometry Lateral internal sphincterotomy Rubber band ligation Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization Medical imaging Endoscopy : Colonoscopy Anoscopy Capsule endoscopy Enteroscopy Proctoscopy Sigmoidoscopy Abdominal ultrasonography Defecography Double - contrast barium enema Endoanal ultrasound Enteroclysis Lower gastrointestinal series Small - bowel follow - through Transrectal ultrasonography Virtual colonoscopy Stool tests Fecal fat test Fecal pH test Stool guaiac test Accessory Liver Artificial extracorporeal liver support Bioartificial liver devices Liver dialysis Hepatectomy Liver biopsy Liver transplantation Portal hypertension Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt ( TIPS ) Distal splenorenal shunt procedure Gallbladder, bile duct Cholecystectomy Cholecystostomy ERCP Hepatoportoenterostomy Medical imaging : Cholangiography IV MRCP PTC Cholecystography Cholescintigraphy Pancreas Frey 's procedure Pancreas transplantation Pancreatectomy Pancreaticoduodenectomy Puestow procedure Abdominopelvic Peritoneum Diagnostic peritoneal lavage Intraperitoneal injection Laparoscopy Omentopexy Paracentesis Peritoneal dialysis Hernia Hernia repair : Inguinal hernia surgery Femoral hernia repair Other Laparotomy Exploratory laparotomy Rapid urease test / Urea breath test CPRs MELD PELD UKELD Child -- Pugh score Ranson criteria Milan criteria Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans Medicine portal Metabolism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_digestive_system&oldid=850526305 '' Categories : Organ systems Digestive system Metabolism Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála La. lojban. Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 98 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018, at 12 : 50 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Human digestive system", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Human_digestive_system&amp;oldid=850526305" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "1725396296550923026" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Who 's that Knocking at My Door - wikipedia Who 's that Knocking at My Door Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Who 's That Knocking at My Door Theatrical release poster Directed by Martin Scorsese Produced by Joseph Weill Betzi Manoogian Haig Manoogian Written by Martin Scorsese Starring Harvey Keitel Zina Bethune Cinematography Michael Wadley Richard Coll Edited by Thelma Schoonmaker Production company Trimod Films Distributed by Joseph Brenner Associates Release date November 15, 1967 ( 1967 - 11 - 15 ) ( Chicago ) Running time 90 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $75,000 USD ( estimated ) Who 's That Knocking at My Door, originally titled I Call First, is a 1967 drama film, written and directed by Martin Scorsese, in his feature film directorial debut. and Harvey Keitel 's debut as an actor. Exploring themes of Catholic guilt similar to those in his later film Mean Streets, the story follows Italian - American J.R. ( Keitel ) as he struggles to accept the secret hidden by his independent and free - spirited girlfriend ( Zina Bethune ). This film was the winner of the 1968 Chicago Film Festival. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Notable appearances and cameos 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links Plot ( edit ) J.R. ( Harvey Keitel ) is a typical Catholic Italian - American young man on the streets of New York City. Even as an adult, he stays close to home with a core group of friends with whom he drinks and carouses around. He gets involved with a local girl ( Zina Bethune ) he meets on the Staten Island Ferry, and decides he wants to get married and settle down. As their relationship deepens, he declines her offer to have sex because he thinks she is a virgin and he wants to wait rather than `` spoil '' her. One day, his girlfriend tells him that she was once raped by a former boyfriend. This crushes J.R., and he rejects her and attempts to return to his old life of drinking with his friends. However, after a particularly wild party with friends, he realizes he still loves her and returns to her apartment one early morning. He awkwardly tells her that he forgives her and says that he will `` marry her anyway. '' Upon hearing this, the girl tells him marriage would never work if her past weighs on him so much. J.R. becomes enraged and calls her a whore, but quickly recants and says he is confused by the whole situation. She tells him to go home, and he returns to the Catholic church, but finds no solace. Cast ( edit ) Zina Bethune - Girl Harvey Keitel - J.R. Ann Collette - Girl in dream Lennard Kuras - Joey Michael Scala - Sally Gaga Harry Northup - Harry Tuai Yu - Lan - Girl in dream Saskia Holleman - Girl in dream Bill Minkin - Iggy at Party Philip Carlson - Boy in Copake Wendy Russell - Gaga 's Girl Robert Uricola - Boy with Gun Susan Wood - Girl at Party Marisa Joffrey - Girl at Party Catherine Scorsese - Mother Victor Magnotta - Boy in Fight Paul DeBonde - Boy in Fight Martin Scorsese appears in an uncredited role as a gangster. Production ( edit ) Who 's That Knocking at My Door was filmed over the course of several years, undergoing many changes, new directions and different names along the way. The film began in 1965 as a student short film about J.R. and his do - nothing friends called Bring on the Dancing Girls. In 1967, the romance plot with Zina Bethune was introduced and spliced together with the earlier film, and the title was changed to I Call First. This version of the film received its world premiere at the Chicago International Film Festival in November 1967. Finally, in 1968, exploitation distributor Joseph Brenner offered to buy the picture and distribute it on the condition that a sex scene be added to give the film sex exploitation angles for marketing purposes. Scorsese shot and edited a technically beautiful but largely gratuitous montage of J.R. fantasizing about bedding a series of prostitutes ( shot in Amsterdam, the Netherlands with a visibly older Keitel ) and the film finally became Who 's That Knocking at My Door ( named for the song which closes the film ). The film was then re-issued under the title J.R. in 1970, however all subsequent releases have been published under the 1968 title. The film was shot with a combination of 35 mm and 16 mm cameras. Scorsese shot most of the 35 mm footage with a Mitchell BNC camera, a very cumbersome camera that impeded mobility. He opted to shoot several scenes with the 16 mm Eclair NPR camera in order to introduce greater mobility, then blow up the footage to 35 mm. Reception ( edit ) American critic Roger Ebert gave the film an extremely positive review after its world premiere at the Chicago International Film Festival in November 1967 ( when it still went by the name `` I Call First '' ). He called the film `` a work that is absolutely genuine, artistically satisfying and technically comparable to the best films being made anywhere. I have no reservations in describing it as a great moment in American movies. '' When the film finally received its theatrical release two years later, Ebert admitted that he had been perhaps a little over eager with his first review, admitting that `` Scorsese was occasionally too obvious, and the film has serious structural flaws. '' However, he was still highly positive towards the film, and suggested that `` It is possible that with more experience and maturity Scorsese will direct more polished, finished films. '' Notable appearances and cameos ( edit ) Martin Scorsese 's mother, Catherine, appears briefly as J.R. 's mother cooking at the beginning of the film and serving food near the end. Mrs. Scorsese would continue to appear in many of her son 's films until her death in 1997. Scorsese himself appears uncredited as one of the gangsters. To this day, he still makes cameo appearances in many of his films. The role of Sally Gaga is played by Michael Scala, the father of rapper Pizon. See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1967 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Canby, Vincent ( September 9, 1969 ). `` A First Feature : Scorsese 's ' Who 's That Knocking at My Door ' ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ `` DVD Verdict Review : `` Who 's That Knocking at My Door '' ``. DVD Verdict. Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Martin Scorsese Biography ( 1942 - ) ''. NetIndustries, LLC. Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 01. ^ Jump up to : Ebert, Roger. `` Who 's That Knocking at My Door? Movie Review ( 1967 ) ''. www.rogerebert.com. Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 27. External links ( edit ) Who 's That Knocking at My Door? on IMDb Who 's That Knocking at My Door? at AllMovie Who 's That Knocking at My Door? at Rotten Tomatoes Who 's That Knocking at My Door? at the TCM Movie Database ( hide ) Martin Scorsese filmography Feature films Who 's That Knocking at My Door ( 1967 ) Boxcar Bertha ( 1972 ) Mean Streets ( 1973 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1974 ) Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) New York, New York ( 1977 ) Raging Bull ( 1980 ) The King of Comedy ( 1982 ) After Hours ( 1985 ) The Color of Money ( 1986 ) The Last Temptation of Christ ( 1988 ) New York Stories ( segment `` Life Lessons '', 1989 ) Goodfellas ( 1990 ) Cape Fear ( 1991 ) The Age of Innocence ( 1993 ) Casino ( 1995 ) Kundun ( 1997 ) Bringing Out the Dead ( 1999 ) Gangs of New York ( 2002 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) Shutter Island ( 2010 ) Hugo ( 2011 ) The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 ) Silence ( 2016 ) The Irishman ( 2019 ) Short films What 's a Nice Girl Like You Doing in a Place Like This? ( 1963 ) It 's Not Just You, Murray! ( 1964 ) The Big Shave ( 1967 ) `` Bad '' ( 1987 ) Made in Milan ( 1990 ) The Key to Reserva ( 2007 ) The Audition ( 2015 ) Television `` Boardwalk Empire '' ( Boardwalk Empire ) ( 2010 ) Vinyl ( 2016 ) Documentaries Street Scenes ( 1970 ) Italianamerican ( 1974 ) American Boy : A Profile of Steven Prince ( 1978 ) The Last Waltz ( 1978 ) A Personal Journey with Martin Scorsese Through American Movies ( 1995 ) My Voyage to Italy ( 1999 ) The Blues : Feel Like Going Home ( 2003 ) No Direction Home ( 2005 ) Shine a Light ( 2008 ) A Letter to Elia ( 2010 ) Public Speaking ( 2010 ) George Harrison : Living in the Material World ( 2011 ) The 50 Year Argument ( 2014 ) Related Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro Martin Scorsese and Leonardo DiCaprio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who%27s_That_Knocking_at_My_Door&oldid=840091646 '' Categories : 1967 films English - language films 1960s drama films American drama films American independent films American films American black - and - white films Directorial debut films Films about Italian - American culture Films directed by Martin Scorsese Films set in New York City Films set in 1967 Films shot in New York City Films shot in Amsterdam Rape in film Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 May 2018, at 17 : 36. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Who's That Knocking at My Door", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Who%27s_That_Knocking_at_My_Door&amp;oldid=840091646" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "16461736309394929703" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Hazard ( song ) - wikipedia Hazard ( song ) Jump to : navigation, search This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Hazard '' Single by Richard Marx from the album Rush Street B - side `` Big Boy Now '' Released January, 1992 Recorded 1991 Genre Soft rock Length 5 : 17 ( Album Version ) 4 : 48 ( Edit ) Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Richard Marx Producer ( s ) Richard Marx Richard Marx singles chronology `` Keep Coming Back '' ( 1991 ) `` Hazard '' ( 1992 ) `` Take This Heart '' ( 1992 ) `` Keep Coming Back '' ( 1991 ) `` Hazard '' ( 1992 ) `` Take This Heart '' ( 1992 ) `` Hazard '' is a 1992 hit song written and performed by American singer / songwriter / producer Richard Marx. It peaked at # 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached # 6 in the Cash Box charts. In addition, the song was Marx 's third # 1 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. Internationally, it topped charts in 13 countries throughout the world, hitting # 1 in Australia and # 3 in the United Kingdom. Contents ( hide ) 1 Song overview 2 Music video 2.1 Overview 2.2 Details 3 Who Killed Mary? 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 References Song overview ( edit ) `` Hazard '' tells the story of a relationship of some kind between a narrator and a woman named Mary. Mary disappears in suspicious circumstances, and the narrator, shunned by many in the small village since his childhood ( `` That boy 's not right. '' ), is immediately considered the main suspect. The narrator, however, maintains his innocence throughout the song, and the question of such is left open to the listener 's interpretation. Music video ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) The music video for `` Hazard '' reveals additional video cues and other details that led viewers to speculate about the question of the protagonist 's innocence while still following the song 's lyrics and ultimately leaving the outcome open to interpretation. The narrator also refers to the state of Nebraska, United States, and specifically a village in that state called Hazard. `` Miss Mary '' is played by actress Renee Parent Details ( edit ) The music video opens with several older men teasing the protagonist 's character as a child with his mother in the background ; the description of his character as `` not right '' may imply slight mental illness or simply being different. The video then shows Mary, who is depicted as having features very similar to the protagonist 's mother. Various scenes in this sequence can cause the viewer to become unclear about the nature of their relationship. As the story continues, the town 's sheriff is shown taking photographs of the couple and following one or both of them in his vehicle. It is implied that the protagonist goes to see Mary but catches her making love to an unidentified person. Again, the video flashes back to his childhood, where he sees his mother committing adultery. In present time, the sheriff arrives and sees the protagonist, who then flees, leaving his scarf behind on the branch of a bush. He returns home and weeps about Mary. Mary is then shown alone near the river spoken of in the song. She turns to face the camera with a look of surprise on her face, and it is then made to look as if she lay in water. The next morning ( as the song states ), several people assist in arresting the male character in regard to her disappearance. While in the interrogation room, he is shown a white cloth, which the sheriff identifies as the item used to strangle Mary. He then denies that he and Mary were romantically involved, and the sheriff asks if Marx was jealous. At this point, the video reveals a larger picture of the protagonist 's childhood : that after his mother 's affair, his father leaves her for another woman. He is then shown as a child running out of a burning house, although it is unclear whose it is or if he actually set the fire. Locals are shown vandalizing the male character 's home, breaking windows and setting fire to it. It is implied that he can not be proven guilty when the sheriff drops him off at his ruined home. As the video ends, a woman walking by covers her young son 's eyes, again implying he is an outcast or implicated in her disappearance. Who killed Mary? ( edit ) Throughout the song, backed by the video, it is unclear and thus left to the listener / viewer to decide who might be implicated in her disappearance. Marx 's character is set up to be neither innocent nor guilty, depending on how the evidence is viewed. For example, the video makes it apparent that he flees the scene where he sees Mary with the unidentified person, leaving his scarf behind, which is later used as an attempt to place him at the scene. Yet the lyrics state that he ' left her by the river (... ) left her safe and sound ', which contradicts the video. Additionally, how would he know that he left her there, if he had not been with her, because she ' went walking alone and never came home '? Furthermore, the video opens up the possibility that the sheriff himself could be responsible for Mary 's disappearance. He is depicted photographing her with the narrator and following her in his car, but it is never established whether his motives for doing so are borne of jealousy or protectiveness, perhaps on account of the narrator 's reputation. But what of the lyrics ``... there 's no escape for me this time, all of my rescues are gone... '' The words `` this time '' imply that this situation has occurred before. Two different versions of the video were shot and aired on VH - 1, and Marx himself appeared several times, challenging viewers to watch for both versions, ``... and see if you can figure out who killed Mary. '' Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 42 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 60 Norway ( VG - lista ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 6 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 26 US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Year - end chart ( 1992 ) Position Australian ( ARIA ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 56 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Richard Marx, now and forever Inquirer Entertainment ''. Entertainment.inquirer.net. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31. Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel ( 2002 ). Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 2001. Record Research. p. 160. Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0661301/otherworks Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Richard Marx -- Hazard ''. ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved January 12, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 7741. '' RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved January 12, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Richard Marx -- Hazard ''. GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved January 12, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Richard Marx -- Hazard '' ( in Dutch ). Single Top 100. Retrieved January 12, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Richard Marx -- Hazard ''. VG - lista. Retrieved January 12, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Richard Marx -- Hazard ''. Top 40 Singles. Retrieved January 12, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Richard Marx -- Hazard ''. Singles Top 100. Retrieved January 12, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Richard Marx -- Hazard ''. Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved January 12, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Richard Marx -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Richard Marx. Retrieved January 12, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Richard Marx -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Richard Marx. Retrieved January 12, 2015. Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End of Year Charts -- Top 50 Singles 1992 ''. ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved January 12, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1992 ''. Billboard. Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30. Preceded by `` Tears in Heaven '' by Eric Clapton Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one single May 9, 1992 Succeeded by `` Hold on My Heart '' by Genesis Preceded by `` Save the Best for Last '' by Vanessa L. Williams ARIA ( Australia ) number one single July 25, 1992 - August 14, 1992 Succeeded by `` Amigos Para Siempre '' by José Carreras and Sarah Brightman ( hide ) Richard Marx Studio albums Richard Marx Repeat Offender Rush Street Paid Vacation Flesh and Bone Days in Avalon My Own Best Enemy Emotional Remains Sundown Christmas Spirit Beautiful Goodbye Compilations Ballads Greatest Hits ( 1997 ) The Best of Richard Marx The Essential Richard Marx Timeline Duo Stories to Tell Hits & Ballads Inside My Head Seven & Seven Now and Forever : The Ballads The Ultimate Collection Promo compilations Marx Greatest Hits ( 1993 ) The Music of Richard Marx : 1987 -- 2009 Live albums Live in USA 1988 / 92 Live Music Hall Koln 1992 Channel V at the Hard Rock Live Duo Live A Night Out With Friends Singles `` Do n't Mean Nothing '' `` Should 've Known Better '' `` Endless Summer Nights '' `` Hold On to the Nights '' `` Have Mercy '' `` Satisfied '' `` Right Here Waiting '' `` Angelia '' `` Nothin ' You Can Do About It '' `` Too Late to Say Goodbye '' `` Children of the Night '' `` Keep Coming Back '' `` Hazard '' `` Take This Heart '' `` Chains Around My Heart '' `` Playing With Fire '' `` Now And Forever '' `` Silent Scream '' `` The Way She Loves Me '' `` Nothing Left Behind Us '' `` Until I Find You Again '' `` At the Beginning '' `` Days in Avalon '' `` Straight from My Heart '' `` When You 're Gone '' `` Nothing Left To Say '' `` Ready to Fly '' `` Everybody '' `` When You Loved Me '' `` When Love Is All You 've Got '' `` Christmas Spirit '' `` Would n't Let Me Love You '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` The Little Drummer Boy '' `` Christmas Mornings '' `` O Holy Night '' `` Just Go '' `` Whatever We Started '' `` Beautiful Goodbye '' `` Last Thing I Wanted '' Songs written `` What About Me '' ( Kenny Rogers, James Ingram, Kim Carnes / 1984 ) `` Crazy '' ( Kenny Rogers / 1985 ) `` Somebody Took My Love '' ( Durell Coleman ) / 1985 `` Edge of a Broken Heart '' ( Vixen / 1989 ) `` Nothing to Hide '' ( Poco / 1989 ) `` The Best of Me '' ( Cliff Richard / 1989 ) `` Heart in Pieces '' ( Tim Feehan / 1990 ) `` The Reason Why '' ( John Farnham / 1993 ) `` Every Year, Every Christmas '' ( Luther Vandross / 1995 ) `` If You Ever Leave Me '' ( Barbra Streisand, Vince Gill / 1999 ) `` One More Time '' ( Laura Pausini / 1999 ) `` Angel on My Shoulder '' ( Natalie Cole / 2000 ) `` This I Promise You '' ( ' N Sync / 2000 ) `` Still Holding Out For You '' ( SHeDAISY / 2001 ) `` To Where You Are '' ( Josh Groban / 2002 ) `` Dance with My Father '' ( Luther Vandross / 2003 ) `` Life Got in the Way '' ( Sister Hazel / 2003 ) `` Someday '' ( Vince Gill / 2003 ) `` With This Ring '' ( Kenny Loggins / 2003 ) `` I Miss Us '' ( Kenny Loggins / 2004 ) `` Last One Standing '' ( Emerson Drive / 2004 ) `` World Inside My Head '' ( Sister Hazel / 2004 ) `` Better Life '' ( Keith Urban / 2005 ) `` If You Were My Girl '' ( Emerson Drive / 2005 ) `` Everybody '' ( Keith Urban / 2007 ) `` You Never Take Me Dancing '' ( Travis Tritt / 2007 ) `` Just Like You '' ( George Canyon / 2008 ) `` One Little Miracle '' ( Hawk Nelson / 2008 ) `` All Over Me '' ( Default / 2009 ) `` All or Nothing '' ( George Canyon / 2009 ) `` In Your Arms Again '' ( George Canyon, Crystal Shawanda / 2009 ) `` Long Hot Summer '' ( Keith Urban / 2010 ) `` Surrender '' ( George Canyon / 2011 ) `` Now And Forever '' ( Cliff Richard / 2017 ) Musicals Beauty and the Beast Related articles Discography Songwriting / Production Sessions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazard_(song)&oldid=799523691 '' Categories : 1991 songs 1992 singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Capitol Records singles Nebraska in fiction Number - one singles in Australia Richard Marx songs Songs about death Songs written by Richard Marx Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2013 All articles needing style editing Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017, at 06 : 49. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Hazard (song)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Hazard_(song)&amp;oldid=799523691" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "6618992301826125985" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Canada goose - wikipedia Canada goose Jump to : navigation, search For the outerwear manufacturer, see Canada Goose ( clothing ). Canada goose Canada goose ( Branta canadensis ) Call of Canada Geese Brownsea Island, Dorset, March 1966 Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Anseriformes Family : Anatidae Genus : Branta Species : B. canadensis Binomial name Branta canadensis ( Linnaeus, 1758 ) Subspecies B. c. occidentalis -- Dusky Canada goose, ( Baird, 1858 ) B. c. fulva -- Vancouver Canada goose, ( Delacour, 1951 ) B. c. parvipes -- Lesser Canada goose, ( Cassin, 1852 ) B. c. moffitti -- Moffitt 's Canada goose, ( Aldrich, 1946 ) B. c. maxima -- Giant Canada goose, ( Delacour, 1951 ) B. c. interior -- Interior Canada goose, ( Todd, 1938 ) B. c. canadensis -- Atlantic Canada goose, ( Linnaeus, 1758 ) Canada goose distribution : Summer range ( native ) Year - round range ( native ) Wintering range ( native ) Summer range ( introduced ) Year - round range ( introduced ) Wintering range ( introduced ) Summer range ( cackling goose ) The Canada goose ( Branta canadensis ) is a large wild goose species with a black head and neck, white cheeks, white under its chin, and a brown body. Native to arctic and temperate regions of North America, its migration occasionally reaches northern Europe. It has been introduced to the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Argentina, Chile, and the Falkland Islands. Like most geese, the Canada goose is primarily herbivorous and normally migratory ; it tends to be found on or close to fresh water. Extremely successful at living in human - altered areas, Canada geese have proven able to establish breeding colonies in urban and cultivated areas, which provide food and few natural predators, and are well known as a common park species. Their success has led to them often being considered a pest species because of their depredation of crops and issues with their noise, droppings, aggressive territorial behavior, and habit of begging for food ( caused by human hand feeding ), especially in their introduced range. Canada geese are also among the most commonly hunted waterfowl in North America and northwest Europe. Contents ( hide ) 1 Taxonomy and etymology 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 3.1 Outside North America 3.1. 1 Eurasia 3.1. 2 New Zealand 4 Behavior 4.1 Diet 4.2 Reproduction 4.3 Migration 5 Survival 5.1 Predators 5.2 Salinity 5.3 Disease 6 Relationship with humans 6.1 Aircraft strikes 6.2 Cuisine 7 Population 8 References 9 External links Taxonomy and etymology ( edit ) The Canada goose was one of the many species described by Carl Linnaeus in his 18th - century work Systema Naturae. It belongs to the Branta genus of geese, which contains species with largely black plumage, distinguishing them from the grey species of the Anser genus. Branta is a Latinised form of Old Norse Brandgás, `` burnt ( black ) goose '' and the specific epithet canadensis is a New Latin word meaning `` from Canada ''. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first citation for the ' Canada goose ' dates back to 1772. The Canada goose is also colloquially referred to as the `` Canadian goose ''. The cackling goose was originally considered to be the same species or a subspecies of the Canada goose, but in July 2004, the American Ornithologists ' Union 's Committee on Classification and Nomenclature split them into two species, making the cackling goose into a full species with the scientific name Branta hutchinsii. The British Ornithologists ' Union followed suit in June 2005. The AOU has divided the many subspecies between the two species. The subspecies of the Canada goose were listed as : Atlantic Canada goose, B. c. canadensis Interior Canada goose, B. c. interior Giant Canada goose, B. c. maxima Moffitt 's Canada goose, B. c. moffitti Vancouver Canada goose, B. c. fulva Dusky Canada goose, B. c. occidentalis Lesser Canada goose, B. c. parvipes The distinctions between the two geese have led to confusion and debate among ornithologists. This has been aggravated by the overlap between the small types of Canada goose and larger types of cackling goose. The old `` lesser Canada goose '' was believed to be a partly hybrid population, with the birds named B. c. taverneri considered a mixture of B. c. minima, B. c. occidentalis, and B. c. parvipes. In addition, the barnacle goose has been determined to be a derivative of the cackling goose lineage, whereas the Hawaiian goose is derived from the Canada goose. Description ( edit ) Yellow plumage of gosling Call A flock of feeding Canada geese calling Problems playing this file? See media help. The black head and neck with a white `` chinstrap '' distinguish the Canada goose from all other goose species, with the exception of the cackling goose and barnacle goose ( the latter, however, has a black breast and gray rather than brownish body plumage ). The seven subspecies of this bird vary widely in size and plumage details, but all are recognizable as Canada geese. Some of the smaller races can be hard to distinguish from the cackling goose, which slightly overlap in mass. However, most subspecies of the cackling goose ( exclusive of Richardson 's cackling goose, B. h. hutchinsii ) are considerably smaller. The smallest cackling goose, B. h. minima, is scarcely larger than a mallard. In addition to the size difference, cackling geese also have a shorter neck and smaller bill, which can be useful when small Canada geese comingle with relatively large cackling geese. Of the `` true geese '' ( i.e. the genera Anser, Branta or Chen ), the Canada goose is on average the largest living species, although some other species that are geese in name, if not of close relation to these genera, are on average heavier such as the spur - winged goose and Cape Barren goose. Canada geese range from 75 to 110 cm ( 30 to 43 in ) in length and have a 127 -- 185 cm ( 50 -- 73 in ) wingspan. Among standard measurements, the wing chord can range from 39 to 55 cm ( 15 to 22 in ), the tarsus can range from 6.9 to 10.6 cm ( 2.7 to 4.2 in ) and the bill can range from 4.1 to 6.8 cm ( 1.6 to 2.7 in ). The largest subspecies is the B. c. maxima, or the giant Canada goose, and the smallest ( with the separation of the cackling goose group ) is B. c. parvipes, or the lesser Canada goose. An exceptionally large male of race B. c. maxima, which rarely exceed 8 kg ( 18 lb ), weighed 10.9 kg ( 24 lb ) and had a wingspan of 2.24 m ( 7.3 ft ). This specimen is the largest wild goose ever recorded of any species. The male Canada goose usually weighs 2.6 -- 6.5 kg ( 5.7 -- 14.3 lb ), averaging amongst all subspecies 3.9 kg ( 8.6 lb ). The female looks virtually identical, but is slightly lighter at 2.4 -- 5.5 kg ( 5.3 -- 12.1 lb ), averaging amongst all subspecies 3.6 kg ( 7.9 lb ), and generally 10 % smaller in linear dimensions than the male counterparts. The female also possesses a different, and less sonorous, honk than the male. Distribution and habitat ( edit ) In the grass in East Hills, New York On Spokane River, Washington State Flock in flight This species is native to North America. It breeds in Canada and the northern United States in a variety of habitats. The Great Lakes region maintains a very large population of Canada geese. Canada geese occur year - round in the southern part of their breeding range, including most of the eastern seaboard and the Pacific coast. Between California and South Carolina in the southern United States and northern Mexico, Canada geese are primarily present as migrants from further north during the winter. By the early 20th century, overhunting and loss of habitat in the late 19th century and early 20th century had resulted in a serious decline in the numbers of this bird in its native range. The giant Canada goose subspecies was believed to be extinct in the 1950s until, in 1962, a small flock was discovered wintering in Rochester, Minnesota, by Harold Hanson of the Illinois Natural History Survey. In 1964, the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center was built near Jamestown, North Dakota. Its first director, Harvey K. Nelson, talked Forrest Lee into leaving Minnesota to head the center 's Canada goose production and restoration program. Forrest soon had 64 pens with 64 breeding pairs of screened, high - quality birds. The project involved private, state, and federal resources and relied on the expertise and cooperation of many individuals. By the end of 1981, more than 6,000 giant Canada geese had been released at 83 sites in 26 counties in North Dakota. With improved game laws and habitat recreation and preservation programs, their populations have recovered in most of their range, although some local populations, especially of the subspecies B. c. occidentalis, may still be declining. In recent years, Canada goose populations in some areas have grown substantially, so much so that many consider them pests for their droppings, bacteria in their droppings, noise, and confrontational behavior. This problem is partially due to the removal of natural predators and an abundance of safe, man - made bodies of water near food sources, such as those found on golf courses, in public parks and beaches, and in planned communities. Due in part to the interbreeding of various migratory subspecies with the introduced nonmigratory giant subspecies, Canada geese are frequently a year - around feature of such urban environments. Contrary to its normal migration routine, large flocks of Canada geese have established permanent residence in Esquimalt, British Columbia, on Chesapeake Bay, in Virginia 's James River regions, and in the Triangle area of North Carolina ( Raleigh, Durham, Chapel Hill ), and nearby Hillsborough. Some Canada geese have taken up permanent residence as far south as Florida, in places such as retention ponds in apartment complexes. Large resident populations of Canada geese are also present in much of the San Francisco Bay area in Northern California. In 2015, the Ohio population of Canada geese was reported as roughly 130,000, with the number likely to continue increasing. Many of the geese, previously migratory, reportedly had become native, remaining in the state even in the summer. The increase was attributed to a lack of natural predators, an abundance of water, and plentiful grass in manicured lawns in urban areas. Canada geese were eliminated in Ohio following the American Civil War, but were reintroduced in 1956 with 10 pairs. The population was estimated at 18,000 in 1979. The geese are considered protected, though a hunting season is allowed from September 1 -- 15, with a daily bag limit of five. The Ohio Department of Natural Resources recommends a number of non-lethal scare and hazing tactics for nuisance geese, but if such methods have been used without success, they may issue a permit which can be used from March 11 through August 31 to destroy nests, conduct a goose roundup or shoot geese. Outside North America ( edit ) Eurasia ( edit ) Nesting in Wales Approaching to beg for food in a Manchester park, a learned behavior Canada geese have reached Northern Europe naturally, as has been proved by ringing recoveries. The birds include those of the subspecies B. c. parvipes, and possibly others. These geese are also found naturally on the Kamchatka Peninsula in eastern Siberia, and eastern China. Canada geese have also been introduced in Europe, and had established populations in Great Britain in the middle of the eighteenth century, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany, Scandinavia, and Finland. Most European populations are not migratory, but those in more northerly parts of Sweden and Finland migrate to the North Sea and Baltic coasts. Semitame feral birds are common in parks, and have become a pest in some areas. In the early 17th century, explorer Samuel de Champlain sent several pairs of geese to France as a present for King Louis XIII. The geese were first introduced in Britain in the late 17th century as an addition to King James II 's waterfowl collection in St. James 's Park. They were introduced in Germany and Scandinavia during the 20th century, starting in Sweden in 1929. In Britain, they were spread by hunters, but remained uncommon until the mid-20th century. Their population grew from 2200 -- 4000 birds in 1953 to an estimated 82,000 in 1999, as changing agricultural practices and urban growth provided new habitat. European birds are mostly descended from the subspecies B. c. canadensis, likely with some contributions from the subspecies B. c. maxima. New Zealand ( edit ) Main article : Canada geese in New Zealand Canada geese were introduced as a game bird into New Zealand in 1905. They have become a problem in some areas by fouling pastures and damaging crops. They were protected under the Wildlife Act 1953 and the population was managed by Fish and Game New Zealand, which culled excessive bird numbers. In 2011, the government removed the protection status, allowing anyone to kill the birds. Behavior ( edit ) Cleaning feathers, Oxfordshire Flying, New Jersey Male goose carefully watches nearby humans in Winnipeg Like most geese, the Canada goose is naturally migratory with the wintering range being most of the United States. The calls overhead from large groups of Canada geese flying in V - shaped formation signal the transitions into spring and autumn. In some areas, migration routes have changed due to changes in habitat and food sources. In mild climates from California to the Great Lakes, some of the population has become nonmigratory due to adequate winter food supply and a lack of former predators. Males exhibit agonistic behavior both on and off breeding and nesting grounds. This behavior rarely involves interspecific killing. One documented case involved a male defending his nest from a brant goose that wandered into the area ; the following attack lasted for one hour until the death of the brant. The cause of death was suffocation or drowning in mud as a direct result of the Canada goose 's pecking the head of the brant into the mud. Researchers attributed it to high hormone levels and the brant 's inability to leave the nesting area. Diet ( edit ) Canada geese are primarily herbivores, although they sometimes eat small insects and fish. Their diet includes green vegetation and grains. The Canada goose eats a variety of grasses when on land. It feeds by grasping a blade of grass with the bill, then tearing it with a jerk of the head. The Canada goose also eats beans and grains such as wheat, rice, and corn when they are available. In the water, it feeds from aquatic plants by sliding its bill at the bottom of the body of water. It also feeds on aquatic plants, such as seaweeds. In urban areas, it is also known to pick food out of garbage bins. They are also sometimes hand - fed a variety of grains and other foods by humans in parks. Reproduction ( edit ) Eggs, collection Museum Wiesbaden, Germany Goslings Geese and goslings in an English canal, showing formation During the second year of their lives, Canada geese find a mate. They are monogamous, and most couples stay together all of their lives. If one dies, the other may find a new mate. The female lays from two to nine eggs with an average of five, and both parents protect the nest while the eggs incubate, but the female spends more time at the nest than the male. Its nest is usually located in an elevated area near water such as streams, lakes, ponds, and sometimes on a beaver lodge. Its eggs are laid in a shallow depression lined with plant material and down. The incubation period, in which the female incubates while the male remains nearby, lasts for 24 -- 28 days after laying. As the annual summer molt also takes place during the breeding season, the adults lose their flight feathers for 20 -- 40 days, regaining flight about the same time as their goslings start to fly. As soon as the goslings hatch, they are immediately capable of walking, swimming, and finding their own food ( a diet similar to the adult geese ). Parents are often seen leading their goslings in a line, usually with one adult at the front, and the other at the back. While protecting their goslings, parents often violently chase away nearby creatures, from small blackbirds to lone humans who approach, after warning them by giving off a hissing sound and then attack with bites and slaps of the wings if the threat does not retreat or has seized a gosling. Canada geese are especially protective animals, and will sometimes attack any animal nearing its territory or offspring, including humans. Most of the species that prey on eggs also take a gosling. Although parents are hostile to unfamiliar geese, they may form groups of a number of goslings and a few adults, called crèches. The offspring enter the fledgling stage any time from 6 to 9 weeks of age. They do not leave their parents until after the spring migration, when they return to their birthplace. Migration ( edit ) Resting in a pond during spring migration, Ottawa, Ontario Canada geese are known for their seasonal migrations. Most Canada geese have staging or resting areas where they join up with others. Their autumn migration can be seen from September to the beginning of November. The early migrants have a tendency to spend less time at rest stops and go through the migration much faster. The later birds usually spend more time at rest stops. Some geese return to the same nesting ground year after year and lay eggs with their mate, raising them in the same way each year. This is recorded from the many tagged geese which frequent the East Coast. Canada geese fly in a distinctive V - shaped flight formation, with an altitude of 1 km ( 3,000 feet ) for migration flight. The maximum flight ceiling of Canada geese is unknown, but they have been reported at 9 km ( 29,000 feet ). Low flyover by five Canada geese Flying in the V formation has been the subject of study by researchers. The front position is rotated since flying in front consumes the most energy. Canada geese leave the winter grounds more quickly than the summer grounds. Elevated thyroid hormones, such as T and T, have been measured in geese just after a big migration. This is believed because of the long days of flying in migration the thyroid gland sends out more T which help the body cope with the longer journey. The increased T levels are also associated with increased muscle mass ( hypertrophy ) of the breast muscle, also because of the longer time spent flying. It is believed that the body sends out more T to help the goose 's body with this long task by speeding up the metabolism and lowering the temperature at which the muscles work. Also, other studies show levels of stress hormones such as corticosterone rise dramatically in these birds during and after a migration. Survival ( edit ) The lifespan in the wild of geese that survive to adulthood ranges from 10 to 24 years. The British longevity record is held by a specimen tagged as a nestling, which was observed alive at the University of York at the age of 31. Predators ( edit ) Canada geese instinctively nest on higher ground near water. This female is nesting on a beaver lodge. Known predators of eggs and goslings include coyotes, Arctic foxes ( Vulpes lagopus ), northern raccoons ( Procyon lotor ), red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ), large gulls ( Larus species ), common ravens ( Corvus corax ), American crows ( Corvus brachyrhynchos ), carrion crows ( in Europe, Corvus corone ) and both brown ( Ursus arctos ) and American black bears ( Ursus americanus ). Once they reach adulthood, due to their large size and often aggressive behavior, Canada geese are rarely preyed on, although prior injury may make them more vulnerable to natural predators. Beyond humans, adults can be taken by coyotes and gray wolves ( Canis lupus ). Avian predators that are known to kill adults, as well as young geese, include snowy owls ( Bubo scandiacus ), golden eagles ( Aquila chrysaetos ) and bald eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ) and, though rarely on large adult geese, great horned owls ( Bubo virginianus ), peregrine falcons ( Falco peregrinus ), and gyrfalcons ( Falco rusticolus ). Adults are quite vigorous at displacing potential predators from the nest site, with predator prevention usually falling to the larger male of the pair. Males usually attempt to draw attention of approaching predators and toll ( mob terrestrial predators without physical contact ) often in accompaniment with males of other goose species. Eagles of both species frequently cause geese to fly off en masse from some distance, though in other instances, geese may seem unconcerned at perched bald eagles nearby, seemingly only reacting if the eagle is displaying active hunting behavior. Canada geese are quite wary of humans where they are regularly hunted and killed, but can otherwise become habituated to fearlessness towards humans, especially where they are fed by them. This often leads to the geese becoming overly aggressive towards humans, and large groups of the birds may be considered a nuisance if they are causing persistent issues to humans and other animals in the surrounding area. Salinity ( edit ) Salinity plays a role in the growth and development of goslings. Moderate to high salinity concentrations without fresh water results in slower development, growth, and saline - induced mortality. Goslings are susceptible to saline - induced mortality before their nasal salt glands become functional, with the majority occurring before the sixth day of life. Disease ( edit ) Canada geese are susceptible to avian bird flus, such as H5N1. A study carried out using the HPAI virus, a H5N1 virus, found that the geese were susceptible to the virus. This proved useful for monitoring the spread of the virus through the high mortality of infected birds. Prior exposure to other viruses may result in some resistance to H5N1. Relationship with humans ( edit ) Family in builders ' yard, Salem, Oregon : The mother goose had built a nest on an aggregate pile. Roosting in a parking lot In North America, nonmigratory Canada goose populations have been on the rise. The species is frequently found on golf courses, parking lots, and urban parks, which would have previously hosted only migratory geese on rare occasions. Owing to its adaptability to human - altered areas, it has become one of the most common waterfowl species in North America. In many areas, nonmigratory Canada geese are now regarded as pests by humans. They are suspected of being a cause of an increase in high fecal coliforms at beaches. An extended hunting season, deploying noise makers, and hazing by dogs have been used in an attempt to disrupt suspect flocks. A goal of conservationists has been to focus hunting on the nonmigratory populations ( which tend to be larger and more of a nuisance ) as opposed to migratory flocks showing natural behavior, which may be rarer. Since 1999, the United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services agency has been engaged in lethal culls of Canada geese primarily in urban or densely populated areas. The agency responds to municipalities or private land owners, such as golf courses, which find the geese obtrusive or object to their waste. Addling goose eggs and destroying nests are promoted as humane population control methods. Flocks of Canada goose can also be captured during moult and this method of culling is used to control invasive populations. Canada geese are protected from hunting and capture outside of designated hunting seasons in the United States by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, and in Canada under the Migratory Birds Convention Act. In both countries, commercial transactions such as buying or trading are mostly prohibited and the possession, hunting, and interfering with the activity of the animals are subject to restrictions. In the UK, as with native bird species, the nests and eggs of Canada geese are fully protected by law, except when their removal has been specifically licensed, and shooting is generally permitted only during the defined open season. Geese have a tendency to attack humans when they feel themselves or their goslings to be threatened. First, the geese stand erect, spread their wings, and produce a hissing sound. Next, the geese charge. They may then bite or attack with their wings. Aircraft strikes ( edit ) A Canada goose feather recovered from Engine # 1 of the Airbus A320 involved in US Airways Flight 1549. The aircraft was ditched in the Hudson River after its engines ingested several Canada geese. Canada geese have been implicated in a number of bird strikes by aircraft. Their large size and tendency to fly in flocks may exacerbate their impact. In the United States, the Canada goose is the second-most damaging bird strike to airplanes, with the most damaging being turkey vultures. Canada geese can cause fatal crashes when they strike an aircraft 's engine. In 1995, a U.S. Air Force E-3 Sentry aircraft at Elmendorf AFB, Alaska, struck a flock of Canada geese on takeoff, losing power in both port side engines. It crashed 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) from the runway, killing all 24 crew members. The accident sparked efforts to avoid such events, including habitat modification, aversion tactics, herding and relocation, and culling of flocks. In 2009, a collision with a flock of migratory Canada geese resulted in US Airways Flight 1549 suffering a total power loss after takeoff causing the crew of the aircraft to land the plane on the Hudson River with no loss of human life. Cuisine ( edit ) As a large, common wild bird, the Canada goose is a common target of hunters, especially in its native range. Drake Larsen, a researcher in sustainable agriculture at Iowa State University, described them to Atlantic magazine as `` so yummy... good, lean, rich meat. I find they are similar to a good cut of beef. '' The British Trust for Ornithology, however, has described them as `` reputedly amongst the most inedible of birds. '' The US goose harvest for 2013 -- 14 reported over 1.3 million geese taken. Canada geese are rarely farmed, and sale of wild Canada goose meat is rare due to regulation, and slaughterhouses ' lack of experience with wild birds. Geese culled near New York airports have been donated to food banks in Pennsylvania. As of 2011, the sale of wild Canada goose meat was not permitted in the UK ; some landowners have lobbied for this ban to be withdrawn to allow them income from sale of game meat. Population ( edit ) In 2000, the North American population for the geese was estimated to be between 4 million and 5 million birds. A 20 - year study from 1983 to 2003 in Wichita, Kansas, found the size of the winter Canada goose population within the city limits increase from 1,600 to over 18,000 birds. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BirdLife International. ( 2016 ). Branta canadensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2016 - 3. RLTS. T22679935A85972211. en Jump up ^ Long, John L. ( 1981 ). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia. pp. 21 -- 493. Jump up ^ Linnaeus, C. ( 1758 ). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata ( in Latin ). Holmia : Laurentius Salvius. Jump up ^ Jobling, James A ( 2010 ). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London : Christopher Helm. pp. 77, 87. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4081 - 2501 - 4. Jump up ^ Gill, Frank ; Minturn, Wright ( 2006 ). Birds of the World : Recommended English Names. Christopher Helm. Jump up ^ Gill, F. ; Donsker, D., eds. ( 2012 ). `` IOC World Bird Names ( v. 3.1 ) ''. Retrieved May 1, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Canada goose ( bird ) ''. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved March 11, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Canada goose or canadian goose, n. ''. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( 4th ed. ). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. OCLC 43499541. Jump up ^ Stackhouse, Mark. `` The New Goose ''. Jump up ^ Audubon Society Jump up ^ Ogilvie, Malcolm ; Young, Steve ( 2004 ). Wildfowl of the World. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84330 - 328 - 2. Jump up ^ Madge, Steve ; Burn, Hilary ( 1988 ). Waterfowl : An Identification Guide to the Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World. Boston : Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0 - 395 - 46727 - 6. ^ Jump up to : Dewey, T. ; Lutz, H. ( 2002 ). `` Branta canadensis ''. Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved November 18, 2007. Jump up ^ Mowbray, Thomas B., Craig R. Ely, James S. Sedinger and Robert E. Trost. ( 2002 ). `` Canada Goose ( Branta canadensis ) '', The Birds of North America Online ( A. Poole, ed. ). Ithaca : Cornell Lab of Ornithology ^ Jump up to : Mowbray, Thomas B. ; Ely, Craig R. ; Sedinger, James S. ; Trost, Robert E. ( 2002 ). `` Canada Goose ( Branta canadensis ) ''. In Poole, A. The Birds of North America. Ithaca : Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Jump up ^ Hanson, Harold C. ( 1997 ). The Giant Canada Goose ( 2nd ed. ). Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 1924 - 4. Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Forrest Lee ''. The Bismarck Tribune. Bismarck, North Dakota. February 7, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Why Do Canada Geese Like Urban Areas? ''. The Humane Society of the United States. Retrieved February 20, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ohio reports increase in Canada geese population ''. The Lima News, via Associated Press Dayton. March 9, 2015. Retrieved May 3, 2015. Jump up ^ Hamrick, Brian ( May 4, 2015 ). `` Canadian Geese get violent during nesting, population on the rise ''. WLWT. Retrieved May 6, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Nuisance Wildlife ''. Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved March 13, 2018. Jump up ^ Attenborough, D. 1998. The Life of Birds. p. 299 BBC. ISBN 0563 - 38792 - 0 Jump up ^ Svensson, Lars ( 2009 ). Birds of Europe ( 2nd ed. ). Princeton University Press. pp. 20 -- 21. ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14392 - 7. Jump up ^ David, Cabot ( 2010 ). Wildfowl. Collins New Naturalist Library 110. HarperCollins UK. ISBN 0007405146. Jump up ^ `` Canada geese protection status changed ''. Beehive. New Zealand Government. March 17, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2011. Jump up ^ Krauss, David A. ; Salame, Issa ( 2012 ). `` Interspecific Killing of a Branta bernicla ( Brant ) by a Male Branta canadensis ( Canada Goose ) ''. Northeastern Naturalist. Northeastern Naturalist Humboldt Field Research Institute. 19 ( 4 ) : 701. doi : 10.1656 / 045.019. 0415. Jump up ^ Angus, Wilson. `` Identification and range of subspecies within the Canada and Cackling Goose Complex ( Branta canadensis & B. hutchinsii ) ''. Jump up ^ Johnsgard, Paul A. ( 2010 ) ( 1978 ). Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World ( revised online ed. ). Lincoln, Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press. p. 79. Jump up ^ Derbyshire, David ( May 22, 2010 ). `` The geese left in charge of 40 goslings ''. Daily Mail. Associated Newspapers. Jump up ^ Canada, Government of Canada, Environment and Climate Change. `` Environment and Climate Change Canada - Nature - Frequently Asked Questions - Canada Geese ''. www.ec.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Canada Geese at Blackwater ''. US Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved August 2, 2013. Jump up ^ John, T.M. ; George, J.C. ( 1978 ). `` Circulatory levels of thyroxine ( T ) and triiodothyronine ( T ) in the migratory Canada goose ''. Physiological Zoology. 51 ( 4 ) : 361 -- 370. JSTOR 30160961. Jump up ^ Landys, Mėta M. ; Wingfield, John C. ; Ramenofsky, Marilyn ( 2004 ). `` Plasma corticosterone increases during migratory restlessness in the captive white - crowned sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelli '' ( PDF ). Hormones and Behavior. 46 ( 5 ) : 574 -- 581. doi : 10.1016 / j. yhbeh. 2004.06. 006. PMID 15555499. Jump up ^ `` Longevity records for Britain & Ireland in 2013 ''. British Trust for Ornithology. Retrieved January 13, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Summary of all Ringing Recoveries for Canada Goose ''. British Trust for Ornithology. Retrieved January 13, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Chicago Area Is Home to Growing Numbers of Coyotes ''. Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved April 23, 2011. Jump up ^ Campbell, R.W., N.K. Dawe, I. McTaggart - Cowan, J.M. Cooper, G.W. Kaiser, and M.C.E. McNall. ( 1990 ). The birds of British Columbia, Vol. 1 : introduction and loons through waterfowl. R. Br. Columbia Mus. Victoria. Jump up ^ Hughes, J.R. ( 2002 ). Reproductive success and breeding ground banding of Atlantic population of Canada Geese in northern Québec 2001. Unpubl. rep. Atlantic Flyway Council. ^ Jump up to : Barry, T.W. ( 1967 ). The geese of the Anderson River delta, Northwest Territories. Phd Thesis. Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton. Jump up ^ Macinnes, C.D. and Misra, R.K. ( 1972 ). `` Predation on Canada Goose nests at McConnell River, Northwest Territories ''. J. Wildl. Manage. 36 ( 2 ) : 414 -- 422. doi : 10.2307 / 3799071. JSTOR 3799071. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sargeant, A.B. and D.G. Raveling. ( 1992 ) `` Mortality during the breeding season '', pp. 396 -- 422 in Ecology and management of breeding waterfowl. Batt, B.D.J., A.D. Afton, M.G. Anderson, C.D. Ankney, D.H. Johnson, et al. ( eds. ) Univ. of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Jump up ^ Hanson, W.C. and Eberhardt, L.L. ( 1971 ). `` The Columbia River Canada Goose Population 1950 -- 1970 ''. Wildlife Monographs. 28. JSTOR 3830431. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Raveling, D.G. and H.G. Lumsden. ( 1977 ). `` Nesting ecology of Canada Geese in the Hudson Bay Lowlands of Ontario : Evolution and population regulation ''. Fish Wildl. Res. Rep. No. 98. Ontario Min. Nat. Resour. Jump up ^ Bent, A.C. ( 1925 ). Life histories of North American wild fowl, Pt. 2. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 130. Jump up ^ Palmer, R.S. ( 1976 ). Handbook of North American birds, Vol. 2 : Waterfowl. Pt. 1. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, CT. Jump up ^ Collias, N.E. and Jahn, L.R. ( 1959 ). `` Social behavior and breeding success in Canada Geese ( Branta canadensis ) confined under semi-natural conditions '' ( PDF ). The Auk. 76 : 478 -- 509. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Mcwilliams, S.R., Dunn, J.P. and Raveling, D.G. ( 1994 ). `` Predator - prey interactions between eagles and Cackling Canada and Ross ' geese during winter in California ''. Wilson Bull. 106 : 272 -- 288. JSTOR 4163419. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bartelt, Gerald A. ( 1987 ). `` Effects of Disturbance and Hunting on the Behavior of Canada Goose Family Groups in Eastcentral Wisconsin ''. The Journal of Wildlife Management. 51 ( 3 ) : 517. doi : 10.2307 / 3801261. JSTOR 3801261. Jump up ^ Stolley, Doris ; Bissonette, John ; Kadlec, John ( 1999 ). `` Effects of saline environments on the survival of wild goslings ( Branta canadensis ) ''. American Midland Naturalist. 142 ( 1 ) : 181 -- 190. doi : 10.1674 / 0003 - 0031 ( 1999 ) 142 ( 0181 : EOSEOT ) 2.0.CO ; 2. Jump up ^ Pasick, John ; Berhane, Yohannes ; Embury - Hyatt, Carissa ; Copps, John ; Kehler, Helen ; Handel, Katherine ; Babiuk, Shawn ; Hooper - McGrevy, Kathleen ; Li, Yan ; Le, Quynh ; Phuong, Song ( 2007 ). `` Susceptibility of Canada geese ( Branta canadensis ) to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus ( H5N1 ) ''. Emerging Infectious Diseases. US National Center for Infectious Diseases. 13 ( 12 ) : 1821 -- 7. doi : 10.3201 / eid1312. 070502. PMC 2876756. PMID 18258030. Jump up ^ State Parks Again Offering Early Canada Goose Hunting. Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources ( August 26, 2011 ) Jump up ^ Woodruff, Roger A. ; Green, Jeffrey S. ( 1995 ). `` Livestock Herding Dogs : A Unique Application for Wildlife Damage Management ''. Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings. Ardmore, Oklahoma : Noble Foundation. 12 : 43 -- 45. Jump up ^ Board of Park Commissioners ( Seattle ) Meeting Minutes. July 12, 2001 Jump up ^ MacDonald, Gregg ( May 6, 2008 ). `` Goose egg addling stirs concern in Reston ''. Fairfax County Times. Retrieved June 10, 2009. Jump up ^ Reyns, Nikolaas ; Casaer, Jim ; Smet, Lieven De ; Devos, Koen ; Huysentruyt, Frank ; Robertson, Peter A. ; Verbeke, Tom ; Adriaens, Tim ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ). `` Cost - benefit analysis for invasive species control : the case of greater Canada goose Branta canadensis in Flanders ( northern Belgium ) ''. PeerJ. 6. doi : 10.7717 / peerj. 4283. ISSN 2167 - 8359. Jump up ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ( January 5, 2016 ). `` Migratory Bird Treaty Act Protected Species ( 10.13 List ) ''. fws.gov. Jump up ^ Frequently Asked Questions -- Canada Geese. Canadian Wildlife Service Jump up ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ( April 11, 2012 ). `` Final Environmental Impact Statement : Resident Canada Goose Management -- Division of Migratory Bird Management ''. fws.gov. Jump up ^ Pynn, Larry ( April 5, 2014 ). `` Bird strikes plummet at Vancouver airport ''. Vancouver Sun. Jump up ^ `` Wild birds and the law '' ( PDF ). RSPB. Retrieved February 1, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Managing Geese on Agricultural Land '' ( PDF ). Scottish government. Jump up ^ `` Environmental management : bird licences ''. UK Government. Retrieved February 1, 2015. Jump up ^ Goose Attacks. Division of Wildlife ( Ohio ) Jump up ^ `` Bird Plus Plane Equals Snarge ''. Wired. September 2005. Archived from the original on October 19, 2007. Jump up ^ `` CVR transcript Boeing E-3 USAF Yukla 27 -- 22 SEP 1995 ''. Accident investigation. Aviation Safety Network. September 22, 1995. Retrieved January 16, 2009. Jump up ^ `` 1995 AWACS crash ''. CNN. September 23, 1995. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2011. Jump up ^ Barela, Timothy P. ( September 22, 1995 ) Fowl Play. U.S. Air Force News Jump up ^ Barrett, Barbara ( June 8, 2009 ). `` DNA shows jet that landed in Hudson struck migrating geese ''. McClatchy Newspapers. Retrieved June 8, 2009. Jump up ^ Maynard, Micheline ( January 15, 2009 ). `` Bird Hazard Is Persistent for Planes ''. The New York Times. Retrieved February 23, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Third Update on Investigation into Ditching of US Airways Jetliner into Hudson River '' ( Press release ). NTSB. February 4, 2009. Retrieved February 5, 2009. Jump up ^ Elton, Sarah ( October 19, 2011 ). `` My First Helping of Canada Goose ''. Atlantic magazine. Jump up ^ Raftovich, R.V., Chandler, S.C. and Wilkins, K.A. ( 2015 ). Migratory bird hunting activity and harvest during the 2013 -- 14 and 2014 -- 15 hunting seasons. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Laurel, Maryland, USA Jump up ^ Knight - Bruce, Rory ( August 6, 2011 ). `` Canada geese are overrunning our parks and estates and as top chefs say the answer is to turn them into a delicious dinner ''. Daily Mail. Jump up ^ Carlson, Kathryn ( June 18, 2011 ). `` New York solves its Canada Goose problem by feeding them to Pennsylvania 's poor ''. National Post. ^ Jump up to : Maccarone, Alan D. ; Cope, Charles ( 2004 ). `` Recent trends in the winter population of Canada geese ( Branta canadensis ) in Wichita, Kansas : 1998 -- 2003 ''. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. Kansas Academy of Science. 107 ( 1, 2 ) : 77 -- 82. doi : 10.1660 / 0022 - 8443 ( 2004 ) 107 ( 0077 : RTITWP ) 2.0.CO ; 2. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canada Goose. Wikispecies has information related to Branta canadensis Images and videos of the Canada goose on ARKive RSPB Birds by Name : Canada goose Canada Goose Species Account -- Cornell Lab of Ornithology `` Canada goose media ''. Internet Bird Collection. Canada Goose -- BTO BirdFacts Rediscovery report on Giant Canada Goose from 1963 ( PDF ) Game animals and shooting in North America Game birds Bobwhite quail Chukar Hungarian partridge Prairie chicken Mourning dove Ring - necked pheasant Ptarmigan Ruffed grouse Sharp - tailed grouse Snipe ( common snipe ) Spruce grouse Turkey Woodcock Waterfowl Black duck Canada goose Canvasback Gadwall Greater scaup Lesser scaup Mallard Northern pintail Redhead Ross 's goose Snow goose Wood duck Big game Bighorn sheep Black bear Razorback Brown bear Bison ( buffalo ) Caribou Cougar ( mountain lion ) Elk Moose White - tailed deer Gray wolf Mountain goat Mule deer Pronghorn Muskox Dall sheep Polar bear Other quarry American alligator Bobcat Coyote Fox squirrel Gray fox Gray squirrel Opossum Rabbit Red fox Snowshoe hare See also Bear hunting Big game hunting Bison hunting Deer hunting Waterfowl hunting Whaling Fishing Wolf hunting Upland hunting Taxon identifiers Wd : Q26733 ADW : Branta_canadensis ARKive : branta - canadensis eBird : cangoo EoL : 913235 EPPO : BRNTCA Fauna Europaea : 96482 Fossilworks : 110951 GBIF : 5232437 IBC : canada - goose - branta - canadensis iNaturalist : 7089 ITIS : 174999 IUCN : 22679935 NCBI : 8853 NZOR : 571984a8 - 1d64 - 418c - 86c5 - 05e91876a771 WoRMS : 159176 NDL : 00571351 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&oldid=837138086 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Branta Geese Birds of Canada Birds of the United States Birds of Mexico Birds of North America North American migratory birds Game birds Birds by common name Birds described in 1758 Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from January 2017 Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Asturianu Atikamekw Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Iñupiak Íslenska Italiano עברית Kalaallisut Latviešu Lietuvių Livvinkarjala Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018, at 23 : 40. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Canada goose", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&amp;oldid=837138086" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "together all of their lives. If one dies, the other may find a new mate. The female lays from two to nine eggs with an average of five, and both parents protect the nest while the eggs incubate, but the female spends more time at the nest than the male. Its nest is usually located in an elevated area near water such as streams, lakes, ponds, and sometimes on a beaver lodge. Its eggs are laid in a shallow depression lined with plant material and down. The incubation period, in which the female incubates while the male remains nearby, lasts for 24 -- 28 days after laying. As the annual summer molt also takes place during the breeding season, the adults lose their flight feathers for 20 -- 40 days, regaining flight about the same time as their goslings start to fly. As soon as the goslings hatch, they are immediately capable of walking, swimming, and finding their own food ( a diet similar to the adult geese ). Parents are often seen leading their goslings in a line, usually with one adult at the front, and the other at the back. While protecting their goslings, parents often violently chase away nearby creatures, from small blackbirds to lone humans who approach, after warning them by giving off a hissing sound and then attack with" ], "id": [ "3475196379248031919" ], "short_answers": [ "summer" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Revenge - wikipedia Revenge `` Retaliation '' and `` Retaliate '' redirect here. For other uses, see Retaliation ( disambiguation ) and Revenge ( disambiguation ). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Justice and Divine Vengeance Pursuing Crime by Pierre - Paul Prud'hon, c. 1805 -- 1808 Revenge is a form of justice enacted in the absence or defiance of the norms of formal law and jurisprudence. Often, revenge is defined as being a harmful action against a person or group in response to a grievance, be it real or perceived. It is used to punish a wrong by going outside the law. Francis Bacon described revenge as a kind of `` wild justice '' that `` does... offend the law ( and ) putteth the law out of office. '' Primitive justice or retributive justice is often differentiated from more formal and refined forms of justice such as distributive justice and divine judgment. Contents 1 Function in society 2 History 3 Proverbs 4 In art 5 In literature 6 In animals 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Function in society ( edit ) Engraving by Gustave Doré illustrating the Erinyes, chthonic deities of vengeance and death Shakespeare 's Hamlet tells a history in which a man avenged the murder of his father by killing his uncle ( Artist : Gustave Moreau ) Social psychologist Ian Mckee states that the desire for the sustenance of power motivates vengeful behavior as a means of impression management : `` People who are more vengeful tend to be those who are motivated by power, by authority and by the desire for status. They do n't want to lose face ''. Vengeful behavior has been found across a majority of human societies. Some societies encourage vengeful behavior, which is called a feud. These societies usually regard the honor of individuals and groups as of central importance. Thus, while protecting of his reputation an avenger feels as if he restores the previous state of dignity and justice. According to Michael Ignatieff, `` Revenge is a profound moral desire to keep faith with the dead, to honor their memory by taking up their cause where they left off ''. Thus, honor may become a heritage that passes from generation to generation. Whenever it is compromised, the affected family or community members might feel compelled to retaliate against an offender to restore the initial `` balance of honor '' that preceded the perceived injury. This cycle of honor might expand by bringing the family members and then the entire community of the new victim into the brand - new cycle of revenge that may pervade generations. History ( edit ) This section may contain indiscriminate, excessive, or irrelevant examples. Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples. See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions. ( September 2017 ) German announcement of killing 2300 civilians in Kragujevac massacre as retaliation for 10 killed German soldiers. Nazi - occupied Serbia, 1941 Feuds are cycles of provocation and retaliation, fueled by a burning desire for revenge and carried out over long periods of time by familial or tribal groups ; they were an important part of many pre-industrial societies, especially in the Mediterranean region. They still persist in some areas, notably in Albania with its tradition of gjakmarrja or `` blood feuds ''. During the Middle Ages, most would not regard an insult or injury as settled until it was avenged, or, at the least, paid for -- hence, the extensive Anglo - Saxon system of weregild ( literally, `` man - price '' ) payments, which placed a certain monetary value upon certain acts of violence in an attempt to limit the spiral of revenge by codifying the responsibility of a malefactor. Blood feuds are still practiced in many parts of the world, including Kurdish regions of Turkey and in Papua New Guinea. In Japan, honouring one 's family, clan, or lord through the practice of revenge killings is called `` katakiuchi '' ( 敵討ち ). These killings could also involve the relatives of an offender. Today, katakiuchi is most often pursued by peaceful means, but revenge remains an important part of Japanese culture. The motto of the Order of the Thistle is Nemo me impune lacessit, Latin for `` Nobody shall provoke / injure me with impunity ''. The origin of the motto reflects the feudal clan system of ancient Scotland, particularly the Highlands. The goal of some legal systems is limited to `` just '' revenge -- in the fashion of the contrapasso punishments awaiting those consigned to Dante 's Inferno, some have attempted to turn the crime against the criminal, in clever and often gruesome ways. Proverbs ( edit ) The popular expression `` revenge is a dish best served cold '' suggests that revenge is more satisfying if enacted when unexpected or long feared, inverting traditional civilized revulsion toward `` cold - blooded '' violence. The idea 's origin is obscure. The French diplomat Charles Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord ( 1754 -- 1838 ) has been credited with the saying, `` La vengeance est un met que l'on doit manger froid '' ( `` Revenge is a dish that must be eaten cold '' ), albeit without supporting detail. It has been in the English language at least since the 1846 translation of the 1845 French novel Mathilde by Joseph Marie Eugène Sue : `` la vengeance se mange très bien froide '', there italicized as if quoting a proverbial saying, and translated `` revenge is very good eaten cold ''. It has been wrongly credited to the novel Les Liaisons Dangereuses ( 1782 ). Its path to modern popularity may begin with the 1949 film Kind Hearts and Coronets which had revenge is a dish which people of taste prefer to eat cold. The familiar wording appears in the film Death Rides a Horse ( 1967 ), in the novel The Godfather by Mario Puzo ( 1969 ), as if from an `` old Klingon proverb '' in the film Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan ( 1982 ). The title sequence of the Quentin Tarantino film Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2003 ) referred to this last movie by again citing it as a Klingon proverb. After that it appeared in the 2004 version of Man on Fire. The phrase has also been credited to the Pashtuns of Afghanistan. Another proverb states, `` Before you embark on a journey of revenge, dig two graves ''. Another version ( Chinese : 子 不 复仇 非 子 也 ) proposes that a son who does not take revenge for his parents is not a son. In art ( edit ) Igagoe buyuden. This is an episode from a popular story of revenge -- how the son of a murdered samurai tracked the killer over all Japan. Revenge is a popular subject across many forms of art. Some examples include the painting Herodias ' Revenge by Juan de Flandes and the opera Don Giovanni by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. In Japanese art, revenge is a theme in various woodblock prints depicting the forty - seven Ronin by many well - known and influential artists, including Utagawa Kuniyoshi. The Chinese playwright Ji Junxiang used revenge as the central theme in his theatrical work The Orphan of Zhao ; it depicts more specifically familial revenge, which is placed in the context of Confucian morality and social hierarchical structure. In literature ( edit ) This section is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Revenge has been a popular literary theme historically and continues to play a role in modern and contemporary works today. Notable examples of literature that feature revenge as a theme include the plays Hamlet and Othello by William Shakespeare, the novel The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, and the short story `` The Cask of Amontillado '' by Edgar Allan Poe. More modern examples include the novels Carrie by Stephen King and Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn. Other examples are the Greek myths of Medea, and the novel The Princess Bride by William Goldman. Although revenge is a theme in itself, it is also considered to be a genre. Revenge as a genre has been consistent with a variety of themes that have frequently appeared in different texts over the last few centuries. Such themes at hand include but are not limited to : disguise, masking, sex, cannibalism, the grotesque, bodily fluids, power, violent murders, and secrecy. Each theme, along with the concept of dramatic irony, play a large role in the success of revenge in literature. Dramatic irony is a literary device in which the audience possesses knowledge unavailable to characters in a novel, play, or film. Its purpose is to intensify the tragic events that are going to unfold by creating tension between the audience and the actions of the characters. It is essential to narratives of revenge. The most common theme within the genre of revenge is the recurring violent murders that take place throughout the text, more so, however, in the final act or scene. The root of the violence is usually derived from the characters ' childhood development. Violent murders are seen in many texts ranging from dramas to novels. Carrie, a 20th - century novel written by Stephen King, has prime examples of this theme that do, indeed, occur during the final scenes. Another interesting text that incorporates this theme is the sixteenth - century drama Titus Andronicus by William Shakespeare. Continuing on, the themes of masking and disguise have the ability to go hand in hand with one another. A character may employ disguise literally or metaphorically. A mask, per se, is the literal example of this theme ; while pretending to be something one is not is considered to be the metaphoric example. Additional themes that may cause the protagonist and antagonist to develop a masked or disguised identity include sex, power, and even cannibalism. Examples of sex and power being used as themes can be seen in the novel Gone Girl, by Gillian Flynn, as well as the already mentioned drama, Titus Andronicus. Overall, although revenge is considered a theme in itself, its constant development over the last few centuries can allow it to be considered a genre as well. Key components, expressed as themes, that make up this genre are prevalent in copious literary works. In animals ( edit ) Horsfall, J.A. ( 1984 ). Brood reduction and brood division in coots. Animal Behaviour, 32 ( 1 ) : 216 - 225. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Humans are not the only species known to take revenge. There are several species such as camels, elephants, fish, lions, coots, and many species of primates ( chimpanzees, macaques, baboons, etc. ) that have been recognized to seek revenge. Primatologists Frans de Waal and Lesleigh Luttrellave conducted numerous studies that provide evidence of revenge in many species of primates. They observed chimpanzees and noticed patterns of revenge. For example, if chimpanzee A helped chimpanzee B defeat his opponent, chimpanzee C, then chimpanzee C would be more likely to help chimpanzee A 's opponent in a later squabble. Chimpanzees are one of the most common species that show revenge due to their desire for dominance. Studies have also been performed on less cognitive species such as fish to demonstrate that not only intellectual animals execute revenge. See also ( edit ) Crime of passion Cycle of violence Dirty Work ( 1998 film ) Divine retribution Eye for an eye / Lex talionis ( disambiguation ) Frontier justice Guilt - Shame - Fear spectrum of cultures Honor killing Karma Lawsuit Nemesis ( mythology ) Proportionality ( law ) Punishment Retributive justice Schadenfreude Vengeful ghost Vigilantism War References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sir Francis Bacon `` On Revenge '' ``. rjgeib.com. Jump up ^ The Killing Scene : Hamlet 5.2. 303 -- 309. Jump up ^ Michael Price ( June 2009 ). Revenge and the people who seek it. 40, No. 6. apa.org. p. Print version : page 34. Retrieved 1 October 2010. Jump up ^ Ian McKee, PhD. 2008. Social Justice Research ( Vol. 138, No. 2 ) Jump up ^ Ericksen, K.P. ; Horton, H. ( 1992 ). `` Blood feuds '' : Cross-cultural variations in kin group vengeance. Behavior Science Research. 26 ( 1 - 4 ) : 57 - 85. doi : 10.1177 / 106939719202600103. Jump up ^ Brandon Hamber and Richard A. Wilson, Symbolic Closure through Memory, Reparation and Revenge in Post-conflict Societies ( Johannesburg : Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, 1999 ) Jump up ^ Helena Yakovlev - Golani ( 2012 ). `` Revenge - the Volcano of Despair : The Story of the Israeli - Palestinian Conflict ''. Exploring the Facets of Revenge. p. 83. Jump up ^ `` Peacemaker breaks the ancient grip of Albania 's blood feuds ''. The Christian Science Monitor June 24, 2008 Jump up ^ `` Blood feuds and gun violence plague Turkey 's southeast ''. Reuters. May 5, 2009 Jump up ^ `` Deadly twist to PNG 's tribal feuds ''. BBC News. August 25, 2005 Jump up ^ Jennifer Speake ( 2008 ). Concise Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs, 5th Ed. Oxford University Press. p. 576. Retrieved 23 October 2013. Jump up ^ Le Dictionnaire Marabout des pensées des auteurs du monde entier. Verviers : Gérard & Co. 1969. Jump up ^ Eugène Sue ( 1845 ). Mathilde : mémoires d'une jeune femme. Welter. p. 148. Retrieved 26 December 2012. Jump up ^ Marie Joseph Eugène Sue ( 1846 ). The orphan ; or, Memoirs of Matilda, tr. ( from Mathilde ) by the hon. D.G. Osborne. p. 303. Jump up ^ `` The meaning and origin of the expression : Revenge is a dish best served cold ''. Retrieved 24 October 2013. Jump up ^ Fergusson, James ( 2011 ). Taliban : The Unknown Enemy. Da Capo Press. p. 32. ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 82034 - 2. Jump up ^ Liu, Wu - Chi ( 1953 ). `` The Original Orphan of China ''. Comparative Literature. 5 ( 3 ) : 195. JSTOR 1768912. Jump up ^ Shi, Fei ( 2009 ). `` Tragic Ways of Killing a Child : Staging Violence and Revenge in Classical Greek and Chinese Drama ''. In Constantinidis, Stratos E. Text & presentation, 2008. Jefferson : McFarland. p. 175. ISBN 9780786443666. Jump up ^ Marguerite, Tassi ( September 22, 2012 ). `` Women and Revenge in Shakespeare : Gender, Genre, and Ethics ''. Renaissance Quarterly. Jump up ^ Grobbink, Leonie ( July 2015 ). `` Revenge : An Analysis of Its Psychological Underpinnings ''. International Journal of Offender Therapy & Comparative Criminology. ^ Jump up to : Rholetter, Wylene ( January 2015 ). `` Dramatic Irony ''. Research Starters. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Literature. Jump up ^ Bloom, Sandra ( 2001 ). `` Reflections on the Desire for Revenge ''. Center for Nonviolence and Social Justice. Journal of Emotional Abuse. Jump up ^ Mills, M.G.L. ( 1991 ). Conservation management of large carnivores in Africa. Koedoe. 34 ( 1 ) : 81 - 90. Jump up ^ Horsfall, J.A. ( 1984 ). Brood reduction and brood division in coots. Animal Behaviour. 32 ( 1 ) : 216 - 225. doi : 10.1016 / S0003 - 3472 ( 84 ) 80340 - 1. Jump up ^ McCullough, Michael ( 2008 ). Beyond Revenge : The Evolution of the Forgiveness Instinct. Jossey - Bass. pp. 79 -- 85. External links ( edit ) Media related to Revenge at Wikimedia Commons Look up revenge in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Avenger of Blood. Wikiquote has quotations related to : Revenge Emotions ( list ) Emotions Adoration Affection Agitation Agony Amusement Anger Anguish Annoyance Anxiety Apathy Arousal Attraction Awe Boredom Calmness Compassion Contempt Contentment Defeat Depression Desire Disappointment Disgust Ecstasy Embarrassment Vicarious Empathy Enthrallment Enthusiasm Envy Euphoria Excitement Fear Frustration Gratitude Grief Guilt Happiness Hatred Hiraeth Homesickness Hope Horror Hostility Humiliation Hysteria Infatuation Insecurity Insult Interest Irritation Isolation Jealousy Joy Limerence Loneliness Longing Love Lust Melancholy Mono no aware Neglect Nostalgia Panic Passion Pity Pleasure Pride hubris Rage Regret Rejection Remorse Resentment Sadness Saudade Schadenfreude Sehnsucht Sentimentality Shame Shock Shyness Sorrow Spite Stress Suffering Surprise Sympathy Tenseness Wonder Worry World views Cynicism Defeatism Nihilism Optimism Pessimism Reclusion Weltschmerz Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revenge&oldid=861145288 '' Categories : Revenge Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with too many examples Wikipedia articles with style issues from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles containing Chinese - language text All articles with style issues Articles needing additional references from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2018, at 12 : 23 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Revenge", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Revenge&amp;oldid=861145288" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "13207669518451842767" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Asheville, North Carolina - wikipedia Asheville, North Carolina Jump to : navigation, search `` Asheville '' redirects here. For other uses, see Ashville. Asheville, North Carolina City Downtown Asheville and surrounding area Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : `` Land of the Sky '' Motto ( s ) : `` Quality of Service, Quality of Life '' Location in Buncombe County and the state of North Carolina Coordinates : 35 ° 34 ′ 48 '' N 82 ° 33 ′ 21 '' W  /  35.58000 ° N 82.55583 ° W  / 35.58000 ; - 82.55583 Coordinates : 35 ° 34 ′ 48 '' N 82 ° 33 ′ 21 '' W  /  35.58000 ° N 82.55583 ° W  / 35.58000 ; - 82.55583 Country United States State North Carolina County Buncombe Incorporated 1797 Named for Governor Samuel Ashe Government Mayor Esther Manheimer Council Members Brian Haynes, Julie Mayfield, Gordon Smith Gwen Wisler Keith Young Area City 45.3 sq mi ( 117.2 km ) Land 44.9 sq mi ( 116.4 km ) Water 0.3 sq mi ( 0.8 km ) 0.66 % Elevation 2,134 ft ( 650 m ) Population ( 2016 ) City 89,121 Estimate ( 2016 ) 89,121 Density 2,000 / sq mi ( 760 / km ) Urban 238,318 Metro 424,858 Demonym Ashevillian US Census Bureau official Time zone Eastern ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP Code 28801 - 06, 28810, 28813 - 16 Area code ( s ) 828 FIPS code 37 - 02140 GNIS feature ID 1018864 Website www.ashevillenc.gov Asheville City Hall ; Designed by Douglas Ellington, this building epitomizes the Art Deco style of the 1920s Original plan of Asheville, c. 1793 Asheville, as it appeared in 1854 View of downtown Asheville, 1888 The Biltmore House on Biltmore Estate, the largest private residence in the United States. The privately owned house and estate are now a major tourist attraction. Asheville is a city and the county seat of Buncombe County, North Carolina, United States. It is the largest city in Western North Carolina, and the 12th-most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina. The city 's population was 89,121 according to the 2016 estimates. It is the principal city in the four - county Asheville metropolitan area, with a population of 424,858 in 2010. Asheville is home to the United States National Climatic Data Center ( NCDC ), the world 's largest active archive of weather data. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Timeline 1.2 Origins 1.3 The Civil War 1.4 1880s 1.5 1900s to present 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Neighborhoods 2.3 Architecture 3 Demographics 3.1 Religion 4 Metropolitan area 5 Economy 5.1 Largest employers 6 Politics 6.1 Local government 6.1. 1 Controversy 6.2 State government 6.3 Federal government 7 Education 7.1 Colleges 8 Transportation 9 Public services and utilities 10 Sustainability and environmental initiatives 11 Local culture 11.1 Music 11.2 Sports 11.2. 1 Current teams 11.2. 2 Previous teams 11.2. 3 Other sports 11.2. 4 Recreational sports 11.3 Performing arts 11.4 Art galleries 11.5 Places of worship 11.6 Film and television 11.7 Media 12 Notable people 13 Asheville in fiction 14 Points of interest 15 Sister cities 16 Notes 17 References 18 Bibliography 19 External links History ( edit ) Timeline ( edit ) ( title = Timeline of Asheville, North Carolina titlestyle = background : # F8F8FF ; width : 60 % ) ) 1792 - Settlement established ( approximate date ). 1793 - Log courthouse built. 1797 - Town of Asheville incorporated ; named after politician Samuel Ashe. 1800 - Population : 38. 1824 - Buncombe Turnpike built in vicinity of Asheville. 1829 - Vance Circulating Library Society founded. 1849 - Asheville News begins publication. 1860 - Population : 502. 1870 North Carolina Citizen newspaper begins publication. Population : 1,400. 1879 - Public Library opens. 1880 - Western North Carolina Railroad begins operating. 1883 - City of Asheville incorporated. 1889 - Streetcar begins operating. 1890 - Population : 10,235. 1893 - Young Men 's Institute Building constructed. 1894 - Swannanoa Country Club founded. 1895 - Biltmore Estate ( residence ) built near Asheville. 1897 - Zebulon Baird Vance monument erected in Pack Square. 1898 Manor Hotel in business. Biltmore Forest School established near Asheville. 1899 - Appalachian National Park Association formed during a meeting in Asheville. 1900 - Future writer Thomas Wolfe born in Asheville. 1906 - Will Harris 's murderous rampage 1909 St. Lawrence Church built. Palace Theatre in business. 1913 - Grove Park Inn in business. 1915 - Asheville Masonic Temple built. 1917 - West Asheville becomes part of the city of Asheville. 1920 - Population : 28,504. 1922 - Imperial Theatre in business. 1924 - Hi - rise Jackson Building constructed. 1925 - Memorial Stadium opens. 1927 WWNC radio begins broadcasting. First Baptist Church built. 1928 Asheville City Hall and Buncombe County Courthouse built. Dutch - owned Enka rayon manufactory begins operating near city. 1929 - Kenilworth becomes part of Asheville. 1930 Southern Mountain Handicraft Guild founded. Population : 50,193. 1934 Bus begins operating. Great Smoky Mountains National Park established in vicinity of Asheville. 1936 - Blue Ridge Parkway constructed ( approximate date ). 1941 - Black Mountain College of art relocates to vicinity of Asheville. 1948 - March 10 : Highland Hospital fire ; Zelda Fitzgerald among the fatalities. 1952 - Western North Carolina Historical Association organized. 1953 - WISE - TV ( television ) begins broadcasting. 1954 - WLOS - TV ( television ) begins broadcasting. 1959 - Asheville Industrial Education Center established. 1961 - Asheville Regional Airport begins operating. 1971 - Asheville Mall in business. 1976 - Preservation Society of Asheville and Buncombe County organized. 1978 - North Carolina Division of Archives and Records `` Western Office '' headquartered in Asheville. 1979 - Old Buncombe County Genealogical Society formed. 1980 - Population : 54,022. 1983 - James M. Clarke becomes U.S. representative for North Carolina 's 11th congressional district. 1990 - Sister city agreement established with Vladikavkaz, Russia. 1991 - Asheville Citizen - Times newspaper in publication. 1994 - Sister city agreement established with San Cristóbal de las Casas, Mexico. 1996 - Sister city agreement established with Saumur, France. 1998 - City website online ( approximate date ). 2000 - Population : 68,889. 2003 - Asheville Film Festival begins. 2004 - Sister city agreement established with Karpenisi, Greece. 2005 Terry Bellamy becomes first African - American in city elected mayor. Patrick McHenry becomes U.S. representative for North Carolina 's 10th congressional district. 2006 - Sister city agreement established with Valladolid, Mexico. 2007 - Buncombe County Public Libraries active. 2008 - Sister city agreement established with Osogbo, Nigeria. 2010 - Population : 83,393. 2013 - Esther Manheimer becomes mayor. ) Origins ( edit ) Before the arrival of the Europeans, the land where Asheville now exists lay within the boundaries of the Cherokee Nation. In 1540, Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto came to the area, bringing the first European visitors along with European diseases, which seriously depleted the native population. The area was used as an open hunting ground until the middle of the 19th century. The history of Asheville, as a town, began in 1784. In that year, Colonel Samuel Davidson and his family settled in the Swannanoa Valley, redeeming a soldier 's land grant from the state of North Carolina. Soon after building a log cabin at the bank of Christian Creek, Davidson was lured into the woods by a band of Cherokee hunters and killed. Davidson 's wife, child and female slave fled on foot overnight to Davidson 's Fort ( named after Davidson 's father General John Davidson ) 16 miles away. In response to the killing, Davidson 's twin brother Major William Davidson and brother - in - law Colonel Daniel Smith formed an expedition to retrieve Samuel Davidson 's body and avenge his murder. Months after the expedition, Major Davidson and other members of his extended family returned to the area and settled at the mouth of Bee Tree Creek. The United States Census of 1790 counted 1,000 residents of the area, excluding the Cherokee Native Americans. Buncombe County was officially formed in 1792. The county seat, named `` Morristown '' in 1793, was established on a plateau where two old Indian trails crossed. In 1797, Morristown was incorporated and renamed `` Asheville '' after North Carolina Governor Samuel Ashe. The Civil war ( edit ) Asheville, with a population of approximately 2,500 by 1861, remained relatively untouched by the Civil War, but contributed a number of companies to the Confederate States Army, and a substantially smaller number of soldiers to the Union. For a time, an Enfield rifle manufacturing facility was located in the town. The war came to Asheville as an afterthought, when the `` Battle of Asheville '' was fought in early April 1865 at the present - day site of the University of North Carolina at Asheville, with Union forces withdrawing to Tennessee after encountering resistance from a small group of Confederate senior and junior reserves and recuperating Confederate soldiers in prepared trench lines across the Buncombe Turnpike ; orders had been given to the Union force to take Asheville only if this could be accomplished without significant losses. An engagement was also fought later that month at Swannanoa Gap as part of the larger Stoneman 's Raid, with Union forces retreating in the face of resistance from Brig. Gen. Martin, commander of Confederate troops in western North Carolina, but returning to the area via Howard 's Gap and Henderson County. In late April 1865 troops under the overall command of Union Gen. Stoneman captured Asheville. Hartley, Stoneman 's Raid, p. 362 ( Blair, 2010 ) After a negotiated departure, the troops nevertheless subsequently returned and plundered and burned a number of Confederate supporters ' homes in Asheville. The years following the war were a time of economic and social hardship in Buncombe County, as throughout most of the defeated South. 1880s ( edit ) On October 2, 1880, the Western North Carolina Railroad completed its line from Salisbury to Asheville, the first rail line to reach the city. Almost immediately it was sold and resold to the Richmond and Danville Railroad Company, becoming part of the Southern Railway in 1894. With the completion of the first railway, Asheville experienced a slow but steady growth as industrial plants increased in number and size, and new residents built homes. Textile mills were established and plants were set up for the manufacture of wood and mica products, foodstuffs, and other commodities. The 21 - mile distance between Hendersonville and Asheville of the former Asheville and Spartanburg Railroad was completed in 1886. By that point, the line was operated as part of the Richmond and Danville Railroad until 1894 and controlled by the Southern Railway afterward. ( Asheville 's final passenger train, a coach - only remnant of the Southern Railway 's Carolina Special, last ran on December 5, 1968. ) Asheville had the first electric street railway lines in the state of North Carolina, the first of which opened in 1889. These would be replaced by buses in 1934. 1900s to present ( edit ) Construction of Grove Park Inn, 1912 Thomas Wolfe House at 52 Market Street in downtown Asheville J. Rush Oates Plaza in downtown Asheville Children cool off in the fountain in Pack Square in Asheville. In 1900, Asheville was the third largest city in the state, behind Wilmington and Charlotte. Asheville prospered in the decades of the 1910s and 1920s. During these years, Rutherford P. Hayes, son of President Rutherford B. Hayes, bought land, helped to create the African - American Burton Street Community, and worked to establish a sanitary district in West Asheville, which became an incorporated town in 1913, merging with Asheville in 1917. The Great Depression, the period of Asheville 's history made world - famous by the novel Look Homeward, Angel, hit Asheville quite hard. On November 20, 1930, eight local banks failed. Only Wachovia remained open with infusions of cash from Winston - Salem. Because of the explosive growth of the previous decades, the per capita debt owed by the city ( through municipal bonds ) was the highest in the nation. By 1929, both the city and Buncombe County had incurred over $56 million in bonded debt to pay for a wide range of municipal and infrastructure improvements, including City Hall, the water system, Beaucatcher Tunnel, and Asheville High School. Rather than default, the city paid those debts over a period of fifty years. From the start of the depression through the 1980s, economic growth in Asheville was slow. During this time of financial stagnation, most of the buildings in the downtown district remained unaltered. Therefore, Asheville has one of the most impressive, comprehensive collections of Art Deco architecture in the United States. On July 15 -- 16, 1916, the Asheville area was subject to severe flooding from the remnants of a tropical storm which caused more than $3 million in damage. In September 2004, remnants of Hurricanes Frances and Ivan caused major flooding in Asheville, particularly at Biltmore Village. In 2003, Centennial Olympic Park bomber Eric Robert Rudolph was transported to Asheville from Murphy, North Carolina, for arraignment in federal court. Geography ( edit ) Asheville is located in the Blue Ridge Mountains at the confluence of the Swannanoa River and the French Broad River. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 45.3 square miles ( 117.2 km ), of which 44.9 square miles ( 116.4 km ) is land and 0.31 square miles ( 0.8 km ), or 0.66 %, is water. Climate ( edit ) Asheville has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ), resembling the rest of the Piedmont region of the southeastern U.S., but with noticeably cooler temperatures due to the higher altitude ; it is part of USDA Hardiness zone 7a. The area 's summers in particular, though warm, are not as hot as summers in cities farther east in the state, as the July daily average temperature is 73.8 ° F ( 23.2 ° C ) and there is an average of only 9.4 days with 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) + highs annually ; The last time a calendar year passed without a 90 ° F reading was 2009. Moreover, warm nights where the low remains at or above 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) are much more uncommon than 90 ° F temperatures. Winters are cool, with a January daily average of 37.1 ° F ( 2.8 ° C ) and highs remaining at or below freezing on 5.5 days. Official record temperatures range from − 16 ° F ( − 27 ° C ) on January 21, 1985 to 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) on August 21, 1983 ; the record cold daily maximum is 4 ° F ( − 16 ° C ) on February 4, 1895, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 77 ° F ( 25 ° C ) on July 17, 1887. Readings as low as 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) or as high as 95 ° F ( 35 ° C ) rarely occur, the last occurrences being January 7, 2014 and July 1, 2012, respectively. The average window for freezing temperatures is October 17 to April 18, allowing a growing season of 181 days. Precipitation is relatively well spread ( though the summer months are slightly wetter ), and averages 45.6 inches ( 1,160 mm ) annually, but has historically ranged from 22.79 in ( 579 mm ) in 1925 to 75.22 in ( 1,911 mm ) in 2013. Snowfall is sporadic, averaging 9.9 inches ( 25.1 cm ) per winter, but actual seasonal accumulation varies considerably from one winter to the next ; accumulation has ranged from trace amounts in 2011 -- 12 to 48.2 inches ( 122.4 cm ) in 1968 -- 69. Freezing rain often occurs, accompanied by significant disruption. ( show ) Climate data for Asheville Regional Airport, North Carolina ( 1981 -- 2010 normals, extremes 1869 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 80 ( 27 ) 80 ( 27 ) 87 ( 31 ) 90 ( 32 ) 93 ( 34 ) 98 ( 37 ) 99 ( 37 ) 100 ( 38 ) 95 ( 35 ) 90 ( 32 ) 83 ( 28 ) 81 ( 27 ) 100 ( 38 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 66.2 ( 19 ) 69.0 ( 20.6 ) 76.4 ( 24.7 ) 82.5 ( 28.1 ) 85.5 ( 29.7 ) 89.2 ( 31.8 ) 91.3 ( 32.9 ) 90.6 ( 32.6 ) 86.4 ( 30.2 ) 80.7 ( 27.1 ) 73.6 ( 23.1 ) 66.3 ( 19.1 ) 92.4 ( 33.6 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 47.4 ( 8.6 ) 51.0 ( 10.6 ) 58.7 ( 14.8 ) 67.7 ( 19.8 ) 74.8 ( 23.8 ) 81.3 ( 27.4 ) 84.0 ( 28.9 ) 82.9 ( 28.3 ) 76.9 ( 24.9 ) 68.1 ( 20.1 ) 58.8 ( 14.9 ) 49.5 ( 9.7 ) 66.8 ( 19.3 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 26.7 ( − 2.9 ) 29.7 ( − 1.3 ) 35.5 ( 1.9 ) 42.8 ( 6 ) 51.4 ( 10.8 ) 59.6 ( 15.3 ) 63.7 ( 17.6 ) 62.9 ( 17.2 ) 55.8 ( 13.2 ) 44.6 ( 7 ) 35.8 ( 2.1 ) 29.3 ( − 1.5 ) 44.8 ( 7.1 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 8.4 ( − 13.1 ) 13.5 ( − 10.3 ) 19.9 ( − 6.7 ) 27.9 ( − 2.3 ) 36.0 ( 2.2 ) 48.1 ( 8.9 ) 55.0 ( 12.8 ) 53.3 ( 11.8 ) 41.3 ( 5.2 ) 28.9 ( − 1.7 ) 21.3 ( − 5.9 ) 12.6 ( − 10.8 ) 4.8 ( − 15.1 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 16 ( − 27 ) − 9 ( − 23 ) ( − 17 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 35 ( 2 ) 44 ( 7 ) 42 ( 6 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 20 ( − 7 ) ( − 17 ) − 7 ( − 22 ) − 16 ( − 27 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.67 ( 93.2 ) 3.76 ( 95.5 ) 3.83 ( 97.3 ) 3.33 ( 84.6 ) 3.66 ( 93 ) 4.65 ( 118.1 ) 4.31 ( 109.5 ) 4.40 ( 111.8 ) 3.81 ( 96.8 ) 2.91 ( 73.9 ) 3.65 ( 92.7 ) 3.59 ( 91.2 ) 45.57 ( 1,157.5 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 4.1 ( 10.4 ) 2.2 ( 5.6 ) 1.9 ( 4.8 ) 0.7 ( 1.8 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 0.9 ( 2.3 ) 9.9 ( 25.1 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 10.0 9.5 11.0 10.2 11.9 12.7 12.9 12.7 9.5 8.2 9.7 9.7 128.0 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 1.9 1.5 0.9 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 1.0 5.8 Average relative humidity ( % ) 72.6 69.8 68.4 66.2 75.3 78.6 81.6 83.5 84.1 78.4 74.8 74.1 75.6 Mean monthly sunshine hours 175.9 181.2 223.5 252.3 264.1 267.0 257.5 227.8 207.5 219.6 178.8 167.2 2,622.4 Percent possible sunshine 56 59 60 64 61 61 58 55 56 63 58 55 59 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity 1964 -- 1990, sun 1961 -- 1990 ) Neighborhoods ( edit ) North -- includes the neighborhoods of Albemarle Park, Beaverdam, Beaver Lake, Chestnut Hills, Colonial Heights, Five Points, Grove Park, Hillcrest, Kimberly, Klondyke, Montford, and Norwood Park. Chestnut Hill, Grove Park, Montford, and Norwood Park neighborhoods are listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Montford and Albemarle Park have been named local historic districts by the Asheville City Council. East -- includes the neighborhoods of Kenilworth, Beverly Hills, Chunn 's Cove, Haw Creek, Oakley, Oteen, Reynolds, Riceville, and Town Mountain. West -- includes the neighborhoods of Camelot, Wilshire Park, Bear Creek, Deaverview Park, Emma, Hi - Alta Park, Lucerne Park, Malvern Hills, Sulphur Springs, Burton Street, Haywood Road, and Pisgah View. South -- includes the neighborhoods of Ballantree, Biltmore Village, Biltmore Park, Oak Forest, Royal Pines, Shiloh, and Skyland. Biltmore Village has been named a local historic district by the Asheville City Council. Architecture ( edit ) Biltmore Estate in 2006 Notable architecture in Asheville includes its Art Deco city hall, and other unique buildings in the downtown area, such as the Battery Park Hotel, the original of which was 475 - feet long with numerous dormers and chimneys ; the Neo-Gothic Jackson Building, the first skyscraper on Pack Square ; Grove Arcade, one of America 's first indoor shopping malls ; and the Basilica of St. Lawrence. The S&W Cafeteria Building is also a fine example of Art Deco architecture in Asheville. The Grove Park Inn is an important example of architecture and design of the Arts and Crafts movement. Asheville 's recovery from the Depression was slow and arduous. Because of the financial stagnation, there was little new construction and much of the downtown district remained unaltered. Inside dome of the Basilica of St. Lawrence, and final resting place of Rafael Guastavino ( d. 1908 ) in Asheville. The Montford Area Historic District and other central areas are considered historic districts and include Victorian houses. Biltmore Village, located at the entrance to the famous estate, showcases unique architectural features. It was here that workers stayed during the construction of George Vanderbilt 's estate. The YMI Cultural Center, founded in 1892 by George Vanderbilt in the heart of downtown, is one of the nation 's oldest African - American cultural centers. Demographics ( edit ) Location of the Asheville - Brevard CSA and its components : Asheville Metropolitan Statistical Area Brevard Micropolitan Statistical Area Historical population Census Pop. % ± 1800 38 -- 1860 502 -- 1870 1,400 178.9 % 1880 2,616 86.9 % 1890 10,235 291.2 % 1900 14,694 43.6 % 1910 18,762 27.7 % 1920 28,504 51.9 % 1930 50,193 76.1 % 1940 51,310 2.2 % 1950 53,000 3.3 % 1960 60,192 13.6 % 1970 57,929 − 3.8 % 1980 54,022 − 6.7 % 61,607 14.0 % 2000 68,889 11.8 % 83,393 21.1 % Est. 2016 89,121 6.9 % 2011 estimate Asheville is the larger principal city of the Asheville - Brevard CSA, a Combined Statistical Area that includes the Asheville metropolitan area ( Buncombe, Haywood, Henderson, and Madison counties ) and the Brevard micropolitan area ( Transylvania County ), which had a combined population of 398,505 at the 2000 census. At the 2000 census, there were 68,889 people, 30,690 households and 16,726 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,683.4 per square mile ( 650.0 / km2 ). There were 33,567 housing units at an average density of 820.3 per square mile ( 316.7 / km2 ). The racial composition of the city was : 77.95 % White, 17.61 % Black or African American, 3.76 % Hispanic or Latino American, 0.92 % Asian American, 0.35 % Native American, 0.06 % Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, 1.53 % some other race, and 1.58 % two or more races. There were 30,690 households of which 22.2 % had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.1 % were married couples living together, 13.0 % had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.5 % were non-families. 36.8 % of all households were made up of individuals and 13.8 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.81. Age distribution was 19.6 % under the age of 18, 10.3 % from 18 to 24, 28.7 % from 25 to 44, 23.1 % from 45 to 64, and 18.3 % who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.9 males. The median household income was $32,772, and the median family income was $44,029. Males had a median income of $30,463 versus $23,488 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,024. About 13 % of families and 19 % of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.9 % of those under age 18 and 10.1 % of those age 65 or over. Religion ( edit ) Asheville is the headquarters of the Episcopal Diocese of Western North Carolina, which is seated at the Cathedral of All Souls. Asheville is also an important city for North Carolinian Catholics, who make pilgrimages to the Basilica of St. Lawrence. Metropolitan area ( edit ) Asheville is the largest city located within the Asheville MSA ( Metropolitan Statistical Area ). The MSA includes Buncombe County ; Haywood County ; Henderson County ; and Madison County ; with a combined population -- as of the 2014 Census Bureau population estimate -- of 442,316. Apart from Asheville, the MSA includes Hendersonville and Waynesville, along with a number of smaller incorporated towns : Biltmore Forest, Black Mountain, Canton, Clyde, Flat Rock, Fletcher, Hot Springs, Laurel Park, Maggie Valley, Mars Hill, Marshall, Mills River, Montreat, Weaverville and Woodfin. Several sizable unincorporated rural and suburban communities are also located nearby : Arden, Barnardsville ( incorporated until 1970 ), Bent Creek, Candler, Enka, Fairview, Jupiter ( incorporated until 1970 ), Leicester, Oteen, Skyland, and Swannanoa. Economy ( edit ) Largest employers ( edit ) According to the city 's 2009 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the largest employers in the city are : # Employer # of Employees Mission Health System 3,000 + Buncombe County Schools System 3,000 + Ingles Markets, Inc. 3,000 + State of North Carolina 1,000 + 5 Buncombe County 1,000 + 6 Asheville VA Medical Center 1,000 + 7 City of Asheville 1,000 + 8 Wal - Mart 1,000 + 9 The Biltmore Company 1,000 + 10 Asheville -- Buncombe Technical Community College 1,000 + 11 Eaton 1,000 + 12 Grove Park Inn 500 -- 999 13 Asheville City Schools 500 -- 999 14 Community CarePartners 500 -- 999 15 United States Postal Service 500 -- 999 16 BorgWarner Turbo Systems 500 -- 999 17 Thermo Fisher Scientific 500 -- 999 18 Arvato Digital Services 500 -- 999 19 Employment Control 500 -- 999 20 Volvo Construction Equipment 500 -- 999 Politics ( edit ) Local government ( edit ) Downtown Asheville is a major attraction for tourists. The City of Asheville operates under a council - manager form of government, via its charter. The city council appoints a city manager, a city attorney, and a city clerk. In the absence or disability of the mayor, the vice-mayor performs the mayoral duties. The vice-mayor is appointed by the members of City Council. City Council determines the needs to be addressed and the degree of service to be provided by the administrative branch of city government. Merrill Lynch building in downtown Asheville, designed by famed architect I.M. Pei BB&T, a financial institution based in Winston - Salem, had a large office in downtown Asheville. Another look at downtown Asheville In 2005 Mayor Charles Worley signed the U.S. Conference of Mayors Climate Protection Agreement and in 2006 the City Council created the Sustainable Advisory Committee on Energy and the Environment. In 2007 the Council became the first city on the East Coast to commit to building all municipal buildings to LEED Gold Standards and to achieve 80 percent energy reduction of 2001 standards by 2040. Also in 2007 the Council signed an agreement with Warren Wilson College stating the intent of the city and college to work together toward climate partnership goals. Controversy ( edit ) In 2009, a group of Asheville citizens challenged the legitimacy of Cecil Bothwell 's election to the City Council, citing the North Carolina Constitution, which does not permit atheists to hold public office. Bothwell has described himself as a `` post theist '' rather than an atheist and is a member of a local Unitarian Universalist congregation. The opponents to his election never filed suit. In response to the charge, legal scholars explained that the U.S. Supreme Court held in Torcaso v. Watkins that religious tests for political office are unconstitutional. Mr. Bothwell served his four - year Council term and was re-elected in 2013. While the city council elections are non-partisan, party politics may enter into play with both Republican and Democratic counterparts backing their registered members candidacy. An effort by the council to return to partisan elections was defeated by voters in a referendum held in November 2007. Current elected officials Mayor : Esther Manheimer Vice-Mayor : Gwen Wisler Council : Vijay Kapoor Council : Brian Haynes Council : Julie Mayfield Council : Gordon Smith Council : Keith Young See also : List of mayors of Asheville, North Carolina State government ( edit ) In the North Carolina Senate, Terry Van Duyn ( D - Asheville ) and Chuck Edwards ( R - Hendersonville ) both represent parts of Buncombe County. Van Duyn represents most of the city of Asheville. Edwards represents a small portion of the southern part of Asheville. In the North Carolina House of Representatives, Susan Fisher ( D - Asheville ), John Ager ( D - Asheville ), and Brian Turner ( D - Asheville ) all represent parts of the county. All three of them represent parts of the city, although the majority of it is in Fisher 's district. Federal government ( edit ) In the 2012 presidential election, Barack Obama won the entirety of Buncombe County with 55 % of the vote. Obama has visited the city on a few occasions. In April 2010, he and his family vacationed in the city ; it was the first time he visited since October 5, 2008. In the United States presidential election of 2016, Hillary Clinton won 54.30 % of the vote in Buncombe County and Donald Trump 40.10 %, according to the North Carolina State Board of Elections. North Carolina is represented in the United States Senate by Richard Burr ( R - Winston - Salem ) and Thom Tillis ( R - Greensboro ). The city of Asheville is based in both North Carolina 's 10th congressional district and North Carolina 's 11th congressional district, represented by Patrick McHenry ( R - Gaston County ) and Mark Meadows ( R - Jackson County ), respectively. Education ( edit ) Students ( K - 12 ) are assigned to one of two public school systems in the city of Asheville, Buncombe County Schools or Asheville City Schools, based on address. Asheville High School Main Entrance ( designed by Douglas Ellington ) Public Asheville City Schools include Asheville High School ( known as Lee H Edwards High School 1935 -- 1969 ), School of Inquiry and Life Sciences at Asheville, Asheville Middle School, Claxton Elementary, Randolph Learning Center, Hall Fletcher Elementary, Isaac Dickson Elementary, Ira B. Jones Elementary and Vance Elementary. Asheville High has been ranked by Newsweek magazine as one of the top 100 high schools in the United States. The Buncombe County Schools System operates high schools, middle schools and elementary schools both inside and outside the city of Asheville. Clyde A. Erwin High School, TC Roberson High School and A.C. Reynolds High School are three Buncombe County schools located in Asheville. Asheville was formerly home to one of the few Sudbury schools in the Southeast, Katuah Sudbury School. It is also home to several charter schools, including Francine Delany New School for Children ( one of the first charter schools in North Carolina ), ArtSpace Charter School, and Evergreen Community Charter School, an Outward Bound - Expeditionary Learning School, recognized as one of the most environmentally conscious schools in the country. Two private residential high schools are located in the Asheville area : the all - male Christ School ( located in Arden ) and the co-educational Asheville School. Other private schools include Carolina Day School, Veritas Christian Academy and Asheville Christian Academy. Colleges ( edit ) Asheville and its surrounding area have several institutions of higher education : Asheville - Buncombe Technical Community College ( Asheville ) Black Mountain College ( Black Mountain : 1933 -- 1957 ) Shaw University College of Adult and Professional Education or C.A.P.E. Brevard College ( Brevard ) Lenoir - Rhyne University - Center for Graduate Studies of Asheville ( Asheville ) Mars Hill University ( Mars Hill ) Montreat College ( Montreat ) University of North Carolina at Asheville ( Asheville ) Warren Wilson College ( Swannanoa ) Western Carolina University ( Cullowhee ) Blue Ridge Community College ( Flat Rock ) South College - Asheville ( Asheville ) Transportation ( edit ) Asheville is served by Asheville Regional Airport in nearby Fletcher, North Carolina, and by Interstate 40, Interstate 240, and Interstate 26. A milestone was achieved in 2003 when Interstate 26 was extended from Mars Hill ( north of Asheville ) to Johnson City, Tennessee, completing a 20 - year half - billion dollar construction project through the Blue Ridge Mountains. Work continues to improve Interstate 26 from Mars Hill to Interstate 40 by improving U.S. Route 19 and U.S. Route 23 and the western part of Interstate 240. This construction will include a multimillion - dollar bridge to cross the French Broad River. The city operates Asheville Redefines Transit, which consists of sixteen bus lines providing service throughout the City of Asheville and to Black Mountain, North Carolina. The Norfolk Southern Railway passes through the city, though passenger service is currently not available in the area. Public services and utilities ( edit ) The residents of Asheville are served by the Buncombe County Public Libraries, consisting of 11 branches located throughout the county with the headquarters and central library, Pack Memorial Library, being located downtown. The system also includes a law library in the Buncombe County Courthouse and a genealogy and local history department located in the central library. Drinking water in Asheville is provided by the Asheville water department. The water system consists of three water treatment plants, more than 1,600 miles ( 2,600 km ) of water lines, 30 pumping stations and 27 storage reservoirs. Sewer services are provided by the Metropolitan Sewerage District of Buncombe County, power provided by Duke Energy, and natural gas is provided by PSNC Energy. Asheville offers public transit through the ART ( Asheville Redefines Transit ) bus service that operates across the City of Asheville and to the town of Black Mountain. Routes originate from a central station located at 49 Coxe Avenue. Sustainability and environmental initiatives ( edit ) The city of Asheville is home to a Duke Energy Progress coal power plant near Lake Julian. This power plant is designated as having Coal Combustion Residue Surface Impoundments with a High Hazard Potential by the EPA. In 2012 a Duke University study found high levels of arsenic and other toxins in North Carolina lakes and rivers downstream from the Asheville power plants coal ash ponds. Samples collected from coal ash waste flowing from the ponds at the Duke Energy Progress plant to the French Broad River in Buncombe County contained arsenic levels more than four times higher than the EPA drinking water standard, and levels of selenium 17 times higher than the agency 's standard for aquatic life. In March 2013 the State of North Carolina sued Duke Energy Progress in order to address similar environmental compliance issues. In July 2013 Duke Energy Corp. and North Carolina environmental regulators proposed a settlement in the lawsuit that stated coal ash threatened Asheville 's water supply. The settlement called for Duke to assess the sources and extent of contamination at the Riverbend power plant in Asheville. Duke was to be fined $99,100. However, following the coal ash spill in Eden, NC, the North Carolina DENR cancelled all previous settlements with Duke Energy. The city of Asheville claims a clear focus on sustainability and the development of a green economy. For Asheville, this goal is defined in their Sustainability Management Plan as : `` Making decisions that balance the values of environmental stewardship, social responsibility and economic vitality to meet our present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. '' As part of the Zero Waste AVL initiative, which began in 2012, each resident receives `` Big Blue, '' a rolling cart in which they can put all of their materials unsorted. Residents can recycle a great variety of materials and `` in this first year of the program 6.30 % of waste was diverted from the landfill for recycling. '' The Asheville City Council 's goal is to reduce the overall carbon footprint 80 % by the year 2030. This means 4 % or more reduction per year. In 2009 the reduction was made when the `` City installed over 3,000 LED street lights, managed its water system under ISO 14001 standards for environmental management, improved the infrastructure and management of many of its buildings, and switched many employees to a 4 - day work week ( which saves emissions from commuting ). '' Asheville is recognized by the Green Restaurant Association as the first city in the U.S. to be a Green Dining Destination ( significant density of green restaurants ). Local culture ( edit ) Music ( edit ) Live music is a significant element in the tourism - based economy of Asheville and the surrounding area. Seasonal festivals and numerous nightclubs and performance venues offer opportunities for visitors and locals to attend a wide variety of live entertainment events. Asheville has a strong tradition of street performance and outdoor music, including festivals, such as Bele Chere and the Lexington Avenue Arts & Fun Festival ( LAAFF ). One event is `` Shindig on the Green, '' which happens Saturday nights during July and August on City / County Plaza. By tradition, the Shindig starts `` along about sundown '' and features local bluegrass bands and dance teams on stage, and informal jam sessions under the trees surrounding the County Courthouse. The `` Mountain Dance & Folk Festival '' started in 1928 by Bascom Lamar Lunsford is said to be the first event ever labeled a `` Folk Festival ''. Another popular outdoor music event is `` Downtown After 5, '' a monthly concert series held from 5 pm till 9 pm that hosts popular touring musicians as well as local acts. A regular drum circle, organized by residents in Pritchard Park, is open to all and has been a popular local activity every Friday evening. It is also home of the Moog Music Headquarters. Asheville also plays host to the Warren Haynes Christmas Jam, an annual charity event which raises money for Habitat For Humanity, and attracts nationally touring acts ; in addition to regular performers Haynes himself, and the band he plays with, Gov 't Mule, past acts include The Allman Brothers Band, Dave Matthews Band, Ani Difranco, Widespread Panic. Other big acts that have played the Asheville area in recent years are bands such as Dawes, Porcupine Tree, Broken Social Scene, Ween, the Avett Brothers, Gillian Welch, Cat Power, Ghost Mice, Loretta Lynn, the Disco Biscuits, STS9, Pretty Lights, Primus, M. Ward and the Mountain Goats. DJ music, as well as a small, but active, dance community are also components of the downtown musical landscape. The town is also home to the Asheville Symphony Orchestra and the Asheville Lyric Opera and there are a number of bluegrass, country, and traditional mountain musicians in the Asheville area. A residency at local music establishment the Orange Peel by the Smashing Pumpkins in 2007, along with the Beastie Boys in 2009, brought national attention to Asheville. The Seattle based rock band Band of Horses have also recorded their last two albums at Echo Mountain Studios in Asheville, as have the Avett Brothers ( who have also traditionally played a New Year 's Eve concert in Asheville ). Christian vocal group the Kingsmen originated in Asheville. Sports ( edit ) Current teams ( edit ) Name Sport Founded League Venue Asheville Tourists Baseball 1897 South Atlantic League McCormick Field Asheville City SC Soccer 2016 National Premier Soccer League Memorial Stadium Previous teams ( edit ) Name Sport Founded League Venue Years in Asheville Asheville Smoke Ice hockey 1991 United Hockey League Asheville Civic Center 1998 -- 2002 Asheville Aces Ice hockey Southern Professional Hockey League Asheville Civic Center Asheville Altitude Basketball National Basketball Development League Asheville Civic Center 2001 -- 2005 Other sports ( edit ) Area colleges and universities, such as the University of North Carolina at Asheville, compete in sports. UNCA 's sports teams are known as the Bulldogs and play in the Big South Conference. The Fighting Owls of Warren Wilson College participate in mountain biking and ultimate sports teams. The college is also home of the Hooter Dome, where the Owls play their home basketball games. The Civic Center is home to the Blue Ridge Rollergirls, an up - and - coming team in the sport of Women 's Flat - Track Roller Derby. Recreational sports ( edit ) Asheville is a major hub of whitewater recreation, particularly whitewater kayaking, in the eastern US. Many kayak manufacturers have their bases of operation in the Asheville area. Some of the most distinguished whitewater kayakers live in or around Asheville. In its July / August 2006 journal, the group American Whitewater named Asheville one of the top five US whitewater cities. Asheville is also home to numerous Disc Golf courses. Soccer is another popular recreational sport in Asheville. There are two youth soccer clubs in Asheville, Asheville Shield Football Club and HFC. The Asheville Hockey League provides opportunities for youth and adult inline hockey at an outdoor rink at Carrier Park. The rink is open to the public and pick - up hockey is also available. The Asheville Civic Center has held recreational ice hockey leagues in the past. Performing Arts ( edit ) Sculpture in Downtown Asheville of a young lady drinking from a fountain shaped like a horse. The Asheville Community Theatre was founded in 1946, producing the first amateur production of the Appalachian drama, Dark of the Moon. Soon after, the young actors Charlton Heston and wife Lydia Clarke took over the small theatre. The current ACT building has two performance spaces -- the Mainstage Auditorium ( and named the Heston Auditorium ) ; and the more intimate black box performance space 35below. The Asheville Lyric Opera celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2009 with a concert featuring Angela Brown, David Malis, and Tonio Di Paolo, veterans of the Metropolitan Opera. The ALO has typically performed three fully staged professional operas for the community in addition to its vibrant educational program. The Fringe Festival features alternative performances. Art galleries ( edit ) The Flood Fine Arts Center is a non-profit contemporary art institution in the River Arts District. Places of worship ( edit ) Places of worship in Asheville include the Roman Catholic Basilica of St. Lawrence, the Episcopal Cathedral of All Souls and St. Luke 's Church, Jesus People Church of Asheville, Conservative Jewish Beth Israel Synagogue, and The Asheville Jewish Learning Institute. Film and television ( edit ) Although the area has had a long history with the entertainment industry, recent developments are cementing Asheville as a potential growth area for both film and TV. The Asheville Film Festival has completed its sixth year. However the City of Asheville, which funds the festival, has announced that it will no longer fund the festival. The festival 's future is in doubt. The city is also an annual participant in the 48 - Hour Film Project. The original logo for URTV Asheville Public Access channel. The city 's Public - access television cable TV station URTV broadcast programs from 2006 to 2011. Films made at least partially in the area include A Breed Apart, Searching for Angela Shelton, Last of the Mohicans ( box office # 1 film in the U.S. ), Being There, My Fellow Americans, Loggerheads, The Fugitive ( # 1 film ), All the Real Girls, Richie Rich, Thunder Road, Hannibal ( # 1 film ), Songcatcher, Patch Adams ( # 1 film ), Nell, Forrest Gump ( # 1 film ), Mr. Destiny, Dirty Dancing, Bull Durham, The Private Eyes, The Swan, The Clearing, The Conquest of Canaan, House of Poets, The Purple Box, 28 Days, and The Hunger Games ( box office # 1 film ). Locally produced films include Golden Throats of the 20th century and Anywhere, U.S.A., a winning film at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival for Special Jury Prize for Spirit of Independence. Asheville also hosts the ActionFest Film Festival 2010 -- 2012. The 2010 inaugural edition included Chuck Norris, who was honored as the first ActionFest `` man of action. '' The Twin Rivers Media Festival is an independent multi-media film festival held annually in downtown Asheville. The festival held its 20th annual event in May 2013. Media ( edit ) See also : List of newspapers in North Carolina, List of radio stations in North Carolina, and List of television stations in North Carolina Asheville is in the `` Greenville - Spartanburg - Asheville - Anderson '' television DMA and the `` Asheville '' radio ADI for the city 's radio stations. The primary television station in Asheville is ABC affiliate WLOS - TV Channel 13, with studios in Biltmore Park and a transmitter on Mount Pisgah. Other stations licensed to Asheville include WUNF, a PBS station on Channel 33 and The CW affiliate WYCW on Channel 62. Asheville is also served by the Upstate South Carolina stations of WYFF Channel 4 ( NBC ), WSPA - TV Channel 7 ( CBS ), WHNS - TV Channel 21 ( FOX ), MyNetworkTV station WMYA Channel 40 and 3ABN station Channel 41. SCETV PBS affiliates from the Upstate of South Carolina are generally not carried on cable systems in the North Carolina portion of the DMA, though are accessible via an HD antennae in some areas. The Asheville Citizen - Times is Asheville 's daily newspaper which covers most of Western North Carolina. The Mountain Xpress is the largest weekly in the area, covering arts and politics in the region. The Asheville Daily Planet is a monthly paper. The Biltmore Beacon is a weekly newspaper specifically written to be of interest to residents and businesses in the various Biltmore communities including Biltmore Forest, Biltmore Park, Biltmore Lake, The Ramble at Biltmore Forest, Main Street at Biltmore Park and Biltmore Village. WCQS is Asheville 's public radio station. It has National Public Radio news and other programs, classical and jazz music. Friends of Community Radio created WSFM - LP, a volunteer - based, grassroots community radio station. The station is licensed under the `` Free Form '' format. There are also a variety of broadcasts dedicated to Poetry, Interviews, Selected Topics, Children 's Radio, and Comedy. The staff have remote broadcast many local concerts including ( but not limited to ) Monotonix from Israel, JEFF the Brotherhood from Nashville, Screaming Females from New Jersey, and local acts. Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Asheville, North Carolina See also : List of University of North Carolina at Asheville notable people Asheville in fiction ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Famous authors Thomas Wolfe ( d. 1938 ) and O. Henry ( d. 1910 ) are buried in Riverside Cemetery in Asheville. Other authors with Asheville ties include Charles Frazier ( Cold Mountain ( the mountain is in neighboring Haywood County ) - a # 1 1997 New York Times Best Seller ), Chicago poet Carl Sandburg ( d. 1967 in his home in Flat Rock ), and F. Scott Fitzgerald ( who wrote while at the Grove Park Inn ). The character Harrison Shepherd, the narrator and protagonist of Barbara Kingsolver 's ( author of The Bean Trees ) novel The Lacuna lived in Asheville. Asheville is featured as a location in the novel One Second After by William R. Forstchen ( who lives in the area ). Asheville is the place Natalie, the heroine in the novel Joshua Spassky by British author Gwendoline Riley, visits to meet the eponymous hero. She is an admirer of F. Scott Fitzgerald and fascinated by Zelda Fitzgerald who died in 1948 in a fire at the Highland hospital in Asheville. Deborah Smith 's novel The Crossroads Cafe is set in the mountains above Asheville, and prominent scenes take place in the city. Sequels to that novel also take place in and around Asheville. Angela Blake, a character in the TV series The West Wing was from Asheville. The film The Hunger Games was filmed near Asheville. Thomas Wolfe 's novel Look Homeward, Angel is largely set in Asheville -- named Altamont in the book. James Dashner 's dystopian novel The Kill Order ( 2012 ) ( part of The Maze Runner ( series ) ) takes place in and around Asheville. Callum Hunt, the protagonist of Holly Black and Cassandra Clare 's The Magisterium Series, is from Asheville. Several prominent scenes take place in the city. Points of interest ( edit ) BB&T Building, tallest structure in Asheville Biltmore Estate, largest privately owned house in the United States, and listed as U.S. National Historic Landmark Blue Ridge Parkway, America 's longest linear park Botanical Gardens at Asheville, non-profit botanical gardens initially designed by Doan Ogden Grove Park Inn, hotel listed on U.S. National Register of Historic Places Jackson Building, first skyscraper in western North Carolina McCormick Field, one of the oldest minor - league stadiums still in regular use North Carolina Arboretum, arboretum and botanical garden located within the Bent Creek Experimental Forest Smith - McDowell House, the city 's first mansion and oldest surviving house, and the oldest brick structure in Buncombe County Thomas Wolfe House, boyhood home of American author Thomas Wolfe, and a U.S. National Historic Landmark Sister cities ( edit ) Asheville has seven sister cities : Karpenisi ( Greece ) Karakol, ( Kyrgyzstan ) San Cristóbal de las Casas ( Mexico ) Saumur ( France ) Valladolid, Yucatán ( Mexico ) Vladikavkaz ( Russia ) Osogbo, ( Nigeria ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The record number of annual 90 ° F readings is 32 in 1952, which would be lower than average in most cities in the southeast U.S. Jump up ^ The extremely wet summer that year, including the record wettest July, helped the year beat the old record set in 1973 by about 10.3 in ( 260 mm ). In fact, the year - to - date precipitation on November 26, 2013 was enough to rewrite the record books. Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010. Jump up ^ Official precipitation records for Asheville were kept at Aston Park from March 1869 to July 1876, various locations in the city from August 1876 to August 1964, and at Asheville Regional Airport since September 1964. Snow and temperature records began December 18, 1869 and November 1, 1876, respectively. For more information, see ThreadEx. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Why Work for BCS? ''. BCS website. Buncombe County Schools. Retrieved November 3, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Quick Facts, Asheville, North Carolina ''. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 1, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates ''. Retrieved June 9, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder ''. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2008. Jump up ^ `` GNIS Feature Search ''. United States Geological Survey. June 17, 1980. Retrieved January 6, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Find a County ''. National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011. Jump up ^ https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/ashevillecitynorthcarolina/PST045216 ^ Jump up to : `` Census Bureau Home Page ''. Census.gov. Retrieved May 22, 2016. Jump up ^ Powell 2010. ^ Jump up to : Federal Writers ' Project 1939. Jump up ^ Davies Project. `` American Libraries before 1876 ''. Princeton University. Retrieved March 10, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Newspaper Directory ''. Chronicling America. Washington DC : Library of Congress. Retrieved March 10, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Library Time Line ''. Asheville : Pack Library. Retrieved March 10, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Ronald D. Eller ( 1982 ). Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers : Industrialization of the Appalachian South, 1880 - 1930. University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 87049 - 341 - 6. ^ Jump up to : Hellmann 2006. ^ Jump up to : North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources. `` ( Asheville ) ''. This Day in North Carolina History. Retrieved March 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Visiting Our Past : Asheville Country Club 's golf history '', Asheville Citizen - Times, Gannett, April 19, 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Asheville, NC ''. National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary. Washington DC : National Park Service. Retrieved March 10, 2017. ^ Jump up to : C. Brenden Martin ( 2007 ). Tourism in the Mountain South : A Double - edged Sword. University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 575 - 2. Jump up ^ Ernie Gross ( 1990 ). This Day in American History. Neal - Schuman. ISBN 978 - 1 - 55570 - 046 - 1. ^ Jump up to : `` Movie Theaters in Asheville, NC ''. CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles : Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved March 10, 2017. Jump up ^ Jack Alicoate, ed. ( 1939 ), `` Standard Broadcasting Stations of the United States : North Carolina '', Radio Annual, New York : Radio Daily, OCLC 2459636 ^ Jump up to : American Association for State and Local History ( 2002 ). `` North Carolina : Asheville ''. Directory of Historical Organizations in the United States and Canada ( 15th ed. ). ISBN 0759100020. ^ Jump up to : Charles A. Alicoate, ed. ( 1960 ), `` Television Stations : North Carolina '', Radio Annual and Television Year Book, New York : Radio Daily Corp., OCLC 10512206 ^ Jump up to : Gregory 2010. Jump up ^ `` North Carolina ''. Official Congressional Directory. Washington, D.C. : Government Printing Office. 1983 -- via HathiTrust. ^ Jump up to : `` Our Sister Cities ''. Asheville Sister Cities. Retrieved March 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Asheville, North Carolina! ''. Archived from the original on May 12, 1998 -- via Internet Archive, Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Kevin Hyde ; Tamie Hyde ( eds. ). `` United States of America : North Carolina ''. Official City Sites. Utah. OCLC 40169021. Archived from the original on August 24, 2000. Jump up ^ Civic Impulse, LLC. `` Members of Congress ''. GovTrack. Washington, D.C. Retrieved March 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Asheville city, North Carolina ''. QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Original extent of Cherokee claims 1732 '' ( map /. GIF ). Collection at the University of Georgia. June 26, 1996. Archived from the original on June 26, 2006. Retrieved July 23, 2006. Jump up ^ The Historic News ( 1999 ). `` A History of Asheville and Buncombe County ''. Old Buncombe County Genealogical Society. Archived from the original ( text /. html ) on June 19, 2006. Retrieved July 23, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Cherokee History, Part One '' ( text /. html ). Lee Sultzman. February 28, 1996. Archived from the original on July 7, 2006. Retrieved July 23, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Asheville -- 0 -- 1800 The Early Settlers '' ( text /. html ). Asheville.be. 2006. Archived from the original on July 21, 2006. Retrieved July 23, 2006. Jump up ^ Alex S. Caton ; Rebecca Lamb ( 1999 -- 2004 ). `` The Early Settlement of Buncombe Country and the Drover 's Road ''. Smith - McDowell House Museum. Archived from the original ( text /. html ) on July 20, 2006. Retrieved July 23, 2006. Jump up ^ various ( 2001 -- 2002 ). `` Asheville ''. Western North Carolina Heritage. Land of the Sky. Archived from the original on May 1, 2006. Retrieved July 23, 2006. In his ( Samuel Ashe ) honor the name of Morristown was changed to Asheville. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Hartley, supra, at p. 350 - 358. Jump up ^ `` NC Business History - Railroad - Western North Carolina Railroad history & officers ''. Historync.org. Retrieved June 29, 2013. Jump up ^ The Federal Writers ' Project of the Federal Works Agency, Works Projects Administration for the State of North Carolina, `` North Carolina : A Guide to the Old North State '', The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1939, page 139. Jump up ^ `` Thomas Lanier Clingman ''. google.com. Jump up ^ `` Appalachian History : Manuscript Resources in Special Collections ''. Special Collections. University Libraries, Virginia Tech. May 2, 2005. Asheville and Spartanburg Railroad Company. Retrieved January 6, 2015. Jump up ^ The Federal Writers ' Project of the Federal Works Agency, Works Projects Administration for the State of North Carolina, `` North Carolina : A Guide to the Old North State '', ISBN 0403021820 ; The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1939, pages 69, 139. Jump up ^ `` North Carolina Cities Population Changes in the 1800s ''. North Carolina Business History. Retrieved July 5, 2017. Jump up ^ Neufeld, Rob ( July 2, 2017 ). `` Visiting Our Past : President 's son helped create West Asheville ''. Asheville Citizen - Times. Retrieved July 4, 2017. Jump up ^ `` 8 CAROLINA BANKS FAIL AS BOOM ENDS ''. The New York Times. November 21, 1930. Retrieved April 25, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Preservation - Asheville, North Carolina : A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary ''. Nps.gov. Retrieved June 29, 2013. Jump up ^ Boyle, John ( February 6, 2015 ). `` Did Asheville pay off its Depression - era debt? ''. Asheville Citizen - Times. p. A2. Jump up ^ `` ABOUT ''. D.H. Ramsey Library Special Collections. University of North Carolina at Asheville. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Preservation -- Asheville, North Carolina : A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary ''. www.nps.gov. Retrieved November 28, 2016. Jump up ^ Santora, Marc ( September 20, 2004 ). `` Storm 's Devastation Is Revealed, and a Mountain Hamlet Mourns ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ Postelle, Brian ( November 10, 2004 ). `` Sleeping giant Mountain Xpress ``. Mountainx.com. Retrieved June 29, 2013. Jump up ^ Ellingwood, Ken ( June 2, 2003 ). `` The Nation ; Fugitive 's Capture Heightens Speculation ; Locals are touchy about the theory that some sympathetic with his anti-government views helped the suspected bomber elude the law ''. Jump up ^ Fletcher, Michael A ( June 3, 2003 ). `` Rudolph to be tried first in Alabama ; Abortion clinic bomb case said to be strongest ''. Chicago Tribune. Jump up ^ `` USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map ''. planthardiness.ars.usda.gov. Retrieved November 28, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data ''. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 4, 2016. Jump up ^ `` NOAA records for August -- Asheville, NC ''. noaa.gov. Jump up ^ `` Station Name : NC ASHEVILLE RGNL AP ''. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 4, 2016. Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for ASHEVILLE / REGIONAL, NC 1961 -- 1990 ''. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 4, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Asheville Neighborhoods ''. Ashevilleneighborhoods.info. March 20, 2010. Retrieved May 22, 2016. Jump up ^ Chase, Nan K. Asheville : A History, ( 2007 ) : p. 39, 61, 93. Jump up ^ `` S&W Cafeteria ''. Asheville 's Built Environment. University of North Carolina at Asheville. Archived from the original on December 28, 2007. Jump up ^ `` The Urban News ''. The Urban News. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on May 20, 2007. Retrieved May 12, 2007. Jump up ^ METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS AND COMPONENTS Archived May 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine., Office of Management and Budget, May 11, 2007. Accessed 2008 - 08 - 01. Jump up ^ MICROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS AND COMPONENTS Archived June 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine., Office of Management and Budget, May 11, 2007. Accessed 2008 - 08 - 01. Jump up ^ COMBINED STATISTICAL AREAS AND COMPONENT CORE BASED STATISTICAL AREAS Archived June 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine., Office of Management and Budget, May 11, 2007. Accessed 2008 - 08 - 01. Jump up ^ Julia, Flier. `` Law Firm in Asheville North Carolina ''. Fisher Stark. Retrieved November 28, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Pilgrimage - Jubilee Year of Mercy ''. Basilica of Saint Lawrence. Jump up ^ `` City of Asheville Comprehensive Annual Financial Report '' ( PDF ). Ashevillec.gov. Retrieved May 22, 2016. Jump up ^ `` About City Government ''. Ashevillenc.gov. Retrieved June 29, 2013. Jump up ^ Jordan Schrader ; Dale Neal ( December 8, 2009 ). `` Critics of Cecil Bothwell cite N.C. bar to atheists ''. Asheville Citizen - Times. Retrieved December 10, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Article VI : Suffrage and Eligibility to Office - Sec. 8. Disqualifications for office ''. North Carolina State Constitution. State of North Carolina. Retrieved February 15, 2014. The following persons shall be disqualified for office : First, any person who shall deny the being of Almighty God. Jump up ^ `` Critics of Cecil Bothwell cite N.C. bar to atheists ''. The Asheville Citizen - Times. Jump up ^ `` Asheville councilman atheism debate goes viral : Cecil Bothwell gets wide audience ''. citizen-times.com. Jump up ^ `` Wisler, Smith, Bothwell win council seats ''. Asheville Citizens - Times. November 5, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Meet City Council ''. Ashevillenc.gov. Retrieved December 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` United States - North Carolina - NC State Senate - NC State Senate 48 ''. Our Campaigns. May 10, 2007. Retrieved June 29, 2013. Jump up ^ NC General Assembly webmasters. `` North Carolina General Assembly - Buncombe County Representation ( 2013 - 2014 Session ) ''. Ncleg.net. Retrieved June 29, 2013. Jump up ^ James, Frank ( October 17, 2011 ). `` Obama Hearts North Carolina But It May Have Lost That Loving Feeling : It 's All Politics ''. NPR. Retrieved June 29, 2013. Jump up ^ Wing, Nicholas ( April 16, 2010 ). `` Obama Vacation : First Family To Visit Asheville, North Carolina ''. Huffington Post. Jump up ^ `` Evergreen Community Charter School, Asheville North Carolina - Evergreen Community Charter School, Asheville North Carolina ''. Evergreenccs.org. Retrieved June 29, 2013. Jump up ^ `` I - 26 Connector, Asheville, NC ''. Public Information Website. North Carolina Department of Transportation. n.d. Archived from the original on July 6, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Maps & Schedules ''. ashevillenc.gov. Jump up ^ `` Libraries - Branch Locations ''. Buncombe County. Retrieved March 28, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Water Production ''. City of Asheville, NC. Retrieved March 28, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Asheville Transit ''. City of Asheville. Retrieved March 28, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Coal Combustion Residuals ( CCR ) - Surface Impoundments with High Hazard Potential Ratings ''. Jump up ^ `` Duke University : Progress Energy plant polluting French Broad River, October 15, 2012 ''. Archived from the original on November 29, 2013. Jump up ^ `` NC files new lawsuits against Duke Energy today, August 16, 2013 ''. Archived from the original on November 29, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Local News - The Asheville Citizen - Times - citizen-times.com ''. The Asheville Citizen - Times. ^ Jump up to : `` Sustainability Management Plan '' ( PDF ). Ashevillenc.gov. August 2009. Retrieved May 22, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Sustainability ''. Ashevillenc.gov. Retrieved May 22, 2016. Jump up ^ `` City of Asheville Carbon Footprint Annual Report : 2011 - 2012 '' ( PDF ). Ashevillenc.gov. Retrieved May 22, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on December 1, 2013. Retrieved August 9, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Music pumps up economy, enlivens nightlife '' ; Michael Flynn ; Asheville Citizen - Times ; August 22, 2003 Jump up ^ Dewan, Shaila ( October 24, 2010 ). `` 36 Hours in Asheville ''. The New York Times. Retrieved June 6, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Rocking the boat ''. Mountain Xpress. ^ Jump up to : American Whitewater Journal July / August 2006 ( not published on the web yet ) Jump up ^ `` Asheville Community Theatre '' PRODUCTION HISTORY ``. Ashevilletheatre.org. Retrieved January 22, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Asheville Community Theatre ''. Ashevilleguidebook.com. Retrieved January 22, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Asheville Community Theatre Asheville, NC 's Official Travel Site ''. Explore Asheville. Retrieved January 22, 2016. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` The Asheville Fringe Arts Festival - Asheville Fringe Arts Festival ''. Asheville Fringe Arts Festival. Jump up ^ `` Religious services, festivals : Asheville faith news ''. Citizen - Times. October 23, 2015. Jump up ^ `` 48 - Hour Film Festival Asheville ''. 48hourfilm.com. Retrieved May 22, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Anywhere USA Sundance Award ''. History.sundance.org. Retrieved May 22, 2016. Jump up ^ staff ( May 18, 2012 ). `` Asheville 's River Arts District hosts 19th annual Twin Rivers Media Festival beginning Friday '' ( PDF ). ashevillenc.gov. Retrieved August 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Moe, Jack. `` The Vision of the Twin Rivers Media Festival - Asheville, NC ''. Appalachian Getaways. Retrieved August 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Motsinger, Carol ( May 9, 2013 ). `` 20th annual Twin Rivers Media Festival opens May 17 ''. Asheville Citizen - Times. Retrieved August 13, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Market Ranks ''. arbitron.com. Jump up ^ `` Riverside Cemetery ''. cityofasheville.github.io. Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions - Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site ( U.S. National Park Service ) ''. www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30. Jump up ^ `` About The Lacuna Barbara Kingsolver ''. www.kingsolver.com. Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Apocalypse WNC ''. Mountain Xpress. Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on August 24, 2007. Retrieved August 3, 2007. Bibliography ( edit ) `` Buncombe County ''. Branson 's North Carolina Business Directory ( 6th ed. ). Raleigh : Levi Branson. 1884. Asheville City Directory. Southern Directory Co. 1887. Lindsey 's Guide Book to Western North Carolina. Asheville : T.H. Lindsey. 1890. Asheville and Vicinity, a Handbook of Information, Containing an Exhaustive History of Asheville. Atlanta : J.D. Eggleston and J.S. McIlwaine. 1897. Foster A. Sondley ( February 1898 ), `` Asheville 's Centenary '', Asheville Citizen F.H. Richardson ( 1905 ). `` Asheville, N.C. ''. Richardson 's Southern Guide. Chicago : Monarch Book Company -- via Internet Archive. `` Asheville '', United States ( 4th ed. ), Leipzig : K. Baedeker, 1909, OCLC 02338437 `` Asheville '', Encyclopaedia Britannica ( 11th ed. ), New York, 1910, OCLC 14782424 John Preston Arthur ( 1914 ). `` County History : Buncombe County ''. Western North Carolina : a History ( from 1730 to 1913 ). Raleigh : Edwards & Broughton. pp. 143 -- 159. ( Includes information about Asheville ) `` Everybody Helps : Asheville 's Unique Method of Raising Money ''. Town Development : a Magazine for the Man Who Believes in Himself and in His Town. New York. 13. December 1914. OCLC 52158201. Asheville, North Carolina City Directory, Commercial Service Co., 1921 F.A. Sondley ; Theodore Davidson ( 1922 ). Asheville and Buncombe County. Asheville : The Citizen Co. `` Asheville Builds a New City ''. American City Magazine. New York : Civic Press. 35. September 1926. OCLC 29653835. Federal Writers ' Project ( 1939 ). `` Asheville ''. North Carolina : a Guide to the Old North State. American Guide Series. Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press. p. 137 +. City of Asheville ( 2003 ), Asheville 2025 Plan Paul T. Hellmann ( 2006 ). `` North Carolina : Asheville ''. Historical Gazetteer of the United States. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1 - 135 - 94859 - 3. Chase, Nan K. 2007. Asheville, a history. Jefferson, NC : McFarland & Co. Lisa Gregory ( 2010 ), William S. Powell, ed., `` Asheville '', Encyclopedia of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press William S. Powell ; Michael Hill ( 2010 ). `` Asheville ''. North Carolina Gazetteer ( 2nd ed. ). University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 9829 - 1. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Asheville, North Carolina. Official Asheville, NC website Asheville, North Carolina, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary Asheville travel guide by Asheville Convention and Visitors Bureau Asheville travel guide from Wikivoyage `` North Carolina Room ''. Asheville : Pack Memorial Library. Collecting and preserving the history of Asheville, Buncombe County, and western North Carolina Items related to Asheville, North Carolina, various dates ( via Digital Public Library of America ) Ramsey Library. `` Appalachian Studies ''. Research Guides. Asheville : University of North Carolina. ( Subject guide ) Humanities and Social Sciences Division. `` Resources for Local History and Genealogy by State : North Carolina ''. Bibliographies and Guides. Washington DC : Library of Congress. Municipalities and communities of Buncombe County, North Carolina, United States County seat : Asheville City Asheville Towns Biltmore Forest Black Mountain Montreat Weaverville Woodfin CDPs Avery Creek Bent Creek Fairview Royal Pines Swannanoa Unincorporated communities Alexander Arden Barnardsville Candler Enka Flat Creek Forks of Ivy Jupiter Leicester Ridgecrest Skyland Stocksville State of North Carolina Raleigh ( capital ) Topics Climate Geography Government History Law Media Newspapers Radio TV Music North Carolinians State Parks Tourist attractions Wildlife Seal of North Carolina Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Elections Gambling Politics Sports Regions Cape Fear Coastal Plain Crystal Coast Eastern Foothills High Country Inner Banks Metrolina ( Charlotte ) Outer Banks Piedmont Piedmont Triad Sandhills Triangle Western Largest cities Asheville Cary Chapel Hill Charlotte Concord Durham Fayetteville Gastonia Greensboro Greenville High Point Jacksonville Raleigh Wilmington Winston ‐ Salem Smaller cities Albemarle Apex Asheboro Burlington Conover Eden Elizabeth City Garner Goldsboro Graham Havelock Henderson Hendersonville Hickory Kannapolis Kings Mountain Kinston Laurinburg Lenoir Lexington Lumberton Monroe Morganton New Bern Newton Reidsville Roanoke Rapids Rocky Mount Salisbury Sanford Shelby Statesville Thomasville Wake Forest Wilson Major towns Beaufort Boone Brevard Carrboro Clayton Cornelius Dunn Fuquay - Varina Harrisburg Holly Springs Hope Mills Huntersville Indian Trail Kernersville Knightdale Leland Matthews Midland Mint Hill Mooresville Morehead City Morrisville Mount Pleasant Oxford Shallotte Smithfield Southern Pines Tarboro Waynesville Winterville Counties Alamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie Bladen Brunswick Buncombe Burke Cabarrus Caldwell Camden Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe Forsyth Franklin Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood Henderson Hertford Hoke Hyde Iredell Jackson Johnston Jones Lee Lenoir Lincoln Macon Madison Martin McDowell Mecklenburg Mitchell Montgomery Moore Nash New Hanover Northampton Onslow Orange Pamlico Pasquotank Pender Perquimans Person Pitt Polk Randolph Richmond Robeson Rockingham Rowan Rutherford Sampson Scotland Stanly Stokes Surry Swain Transylvania Tyrrell Union Vance Wake Warren Washington Watauga Wayne Wilkes Wilson Yadkin Yancey University of North Carolina at Asheville Located in : Asheville, North Carolina Academics Botanical Gardens Athletics Bulldogs Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Justice Center Kimmel Arena Big South Conference Campus OBC People Founded : 1927 All - America City Award : Hall of Fame Akron, Ohio Anchorage, Alaska Asheville, North Carolina Baltimore Boston Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus, Ohio Dayton, Ohio Des Moines, Iowa Edinburg, Texas Fayetteville, North Carolina Fort Wayne, Indiana Fort Worth, Texas Gastonia, North Carolina Grand Island, Nebraska Grand Rapids, Michigan Hickory, North Carolina Independence, Missouri Kansas City, Missouri Laurinburg, North Carolina New Haven, Connecticut Peoria, Illinois Philadelphia Phoenix, Arizona Roanoke, Virginia Rockville, Maryland Saint Paul, Minnesota San Antonio Seward, Alaska Shreveport, Louisiana Tacoma, Washington Toledo, Ohio Tupelo, Mississippi Wichita, Kansas Worcester, Massachusetts VIAF : 168816176 GND : 4352239 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asheville,_North_Carolina&oldid=825701786 '' Categories : Asheville, North Carolina Cities in North Carolina County seats in North Carolina Populated places established in 1784 Asheville metropolitan area Cities in Buncombe County, North Carolina Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Use mdy dates from May 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ирон Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Volapük Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018, at 22 : 12. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Asheville, North Carolina", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Asheville,_North_Carolina&amp;oldid=825701786" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "3027913117566284982" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Battle of Crécy - wikipedia Battle of Crécy Jump to : navigation, search `` Crecy '' and `` Crécy '' redirect here. For other uses, see Crecy ( disambiguation ). Battle of Crécy Part of the Hundred Years ' War Image from a 15th - century illuminated manuscript of Jean Froissart 's Chronicles Date 26 August 1346 Location Crécy - en - Ponthieu, Picardy, France 50 ° 15 ′ 25 '' N 1 ° 54 ′ 14 '' E  /  50.257 ° N 1.904 ° E  / 50.257 ; 1.904 Coordinates : 50 ° 15 ′ 25 '' N 1 ° 54 ′ 14 '' E  /  50.257 ° N 1.904 ° E  / 50.257 ; 1.904 Result English victory Belligerents Kingdom of England Principality of Wales Lordship of Ireland Duchy of Gascony Duchy of Aquitaine Normandy Imperial mercenaries County of Hainaut County of Flanders Duchy of Brittany Kingdom of France Kingdom of Bohemia County of Luxemburg Duchy of Lorraine Kingdom of Majorca Republic of Genoa Kingdom of Navarre Commanders and leaders King Edward III Edward of Woodstock Earl of Northampton Sir John Chandos King Philip VI + Count of Alençon † Duke of Lorraine † Count of Blois † John the Blind † Charles of Bohemia + Antonio Doria Carlo Grimaldi Strength Modern estimates : ~ 14,000 : 2,500 men - at - arms 5,000 longbowmen 3,000 hobelars 3,500 spearmen 5 ribauldequin Modern estimates : 20,000 -- 30,000 : 10,000 -- 12,000 men - at - arms 2,000 -- 6,000 crossbowmen Unknown infantry Contemporary sources : 72,000 -- 132,000 12,000 -- 100,000 men - at - arms 2,000 -- 20,000 crossbowmen 12,000 -- 100,000 infantry Casualties and losses Modern consensus : 100 -- 300 killed Contemporary sources : 3 -- 300 killed Modern estimates : 1,542 -- 4,000 men - at - arms killed Infantry losses unknown Contemporary sources : 16,200 -- 30,000 killed or captured Hundred Years ' War Edwardian phase ( 1337 -- 60 ) Cadzand Arnemuiden English Channel Sluys Saint - Omer Tournai Bergerac Auberoche Caen Blanchetaque Crécy Calais Neville 's Cross Lunalonge Calais Les Espagnols sur Mer ( Winchelsea ) Saintes Ardres Poitiers Jacquerie Chartres Hundred Years ' War Edwardian phase War of the Breton Succession War of the Two Peters Castilian Civil War Caroline phase Despenser 's Crusade 1383 -- 85 Crisis Lancastrian phase Armagnac -- Burgundian conflict The Battle of Crécy ( 26 August 1346 ), also called Battle of Cressy, was an English victory during the Edwardian phase of the Hundred Years ' War. Married with the later battles of Poitiers in 1356, and Agincourt in 1415, it was the first of three famous English successes during the conflict. The battle was fought on 26 August 1346 near Crécy, in northern France. An army of English, Welsh, and allied mercenary troops led by Edward III of England, engaged and defeated a much larger army of French, Genoese and Majorcan troops led by Philip VI of France. Emboldened by the lessons of tactical flexibility and utilisation of terrain learned from the earlier Saxons, Vikings, Muslims and the recent battles with the Scots, the English army won an important victory. The battle heralded the rise of the longbow as the dominant weapon on the Western European battlefield, and helped to continue the rise of the infantryman in medieval warfare. Crécy also saw the use of the ribauldequin, an early cannon, by the English army. The heavy casualties taken by the French knightly class at the hands of peasants wielding ranged weapons was indicative of the decline of chivalry, and the emergence of a more practical, pragmatic approach to conducting warfare. The battle crippled the French army 's ability to come to the aid of Calais, which fell to the English the following year. Calais would remain under English rule for over two centuries, falling in 1558. Contents ( hide ) 1 Campaign background 2 Battle 2.1 Preparation 2.1. 1 The English army 2.1. 2 The French army 2.1. 3 Longbow versus crossbow 2.2 Initial deployments 2.3 The French attack 3 Aftermath 3.1 Casualties 3.2 Campaign and legacy 3.3 Renaissance Florence 4 Nobles and men at arms at the battle 5 Fictional accounts 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 7.2 Primary sources 7.3 Anthologies of translated sources 8 Further reading 9 External links Campaign background ( edit ) On the death of the French monarch Charles IV in 1328, Edward III of England was his closest male relative and legal successor. But a French court decreed that Charles ' closest relative was his first cousin, Philip, Count of Valois. Philip was crowned as Philip VI of France. Reluctantly, Edward paid homage to Philip in his role as the Duke of Aquitaine, which he had inherited, in 1329. Populated by Gascons with a culture and language separate from the French, the inhabitants of Aquitaine preferred their relationship with the English crown. However, France continued to interfere in the affairs of the Gascons in matters both of law and war. Philip confiscated the lands of Aquitaine in 1337, precipitating war between England and France. Edward declared himself King of France in 1340, and set about unseating his rival from the French throne. An early naval victory at Sluys in 1340 annihilated the French naval forces, giving the English domination at sea. Edward then invaded France with 12,000 men through the Low Countries, plundering the countryside. After an aborted siege of Cambrai, Edward led his army on a destructive chevauchée through Picardy, destroying hundreds of villages all the while shadowed by the French. Battle was given by neither side and Edward withdrew, bringing the campaign to an abrupt end. Edward returned to England to raise more funds for another campaign and to deal with political difficulties with the Scots, who were making regular raids over the border. On 11 July 1346, Edward set sail from Portsmouth with a fleet of 750 ships and an army of 15,000 men. With the army were Edward 's sixteen - year - old son, Edward, the Black Prince, a large contingent of Welsh soldiers, and allied knights and mercenaries from the Holy Roman Empire. The army landed at St. Vaast la Hogue, 20 miles from Cherbourg. The intention was to undertake a massive chevauchée across Normandy, plundering its wealth and severely weakening the prestige of the French crown. Carentan, Saint - Lô and Torteval were all razed, after which Edward turned his army against Caen, the ancestral capital of Normandy. The English army sacked Caen on 26 July, plundering the city 's huge wealth. Moving off on 1 August, the army marched north to the River Seine, possibly intending to attack Paris. The English army crossed the Seine at Poissy ; however it was now between the Seine and the Somme rivers. Philip moved off with his army, attempting to entrap and destroy the English force. Fording the Somme proved difficult : all bridges were either heavily guarded or burned. Edward vainly attempted to probe the crossings at Hangest - sur - Somme and Pont - Remy before moving north. Despite some close encounters, the pursuing French army was unable to engage the English. Edward was informed of a tiny ford on the Somme, likely well defended, near the village of Saigneville, called Blanchetaque. On 24 August, Edward and his army successfully forced a crossing at Blanchetaque with few casualties. Such was the French confidence that Edward would not ford the Somme that the area beyond had not been denuded, allowing Edward 's army to plunder it and resupply ; Noyelles - sur - Mer and Le Crotoy were burned. Edward used the respite to prepare a defensive position at Crécy - en - Ponthieu while waiting for Philip to bring up his army. The position was protected on the flanks by the River Maye to the west, and the town of Wadicourt to the east, as well as a natural slope, putting cavalry at a disadvantage. Battle ( edit ) Preparation ( edit ) Battle of Crécy ( 19th - century engraving ) Edward deployed his army facing south on a sloping hillside at Crécy - en - Ponthieu ; the slope put the French mounted knights at an immediate disadvantage. The left flank was anchored against Wadicourt, while the right was protected by Crécy itself and the River Maye beyond. This made it impossible for the French army to outflank them. The army was also well - fed and rested, giving them an advantage over the French, who did not rest before the battle. The English army ( edit ) The English army was led by Edward III ; it mainly comprised English and Welsh troops along with allied Breton, Flemish, and German mercenaries. The exact size and composition of the English force is not known. Andrew Ayton suggests a figure of around 2,500 men - at - arms : nobles and knights, heavily armoured and armed men, accompanied by their retinues. The army contained around 5,000 longbowmen, 3,000 hobelars ( light cavalry and mounted archers ) and 3,500 spearmen. Clifford Rodgers suggests 2,500 men - at - arms, 7,000 longbowmen, 3,250 hobelars and 2,300 spearmen. Jonathon Sumption believes the force was somewhat smaller, based on calculations of the carrying capacity of the transport fleet that was assembled to ferry the army to the continent. Based on this, he has put his estimate at around 7,000 -- 10,000. The power of Edward 's army at Crécy lay in the massed use of the longbow : a powerful tall bow made primarily of yew. Upon Edward 's accession in 1327, he had inherited a kingdom beset with two zones of conflict : Aquitaine and Scotland. England had not been a dominant military force in Europe : the French dominated in Aquitaine, and Scotland had all but achieved its independence since the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Previously, pitched battles in the medieval era had largely been decided by the massed charge of heavily armoured mounted knights, a widely feared force in their heyday. However, battles such as Manzikert had demonstrated their vulnerability to nimble mounted archers on fast horses, while engagements such as the Golden Spurs, Stirling, and Bannockburn, heralded the rise of the infantryman in effectively countering the armoured charge. Infantry did have significant advantages over heavily armoured cavalry ; they were far cheaper to train and equip by comparison, and offered greater tactical flexibility, in that they could be deployed on almost any terrain. Longbows had been effectively used before by English armies. Edward I successfully used longbowmen to break up static Scottish schiltron formations at the Battle of Falkirk in 1298 ; however it was not until Edward III 's reign that they were accorded greater significance in English military doctrine. Edward realised the importance of inflicting severe damage upon an enemy force before melée combat began ; at Halidon Hill in 1333, he used massed longbowmen and favourable terrain to inflict a significant defeat on the Scots forces to very few casualties of his own -- in some ways a harbinger of his similar tactics at Crécy. To ensure he had a force of experienced and equipped archers to call upon, Edward ingrained archery into English culture. He encouraged archery practice, and the production of stocks of arrows and bows in peacetime, as well as war. In 1341, when Edward led an expedition to Brittany, he ordered the gathering of 130,000 sheaves, a total of 2.6 million arrows ; an impressive feat on such short notice. A common claim for the longbow was its ability to penetrate plate armour due to its draw weight, a claim contested by contemporary accounts and modern tests. A controlled test conducted by Mike Loades at the Royal Military College of Science 's ballistics test site for the programme Weapons That Made Britain - The Longbow found that arrows shot at a speed of around 52 metres per second against a plate of munition - quality steel ( not specially hardened ) were ineffective at a range of around 80 metres, enough to mildly bruise / wound the target at 30 metres, and lethal at a range of 20 metres. Archery was described as ineffective against plate armour by contemporaries at battles such as Bergerac in 1345, Neville 's Cross in 1346 and Poitiers in 1356. Later studies also found that late period plate armour such as that employed by Italian city - state mercenary companies was effective at stopping contemporary arrows. Horses, however, were almost wholly unprotected against arrows, and arrows could penetrate the lighter armour on limbs. Clifford Rodgers, commenting on the later, similar Battle of Agincourt, argues that the psychological effect of a massive storm of arrows would have broken the fighting spirit of the target forces. Archers were issued with around 60 - 72 arrows before a battle began. Most archers would not shoot at the maximum rate, around six per minute for the heaviest bows, as the psychological and physical exertion of battle strained the men. As the battle wore on, the arm and shoulder muscles would tire from exertion, the fingers holding the bowstring would strain and the stress of combat would slacken the rate of fire. The English army was also equipped with five ribauldequin, an early form of cannon. The French army ( edit ) The French army was led by Philip VI and the blind John of Bohemia. The exact size of the French army is less certain as the financial records from the Crécy campaign are lost, however there is a prevailing consensus that it was substantially larger than the English. The French army likely numbered around 20,000 -- 30,000 men. Contemporary chronicler Jean Froissart places the French numbers at 100,000, Wynkeley suggests 12,000 men - at - arms, 6,000 Genoese Crossbowmen and 60,000 infantry, and Henry Knighton claimed the king of France brought 72,000. Jean Le Bel gave 20,000 cavalry, 100,000 foot and 12,000 crossbowmen. Thomas of Burton reported 30,000 cavalry. An Italian chronicler claimed 100,000 knights, 12,000 infantry and 5,000 crossbowmen. Contemporary chroniclers estimated the number of crossbowmen as 2,000 -- 20,000. These numbers have been described as unrealistic and exaggerated by historians, going by the extant war treasury records for 1340, six years before the battle. Ayton suggests around 12,000 mounted men - at - arms as the core soldiery of the French army, several thousand Genoese crossbowmen and a `` large, though indeterminate number of common infantry ''. Most historians have accepted the figure of 6,000 Genoese crossbowmen. However, Schnerb questions this figure, based on the estimates of 2,000 available crossbowmen in all of France in 1340. That Genoa on its own could have put several thousand mercenary crossbowmen at the disposal of the French monarch is described by Schnerb as `` doubtful ''. The contingent of common infantrymen is not known with any certainty, except that it outnumbered the English and was in the thousands. Longbow versus crossbow ( edit ) The Battle of Crécy is often exemplified as a battle in which the longbow defeated the rival crossbow. The crossbow had become the dominant ranged infantry weapon on the continental European battlefield : the choice weapon for expert mercenary companies. The crossbow was favoured as it required less physical strength to load and shoot than a longbow, and could release more kinetic energy than its rival, making it deadlier at close range. It was, however, hampered by slower, more difficult loading, its cumbersome shape and its range, in which the longbow had the advantage. Furthermore a sudden rainstorm is said to have stretched the strings of the crossbows while the English longbowmen had removed their bowstrings, and stored them under their water - resistant leather caps. Later developments in more powerful crossbows in the 15th century, such as the windlass - span crossbow, negated these advantages, while advances in bow technology brought to Europe from armies on crusade introduced composite technology ; decreasing the size of the crossbow while increasing its power. A common claim about the crossbow is a reload time of one bolt every 1 -- 2 minutes. A test conducted by Mike Loades for Weapons That Changed Britain - The Longbow found that a belt - and - claw span crossbow could discharge 4 bolts in 30 seconds, while a longbow could shoot 9. A second speed test conducted using a hand - span crossbow found that the weapon could shoot 6 bolts in the same time it took for a longbow to shoot 10. Map of the Battle of Crécy Initial deployments ( edit ) The English army was deployed in three divisions, or `` battles ''. Edward 's son, Edward, the Prince of Wales commanded the vanguard with John de Vere, the Earl of Oxford, Thomas de Beauchamp, the Earl of Warwick and Sir John Chandos. This division lay forward from the rest of the army and would bear the brunt of the French assault. Edward himself commanded the division behind, while the rear division was led by William de Bohun, Earl of Northampton. Each division was composed of spearmen in the rear, men - at - arms in the centre and the longbowmen arrayed in front of the army in a jagged line. The exact location of the English baggage train is not known. Edward ordered his men - at - arms to fight on foot rather than stay mounted. The English also dug a series of ditches, pits and caltrops to maim the French cavalry. The French army came north from Abbeyville, the advance guard arriving at the Crécy ridgeline at around midday on 26 August. After reconnoitering the English position, it was advised to Philip that the army should encamp and give battle the following day. Philip met stiff resistance from his senior nobles, but decided that the attack would be made that day. This put them at a significant disadvantage ; the English army was well - fed after plundering the countryside and well - rested, having slept in their positions the night before the battle. The French were further hampered by the absence of their Constable. It was the duty of the Constable of France to lead its armies in battle, however, the Constable Raoul II of Brienne, Count of Eu had been taken prisoner when the English army sacked Caen, depriving them of his leadership. Philip formed up his army for battle ; the Genoese under Antonio Doria and Carlo Grimaldi formed the vanguard, followed by a division of knights and men - at - arms led by Charles II, Count of Alençon accompanied by the blind King John of Bohemia. The next division was led by Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine and Louis II, Count of Blois, while Philip himself commanded the rearguard. The French attack ( edit ) The French army moved forward late in the afternoon, around 4pm after it had formed up. As it advanced, a sudden rainstorm broke over the field of battle. The English archers de-strung their bows to avoid the strings becoming slackened ; the Genoese with their crossbows could take no such precautions, resulting in damage to their weapons. The crossbowmen began their advance ; however, they had left their pavises back in the baggage train, and thus had no means of protection as they loaded their weapons. The Genoese moved within range and discharged their crossbows. Damaged by the rain, their efforts had little effect on the English line. The English archers shot their bows in retaliation, inflicting heavy casualties on the Genoese, causing them to retreat. The knights and nobles following in Alençon 's division, seeing the routed mercenaries, hacked them down as they retreated. Froissart writes of the event : The English, who were drawn up in three divisions and seated on the ground, on seeing their enemies advance, arose boldly and fell into their ranks... You must know that these kings, earls, barons, and lords of France did not advance in any regular order... There were about fifteen thousand Genoese crossbowmen ; but they were quite fatigued, having marched on foot that day six leagues, completely armed, and with their wet crossbows. They told the constable that they were not in a fit condition to do any great things that day in battle. The Count of Alençon, hearing this, was reported to say, `` This is what one gets by employing such scoundrels, who fail when there is any need for them. '' -- Chateaubriand, after Froissart 's middle French, gives : `` On se doit bien charger de telle ribaudaille qui faille au besoin '' The clash of the retreating Genoese and the advancing French cavalry threw the army into disarray. The longbowmen continued to discharge their bows into the massed troops, while five ribauldequin, early cannon, added to the confusion, though it is doubtful that they had inflicted any significant casualties. Froissart writes that such guns fired `` two or three discharges on the Genoese '', likely large arrows or primitive grapeshot. Giovanni Villani writes of the guns : The English guns cast iron balls by means of fire... They made a noise like thunder and caused much loss in men and horses... The Genoese were continually hit by the archers and the gunners... ( by the end of the battle ), the whole plain was covered by men struck down by arrows and cannon balls. English gun used at the Battle of Crécy With the Genoese defeated, the French cavalry mounted a charge upon the English ranks. However, the slope and obstacles laid by the English disrupted the attack. Successive charges had to be made through ever - increasing numbers of dead and wounded, hampering their subsequent effectiveness. Despite the repeated attacks, the French cavalry could not break the English position. The Black Prince 's division was particularly hard - pressed during the fighting. When reinforcements were requested from Edward, the king famously said ; `` I am confident he will repel the enemy without my help. Let the boy win his spurs ''. During the fighting along the Black Prince 's division, the blind king John of Bohemia was struck down and killed. The assault continued well into the night, with the French nobility stubbornly refusing to yield. Finally, Philip abandoned the field of battle. The French king had two horses killed from underneath him, and had taken an arrow to the jaw. His sacred and royal banner, the Oriflamme, was captured and taken, one of the five occasions this occurred during the banner 's century - long history. The battle ended soon after Philip withdrew, with the majority of the French army melting away from the field. The following day, after the morning fog had lifted, 2,000 longbowmen, supported by 500 spearmen, advanced down the slope and drove away the French levies who had remained. Aftermath ( edit ) Casualties ( edit ) Edward III counting the dead on the battlefield of Crécy The losses in the battle were highly asymmetrical. All contemporary sources give very low casualty figures for the English. Geoffrey le Baker gives around 300 English soldiers killed at a highest estimate. While some consider the low English casualty figures to be improbably low, Rogers argues that they are consistent with reports of casualties on the winning side in other medieval battles. Most casualties in medieval battles were incurred during the retreat, often resulting in heavily lopsided victories. Thus far, only two Englishmen killed at the battle have been identified : the squire Robert Brente and the newly anointed knight Aymer Rokesley. Two English knights were also taken prisoner, although it is unclear at what stage in the battle this happened. Contemporary sources provide casualty figures for the French that are generally considered to be highly exaggerated. An estimate by Geoffrey le Baker deemed credible by Michael Prestwich states that 4,000 French knights were killed. According to a body count made after the battle, 1,542 French knights and squires were found in front of the lines commanded by the Black Prince, Sumption assumes another `` few hundred '' men - at - arms were killed in the pursuit which followed. Ayton estimates at least 2,000 French men - at - arms were killed, noting that over 2,200 heraldic coats were taken from the field of battle as war booty by the English. According to Ayton, the heavy losses of the French can also be attributed to the chivalric ideals held by knights at the time ; nobles would have preferred to die in battle, or be captured and then accorded for ransom, rather than dishonourably flee the field. Although considered to be heavy, no reliable figures exist for losses among the common French soldiery. Jean le Bel estimated 1,200 dead knights and 15,000 -- 16,000 others. Froissart writes that the French army suffered a total of 30,000 killed or captured, though these numbers are likely exaggerated. Several secondary sources place an estimate on 12,000 killed or wounded, though it should be noted this number is not substantively reinforced by academics. Campaign and legacy ( edit ) The battle crippled the French army 's ability to come to the aid of Calais, which was besieged by Edward 's army the following month. Calais fell after a year - long siege and would become an exclave of England, remaining under English rule until 1558. In subsequent engagements, French men - at - arms would dismount to assail English longbowmen rather than stay mounted, as was advised to John II at Poitiers. The majority of the French soldiery at Agincourt also fought dismounted. Despite this, the French suffered similarly catastrophic defeats at those engagements as they did at Crécy. The revolution in tactics heralded the rise of the longbow as the dominant weapon in Western Europe, and signalled a dramatic shift away from the focus of prior medieval battles ; that of the mounted knight. The slaughter of the French nobility at the hands of longbowmen, who were commoners and peasants in English society, caused a huge shock in France, as infantrymen began to play a greater role in medieval warfare. Though the Hundred Years ' War would feature clashes that have been since held as the model of chivalry, such as the Combat of the Thirty, the combined - arms approach of the English at Crécy saw the emergence of a more practical, pragmatic approach to conducting warfare ; one where tactics and achieving victory held greater importance than observing chivalric codes of knightly conduct. The battle helped to contribute to the infantry revolution, where innovations and shifts in military thinking began to erode the importance of the heavily armoured mounted knight. After the equally disastrous French defeat at Poitiers, the Edwardian phase of the Hundred Years ' War would draw to a close, with very favourable terms for the English. Renaissance Florence ( edit ) To finance the army for the campaign, Edward III had relied on loans from Florentine bankers, in particular the three largest banks in Florence ( and Europe ) at the time -- the banks of the families of Bardi, Peruzzi, and Acciaiuoli. Despite being victorious, Edward III largely defaulted on England 's debt which led to the bankruptcy and destruction of all three banking houses. Their closure enabled the rise of the house of Medici, later founded by Giovanni di Bicci de ' Medici, which would define early modern European banking, create modern accounting, and finance many of the greatest artists of the Renaissance along with Galileo. Nobles and men at arms at the battle ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Crécy village sign The young Prince of Wales had with him : Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick John de Vere, 7th Earl of Oxford Sir Godfrey de Harcourt Reginald de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford Lord Mauley Lord de la Warre Sir John Chandos Bartholomew de Burghersh, 2nd Baron Burghersh Lord Robert Neville Lord Thomas Clifford Robert Bourchier, 1st Baron Bourchier William Latimer, 4th Baron Latimer Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel William de Ros, 3rd Baron de Ros Willoughby, Basset, St Albans, Sir Lewis Tufton, Lord Multon and the Lord Lascels. Sir Thomas Felton, a member of the Order of the Garter, fought at Crécy and Poitiers. Others included : Sir Richard Fitz - Simon Sir Miles Stapleton of Bedale William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton Earl Bowden Sir John Sully Sir John Giffard of Twyford Sir Richard Pembrugge ( Pembroke ). In front of the French army were the Moisne of Basle, the Monk of Bazeilles, the lords of Beaujen and Noyles and Louis of Spain. The French army was led by Phillip VI ; surrounding him were : Charles II, Count of Alençon Louis I, Count of Flanders Louis II, Count of Blois Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine Jean de Hainaut and de Montmorency, and a gathering of the lords. Moisne of Basle related the location and formation of the English forces. Charles, king of the Romans, son of John of Bohemia, was also present and lightly wounded in the battle. Fictional accounts ( edit ) A fictional portrayal of the Battle of Crécy is included in the Ken Follett novel World Without End. The book describes the battle from an English knight 's perspective, that of an archer, and from that of a neutral observer. This novel was made into a telefilm in 2012 and the Battle of Crécy is included, albeit in a very summarized form. Another depiction can be found in Warren Ellis ' & Raulo Caceres ' graphic novel Crécy, which frames the battle as a narration by a Suffolk archer ; or in Bernard Cornwell 's fictional account of an archer in the Hundred Years ' War, Harlequin ( UK title ), part of the Grail Quest novel series, or The Archer 's Tale ( US title ). The lead character Thomas of Hookton, is an English archer who fights in the battle. The battle appears in `` The campaign of 1346, as an historical drama '' by Christopher Godmond. It is also portrayed in Ronald Welch 's Bowman of Crécy and in David Gilman 's Master of War. The protagonist, Edmund Beche, in P.C. Doherty 's The Death of a King ( 1985 ) is present at the battle and describes it from the perspective of a bowman on the right flank near the village of Crécy. In G.A. Henty 's historical fiction book, St. George for England the main character is present at the battles of Cressy and Poitiers. The battle is a crucial episode in the life of the hero Hugh de Cressi ( his name is apparently a coincidence ), in the H. Rider Haggard novel `` Red Eve ''. The battle is described in some detail, including, for example the failure of the Genoese bowmen, attributed in the book, as above, to wet strings ; and also the merciless treatment of the French wounded. In Michael Jecks 2014 book Fields of Glory, the entire campaign is viewed from the point of view of a vintaine of archers under the command of the non fictional Sir John de Sully commencing with the landing in Normandy and terminating with a detailed description of the eventual final battle at Crecy. It highlights the devastating effects of the chevauchée as the English laid waste to the countryside in an attempt to bring the French army into the field to protect its inhabitants. The battle features at the climax of another 2014 novel, Son of the Morning, by Mark Barrowcliffe writing as Mark Alder. A fantasy take on the Hundred Years ' War, the novel depicts English and French forces as being supported by devils and angels. See also ( edit ) Medieval warfare Battle of Agincourt in 1415 for a similar battle won by English / Welsh longbowmen Battle of Poitiers ( 1356 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ayton, `` The English Army at Crécy '' in Ayton & Preston ( 2005 ), p. 189 ; Rogers ( 2000 ), p. 423 ^ Jump up to : Ayton, `` The Battle of Crécy : Context and Significance '' in Ayton & Preston ( 2005 ), p. 18 Jump up ^ Schnerb, `` The French Army before and after 1346 '' in Ayton & Preston ( 2005 ), p. 269 Jump up ^ Sumption ( 1990 ), p. 526 Jump up ^ Geoffrey ( eds. & trans. ), Martin ( 1995 ). Knighton 's Chronicle, 1337 - 1396. Oxford : Clarendon Press. p. 63. ISBN 0 - 19 - 820 503 - 1 Jump up ^ Schnerb, `` The French Army before and after 1346 '' in Ayton & Preston ( 2005 ), p. 269 Jump up ^ Devries ( 1996 ), p. 164 ^ Jump up to : DeVries 2015, p. 314. ^ Jump up to : Ayton, `` The English Army at Crécy '', in Ayton & Preston ( 2005 ), p. 191 Jump up ^ Devries ( 1996 ), p. 174 Jump up ^ Devries ( 1996 ), p. 174 ^ Jump up to : Froissart, Jean. The Chronicles of Froissart, John Bourcher ( Lord Berners ), tr., G.C. Macaulay, ed. ( London : Macmillan, 1908 ), pp. 99 - 107 Jump up ^ Henri de Wailly. Introduction by Emmanuel Bourassin, Crecy 1346 : Anatomy of a Battle ( Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset 1987 ) Introduction p. 8 Jump up ^ Henri de Wailly. Introduction by Emmanuel Bourassin, Crecy 1346 : Anatomy of a Battle ( Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset 1987 ) pp. 8, 12 ^ Jump up to : Santosuosso 2004, pp. 130 - 36 Jump up ^ Henri de Wailly. Introduction by Emmanuel Bourassin, Crecy 1346 : Anatomy of a Battle ( Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset 1987 ) p. 10 Jump up ^ Prestwich. Plantagenet England. p. 315 Jump up ^ Rothero ( 2005 ), pp. 4 -- 6 Jump up ^ Curry ( 2002 ), pp. 31 - 39. ^ Jump up to : Rothero ( 2005 ), pp. 2 -- 6 Jump up ^ Ayton, `` The English Army at Crécy '' in Ayton & Preston ( 2005 ), p. 189 ; Rogers ( 2000 ), p. 423 Jump up ^ Rogers ( 2000 ), p. 423 Jump up ^ Sumption ( 1990 ) p. 497 Jump up ^ Nicholson ( 2004 ), p. 14 Jump up ^ `` Battle of Crécy ''. 20 August 2009. ^ Jump up to : Midieval Weapons and Combat - The Longbow ( Middle Ages Battle History Documentary ). 11 May 2014 -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ Strickland & Hardy 2005, pp. 272 -- 278 Jump up ^ Kaiser 2003 Jump up ^ Strickland & Hardy 2005, p. 31 Jump up ^ Barker 2006 Jump up ^ Ayton & Preston ( 2005 Jump up ^ Geoffrey ( eds. & trans. ), Martin ( 1995 ). Knighton 's Chronicle, 1337 - 1396. Oxford : Clarendon Press. p. 63. ISBN 0 - 19 - 820 503 - 1. Jump up ^ Devries ( 1996 ), p. 164 Jump up ^ Schnerb, `` The French Army before and after 1346 '' in Ayton & Preston ( 2005 ), p. 269 Jump up ^ Lynn ( 2003 ), p. 74 ; Sumption ( 1990 ), p. 526 Jump up ^ Schnerb, `` The French Army before and after 1346 '' in Ayton & Preston ( 2005 ), pp. 268 -- 69 Jump up ^ Curry ( 2002 ), p. 40 ; Lynn ( 2003 ), p. 74 Jump up ^ The Longbow Vs The Crossbow Speed Test - Video 17. 11 April 2009 -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ Rothero ( 2005 ), pp. 5 -- 6 ^ Jump up to : Neillands, Robin ( 2001 ). The Hundred Years War. Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0415261319. ^ Jump up to : Chronicles of England, France and Spain and the Surrounding Countries, by Sir John Froissart, Translated from the French Editions with Variations and Additions from Many Celebrated MSS, by Thomas Johnes, Esq ; London : William Smith, 1848. pp. 160 -- 171. Jump up ^ Henri de Wailly. Introduction by Emmanuel Bourassin, Crecy 1346 : Anatomy of a Battle ( Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset 1987 ) pp. 49, 50 Jump up ^ Henri de Wailly. Introduction by Emmanuel Bourassin, Crecy 1346 : Anatomy of a Battle ( Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset 1987 ) p. 66 Jump up ^ Jean Birdsall edited by Richard A. Newhall. The Chronicles of Jean de Venette ( N.Y. Columbia University Press. 1953 ) p. 43 Jump up ^ Amt ( 2001 ), p. 330. Jump up ^ Chateaubriand, ' Invasion de la France par Edouard ', in Volume 7 from the complete works of 1834 ; p. 37. Jump up ^ Ayton & Preston ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Nicolle ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Osprey Publishing ( 2000 ) Crécy 1346 : Triumph of the Longbow, Osprey Publishing. p72 Jump up ^ Henri de Wailly. Introduction by Emmanuel Bourassin, Crecy 1346 : Anatomy of a Battle ( Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset 1987 ) pp. 76 -- 77 Jump up ^ Prestwich ( 1996 ), p. 331 ; Rogers ( 2008 ), p. 215 ; Sumption ( 1990 ), p. 530 Jump up ^ Rogers ( 2007 ), p. 215 Jump up ^ Prestwich ( 1996 ), p. 331 Jump up ^ Sumption ( 1990 ), p. 530 Jump up ^ Ayton, `` The Battle of Crécy : Context and Significance '' in Ayton & Preston ( 2005 ), pp. 19 - 20 Jump up ^ Ayton, `` The Battle of Crécy : Context and Significance '' in Ayton & Preston ( 2005 ), pp. 25 - 26 Jump up ^ Devries ( 1996 ), p. 174 Jump up ^ `` Battle of Crecy - Aug 26, 1346 - HISTORY.com ''. Jump up ^ `` Crecy ''. www.longbow-archers.com. Jump up ^ `` Hundred Years ' War : Battle of Crécy ''. Jump up ^ De Roover, Raymond The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank : 1397 - 1494. Beard Books, Washington, D.C. ; 1999. Introduction p. 2 Jump up ^ Dictionary of National Biography p308 col. 2 Jump up ^ 67 ( app c. 1381 ) List of Members of the Order of the Garter Jump up ^ The chronicles of Froissart. Translated by John Bourchier, Lord Berners. Edited and reduced into one volume by G.C. Macauly former fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. ( Macmillan & Co., Ltd 1904 not in copyright ) Chpt. CXXX pps. 104 -- 106 Jump up ^ Henri de Wailly. Introduction by Emmanuel Bourassin, Crecy 1346 : Anatomy of a Battle ( Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset 1987 ) p. 58 Jump up ^ `` Saint George for England ''. Jump up ^ `` Red Eve ''. Project Gutenberg. Jump up ^ `` Fields of Glory - Kindle edition by Michael Jecks. Literature & Fiction Kindle eBooks @ Amazon.com ''. Jump up ^ Orion Books publisher page for Son of the Morning Bibliography ( edit ) Ayton, Andrew ; Preston, Philip ; et al. ( 2005 ). The Battle of Crecy, 1346. Boydell Press. Amt, Emilie, ed. ( 2001 ). Medieval England 1000 -- 1500 : A Reader. Peterborough, Ontario : Broadview Press. ISBN 1 - 55111 - 244 - 2. Barber, Richard W. Edward III and the Triumph of England : The Battle of Crécy and the Company of the Garter. London : Allen Lane, 2013. ISBN 9780713998382 OCLC 839314940 Curry, Anne, Essential Histories : The Hundred Years ' War 1337 - 1453. Osprey Publishing, Oxford ; 2002. ISBN 1841762695 OCLC 59427611 De Roover, Raymond The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank : 1397 - 1494. Beard Books, Washington, D.C. ; 1999. ISBN 1893122328 DeVries, Kelly. Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century. Woodbridge, UK : Boydell Press, 1996. ISBN 0851155677 OCLC 34356019 DeVries, Kelly ( 2015 ). `` The Implications of the Anomino Romano Account of the Battle of Crécy ''. In Halfond, Gregory. The Medieval Way of War : Studies in Medieval Military History in Honor of Bernard S. Bachrach ( 1st ed. ). London : Routledge. ISBN 978 - 1472419583. Lansing & English A Companion to the Medieval World. Wiley - Blackwell, Oxford ; ( editors 2009 ). ISBN 9781405109222 OCLC 276930478 Lynn, John A. ( 2003 ), Battle : A History of Combat and Culture. Cambridge, MA : Westview Press. ISBN 0813333725 OCLC 58548315 Matthews, Rupert. The Battle of Crecy. Stroud : Spellmount, 2007. ISBN 9781862273696 OCLC 78989699 Nicolle, David ( 2000 ). Crécy 1346 : Triumph of the longbow. Oxford : Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1 - 85532 - 966 - 2. Rogers, Clifford. War Cruel and Sharp : English Strategy under Edward III, 1327 -- 1360, Chapter 11. Woodbridge, UK : Boydell Press, 2000. ISBN 0851158048 OCLC 44420496 Rogers, Clifford J, Soldiers ' Lives through History : The Middle Ages. Westport, CT : Greenwood Press, 2007. ISBN 9780313333507 OCLC 464726482 Rothero, Christopher The Armies of Crecy and Poitiers. Osprey Publishing, Oxford ; 2005. ISBN 0850453933 OCLC 8698451 Sumption, Jonathan. The Hundred Years War, Volume I : Trial by Battle. Philadelphia, PA : University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990. ISBN 0812216555 OCLC 46838615 Primary sources ( edit ) The Anonimalle Chronicle, 1333 -- 1381. Edited by V.H. Galbraith. Manchester : Manchester University Press, 1927. Avesbury, Robert of. De gestis mirabilibus regis Edwardi Tertii. Edited by Edward Maunde Thompson. London : Rolls Series, 1889. Chronique de Jean le Bel. Edited by Eugene Deprez and Jules Viard. Paris : Honore Champion, 1977. Dene, William of. Historia Roffensis. British Library, London. French Chronicle of London. Edited by G.J. Aungier. Camden Series XXVIII, 1844. Froissart, Jean. Chronicles. Edited and Translated by Geoffrey Brereton. London : Penguin Books, 1978. Grandes chroniques de France. Edited by Jules Viard. Paris : Société de l'histoire de France, 1920 -- 53. Gray, Sir Thomas. Scalacronica. Edited and Translated by Sir Herbert Maxwell. Edinburgh : Maclehose, 1907. Le Baker, Geoffrey. Chronicles in English Historical Documents. Edited by David C Douglas. New York : Oxford University Press, 1969. Le Bel, Jean. Chronique de Jean le Bel. Edited by Jules Viard and Eugène Déprez. Paris : Société de l'historie de France, 1904. Rotuli Parliamentorum. Edited by J. Strachey et al., 6 vols. London : 1767 -- 83. St. Omers Chronicle. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, MS 693, fos. 248 - 279v. ( Currently being edited and translated into English by Clifford J. Rogers ) Venette, Jean. The Chronicle of Jean de Venette. Edited and Translated by Jean Birdsall. New York : Columbia University Press, 1953. Anthologies of Translated sources ( edit ) Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince. Edited and Translated by Richard Barber. Woodbridge : Boydell Press, 1997. The Wars of Edward III : Sources and Interpretations. Edited and Translated by Clifford J. Rogers. Woodbridge : Boydell Press, 1999. Further reading ( edit ) Barber, Richard. Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine : A Biography of the Black Prince. Scribner, 1978. ISBN 0684158647 OCLC 4360312 Belloc, Hilaire Crécy. Covent Garden, London : Stephen Swift and Co., LTD. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/32196, 1912. Burne, Alfred H. The Crecy War : A Military History of the Hundred Years War from 1337 to the peace of Bretigny, 1360. New York, NY : Oxford University Press, 1955. ISBN 7400020129 OCLC 962690 Fowler, Kenneth ( editor ), The Hundred Years War. Suffolk, UK : Richard Clay. The Chaucer Press, 1971. Hewitt, H.J. The Organization of War under Edward III. Manchester : Manchester University Press, 1966. OCLC 398232 Keen, Maurice ( editor ), Medieval Warfare : A History. Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0198206399 OCLC 41581804 Livingston, Michael, and Kelly DeVries, eds. The Battle of Crécy : A Casebook ( 2016 ). ISBN 9781781382646 Nicolle, David, Crecy 1346 : Triumph of the Longbow. ( Osprey, 2000 ). ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 966 - 9 Ormrod, W.D. The Reign of Edward III. Charleston, SC : Tempus Publishing, Inc, 2000. Packe, Michael. King Edward III. ( Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985 ). Prestwich, Michael. Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages : The English Experience. ( Yale UP, 1996 ). Prestwich, Michael. The Three Edwards : War and State in England, 1272 -- 1377. ( St. Martin 's Press, 1980 ). Reid, Peter. A Brief History of Medieval Warfare : The Rise and Fall of English Supremacy at Arms, 1314 -- 1485. Philadelphia : Running Press, 2007. Rogers, Clifford J. Essay on Medieval Military History : Strategy, Military Revolution, and the Hundred Years War. Surrey, UK : Ashgate Variorum, 2010. ISBN 9780754659969 OCLC 461272357 Seward, Desmond. The Hundred Years War : The English in France 1337 -- 1453. London, UK : Constable and Company Ltd, 1996. Tuchman, Barbara. A Distant Mirror : The Calamitous 14th Century. Random House, 1987 ISBN 0345349571 Waugh, Scott L. England in the reign of Edward III. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1991. External links ( edit ) Crecy 1346 by Jeffery P. Berry `` An animated map of the Battle of Crecy '' by David Crowther `` An animated map of the Crecy campaign '' by David Crowther Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Battle_of_Crécy&oldid = 832393999 '' Categories : Battles of the Hundred Years ' War History of Somme Battles involving Bohemia Conflicts in 1346 1346 in France Cavalry charges History of archery Edward III of England Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch Magyar မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018, at 18 : 55. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Battle of Crécy", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy&amp;oldid=832393999" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "10002716081137390310" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Curl ( mathematics ) - wikipedia Curl ( mathematics ) For other uses, see Rotation operator ( disambiguation ). Part of a series of articles about Calculus Fundamental theorem Limits of functions Continuity Mean value theorem Rolle 's theorem Differential ( show ) Definitions Derivative ( generalizations ) Differential infinitesimal of a function total Concepts Differentiation notation Second derivative Third derivative Change of variables Implicit differentiation Related rates Taylor 's theorem Rules and identities Sum Product Chain Power Quotient Inverse General Leibniz Faà di Bruno 's formula Integral ( show ) Lists of integrals Definitions Antiderivative Integral ( improper ) Riemann integral Lebesgue integration Contour integration Integration by Parts Discs Cylindrical shells Substitution ( trigonometric ) Partial fractions Order Reduction formulae Series ( show ) Geometric ( arithmetico - geometric ) Harmonic Alternating Power Binomial Taylor Convergence tests Summand limit ( term test ) Ratio Root Integral Direct comparison Limit comparison Alternating series Cauchy condensation Dirichlet Abel Vector ( hide ) Gradient Divergence Curl Laplacian Directional derivative Identities Theorems Divergence Gradient Green 's Kelvin -- Stokes Stokes Multivariable ( show ) Formalisms Matrix Tensor Exterior Geometric Definitions Partial derivative Multiple integral Line integral Surface integral Volume integral Jacobian Hessian Specialized ( show ) Fractional Malliavin Stochastic Variations Glossary of calculus ( show ) Glossary of calculus In vector calculus, the curl is a vector operator that describes the infinitesimal rotation of a vector field in three - dimensional Euclidean space. At every point in the field, the curl of that point is represented by a vector. The attributes of this vector ( length and direction ) characterize the rotation at that point. The direction of the curl is the axis of rotation, as determined by the right - hand rule, and the magnitude of the curl is the magnitude of rotation. If the vector field represents the flow velocity of a moving fluid, then the curl is the circulation density of the fluid. A vector field whose curl is zero is called irrotational. The curl is a form of differentiation for vector fields. The corresponding form of the fundamental theorem of calculus is Stokes ' theorem, which relates the surface integral of the curl of a vector field to the line integral of the vector field around the boundary curve. The alternative terminology rotor, rotation or rotational and alternative notations rot F and ∇ × F are often used ( the former especially in many European countries, the latter, using the del ( or nabla ) operator and the cross product, is more used in other countries ) for curl F. ∇ ∧ F is a further alternative. Unlike the gradient and divergence, curl does not generalize as simply to other dimensions ; some generalizations are possible, but only in three dimensions is the geometrically defined curl of a vector field again a vector field. This is a similar phenomenon as in the 3 dimensional cross product, and the connection is reflected in the notation ∇ × for the curl. The name `` curl '' was first suggested by James Clerk Maxwell in 1871 but the concept was apparently first used in the construction of an optical field theory by James MacCullagh in 1839. Contents 1 Definition 1.1 Intuitive interpretation 2 Usage 3 Examples 3.1 Example 1 3.2 Example 2 3.3 Identities 3.4 Descriptive examples 4 Generalizations 4.1 Differential forms 4.2 Curl geometrically 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Definition ( edit ) The components of F at position R, normal and tangent to a closed curve C in a plane, enclosing a planar vector area A = An̂. The curl of a vector field F, denoted by curl F, or ∇ × F, or rot F, at a point is defined in terms of its projection onto various lines through the point. If n̂ is any unit vector, the projection of the curl of F onto n̂ is defined to be the limiting value of a closed line integral in a plane orthogonal to n̂ as the path used in the integral becomes infinitesimally close to the point, divided by the area enclosed. As such, the curl operator maps continuously differentiable functions f : R → R to continuous functions g : R → R. In fact, it maps C functions in R to C functions in R. Convention for vector orientation of the line integral Implicitly, curl is defined by : ( ∇ × F ) ⋅ n ^ = d e f lim A → 0 ( 1 A ∮ C ⁡ F ⋅ d r ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ nabla \\ times \\ mathbf ( F ) ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( n ) ) \\ ( \\ overset ( \\ underset ( \\ mathrm ( def ) ) ( ) ) ( = ) ) \\ lim _ ( A \\ to 0 ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( A ) ) \\ oint _ ( C ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot d \\ mathbf ( r ) \\ right ) ) where ∮ F dr is a line integral along the boundary of the area in question, and A is the magnitude of the area. If n̂ is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane, whereas ν̂ is an outward - pointing in - plane normal ( see caption at right ), then the orientation of C is chosen so that a tangent vector ω̂ to C is positively oriented if and only if ( n̂, ν̂, ω̂ ) forms a positively oriented basis for R ( right - hand rule ). The above formula means that the curl of a vector field is defined as the infinitesimal area density of the circulation of that field. To this definition fit naturally the Kelvin -- Stokes theorem, as a global formula corresponding to the definition, and the following `` easy to memorize '' definition of the curl in curvilinear orthogonal coordinates, e.g. in Cartesian coordinates, spherical, cylindrical, or even elliptical or parabolic coordinates : ( curl ⁡ F ) 1 = 1 h 2 h 3 ( ∂ ( h 3 F 3 ) ∂ u 2 − ∂ ( h 2 F 2 ) ∂ u 3 ), ( curl ⁡ F ) 2 = 1 h 3 h 1 ( ∂ ( h 1 F 1 ) ∂ u 3 − ∂ ( h 3 F 3 ) ∂ u 1 ), ( curl ⁡ F ) 3 = 1 h 1 h 2 ( ∂ ( h 2 F 2 ) ∂ u 1 − ∂ ( h 1 F 1 ) ∂ u 2 ). ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) & ( \\ operatorname ( curl ) \\ mathbf ( F ) ) _ ( 1 ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( h_ ( 2 ) h_ ( 3 ) ) ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ( h_ ( 3 ) F_ ( 3 ) ) ) ( \\ partial u_ ( 2 ) ) ) - ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ( h_ ( 2 ) F_ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \\ partial u_ ( 3 ) ) ) \\ right ), \\ \\ ( 5pt ) & ( \\ operatorname ( curl ) \\ mathbf ( F ) ) _ ( 2 ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( h_ ( 3 ) h_ ( 1 ) ) ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ( h_ ( 1 ) F_ ( 1 ) ) ) ( \\ partial u_ ( 3 ) ) ) - ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ( h_ ( 3 ) F_ ( 3 ) ) ) ( \\ partial u_ ( 1 ) ) ) \\ right ), \\ \\ ( 5pt ) & ( \\ operatorname ( curl ) \\ mathbf ( F ) ) _ ( 3 ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( h_ ( 1 ) h_ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ( h_ ( 2 ) F_ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \\ partial u_ ( 1 ) ) ) - ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ( h_ ( 1 ) F_ ( 1 ) ) ) ( \\ partial u_ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ). \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) The equation for each component, ( curl F ) can be obtained by exchanging each occurrence of a subscript 1, 2, 3 in cyclic permutation : 1 → 2, 2 → 3, and 3 → 1 ( where the subscripts represent the relevant indices ). If ( x, x, x ) are the Cartesian coordinates and ( u, u, u ) are the orthogonal coordinates, then h i = ( ∂ x 1 ∂ u i ) 2 + ( ∂ x 2 ∂ u i ) 2 + ( ∂ x 3 ∂ u i ) 2 ( \\ displaystyle h_ ( i ) = ( \\ sqrt ( \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial x_ ( 1 ) ) ( \\ partial u_ ( i ) ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial x_ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ partial u_ ( i ) ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial x_ ( 3 ) ) ( \\ partial u_ ( i ) ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) is the length of the coordinate vector corresponding to u. The remaining two components of curl result from cyclic permutation of indices : 3, 1, 2 → 1, 2, 3 → 2, 3, 1. Intuitive interpretation ( edit ) Suppose the vector field describes the velocity field of a fluid flow ( such as a large tank of liquid or gas ) and a small ball is located within the fluid or gas ( the centre of the ball being fixed at a certain point ). If the ball has a rough surface, the fluid flowing past it will make it rotate. The rotation axis ( oriented according to the right hand rule ) points in the direction of the curl of the field at the centre of the ball, and the angular speed of the rotation is half the magnitude of the curl at this point. The curl of the vector at any point is given by the rotation of a infinitesimal area in the xy - plane ( for z - axis component of the curl ), zx - plane ( for y - axis component of the curl ) and yz - plane ( for x-axis component of the curl vector ). This can be clearly seen in the examples below. Usage ( edit ) In practice, the above definition is rarely used because in virtually all cases, the curl operator can be applied using some set of curvilinear coordinates, for which simpler representations have been derived. The notation ∇ × F has its origins in the similarities to the 3 - dimensional cross product, and it is useful as a mnemonic in Cartesian coordinates if ∇ is taken as a vector differential operator del. Such notation involving operators is common in physics and algebra. However, in certain coordinate systems, such as polar - toroidal coordinates ( common in plasma physics ), using the notation ∇ × F will yield an incorrect result. Expanded in Cartesian coordinates ( see Del in cylindrical and spherical coordinates for spherical and cylindrical coordinate representations ), ∇ × F is, for F composed of ( F, F, F ) : i j k ∂ ∂ x ∂ ∂ y ∂ ∂ z F x F y F z ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( vmatrix ) \\ mathbf ( i ) & \\ mathbf ( j ) & \\ mathbf ( k ) \\ \\ ( 5pt ) ( \\ dfrac ( \\ partial ) ( \\ partial x ) ) & ( \\ dfrac ( \\ partial ) ( \\ partial y ) ) & ( \\ dfrac ( \\ partial ) ( \\ partial z ) ) \\ \\ ( 10pt ) F_ ( x ) &F_ ( y ) &F_ ( z ) \\ end ( vmatrix ) ) ) where i, j, and k are the unit vectors for the x -, y -, and z - axes, respectively. This expands as follows : ( ∂ F z ∂ y − ∂ F y ∂ z ) i + ( ∂ F x ∂ z − ∂ F z ∂ x ) j + ( ∂ F y ∂ x − ∂ F x ∂ y ) k ( \\ displaystyle \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial F_ ( z ) ) ( \\ partial y ) ) - ( \\ frac ( \\ partial F_ ( y ) ) ( \\ partial z ) ) \\ right ) \\ mathbf ( i ) + \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial F_ ( x ) ) ( \\ partial z ) ) - ( \\ frac ( \\ partial F_ ( z ) ) ( \\ partial x ) ) \\ right ) \\ mathbf ( j ) + \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial F_ ( y ) ) ( \\ partial x ) ) - ( \\ frac ( \\ partial F_ ( x ) ) ( \\ partial y ) ) \\ right ) \\ mathbf ( k ) ) Although expressed in terms of coordinates, the result is invariant under proper rotations of the coordinate axes but the result inverts under reflection. In a general coordinate system, the curl is given by ( ∇ × F ) k = ε k l m ∇ l F m ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ nabla \\ times \\ mathbf ( F ) ) ^ ( k ) = \\ varepsilon ^ ( k \\ ell m ) \\ nabla _ ( \\ ell ) F_ ( m ) ) where ε denotes the Levi - Civita tensor and ∇ the covariant derivative, the metric tensor is used to lower the index on F, and the Einstein summation convention implies that repeated indices are summed over. Equivalently, ( ∇ × F ) = e k ε k l m ∇ l F m ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ nabla \\ times \\ mathbf ( F ) ) = \\ mathbf ( e ) _ ( k ) \\ varepsilon ^ ( k \\ ell m ) \\ nabla _ ( l ) F_ ( m ) ) where e are the coordinate vector fields. Equivalently, using the exterior derivative, the curl can be expressed as : ∇ × F = ( ⋆ ( d F ♭ ) ) ♯ ( \\ displaystyle \\ nabla \\ times \\ mathbf ( F ) = \\ left ( \\ star ( \\ big ( ) ( \\ mathbf ( d ) ) F ^ ( \\ flat ) ( \\ big ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( \\ sharp ) ) Here ♭ and ♯ are the musical isomorphisms, and is the Hodge star operator. This formula shows how to calculate the curl of F in any coordinate system, and how to extend the curl to any oriented three - dimensional Riemannian manifold. Since this depends on a choice of orientation, curl is a chiral operation. In other words, if the orientation is reversed, then the direction of the curl is also reversed. Examples ( edit ) Example 1 ( edit ) Take the vector field : F ( x, y, z ) = y x ^ − x y ^. ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) ( x, y, z ) = y ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ hat ( x ) ) ) - x ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ hat ( y ) ) ). ) Its corresponding plot : Upon visual inspection, the field can be described as `` rotating ''. If a stationary object were to be placed in the field with the vectors representing a linear force, the object would rotate clockwise. Calculating the curl : ∇ × F = 0 x ^ + 0 y ^ + ( ∂ ∂ x ( − x ) − ∂ ∂ y y ) z ^ = − 2 z ^ ( \\ displaystyle \\ nabla \\ times \\ mathbf ( F ) = 0 ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ hat ( x ) ) ) + 0 ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ hat ( y ) ) ) + \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ) ( \\ partial x ) ) ( - x ) - ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ) ( \\ partial y ) ) y \\ right ) ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ hat ( z ) ) ) = - 2 ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ hat ( z ) ) ) ) The resulting vector field describing the curl would be uniformly going in the negative z direction. It should be noted that the results of this equation align with what could have been predicted using the right - hand rule using a right - handed coordinate system. Being a uniform vector field, the object described before would have the same rotational intensity regardless of where it was placed. The plot describing the curl of F : Example 2 ( edit ) Take the vector field : F ( x, y, z ) = − x 2 y ^. ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) ( x, y, z ) = - x ^ ( 2 ) ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ hat ( y ) ) ). ) Its corresponding plot : Upon initial inspection, curl existing in this graph would not be obvious. However, taking the object in the previous example, and placing it anywhere on the line x = 3, the force exerted on the right side would be slightly greater than the force exerted on the left, causing it to rotate clockwise. Using the right - hand rule, it can be predicted that the resulting curl would be straight in the negative z direction. Inversely, if placed on x = - 3, the object would rotate counterclockwise and the right - hand rule would result in a positive z direction. Calculating the curl : ∇ × F = 0 x ^ + 0 y ^ + ∂ ∂ x ( − x 2 ) z ^ = − 2 x z ^. ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ nabla ) \\ times \\ mathbf ( F ) = 0 ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ hat ( x ) ) ) + 0 ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ hat ( y ) ) ) + ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ) ( \\ partial x ) ) ( - x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ hat ( z ) ) ) = - 2x ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ hat ( z ) ) ). ) As predicted, the curl points in the negative z direction when x is positive and vice versa. In this field, the intensity of rotation would be greater as the object moves away from the plane x = 0. The plot describing the curl of F : Identities ( edit ) Main article : Vector calculus identities In general curvilinear coordinates ( not only in Cartesian coordinates ), the curl of a cross product of vector fields v and F can be shown to be ∇ × ( v × F ) = ( ( ∇ ⋅ F ) + F ⋅ ∇ ) v − ( ( ∇ ⋅ v ) + v ⋅ ∇ ) F. ( \\ displaystyle \\ nabla \\ times \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( v \\ times F ) \\ right ) = ( \\ Big ( ) \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( \\ nabla \\ cdot F ) \\ right ) + \\ mathbf ( F \\ cdot \\ nabla ) ( \\ Big ) ) \\ mathbf ( v ) - ( \\ Big ( ) \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( \\ nabla \\ cdot v ) \\ right ) + \\ mathbf ( v \\ cdot \\ nabla ) ( \\ Big ) ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\. ) Interchanging the vector field v and ∇ operator, we arrive at the cross product of a vector field with curl of a vector field : v × ( ∇ × F ) = ∇ F ( v ⋅ F ) − ( v ⋅ ∇ ) F, ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( v \\ \\ times ) \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( \\ nabla \\ times F ) \\ right ) = \\ nabla _ ( \\ mathbf ( F ) ) \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( v \\ cdot F ) \\ right ) - \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( v \\ cdot \\ nabla ) \\ right ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\, ) where ∇ is the Feynman subscript notation, which considers only the variation due to the vector field F ( i.e., in this case, v is treated as being constant in space ). Another example is the curl of a curl of a vector field. It can be shown that in general coordinates ∇ × ( ∇ × F ) = ∇ ( ∇ ⋅ F ) − ∇ 2 F, ( \\ displaystyle \\ nabla \\ times \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( \\ nabla \\ times F ) \\ right ) = \\ mathbf ( \\ nabla ) ( \\ mathbf ( \\ nabla \\ cdot F ) ) - \\ nabla ^ ( 2 ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\, ) and this identity defines the vector Laplacian of F, symbolized as ∇ F. The curl of the gradient of any scalar field φ is always the zero vector field ∇ × ( ∇ φ ) = 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ nabla \\ times ( \\ nabla \\ varphi ) = ( \\ boldsymbol ( 0 ) ) ) which follows from the antisymmetry in the definition of the curl, and the symmetry of second derivatives. If φ is a scalar valued function and F is a vector field, then ∇ × ( φ F ) = ∇ φ × F + φ ∇ × F ( \\ displaystyle \\ nabla \\ times ( \\ varphi \\ mathbf ( F ) ) = \\ nabla \\ varphi \\ times \\ mathbf ( F ) + \\ varphi \\ nabla \\ times \\ mathbf ( F ) ) Descriptive examples ( edit ) In a vector field describing the linear velocities of each part of a rotating disk, the curl has the same value at all points. Of the four Maxwell 's equations, two -- Faraday 's law and Ampère 's law -- can be compactly expressed using curl. Faraday 's law states that the curl of an electric field is equal to the opposite of the time rate of change of the magnetic field, while Ampère 's law relates the curl of the magnetic field to the current and rate of change of the electric field. Generalizations ( edit ) The vector calculus operations of grad, curl, and div are most easily generalized and understood in the context of differential forms, which involves a number of steps. In a nutshell, they correspond to the derivatives of 0 - forms, 1 - forms, and 2 - forms, respectively. The geometric interpretation of curl as rotation corresponds to identifying bivectors ( 2 - vectors ) in 3 dimensions with the special orthogonal Lie algebra s o ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mathfrak ( so ) ) ) ( 3 ) of infinitesimal rotations ( in coordinates, skew - symmetric 3 × 3 matrices ), while representing rotations by vectors corresponds to identifying 1 - vectors ( equivalently, 2 - vectors ) and s o ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mathfrak ( so ) ) ) ( 3 ), these all being 3 - dimensional spaces. Differential forms ( edit ) Main article : Differential form In 3 dimensions, a differential 0 - form is simply a function f ( x, y, z ) ; a differential 1 - form is the following expression : a 1 d x + a 2 d y + a 3 d z ; ( \\ displaystyle a_ ( 1 ) \\, dx + a_ ( 2 ) \\, dy + a_ ( 3 ) \\, dz ; ) a differential 2 - form is the formal sum : a 12 d x ∧ d y + a 13 d x ∧ d z + a 23 d y ∧ d z ; ( \\ displaystyle a_ ( 12 ) \\, dx \\ wedge dy + a_ ( 13 ) \\, dx \\ wedge dz + a_ ( 23 ) \\, dy \\ wedge dz ; ) and a differential 3 - form is defined by a single term : a 123 d x ∧ d y ∧ d z. ( \\ displaystyle a_ ( 123 ) \\, dx \\ wedge dy \\ wedge dz. ) ( Here the a-coefficients are real functions ; the `` wedge products '', e.g. dx ∧ dy, can be interpreted as some kind of oriented area elements, dx ∧ dy = − dy ∧ dx, etc. ) The exterior derivative of a k - form in R is defined as the ( k + 1 ) - form from above -- and in R if, e.g., ω ( k ) = ∑ i 1 < i 2 < ⋯ < i k ∀ i ν ∈ 1,..., n a i 1,..., i k d x i 1 ∧ ⋯ ∧ d x i k, ( \\ displaystyle \\ omega ^ ( ( k ) ) = \\ sum _ ( \\ scriptstyle ( i_ ( 1 ) < i_ ( 2 ) < \\ cdots < i_ ( k ) ) \\ atop \\ forall \\ scriptstyle ( i_ ( \\ nu ) \\ in 1, \\ ldots, n ) ) a_ ( i_ ( 1 ), \\ ldots, i_ ( k ) ) \\, dx_ ( i_ ( 1 ) ) \\ wedge \\ cdots \\ wedge dx_ ( i_ ( k ) ), ) then the exterior derivative d leads to d ω ( k ) = ∑ j = 1 i 1 < ⋯ < i k n ∂ a i 1,..., i k ∂ x j d x j ∧ d x i 1 ∧ ⋯ ∧ d x i k. ( \\ displaystyle d \\ omega ^ ( ( k ) ) = \\ sum _ ( \\ scriptstyle ( j = 1 ) \\ atop \\ scriptstyle ( i_ ( 1 ) < \\ cdots < i_ ( k ) ) ) ^ ( n ) ( \\ frac ( \\ partial a_ ( i_ ( 1 ), \\ ldots, i_ ( k ) ) ) ( \\ partial x_ ( j ) ) ) \\, dx_ ( j ) \\ wedge dx_ ( i_ ( 1 ) ) \\ wedge \\ cdots \\ wedge dx_ ( i_ ( k ) ). ) The exterior derivative of a 1 - form is therefore a 2 - form, and that of a 2 - form is a 3 - form. On the other hand, because of the interchangeability of mixed derivatives, e.g. because of ∂ 2 ∂ x ∂ y = ∂ 2 ∂ y ∂ x, ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ partial x \\, \\ partial y ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ partial y \\, \\ partial x ) ), ) the twofold application of the exterior derivative leads to 0. Thus, denoting the space of k - forms by Ω ( R ) and the exterior derivative by d one gets a sequence : 0 ⟶ d Ω 0 ( R 3 ) ⟶ d Ω 1 ( R 3 ) ⟶ d Ω 2 ( R 3 ) ⟶ d Ω 3 ( R 3 ) ⟶ d 0. ( \\ displaystyle 0 \\, ( \\ overset ( d ) ( \\ longrightarrow ) ) \\, \\ Omega ^ ( 0 ) ( \\ mathbf ( R ) ^ ( 3 ) ) \\, ( \\ overset ( d ) ( \\ longrightarrow ) ) \\, \\ Omega ^ ( 1 ) ( \\ mathbf ( R ) ^ ( 3 ) ) \\, ( \\ overset ( d ) ( \\ longrightarrow ) ) \\, \\ Omega ^ ( 2 ) ( \\ mathbf ( R ) ^ ( 3 ) ) \\, ( \\ overset ( d ) ( \\ longrightarrow ) ) \\, \\ Omega ^ ( 3 ) ( \\ mathbf ( R ) ^ ( 3 ) ) \\, ( \\ overset ( d ) ( \\ longrightarrow ) ) \\, 0. ) Here Ω ( R ) is the space of sections of the exterior algebra Λ ( R ) vector bundle over R, whose dimension is the binomial coefficient ( ) ; note that Ω ( R ) = 0 for k > 3 or k < 0. Writing only dimensions, one obtains a row of Pascal 's triangle : 0 → 1 → 3 → 3 → 1 → 0 ; the 1 - dimensional fibers correspond to functions, and the 3 - dimensional fibers to vector fields, as described below. Modulo suitable identifications, the three nontrivial occurrences of the exterior derivative correspond to grad, curl, and div. Differential forms and the differential can be defined on any Euclidean space, or indeed any manifold, without any notion of a Riemannian metric. On a Riemannian manifold, or more generally pseudo-Riemannian manifold, k - forms can be identified with k - vector fields ( k - forms are k - covector fields, and a pseudo-Riemannian metric gives an isomorphism between vectors and covectors ), and on an oriented vector space with a nondegenerate form ( an isomorphism between vectors and covectors ), there is an isomorphism between k - vectors and ( n − k ) - vectors ; in particular on ( the tangent space of ) an oriented pseudo-Riemannian manifold. Thus on an oriented pseudo-Riemannian manifold, one can interchange k - forms, k - vector fields, ( n − k ) - forms, and ( n − k ) - vector fields ; this is known as Hodge duality. Concretely, on R this is given by : 1 - forms and 1 - vector fields : the 1 - form a dx + a dy + a dz corresponds to the vector field ( a, a, a ). 1 - forms and 2 - forms : one replaces dx by the dual quantity dy ∧ dz ( i.e., omit dx ), and likewise, taking care of orientation : dy corresponds to dz ∧ dx = − dx ∧ dz, and dz corresponds to dx ∧ dy. Thus the form a dx + a dy + a dz corresponds to the `` dual form '' a dx ∧ dy + a dz ∧ dx + a dy ∧ dz. Thus, identifying 0 - forms and 3 - forms with functions, and 1 - forms and 2 - forms with vector fields : grad takes a function ( 0 - form ) to a vector field ( 1 - form ) ; curl takes a vector field ( 1 - form ) to a vector field ( 2 - form ) ; div takes a vector field ( 2 - form ) to a function ( 3 - form ) On the other hand, the fact that d = 0 corresponds to the identities ∇ × ( ∇ f ) = 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ nabla \\ times ( \\ nabla f ) = 0 ) for any function f, and ∇ ⋅ ( ∇ × v ) = 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ nabla \\ cdot ( \\ nabla \\ times \\ mathbf ( v ) ) = 0 ) for any vector field v. Grad and div generalize to all oriented pseudo-Riemannian manifolds, with the same geometric interpretation, because the spaces of 0 - forms and n - forms is always ( fiberwise ) 1 - dimensional and can be identified with scalar functions, while the spaces of 1 - forms and ( n − 1 ) - forms are always fiberwise n - dimensional and can be identified with vector fields. Curl does not generalize in this way to 4 or more dimensions ( or down to 2 or fewer dimensions ) ; in 4 dimensions the dimensions are 0 → 1 → 4 → 6 → 4 → 1 → 0 ; so the curl of a 1 - vector field ( fiberwise 4 - dimensional ) is a 2 - vector field, which is fiberwise 6 - dimensional, one has ω ( 2 ) = ∑ i < k = 1, 2, 3, 4 a i, k d x i ∧ d x k, ( \\ displaystyle \\ omega ^ ( ( 2 ) ) = \\ sum _ ( i < k = 1, 2, 3, 4 ) a_ ( i, k ) \\, dx_ ( i ) \\ wedge dx_ ( k ), ) which yields a sum of six independent terms, and can not be identified with a 1 - vector field. Nor can one meaningfully go from a 1 - vector field to a 2 - vector field to a 3 - vector field ( 4 → 6 → 4 ), as taking the differential twice yields zero ( d = 0 ). Thus there is no curl function from vector fields to vector fields in other dimensions arising in this way. However, one can define a curl of a vector field as a 2 - vector field in general, as described below. Curl geometrically ( edit ) 2 - vectors correspond to the exterior power Λ V ; in the presence of an inner product, in coordinates these are the skew - symmetric matrices, which are geometrically considered as the special orthogonal Lie algebra s o ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mathfrak ( so ) ) ) ( V ) of infinitesimal rotations. This has ( ) = 1 / 2n ( n − 1 ) dimensions, and allows one to interpret the differential of a 1 - vector field as its infinitesimal rotations. Only in 3 dimensions ( or trivially in 0 dimensions ) does n = 1 / 2n ( n − 1 ), which is the most elegant and common case. In 2 dimensions the curl of a vector field is not a vector field but a function, as 2 - dimensional rotations are given by an angle ( a scalar -- an orientation is required to choose whether one counts clockwise or counterclockwise rotations as positive ) ; this is not the div, but is rather perpendicular to it. In 3 dimensions the curl of a vector field is a vector field as is familiar ( in 1 and 0 dimensions the curl of a vector field is 0, because there are no non-trivial 2 - vectors ), while in 4 dimensions the curl of a vector field is, geometrically, at each point an element of the 6 - dimensional Lie algebra s o ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mathfrak ( so ) ) ) ( 4 ). Note also that the curl of a 3 - dimensional vector field which only depends on 2 coordinates ( say x and y ) is simply a vertical vector field ( in the z direction ) whose magnitude is the curl of the 2 - dimensional vector field, as in the examples on this page. Considering curl as a 2 - vector field ( an antisymmetric 2 - tensor ) has been used to generalize vector calculus and associated physics to higher dimensions. See also ( edit ) Cross product Del Divergence Gradient Helmholtz decomposition Del in cylindrical and spherical coordinates Vorticity Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Summary of Vector Calculus lecture notes Jump up ^ Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, March 9th, 1871 Jump up ^ Collected works of James MacCullagh Jump up ^ Mathematical methods for physics and engineering, K.F. Riley, M.P. Hobson, S.J. Bence, Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86153 - 3 Jump up ^ Vector Analysis ( 2nd Edition ), M.R. Spiegel, S. Lipschutz, D. Spellman, Schaum 's Outlines, McGraw Hill ( USA ), 2009, ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 161545 - 7 Jump up ^ Gibbs, Josiah Willard ; Wilson, Edwin Bidwell ( 1901 ), Vector analysis Jump up ^ Arfken, p. 43. Jump up ^ Weisstein, Eric W. `` Curl ''. MathWorld. Jump up ^ Generalizing Cross Products and Maxwell 's Equations to Universal Extra Dimensions, A.W. McDavid, C.D. McMullen, 2006 References ( edit ) Arfken, George B. and Hans J. Weber. Mathematical Methods For Physicists, Academic Press ; 6 edition ( June 21, 2005 ). ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 059876 - 2. Korn, Granino Arthur and Theresa M. Korn. Mathematical Handbook for Scientists and Engineers : Definitions, Theorems, and Formulas for Reference and Review. New York : Dover Publications. pp. 157 -- 160. ISBN 0 - 486 - 41147 - 8. Schey, H.M. ( 1997 ). Div, Grad, Curl, and All That : An Informal Text on Vector Calculus. New York : Norton. ISBN 0 - 393 - 96997 - 5. External links ( edit ) Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ), `` Curl '', Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 The idea of curl of a vector field Curl BetterExplained Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curl_(mathematics)&oldid=850692563 '' Categories : Differential operators Linear operators in calculus Vector calculus Analytic geometry Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 July 2018, at 13 : 38 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Curl (mathematics)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Curl_(mathematics)&amp;oldid=850692563" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "11683667361895771604" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster - Wikipedia Space Shuttle Challenger disaster Jump to : navigation, search Space Shuttle Challenger disaster Photo montage of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. Date 28 January 1986 ; 31 years ago ( 1986 - 01 - 28 ) Time 11 : 39 : 13 EST ( 16 : 39 : 13 UTC ) Location Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Florida Outcome Grounding of the Space Shuttle fleet for nearly three years during which various safety measures, solid rocket booster redesign, and a new policy on management decision - making for future launches were implemented. Casualties Francis R. Scobee, Commander Michael J. Smith, Pilot Ronald McNair, Mission Specialist Ellison Onizuka, Mission Specialist Judith Resnik, Mission Specialist Gregory Jarvis, Payload Specialist Christa McAuliffe, Payload Specialist, Teacher Inquiries Rogers Commission STS - 51 - L crew : ( front row ) Michael J. Smith, Dick Scobee, Ronald McNair ; ( back row ) Ellison Onizuka, Christa McAuliffe, Gregory Jarvis, Judith Resnik. On January 28, 1986, the NASA shuttle orbiter mission STS - 51 - L and the tenth flight of Space Shuttle Challenger ( OV - 99 ) broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, killing all seven crew members, which consisted of five NASA astronauts and two payload specialists. The spacecraft disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Cape Canaveral, Florida, at 11 : 39 EST ( 16 : 39 UTC ). Disintegration of the vehicle began after an O - ring seal in its right solid rocket booster ( SRB ) failed at liftoff. The O - ring was not designed to fly under unusually cold conditions as in this launch. Its failure caused a breach in the SRB joint it sealed, allowing pressurized burning gas from within the solid rocket motor to reach the outside and impinge upon the adjacent SRB aft field joint attachment hardware and external fuel tank. This led to the separation of the right - hand SRB 's aft field joint attachment and the structural failure of the external tank. Aerodynamic forces broke up the orbiter. The crew compartment and many other vehicle fragments were eventually recovered from the ocean floor after a lengthy search and recovery operation. The exact timing of the death of the crew is unknown ; several crew members are known to have survived the initial breakup of the spacecraft. The shuttle had no escape system, and the impact of the crew compartment with the ocean surface was too violent to be survivable. The disaster resulted in a 32 - month hiatus in the shuttle program and the formation of the Rogers Commission, a special commission appointed by United States President Ronald Reagan to investigate the accident. The Rogers Commission found NASA 's organizational culture and decision - making processes had been key contributing factors to the accident, with the agency violating its own safety rules. NASA managers had known since 1977 that contractor Morton - Thiokol 's design of the SRBs contained a potentially catastrophic flaw in the O - rings, but they had failed to address this problem properly. NASA managers also disregarded warnings ( an example of `` go fever '' ) from engineers about the dangers of launching posed by the low temperatures of that morning, and failed to adequately report these technical concerns to their superiors. As a result of the disaster, the Air Force decided to cancel its plans to use the Shuttle for classified military satellite launches from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, deciding to use the Titan IV instead. Approximately 17 percent of Americans witnessed the launch live because of the presence of Payload Specialist Christa McAuliffe, who would have been the first teacher in space. Media coverage of the accident was extensive : one study reported that 85 percent of Americans surveyed had heard the news within an hour of the accident. The Challenger disaster has been used as a case study in many discussions of engineering safety and workplace ethics. Contents ( hide ) 1 O - ring concerns 2 Pre-launch conditions 2.1 Delays 2.2 Thiokol -- NASA conference call 2.3 Ice 3 January 28 launch and failure 3.1 Liftoff and initial ascent 3.2 Plume 3.3 Vehicle breakup 3.4 Post-breakup flight controller dialogue 3.5 Cause and time of death 3.6 Prospect of crew escape 4 Aftermath 4.1 Tributes 4.2 Recovery of debris 4.3 Funeral ceremonies 4.4 NASA crisis 5 Investigation 5.1 Rogers Commission 5.1. 1 Richard Feynman 5.2 U.S. House Committee hearings 6 NASA and Air Force response 6.1 Media coverage 6.2 Use as case study 6.3 Continuation of the Shuttle Program 7 Legacy 8 Video documentation 9 Film 10 Other media 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links O - ring concerns ( edit ) Challenger being carried atop a Crawler - transporter on the way to the launch pad Each of the Space Shuttle 's two Solid Rocket Boosters ( SRBs ) was constructed of seven sections, six of which were permanently joined in pairs at the factory. For each flight, the four resulting segments were then assembled in the Vehicle Assembly Building at Kennedy Space Center ( KSC ), with three field joints. The factory joints were sealed with asbestos - silica insulation applied over the joint, while each field joint was sealed with two rubber O - rings. ( After the destruction of Challenger, the number of O - rings per field joint was increased to three. ) The seals of all of the SRB joints were required to contain the hot, high - pressure gases produced by the burning solid propellant inside, thus forcing them out of the nozzle at the aft end of each rocket. During the Space Shuttle design process, a McDonnell Douglas report in September 1971 discussed the safety record of solid rockets. While a safe abort was possible after most types of failures, one was especially dangerous : a burnthrough by hot gases of the rocket 's casing. The report stated that `` if burnthrough occurs adjacent to ( liquid hydrogen / oxygen ) tank or orbiter, timely sensing may not be feasible and abort not possible '', accurately foreshadowing the Challenger accident. Morton Thiokol was the contractor responsible for the construction and maintenance of the shuttle 's SRBs. As originally designed by Thiokol, the O - ring joints in the SRBs were supposed to close more tightly due to forces generated at ignition, but a 1977 test showed that when pressurized water was used to simulate the effects of booster combustion, the metal parts bent away from each other, opening a gap through which gases could leak. This phenomenon, known as `` joint rotation, '' caused a momentary drop in air pressure. This made it possible for combustion gases to erode the O - rings. In the event of widespread erosion, a flame path could develop, causing the joint to burst -- which would have destroyed the booster and the shuttle. Engineers at the Marshall Space Flight Center wrote to the manager of the Solid Rocket Booster project, George Hardy, on several occasions suggesting that Thiokol 's field joint design was unacceptable. For example, one engineer suggested that joint rotation would render the secondary O - ring useless, but Hardy did not forward these memos to Thiokol, and the field joints were accepted for flight in 1980. Evidence of serious O - ring erosion was present as early as the second space shuttle mission, STS - 2, which was flown by Columbia. Contrary to NASA regulations, the Marshall Center did not report this problem to senior management at NASA, but opted to keep the problem within their reporting channels with Thiokol. Even after the O - rings were redesignated as `` Criticality 1 '' -- meaning that their failure would result in the destruction of the Orbiter -- no one at Marshall suggested that the shuttles be grounded until the flaw could be fixed. After the 1984 launch of STS - 41 - D, flown by Discovery, the first occurrence of hot gas `` blow - by '' was discovered beyond the primary O - ring. In the post-flight analysis, Thiokol engineers found that the amount of blow - by was relatively small and had not impinged upon the secondary O - ring, and concluded that for future flights, the damage was an acceptable risk. However, after the Challenger disaster, Thiokol engineer Brian Russell identified this event as the first `` big red flag '' regarding O - ring safety. By 1985, with seven of nine shuttle launches that year using boosters displaying O - ring erosion and / or hot gas blow - by, Marshall and Thiokol realized that they had a potentially catastrophic problem on their hands. Perhaps most concerning was the launch of STS - 51 - B in April 1985, flown by Challenger, in which the worst O - ring damage to date was discovered in post-flight analysis. The primary O - ring of the left nozzle had been eroded so extensively that it had failed to seal, and for the first time hot gases had eroded the secondary O - ring. They began the process of redesigning the joint with three inches ( 76 mm ) of additional steel around the tang. This tang would grip the inner face of the joint and prevent it from rotating. They did not call for a halt to shuttle flights until the joints could be redesigned, but rather treated the problem as an acceptable flight risk. For example, Lawrence Mulloy, Marshall 's manager for the SRB project since 1982, issued and waived launch constraints for six consecutive flights. Thiokol even went as far as to persuade NASA to declare the O - ring problem `` closed ''. Donald Kutyna, a member of the Rogers Commission, later likened this situation to an airline permitting one of its planes to continue to fly despite evidence that one of its wings was about to fall off. Pre-launch conditions ( edit ) Delays ( edit ) Challenger was originally set to launch from KSC in Florida at 14 : 42 Eastern Standard Time ( EST ) on January 22, 1986. Delays in the previous mission, STS - 61 - C, caused the launch date to be moved to January 23 and then to January 24. The launch was then rescheduled to January 25 due to bad weather at the Transoceanic Abort Landing ( TAL ) site in Dakar, Senegal. NASA decided to use Casablanca as the TAL site, but because it was not equipped for night landings, the launch had to be moved to the morning ( Florida time ). Predictions of unacceptable weather at KSC on January 26, caused the launch to be rescheduled for 09 : 37 EST on January 27. The launch was delayed the next day, due to problems with the exterior access hatch. First, one of the micro-switch indicators, used to verify that the hatch was safely locked, malfunctioned. Then, a stripped bolt prevented the closeout crew from removing a closing fixture from the orbiter 's hatch. By the time repair personnel had sawed the fixture off, crosswinds at the Shuttle Landing Facility exceeded the limits for a Return to Launch Site ( RTLS ) abort. While the crew waited for winds to die down, the launch window expired, forcing yet another scrub. Thiokol -- NASA conference call ( edit ) Forecasts for January 28 predicted an unusually cold morning, with temperatures close to − 1 ° C ( 30 ° F ), the minimum temperature permitted for launch. The Shuttle was never certified to operate in temperatures that low. The O - rings, as well as many other critical components, had no test data to support any expectation of a successful launch in such conditions. By mid-1985 Thiokol engineers worried that others did not share their concerns about low temperatures ' effects on the boosters. Bob Ebeling in October 1985 wrote a memo -- titled `` Help! '' so others would read it -- of concerns regarding low temperatures and O - rings. After the weather forecast, NASA personnel remembered Thiokol 's warnings and contacted the company. When a Thiokol manager asked Ebeling about the possibility of a launch at 18 degrees, he answered `` ( W ) e 're only qualified to 40 degrees... ' what business does anyone even have thinking about 18 degrees, we 're in no - man 's land. ' '' After his team agreed that a launch risked disaster, Thiokol immediately called NASA recommending a postponement until temperatures rose in the afternoon. NASA manager Jud Lovingood responded that Thiokol could not make the recommendation without providing a safe temperature. The company prepared for a teleconference two hours later during which it would have to justify a no - launch recommendation. At the teleconference on the evening of January 27, Thiokol engineers and managers discussed the weather conditions with NASA managers from Kennedy Space Center and Marshall Space Flight Center. Several engineers ( most notably Ebeling and Roger Boisjoly ) reiterated their concerns about the effect of low temperatures on the resilience of the rubber O - rings that sealed the joints of the SRBs, and recommended a launch postponement. They argued that they did not have enough data to determine whether the joints would properly seal if the O - rings were colder than 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ). This was an important consideration, since the SRB O - rings had been designated as a `` Criticality 1 '' component, meaning that there was no backup if both the primary and secondary O - rings failed, and their failure could destroy the Orbiter and kill its crew. Thiokol management initially supported its engineers ' recommendation to postpone the launch, but NASA staff opposed a delay. During the conference call, Hardy told Thiokol, `` I am appalled. I am appalled by your recommendation. '' Mulloy said, `` My God, Thiokol, when do you want me to launch -- next April? '' NASA believed that Thiokol 's hastily prepared presentation 's quality was too poor to support such a statement on flight safety. One argument by NASA personnel contesting Thiokol 's concerns was that if the primary O - ring failed, the secondary O - ring would still seal. This was unproven, and was in any case an argument that did not apply to a `` Criticality 1 '' component. As astronaut Sally Ride stated when questioning NASA managers before the Rogers Commission, it is forbidden to rely on a backup for a `` Criticality 1 '' component. NASA claimed that it did not know of Thiokol 's earlier concerns about the effects of the cold on the O - rings, and did not understand that Rockwell International, the shuttle 's prime contractor, viewed the large amount of ice present on the pad as a constraint to launch. For reasons that are unclear, Thiokol management reversed itself and recommended that the launch proceed as scheduled ; NASA did not ask why. Ebeling told his wife that night that Challenger would blow up. Ken Iliff, a former NASA Chief Scientist who had worked on the Space Shuttle Program since its first mission ( and the X-15 program before that ) stated in 2004, `` Violating a couple of mission rules was the primary cause of the Challenger accident. '' Ice ( edit ) Ice on the launch tower hours before Challenger launch The Thiokol engineers had also argued that the low overnight temperatures ( − 8 ° C ( 18 ° F ) the evening prior to launch ) would almost certainly result in SRB temperatures below their redline of 4 ° C ( 39 ° F ). Ice had accumulated all over the launch pad, raising concerns that ice could damage the shuttle upon lift - off. The Kennedy Ice Team inadvertently pointed an infrared camera at the aft field joint of the right SRB and found the temperature to be only − 13 ° C ( 9 ° F ). This was believed to be the result of supercooled air blowing on the joint from the liquid oxygen tank vent. It was much lower than the air temperature and far below the design specifications for the O - rings. The low reading was later determined to be erroneous, the error caused by not following the temperature probe manufacturer 's instructions. Tests and adjusted calculations later confirmed that the temperature of the joint was not substantially different from the ambient temperature. The temperature on the day of the launch was far lower than had been the case with previous launches : below freezing at − 2.2 to − 1.7 ° C ( 28.0 to 28.9 ° F ) ; previously, the coldest launch had been at 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ). Although the Ice Team had worked through the night removing ice, engineers at Rockwell still expressed concern. Rockwell engineers watching the pad from their headquarters in Downey, California, were horrified when they saw the amount of ice. They feared that during launch, ice might be shaken loose and strike the shuttle 's thermal protection tiles, possibly due to the aspiration induced by the jet of exhaust gas from the SRBs. Rocco Petrone, the head of Rockwell 's space transportation division, and his colleagues viewed this situation as a launch constraint, and told Rockwell 's managers at the Cape that Rockwell could not support a launch. Rockwell 's managers at the Cape voiced their concerns in a manner that led Houston - based mission manager Arnold Aldrich to go ahead with the launch. Aldrich decided to postpone the shuttle launch by an hour to give the Ice Team time to perform another inspection. After that last inspection, during which the ice appeared to be melting, Challenger was cleared to launch at 11 : 38 am EST. January 28 launch and failure ( edit ) Further information : STS - 51 - L Mission timeline Liftoff and initial ascent ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gray smoke escaping from the right side SRB The following account of the accident is derived from real time telemetry data and photographic analysis, as well as from transcripts of air - to - ground and mission control voice communications. All times are given in seconds after launch and correspond to the telemetry time - codes from the closest instrumented event to each described event. The Space Shuttle main engines ( SSMEs ) were ignited at T - 6.6 seconds. The SSMEs were liquid - fueled and could be safely shut down ( and the launch aborted if necessary ) until the Solid Rocket Boosters ignited at T = 0 ( which was at 11 : 38 : 00.010 EST ) and the hold - down bolts were released with explosives, freeing the vehicle from the pad. At lift off, the three SSMEs were at 100 % of their original rated performance, and began throttling up to 104 % under computer control. With the first vertical motion of the vehicle, the gaseous hydrogen vent arm retracted from the External Tank ( ET ) but failed to latch back. Review of film shot by pad cameras showed that the arm did not re-contact the vehicle, and thus it was ruled out as a contributing factor in the accident. The post-launch inspection of the pad also revealed that kick springs on four of the hold - down bolts were missing, but they were similarly ruled out as a possible cause. Play media Challenger launch and breakup Later review of launch film showed that at T + 0.678, strong puffs of dark gray smoke were emitted from the right - hand SRB near the aft strut that attaches the booster to the ET. The last smoke puff occurred at about T + 2.733. The last view of smoke around the strut was at T + 3.375. It was later determined that these smoke puffs were caused by the opening and closing of the aft field joint of the right - hand SRB. The booster 's casing had ballooned under the stress of ignition. As a result of this ballooning, the metal parts of the casing bent away from each other, opening a gap through which hot gases -- above 2,760 ° C ( 5,000 ° F ) -- leaked. This had occurred in previous launches, but each time the primary O - ring had shifted out of its groove and formed a seal. Although the SRB was not designed to function this way, it appeared to work well enough, and Morton - Thiokol changed the design specs to accommodate this process, known as extrusion. While extrusion was taking place, hot gases leaked past ( a process called `` blow - by '' ), damaging the O - rings until a seal was made. Investigations by Morton - Thiokol engineers determined that the amount of damage to the O - rings was directly related to the time it took for extrusion to occur, and that cold weather, by causing the O - rings to harden, lengthened the time of extrusion. ( The redesigned SRB field joint used subsequent to the Challenger accident used an additional interlocking mortise and tang with a third O - ring, mitigating blow - by. ) On the morning of the disaster, the primary O - ring had become so hard due to the cold that it could not seal in time. The temperature had dropped below the glass transition temperature of the O - rings. Above the glass transition temperature, the O - rings display properties of elasticity and flexibility, while below the glass transition temperature, they become rigid and brittle. The secondary O - ring was not in its seated position due to the metal bending. There was now no barrier to the gases, and both O - rings were vaporized across 70 degrees of arc. Aluminum oxides from the burned solid propellant sealed the damaged joint, temporarily replacing the O - ring seal before flame passed through the joint. As the vehicle cleared the tower, the SSMEs were operating at 104 % of their rated maximum thrust, and control switched from the Launch Control Center ( LCC ) at Kennedy to the Mission Control Center ( MCC ) at Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. To prevent aerodynamic forces from structurally overloading the orbiter, at T + 28 the SSMEs began throttling down to limit the velocity of the shuttle in the dense lower atmosphere, per normal operating procedure. At T + 35.379, the SSMEs throttled back further to the planned 65 %. Five seconds later, at about 5,800 metres ( 19,000 ft ), Challenger passed through Mach 1. At T + 51.860, the SSMEs began throttling back up to 104 % as the vehicle passed beyond Max Q, the period of maximum aerodynamic pressure on the vehicle. Plume ( edit ) Plume on right SRB at T+ 58.788 seconds Beginning at about T + 37 and for 27 seconds, the shuttle experienced a series of wind shear events that were stronger than on any previous flight. At T + 58.788, a tracking film camera captured the beginnings of a plume near the aft attach strut on the right SRB. Unknown to those on Challenger or in Houston, hot gas had begun to leak through a growing hole in one of the right - hand SRBs joints. The force of the wind shear shattered the temporary oxide seal that had taken the place of the damaged O - rings, removing the last barrier to flame passing through the joint. Had it not been for the wind shear, the fortuitous oxide seal might have held through booster burnout. Within a second, the plume became well defined and intense. Internal pressure in the right SRB began to drop because of the rapidly enlarging hole in the failed joint, and at T + 60.238 there was visual evidence of flame burning through the joint and impinging on the external tank. At T + 64.660, the plume suddenly changed shape, indicating that a leak had begun in the liquid hydrogen tank, located in the aft portion of the external tank. The nozzles of the main engines pivoted under computer control to compensate for the unbalanced thrust produced by the booster burn - through. The pressure in the shuttle 's external liquid hydrogen tank began to drop at T + 66.764, indicating the effect of the leak. At this stage the situation still seemed normal both to the crew and to flight controllers. At T + 68, the CAPCOM Richard O. Covey informed the crew that they were `` go at throttle up '', and Commander Dick Scobee confirmed, `` Roger, go at throttle up '' ; this was the last communication from Challenger on the air - to - ground loop. Vehicle breakup ( edit ) Play media A tracking camera located north of the pad captured the SRB plume as it burned through the external tank. The damaged SRB was seen exiting the vapor cloud with clear signs of O - ring failure on one of its segments. Challenger begins to disintegrate. At T + 72.284, the right SRB pulled away from the aft strut attaching it to the external tank. Later analysis of telemetry data showed a sudden lateral acceleration to the right at T + 72.525, which may have been felt by the crew. The last statement captured by the crew cabin recorder came just half a second after this acceleration, when Pilot Michael J. Smith said `` Uh - oh. '' Smith may also have been responding to onboard indications of main engine performance, or to falling pressures in the external fuel tank. At T + 73.124, the aft dome of the liquid hydrogen tank failed, producing a propulsive force that rammed the hydrogen tank into the liquid oxygen tank in the forward part of the ET. At the same time, the right SRB rotated about the forward attach strut, and struck the intertank structure. The external tank at this point suffered a complete structural failure, the LH2 and LOX tanks rupturing, mixing, and igniting, creating a fireball that enveloped the whole stack. The breakup of the vehicle began at T + 73.162 seconds and at an altitude of 48,000 feet ( 15 km ). With the external tank disintegrating ( and with the semi-detached right SRB contributing its thrust on an anomalous vector ), Challenger veered from its correct attitude with respect to the local airflow, resulting in a load factor of up to 20 ( or 20 g ), well over its design limit of 5 g and was quickly ripped apart by abnormal aerodynamic forces ( contrary to popular belief, the orbiter did not explode as the force of the external tank breakup was well within its structural limits ). The two SRBs, which could withstand greater aerodynamic loads, separated from the ET and continued in uncontrolled powered flight. The SRB casings were made of half - inch ( 12.7 mm ) thick steel and were much stronger than the orbiter and ET ; thus, both SRBs survived the breakup of the space shuttle stack, even though the right SRB was still suffering the effects of the joint burn - through that had set the destruction of Challenger in motion. The more robustly constructed crew cabin also survived the breakup of the launch vehicle, as it was designed to survive 20 psi while the estimated pressure it had been subjected to during orbiter breakup was only about 4 -- 5 psi. ; while the SRBs were subsequently destroyed remotely by the Range Safety Officer, the detached cabin continued along a ballistic trajectory and was observed exiting the cloud of gases at T + 75.237. Twenty - five seconds after the breakup of the vehicle, the altitude of the crew compartment peaked at a height of 65,000 feet ( 20 km ). The cabin was stabilized during descent by the large mass of electrical wires trailing behind it. The Thiokol engineers who had opposed the decision to launch were watching the events on television. They had believed that any O - ring failure would have occurred at liftoff, and thus were happy to see the shuttle successfully leave the launch pad. At about one minute after liftoff, a friend of Boisjoly said to him `` Oh God. We made it. We made it! '' Boisjoly recalled that when the shuttle was destroyed a few seconds later, `` we all knew exactly what happened. '' Post-breakup flight controller dialogue ( edit ) Jay Greene at his console after the breakup of Challenger Play media Mission Control during the liftoff of Challenger ( STS - 51 - L ) In Mission Control, there was a burst of static on the air - to - ground loop as Challenger disintegrated. Television screens showed a cloud of smoke and water vapor ( the product of hydrogen + oxygen combustion ) where Challenger had been, with pieces of debris falling toward the ocean. At about T + 89, flight director Jay Greene prompted his Flight Dynamics Officer ( FIDO ) for information. FIDO responded that `` the ( radar ) filter has discreting sources '', a further indication that Challenger had broken into multiple pieces. Moments later, the ground controller reported `` negative contact ( and ) loss of downlink '' of radio and telemetry data from Challenger. Greene ordered his team to `` watch your data carefully '' and look for any sign that the Orbiter had escaped. At T + 110.250, the Range Safety Officer ( RSO ) at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station sent radio signals that activated the range safety system 's `` destruct '' packages on board both solid rocket boosters. This was a normal contingency procedure, undertaken because the RSO judged the free - flying SRBs a possible threat to land or sea. The same destruct signal would have destroyed the External Tank had it not already disintegrated. The SRBs were close to the end of their scheduled burn ( T + 110 seconds after launch ) and had nearly exhausted their propellants when the destruct command was sent, so very little, if any explosive force was generated by this event. Public affairs officer Steve Nesbitt reported : `` Flight controllers here are looking very carefully at the situation. Obviously a major malfunction. We have no downlink. '' On the Mission Control loop, Greene ordered that contingency procedures be put into effect ; these procedures included locking the doors of the control center, shutting down telephone communications with the outside world, and following checklists that ensured that the relevant data were correctly recorded and preserved. Nesbitt relayed this information to the public : `` We have a report from the Flight Dynamics Officer that the vehicle has exploded. The flight director confirms that. We are looking at checking with the recovery forces to see what can be done at this point. '' Cause and time of death ( edit ) The intact crew cabin was seen exiting the cloud by a tracking camera after its trajectory carried it across an adjacent contrail. Enlarged detail of the previous picture, the arrow indicating the crew cabin. The nose cone containing the RCS thrusters is missing. Astronauts from a later Shuttle flight ( STS - 34 ) stand next to their PEAPs The crew cabin, made of reinforced aluminum, was a particularly robust section of the orbiter. During vehicle breakup, it detached in one piece and slowly tumbled into a ballistic arc. NASA estimated the load factor at separation to be between 12 and 20 g ; within two seconds it had already dropped to below 4 g and within 10 seconds the cabin was in free fall. The forces involved at this stage were probably insufficient to cause major injury. At least some of the crew were probably alive and at least briefly conscious after the breakup, as three of the four recovered Personal Egress Air Packs ( PEAPs ) on the flight deck were found to have been activated. Investigators found their remaining unused air supply consistent with the expected consumption during the 2 minute 45 second post-breakup trajectory. While analyzing the wreckage, investigators discovered that several electrical system switches on Pilot Mike Smith 's right - hand panel had been moved from their usual launch positions. Fellow astronaut Richard Mullane wrote, `` These switches were protected with lever locks that required them to be pulled outward against a spring force before they could be moved to a new position. '' Later tests established that neither force of the explosion nor the impact with the ocean could have moved them, indicating that Smith made the switch changes, presumably in a futile attempt to restore electrical power to the cockpit after the crew cabin detached from the rest of the orbiter. Whether the crew members remained conscious long after the breakup is unknown, and largely depends on whether the detached crew cabin maintained pressure integrity. If it did not, the time of useful consciousness at that altitude is just a few seconds ; the PEAPs supplied only unpressurized air, and hence would not have helped the crew to retain consciousness. If, on the other hand, the cabin was not depressurized or only slowly depressurizing, they may have been conscious for the entire fall until impact. Recovery of the cabin found that the middeck floor had not suffered buckling or tearing, as would result from a rapid decompression, thus providing some evidence that the depressurization may have not happened all at once. NASA routinely trained shuttle crews for splashdown events, but the cabin hit the ocean surface at roughly 207 mph ( 333 km / h ), with an estimated deceleration at impact of well over 200 g, far beyond the structural limits of the crew compartment or crew survivability levels, and far greater than almost any automobile, aircraft, or train accident. The crew would have been torn from their seats and killed instantly by the extreme impact force. On July 28, 1986, NASA 's Associate Administrator for Space Flight, former astronaut Richard H. Truly, released a report on the deaths of the crew from the director of Space and Life Sciences at the Johnson Space Center, Joseph P. Kerwin. A medical doctor and former astronaut, Kerwin was a veteran of the 1973 Skylab 2 mission. According to the Kerwin Report : The findings are inconclusive. The impact of the crew compartment with the ocean surface was so violent that evidence of damage occurring in the seconds which followed the disintegration was masked. Our final conclusions are : the cause of death of the Challenger astronauts can not be positively determined ; the forces to which the crew were exposed during Orbiter breakup were probably not sufficient to cause death or serious injury ; and the crew possibly, but not certainly, lost consciousness in the seconds following Orbiter breakup due to in - flight loss of crew module pressure. Some experts believe most if not all of the crew were alive and possibly conscious during the entire descent until impact with the ocean. Astronaut and NASA lead accident investigator Robert Overmyer said, `` I not only flew with Dick Scobee, we owned a plane together, and I know Scob did everything he could to save his crew. Scob fought for any and every edge to survive. He flew that ship without wings all the way down... they were alive. '' Prospect of crew escape ( edit ) Further information : Shuttle ejection escape systems, Post-Challenger abort enhancements During powered flight of the space shuttle, crew escape was not possible. Launch escape systems were considered several times during shuttle development, but NASA 's conclusion was that the shuttle 's expected high reliability would preclude the need for one. Modified SR - 71 Blackbird ejection seats and full pressure suits were used for the two - man crews on the first four shuttle orbital missions, which were considered test flights, but they were removed for the `` operational '' missions that followed. ( The Columbia Accident Investigation Board later declared, after the 2003 Columbia re-entry disaster, that the space shuttle system should never have been declared operational because it is experimental by nature due to the limited number of flights as compared to certified commercial aircraft. ) The multi-deck design of the crew cabin precluded use of such ejection seats for larger crews. Providing some sort of launch escape system had been considered, but deemed impractical due to `` limited utility, technical complexity and excessive cost in dollars, weight or schedule delays. '' After the loss of Challenger, the question was re-opened, and NASA considered several different options, including ejector seats, tractor rockets and emergency egress through the bottom of the orbiter. NASA once again concluded that all of the launch escape systems considered would be impractical due to the sweeping vehicle modifications that would have been necessary and the resultant limitations on crew size. A system was designed to give the crew the option to leave the shuttle during gliding flight, but this system would not have been usable in the Challenger situation. Aftermath ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Ronald Reagan Announces the Challenger Disaster Play media U.S. President Ronald Reagan addresses the nation after the shuttle disaster. Tributes ( edit ) On the night of the disaster, President Ronald Reagan had been scheduled to give his annual State of the Union address. He initially announced that the address would go on as scheduled, but then postponed the State of the Union address for a week and instead gave a national address on the Challenger disaster from the Oval Office of the White House. It was written by Peggy Noonan, and was listed as one of the most significant speeches of the 20th century in a survey of 137 communication scholars. It finished with the following statement, which quoted from the poem `` High Flight '' by John Gillespie Magee, Jr. : We will never forget them, nor the last time we saw them, this morning, as they prepared for their journey and waved goodbye and ' slipped the surly bonds of Earth ' to ' touch the face of God. ' Memorial service on January 31, 1986, at Houston, Texas, attended by Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan ( left ). Three days later, Reagan and his wife Nancy traveled to the Johnson Space Center to speak at a memorial service honoring the crew members, where he stated : Sometimes, when we reach for the stars, we fall short. But we must pick ourselves up again and press on despite the pain. It was attended by 6,000 NASA employees and 4,000 guests, as well as by the families of the crew. During the ceremony, an Air Force band led the singing of `` God Bless America '' as NASA T - 38 Talon jets flew directly over the scene, in the traditional missing - man formation. All activities were broadcast live by the national television networks. President Reagan would further mention the Challenger crew members at the beginning of his State of the Union address on February 4. Recovery of debris ( edit ) Recovered right solid rocket booster showing the hole caused by the plume. In the first minutes after the accident, recovery efforts were begun by NASA 's Launch Recovery Director, who ordered the ships normally used by NASA for recovery of the solid rocket boosters to be sent to the location of the water impact. Search and rescue aircraft were also dispatched. At this stage debris was still falling, and the Range Safety Officer ( RSO ) held both aircraft and ships out of the impact area until it was considered safe for them to enter. It was about an hour until the RSO allowed the recovery forces to begin their work. The search and rescue operations that took place in the first week after the Challenger accident were managed by the Department of Defense on behalf of NASA, with assistance from the United States Coast Guard, and mostly involved surface searches. According to the Coast Guard, `` the operation was the largest surface search in which they had participated. '' This phase of operations lasted until February 7. In order to discourage scavengers, NASA did not disclose the exact location of the debris field, instead referring to it by the cryptic code name `` Target 67 ''. This was impossible to keep secret for any length of time and Radio Shacks in the Cape Canaveral area were soon completely sold out of radios that could tune into the frequency used by Coast Guard vessels. Thereafter, recovery efforts were managed by a Search, Recovery, and Reconstruction team ; its aim was to salvage debris that would help in determining the cause of the accident. Sonar, divers, remotely operated submersibles and manned submersibles were all used during the search, which covered an area of 486 square nautical miles ( 1,670 km ), and took place at water depths between 70 feet ( 21 m ) and 1,200 feet ( 370 m ). On March 7, divers from the USS Preserver identified what might be the crew compartment on the ocean floor. The finding, along with discovery of the remains of all seven crew members, was confirmed the next day and on March 9, NASA announced the finding to the press. The crew cabin was severely crushed and fragmented from the extreme impact forces ; one member of the search team described it as `` largely a pile of rubble with wires protruding from it ''. The largest intact section was the rear wall containing the two payload bay windows and the airlock. All windows in the cabin had been destroyed, with only small bits of glass still attached to the frames. Impact forces appeared to be greatest on the left side, indicating that it had struck the water in a nose - down, left - end first position. Inside the twisted debris of the crew cabin were the bodies of the astronauts, which after weeks of immersion in salt water and exposure to scavenging marine life were in a semi-liquefied state that bore little resemblance to anything living, although according to John Devlin, the skipper of the USS Preserve, they `` were not as badly mangled as you 'd see in some aircraft accidents ''. Lt. Cmdr James Simpson of the Coast Guard reported finding a helmet with ears and a scalp in it. Judy Resnik was the first to be removed followed by Christa McAuliffe with more human remains retrieved over several hours. Due to the hazardous nature of the recovery operation ( the cabin was filled with large pieces of protruding jagged metal ), the Navy divers protested that they would not go on with the work unless the cabin was hauled onto the ship 's deck. Despite the desire to be respectful to the dead, the bodies were said to have been handled less gingerly than the recovered memory core units and tape recorders, whose contents were vital in the accident investigation. During the recovery of the remains of the crew, Gregory Jarvis 's body floated out of the shattered crew compartment and was lost to the diving team. A day later, his body was seen floating on the ocean 's surface. It sank as a team prepared to pull him from the water. Determined to not end the recovery operations without retrieving Jarvis, astronaut Robert Crippen rented a fishing boat at his own expense and went searching for the body. On April 15, near the end of the salvage operations, the Navy divers found Jarvis. His body had settled 101.2 feet below the water on the sea floor, some 0.7 nautical miles from the final resting place of the crew compartment. He was recovered and brought to the surface before being processed with the other crew members and then prepared for release to his family. Navy pathologists performed autopsies on the crew members but due to the poor condition of the bodies, no exact cause of death could be determined for any of them. The crew transfer took place on April 29, 1986, three months and one day after the accident. Seven hearses carried the crew 's remains from the Life Sciences Facility on Cape Canaveral, to a waiting MAC C - 141 aircraft. Their caskets were each draped with an American flag and carried past an honor guard and followed by an astronaut escort. The astronaut escorts for the Challenger crew were : Dan Brandenstein, Jim Buckley, Norm Thagard, Charles Bolden, Tammy Jernigan, Dick Richards, and Loren Shriver. Once the crew 's remains were aboard the jet, they were flown to Dover Air Force Base in Delaware to be processed and then released to their relatives. It had been suggested early in the investigation that the accident was caused by inadvertent detonation of the Range Safety destruct charges on the external tank, but the charges were recovered mostly intact and a quick overview of telemetry data immediately ruled out that theory. The three shuttle main engines were found largely intact and still attached to the thrust assembly despite extensive damage from impact with the ocean, marine life, and immersion in salt water. They had considerable heat damage due to a LOX - rich shutdown caused by the drop in hydrogen fuel pressure as the external tank began to fail. The memory units from Engines 1 and 2 were recovered, cleaned, and their contents analyzed, which confirmed normal engine operation until LH2 starvation began starting at T + 72 seconds. Loss of fuel pressure and rising combustion chamber temperatures caused the computers to shut off the engines. Since there was no evidence of abnormal SSME behavior until 72 seconds, the engines were ruled out as a contributing factor in the accident. Other recovered orbiter components showed no indication of pre-breakup malfunction. Recovered parts of the TDRSS satellite also did not disclose any abnormalities other than damage caused by vehicle breakup, impact, and immersion in salt water. The solid rocket motor boost stage for the payload had not ignited either and was quickly ruled out as a cause of the accident. The solid rocket booster debris had no signs of explosion ( other than the Range Safety charges splitting the casings open ), or propellant debonding / cracking. There was no question about the RSO manually destroying the SRBs following vehicle breakup, so the idea of the destruct charges accidentally detonating was ruled out. Premature separation of the SRBs from the stack or inadvertent activation of the recovery system was also considered, but telemetry data quickly disproved that idea. Nor was there any evidence of in - flight structural failure since visual and telemetry evidence showed that the SRBs remained structurally intact up to and beyond vehicle breakup. The aft field joint on the right SRB did show extensive burn damage. Telemetry proved that the right SRB, after the failure of the lower struts, had come loose and struck the external tank. The exact point where the struts broke could not be determined from film of the launch, nor were the struts or the adjacent section of the external tank recovered during salvage operations. Based on the location of the rupture in the right SRB, the P12 strut most likely failed first. The SRB 's nose cone also exhibited some impact damage from this behavior ( for comparison, the left SRB nose cone had no damage at all ) and the intertank region had signs of impact damage as well. In addition, the orbiter 's right wing had impact and burn damage from the right SRB colliding with it following vehicle breakup. Most of the initially - considered failure modes were soon ruled out and by May 1, enough of the right solid rocket booster had been recovered to determine the original cause of the accident, and the major salvage operations were concluded. While some shallow - water recovery efforts continued, this was unconnected with the accident investigation ; it aimed to recover debris for use in NASA 's studies of the properties of materials used in spacecraft and launch vehicles. The recovery operation was able to pull 15 short tons ( 14 t ) of debris from the ocean ; 55 % of Challenger, 5 % of the crew cabin and 65 % of the satellite cargo is still missing. Some of the missing debris continued to wash up on Florida shores for some years, such as on December 17, 1996, nearly 11 years after the incident, when two large pieces of the shuttle were found at Cocoa Beach. Under 18 U.S.C. § 641 it is against the law to be in possession of Challenger debris, and any newly discovered pieces must be turned over to NASA. On board Challenger was an American flag, dubbed the Challenger flag, that was sponsored by Boy Scout Troop 514 of Monument, Colorado. It was recovered intact, still sealed in its plastic container. All recovered non-organic debris from Challenger was ultimately buried in a former missile silo at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 31. Funeral ceremonies ( edit ) The remains of the Challenger crew are transferred to a C - 141 at the NASA KSC Shuttle Landing Facility, bound for Dover Air Force Base, Delaware. The remains of the crew that were identifiable were returned to their families on April 29, 1986. Three of the crew members, Judith Resnik, Dick Scobee, and Capt. Michael J. Smith, were buried by their families at Arlington National Cemetery at individual grave sites. Mission Specialist Lt Col Ellison Onizuka was buried at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu, Hawaii. Ronald McNair was buried in Rest Lawn Memorial Park in Lake City, South Carolina. Christa McAuliffe 's remains are buried at Calvary Cemetery in her hometown of Concord, New Hampshire. Gregory Jarvis was cremated, and his ashes buried in the Pacific Ocean. Unidentified crew remains were buried communally at the Space Shuttle Challenger Memorial in Arlington on May 20, 1986. NASA crisis ( edit ) The launch attempt of the Delta 3914 carrying the GOES - G, ends in failure 71 seconds later, May 3, 1986 Several National Reconnaissance Office ( NRO ) satellites that only the shuttle could launch were grounded because of the accident, a dilemma NRO had feared since the 1970s when the shuttle was designated as the United States ' primary launch system for all government and commercial payloads. NASA had difficulties with its own Titan rocket and Delta rocket programs, due to other unexpected rocket failures occurring before and after the Challenger disaster. On August 28, 1985, a Titan 34D carrying a KH - 11 Kennan satellite exploded after liftoff over Vandenberg Air Force Base, when the first stage propellant feed system failed. It was the first failure of a Titan missile since 1978. On April 18, 1986, another Titan 34D - 9 carrying a classified payload, said to be a Big Bird spy satellite, exploded at about 830 feet above the pad after liftoff over Vandenberg AFB, when a burnthrough occurred on one of the rocket boosters. On May 3, 1986, a Delta 3914 carrying the GOES - G weather satellite exploded 71 seconds after liftoff over Cape Canaveral Air Force Station due to an electrical malfunction on the Delta 's first stage, which prompted the range safety officer on the ground to decide to destroy the rocket, just as a few of the rocket 's boosters were jettisoned. As a result of these three failures, NASA decided to cancel all Titan and Delta launches from Cape Canaveral and Vandenberg for four months until the problem in the rockets ' designs were solved. Due to the shuttle fleet being grounded, excess ammonium perchlorate that was manufactured as rocket fuel was kept on site at the Pacific Engineering and Production Company of Nevada ( PEPCON ) plant in Henderson, Nevada. This excess ammonium perchlorate later caught fire and the resulting explosion destroyed the PEPCON facility and the neighboring Kidd & Co marshmallow factory. Investigation ( edit ) In the aftermath of the accident, NASA was criticized for its lack of openness with the press. The New York Times noted on the day after the accident that `` neither Jay Greene, flight director for the ascent, nor any other person in the control room, was made available to the press by the space agency. '' In the absence of reliable sources, the press turned to speculation ; both The New York Times and United Press International ran stories suggesting that a fault with the space shuttle external tank had caused the accident, despite the fact that NASA 's internal investigation had quickly focused in on the solid rocket boosters. `` The space agency, '' wrote space reporter William Harwood, `` stuck to its policy of strict secrecy about the details of the investigation, an uncharacteristic stance for an agency that long prided itself on openness. '' Rogers Commission ( edit ) Main article : Rogers Commission Report Simplified cross section of the joints between rocket segments SRB ; outside to left. Legend : A -- steel wall 0.5 inches ( 12.7 mm ) thick B -- base O - ring gasket, C -- backup O - ring gasket, D -- Strengthening - Cover band, E -- insulation, F -- insulation, G -- carpeting, H -- sealing paste, I -- fixed propellant The Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, also known as the Rogers Commission after its chairman, was formed to investigate the disaster. The commission members were Chairman William P. Rogers, Vice Chairman Neil Armstrong, David Acheson, Eugene Covert, Richard Feynman, Robert Hotz, Donald Kutyna, Sally Ride, Robert Rummel, Joseph Sutter, Arthur Walker, Albert Wheelon, and Chuck Yeager. The commission worked for several months and published a report of its findings. It found that the Challenger accident was caused by a failure in the O - rings sealing a joint on the right solid rocket booster, which allowed pressurized hot gases and eventually flame to `` blow by '' the O - ring and make contact with the adjacent external tank, causing structural failure. The failure of the O - rings was attributed to a faulty design, whose performance could be too easily compromised by factors including the low temperature on the day of launch. Members of the Rogers Commission arrive at Kennedy Space Center. More broadly, the report also considered the contributing causes of the accident. Most salient was the failure of both NASA and Morton Thiokol to respond adequately to the danger posed by the deficient joint design. Rather than redesigning the joint, they came to define the problem as an acceptable flight risk. The report found that managers at Marshall had known about the flawed design since 1977, but never discussed the problem outside their reporting channels with Thiokol -- a flagrant violation of NASA regulations. Even when it became more apparent how serious the flaw was, no one at Marshall considered grounding the shuttles until a fix could be implemented. On the contrary, Marshall managers went as far as to issue and waive six launch constraints related to the O - rings. The report also strongly criticized the decision - making process that led to the launch of Challenger, saying that it was seriously flawed : failures in communication... resulted in a decision to launch 51 - L based on incomplete and sometimes misleading information, a conflict between engineering data and management judgments, and a NASA management structure that permitted internal flight safety problems to bypass key Shuttle managers. -- Rogers Commission Report Chapter V Richard Feynman ( edit ) One of the commission 's members was theoretical physicist Richard Feynman. Feynman, who was then seriously ill with cancer, was reluctant to undertake the job. He did so to find the root cause of the disaster, and to speak plainly to the public about his findings. At the start of investigation, fellow members Dr. Sally Ride and General Kutyna gave Feynman a hint that the O - rings were not tested at temperatures below 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ). During a televised hearing, Feynman demonstrated how the O - rings became less resilient and subject to seal failures at ice - cold temperatures by immersing a sample of the material in a glass of ice water. While other members of the Commission met with NASA and supplier top management, Feynman sought out the engineers and technicians for the answers. He was critical of flaws in NASA 's `` safety culture '', so much so that he threatened to remove his name from the report unless it included his personal observations on the reliability of the shuttle, which appeared as Appendix F. In the appendix, he argued that the estimates of reliability offered by NASA management were wildly unrealistic, differing as much as a thousandfold from the estimates of working engineers. `` For a successful technology, '' he concluded, `` reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature can not be fooled. '' U.S. House Committee hearings ( edit ) The U.S. House Committee on Science and Technology also conducted hearings, and on October 29, 1986, released its own report on the Challenger accident. The committee reviewed the findings of the Rogers Commission as part of its investigation, and agreed with the Rogers Commission as to the technical causes of the accident. It differed from the committee in its assessment of the accident 's contributing causes : the Committee feels that the underlying problem which led to the Challenger accident was not poor communication or underlying procedures as implied by the Rogers Commission conclusion. Rather, the fundamental problem was poor technical decision - making over a period of several years by top NASA and contractor personnel, who failed to act decisively to solve the increasingly serious anomalies in the Solid Rocket Booster joints. NASA and Air Force response ( edit ) Astronaut Charles F. Bolden reads a passage from the Bible during memorial services for the seven Challenger crew members After the Challenger accident, further shuttle flights were suspended, pending the results of the Rogers Commission investigation. Whereas NASA had held an internal inquiry into the Apollo 1 fire in 1967, its actions after Challenger were more constrained by the judgment of outside bodies. The Rogers Commission offered nine recommendations on improving safety in the space shuttle program, and NASA was directed by President Reagan to report back within thirty days as to how it planned to implement those recommendations. When the disaster occurred, the Air Force had performed extensive modifications of its Space Launch Complex 6 ( SLC - 6, pronounced as `` Slick Six '' ) at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, for launch and landing operations of classified Shuttle launches of satellites in polar orbit, and was planning its first polar flight for October 15, 1986. Originally built for the Manned Orbital Laboratory project cancelled in 1969, the modifications were proving problematic and expensive, costing over $4 billion. The Challenger loss motivated the Air Force to set in motion a chain of events that finally led to the May 13, 1988 decision to cancel its Vandenberg Shuttle launch plans, in favor of the Titan IV unmanned launch vehicle. In response to the commission 's recommendation, NASA initiated a total redesign of the space shuttle 's solid rocket boosters, which was watched over by an independent oversight group as stipulated by the commission. NASA 's contract with Morton Thiokol, the contractor responsible for the solid rocket boosters, included a clause stating that in the event of a failure leading to `` loss of life or mission, '' Thiokol would forfeit $10 million of its incentive fee and formally accept legal liability for the failure. After the Challenger accident, Thiokol agreed to `` voluntarily accept '' the monetary penalty in exchange for not being forced to accept liability. NASA also created a new Office of Safety, Reliability and Quality Assurance, headed as the commission had specified by a NASA associate administrator who reported directly to the NASA administrator. George Martin, formerly of Martin Marietta, was appointed to this position. Former Challenger flight director Jay Greene became chief of the Safety Division of the directorate. The unrealistically optimistic launch schedule pursued by NASA had been criticized by the Rogers Commission as a possible contributing cause to the accident. After the accident, NASA attempted to aim at a more realistic shuttle flight rate : it added another orbiter, Endeavour, to the space shuttle fleet to replace Challenger, and it worked with the Department of Defense to put more satellites in orbit using expendable launch vehicles rather than the shuttle. In August 1986, President Reagan also announced that the shuttle would no longer carry commercial satellite payloads. After a 32 - month hiatus, the next shuttle mission, STS - 26, was launched on September 29, 1988. Although changes were made by NASA after the Challenger accident, many commentators have argued that the changes in its management structure and organizational culture were neither deep nor long - lasting. After the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003, attention once again focused on the attitude of NASA management towards safety issues. The Columbia Accident Investigation Board ( CAIB ) concluded that NASA had failed to learn many of the lessons of Challenger. In particular, the agency had not set up a truly independent office for safety oversight ; the CAIB felt that in this area, `` NASA 's response to the Rogers Commission did not meet the Commission 's intent ''. The CAIB believed that `` the causes of the institutional failure responsible for Challenger have not been fixed, '' saying that the same `` flawed decision making process '' that had resulted in the Challenger accident was responsible for Columbia 's destruction seventeen years later. Media coverage ( edit ) While the presence of New Hampshire 's Christa McAuliffe, a member of the Teacher in Space program, on the Challenger crew had provoked some media interest, there was little live broadcast coverage of the launch. The only live national TV coverage available publicly was provided by CNN ;. Los Angeles station KNBC also carried the launch with anchor Kent Shocknek describing the tragedy as it happened. Live radio coverage of the launch and explosion was heard on ABC Radio anchored by Vic Ratner and Bob Walker. CBS Radio News carried the launch live but cut out of coverage seconds before the explosion necessitating anchor Christopher Glenn to hastily scramble back on the air to report what had happened. NBC, CBS and ABC all broke into regular programing shortly after the accident ; NBC 's John Palmer announced there had been `` a major problem '' with the launch. Both Palmer and CBS anchor Dan Rather reacted to cameras catching live video of something descending by parachute into the area where Challenger debris was falling with confusion and speculation that a crew member may have ejected from the shuttle and survived. The shuttle had no individual ejection seats or a crew escape capsule. Mission control identified the parachute as a paramedic parachuting into the area but this was also incorrect based on internal speculation at mission control. The chute was the parachute and nose cone from one of the solid rocket boosters which had been destroyed by the range safety officer after the explosion. Due to McAuliffe 's presence on the mission, NASA arranged for many US public schools to view the launch live on NASA TV. As a result, many who were schoolchildren in the US in 1986 had the opportunity to view the launch live. After the accident, 17 percent of respondents in one study reported that they had seen the shuttle launch, while 85 percent said that they had learned of the accident within an hour. As the authors of the paper reported, `` only two studies have revealed more rapid dissemination ( of news ). '' ( One of those studies was of the spread of news in Dallas after President John F. Kennedy 's assassination, while the other was the spread of news among students at Kent State regarding President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's death. ) Another study noted that `` even those who were not watching television at the time of the disaster were almost certain to see the graphic pictures of the accident replayed as the television networks reported the story almost continuously for the rest of the day. '' Children were even more likely than adults to have seen the accident live, since many children -- 48 percent of nine to thirteen - year - olds, according to a New York Times poll -- watched the launch at school. Following the day of the accident, press interest remained high. While only 535 reporters were accredited to cover the launch, three days later there were 1,467 reporters at Kennedy Space Center and another 1,040 at the Johnson Space Center. The event made headlines in newspapers worldwide. Use as case study ( edit ) The Challenger accident has frequently been used as a case study in the study of subjects such as engineering safety, the ethics of whistle - blowing, communications, group decision - making, and the dangers of groupthink. It is part of the required readings for engineers seeking a professional license in Canada and other countries. Roger Boisjoly, the engineer who had warned about the effect of cold weather on the O - rings, left his job at Morton Thiokol and became a speaker on workplace ethics. He argues that the caucus called by Morton Thiokol managers, which resulted in a recommendation to launch, `` constituted the unethical decision - making forum resulting from intense customer intimidation. '' For his honesty and integrity leading up to and directly following the shuttle disaster, Roger Boisjoly was awarded the Prize for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility from the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Many colleges and universities have also used the accident in classes on the ethics of engineering. Information designer Edward Tufte has claimed that the Challenger accident is an example of the problems that can occur from the lack of clarity in the presentation of information. He argues that if Morton Thiokol engineers had more clearly presented the data that they had on the relationship between low temperatures and burn - through in the solid rocket booster joints, they might have succeeded in persuading NASA managers to cancel the launch. To demonstrate this, he took all of the data he claimed the engineers had presented during the briefing, and reformatted it onto a single graph of O - ring damage versus external launch temperature, showing the effects of cold on the degree of O - ring damage. Tufte then placed the proposed launch of Challenger on the graph according to its predicted temperature at launch. According to Tufte, the launch temperature of Challenger was so far below the coldest launch, with the worst damage seen to date, that even a casual observer could have determined that the risk of disaster was severe. Tufte has also argued that poor presentation of information may have also affected NASA decisions during the last flight of the space shuttle Columbia. Boisjoly, Wade Robison, a Rochester Institute of Technology professor, and their colleagues have vigorously repudiated Tufte 's conclusions about the Morton Thiokol engineers ' role in the loss of Challenger. First, they argue that the engineers did n't have the information available as Tufte claimed : `` But they did not know the temperatures even though they did try to obtain that information. Tufte has not gotten the facts right even though the information was available to him had he looked for it. '' They further argue that Tufte `` misunderstands thoroughly the argument and evidence the engineers gave. '' They also criticized Tufte 's diagram as `` fatally flawed by Tufte 's own criteria. The vertical axis tracks the wrong effect, and the horizontal axis cites temperatures not available to the engineers and, in addition, mixes O - ring temperatures and ambient air temperature as though the two were the same. '' The Challenger disaster also provided a chance to see how traumatic events affected children 's psyches. At least one psychological study has found that memories of the Challenger explosion were similar to memories of experiencing single, unrepeated traumas. The majority of children 's memories of Challenger were often clear and consistent, and even things like personal placement such as who they were with or what they were doing when they heard the news were remembered well. In one U.S. study, children 's memories were recorded and tested again. Children on the East Coast recalled the event more easily than children on the West Coast, due to the time difference. Children on the East Coast either saw the explosion on TV while in school, or heard people talking about it. On the other side of the country, most children were either on their way to school, or just beginning their morning classes. Researchers found that those children who saw the explosion on TV had a more emotional connection to the event, and thus had an easier time remembering it. After one year the children 's memories were tested, and those on the East Coast recalled the event better than their West Coast counterparts. Regardless of where they were when it happened, the Challenger explosion was still an important event that many children easily remembered. Continuation of the Shuttle program ( edit ) After the accident, NASA 's Space Shuttle fleet was grounded for almost three years while the investigation, hearings, engineering redesign of the SRBs, and other behind - the - scenes technical and management reviews, changes, and preparations were taking place. At 11 : 37 on September 29, 1988, Space Shuttle Discovery lifted off with a crew of five from Kennedy Space Center pad 39 - B. It carried a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, TDRS - C ( named TDRS - 3 after deployment ), which replaced TDRS - B, the satellite that was launched and lost on Challenger. The `` Return to Flight '' launch of Discovery also represented a test of the redesigned boosters, a shift to a more conservative stance on safety ( e.g., it was the first time the crew had launched in pressure suits since STS - 4, the last of the four initial Shuttle test flights ), and a chance to restore national pride in the American space program, especially manned space flight. The mission, STS - 26, was a success ( with only two minor system failures, one of a cabin cooling system and one of a Ku - band antenna ), and a regular schedule of STS flights followed, continuing without extended interruption until the 2003 Columbia disaster. Barbara Morgan, the backup for McAuliffe who trained with her in the Teacher in Space program and was at KSC watching her launch on January 28, 1986, flew on STS - 118 as a Mission Specialist in August 2007. Legacy ( edit ) The Space Shuttle Challenger Memorial in Arlington National Cemetery, where some remains were buried The families of the Challenger crew organized the Challenger Center for Space Science Education as a permanent memorial to the crew. Fifty - two learning centers have been established by this non-profit organization. The final episode of the second season of Punky Brewster was notable for centering on the very recent, real - life Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. Punky and her classmates watched the live coverage of the shuttle launch in Mike Fulton 's class. After the accident occurred, Punky is traumatized, and finds her dreams to become an astronaut are crushed. She writes a letter to NASA, and is visited by special guest star Buzz Aldrin. Although the episode received high ratings, NBC would, in the following weeks, decide to cancel the show. On the evening of April 5, 1986, the Rendez - vous Houston concert commemorated and celebrated the crew of the Challenger. It featured a live performance by musician Jean Michel Jarre, a friend of crew member Ron McNair. McNair was supposed to play the saxophone from space during the track `` Last Rendez - Vous ''. It was to have become the first musical piece professionally recorded in space. His substitute for the concert was Houston native Kirk Whalum. In June 1986, singer - songwriter John Denver, a pilot with a deep interest in going to space himself, released the album One World which included the song Flying For Me, a tribute to the Challenger crew. Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home was dedicated to the crew of the Challenger. Principal photography for The Voyage Home began four weeks after Challenger and her crew were lost. An unpainted decorative oval in the Brumidi Corridors of the United States Capitol was finished with a portrait depicting the crew by Charles Schmidt in 1987. A unpainted decorative oval in the Brumidi Corridors of the United States Capitol was finished with a portrait depicting the crew by Charles Schmidt in 1987. The scene was painted on canvas and then applied to the wall. In 1988, seven craters on the far side of the moon, within the Apollo Basin, were named after the fallen astronauts by the IAU. In Huntsville, Alabama, home of Marshall Space Flight Center, Challenger Elementary School, Challenger Middle School, and the Ronald E. McNair Junior High School are all named in memory of the crew. ( Huntsville has also named new schools posthumously in memory of each of the Apollo 1 astronauts and the final Space Shuttle Columbia crew. ) Streets in a neighborhood established in the late - 1980s in nearby Decatur are named in memory of each of the Challenger crew members ( Onizuka excluded ), as well as the three deceased Apollo 1 astronauts. Julian Harris Elementary School is located on McAuliffe Drive, and its mascot is the Challengers. Squadron `` Challenger '' 17 logo The Squadron `` Challenger '' 17 is an Air Force unit in the Texas A&M Corps of Cadets that emphasizes athletic and academic success in honor of the Challenger crew. The unit was established in 1992. In San Antonio, Texas, Scobee Elementary School opened in 1987, the year after the disaster. Students at the school are referred to as `` Challengers. '' An elementary school in Nogales, Arizona, commemorates the accident in name, Challenger Elementary School, and their school motto, `` Reach for the sky ''. The suburbs of Seattle, Washington are home to Challenger Elementary School in Issaquah, Washington and Christa McAuliffe Elementary School in Sammamish, Washington. and Dick Scobee Elementary in Auburn, Washington. In San Diego, California, the next - opened public middle school in the San Diego Unified School District was named Challenger Middle School. The City of Palmdale, the birthplace of the entire shuttle fleet, and its neighbor City of Lancaster, California, both renamed 10th Street East, from Avenue M to Edwards Air Force Base, to Challenger Way in honor of the lost shuttle and its crew. This was the road that the Challenger, Enterprise, and Columbia all were towed along in their initial move from U.S. Air Force Plant 42 to Edwards AFB after completion since Palmdale airport had not yet installed the shuttle crane for placement of an orbiter on the 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft. In addition, the City of Lancaster has built Challenger Middle School, and Challenger Memorial Hall at the former site of the Antelope Valley Fairgrounds, all in tribute to the Challenger shuttle and crew. Another school was opened in Chicago, IL as the Sharon Christa McAuliffe Elementary school. The public Peers Park in Palo Alto, California features a `` Challenger Memorial Grove '' that includes redwood trees grown from seeds carried aboard Challenger in 1985. In Boise, ID, Boise High School has a memorial to the Challenger astrounauts. In 1986 in Webster, Texas, the `` Challenger Seven Memorial Park '' was also dedicated in remembrance of the event. In Port Saint John, Florida within Brevard County the same county that the Kennedy Space Center resides in is the Challenger 7 Elementary School which is named in memory of the seven crew members of STS - 51 - L. There is also a middle school in neighboring Rockledge, McNair Magnet School, named after astronaut Ronald McNair. A middle school ( formerly high school ) in Mohawk, New York is named after Payload Specialist Gregory Jarvis. Another middle school in Boynton Beach, Florida, is named after deceased teacher Christa McAuliffe. There are also schools in Denver, Colorado, Saratoga, California, Lowell, Massachusetts, Houston, Texas, and Lenexa, Kansas, named in honor of Christa McAuliffe. The McAuliffe - Shepard Discovery Center, a science museum and planetarium in Concord, New Hampshire, is also partly named in her honor. There is also an elementary school in Germantown, Maryland, named after Christa McAuliffe as well as in Green Bay, Wisconsin and Hastings, Minnesota. The draw bridge over the barge canal on State Rd. 3 on Merritt Island, Florida, is named the Christa McAuliffe Memorial Bridge. In Oxnard, Ca, McAuliffe Elementary School is named after Christa McAuliffe, and bears tribute to the crew of the Challenger flight in its logo, with an image of the Shuttle and the motto `` We Meet The Challenge. '' They crew and mission are also tributed by the schools mascot, The Challengers, and their saying `` We Reach for the Stars. '' The 1996 science fiction television series Space Cases is set on a spaceship known as the Christa, named in honor of Christa McAuliffe, described in the series as `` an Earth teacher who died during the early days of space exploration. '' In 1997, playwright Jane Anderson wrote a play inspired by the Challenger incident entitled Defying Gravity. In 2004, President George W. Bush conferred posthumous Congressional Space Medals of Honor to all 14 crew members lost in the Challenger and Columbia accidents. In 2009, Allan J. McDonald, former director of the Space Shuttle Solid Motor Rocket Project for Morton Thiokol, Inc. published his book Truth, Lies, and O - Rings : Inside the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster. Up to that point, no one directly involved in the decision to launch Challenger had published a memoir about the experience. In June 14, 2011, Christian electronic / dance pop singer Adam Young, through his electronica project, released a song about the Challenger incident on his third studio album All Things Bright and Beautiful. In December 2013, Beyoncé released a song titled `` XO '', which begins with a sample of former NASA public affairs officer Steve Nesbitt, recorded moments after the disaster : `` Flight controllers here looking very carefully at the situation. Obviously a major malfunction. '' The song raised controversy, with former NASA astronauts and families labelling Knowles ' sample as `` insensitive. '' Hardeep Phull of New York Post described the sample 's presence as `` tasteless, '' and Keith Cowing of NASA Watch suggested that the usage of the clip ranged from `` negligence '' to `` repugnant. '' On December 31, 2013, NASA criticized the use of the sample, stating that `` The Challenger accident is an important part of our history ; a tragic reminder that space exploration is risky and should never be trivialized. NASA works everyday to honor the legacy of our fallen astronauts as we carry out our mission to reach for new heights and explore the universe. '' On December 30, 2013, Knowles issued a statement to ABC News, saying : `` My heart goes out to the families of those lost in the Challenger disaster. The song ' XO ' was recorded with the sincerest intention to help heal those who have lost loved ones and to remind us that unexpected things happen, so love and appreciate every minute that you have with those who mean the most to you. The songwriters included the audio in tribute to the unselfish work of the Challenger crew with hope that they will never be forgotten. '' On June 16, 2015, post-metal band Vattnet Viskar released a full - length album titled Settler which was largely inspired by the Challenger accident and Christa McAuliffe in particular. The album was released in Europe on June 29. Guitarist Chris Alfieri stated in a June 17, 2015 interview with Decibel Magazine that, `` Christa was from Concord, New Hampshire, the town that I live in. One of my first memories is the Challenger mission 's demise, so it 's a personal thing for me. But the album is n't about the explosion, it 's about everything else. Pushing to become something else, something better. A transformation, and touching the divine. '' Fragment of Challenger 's fuselage on display as part of the `` Forever Remembered '' installation at Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex in 2015 On June 27, 2015, the `` Forever Remembered '' exhibit at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, Florida, opened and includes a display of a section of Challenger 's recovered fuselage to memorialize and honor the fallen astronauts. The exhibit was opened by NASA Administrator Charles Bolden along with family members of the crew. On August 7, 2015 English singer - songwriter Frank Turner released his sixth album Positive Songs for Negative People which includes the song `` Silent Key ''. The mountain range Challenger Colles on Pluto was named in honor of the victims of the Challenger disaster. The Challenger Columbia Stadium in League City, Texas is named in honor of the victims of both the Challenger disaster as well as the Columbia disaster in 2003. Video documentation ( edit ) Until 2010, the live broadcast of the launch and subsequent disaster by CNN was the only known on - location video footage from within range of the launch site. As of March 15, 2014, seven other motion picture recordings of the event have become publicly available : a professional black - and - white NASA video recording closely showing the breakup and the subsequent remote detonation of one of the booster rockets. a video recording by Jack Moss from the front yard of his house in Winter Haven, Florida, 80 miles ( 130 km ) from Cape Canaveral a video recording by Ishbel and Hugh Searle on a plane leaving from Orlando International Airport, 50 miles ( 80 km ) from Cape Canaveral, was posted by their daughter Victoria Searle on January 30, 2011 along with an interview taken on January 28, 2011 by Ishbel and Hugh Searle a video recording by Bob Karman from Orlando International Airport, 50 miles ( 80 km ) from Cape Canaveral a Super 8 mm film recorded by then - 19 - year - old Jeffrey Ault of Orange City, Florida, at the Kennedy Space Center, 10 miles ( 16 km ) from the launch a video recording by Lawrence Hebert of Electric Sky Films, filmed at the Kennedy Space Center, 10 miles ( 16 km ) from the launch, uncovered in March 2012 a video recording by Steven Virostek uncovered in May 2012 a video recording by Michael and Frances VanKulick of Melbourne, Florida was made public in 2014. Film ( edit ) An ABC television movie titled Challenger was broadcast on February 24, 1990. It starred Barry Bostwick as Scobee, Brian Kerwin as Smith, Joe Morton as McNair, Keone Young as Onizuka, Julie Fulton as Resnik, Richard Jenkins as Jarvis and Karen Allen as McAuliffe. A BBC docudrama titled The Challenger was broadcast on March 18, 2013, based on the last of Richard Feynman 's autobiographical works, What Do You Care What Other People Think?. It stars William Hurt as Feynman. Other media ( edit ) In the Sega Saturn version of the video game The House of the Dead, the words `` Challenger, go at throttle up '', spoken by Richard O. Covey from the mission control room only seconds before the explosion, can be heard in the soundtrack of Stage 2, several times. See also ( edit ) United States portal Spaceflight portal Florida portal 1980s portal Space Shuttle Columbia disaster Criticism of the Space Shuttle program Engineering disasters List of spaceflight - related accidents and incidents PEPCON disaster Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The first two Space Shuttle orbiters, Enterprise and Columbia, originally had ejection seats installed in the flight deck for the pilot and co-pilot in the initial test missions. Because of the configuration of the crew cabin, such seats could not be used for the remaining six passenger positions. The pilot 's ejection seats were disabled after STS - 4 and subsequently removed by the launch of STS - 61 on January 12, 1986, and were never installed on the remaining four orbiters. Jump up ^ Shuttle Carrying New Escape System - Associated Press accessed 10 / 23 / 2016 http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1988/Shuttle-Carrying-New-Escape-System/id-50c3be84147652b242204463a5b036d5 Jump up ^ LA Times, 04 / 08 / 1988 Shuttle to Have Device Enabling Crew to Escape : `` Studies in the wake of the Challenger disaster showed that astronauts probably would not survive an ocean ditching... There is still no way for crew members to escape from the vehicle in the event of a catastrophic accident such as the failure of the Challenger 's solid booster and the explosion of its external fuel tank. '' Retrieved October 23, 2016 : http://articles.latimes.com/1988-04-08/news/mn-1124_1_crew-members Jump up ^ Outer Space Universe. `` Remembering the Challenger Shuttle Explosion : A Disaster 25 Years Ago ''. Retrieved January 28, 2011. Jump up ^ `` On January 28, 1986, Space Shuttle Challenger Exploded 76 Seconds After Launch ( VIDEO ) ''. Viral Video Box. Retrieved January 28, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Solid Rocket Motor Joint Reliability '' ( PDF ). NASA Engineering. Jump up ^ Heppenheimer, T.A. ( 1998 ). The Space Shuttle Decision. NASA publication SP - 4221. pp. 419 -- 420. Jump up ^ McConnell, Malcolm. Challenger : A Major Malfunction, page 118. ^ Jump up to : Rogers Commission ( June 6, 1986 ). `` Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, Chapter VI : An Accident Rooted in History ''. Jump up ^ Vaughan, Diane ( 1996 ). The Challenger launch decision : risky technology, culture, and deviance at NASA. University Of Chicago Press. pp. 143 -- 144. ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 85175 - 4. Jump up ^ Vaughan, Diane ( 1996 ). The Challenger launch decision : risky technology, culture, and deviance at NASA. University Of Chicago Press. p. 153. ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 85175 - 4. Jump up ^ Vaughan, Diane ( 1996 ). The Challenger launch decision : risky technology, culture, and deviance at NASA. University Of Chicago Press. p. 162. ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 85175 - 4. Jump up ^ `` STS - 51 - L mission archives ''. NASA. Jump up ^ McConnell, Malcolm. Challenger : A Major Malfunction, pages 150 -- 153. Jump up ^ McConnell, Malcolm. Challenger : A Major Malfunction, page 154. Jump up ^ Rogers Commission ( June 6, 1986 ). `` Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, Chapter II : Events Leading Up to the Challenger Mission ''. Retrieved January 1, 2007. ^ Jump up to : Chris Bergin ( January 28, 2007 ). `` Remembering the mistakes of Challenger ''. nasaspaceflight.com. Retrieved August 5, 2011. ^ Jump up to : Berkes, Howard ( February 6, 2012 ). `` Remembering Roger Boisjoly : He Tried To Stop Shuttle Challenger Launch ''. All Things Considered. Retrieved February 15, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Rogers Commission ( June 6, 1986 ). `` Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, Chapter V : The Contributing Cause of The Accident ''. Retrieved July 12, 2011. Jump up ^ Ware, Doug G. ( January 28, 2016 ). `` Engineer who warned of 1986 Challenger disaster still racked with guilt, three decades on ''. United Press International. Retrieved January 28, 2016. Jump up ^ Iliff, Ken ( January 1, 2004 ). `` NASA Technical Reports Server ( NTRS ) : From Runway to Orbit, Reflections of a NASA Engineer ( NASA SP - 4109 ) ''. nasa.gov. p. 291. Retrieved March 23, 2016. Not violating flight rules was something I had been taught on the X-15 program. It was something that we just never did. We never changed a mission rule on the fly. We aborted the mission and came back and discussed it. Violating a couple of mission rules was the primary cause of the Challenger accident. Iliff further states that the reasons behind this tragedy are `` in many ways, unforgivable. '' ^ Jump up to : A major source for information about the Challenger accident is the STS 51 - L Incident Integrated Events Timeline developed by the NASA Photo and TV Support Team as part of the Rogers Report. Numerous other timelines have been written based on this information. A detailed transcript of air - to - ground and mission control voice communications was put together by journalists Rob Navias and William Harwood, integrating a timeline of events : `` Challenger timeline ''. NASA / Spaceflight Now. Retrieved January 28, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Rogers Commission ( June 6, 1986 ). `` Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, Volume 3 : Appendix N -- NASA Photo and TV Support Team Report ''. Retrieved January 1, 2007. ^ Jump up to : Photo and TV Analysis Team Report ( 1986 ). Space Shuttle Challenger Accident Investigation. STS - 51L Data and Analysis Task Force. Retrieved January 1, 2007. Jump up ^ NASA Mission Archives. `` STS - 51L ''. Retrieved January 31, 2010. Jump up ^ Lewis, Richard S. ( 1988 ). Challenger : The Final Voyage. Columbia University Press. p. 16. ISBN 0 - 231 - 06490 - X. Jump up ^ Than, Ker ( January 7, 2011 ). `` 5 Myths of Challenger Shuttle Disaster Debunked ''. Retrieved October 9, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Kerwin, Joseph P. ( July 28, 1986 ). `` Joseph P. Kerwin to Richard H. Truly ''. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2006. ^ Jump up to : Rogers Commission ( June 6, 1986 ). `` Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, Chapter IX : Other Safety Considerations ''. Retrieved July 12, 2011. Jump up ^ `` NASA Facts Agency Contingency Plan '' ( PDF ). ^ Jump up to : Barbree, Jay ( January 1997 ). `` Chapter 5 : An eternity of descent ''. msnbc.com. Retrieved July 29, 2009. Jump up ^ Joseph P. Kerwin 's letter to Admiral Truly nasa.gov Jump up ^ Mullane, Mike ( 2006 ). Riding Rockets : The Outrageous Tales of a Space Shuttle Astronaut. Simon and Schuster. p. 245. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7682 - 5. Retrieved July 12, 2011. Jump up ^ Rogers Commission ( June 1987 ). `` Implementation of the Recommendations of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, Recommendation VII ''. Retrieved July 12, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century by Rank -- American Rhetoric ''. americanrhetoric.com. Retrieved March 23, 2016. Jump up ^ Lucas, Stephen E. ; Medhurst, Martin J. ( November 2008 ). Words of a Century : The Top 100 American Speeches, 1900 -- 1999. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195168051. Jump up ^ Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, Address to the nation on the Challenger disaster. Retrieved July 4, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Reagan 's Eulogy for the Challenger Astronauts ''. Ronald Reagan. January 31, 1986. ^ Jump up to : `` When a Community Weeps : Case Studies in Group Survivorship -- Google Books Result '' ( page 29 of book ), by Ellen Zinner, Mary Beth Williams, 1999, Psychology Press, p. 29, webpage : Books - Google - ID - id = 8DuhIv8U11oC&pg = PA29. ^ Jump up to : Bernard Weintraub ( February 1, 1986 ). `` Reagan Pays Tribute to ' Our 7 Challenger Heroes ' ''. The New York Times. p. A1. Jump up ^ Jensen, Claus, No Downlink, p. 17. ^ Jump up to : Rogers Commission ( June 6, 1986 ). `` Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, Volume 3, Appendix O : NASA Search, Recovery and Reconstruction Task Force Team Report ''. Retrieved October 11, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Space Shuttle Challenger Salvage Report '' ( PDF ). Department of the Navy. Direction of Commander, Naval Sea Systems Command. April 29, 1988. p. 24. Retrieved May 19, 2017. Jump up ^ Isikoff, Michael ( March 10, 1986 ). `` Remains of Crew Of Shuttle Found ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved March 5, 2009. Jump up ^ Barbree, Jay ( January 1997 ). `` Chapter 6 : Raising heroes from the sea ''. msnbc.com. Retrieved July 29, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Remains of Crew Of Shuttle Found ''. The Washington Post. March 10, 1986. Retrieved January 29, 2014. Jump up ^ http://www.lutins.org/nasa.html Jump up ^ Lucas, Dean ( 2007 ). `` Famous Pictures Magazine -- Challenger ''. Famous Pictures Magazine. Retrieved July 19, 2012. Jump up ^ CNN ( 1996 ), `` Shuttle Challenger debris washes up on shore ''. December 17, 1996. Retrieved July 4, 2006. Jump up ^ collectSpace.com ( 2007 ). `` Seller admits to Challenger debris fraud ''. collectSpace.com. Retrieved July 19, 2007. Jump up ^ Garmon, Jay ( January 24, 2006 ). `` Rising from the ashes ''. Tech Republic. Jump up ^ Hohler, Robert ( January 29, 1987 ). `` I Touch the Future, ' Part V : The McAuliffe Family Is Finding Signs of Hope Amid the Grief ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 2, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Shuttle Challenger Memorial, Arlington National Cemetery ''. Retrieved September 18, 2006. Jump up ^ Day, Dwayne A. `` The spooks and the turkey '' The Space Review, 20 November 2006. Jump up ^ Day, Dwayne A. `` Big Black and the new bird : the NRO and the early Space Shuttle '' The Space Review, 11 January 2010. ^ Jump up to : Futron Corporation ( November 2004 ). `` Design Reliability Comparison for SpaceX Falcon Vehicles '' ( PDF ). Futron Corporation. p. 4. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 3, 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2012. ^ Jump up to : Abernathy, R.N. ( 20 February 1998 ). `` Titan 34D - 9 Abort Cloud Measurements -- Quantitative Imagery from Two Camera Sites ''. Space and Missile Systems Center, Air Force Materiel Command. pp. 10 ( of PDF ), 1 ( as numbered ). Retrieved 26 May 2012. Jump up ^ National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( June 2005 ). `` NOAA GOES - N, O, P -- The Next Generation '' ( PDF ). U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. pp. 36 ( of PDF ), 34 ( as numbered ). Retrieved 26 May 2012. Jump up ^ American Pacific Corporation, Las Vegas, NV USA, 89169, parent company of the former PEPCON subsidiary and current parent to the WECCO division which manufactures perchlorate chemicals, including Human Resources, employees on site 5 - 4 - 88. Jump up ^ Reinhold, Robert ( January 29, 1986 ). `` The Shuttle Explosion ; At Mission Control, Silence and Grief Fill a Day Of Horror Long Dreaded ''. The New York Times. pp. A8. ^ Jump up to : Harwood, William ( 1986 ). `` Voyage Into History ; Chapter Six : The Reaction ''. Archived from the original on May 4, 2006. Archived by the Internet Archive on May 4, 2006. Jump up ^ See, for example, New Orleans Times - Picayune, January 29, 1986, p. 1. Jump up ^ Rogers Commission ( June 6, 1986 ). `` Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, Chapter IV : The Cause of the Accident ''. Retrieved July 12, 2011. Jump up ^ Freeman Dyson, 2011, `` The Dramatic Picture of Richard Feynman, '' New York Review of Books, July 14, 2011. Reprinted in ISBN 9781590178546 Jump up ^ `` An Oral History Of The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster ''. Popular Mechanics. 2016 - 01 - 28. Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 02. ^ Jump up to : Feynman, Richard P. ( October 1988 ). What Do You Care What Other People Think? Further Adventures of a Curious Character. WW Norton. ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 02659 - 7. Jump up ^ Feynman, Richard P. ( 1986 ) Appendix F - Personal Observations on the reliability of the Shuttle. ^ Jump up to : U.S House Committee on Science and Technology ( October 29, 1986 ). `` Investigation of the Challenger Accident ; Report of the Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representatives '' ( PDF ). US Government Printing Office. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 26, 2006. ^ Jump up to : `` Report to the President : Actions to Implement the Recommendations of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident '' ( PDF ). NASA. July 14, 1986. Jump up ^ John Pike. `` Space Launch Complex 6 ( SLC - 6 ) ''. Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved March 31, 2013. Jump up ^ Jensen, Claus. No Downlink, p. 355. Jump up ^ Rogers Commission ( June 1987 ). `` Implementation of the Recommendations of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, Recommendation IV ''. Retrieved July 12, 2011. Jump up ^ J.H. Greene ( July 12, 2004 ). `` NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project Biographical Data Sheet '' ( PDF ). NASA. ^ Jump up to : Rogers Commission ( June 1987 ). `` Implementation of the Recommendations of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, Recommendation VII ''. Retrieved July 12, 2011. Jump up ^ Columbia Accident Investigation Board ( 2003 ). `` Report of Columbia Accident Investigation Board, Volume I, chapter 7, page 178 ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ). Retrieved July 12, 2011. Jump up ^ Columbia Accident Investigation Board ( 2003 ). `` Report of Columbia Accident Investigation Board, Volume I, chapter 8, page 195 ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ). Retrieved July 12, 2011. Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rDg7S46ijM Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_muMulWeck&t=11s Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovPHEmvEBU0 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dWOvKaAuCFI Jump up ^ http://spaceflightnow.com/challenger/timeline/# Jump up ^ James Oberg ( January 25, 2011 ). `` 7 myths about the Challenger shuttle disaster ''. msnbc.com. Jump up ^ Riffe, Daniel ; James Glen Stoval ( Autumn 1989 ). `` Diffusion of News of Shuttle Disaster : What Role for Emotional Response? ''. Journalism Quarterly. Association for education in journalism and mass communication : 552. ^ Jump up to : Wright, John C. ; Dale Kunkel ; Marites Pinon ; Aletha C. Huston ( Spring 1989 ). `` How Children Reacted to Televised Coverage of the Space Shuttle Disaster ''. Journal of Communication. 39 ( 2 ) : 27. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1460 - 2466.1989. tb01027. x. Jump up ^ Andrews, Gordon C. ; John D. Kemper ( 1999 ). Canadian Professional Engineering Practice and Ethics ( 2nd ed. ). Toronto : Harcourt Canada. pp. 255 -- 259. ISBN 0 - 7747 - 3501 - 5. Jump up ^ `` Roger Boisjoly and the Challenger disaster ''. onlineethics.org. Retrieved July 12, 2011. Jump up ^ Boisjoly, Roger. `` Ethical Decisions -- Morton Thiokol and the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster : Telecon Meeting ''. onlineethics.org. Retrieved December 15, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Engineering Ethics : The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster ''. Department of Philosophy and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University. Archived from the original on December 7, 2006. Retrieved November 20, 2006. Jump up ^ Hoover, Kurt ; Wallace T. Fowler. `` Studies in Ethics, Safety, and Liability for Engineers : Space Shuttle Challenger ''. The University of Texas at Austin and Texas Space Grant Consortium. Archived from the original on April 5, 2008. Retrieved November 20, 2006. Jump up ^ Edward Tufte. ( 1997 ) Visual Explanations, ISBN 0 - 9613921 - 2 - 6, Chapter 2. Jump up ^ Tufte, Edward. `` PowerPoint Does Rocket Science -- and Better Techniques for Technical Reports ''. Retrieved January 28, 2007. ^ Jump up to : Robison, W. ; Boisjoly, R. ; Hoeker, D. & Young, S. ( 2002 ). `` Representation and Misrepresentation : Tufte and the Morton Thiokol Engineers on the Challenger '' ( PDF ). Science and Engineering Ethics. 8 : 59 -- 81. Retrieved November 9, 2016. Jump up ^ The preceding reference is used by the Online Ethics Center for Engineering and Research of the National Academy of Engineering of the National Academies. Jump up ^ `` Connect with us! ''. psychiatryonline.org. Retrieved March 23, 2016. Jump up ^ John A. Logsdon. `` Return to Flight... Challenger Accident ''. History.nasa.gov. Retrieved July 17, 2009. Jump up ^ Margulies, Lee ( February 19, 1986 ). `` ' Punky ' Deals With Shuttle Tragedy ''. LA Times. Retrieved August 22, 2010. Jump up ^ O'Hallaren, Bill ( March 2, 1986 ). `` Her show may be a flop but Soleil Moon Frye is riding high on the wave of popularity ''. New Straits Times. pp. 2, 15. Retrieved December 22, 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Brumidi Corridors ''. aoc.gov. Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved September 4, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Planetary Names : Crater, craters : Jarvis on Moon ''. usgs.gov. Retrieved March 23, 2016. `` Planetary Names : Crater, craters : McAuliffe on Moon ''. usgs.gov. Retrieved March 23, 2016. `` Planetary Names : Crater, craters : McNair on Moon ''. usgs.gov. Retrieved March 23, 2016. `` Planetary Names : Crater, craters : Onizuka on Moon ''. usgs.gov. Retrieved March 23, 2016. `` Planetary Names : Crater, craters : Resnik on Moon ''. usgs.gov. Retrieved March 23, 2016. `` Planetary Names : Crater, craters : Scobee on Moon ''. usgs.gov. Retrieved March 23, 2016. `` Planetary Names : Crater, craters : Smith on Moon ''. usgs.gov. Retrieved March 23, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Squadron 17 Challenger ''. Corps of Cadets, Texas A&M University. Jump up ^ `` Outfit Genealogy ''. Texas Aggie Corps of Cadets Association. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Challenger Elementary School ''. Issaquah School District. Retrieved December 23, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Christa McAuliffe Elementary School ''. Lake Washington School District. Retrieved December 23, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Challenger Middle School History ''. Huntsville City Schools. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Christa McAuliffe Elementary -- Chicago ''. Chicago Public Schools. Retrieved January 28, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Peers Park -- City of Palo Alto ''. City of Palo Alto, California. February 16, 2007. Retrieved September 23, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Challenger Seven Memorial ''. Harris County Precinct One, Texas. January 18, 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Challenger 7 Elementary School ''. challenger.brevard.k12.fl.us. Retrieved July 12, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Ronald McNair Magnet Middle School ''. Mcnair.ms.brevard.k12.fl.us. Retrieved July 12, 2011. Jump up ^ `` S. Christa McAuliffe Elementary School ''. S. Christa McAuliffe Elementary School. Retrieved June 18, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Christa McAuliffe Elementary ''. Green Bay Christa McAuliffe Elementary. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2012. Jump up ^ `` McAuliffe Elementary School ''. Hastings, Minnesota Public Schools. Jump up ^ Noles, Timothy & Sileno, Michael ( October 22 -- 25, 2002 ). `` Retrofit of the Christa McAuliffe Bridge '' ( PDF ). Heavy Movable Structures, Inc. Retrieved October 1, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Mcaullife Elementary School ''. oxnardsd.org/mcauliffe/home.aspx/. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Jump up ^ `` In Defying Gravity, a National Tragedy Becomes a Personal One Playbill ''. Playbill. Retrieved October 3, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Congressional Space Medal of Honor ''. NASA. Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Engineer Who Opposed Challenger Launch Offers Personal Look at Tragedy ''. ^ Jump up to : Halliday, Josh ( January 1, 2014 ). `` Nasa criticises Beyoncé over Challenger sample ''. The Guardian. Retrieved January 1, 2014. Jump up ^ Eames, Tom ( December 30, 2013 ). `` Beyoncé criticised over Challenger disaster sample on ' XO ' ''. Digital Spy. Retrieved December 31, 2013. Jump up ^ Phull, Hardeep ( December 13, 2013 ). `` Beyonce 's sexy new album : Track by track ''. New York Post. News Corp. Retrieved December 29, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Cowing, Keith ( December 29, 2013 ). `` Beyoncé : Sampling The Sounds of Tragedy For Pop Music ''. NASA Watch. Retrieved December 29, 2013. Jump up ^ Sandell, Clayton ; Sunseri, Gina ( December 30, 2013 ). `` Beyoncé Slammed for Sampling Shuttle Tragedy on New Album ''. ABC News. Retrieved December 31, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Nick Thornbury, Chris Alfieri & Casey Aylward ( Vattnet Viskar ) interviewed ''. Decibel Magazine. Retrieved March 23, 2016. Jump up ^ `` NASA exhibits space shuttles Challenger, Columbia debris for first time -- collectSPACE ''. collectSPACE.com. Retrieved March 23, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Silent Key by Frank Turner Songfacts ''. songfacts.com. Retrieved March 23, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Rare Declassified Challenger Explosion NASA Footage ''. Jump up ^ Richard Luscombe ( February 4, 2010 ). `` Challenger space shuttle disaster amateur video discovered ''. The Guardian. Jump up ^ Ishbel, Hugh & Victoria Searle ( January 30, 2011 ). `` Rare Space Shuttle Challenger Footage ''. Jump up ^ Sandrine Ceurstemont ( February 21, 2012 ). `` Rare amateur video captures Challenger tragedy up close ''. New Scientist. Jump up ^ Timothy Stevonec ( March 9, 2012 ). `` New Challenger Video : Super 8 Film Of Space Shuttle Disaster Uncovered ( Exclusive Video ) ''. The Huffington Post. Jump up ^ Lawrence Hebert ( March 11, 2012 ). `` The very latest 1986 Challenger Shuttle Explosion video ''. Electric Sky Films. Jump up ^ Timothy Stevonec ( May 1, 2012 ). `` New Challenger Video : Rare Footage Of 1986 Disaster Uncovered ( Exclusive Video ) ''. The Huffington Post. Jump up ^ Timothy Stevonec ( January 28, 2014 ). `` Challenger Disaster Home Video Surfaces After 28 Years ( EXCLUSIVE ) ''. The Huffington Post. Jump up ^ Kogan, Rick ( February 23, 1990 ). `` Abc ` s ` Challenger ` Is Another Disaster ''. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 3, 2015. Jump up ^ Baker, Frank ( February 22, 1990 ). `` Challenger TV Film Upsets All Close to Teacher ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 3, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Karen Allen Lands ' Challenger ' Role ''. Orlando Sentinel. June 29, 1989. Retrieved September 3, 2015. Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Media Centre -- The Challenger ''. Retrieved March 18, 2013. Jump up ^ `` BBC Two -- The Challenger ''. Retrieved March 19, 2013. Jump up ^ Tetsuya Kawauchi ( October 29, 2011 ). `` The House Of The Dead Music : Chapter 2 ''. Sega Saturn. References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Boisjoly, Roger. `` Ethical Decisions -- Morton Thiokol and the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster : Telecon Meeting ''. onlineethics.org. Retrieved April 24, 2007. Columbia Accident Investigation Board ( 2003 ). `` Report of Columbia Accident Investigation Board ''. Retrieved July 12, 2011. Feynman, Richard P. ( 1986 ) Rogers Commission Report, Volume 2 Appendix F - Personal Observations on Reliability of Shuttle. ( html ) Jensen, Claus. ( 1996 ) No Downlink : A Dramatic Narrative about the Challenger Accident and Our Time. New York : Farrar, Straus, Giroux. ISBN 0 - 374 - 12036 - 6. McConnell, Malcolm. ( 1987 ) Challenger : A Major Malfunction. Garden City, NY : Doubleday. ISBN 0 - 385 - 23877 - 0. M8 Entertainment Inc. ( May 24, 2006 ). `` Media 8 To Produce `` Challenger '' Directed by Philip Kaufman ``. spaceref.com. Retrieved September 21, 2006. `` Rendez - Vous Houston ''. jarreuk.com. Archived from the original on August 18, 2006. Retrieved November 19, 2006. Riffe, Daniel ; James Glen Stoval ( Autumn 1989 ). `` Diffusion of News of Shuttle Disaster : What Role for Emotional Response? ''. Journalism Quarterly. Association for education in journalism and mass communication. Rogers Commission ( June 6, 1986 ). `` Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident ''. Retrieved July 12, 2011. Rogers Commission ( June 1987 ). `` Implementation of the Recommendations of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident ''. Retrieved January 1, 2007. Vaughan, Diane. ( 1996 ) The Challenger Launch Decision : Risky Technology, Culture and Deviance at NASA. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0 - 226 - 85176 - 1. Wallace, Brendan & Ross, Alastair ( 2006 ) Beyond Human Error. Florida : CRC Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 2718 - 6 Wright, John C. ; Dale Kunkel ; Marites Pinon ; Aletha C. Huston ( Spring 1989 ). `` How Children Reacted to Televised Coverage of the Space Shuttle Disaster ''. Journal of Communication. 39 ( 2 ) : 27. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1460 - 2466.1989. tb01027. x. Boisjoly, Roger. `` Ethical Decisions - Morton Thiokol and the Challenger Disaster : Telecon Meeting ''. onlineethics.org. Retrieved May 18, 2010. Further reading ( edit ) Evans, Ben ( 2007 ). Space shuttle challenger : ten journeys into the unknown. Published in association with Praxis Pub. ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 46355 - 1. Retrieved July 12, 2011 Pinkus, Rosa Lynn ( 1997 ). Engineering Ethics : Balancing Cost, Schedule, and Risk. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 - 521 - 43171 - 9. Schwartz, Howard S. ( 1990 ). Narcissistic Process and Corporate Decay : The Theory of the Organization Ideal. NYU Press. ISBN 0 - 8147 - 7938 - 7. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. Listen to this article ( 4 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Space Shuttle Challenger disaster '' dated 2007 - 01 - 28, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Rogers Commission Report ( pdf, 9.85 Mb ) -- compiled by Thomas ( ' thomasafb ' ) Challenger disaster : remembered. The Boston Globe. January 28, 2011. Complete text and audio and video of Ronald Reagan 's Shuttle Challenger Address to the Nation AmericanRhetoric.com Space Shuttle Challenger Tragedy -- video of shuttle launch and Reagan 's address -- YouTube January 29, 1986 newspaper NASA History Office. `` Challenger STS 51 - L Accident ''. NASA. Retrieved November 20, 2006. NASA Kennedy Space Center. `` Sequence of Major Events of the Challenger Accident ''. NASA. Retrieved July 12, 2011. Harwood, William ; Rob Navias. `` Challenger timeline ''. Spaceflight Now. Retrieved November 20, 2006. CBS Radio news Bulletin of the Challenger Disaster anchored by Christopher Glenn from January 28, 1986 Part 1 ( mp3 ), Part 2 ( mp3 ), Part 3 ( mp3 ), Part 4 ( mp3 ). 30 Years After Explosion, Challenger Engineer Still Blames Himself -- NPR ( January 28 and 29, 2016 ) Coordinates : 28 ° 38 ′ 24 '' N 80 ° 16 ′ 48 '' W  /  28.64000 ° N 80.28000 ° W  / 28.64000 ; - 80.28000 STS - 51 - L Main articles Space Shuttle Challenger STS - 51 - L Space Shuttle Challenger disaster STS - 51 - L Mission timeline Crew Scobee ( Cmdr ) Smith Resnik Onizuka McNair Jarvis McAuliffe See also Rogers Commission Report Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster TDRS - B Challenger flag Space Shuttle Challenger ( OV - 099 ) Flights STS - 6 STS - 7 STS - 8 STS - 41 - B STS - 41 - C STS - 41 - G STS - 51 - B STS - 51 - F STS - 61 - A STS - 51 - L Status Out of service - destroyed - January 28, 1986 ( STS - 51 - L ) See also Rogers Commission STS - 61 - F STS - 61 - M U.S. Space Shuttle missions Completed 1970 -- 79 1977 ALT 1980 -- 89 1981 STS - 1 STS - 2 1982 STS - 3 STS - 4 STS - 5 STS - 6 STS - 7 STS - 8 STS - 9 1984 STS - 41 - B STS - 41 - C STS - 41 - D STS - 41 - G STS - 51 - A 1985 STS - 51 - C STS - 51 - D STS - 51 - B STS - 51 - G STS - 51 - F STS - 51 - I STS - 51 - J STS - 61 - A STS - 61 - B 1986 STS - 61 - C STS - 51 - L STS - 26 STS - 27 STS - 29 STS - 30 STS - 28 STS - 34 STS - 33 1990 -- 99 STS - 32 STS - 36 STS - 31 STS - 41 STS - 38 STS - 35 1991 STS - 37 STS - 39 STS - 40 STS - 43 STS - 48 STS - 44 STS - 42 STS - 45 STS - 49 STS - 50 STS - 46 STS - 47 STS - 52 STS - 53 STS - 54 STS - 56 STS - 55 STS - 57 STS - 51 STS - 58 STS - 61 STS - 60 STS - 62 STS - 59 STS - 65 STS - 64 STS - 68 STS - 66 1995 STS - 63 STS - 67 STS - 71 STS - 70 STS - 69 STS - 73 STS - 74 STS - 72 STS - 75 STS - 76 STS - 77 STS - 78 STS - 79 STS - 80 STS - 81 STS - 82 STS - 83 STS - 84 STS - 94 STS - 85 STS - 86 STS - 87 1998 STS - 89 STS - 90 STS - 91 STS - 95 STS - 88 1999 STS - 96 STS - 93 STS - 103 2000 -- 09 2000 STS - 99 STS - 101 STS - 106 STS - 92 STS - 97 STS - 98 STS - 102 STS - 100 STS - 104 STS - 105 STS - 108 2002 STS - 109 STS - 110 STS - 111 STS - 112 STS - 113 2003 STS - 107 2005 STS - 114 2006 STS - 121 STS - 115 STS - 116 2007 STS - 117 STS - 118 STS - 120 2008 STS - 122 STS - 123 STS - 124 STS - 126 2009 STS - 119 STS - 125 STS - 127 STS - 128 STS - 129 2010 -- 11 STS - 130 STS - 131 STS - 132 2011 STS - 133 STS - 134 STS - 135 Cancelled STS - 41 - F STS - 61 - E STS - 61 - F STS - 61 - G STS - 62 - A STS - 61 - M STS - 61 - H STS - 144 STS - 3xx STS - 400 Others Orbiters Enterprise Columbia Challenger Discovery Atlantis Endeavour NASA Space Shuttle ( STS ) Space Shuttle Programs Missions Crews Parts Orbiter Vehicle ( OV ) Solid Rocket Booster ( SRB ) External Tank ( ET ) Main Engine ( SSME ) Orbital Maneuvering System ( OMS ) Reaction control system ( RCS ) Thermal protection system Booster separation motor Orbiters Enterprise Columbia Challenger Discovery Atlantis Endeavour Add - ons Spacelab ( ESA ) RMS ( CSA ) Extended Duration Orbiter Remote Controlled Orbiter Spacehab MPLM Sites Kennedy Space Center LC - 39 Vandenberg SLC - 6 Landing sites ( Abort Landing Sites ) Operations Missions ( canceled ) Crews Mission timeline Rollbacks Abort modes Rendezvous pitch maneuver Testing Pathfinder ( simulator ) MPTA MPTA - ET Approach and Landing Tests Disasters Challenger disaster ( report ) Columbia disaster ( report ) Support Crawler - transporter Mate - Demate Device Mobile Launcher Platform NASA recovery ship Orbiter Processing Facility Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory ( SAIL ) Shuttle Carrier Aircraft Shuttle Training Aircraft Special Deutschland - 1 Getaway Special Teacher in Space Project Shuttle - Mir Hitchhiker Derivatives Saturn - Shuttle ( canceled ) Shuttle - Derived Launch Vehicle ( SDLV ) Shuttle - Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle ( HLLV ) Jupiter Shuttle - C Ares Space Launch System ( SLS ) Replicas Inspiration Independence America Related Space Shuttle design process Inertial Upper Stage Payload Assist Module ISS Space Shuttle retirement Conroy Virtus Criticism of the Space Shuttle program Rendezvous : A Space Shuttle Simulation Space Shuttle Project Shuttle Space Shuttle : A Journey into Space Orbiter Space Shuttle Mission 2007 Space Shuttle orbiters and Buran - class shuttles United States Space Shuttle program ( list ) Soviet / Russian Buran programme Pathfinder ( OV - 098, ground tests ) Challenger ( OV - 099, destroyed in 1986 ) Enterprise ( OV - 101, atmospheric tests, retired in 1979 ) Columbia ( OV - 102, destroyed in 2003 ) Discovery ( OV - 103, retired in 2011 ) Atlantis ( OV - 104, retired in 2011 ) Endeavour ( OV - 105, retired in 2011 ) OK - GLI ( Buran Analog BST - 02, aerotester ) Buran ( Shuttle 1.01, destroyed in 2002 ) Ptichka ( Shuttle 1.02, 95 -- 97 % completed ) Baikal ( Shuttle 2.01, incomplete ) 2.02 ( partially dismantled ) 2.03 ( dismantled ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster&oldid=815896453 '' Categories : Space Shuttle Challenger disaster Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from January 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from NASA Articles with inconsistent citation formats Spoken articles Coordinates on Wikidata Use American English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Català Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017, at 22 : 28. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster&amp;oldid=815896453" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "14529148271044876914" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Prayer of consecration to the Sacred Heart - wikipedia Prayer of consecration to the Sacred Heart Jump to : navigation, search Part of a series on Devotions to Jesus in the Catholic Church Jesus Christ in the Catacombs of Rome ( 4th century ) Devotions Holy Wounds Sacred Heart Holy Face Divine Mercy Eucharistic adoration Holy Name Holy Hour Acts of Reparation Stations of the Cross Precious Blood Infant of Prague Prayers Anima Christi Shoulder Wound Morning offering Sacred Heart prayer Sacred Heart Consecration You are Christ Vianney 's prayer Perboyre 's prayer Montfort 's prayer Crucifix prayer Catholicism portal For the prayers by Saint Marguerite Marie Alacoque and Blessed Mary of the Divine Heart, please see : Act of Consecration to the Sacred Heart of Jesus The Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart is a Roman Catholic prayer composed by Pope Leo XIII. It was included in the 1899 encyclical Annum sacrum issued by Leo XIII as he consecrated the entire world to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. The consecration was influenced by two letters written to the pope by Sister Mary of the Divine Heart Droste zu Vischering who stated that in visions of Jesus Christ she had been told to request the consecration. Contents ( hide ) 1 Words of the prayer 2 See also 3 Notes 4 Sources Words of the prayer ( edit ) Part of a series on the Sacred Heart of Jesus Sacred Heart Immaculate Heart Alliance of Hearts Divine Mercy Devotions Act of Consecration Prayer Feast Scapular People Saint Lutgarde Saint Mechtilde of Hackeborn Saint Gertrude the Great Saint Bridget of Sweden Saint John Eudes Kasper Drużbicki Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque Blessed Mary of the Divine Heart Estelle Faguette Sister Consolata Betrone Encyclicals Annum sacrum Haurietis aquas Churches Cathedrals Churches Catholicism portal Most sweet Jesus, Redeemer of the human race, look down upon us humbly prostrate before Thine altar. We are Thine, and Thine we wish to be ; but, to be more surely united with Thee, behold each one of us freely consecrates himself today to Thy most Sacred Heart. Many indeed have never known Thee ; many too, despising Thy precepts, have rejected Thee. Have mercy on them all, most merciful Jesus, and draw them to Thy sacred Heart. Be Thou King, O Lord, not only of the faithful who have never forsaken Thee, but also of the prodigal children who have abandoned Thee ; grant that they may quickly return to Thy Father 's house lest they die of wretchedness and hunger. Be Thou King of those who are deceived by erroneous opinions, or whom discord keeps aloof, and call them back to the harbor of truth and unity of faith, so that there may be but one flock and one Shepherd. Be Thou King of all those who are still involved in the darkness of idolatry or of Islamism, and refuse not to draw them into the light and kingdom of God. Turn Thine eyes of mercy towards the children of the race, once Thy chosen people : of old they called down upon themselves the Blood of the Savior ; may it now descend upon them a laver of redemption and of life. Grant, O Lord, to Thy Church assurance of freedom and immunity from harm ; give peace and order to all nations, and make the earth resound from pole to pole with one cry : `` Praise be to the divine Heart that wrought our salvation ; to it be glory and honor for ever. '' Amen. See also ( edit ) Act of Consecration to the Sacred Heart of Jesus Sacred Heart of Jesus Visions of Jesus and Mary Alliance of the Hearts of Jesus and Mary Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bainvel, Jean. `` Devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. '' The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York : Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 6 Mar. 2015 Jump up ^ Laurent Volken, 1963, Visions, Revelations and the Church P.J. Kenedy Publishers Jump up ^ Niels Christian Hvidt, 2007, Christian Prophecy : The Post-Biblical Tradition, OUP Press ISBN 0 - 19 - 531447 - 6 page 242 Sources ( edit ) Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0 - 87973 - 910 - X page 166 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart&oldid=787546618 '' Categories : Roman Catholic prayers Talk Contents About Wikipedia गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2017, at 00 : 38. About Wikipedia", "title": "Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart&amp;oldid=787546618" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "11595672652487631832" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Gap penalty - wikipedia Gap penalty Jump to : navigation, search a Gap penalty is a method of scoring alignments of two or more sequences. When aligning sequences, introducing a gaps in the sequences can allow an alignment algorithm to match more terms than a gap-less alignment can. However, minimizing gaps in an alignment is important to create a useful alignment. Too many gaps can cause an alignment to become meaningless. Gap penalties are used to adjust alignment scores based on the number and length of gaps. The five main types of gap penalties are constant, linear, affine, convex, and Profile - based. Contents ( hide ) 1 Applications 2 Bioinformatics Applications 2.1 Global alignment 2.1. 1 General steps to perform a global alignment : 2.1. 2 Pseudocode 2.2 Semi-global alignment 2.3 Local alignment 2.4 Scoring matrix 2.5 Indels 3 Types 3.1 Constant 3.2 Linear 3.3 Affine 3.4 Convex 3.5 Profile - based 4 Comparing time complexities 5 Assigning Gap Penalty Values 6 Challenges 7 References 7.1 Further reading Applications ( edit ) Genetic sequence alignment - In bioinformatics, gaps are used to account for genetic mutations occurring from insertions or deletions in the sequence, sometimes referred to as indels. Insertions or deletions can occur due to single mutations, unbalanced crossover in meiosis, slipped strand mispairing, and chromosomal translocation. The notion of a gap in an alignment is important in many biological applications, since the insertions or deletions comprise an entire sub-sequence and often occur from a single mutational event. Furthermore, single mutational events can create gaps of different sizes. Therefore, when scoring, the gaps need to be scored as a whole when aligning two sequences of DNA. Considering multiple gaps in a sequence as a larger single gap will reduce the assignment of a high cost to the mutations. For instance, two protein sequences may be relatively similar however, may differ at certain intervals as one protein may have a different subunit compared to the other. Representing these differing sub-sequences as gaps will allow us to treat these cases as `` good matches '' even though there are long consecutive runs with indel operations in the sequence. Therefore, using a good gap penalty model will avoid low scores in alignments and improve the chances of finding a true alignment. In genetic sequence alignments, gaps are represented as dashes ( - ) on a protein / DNA sequence alignment. Unix diff function - computes the minimal difference between two files similarly to plagiarism detection. Spell checking - Gap penalties can help find correctly spelled words with the shortest edit distance to a misspelled word. Gaps can indicate a missing letter in the incorrectly spelled word. Plagiarism detection - Gap penalties allow algorithms to detect where sections of a document are plagiarized by placing gaps in original sections and matching what is identical. The gap penalty for a certain document quantifies how much of a given document is probably original or plagiarized. Speech recognition ( ( Citation needed reason = I do n't see how gap penalty would help this application, so I ca n't explain it. but I do n't want to remove it because of my ignorance of what someone else knew date = April 2018 ) ) Bioinformatics applications ( edit ) Global alignment ( edit ) Main article : Needleman - Wunsch algorithm A global alignment performs an end - to - end alignment of the query sequence with the reference sequence. Ideally, this alignment technique is most suitable for closely related sequences of similar lengths. The Needleman - Wunsch algorithm is a dynamic programming technique used to conduct global alignment. Essentially, the algorithm divides the problem into a set of sub-problems, then uses the results of the sub-problems to reconstruct a solution to the original query. General steps to perform a global alignment : ( edit ) Create a scoring matrix Fill in the scoring matrix - the matrix is filled with the maximum score possible starting in the top left corner and subsequently filling in the neighboring cells ( left, right and diagonal ). Trace back - trace back starting from the lowest right hand cell and choosing the minimal score trace to find the best alignment. Pseudocode ( edit ) procedure Needleman - Wunsch Algorithm S ( i, j ) = min ( S ( i - 1, j - 1 ) if match S ( i - 1, j - 1 ) + 1 if mismatch S ( i - 1, j ) + 1 S ( i, j - 1 ) + 1 ) end procedure Semi-global alignment ( edit ) The use of semi-global alignment exists to find a particular match within a large sequence. An example includes seeking promoters within a DNA sequence. Unlike global alignment, it compromises of no end gaps in one or both sequences. If the end gaps are penalized in one sequence 1 but not in sequence 2, it produces an alignment that contains sequence 1 within sequence 2. Local alignment ( edit ) Main article : Smith -- Waterman algorithm Example of Protein Sequence Alignment A local sequence alignment matches a contiguous sub-section of one sequence with a contiguous sub-section of another. The Smith - Waterman algorithm is motivated by giving scores for matches and mismatches. Matches increase the overall score of an alignment whereas mismatches decrease the score. A good alignment then has a positive score and a poor alignment has a negative score. The local algorithm finds an alignment with the highest score by considering only alignments that score positives and picking the best one from those. The algorithm is a Dynamic programming algorithm. When comparing proteins, one uses a similarity matrix which assigns a score to each possible residue. The score should be positive for similar residues and negative for dissimilar residues pair. Gaps are usually penalized using a linear gap function that assigns an initial penalty for a gap opening, and an additional penalty for gap extensions, increasing the gap length. Scoring matrix ( edit ) Main article : Substitution matrix Blosum - 62 Matrix Substitution matrices such as BLOSUM are used for sequence alignment of proteins. A Substitution matrix assigns a score for aligning any possible pair of residues. In general, different substitution matrices are tailored to detecting similarities among sequences that are diverged by differing degrees. A single matrix may be reasonably efficient over a relatively broad range of evolutionary change. The BLOSUM - 62 matrix is one of the best substitution matrices for detecting weak protein similarities. BLOSUM matrices with high numbers are designed for comparing closely related sequences, while those with low numbers are designed for comparing distant related sequences. For example, BLOSUM - 80 is used for alignments that are more similar in sequence, and BLOSUM - 45 is used for alignments that have diverged from each other. For particularly long and weak alignments, the BLOSUM - 45 matrix may provide the best results. Short alignments are more easily detected using a matrix with a higher `` relative entropy '' than that of BLOSUM - 62. The BLOSUM series does not include any matrices with relative entropies suitable for the shortest queries. Indels ( edit ) Main article : Indel During DNA Replication, the replication machinery is prone to making two types of errors while duplicating the DNA. These two replication errors are insertions and deletions of single DNA bases from the DNA strand ( indels ). Indels can have severe biological consequences by causing mutations in the DNA strand that could result in the inactivation or over activation of the target protein. For example, if a one or two nucleotide indel occurs in a coding sequence the result will be a shift in the reading frame, or a frameshift mutation that may render the protein inactive. The biological consequences of indels are often deleterious and are frequently associated with human pathologies such as cancer. However, not all indels are frameshift mutations. If indels occur in trinucleotides, the result is an extension of the protein sequence that may also have implications on protein function. Types ( edit ) Constant ( edit ) This is the simplest type of gap penalty : a fixed negative score is given to every gap, regardless of its length. ATTGACCTGA AT -- - CCTGA Aligning two short DNA sequences, with ' - ' depicting a gap of one base pair. If each match was worth 1 point and the whole gap - 1, the total score : 7 − 1 = 6. Linear ( edit ) Compared to the constant gap penalty, the linear gap penalty takes into account the length ( L ) of each insertion / deletion in the gap. Therefore, if the penalty for each inserted / deleted element is B and the length of the gap L ; the total gap penalty would be the product of the two BL. This method favors shorter gaps, with total score decreasing with each additional gap. ATTGACCTGA AT -- - CCTGA Unlike constant gap penalty, the size of the gap is considered. With a match with score 1 and each gap - 1, the score here is ( 7 − 3 = 4 ). Affine ( edit ) The most widely used gap penalty function is the affine gap penalty. The affine gap penalty combines the components in both the constant and linear gap penalty, taking the form A + B ⋅ L ( \\ displaystyle A + B \\ cdot L ). This introduces new terms, A is known as the gap opening penalty, B the gap extension penalty and L the length of the gap. Gap opening refers to the cost required to open a gap of any length, and gap extension the cost to extend the length of an existing gap by 1. Often it is unclear as to what the values A and B should be as it differs according to purpose. In general, if the interest is to find closely related matches ( e.g. removal of vector sequence during genome sequencing ), a higher gap penalty should be used to reduce gap openings. On the other hand, gap penalty should be lowered when interested in finding a more distant match. The relationship between A and B also have an effect on gap size. If the size of the gap was important, a small A and large B ( more costly to extend gap ) is used and vice versa. Convex ( edit ) Using the affine gap penalty requires the assigning of fixed penalty values for both opening and extending a gap. This can be too rigid for use in a biological context. The logarithmic gap takes the form G ( L ) = A + C ln ⁡ L ( \\ displaystyle G ( L ) = A + C \\ ln L ) and was proposed as studies had shown the distribution of indel sizes obey a power law. Another proposed issue with the use of affine gaps is the favoritism of aligning sequences with shorter gaps. Logarithmic gap penalty was invented to modify the affine gap so that long gaps are desirable. However, in contrast to this, it has been found that using logarithmatic models had produced poor alignments when compared to affine models. Profile - based ( edit ) Profile -- profile alignment algorithms are powerful tools for detecting protein homology relationships with improved alignment accuracy. Profile - profile alignments are based on the statistical indel frequency profiles from multiple sequence alignments generated by PSI - BLAST searches. Rather than using substitution matrices to measure the similarity of amino acid pairs, profile -- profile alignment methods require a profile - based scoring function to measure the similarity of profile vector pairs. Profile - profile alignments employ gap penalty functions. The gap information is usually used in the form of indel frequency profiles, which is more specific for the sequences to be aligned. ClustalW and MAFFT adopted this kind of gap penalty determination for their multiple sequence alignments. Alignment accuracies can be improved using this model, especially for proteins with low sequence identity. Some profile -- profile alignment algorithms also run the secondary structure information as one term in their scoring functions, which improves alignment accuracy. Comparing time complexities ( edit ) Further information : Time complexity The use of alignment in computational biology often involves sequences of varying lengths. It is important to pick a model that would efficiently run at a known input size. The time taken to run the algorithm is known as the time complexity. Time complexities for various gap penalty models Type Time Constant gap penalty O ( mn ) Affine gap penalty O ( mn ) Convex gap penalty O ( mn lg ( m + n ) ) Assigning gap penalty values ( edit ) Gap penalty values are designed to reduce the score when an alignment has been disturbed by indels. The value should be small enough to allow a previously accumulated alignment to continue with an insertion in one of the sequences but should not be so large that this previous alignment score is removed completely. There are two strategies when assigning values to gaps : Keep the score similar regardless of gap length. Allow a constant overall gap penalty regardless of gap length. Therefore, assign no gap extension penalty and only penalize the sequence when there is a gap open. This will penalize a large gap by the same extent as a small gap. Make the score become larger as a linear function of gap length. Have a larger gap opening penalty followed by a gap extension penalty that is smaller than the gap open penalty. This will penalize several small gaps by the same extent as 1 large gap. Challenges ( edit ) There are a few challenges when it comes to working with gaps. When working with popular algorithms there seems to be little theoretical basis for the form of the gap penalty functions. Consequently, for any alignment situation gap placement must be empirically determined. Also, pairwise alignment gap penalties, such as the affine gap penalty, are often implemented independent of the amino acid types in the inserted or deleted fragment or at the broken ends, despite evidence that specific residue types are preferred in gap regions. Finally, alignment of sequences implies alignment of the corresponding structures, but the relationships between structural features of gaps in proteins and their corresponding sequences are only imperfectly known. Because of this incorporating structural information into gap penalties is difficult to do. Some algorithms use predicted or actual structural information to bias the placement of gaps. However, only a minority of sequences have known structures, and most alignment problems involve sequences of unknown secondary and tertiary structure. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Glossary ''. Rosalind. Rosalind Team. Retrieved 11 / 09 / 14. Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Carroll, Ridge, Clement, Snell, Hyrum, Perry, Mark, Quinn ( January 1, 2007 ). `` Effects of Gap Open and Gap Extension Penalties '' ( PDF ). International Journal of Bioinformatics Research And Applications. Retrieved 09 / 09 / 14. Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Gap Penalty '' ( PDF ). Algorithms for Molecular Biology. 2006 - 01 - 01. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 06 - 26. Retrieved 13 / 09 / 14. Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Glossary ''. Rosalind. Rosalind Team. Retrieved 11 / 09 / 14. Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lesk, Arthur M ( 2013 - 07 - 26 ). `` bioinformatics ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 12. Jump up ^ `` Global alignment of two sequences - Needleman - Wunsch Algorithm ''. Value @ Amrita : Virtual Amrita Laboratories Universalizing Education. Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University. Retrieved 12 / 09 / 14. Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Vingron, M. ; Waterman, M.S. ( 1994 ). `` Sequence alignment and penalty choice. Review of concepts, case studies and implications ''. Journal of Molecular Biology. 235 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 12. doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 2836 ( 05 ) 80006 - 3. PMID 8289235. ^ Jump up to : `` BLAST substitution matrices ''. NCBI. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27. ^ Jump up to : Garcia - Diaz, Miguel ( 2006 ). `` Mechanism of a genetic glissando : structural biology of indel mutations ''. Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 31 ( 4 ) : 206 -- 214. doi : 10.1016 / j. tibs. 2006.02. 004. PMID 16545956. Jump up ^ `` Glossary - Constant Gap Penalty ''. Rosalind. Rosalind Team. 12 Aug 2014. Retrieved 12 Aug 2014. ^ Jump up to : Hodgman C, French A, Westhead D ( 2009 ). BIOS Instant Notes in Bioinformatics. Garland Science. pp. 143 -- 144. ISBN 0203967240. Jump up ^ `` Global Alignment with Scoring Matrix and Affine Gap Penalty ''. Rosalind. Rosalind Team. 2 / 7 / 2012. Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 12. Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Sung, Wing - Kin ( 2011 ). Algorithms in Bioinformatics : A Practical Introduction. CRC Press. pp. 42 -- 47. ISBN 1420070347. ^ Jump up to : Cartwright, Reed ( 5 / 12 / 2006 ). `` Logarithmic gap costs decrease alignment accuracy ''. BMC Bioinformatics. 7 : 527. doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2105 - 7 - 527. PMC 1770940. PMID 17147805. Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 10. Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Wang C, Yan RX, Wang XF, Si JN, Zhang Z ( 12 October 2011 ). `` Comparison of linear gap penalties and profile - based variable gap penalties in profile - profile alignments ''. Comput Biol Chem. 35 ( 5 ) : 308 -- 318. doi : 10.1016 / j. compbiolchem. 2011.07. 006. PMID 22000802. ^ Jump up to : `` About Gaps In Sequence Alignments ''. EMBL - EBI. Archived from the original on June 20, 2012. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27. ^ Jump up to : Wrabl JO, Grishin NV ( 1 January 2004 ). `` Gaps in structurally similar proteins : towards improvement of multiple sequence alignment ''. Proteins. 54 ( 1 ) : 71 -- 87. doi : 10.1002 / prot. 10508. PMID 14705025. Further reading ( edit ) Taylor WR, Munro RE ( 1997 ). `` Multiple sequence threading : conditional gap placement ''. Fold Des. 2 ( 4 ) : S33 -- 9. doi : 10.1016 / S1359 - 0278 ( 97 ) 00061 - 8. Taylor WR ( 1996 ). `` A non-local gap - penalty for profile alignment ''. Bull Math Biol. 58 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 18. doi : 10.1007 / BF02458279. PMID 8819751. Vingron M, Waterman MS ( 1994 ). `` Sequence alignment and penalty choice. Review of concepts, case studies and implications ''. J Mol Biol. 235 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 12. doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 2836 ( 05 ) 80006 - 3. PMID 8289235. Panjukov VV ( 1993 ). `` Finding steady alignments : similarity and distance ''. Comput Appl Biosci. 9 ( 3 ) : 285 -- 90. doi : 10.1093 / bioinformatics / 9.3. 285. PMID 8324629. Alexandrov NN ( 1992 ). `` Local multiple alignment by consensus matrix ''. Comput Appl Biosci. 8 ( 4 ) : 339 -- 45. doi : 10.1093 / bioinformatics / 8.4. 339. PMID 1498689. Hein J ( 1989 ). `` A new method that simultaneously aligns and reconstructs ancestral sequences for any number of homologous sequences, when the phylogeny is given ''. Mol Biol Evol. 6 ( 6 ) : 649 -- 68. PMID 2488477. Henneke CM ( 1989 ). `` A multiple sequence alignment algorithm for homologous proteins using secondary structure information and optionally keying alignments to functionally important sites ''. Comput Appl Biosci. 5 ( 2 ) : 141 -- 50. doi : 10.1093 / bioinformatics / 5.2. 141. PMID 2751764. Reich JG, Drabsch H, Daumler A ( 1984 ). `` On the statistical assessment of similarities in DNA sequences ''. Nucleic Acids Res. 12 ( 13 ) : 5529 -- 43. doi : 10.1093 / nar / 12.13. 5529. PMC 318937. PMID 6462914. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gap_penalty&oldid=836900714 '' Categories : Computational phylogenetics Bioinformatics Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština فارسی Português Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018, at 14 : 45. About Wikipedia", "title": "Gap penalty", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Gap_penalty&amp;oldid=836900714" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Gap penalty - wikipedia Gap penalty Jump to : navigation, search a Gap penalty is a method of scoring alignments of two or more sequences. When aligning sequences, introducing a gaps in the sequences can allow an alignment algorithm to match more terms than a gap-less alignment can. However, minimizing gaps in an alignment is important to create a useful alignment. Too many gaps can cause an alignment to become meaningless. Gap penalties are used to adjust alignment scores based on the number and length of gaps. The five main types of gap penalties are constant, linear, affine, convex, and Profile - based. Contents ( hide ) 1 Applications 2 Bioinformatics Applications 2.1 Global alignment 2.1. 1 General steps to perform a global alignment : 2.1. 2 Pseudocode 2.2 Semi-global alignment 2.3 Local alignment 2.4 Scoring matrix 2.5 Indels 3 Types 3.1 Constant 3.2 Linear 3.3 Affine 3.4 Convex 3.5 Profile - based 4 Comparing time complexities 5 Assigning Gap Penalty Values 6 Challenges" ], "id": [ "7144465350831220606" ], "short_answers": [ "five" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Insulin resistance - wikipedia Insulin resistance This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2015 ) Insulin resistance Specialty Endocrinology Insulin resistance ( IR ) is a pathological condition in which cells fail to respond normally to the hormone insulin. To prevent hyperglycemia and noticeable organ damage over time, the body produces insulin when glucose starts to be released into the bloodstream from the digestion of carbohydrates ( primarily ) in the diet. Under normal conditions of insulin reactivity, this insulin response triggers glucose being taken into body cells, to be used for energy, and inhibits the body from using fat for energy, thereby causing the concentration of glucose in the blood to decrease as a result, staying within the normal range even when a large amount of carbohydrates is consumed. A habitually high intake of carbohydrates, simple sugars, and particularly fructose, e.g. with sweetened beverages, contributes to insulin resistance and has been linked to weight gain and obesity. If high and excess blood sugar from the digestion of primarily carbohydrates in the diet is not sufficiently absorbed by cells even in the presence of insulin, the increase in the level of blood sugar can result in the classic hyperglycemic triad of polyphagia ( increased appetite ), polydipsia ( increased thirst ), and polyuria ( increased urination ). Avoiding carbohydrates and sugars, a no - carbohydrate diet or fasting can reverse insulin resistance. Contents 1 Overview 2 Signs and symptoms 3 Associated risk factors 4 Cause 4.1 Molecular mechanism 4.2 Diet 4.3 Sedentary lifestyle 4.4 Protease inhibitors 4.5 Cellular level 4.6 Molecular 4.7 Disease 4.8 HCV and insulin resistance 5 Pathophysiology 6 Diagnosis 6.1 Fasting insulin levels 6.2 Glucose tolerance testing 6.3 Measuring insulin resistance 6.3. 1 Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp 6.3. 2 Modified insulin suppression test 6.4 Alternatives 7 Management 8 History 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Overview ( edit ) When the body produces insulin under conditions of insulin resistance, the cells are resistant to the insulin and are unable to use it as effectively, leading to high blood sugar. Beta cells in the pancreas subsequently increase their production of insulin, further contributing to a high blood insulin level. This often remains undetected and can contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes, obesity or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults. Although this type of chronic insulin resistance is harmful, during acute illness it is actually a well - evolved protective mechanism. Recent investigations have revealed that insulin resistance helps to conserve the brain 's glucose supply by preventing muscles from taking up excessive glucose. In theory, insulin resistance should even be strengthened under harsh metabolic conditions such as pregnancy, during which the expanding fetal brain demands more glucose. People who develop type 2 diabetes usually pass through earlier stages of insulin resistance and prediabetes, although those often go undiagnosed. Insulin resistance is a syndrome ( a set of signs and symptoms ) resulting from reduced insulin activity ; it is also part of a larger constellation of symptoms called the metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance may also develop in patients who have recently experienced abdominal or bariatric procedures. This acute form of insulin resistance that may result post-operatively tends to increase over the short term, with sensitivity to insulin typically returning to patients after about five days. Signs and symptoms ( edit ) These depend on poorly understood variations in individual biology and consequently may not be found with all people diagnosed with insulin resistance. Increased hunger Lethargy ( tiredness ) Brain fogginess and inability to focus High blood sugar Weight gain, fat storage, difficulty losing weight -- for most people, excess weight is from high subcutaneous fat storage ; the fat in IR is generally stored in and around abdominal organs in both males and females ; it is currently suspected that hormones produced in that fat are a precipitating cause of insulin resistance Increased blood cholesterol levels Increased blood pressure ; many people with hypertension are either diabetic or pre-diabetic and have elevated insulin levels due to insulin resistance ; one of insulin 's effects is to control arterial wall tension throughout the body Acanthosis nigricans -- insulin prevents lipolysis of adipose tissues. In the setting of insulin resistance, there is elevated lipolysis and release of free fatty acids into the blood stream which contributes to further insulin resistance via increasing hepatic gluconeogenesis and preventing insulin dependent glucose uptake in tissues. Associated risk factors ( edit ) Several associated risk factors include the following : Genetic factors ( inherited component ) : Family history of type 2 diabetes Insulin receptor mutations ( Donohue syndrome ) LMNA mutations ( familial partial lipodystrophy ) Cultural variables, such as diet varying with race and class ; factors related to stress, socio - economic status and history have been shown to activate the stress response, which increases the production of glucose and insulin resistance, as well as inhibiting pancreatic function and thus might be of importance, although it is not fully corroborated by the scientific evidence. Particular physiological conditions and environmental factors : Age 40 -- 45 years or older Obesity The tendency to store fat preferentially in the abdomen ( also known as `` abdominal obesity ) '', as opposed to storing it in hips and thighs Sedentary lifestyle, lack of physical exercise Hypertension High triglyceride level ( hypertriglyceridemia ) Low level of high - density lipoprotein ( also known as HDL cholesterol or `` good cholesterol '' ) Prediabetes, blood glucose levels have been too high in the past, i.e. the patient 's body has previously shown slight problems with its production and usage of insulin ( `` previous evidence of impaired glucose homeostasis '' ) Having developed gestational diabetes during past pregnancies Giving birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds ( a bit over 4 kilograms ) Pathology : Obesity and overweight ( BMI > 25 ) Metabolic syndrome ( hyperlipidemia + HDL cholesterol level < 0.90 mmol / L or triglyceride level > 2.82 mmol / L ), hypertension ( > 140 / 90 mmHg ), or arteriosclerosis Liver pathologies Infection ( Hepatitis C ) Hemochromatosis Gastroparesis Polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) Hypercortisolism ( e.g., Cushing 's syndrome, glucocorticoid therapy ) Medications ( e.g., glucosamine, rifampicin, isoniazid, olanzapine, risperidone, progestogens, glucocorticoids, methadone, many antiretrovirals ) Cause ( edit ) Molecular mechanism ( edit ) Insulin resistance implies that the body 's cells ( primarily muscle ) lose sensitivity to insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas to promote glucose utilization. At the molecular level, a cell senses insulin through insulin receptors, with the signal propagating through a cascade of molecules collectively known as PI3K / Akt / mTOR signaling pathway. Recent studies suggested that the pathway may operate as a bistable switch under physiologic conditions for certain types of cells, and insulin response may well be a threshold phenomenon. The pathway 's sensitivity to insulin may be blunted by many factors such as free fatty acids, causing insulin resistance. From a broader perspective, however, sensitivity tuning ( including sensitivity reduction ) is a common practice for an organism to adapt to the changing environment or metabolic conditions. Pregnancy, for example, is a prominent change of metabolic conditions, under which the mother has to reduce her muscles ' insulin sensitivity to spare more glucose for the brains ( the mother 's brain and the fetal brain ). This can be achieved through raising the response threshold ( i.e., postponing the onset of sensitivity ) by secreting placental growth factor to interfere with the interaction between insulin receptor substrate ( IRS ) and PI3K, which is the essence of the so - called adjustable threshold hypothesis of insulin resistance. Diet ( edit ) It is well known that insulin regulates the conversion of carbohydrates into fats ( triglycerides ) by promoting the absorption of, especially, glucose from the blood into fat cells. The intake of simple sugars, and particularly fructose, is a factor that contributes to insulin resistance. Fructose is metabolized by the liver into triglycerides, and, as mentioned above, tends to raise their levels in the blood stream. High levels of fructose or sucrose ( table sugar ) induce insulin resistance in rats, and this insulin resistance is alleviated by fish oil supplementation. Once established, insulin resistance would result in increased circulating levels of insulin. Since insulin is the primary hormonal signal for energy storage into fat cells, which tend to retain their sensitivity in the face of hepatic and skeletal muscle resistance, IR stimulates the formation of new fatty tissue and accelerates weight gain. Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are associated with excess body weight. A possible explanation is that both insulin resistance and obesity often have the same cause, systematic overeating, which has the potential to lead to insulin resistance and obesity due to repeated administration of excess levels of glucose, which stimulate insulin secretion ; excess levels of fructose, which raise triglyceride levels in the bloodstream ; and fats, which may be absorbed easily by the adipose cells, and tend to end up as fatty tissue in a hypercaloric diet. Some scholars go as far as to claim that neither insulin resistance, nor obesity really are metabolic disorders per se, but simply adaptive responses to sustained caloric surplus, intended to protect bodily organs from lipotoxicity ( unsafe levels of lipids in the bloodstream and tissues ) : `` Obesity should therefore not be regarded as a pathology or disease, but rather as the normal, physiologic response to sustained caloric surplus... As a consequence of the high level of lipid accumulation in insulin target tissues including skeletal muscle and liver, it has been suggested that exclusion of glucose from lipid - laden cells is a compensatory defense against further accumulation of lipogenic substrate. '' Fast food meals combined with drinks containing sugar typically possess several characteristics, all of which have independently been linked to IR : they are sugar rich, palatable, and cheap, increasing risk of overeating and leptin resistance ; simultaneously, they are high in dietary fat and fructose, and low in omega - 3 and fiber ; and they usually have high glycemic indices. Overconsumption of cheap sugar rich meals and beverages have been proposed as a fundamental factor behind the metabolic syndrome epidemic and all its constituents. An American study has shown that glucosamine ( often prescribed for joint problems ) may cause insulin resistance. Other studies, however, could not confirm a significant effect on blood glucose or insulin resistance. Vitamin D deficiency also is associated with insulin resistance. Elevated levels of free fatty acids and triglycerides in the blood stream and tissues also have been found in many studies to occur in states of insulin resistance. Triglyceride levels are driven by a variety of dietary factors. In studies on animals caloric intake that is far in excess of animals ' energy needs results in rapid weight gain and significant insulin resistance after just three weeks ( in rats ). Sedentary lifestyle ( edit ) Sedentary lifestyle increases the likelihood of development of insulin resistance. It has been estimated that each 500 kcal / week increment in physical activity related energy expenditure, reduces the lifetime risk of type 2 diabetes by 9 %. A different study found that vigorous exercise at least once a week reduced the risk of type 2 diabetes in women by 33 %. Protease inhibitors ( edit ) Protease inhibitors found in HIV drugs are linked to insulin resistance. Cellular level ( edit ) At the cellular level, much of the variance in insulin sensitivity between untrained, non-diabetic humans may be explained by two mechanisms : differences in phospholipid profiles of skeletal muscle cell membranes, and in intramyocellular lipid ( ICML ) stores within these cells. High levels of lipids in the bloodstream have the potential to result in accumulation of triglycerides and their derivatives within muscle cells, which activate proteins Kinase C - ε and C - θ, ultimately reducing the glucose uptake at any given level of insulin. This mechanism is quite fast - acting and may induce insulin resistance within days or even hours in response to a large lipid influx. Draining the intracellular reserves, on the other hand, is more challenging : moderate caloric restriction alone, even over a period of several months, appears to be ineffective, and it must be combined with physical exercise to have any effect. In the long term, diet has the potential to change the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated phospholipids in cell membranes, correspondingly changing cell membrane fluidity ; full impact of such changes is not fully understood, but it is known that the percentage of polyunsaturated phospholipids is strongly inversely correlated with insulin resistance. It is hypothesized that increasing cell membrane fluidity by increasing PUFA concentration might result in an enhanced number of insulin receptors, an increased affinity of insulin to its receptors, and a reduced insulin resistance, and vice versa. Many stressing factors may lead to increased cortisol in the bloodstream. Cortisol counteracts insulin, contributes to hyperglycemia - causing hepatic gluconeogenesis, and inhibits the peripheral utilization of glucose, which eventually leads to insulin resistance. It does this by decreasing the translocation of glucose transporters ( especially GLUT4 ) to the cell membrane. Inflammation by itself also seems to be implicated in causing insulin resistance. Mice without JNK1 - signaling do not develop insulin resistance under dietary conditions that normally produce it. Recent study have found out the specific role of the MLK family of protein in the activation of JNK during obesity and insulin resistance. Rare type 2 diabetes cases sometimes use high levels of exogenous insulin. As short - term overdosing of insulin causes short - term insulin resistance, it has been hypothesized that chronic high dosing contributes to more permanent insulin resistance. Molecular ( edit ) At a molecular level, insulin resistance has been proposed to be a reaction to excess nutrition by superoxide dismutase in cell mitochondria that acts as an antioxidant defense mechanism. This link seems to exist under diverse causes of insulin resistance. It also is based on the finding that insulin resistance may be reversed rapidly by exposing cells to mitochondrial uncouplers, electron transport chain inhibitors, or mitochondrial superoxide dismutase mimetics. Disease ( edit ) Recent research and experimentation has uncovered a non-obesity related connection to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. It has long been observed that patients who have had some kinds of bariatric surgery have increased insulin sensitivity and even remission of type 2 diabetes. It was discovered that diabetic / insulin resistant non-obese rats whose duodenum has been removed surgically, also experienced increased insulin sensitivity and remission of type 2 diabetes. This suggested similar surgery in humans, and early reports in prominent medical journals are that the same effect is seen in humans, at least the small number who have participated in the experimental surgical program. The speculation is, that some substance is produced in the mucosa of that initial portion of the small intestine that signals body cells to become insulin resistant. If the producing tissue is removed, the signal ceases and body cells revert to normal insulin sensitivity. No such substance has been found as yet, and the existence of such a substance remains speculative. Insulin resistance is associated with PCOS. Hcv and insulin resistance ( edit ) Hepatitis C also makes people three to four times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. In addition, `` people with Hepatitis C who develop diabetes probably have susceptible insulin - producing cells, and probably would get it anyway, but much later in life. The extra insulin resistance caused by Hepatitis C apparently brings on diabetes at age 35 or 40, instead of 65 or 70. '' Pathophysiology ( edit ) One of insulin 's functions is to regulate delivery of glucose into cells to provide them with energy. Insulin resistant cells can not take in glucose, amino acids and fatty acids. Thus, glucose, fatty acids and amino acids ' leak ' out of the cells. A decrease in insulin / glucagon ratio inhibits glycolysis which in turn decreases energy production. The resulting increase in blood glucose may raise levels outside the normal range and cause adverse health effects, depending on dietary conditions. Certain cell types such as fat and muscle cells require insulin to absorb glucose. When these cells fail to respond adequately to circulating insulin, blood glucose levels rise. The liver helps regulate glucose levels by reducing its secretion of glucose in the presence of insulin. This normal reduction in the liver 's glucose production may not occur in people with insulin resistance. Insulin resistance in muscle and fat cells reduces glucose uptake ( and also local storage of glucose as glycogen and triglycerides, respectively ), whereas insulin resistance in liver cells results in reduced glycogen synthesis and storage and also a failure to suppress glucose production and release into the blood. Insulin resistance normally refers to reduced glucose - lowering effects of insulin. However, other functions of insulin can also be affected. For example, insulin resistance in fat cells reduces the normal effects of insulin on lipids and results in reduced uptake of circulating lipids and increased hydrolysis of stored triglycerides. Increased mobilization of stored lipids in these cells elevates free fatty acids in the blood plasma. Elevated blood fatty - acid concentrations ( associated with insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus Type 2 ), reduced muscle glucose uptake, and increased liver glucose production all contribute to elevated blood glucose levels. High plasma levels of insulin and glucose due to insulin resistance are a major component of the metabolic syndrome. If insulin resistance exists, more insulin needs to be secreted by the pancreas. If this compensatory increase does not occur, blood glucose concentrations increase and type 2 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults occurs. Any food or drink containing glucose ( or the digestible carbohydrates that contain it, such as sucrose, starch, etc. ) causes blood glucose levels to increase. In normal metabolism, the elevated blood glucose level instructs beta ( β ) cells in the Islets of Langerhans, located in the pancreas, to release insulin into the blood. The insulin, in turn, makes insulin - sensitive tissues in the body ( primarily skeletal muscle cells, adipose tissue, and liver ) absorb glucose, and thereby lower the blood glucose level. The beta cells reduce insulin output as the blood glucose level falls, allowing blood glucose to settle at a constant of approximately 5 mmol / L ( mM ) ( 90 mg / dL ). In an insulin - resistant person, normal levels of insulin do not have the same effect in controlling blood glucose levels. During the compensated phase on insulin resistance, insulin levels are higher, and blood glucose levels are still maintained. If compensatory insulin secretion fails, then either fasting ( impaired fasting glucose ) or postprandial ( impaired glucose tolerance ) glucose concentrations increase. Eventually, type 2 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes occurs when glucose levels become higher throughout the day as the resistance increases and compensatory insulin secretion fails. The elevated insulin levels also have additional effects ( see insulin ) that cause further abnormal biological effects throughout the body. The most common type of insulin resistance is associated with overweight and obesity in a condition known as the metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance often progresses to full Type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults. This often is seen when hyperglycemia develops after a meal, when pancreatic β - cells are unable to produce sufficient insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels ( euglycemia ) in the face of insulin resistance. The inability of the β - cells to produce sufficient insulin in a condition of hyperglycemia is what characterizes the transition from insulin resistance to T2DM. Various disease states make body tissues more resistant to the actions of insulin. Examples include infection ( mediated by the cytokine TNFα ) and acidosis. Recent research is investigating the roles of adipokines ( the cytokines produced by adipose tissue ) in insulin resistance. Certain drugs also may be associated with insulin resistance ( e.g., glucocorticoids ). The presence of insulin leads to a kind of insulin resistance ; every time a cell is exposed to insulin, the production of GLUT4 ( Glucose transporter type 4 ) on the membrane of the cell decreases somewhat. In the presence of a higher than usual level of insulin ( generally caused by insulin resistance ), this down - regulation acts as a kind of positive feedback, increasing the need for insulin. Exercise reverses this process in muscle tissue, but if it is left unchecked, it may contribute to insulin resistance. Elevated blood levels of glucose -- regardless of cause -- lead to increased glycation of proteins with changes, only a few of which are understood in any detail, in protein function throughout the body. Insulin resistance often is found in people with visceral adiposity ( i.e., a high degree of fatty tissue within the abdomen -- as distinct from subcutaneous adiposity or fat between the skin and the muscle wall, especially elsewhere on the body, such as hips or thighs ), hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia involving elevated triglycerides, small dense low - density lipoprotein ( sdLDL ) particles, and decreased HDL cholesterol levels. With respect to visceral adiposity, a great deal of evidence suggests two strong links with insulin resistance. First, unlike subcutaneous adipose tissue, visceral adipose cells produce significant amounts of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor - alpha ( TNF - a ), and Interleukins - 1 and − 6, etc. In numerous experimental models, these proinflammatory cytokines disrupt normal insulin action in fat and muscle cells, and may be a major factor in causing the whole - body insulin resistance observed in patients with visceral adiposity. Much of the attention on production of proinflammatory cytokines has focused on the IKK - beta / NF - kappa - B pathway, a protein network that enhances transcription of inflammatory markers and mediators that may cause insulin resistance. Second, visceral adiposity is related to an accumulation of fat in the liver, a condition known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ). The result of NAFLD is an excessive release of free fatty acids into the bloodstream ( due to increased lipolysis ), and an increase in hepatic glycogenolysis and hepatic glucose production, both of which have the effect of exacerbating peripheral insulin resistance and increasing the likelihood of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Also, insulin resistance often is associated with a hypercoagulable state ( impaired fibrinolysis ) and increased inflammatory cytokine levels. Diagnosis ( edit ) Fasting insulin levels ( edit ) A fasting serum insulin level greater than 25 mIU / L or 174 pmol / L is considered insulin resistance. The same levels apply three hours after the last meal. Glucose tolerance testing ( edit ) During a glucose tolerance test ( GTT ), which may be used to diagnose diabetes mellitus, a fasting patient takes a 75 gram oral dose of glucose. Then blood glucose levels are measured over the following two hours. Interpretation is based on WHO guidelines. After two hours a glycemia less than 7.8 mmol / L ( 140 mg / dL ) is considered normal, a glycemia of between 7.8 and 11.0 mmol / L ( 140 to 197 mg / dL ) is considered as impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ), and a glycemia of greater than or equal to 11.1 mmol / L ( 200 mg / dL ) is considered diabetes mellitus. An oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT ) may be normal or mildly abnormal in simple insulin resistance. Often, there are raised glucose levels in the early measurements, reflecting the loss of a postprandial peak ( after the meal ) in insulin production. Extension of the testing ( for several more hours ) may reveal a hypoglycemic `` dip, '' that is a result of an overshoot in insulin production after the failure of the physiologic postprandial insulin response. Measuring insulin resistance ( edit ) Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp ( edit ) The gold standard for investigating and quantifying insulin resistance is the `` hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, '' so - called because it measures the amount of glucose necessary to compensate for an increased insulin level without causing hypoglycemia. It is a type of glucose clamp technique. The test is rarely performed in clinical care, but is used in medical research, for example, to assess the effects of different medications. The rate of glucose infusion commonly is referred to in diabetes literature as the GINF value. The procedure takes about two hours. Through a peripheral vein, insulin is infused at 10 -- 120 mU per m per minute. In order to compensate for the insulin infusion, glucose 20 % is infused to maintain blood sugar levels between 5 and 5.5 mmol / L. The rate of glucose infusion is determined by checking the blood sugar levels every five to ten minutes. The rate of glucose infusion during the last thirty minutes of the test determines insulin sensitivity. If high levels ( 7.5 mg / min or higher ) are required, the patient is insulin - sensitive. Very low levels ( 4.0 mg / min or lower ) indicate that the body is resistant to insulin action. Levels between 4.0 and 7.5 mg / min are not definitive, and suggest `` impaired glucose tolerance, '' an early sign of insulin resistance. This basic technique may be enhanced significantly by the use of glucose tracers. Glucose may be labeled with either stable or radioactive atoms. Commonly used tracers are 3 - H glucose ( radioactive ), 6, 6 H - glucose ( stable ) and 1 - C Glucose ( stable ). Prior to beginning the hyperinsulinemic period, a 3h tracer infusion enables one to determine the basal rate of glucose production. During the clamp, the plasma tracer concentrations enable the calculation of whole - body insulin - stimulated glucose metabolism, as well as the production of glucose by the body ( i.e., endogenous glucose production ). Modified insulin suppression test ( edit ) Another measure of insulin resistance is the modified insulin suppression test developed by Gerald Reaven at Stanford University. The test correlates well with the euglycemic clamp, with less operator - dependent error. This test has been used to advance the large body of research relating to the metabolic syndrome. Patients initially receive 25 μg of octreotide ( Sandostatin ) in 5 mL of normal saline over 3 to 5 minutes via intravenous infusion ( IV ) as an initial bolus, and then, are infused continuously with an intravenous infusion of somatostatin ( 0.27 μg / m / min ) to suppress endogenous insulin and glucose secretion. Next, insulin and 20 % glucose are infused at rates of 32 and 267 mg / m / min, respectively. Blood glucose is checked at zero, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes, and thereafter, every 10 minutes for the last half - hour of the test. These last four values are averaged to determine the steady - state plasma glucose level ( SSPG ). Subjects with an SSPG greater than 150 mg / dL are considered to be insulin - resistant. Alternatives ( edit ) Given the complicated nature of the `` clamp '' technique ( and the potential dangers of hypoglycemia in some patients ), alternatives have been sought to simplify the measurement of insulin resistance. The first was the Homeostatic Model Assessment ( HOMA ), and a more recent method is the Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ( QUICKI ). Both employ fasting insulin and glucose levels to calculate insulin resistance, and both correlate reasonably with the results of clamping studies. Wallace et al. point out that QUICKI is the logarithm of the value from one of the HOMA equations. Management ( edit ) The primary treatment for insulin resistance is exercise and weight loss. Research shows that a low - carbohydrate diet may help. Both metformin and thiazolidinediones improve insulin resistance, but only are approved therapies for type 2 diabetes, not for insulin resistance. By contrast, growth hormone replacement therapy may be associated with increased insulin resistance. Metformin has become one of the more commonly prescribed medications for insulin resistance. Unfortunately, Metformin also masks Vitamin B12 deficiency, so accompanying sub-lingual Vitamin B12 tablets are recommended. Insulin resistance is often associated with abnormalities in lipids particularly high blood triglycerides and low high density lipoprotein. The Diabetes Prevention Program ( DPP ) showed that exercise and diet were nearly twice as effective as metformin at reducing the risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes. However, the participants in the DPP trial regained about 40 % of the weight that they had lost at the end of 2.8 years, resulting in a similar incidence of diabetes development in both the lifestyle intervention and the control arms of the trial. One 2009 study found that carbohydrate deficit after exercise, but not energy deficit, contributed to insulin sensitivity increase. Resistant starch from high - amylose corn, amylomaize, has been shown to reduce insulin resistance in healthy individuals, in individuals with insulin resistance, and in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Animal studies demonstrate that it can not reverse damage already done by high glucose levels, but that it reduces insulin resistance and reduces the development of further damage. Some types of polyunsaturated fatty acids ( omega - 3 ) may moderate the progression of insulin resistance into type 2 diabetes, however, omega - 3 fatty acids appear to have limited ability to reverse insulin resistance, and they cease to be efficacious once type 2 diabetes is established. Caffeine intake limits insulin action, but not enough to increase blood - sugar levels in healthy persons. People who already have type 2 diabetes may see a small increase in levels if they take 2 or 2 - 1 / 2 cups of coffee per day. History ( edit ) The concept that insulin resistance may be the underlying cause of diabetes mellitus type 2 was first advanced by Professor Wilhelm Falta and published in Vienna in 1931, and confirmed as contributory by Sir Harold Percival Himsworth of the University College Hospital Medical Centre in London in 1936, however, type 2 diabetes does not occur unless there is concurrent failure of compensatory insulin secretion. See also ( edit ) Chronic Somogyi rebound Hyperinsulinemia Resistin Chronic stress Systemic inflammation Circadian rhythm disruption Advanced glycation end - products PCOS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Diagnosis and Mellitus. ( 2013 ). Diabetes Care, 37 ( Supplement_1 ), S81 -- 90. https://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc14-s081 ^ Jump up to : Basciano, Heather ; Federico, Lisa ; Adeli, Khosrow ( 2005 ). `` Fructose, insulin resistance, and metabolic dyslipidemia ''. Nutrition & Metabolism. 2 ( 1 ) : 5. doi : 10.1186 / 1743 - 7075 - 2 - 5. PMC 552336. PMID 15723702. Jump up ^ Frank Hu Associate Professor of Nutrition and Epidemiology Harvard School of Public Health ( 20 February 2008 ). Obesity Epidemiology. Oxford University Press. pp. 283 -- 285. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 971847 - 4. Retrieved 20 April 2013. Jump up ^ Travis A. Smith ( November 2010 ). Taxing Caloric Sweetened Beverages : Potential Effects on Beverage Consumption, Calorie Intake, and Obesity. DIANE Publishing. pp. 13 -- 14. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4379 - 3593 - 6. Retrieved 20 April 2013. Jump up ^ Gallagher, James ( 24 February 2017 ). `` Fasting diet ' regenerates diabetic pancreas ' '' ( Health and science reporter, BBC News website ). BBC. Retrieved 6 August 2018. Jump up ^ Sakzewski, Emily ( 27 Feb 2017 ). `` Fasting diet could regenerate pancreas and reverse diabetes, researchers say ''. ABC. Retrieved 6 August 2018. Jump up ^ Chiu HK, Tsai EC, Juneja R, et al. ( August 2007 ). `` Equivalent insulin resistance ''. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 77 ( 2 ) : 237 -- 44. doi : 10.1016 / j. diabres. 2006.12. 013. PMID 17234296. ^ Jump up to : Wang, Guanyu ( 2014 - 12 - 06 ). `` Raison d'être of insulin resistance : the adjustable threshold hypothesis ''. Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 11 ( 101 ) : 20140892. doi : 10.1098 / rsif. 2014.0892. ISSN 1742 - 5689. PMC 4223910. PMID 25320065. Jump up ^ `` Insulin resistance : a marker of surgical stress : Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care ''. LWW. Jump up ^ Thorell, A. ; Efendic, S. ; Gutniak, M. ; Häggmark, T. ; Ljungqvist, O. ( 1994 - 01 - 01 ). `` Insulin resistance after abdominal surgery ''. British Journal of Surgery. 81 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 63. doi : 10.1002 / bjs. 1800810120. ISSN 1365 - 2168. PMID 8313123. Jump up ^ Insulin resistance Jump up ^ Cao, H. ( 2000 - 01 - 01 ). `` Nuclear lamin A / C R482Q mutation in Canadian kindreds with Dunnigan - type familial partial lipodystrophy ''. Human Molecular Genetics. 9 ( 1 ) : 109 -- 12. doi : 10.1093 / hmg / 9.1. 109. ISSN 0964 - 6906. PMID 10587585. Jump up ^ Musso, Carla ; Cochran, Elaine ; Moran, Stephanie Ann ; Skarulis, Monica C. ; Oral, Elif Arioglu ; Taylor, Simeon ; Gorden, Phillip ( July 2004 ). `` Clinical Course of Genetic Diseases of the Insulin Receptor ( Type A and Rabson - Mendenhall Syndromes ) : A 30 - Year Prospective ''. Medicine. 83 ( 4 ) : 209 -- 22. doi : 10.1097 / 01. md. 0000133625.73570. 54. ISSN 0025 - 7974. PMID 15232309. ^ Jump up to : Mayfield, Jennifer ( October 15, 1998 ). `` Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus : New Criteria ''. American Academy of Family Physicians. Retrieved September 26, 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` Type 2 diabetes : Risk factors ''. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 21 December 2011. ^ Jump up to : Milner, KL ; Van Der Poorten, D ; Trenell, M ; Jenkins, AB ; Xu, A ; Smythe, G ; Dore, GJ ; Zekry, A ; et al. ( 2010 ). `` Chronic hepatitis C is associated with peripheral rather than hepatic insulin resistance ''. Gastroenterology. 138 ( 3 ) : 932 -- 41. e3. doi : 10.1053 / j. gastro. 2009.11. 050. PMID 19962985. Lay summary -- Science Daily ( March 10, 2010 ). Jump up ^ Yasuda, Keigo ; Hines, III, Elbert ; Kitabchi, Abbas E. ( November 1982 ). `` Hypercortisolism and insulin resistance : comparative effects of prednisone, hydrocortisone, and dexamethasone on insulin binding of human erythrocytes ''. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 55 ( 5 ) : 910 -- 15. doi : 10.1210 / jcem - 55 - 5 - 910. PMID 6749880. ^ Jump up to : Wang, Guanyu ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ). `` Singularity analysis of the AKT signaling pathway reveals connections between cancer and metabolic diseases ''. Physical Biology. 7 ( 4 ) : 046015. Bibcode : 2010PhBio... 7d6015W. doi : 10.1088 / 1478 - 3975 / 7 / 4 / 046015. ISSN 1478 - 3975. PMID 21178243. Jump up ^ Wang, Guanyu ( 2012 - 10 - 07 ). `` Optimal homeostasis necessitates bistable control ''. Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 9 ( 75 ) : 2723 -- 34. doi : 10.1098 / rsif. 2012.0244. ISSN 1742 - 5689. PMC 3427521. PMID 22535698. Jump up ^ Lucidi, Paola ; Rossetti, Paolo ; Porcellati, Francesca ; Pampanelli, Simone ; Candeloro, Paola ; Andreoli, Anna Marinelli ; Perriello, Gabriele ; Bolli, Geremia B. ; Fanelli, Carmine G. ( 2010 - 06 - 01 ). `` Mechanisms of insulin resistance after insulin - induced hypoglycemia in humans : the role of lipolysis ''. Diabetes. 59 ( 6 ) : 1349 -- 57. doi : 10.2337 / db09 - 0745. ISSN 1939 - 327X. PMC 2874695. PMID 20299466. Jump up ^ Wang Guanyu ( Feb 5, 2016 ). `` Tunable ultrasensitivity : functional decoupling and biological insights ''. Sci Rep. 6 : 20345. Bibcode : 2016NatSR... 620345W. doi : 10.1038 / srep20345. PMC 4742884. PMID 26847155. Jump up ^ Stryer, Lubert ( 1995 ). Biochemistry ( Fourth ed. ). New York : W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 773 -- 774. ISBN 0 7167 2009 4. Jump up ^ Thorburn, Anne W ( 1989 ). `` Fructose - induced in vivo insulin resistance and elevated plasma triglyceride levels in rats '' ( PDF ). American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Jump up ^ Hwang, IS ( 1987 ). `` Fructose - induced insulin resistance and hypertension in rats '' ( PDF ). Hypertension. 10 ( 5 ) : 512 -- 16. doi : 10.1161 / 01. HYP. 10.5. 512. Jump up ^ Huang, YJ ; Fang, VS ; Juan, CC ; Chou, YC ; Kwok, CF ; Ho, LT ( November 1997 ). `` Amelioration of insulin resistance and hypertension in a fructose - fed rat model with fish oil supplementation ''. Metab. Clin. Exp. 46 ( 11 ) : 1252 -- 58. doi : 10.1016 / S0026 - 0495 ( 97 ) 90226 - 2. PMID 9361681. ^ Jump up to : Isganaitis, Elvira ; Lustig, Robert H ( 2005 ). `` Fast Food, Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance, and Obesity ''. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 25 ( 12 ) : 2451 -- 62. doi : 10.1161 / 01. ATV. 0000186208.06964. 91. PMID 16166564. Jump up ^ `` Obesity and elevated triglycerides ''. Med scape. Jump up ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7121/full/nature05482.html Jump up ^ Unger, Roger H ; Scherer, Philipp E ( 2010 ). `` Gluttony, sloth and the metabolic syndrome : a roadmap to lipotoxicity '' ( PDF ). Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 10 - 04. Jump up ^ Pham, T ; Cornea, A ; Blick, KE ; Jenkins, A ; Scofield, RH ( 2007 ). `` Oral glucosamine in doses used to treat osteoarthritis worsens insulin resistance ''. The American journal of the medical sciences. 333 ( 6 ) : 333 -- 39. doi : 10.1097 / MAJ. 0b013e318065bdbe. PMID 17570985. Jump up ^ Muniyappa R, Karne RJ, Hall G, et al. ( November 2006 ). `` Oral glucosamine for 6 weeks at standard doses does not cause or worsen insulin resistance or endothelial dysfunction in lean or obese subjects ''. Diabetes. 55 ( 11 ) : 3142 -- 50. doi : 10.2337 / db06 - 0714. PMID 17065354. Jump up ^ Pouwels MJ, Jacobs JR, Span PN, Lutterman JA, Smits P, Tack CJ ; Jacobs ; Span ; Lutterman ; Smits ; Tack ( May 2001 ). `` Short - term glucosamine infusion does not affect insulin sensitivity in humans ''. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 86 ( 5 ) : 2099 -- 103. doi : 10.1210 / jc. 86.5. 2099. PMID 11344213. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Biggee BA, Blinn CM, Nuite M, Silbert JE, McAlindon TE ; Blinn ; Nuite ; Silbert ; McAlindon ( February 2007 ). `` Effects of oral glucosamine sulphate on serum glucose and insulin during an oral glucose tolerance test of subjects with osteoarthritis ''. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 66 ( 2 ) : 260 -- 62. doi : 10.1136 / ard. 2006.058222. PMC 1798503. PMID 16818461. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Chiu, KC ; Chu, A ; Go, VL ; Saad, MF ( 2004 ). `` Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction ''. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 79 ( 5 ) : 820 -- 25. PMID 15113720. ^ Jump up to : Storlien, LH ; Jenkins, AB ; Chisholm, DJ ; Pascoe, WS ; Khouri, S ; Kraegen, EW ( 1991 ). `` Influence of dietary fat composition on development of insulin resistance in rats ''. Diabetes. 40 ( 2 ) : 280 -- 89. doi : 10.2337 / diabetes. 40.2. 280. PMID 1991575. ^ Jump up to : Schinner, S ; Scherbaum, WA ; Bornstein, SR ; Barthel, A ( 2005 ). `` Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance ''. Diabetic Medicine. 22 ( 6 ) : 674 -- 82. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1464 - 5491.2005. 01566. x. PMID 15910615. Jump up ^ Koyama, Kazunori ; Chen, G ; Lee, Y ; Unger, RH ( 1997 ). `` Tissue triglycerides, insulin resistance, and insulin production : implications for hyperinsulinemia of obesity ''. American Journal of Physiology. 273 ( 4 Pt 1 ) : E708 -- 13. PMID 9357799. Jump up ^ Roden, Michael ; Price, TB ; Perseghin, G ; Petersen, KF ; Rothman, DL ; Cline, GW ; Shulman, GI ( 1996 ). `` Mechanism of free fatty acid - induced insulin resistance in humans ''. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 97 ( 12 ) : 2859 -- 65. doi : 10.1172 / JCI118742. PMC 507380. PMID 8675698. Jump up ^ Kraegen, EW ; Clark, PW ; Jenkins, AB ; Daley, EA ; Chisholm, DJ ; Storlien, LH ( 1991 ). `` Development of muscle insulin resistance after liver insulin resistance in high - fat - fed rats ''. Diabetes. 40 ( 11 ) : 1397 -- 403. doi : 10.2337 / diabetes. 40.11. 1397. PMID 1936601. Jump up ^ Ivy, JL ( November 1997 ). `` Role of exercise training in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and non-insulin - dependent diabetes mellitus ''. Sports Medicine. Auckland, NZ. 24 ( 5 ) : 321 -- 36. doi : 10.2165 / 00007256 - 199724050 - 00004. PMID 9368278. Jump up ^ Mayer - Davis, EJ ; d'Agostino jr, R ; Karter, AJ ; Haffner, SM ; Rewers, MJ ; Saad, M ; Bergman, RN ( 1998 ). `` Intensity and amount of physical activity in relation to insulin sensitivity ''. JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association. 279 ( 9 ) : 669 -- 74. doi : 10.1001 / jama. 279.9. 669. PMID 9496984. Jump up ^ Helmrich, Susan P ; Ragland, David R ; Leung, Rita W ; Paffenbarger, Ralph S ( 1991 ). `` Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin - dependent diabetes mellitus ''. New England Journal of Medicine. 325 ( 3 ) : 147 -- 52. doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199107183250302. PMID 2052059. Jump up ^ Manson, JE ; Rimm, EB ; Stampfer, MJ ; Willett, WC ; Rosner, B ; Hennekens, CH ; Speizer, FE ; Rimm, EB ; Krolewski, AS ( September 1991 ). `` Physical activity and incidence of non-insulin - dependent diabetes mellitus in women ''. Lancet. 338 ( 8770 ) : 774 -- 78. doi : 10.1016 / 0140 - 6736 ( 91 ) 90664 - B. PMID 1681160. Jump up ^ Fantry, Lori E ( 2003 - 03 - 24 ). `` Protease Inhibitor - Associated Diabetes Mellitus : A Potential Cause of Morbidity and Mortality ''. JAIDS : Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 32 ( 3 ) ( ( inconsistent citations ) ). Jump up ^ Haag, Marianne ; Dippenaar, Nola G. ( December 2005 ). `` Dietary fats, fatty acids and insulin resistance : short review of a multifaceted connection '' ( PDF ). Medical Science Monitor. 11 ( 12 ) : RA359 -- 67. PMID 16319806. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 10 - 08. Jump up ^ Morino, K ; Petersen, K ; Shulman, G ( 2006 ). `` Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance in humans and their potential links with mitochondrial dysfunction ''. Diabetes. 55 Suppl 2 ( Suppl 2 ) : S9 -- 15. doi : 10.2337 / db06 - S002. PMC 2995546. PMID 17130651. Jump up ^ Bachman, O ; Dahl, DB ; Brechtel, K ; Machann, J ; Haap, M ; Maier, T ; Loviscach, M ; Stumvoll, M ; et al. ( 2001 ). `` Effects of intravenous and dietary lipid challenge on intramyocellular lipid content and the relation with insulin sensitivity in humans '' ( PDF ). Diabetes. 50 ( 11 ) : 2579 -- 84. doi : 10.2337 / diabetes. 50.11. 2579. PMID 11679437. Jump up ^ Sato, F ; Tamura, Y ; Watada, H ; Kumashiro, N ; Igarashi, Y ; Uchino, H ; Maehara, T ; Kyogoku, S ; et al. ( 2007 ). `` Effects of diet - induced moderate weight reduction on intrahepatic and intramyocellular triglycerides and glucose metabolism in obese subjects ''. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 92 ( 8 ) : 3326 -- 29. doi : 10.1210 / jc. 2006 - 2384. PMID 17519317. Jump up ^ Tamura, Y ; Tanaka, Y ; Sato, F ; Choi, JB ; Watada, H ; Niwa, M ; Kinoshita, J ; Ooka, A ; et al. ( 2005 ). `` Effects of diet and exercise on muscle and liver intracellular lipid contents and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients ''. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 90 ( 6 ) : 3191 -- 96. doi : 10.1210 / jc. 2004 - 1959. PMID 15769987. Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 16. Jump up ^ Haugaard, SB ; Madsbad, Sten ; Hoy, Carl - Erik ; Vaag, Allan ( 2006 ). `` Dietary intervention increases n - 3 long - chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in skeletal muscle membrane phospholipids of obese subjects. Implications for insulin sensitivity ''. Clin Endocrinol. 64 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 78. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2265.2006. 02444. x. PMID 16430716. Jump up ^ Russo, Gian Luigi ( 2009 ). `` Dietary n - 6 and n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids : from biochemistry to clinical implications in cardiovascular prevention '' ( PDF ). Biochemical Pharmacology. 77 ( 6 ) : 937 -- 46. doi : 10.1016 / j. bcp. 2008.10. 020. PMID 19022225. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 01 - 13. ^ Jump up to : Brown, Dave D ( 2003 ). USMLE Step 1 Secrets. p. 63. Jump up ^ King, Michael W ( 2005 ). Lange Q&A USMLE Step 1 ( 6th ed. ). New York : McGraw - Hill Medical. p. 82. ISBN 0 - 07 - 144578 - 1. Jump up ^ Piroli, GG ; Grillo, CA ; Reznikov, LR ; Adams, S ; McEwen, BS ; Charron, MJ ; Reagan, LP ( 2007 ). `` Corticosterone Impairs Insulin - Stimulated Translocation of GLUT4 in the Rat Hippocampus ''. Neuroendocrinology. 85 ( 2 ) : 71 -- 80. doi : 10.1159 / 000101694. PMID 17426391. Jump up ^ Solinas, G ; Vilcu, C ; Neels, JG ; Bandyopadhyay, GK ; Luo, JL ; Naugler, W ; Grivennikov, S ; Wynshaw - Boris, A ; et al. ( 2007 ). `` JNK1 in hematopoietically derived cells contributes to diet - induced inflammation and insulin resistance without affecting obesity ''. Cell Metabolism. 6 ( 5 ) : 386 -- 97. doi : 10.1016 / j. cmet. 2007.09. 011. PMID 17983584. Jump up ^ `` UCSD researchers discover inflammation, not obesity, cause of insulin resistance ''. D life. Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 21. Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12. Jump up ^ Kant, S ; Barrett, T ; Vertii, A ; Noh, YH ; Jung, DY ; Kim, JK ; Davis, RJ ( 2013 ). `` Role of the mixed - lineage protein kinase pathway in the metabolic stress response to obesity ''. Cell Rep. 4 ( 4 ) : 681 -- 88. doi : 10.1016 / j. celrep. 2013.07. 019. PMC 3769115. PMID 23954791. Jump up ^ Hoehn, KL ; Salmon, AB ; Hohnen - Behrens, C ; Turner, N ; Hoy, AJ ; Maghzal, GJ ; Stocker, R ; Van Remmen, H ; et al. ( 2009 ). `` Insulin resistance is a cellular antioxidant defense mechanism ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 ( 42 ) : 17787 -- 92. Bibcode : 2009PNAS... 10617787H. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0902380106. PMC 2764908. PMID 19805130. Jump up ^ Garrido - Sanchez, L. ( 2012 ). `` Bypass of the duodenum improves insulin resistance much more rapidly than sleeve gastrectomy ''. Surgery or obesity and related diseases. 8 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 50. doi : 10.1016 / j. soard. 2011.03. 010. Retrieved 12 March 2017. Jump up ^ Goodman, Alice ( June 1, 2016 ). `` Duodenal resurfacing achieves metabolic benefits in type 2 diabetes ''. Family Practice News. Retrieved 12 March 2017. Jump up ^ Nafiye, Y ; Sevtap, K ; Muammer, D ; Emre, O ; Senol, K ; Leyla, M ( Apr 2010 ). `` The effect of serum and intrafollicular insulin resistance parameters and homocysteine levels of nonobese, nonhyperandrogenemic polycystic ovary syndrome patients on in vitro fertilization outcome ''. Fertility and Sterility. 93 ( 6 ) : 1864 -- 69. doi : 10.1016 / j. fertnstert. 2008.12. 024. PMID 19171332. Jump up ^ `` A heavy burden ''. The Economist. December 15, 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Insulin resistance ''. Medicine net. Jump up ^ `` Science daily ''. Jun 2009. Jump up ^ Insulin Resistance Leads to LADA ( Report ). Diabetes Health. Retrieved Feb 21, 2015. Jump up ^ Behme MT, Dupre J, Harris SB, Hramiak IM, Mahon JL ( 2003 ). `` Insulin Resistance / LADA ''. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1005 : 374 -- 77. Bibcode : 2003NYASA1005... 374B. doi : 10.1196 / annals. 1288.062. PMID 14679095. Jump up ^ `` Latent Autoimmune Diabetes : A Little Known Type of Diabetes ''. Pharmacy Times. Retrieved May 30, 2014. Jump up ^ McGarry, JD ( 2002 ). `` Banting lecture 2001 : dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism in the etiology of type 2 diabetes ''. Diabetes. 51 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 18. doi : 10.2337 / diabetes. 51.1. 7. PMID 11756317. Jump up ^ Flores - Riveros, JR ; McLenithan, JC ; Ezaki, O ; Lane, MD ( 1993 ). `` Insulin down - regulates expression of the insulin - responsive glucose transporter ( GLUT4 ) gene : effects on transcription and mRNA turnover ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 ( 2 ) : 512 -- 16. Bibcode : 1993PNAS... 90... 512F. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 90.2. 512. PMC 45693. PMID 8421683. Jump up ^ MacLean, PS ; Zheng, D ; Jones, JP ; Olson, AL ; Dohm, GL ( 2002 ). `` Exercise - induced transcription of the muscle glucose transporter ( GLUT 4 ) gene ''. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 292 ( 2 ) : 409 -- 14. doi : 10.1006 / bbrc. 2002.6654. PMID 11906177. Jump up ^ Koga M, Kasayama S ( 2010 ). `` Clinical impact of glycated albumin as another glycemic control marker ''. Endocrine Journal. 57 ( 9 ) : 751 -- 62. doi : 10.1507 / endocrj. K10E - 138. PMID 20724796. Jump up ^ Puddu A, Viviani GL ( 2011 ). `` Advanced glycation endproducts and diabetes. Beyond vascular complications ''. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders Drug Targets. 11 ( 2 ) : 132 -- 40. doi : 10.2174 / 187153011795564115. PMID 21476962. Jump up ^ Nagaev, I ; Bokarewa, M ; Tarkowski, A ; Smith, U ( 2006 ). Valcarcel, Juan, ed. `` Human resistin is a systemic immune - derived proinflammatory cytokine targeting both leukocytes and adipocytes ''. PLoS ONE. 1 ( 1 ) : e31. Bibcode : 2006PLoSO... 1... 31N. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0000031. PMC 1762367. PMID 17183659. Jump up ^ Insulin at eMedicine Jump up ^ Defronzo, RA ; Tobin, JD ; Andres, R ( 1979 ). `` Glucose clamp technique : a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance ''. The American Journal of Physiology. 237 ( 3 ) : E214 -- 23. doi : 10.1152 / ajpendo. 1979.237. 3. e214. PMID 382871. ^ Jump up to : Muniyappa, R ; Lee, S ; Chen, H ; Quon, MJ ( 2008 ). `` Current approaches for assessing insulin sensitivity and resistance in vivo : advantages, limitations, and appropriate usage ''. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 294 ( 1 ) : E15 -- 26. doi : 10.1152 / ajpendo. 00645.2007. PMID 17957034. Jump up ^ Wallace, TM ; Levy, JC ; Matthews, DR ( 2004 ). `` Use and abuse of HOMA modeling ''. Diabetes Care. 27 ( 6 ) : 1487 -- 95. doi : 10.2337 / diacare. 27.6. 1487. PMID 15161807. Jump up ^ Boden, G ; Sargrad, K ; Homko, C ; Mozzoli, M ; Stein, TP ( 2005 ). `` Effect of a low - carbohydrate diet on appetite, blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetes ''. Annals of Internal Medicine. 142 ( 6 ) : 403 -- 11. doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 142 - 6 - 200503150 - 00006. PMID 15767618. Jump up ^ Bramnert, M ; Segerlantz, M ; Laurila, E ; Daugaard, JR ; Manhem, P ; Groop, L ( 2003 ). `` Growth hormone replacement therapy induces insulin resistance by activating the glucose - fatty acid cycle ''. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 88 ( 4 ) : 1455 -- 63. doi : 10.1210 / jc. 2002 - 020542. PMID 12679422. Jump up ^ Giannarelli R, Aragona M, Coppelli A, Del Prato S ( 2003 ). `` Reducing insulin resistance with metformin : the evidence today ''. Diabetes Metab. 29 ( 4 Pt 2 ) : 6S28 -- 35. doi : 10.1016 / s1262 - 3636 ( 03 ) 72785 - 2. PMID 14502098. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Knowler, WC ; Barrett - Connor, E ; Fowler, SE ; Hamman, RF ; Lachin, JM ; Walker, EA ; Nathan, DM ( 2002 ). `` Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin ''. New England Journal of Medicine. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. 346 ( 6 ) : 393 -- 403. doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa012512. PMC 1370926. PMID 11832527. Jump up ^ Kahn, R. ( January 2012 ). `` Reducing the impact of diabetes : Is prevention feasible today, or should we aim for better treatment? ''. Health Affairs. 31 ( 1 ) : 76 -- 83. doi : 10.1377 / hlthaff. 2011.1075. PMID 22232097. Jump up ^ Newsom, S.A. ; Schenk, S. ; Thomas, K.M. ; Harber, M.P. ; Knuth, N.D. ; Goldenberg, N. ; Horowitz, J.F. ( 2009 ). `` Energy deficit after exercise augments lipid mobilization but does not contribute to the exercise - induced increase in insulin sensitivity ''. Journal of Applied Physiology. 108 ( 3 ) : 554 -- 60. doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 01106.2009. PMC 2838634. PMID 20044472. Jump up ^ Keenan, M.J. ; Zhou, J. ; Hegsted, M. ; Pelkman, C. ; Durham, H.A. ; Coulon, D.B. ; Martin, R.J. ( Mar 2015 ). `` Role of resistant starch in improving gut health, adiposity, and insulin resistance ''. Advances in Nutrition. 6 ( 2 ) : 198 -- 205. doi : 10.3945 / an. 114.007419. PMC 4352178. PMID 25770258. Jump up ^ Higgins, JA ; Miller Brand, JC ; Denyer, GS ( 1996 ). `` Development of insulin resistant in the rat is dependent on the rate of glucose absorption from the diet ''. Journal of Nutrition. 126 ( 3 ) : 596 -- 602. PMID 8598543. Jump up ^ Byrnes, SE ; Brand Miller, JC ; Denyer, GS ( 1995 ). `` Amylopectin starch promotes the development of insulin resistance in rats ''. Journal of Nutrition. 125 ( 6 ) : 1430 -- 37. PMID 7782895. Jump up ^ Wiseman, CE ; Higgins, JA ; Denyer, GS ; Brand Miller, JC ( 1996 ). `` Amylopectin starch induces nonreversible insulin resistance in rats ''. Journal of Nutrition. 126 ( 2 ) : 410 -- 15. PMID 8632213. Jump up ^ Lovejoy, Jennifer C ( 2002 ). `` The influence of dietary fat on insulin resistance ''. Current Diabetes Reports. 2 ( 5 ) : 435 -- 40. doi : 10.1007 / s11892 - 002 - 0098 - y. PMID 12643169. Jump up ^ Fukuchi, S ; Hamaguchi, K ; Seike, M ; Himeno, K ; Sakata, T ; Yoshimatsu, H ( 2004 ). `` Role of fatty acid composition in the development of metabolic disorders in sucrose - induced obese rats ''. Experimental biology and medicine. 229 ( 6 ) : 486 -- 93. doi : 10.1177 / 153537020422900606. PMID 15169967. Jump up ^ Storlien, LH ; Baur, LA ; Kriketos, AD ; Pan, DA ; Cooney, GJ ; Jenkins, AB ; Calvert, GD ; Campbell, LV ( 1996 ). `` Dietary fats and insulin action ''. Diabetologia. 39 ( 6 ) : 621 -- 31. doi : 10.1007 / BF00418533. PMID 8781757. Jump up ^ De la Rue, J ; Lefoll, C ; Corporeau, C ; Lucas, D ( 2004 ). `` N - 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids : a nutritional tool to prevent insulin resistance associated to type 2 diabetes and obesity? ''. Reproduction, nutrition, development. 44 ( 3 ) : 289 -- 99. doi : 10.1051 / rnd : 2004033. PMID 15460168. Jump up ^ `` Does caffeine affect blood sugar? ''. Mayo Clinic ( ( inconsistent citations ) ) Jump up ^ Falta, W. ; Boller, R. ( 1931 ). `` Insulärer und Insulinresistenter Diabetes ''. Klinische Wochenschrift. 10 ( 10 ) : 438 -- 43. doi : 10.1007 / BF01736348. Jump up ^ Himsworth, H ( 1936 ). `` Diabetes mellitus : its differentiation into insulin - sensitive and insulin insensitive types ''. The Lancet. 227 ( 5864 ) : 127 -- 30. doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 01 ) 36134 - 2. Jump up ^ Nolan, C ( 2010 ). `` Failure of islet β - cell compensation for insulin resistance causes type 2 diabetes : What causes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis? ''. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 25 ( 10 ) : 1594 -- 97. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 1746.2010. 06473. x. PMID 20880166. Further reading ( edit ) Reaven GM ( 2005 ). `` The insulin resistance syndrome : definition and dietary approaches to treatment ''. Annual Review of Nutrition ( review ). 25 : 391 -- 406. doi : 10.1146 / annurev. nutr. 24.012003. 132155. PMID 16011472. Rao, Goutham ( 2001 ). `` Insulin resistance syndrome ''. American Family Physician ( review ). US. 63 ( 6 ) : 1159 -- 63, 1165 -- 66. PMID 11277552. External links ( edit ) Classification External resources eMedicine : med / 1173 Insulin resistance at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) `` The National Insulin Resistance Council ''. US. `` Insulin resistance ''. Diabetes. US : NIH. Diabetes ( E10 -- E14, 250 ) Types Type 1 Type 2 LADA Gestational diabetes Diabetes and pregnancy Prediabetes Impaired fasting glucose Impaired glucose tolerance Insulin resistance KPD MODY Neonatal Transient Permanent Type 3c ( Pancreatogenic ) Blood tests Blood sugar level Glycosylated hemoglobin Glucose tolerance test Postprandial glucose test Fructosamine Glucose test C - peptide Noninvasive glucose monitor Insulin tolerance test Management Diabetic diet Anti-diabetic drugs Insulin therapy intensive conventional pulsatile Cure Embryonic stem cells Artificial pancreas Other Gastric bypass surgery Complications Diabetic comas Hypoglycemia Ketoacidosis Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state Diabetic foot ulcer Neuropathic arthropathy Organs in diabetes Blood vessels Muscle Kidney Nerves Retina Heart Diabetic skin disease Diabetic dermopathy Diabetic bulla Diabetic cheiroarthropathy Neuropathic ulcer Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia Other Glossary of diabetes Notable people with type 1 diabetes Diseases of the endocrine system ( E00 -- E35, 240 -- 259 ) Pancreas / glucose metabolism Hypofunction Diabetes mellitus types : type 1 type 2 gestational MODY 1 2 3 4 5 6 complications coma angiopathy ketoacidosis nephropathy neuropathy retinopathy cardiomyopathy insulin receptor ( Rabson -- Mendenhall syndrome ) Insulin resistance Hyperfunction Hypoglycemia beta cell ( Hyperinsulinism ) G cell ( Zollinger -- Ellison syndrome ) Hypothalamic / pituitary axes Hypothalamus gonadotropin Kallmann syndrome Adiposogenital dystrophy CRH ( Tertiary adrenal insufficiency ) vasopressin ( Neurogenic diabetes insipidus ) general ( Hypothalamic hamartoma ) Pituitary Hyperpituitarism anterior Acromegaly Hyperprolactinaemia Pituitary ACTH hypersecretion posterior ( SIADH ) general ( Nelson 's syndrome ) Hypopituitarism anterior Kallmann syndrome Growth hormone deficiency Hypoprolactinemia ACTH deficiency / Secondary adrenal insufficiency GnRH insensitivity FSH insensitivity LH / hCG insensitivity posterior ( Neurogenic diabetes insipidus ) general Empty sella syndrome Pituitary apoplexy Sheehan 's syndrome Lymphocytic hypophysitis Thyroid Hypothyroidism Iodine deficiency Cretinism Congenital hypothyroidism Myxedema Myxedema coma Euthyroid sick syndrome Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroxinemia Thyroid hormone resistance Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia Hashitoxicosis Thyrotoxicosis factitia Graves ' disease Thyroid storm Thyroiditis Acute infectious Subacute De Quervain 's Subacute lymphocytic Autoimmune / chronic Hashimoto 's Postpartum Riedel 's Goitre Endemic goitre Toxic nodular goitre Toxic multinodular goiter Thyroid nodule Parathyroid Hypoparathyroidism Pseudohypoparathyroidism Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism Hyperparathyroidism Primary Secondary Tertiary Osteitis fibrosa cystica Adrenal Hyperfunction aldosterone : Hyperaldosteronism / Primary aldosteronism Conn syndrome Bartter syndrome Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism AME Liddle 's syndrome 17α CAH cortisol : Cushing 's syndrome ( Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome ) sex hormones : 21α CAH 11β CAH Hypofunction / Adrenal insufficiency ( Addison 's, WF ) aldosterone : Hypoaldosteronism 21α CAH 11β CAH cortisol : CAH Lipoid 3β 11β 17α 21α sex hormones : 17α CAH Gonads ovarian : Polycystic ovary syndrome Premature ovarian failure testicular : enzymatic 5α - reductase deficiency 17β - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency aromatase excess syndrome Androgen receptor ( Androgen insensitivity syndrome ) general : Hypogonadism ( Delayed puberty ) Hypergonadism Precocious puberty Hypoandrogenism Hypoestrogenism Hyperandrogenism Hyperestrogenism Postorgasmic illness syndrome Height Dwarfism / Short stature Midget Laron syndrome Psychosocial Ateliosis Gigantism Multiple Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome multiple APS1 APS2 Carcinoid syndrome Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A 2B Progeria Werner syndrome Acrogeria Metageria Woodhouse -- Sakati syndrome Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insulin_resistance&oldid=853876029 '' Categories : Articles requiring reliable medical sources Diabetes Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional medical references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references Infobox medical condition ( new ) Pages using infobox medical condition with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Bosanski Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018, at 14 : 29 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Insulin resistance", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Insulin_resistance&amp;oldid=853876029" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "10572429147610169928" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 - wikipedia Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 Jump to : navigation, search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards. The specific problem is : check / review for punctuation, spelling and grammar. Please help improve this article if you can. ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Part of Indo - Pakistani Wars and Bangladesh Liberation War Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi, the commander of Pakistan Eastern Command, signing the instrument of surrender in Dhaka on 16 Dec 1971, in the presence of India 's Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora. Standing immediately behind from Left to Right : Indian Navy Vice Admiral Krishnan, Indian Air Force Air Marshal Dewan, Indian Army Lt Gen Sagat Singh, Maj Gen JFR Jacob ( with Flt Lt Krishnamurthy peering over his shoulder ). Veteran newscaster, Surojit Sen of All India Radio, is seen holding a microphone on the right. Date 3 -- 16 December 1971 ( 13 days ) Location Eastern Front : India -- East Pakistan border Bay of Bengal Pasha enclaves Western Front : India -- Pakistan border Line of Control Arabian Sea Result Decisive Indian victory. Eastern front : Surrender of East Pakistan military command. Western front : Unilateral Ceasefire. Territorial changes Eastern Front : Independence of East Pakistan as Bangladesh Western Front : Indian forces captured around 5,795 square miles ( 15,010 km ) land in the West but returned it in the Simla Agreement as a gesture of goodwill. Belligerents India Provisional Bangladesh Pakistan East Pakistan Commanders and leaders V.V. Giri ( President of India ) Indira Gandhi ( Prime Minister of India ) Swaran Singh ( External Minister of India ) Jagjivan Ram ( Defence Minister of India ) Gen Sam Manekshaw ( Chief of Army Staff ) Lt. Gen J.S. Arora ( GOC - in - C, Eastern Command ) Lt. Gen G.G. Bewoor ( GOC - in - C, Southern Command ) Lt. Gen K.P. Candeth ( GOC - in - C, Western Command ) Lt. Gen Manohar Lal ( GOC - in - C, Northern Command ) Lt. Gen Premindra Bhagat ( GOC - in - C, Central Command ) Lt. Gen Sagat Singh ( GOC - in - C, IV Corps ) Lt. Gen T.N. Raina ( GOC - in - C, II Corps ) Lt. Gen Sartaj Singh ( GOC - in - C, XV Corps ) Lt. Gen Karan Singh ( GOC - in - C, I Corps ) Lt. Gen Depinder Singh ( GOC - in - C, XII Corps ) MajGen Farj R. Jacob ( COS, Eastern Command ) MajGen Om Malhotra ( COS, IV Corps ) MajGen Inderjit Singh Gill ( Dir, Military Operations ) Adm S.M. Nanda ( Chief of Naval Staff ) VAdm S.N. Kohli ( Cdr. Western Naval Command ) ACM Pratap C. Lal ( Chief of Air Staff ) Rameshwar Kao ( Director of RAW ) Tajuddin Ahmad ( PM Provisional Government ) Col. M.A.G. Osmani ( Commander, Mukti Bahini ) Yahya Khan ( President of Pakistan ) Nurul Amin ( Prime Minister of Pakistan ) Gen. A.H. Khan ( Chief of Staff, Army GHQ ) Lt. Gen A.A.K. Niazi ( Commander, Eastern Command ) Lt. Gen Gul Hassan Khan ( Chief of General Staff ) Lt. Gen Abdul Ali Malik ( Commander, I Corps ) Lt. Gen Tikka Khan ( Commander, II Corps ) Lt. Gen Sher Khan ( Commander, IV Corps ) MGen Iftikhar Janjua † ( GOC, 23rd Infantry Division ) MGen Khadim Hussain ( GOC, 14th Infantry Division ) VAdm Muzaffar Hassan ( Cdr - in - Chief, Navy ) RAdm Rashid Ahmed ( COS, Navy NHQ ) RAdm Moh 'd Shariff ( Cdr, Eastern Naval Command ) RAdm M.A.K. Lodhi ( Cdr, Western Naval Command ) RAdm Leslie Norman ( Commander, Pakistan Marines ) AM Abdul Rahim Khan ( Cdr - in - Chief, Air Force ) AVM P.D. Callaghan ( Chief Ins, Pakistan Air Force ) Air Cdre Inamul Haq ( Cdr Eastern Air Command ) Gp. Capt. Z.A. Khan ( COS, Air AHQ Dhaka ) Abdul Motaleb Malik ( Governor of East Pakistan ) Strength Indian Armed Forces : 500,000 Mukti Bahini : 175,000 Total : 675,000 Pakistan Armed Forces : 365,000 Casualties and losses 2,500 -- 3,843 killed. 1 Naval aircraft Damage to western Indian airfields. Pakistani claims 130 IAF Aircraft Indian claims 45 IAF Aircraft ( Supported by Neutral assessments ) Neutral claims 45 IAF Aircraft 9,000 killed 25,000 wounded 97,368 captured 2 Destroyers 1 Minesweeper 1 Submarine 3 Patrol vessels 7 Gunboats Pakistani main port Karachi facilities damaged / fuel tanks destroyed Pakistani airfields damaged and cratered Pakistani claims 42 PAF Aircraft Indian claims 94 PAF Aircraft Neutral claims 75 PAF Aircraft Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Cactus - Lilly Chengiz Khan Jackpot PNS Ghazi Trident Python Atgram Basantar Boyra Chamb Dhalai Garibpur Gazipur Hilli Longewala Sylhet Meghna Heli Bridge Tangail Naval War Simla Agreement Bangladesh Liberation War Mukti Bahini resistance Searchlight Jackpot Barisal Kamalpur Daruin Nakshi Border Outpost Rangamati - Mahalchari waterway Goalhati Dhalai Border Outpost Garibpur Gazipur Sylhet Kushtia Ghasipur Bogra Indian intervention Cactus - Lilly Chengiz Khan Jackpot PNS Ghazi Trident Python Atgram Basantar Boyra Chamb Dhalai Hilli Longewala Sylhet Meghna Heli Bridge Tangail Air War Naval War 1971 Bangladesh Genocide Dhaka University Shankharipara Jinjira Akhira Jathibhanga Demra Chuknagar Madhyapara Bakhrabad Burunga Systematic events Killing of intellectuals Rape Provisional Government Refugees in India Instrument of Surrender § indicates events in the internal resistance movement linked to the Indo - Pakistani War. ‡ indicates events in the Indo - Pakistani War linked to the internal resistance movement in Bangladesh. Indo - Pakistani conflicts Kashmir conflict War of 1947 War of 1965 War of 1971 Siachen conflict Kargil War 2001 -- 02 standoff 2008 standoff Border skirmishes 2011 2013 2014 -- 15 2016 -- present confrontation The Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 was a military confrontation between India and Pakistan that occurred during the liberation war in East Pakistan, from 3 December 1971 to the fall of Dacca ( Dhaka ) on 16 December 1971. The war began with preemptive aerial strikes on 11 Indian air stations that led to the commencement of hostilities with Pakistan and Indian entry into the war of independence in East Pakistan on the side of Bengali nationalist forces. Lasting just 13 days, it is one of the shortest wars in history. During the war, Indian and Pakistani militaries simultaneously clashed on the eastern and western front and ended the war after the Eastern Command of Pakistan military signed the Instrument of Surrender, on 16 December 1971 in Dhaka, marking the formation of East Pakistan as the new nation of Bangladesh. Officially, East Pakistan had earlier called for its secession from the unity of Pakistan on 26 March 1971. Approximately 90,000 to 93,000 Pakistani servicemen were taken prisoners by the Indian Army which included 79,676 to 81,000 uniformed personnel of the Pakistan Armed Forces, including some Bengali soldiers who had remained loyal to Pakistan. The remaining 10,324 to 12,500 prisoners were civilians, either family members of the military personnel or collaborators ( razakars ). It is estimated that between 300,000 and 3,000,000 civilians were killed in Bangladesh. As a result of the conflict, a further eight to ten million people fled the country at the time to seek refuge in neighbouring India. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 India 's involvement in Bangladesh Liberation War 3 India 's official engagement with Pakistan 3.1 Objective 3.2 Naval hostilities 3.3 Air operations 3.4 Indian attacks on Pakistan 3.5 Ground operations 3.6 Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command in East Pakistan 4 Foreign reaction and involvement 4.1 United States and Soviet Union 4.2 China and Iran 5 Aftermath 5.1 India 5.2 Pakistan 5.3 Bangladesh 6 Impact 6.1 Pakistan : War Enquiry Commission and War prisoners 6.2 India : Indo - Pakistani Summits 6.3 Bangladesh : International Crimes Tribunal 7 Long - term consequences 8 Timeline 9 Military awards 9.1 Battle honours 9.2 Gallantry awards 10 Civilian awards 11 Dramatization 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Background Main articles : Cable 1971, Admiral Ahsan Mission, Bangladesh Liberation War, Mukti Bahini, 1971 Bangladesh atrocities, Timeline of Bangladesh Liberation War, and 1971 Bangladesh genocide The Indo - Pakistani conflict was sparked by the armed liberation struggle that was taking place in East Pakistan between the dominant Bengalis and the multi-ethnic West Pakistanis over the issue of right to governance and the constitution. The political tensions between East Bengal and West Pakistan had its origin in the times of the creation of Pakistan as a result of the partition of India by the United Kingdom in 1947, the popular language movement in 1950, mass riots in East Bengal in 1964, and eventually massive protests in 1969 that eventually led to the resignation of President Ayub Khan who invited army chief General Yahya Khan to take over the central government. The geographical distance between the eastern and western wings of Pakistan was vast as East Pakistan was over ~ 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) away, which greatly hampered any attempt to integrate the Bengali culture with the cultures of West Pakistan. To overcome the Bengali domination and prevent them from their right to form the central government in Islamabad, the controversial One Unit program was promulgated which established the two wings of East and West Pakistan but such efforts were met with great opposition from the West Pakistanis. This made it difficult to effectively govern both wings. In 1969, President Yahya Khan announced the first general elections and he disestablished the status of West Pakistan as a single province in 1970 in order to restore it to its original heterogeneous status comprising four provinces as defined at the time of establishment of Pakistan in 1947. In addition, there were also religious and racial tensions between Bengalis and the multi-ethnic West Pakistanis as Bengalis looked different from the dominant West Pakistanis. The general elections, held in 1970, resulted in East Pakistan 's Awami League gaining 167 out of 169 seats for the East Pakistan Legislative Assembly and a near - absolute majority in the 313 - seat National Assembly while the vote in West Pakistan was mostly won by the socialist Pakistan Peoples Party. The Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman stressed his political position by presenting his Six Points and endorsing the Bengalis ' right to govern. The Awami League 's election success caused many West Pakistanis to fear that it would allow the Bengalis to draft the constitution based on the six - points and liberalism. To resolve the crisis, the Ahsan -- Yaqub Mission was formed to provide insightful recommendations and its finding were met with favourable reviews from the Awami League, the Pakistan Peoples Party, and the Pakistan Muslim League as well as from the President Yahya Khan. Maps shows Pakistan and East Pakistan. Distance between East and Pakistan laid 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) of Indian territory. However, the mission was not supported by the elements in the National Security Council and was subsequently vetoed. After Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the chairman of Pakistan Peoples Party, endorsed the veto and subsequently refused to yield the premiership of Pakistan to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the Awami League called for general strikes in the country. President Yahya Khan postponed the inauguration of the National Assembly and this caused a shattering disillusionment to the Awami League and their supporters throughout East Pakistan. In reaction, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman called for the general strikes that eventually shutdown the government and the dissidents in East began targeting the ethnic Bihari community which had supported West Pakistan. In early March 1971, approximately ~ 300 Biharis were slaughtered in rioting by Bengali mobs in Chittagong alone. The Government of Pakistan used the `` Bihari massacre ' '' to justify its deployment of the military in East Pakistan on 25 March when it initiated its military crackdown. President Yahya Khan then called on the military, which was overwhelming led by West Pakistanis, to suppress dissent in the East after accepting the resignation of Lieutenant - General Yaqub Ali Khan, the chief of staff of the East - Pakistani military. Mass arrests of dissidents began and after several days of strikes and non-cooperation movement, the Pakistani military led by Tikka Khan cracked down on Dhaka on the night of 25 March 1971. The Awami League was outlawed by the government and many of its members and sympathizers took refuge in Eastern India. Mujib was arrested on the night of 25 / 26 March 1971 at about 1 : 30 am ( as per Radio Pakistan 's news on 29 March 1971 ) and taken to West Pakistan. The next action carried out was Operation Searchlight followed by Operation Barisal, in an attempt to kill the intellectual elite of the east. On 26 March 1971, Major Ziaur Rahman of Pakistan Army declared the independence of Bangladesh on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. In April, the exiled Awami League leaders formed a government - in - exile in Baidyanathtala of Meherpur. The East Pakistan Rifles, Bengali officers in Pakistan 's army, navy, and marines, defected to the rebellion after taking refuge in different parts of India. The Bangladesh Force namely Mukti Bahini or Bangladesh Force consisting of Niyomito Bahini ( Regular Force ) and Oniyomito Bahini ( Guerilla Force ) was formed under the retired colonel Mohammad Ataul Gani Osmani India 's involvement in Bangladesh Liberation war Main articles : 1971 East Pakistan genocide, Terrorism in Pakistan, and Anti-Pakistan sentiment After the resignations of Admiral S.M. Ahsan and Lieutenant - General Yaqub Ali Khan, the media correspondents began airing reports of Pakistani military 's widespread genocide against their Bengali citizens, that was particularly aimed at the minority Bengali Hindu population which led to approximately ~ 10 million people seeking refuge in the neighboring states of Eastern India. The Indian government opened the East Pakistan -- India border to allow the Bengali refugees to take safe shelter, with state governments of West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Meghalaya and Tripura establishing the refugee camps alongside the border. The resulting flood of impoverished East Pakistani refugees placed an intolerable strain on India 's already overburdened economy. After the war, the Pakistan army 's generals in East held each other responsible for the committed atrocities but most burden laid to Lieutenant - General Tikka Khan who earned the notoriety from his actions as his role as governor of the East ; he was called the `` Butcher of Bengal '' because of the widespread atrocities committed under his responsibility. Unlike his contemporary Yaqub who was a pacifist and knew well of the limits of force, Tikka was known as `` soldier known for his eager use of force '' to settle his differences. Confessing at the hearings of War Enquiry Commission, Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi reportedly comment on his actions and noted : `` On the night between 25 / 26 March 1971, ( General ) Tikka struck. Peaceful night was turned into a time of wailing, crying and burning. ( General ) Tikka let loose everything at his disposal as if raiding an enemy, not dealing with his own misguided and misled people. The military action was a display of stark cruelty more merciless than the massacres at Bukhara and Baghdad by Chengiz Khan and Halaku Khan... ( General ) Tikka... resorted to the killing of civilians and a scorched earth policy. His orders to his troops were : `` I want the land not the people... ''. '' Major - General Rao Farman had written in his table diary : `` Green land of East Pakistan will be painted red. It was painted red by Bengali blood. '' However, Major - General Rao Farman had forcefully denied writing that comment and laid all responsibility to Tikka while confessing at the War Enquiry Commission in 1974. The Indian government repeatedly appealed to the international community, but failing to elicit any response despite the External Affairs minister Swaran Singh meeting with foreign ministers of other countries. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on 27 March 1971 expressed full support of her government for the independence struggle of the people of East Pakistan and concluded that instead of taking in millions of refugees, it was economical to go to war against Pakistan. On 28 April 1971, the Gandhi cabinet had ordered the Chief of the Army Staff General Sam Manekshaw to `` Go into East Pakistan ''. Defected East Pakistan military 's officers and the elements of Indian Research and Analysis Wing ( RAW ) immediately started using the Indian refugee camps for recruitment and training of Mukti Bahini guerrillas that were to be trained against Pakistan. In 1971, there was a strong wave of Indian - supported Bangladeshi nationalism in the East. The situation became violent and the systematic targeted killings of unarmed multi-ethic Pakistanis living in East started. Vehicle bombings on government secretariats became a normal narrative in east with high - profile assassinations of number of those Bengali politicians who were loyal to Pakistan became common in the East. According to Jussi Hanhimäki, Finnish historian of terrorism, the Bengali terrorism in East is somewhat `` a forgotten episode of annals of terrorism. '' The Hamoodur Rahman Commission endorsed the claims of Bengali terrorism when it critically penned that the ill - treatment of families of multi-ethnic Pakistanis led to the Pakistani military soldiers reacted violently in order to restore the writ of the government. The news media 's mood in Pakistan had also turned increasingly jingoistic and militaristic against East Pakistan and India when the Pakistani news media reported the complexity of the situation in the East, though the reactions from Pakistan 's news media pundits were mixed. By the end of September 1971, an organised propaganda campaign, possibly orchestrated by elements within the Government of Pakistan, resulted in stickers proclaiming Crush India becoming a standard feature on the rear windows of vehicles in Rawalpindi, Islamabad and Lahore and soon spread to the rest of West Pakistan. By October, other stickers proclaimed Hang the Traitor in an apparent reference to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. By the first week of December, the conservative print media outlets in the country had published `` Jihad '' related materials to boost the recruitment in the military. India 's official engagement with Pakistan Objective Illustration showing military units and troop movements during operations in the Eastern sector of the war. By the end of April 1971, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had asked the Indian army chief General Sam Manekshaw if he was ready to go to war with Pakistan. According to Manekshaw 's own personal account, he refused, citing the onset of monsoon season in East Pakistan and also the fact that the army tanks were in the process of being refitted. He claimed that he offered to resign, which Indira Gandhi declined. He then said he could guarantee victory if she would allow him to prepare for the conflict on his terms, and set a date for it and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi accepted his conditions. In reality, Indira Gandhi was well aware of the difficulties of a hasty military action but she needed to get the military 's views to satisfy her hawkish colleagues and the public opinion, which were critical of India 's restraint. By November 1971, the war seemed inevitable and the Soviet Union had reportedly warned Pakistan against the war which they termed as `` suicidal course for Pakistan 's unity. '' Throughout November 1971, there were thousands of people led by conservative Pakistani politicians who marched in Lahore and across Pakistan, calling for Pakistan to Crush India. India responded by starting a massive buildup of Indian army on the western borders and the Indian army waited until December, when the drier ground would make for easier operations and Himalayan passes would be closed by snow, preventing any Chinese intervention. On 23 November, President Yahya Khan declared a state of emergency in all of Pakistan and told his people to prepare for war. On the evening of 3 December, at about 5 : 40 pm, the Pakistan Air Force ( PAF ) launched surprise pre-emptive strikes on eleven airfields in north - western India, including Agra, which was 300 miles ( 480 km ) from the border. At the time of this attack the Taj Mahal was camouflaged with a forest of twigs and leaves and draped with burlap because its marble glowed like a white beacon in the moonlight. This preemptive strike known as Operation Chengiz Khan was inspired by the success of Israeli Operation Focus in the Arab -- Israeli Six Day War but, unlike the Israeli attack on Arab airbases in 1967 which involved a large number of Israeli planes, Pakistan flew no more than 50 planes to India. In an address to the nation on radio that same evening, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi held that the air strikes were a declaration of war against India and the Indian Air Force responded with initial air strikes that very night. These air strikes were expanded to massive retaliatory air strikes the next morning. This marked the official start of the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi ordered the immediate mobilisation of troops and launched a full - scale invasion of Pakistan. This involved Indian forces in a massive coordinated air, sea, and land assaults on Pakistan from all fronts. The main Indian objective on the Eastern front was to capture Dacca and on the western front was to prevent Pakistan from entering Indian soil. There was no Indian intention of conducting any major offensive into Pakistan to dismember it into different states. Naval hostilities Main article : Indo - Pakistani Naval War of 1971 Pakistan 's PNS Ghazi sank off the fairway buoy of Visakhapatnam near the eastern coast of India, making it the first submarine casualty in the waters around the Indian subcontinent. Unlike the 1965 war, the Pakistan Navy was ill - prepared for the naval conflict with India and the Navy NHQ staffers and commanders knew very well that the Navy was ill - prepared for the war and Pakistan was about to have a sharp lesson from India in the consequences of disconnecting strategy from reality. The Pakistan Navy was in no condition of fighting an offensive war in deep sea against the Indian Navy and the Pakistan Navy was in no condition to mount serious defence against Indian Navy 's seaborne encroachment. In the western theatre of the war, the Indian Navy 's Western Naval Command under the Vice Admiral S.N. Kohli, successfully launched a surprise attack on Karachi port on the night of 4 / 5 December 1971 under codename : Trident. The naval attack involving the Soviet - built Osa missile boats sank the Pakistan Navy 's destroyer PNS Khyber and minesweeper PNS Muhafiz while PNS Shah Jahan was also badly damaged. In retaliation, the Pakistan Navy submarines, Hangor, Mangro, and Shushuk, began their operations to seek out the major Indian warships. Pakistani naval sources reported that ~ 720 Pakistani sailors were killed or wounded, and Pakistan lost reserve fuel and many commercial ships, thus crippling the Pakistan Navy 's further involvement in the conflict. On 9 December 1971, Hangor reportedly sank INS Khukri, inflicting 194 Indian casualties, and this attack was the first submarine kill since World War II. The sinking of INS Khurki was followed by another attack on Karachi port on the night of 8 / 9 December 1971 under codename : Python. A squadron of Indian Navy 's Osa missile boats approached the Karachi port and launched series of Soviet - acquired Styx missiles that resulted in further destruction of reserve fuel tanks and the sinking of three Pakistani merchant ships as well as foreign ships docked in Karachi. The Pakistan Air Force did not attack the Indian Navy ships and confusion remains the next day when the civilian pilots of Pakistan International, acting as reconnaissance war pilots, misidentified PNS Zulfiqar and the air force attacked its own warship, inflicting major damages to warship and killing several officers on board. In the eastern theatre of the war, the Indian Eastern Naval Command, under Vice Admiral Nilakanta Krishnan, completely isolated East Pakistan by a naval blockade in the Bay of Bengal, trapping the Eastern Pakistan Navy and eight foreign merchant ships in their ports. From 4 December onwards, the aircraft carrier INS Vikrant was deployed, and its Sea Hawk fighter - bombers attacked many coastal towns in East Pakistan including Chittagong and Cox 's Bazaar. Pakistan countered the threat by sending the submarine PNS Ghazi, which sank en route under mysterious circumstances off Visakhapatnam 's coast. Due to high number of defections, the Navy relied on deploying the Pakistan Marines led by Rear Admiral Leslie Mungavin where they had conducted riverine operations against the Indian Army but they too had suffered major losses that was taken in complete surprise, mainly due to their lack of understanding of expeditionary warfare and the wet terrain of East Pakistan. Indian aircraft carrier INS Vikrant launches an Alize aircraft The damage inflicted on the Pakistan Navy stood at 7 gunboats, 1 minesweeper, 1 submarine, 2 destroyers, 3 patrol crafts belonging to the coast guard, 18 cargo, supply and communication vessels, and large - scale damage inflicted on the naval base and docks in the coastal town of Karachi. Three merchant navy ships -- Anwar Baksh, Pasni and Madhumathi -- and ten smaller vessels were captured. Around ~ 1900 personnel were lost, while 1413 servicemen were captured by Indian forces in Dacca. According to one Pakistan scholar, Tariq Ali, Pakistan lost half its navy in the war. Air operations Main article : East Pakistan Air Operations, 1971 After the sneak attack, the PAF adopted a defensive stance in response to the Indian retaliation and as the war progressed, the Indian Air Force continued to battle the PAF over conflict zones but the number of sorties flown by the PAF decreased day -- by -- day. The Indian Air Force flew 4,000 sorties while the PAF offered little in retaliation, partly because of the paucity of non-Bengali technical personnel. This lack of retaliation has also been attributed to the deliberate decision of the PAF 's Air AHQ to cut its losses as it had already incurred huge losses in the conflict in the liberation war in the East. The PAF avoided making contacts with the Indian Navy after the Indian Navy raided the port of Karachi twice but the PAF did retaliate by bombing Okha harbour, destroying the fuel tanks used by the boats that had attacked. In the East, No. 14 Squadron Tail Choppers under Squadron Leader PQ Mehdi, who was taken as POW, was destroyed, putting the Dhaka air defense out of commission and resulting in Indian air superiority in the East. At the end of the war, PAF pilots made successful daring escapes from East Pakistan to neighboring Burma and many PAF personnel had already left the East for Burma on their own luck before Dacca was overrun by the Indian military in December 1971. Indian attacks on Pakistan As Indian Army tightened its grip in the East Pakistan, the Indian Air Force continued with its pressing attacks against Pakistan as the campaign developed into a series of daylight anti-airfield, anti-radar, and close - support attacks by fighter jets, with night attacks against airfields and strategic targets by B - 57s and C - 130 by Pakistan and Canberras and An - 12s of India. The PAF deployed the F - 6s mainly on defensive combat air patrol missions over their own bases, but without the preferential air superiority, the PAF was unable to conduct effective offensive operations and its attacks were largely ineffective. The Indian Air Force 's raids destroyed one USAF and one UN in Dacca while the Canada 's RCAF DHC - 4 Caribou was also destroyed in Islamabad, alongside with the USAF 's Beech U-8 owned by the US military 's liaison chief Brigadier - General Chuck Yeager. Sporadic raids by the Indian air force continued against PAF forward air bases in Pakistan until the end of the war and interdiction and close - support operations were maintained. The PAF played a more limited part in the operations and were reinforced by F - 104s from Jordan, Mirages from an unidentified Middle Eastern ally ( remains unknown ) and by F - 86s from Saudi Arabia. Their arrival helped camouflage the extent of PAF losses and the Libyan F - 5s were reportedly deployed to Sargodha AFB, perhaps as a potential training unit to prepare Pakistani pilots for an influx of more F - 5s from Saudi Arabia. The IAF was able to conduct a wide range of missions -- troop support ; air combat ; deep penetration strikes ; para-dropping behind enemy lines ; feints to draw enemy fighters away from the actual target ; bombing and reconnaissance. The PAF, which was solely focused on air combat, was blown out of the subcontinent 's skies within the first week of the war. Those PAF aircraft that survived took refuge at Iranian air bases or in concrete bunkers, refusing to offer a fight. Hostilities officially ended at 14 : 30 GMT on 17 December, after the fall of Dacca on 15 December and India claimed large gains of territory in Pakistan ( although pre-war boundaries were recognised after the war ), and the independence of Pakistan 's East Wing as Bangladesh was confirmed. India flew 1,978 sorties in the East and about 4,000 in Pakistan, while the PAF flew about 30 and 2,840 at both front. More than 80 percent of IAF sorties were close - support and interdiction and about 45 IAF aircraft were lost. Pakistan lost 75 aircraft, not including any F - 6s, Mirage IIIs, or the six Jordanian F - 104s which failed to return to their donors. The imbalance in air losses was explained by the IAF 's considerably higher sortie rate and its emphasis on ground - attack missions. On the ground, Pakistan suffered the most with 8,000 killed and 25,000 wounded while India only lost 3,000 dead and 12,000 wounded. The loss of armoured vehicles was similarly imbalanced and this finally represented a major defeat for Pakistan. Ground operations Indian T - 55 tanks on their way to Dhaka. Before the start of the war, the Indian Army was extremely well organized on both fronts and had enjoyed the significant numerical superiority over the Pakistan Army. The Indian Army 's extraordinary war performance at both fronts brought up the prestige, confidence, and dignity that it had lost during the war with China in 1962. When the conflict started, the war immediately took a decisive turn in favor of India and their Bengali rebels militarily and diplomatically. On both front, Pakistan launched several ground offensives but Indian Army held their grounds and initiated well - coordinated ground operations on both fronts. Major ground attacks were concentrated on the western border by the Pakistan Army together with the Pakistan Marines in south border but the Indian Army was successful in penetrating into the Pakistani soil and eventually made some quick and initial gains, including capturing around 5,795 square miles ( 15,010 km ) of Pakistan territory as the land gained by India in Azad Kashmir, Punjab and Sindh sectors was later ceded in the Simla Agreement of 1972, as a gesture of goodwill. Casualties inflicted to Pakistan Army 's I Corps and II Corps were very high and many soldiers were perished due to lack of operational planning and lack of coordination within the army 's formations against Indian Army 's Southern and Western Commands. By the time the war came to end, Pakistan army soldiers and marines were highly demoralized both emotionally and psychologically on the western front and had left with no will to put up a defensive fight against the approaching Indian Army soldiers. The War Enquiry Commission later exposed the fact that for the Pakistan Army, the arms and training of soldiers and officers were needed at every level, and every level of command. On 23 November 1971, the Indian Army conventionally penetrated to the eastern fronts and cross the East Pakistan 's borders to join their Bengali nationalist allies. As contrary to 1965 war which had emphasised set - piece battles and slow advances, this time the strategy adopted was a swift, three - pronged assault of nine infantry divisions with attached armoured units and close air support that rapidly converged on Dhaka, the capital of East Pakistan. Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora, the GOC - in - C of the India 's Eastern Command, led the Indian full thrust into East Pakistan and as the Indian Eastern Command attacked the Pakistan Eastern Command, the Indian Air Force rapidly destroyed the small air contingent in East Pakistan and put the Dhaka airfield out of commission. In the meantime, the Indian Navy effectively blockaded East Pakistan. The Indian campaign employed `` blitzkrieg '' techniques, exploiting weakness in the enemy 's positions and bypassing opposition, and resulted in a swift victory. Faced with insurmountable losses, the Pakistani military capitulated in less than a fortnight and psychological panic spread in the Eastern Command 's military leadership. Indian advances in East created psychological panics that demoralized the Pakistani soldiers and their Bengali soldiers who were left with great worries at the hands of Mukti Bahini. Subsequently, the Indian Army encircled Dacca and ultimately issued an ultimatum to surrender in `` 30 - minutes '' time window on 16 December 1971. Upon hearing the ultimatum, the Pakistan Eastern Command led by its commander Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi stationed in East Pakistan surrendered without putting a fight or offering any resistance. On 16 December 1971, Pakistan ultimately called for unilateral ceasefire and surrendered its combined military to Indian Army -- hence ending the Indo - Pakistani war of 1971. Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command in East Pakistan Main articles : Instrument of Surrender ( 1971 ) and East Pakistan Military Command Officially, the Instrument of Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command stationed in East Pakistan was signed between the Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora, the GOC - in - C of Indian Eastern Command and Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi, the Commander of the Pakistan Eastern Command, at the Ramna Race Course in Dhaka at 16 : 31Hrs IST on 16 December 1971. As the surrender was accepted by Lieutenant - General Aurora without a word, the surrounding crowds on the race course started shouting anti-Pakistan slogans and there were reports of abuses aimed at the surrendering commanders of Pakistani military. Following the surrender, the Indian Army took approximately ~ 90,000 Pakistani servicemen and their Bengali supporters as POWs, making it largest surrender since the World War II. Initial counts were recorded as ~ 79,676 war prisoners who were the uniformed personnel, of which 55,692 were belonged to Pakistan Army, 16,354 Paramilitary, 5,296 Police, 1,000 Navy and 800 PAF. The remaining prisoners were civilians who were either family members of the military personnel or collaborators ( razakars ). The Hamoodur Rahman Commission and the POW Investigation Commission reports instituted by Pakistan lists the Pakistani POWs as follows : Apart from soldiers, it was estimated that 15,000 Bengali civilians were also made prisoners of war. Inter-Service Branch Number of captured Pakistani POWs Officer Commanding Pakistan Army 54,154 Lieutenant - General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi Pakistan Navy / Pakistan Marines 1,381 Rear - Admiral Mohammad Shariff Pakistan Air Force 833 Air Commodore Inamul Haq Paramilitary / East Pakistan Rifles / Police 22,000 Major - General Rao Farman Ali Civil government personnel 12,000 Governor Abdul Motaleb Malik Total : 90,368 ~ Foreign reaction and involvement United States and Soviet Union The Blood Telegram The Soviet Union sympathised with the East Pakistanis, and supported the Indian Army and Mukti Bahini incursion against Pakistan during the war, in a broader view of recognizing that the succession of East Pakistan as Independent Bangladesh would weaken the position of its rivals -- the United States and China. The Soviet Union gave assurances to India that if a confrontation with the United States or China developed, it would take counter-measures. This assurance was enshrined in the Indo - Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation signed in August 1971. However, the Indo - Soviet treaty did not mean a total commitment to every Indian position even though the Soviet Union had accepted the Indian position during the conflict, according to author Robert Jackson. The Soviet Union continued their sympathetic gesture to Pakistan until mid-October when they stressed Pakistan to come up with a political settlement and affirming their continuation of industrial aid to Pakistan. By November 1971, the Soviet ambassador to Pakistan Alexei Rodionov directed a secretive message ( Rodionov message ) that ultimately warned Pakistan that `` it will embarking a suicidal course if it escalates tensions in the subcontinent. The United States stood with Pakistan by supporting morally, politically, economically, and materially when U.S. President Richard Nixon and his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger refused to use rhetoric in a hopeless attempt to intervene in a large civil war. The U.S. establishment perceived to the impression that they needed Pakistan to help stop Soviet influence into the South Asia in an informal alliance with India. During the Cold War, Pakistan was a close formal ally of the United States and also had close relations with the People 's Republic of China, with whom Nixon had been negotiating a rapprochement and where he intended to visit in February 1972. Nixon feared that an Indian invasion of Pakistan would mean total Soviet domination of the region, and that it would seriously undermine the global position of the United States and the regional position of America 's new tactical ally, China. Nixon encouraged Jordan and Iran to send military supplies to Pakistan while also encouraging China to increase its arms supplies to Pakistan, but all supplies were very limited. The Nixon administration also ignored reports it received of the `` genocidal '' activities of the Pakistani military in East Pakistan, most notably the Blood telegram and this prompted widespread criticism and condemnation both by the United States Congress and in the international press. Then U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, George Bush, Sr, introduced a resolution in the UN Security Council calling for a cease - fire and the withdrawal of armed forces by India and Pakistan. However, it was vetoed by the Soviet Union and the following days witnessed a great pressure on the Soviets from the Nixon - Kissinger duo to get India to withdraw, but to no avail. It has been documented that President Nixon requested Iran and Jordan to send their F - 86, F - 104 and F - 5 fighter jets in aid of Pakistan. When Pakistan 's defeat in the eastern sector seemed certain, Nixon deployed Task Force 74 led by the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise into the Bay of Bengal. Enterprise and its escort ships arrived on station on 11 December 1971. According to a Russian documentary, the United Kingdom deployed a carrier battle group led by the aircraft carrier HMS Eagle to the Bay, on her final deployment. Eagle was paid off by January 1972 at Portsmouth and was stripped of reusable equipment ( radars and missile systems primarily ). On 6 and 13 December, the Soviet Navy dispatched two groups of cruisers and destroyers and a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from Vladivostok ; they trailed US Task Force 74 into the Indian Ocean from 18 December 1971 until 7 January 1972. The Soviets also had a nuclear submarine to help ward off the threat posed by the USS Enterprise task force in the Indian Ocean. As the war progressed, it became apparent to the United States that India was going to invade and disintegrate Pakistan in a matter of weeks, therefore President Nixon spoke with the USSR Secretary General Leonid Brezhnev on a hotline on 10 December where Nixon reportedly urged Brezhnev to restrain India as he quoted : `` in the strongest possible terms to restrain India with which... you ( Breznev ) have great influence and for whose actions you must share responsibility. '' After the war, the United States accepted the new power of balance and realized India as a major dominant player in the South Asia and immediately engage in strengthening bilateral relations between two countries in the successive years. Soviet Union, while being sympathetic to Pakistan 's loss, decided to engage with Pakistan after sending an invitation through Rodionov to Bhutto who paid a state visit to Soviet Union in 1972 to strengthened the bilateral relations that continued on over the successive years. China and Iran During the course of the war, China harshly criticized India for its involvement in the East Pakistan crises and accused India of having the imperialistic design in South Asia. Before the war started, Chinese leaders and officials had been long philosophically advising the Pakistan government to make peaceful political settlements with the East Pakistani leaders, as China feared that India was secretly supporting, infiltrating, and arming the Bengali rebels against the East Pakistani government. China was also critical of Government of East Pakistan led by its Governor Lieutenant - General Tikka Khan ' s ruthless measure to deal with the Bengali opposition and did not endorse 's Pakistani position on that. When the war started, China reproached India for India 's direct involvement and infiltration in East Pakistan. China disagreed with President Yahya Khan 's consideration of military options and criticized East Pakistan Awami League politicians ' ties with India that he believed, would harm the nation 's unity. When the war started, China reacted with great alarm when the prospects of Indian invasion of Pakistan and integrating the Pakistan - administered Kashmir into their side of Kashmir became imminent. U.S. President Nixon encouraged China to mobilise its armed forces along its border with India to discourage it but the Chinese did not respond to this encouragement since the Indian Army 's Northern Command was well prepared to guard the Line of Actual Control, and was already engaging and making advances against the Pakistan Army 's X Corps in the Line of Control. China did not welcome the break - up of Pakistan 's unity by the East Pakistani politicians and effectively vetoed the membership of Bangladesh when it applied to the United Nations in 1972. Over the veto of two UN resolutions concerning the Bangladesh, China reasoned with these decisions in regards to the repatriation of Pakistani POWs and civilians had not yet been implemented. Furthermore, China was also among the last countries to recognize the independence of Bangladesh, refusing to do so until 31 August 1975. To this date China 's relations with Bangladesh are determined by the Pakistan factor. During the course of the conflict, Iran also stood with Pakistan politically and diplomatically. However, Iran became concerned with the imminent break - up of Pakistan which, they feared, would cause the state to fractionalize into small pieces ; therefore, Iran began cementing ties with India based on mutual security co-operation. At the beginning of the conflict, Iran helped sheltering PAF 's fighter jets and provided with free fuel for the PAF to take part in the conflict in an attempt to keep Pakistan 's regional integrity united. When Pakistan called for unilateral ceasefire and the surrender was announced, Shah of Iran hastily responded by preparing the Iranian military to come up with the contingency plans to forcefully invade Pakistan and annex its Balochistan province into its side of Baluchistan, by any means necessary, before anybody else does it. Aftermath India The war stripped Pakistan of more than half of its population and with nearly one - third of its army in captivity, clearly established India 's military and political dominance of the subcontinent. India successfully led a diplomatic campaign to isolate Pakistan and skillfully manipulate Pakistan 's supporting countries to limit the extent of support to Pakistan. In addition, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi 's state visit to United Kingdom and France further helped break ice with the United States and blocked any pro-Pakistan resolution in the United Nations. There was also a meeting between Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and President Nixon in November 1971 which she rejected the U.S. advice against intervening in the conflict. The victory also defined India 's much broader role in the foreign politics as many countries in the world had come to realize, including the United States, that the balance of power now had shifted to India as a major player in the region. Regional countries such as Afghanistan and Iran as well as Arab - speaking states such as Iraq, and Gulf states who were traditional allies of Pakistan, prompted to seek closer ties with India rather than Pakistan in successive years. The United States itself accepted a new power of balance and when India conducted a surprise nuclear test in 1974, the United States had notified India that the U.S. had no `` interest in actions designed to achieve new power of balance. '' In spite of the magnitude of the victory, India was surprisingly restrained in its reaction. Mostly, Indian leaders seemed pleased by the relative ease with which they had accomplished their goals -- the establishment of Bangladesh and the prospect of an early return to their homeland of the 10 million Bengali refugees who were the cause of the war. In announcing the Pakistani surrender, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared in the Indian Parliament : Dacca is now the free capital of a free country. We hail the people of Bangladesh in their hour of triumph. All nations who value the human spirit will recognize it as a significant milestone in man 's quest for liberty. Colonel John Gill of National Defense University remarks that, while India achieved a military victory, it was not able to reap the political fruits it might have hoped for in Bangladesh. After a brief ' honeymoon ' phase between India and Bangladesh, their relationship began to sour. India 's relations with Bangladesh have remained frequently problematic and tense. Whilst India enjoys excellent relations with Bangladesh during Awami League tenures, relations deteriorate when the BNP is in power in Bangladesh. A 2014 PEW opinion poll in Bangladesh found that India was perceived as the greatest threat to Bangladesh. This was the top choice ( 27 % ) of Bangladeshis. However, 70 % of Bangladeshis held a positive view of India : while 50 % of Bangladeshis held a positive view of Pakistan. Pakistan For Pakistan it was a complete and humiliating defeat, a psychological setback that came from a defeat at the hands of rival India. Pakistan lost half its population and a significant portion of its economy and suffered setbacks to its geopolitical role in South Asia. In the post-war era, Pakistan struggled to absorb the lessons learned from the military interventions in the democratic system and the impact of the Pakistani military 's failure was grave and long - lasting. From the geopolitical point of view, the war ended in the breaking - up the unity of Pakistan from being the largest Muslim country in the world to its politico - economic and military collapse that resulted from a direct foreign intervention in 1971. The Pakistani policy - making institutions further feared that the histrocity of Two - nation theory was disproved that the Muslim nationalism had proved insufficient to keep Bengalis part of Pakistan. The Pakistani government had to engaged in investigation commission when the Pakistani military suffered from a further humiliation by having their ~ 90,000 prisoners of war that were to be released by India only after the negotiation and signing of the agreement that was signed in Simla on 2 July 1972. In addition to repatriation of prisoners of war and transferring population, the agreement established an ongoing structure for the negotiated resolution of future conflicts between India and Pakistan. In signing the agreement, Pakistan also, by implication, had to recognised the former East Pakistan as the now independent and sovereign state of Bangladesh. The Pakistani people were not mentally prepared to accept the magnitude to this kind of defeat as the state electronic media had been projecting imaginary victories despite the privately owned electronic news media coverage in the East Pakistan that reported the complexity of the situation. When the ceasefire that came from surrendering of East Pakistan was finally announced, the people could not come to terms with the magnitude of defeat, spontaneous demonstrations, and massive protests erupted on the streets of major metropolitan cities in Pakistan. In 1970, the presidential ordnance had already restored the original status of four provinces that had removed the `` West '' and simply adding `` Pakistan '' to the effect of the defeat as international acceptance of the secession of the eastern half of the country and its creation as the independent state of Bangladesh developed and was given more credence. According to Pakistani historians, the trauma was extremely severe and the cost of the war for Pakistan in monetary and human resources was very high. Demoralized and finding unable to control the situation, the Yahya administration fell to its feet when President Yahya Khan turned over his presidency to Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto who was sworn - in on 20 December 1971 as President with the control of the military. The loss of East Pakistan shattered the prestige of the Pakistani military. Pakistan lost half its navy, a quarter of its air force, and a third of its army. The war also exposed the shortcomings of Pakistan 's declared strategic doctrine that the `` defence of East Pakistan lay in West Pakistan ''. Hussain Haqqani, in his book Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military notes, Moreover, the army had failed to fulfill its promises of fighting to the last man. The eastern command had laid down arms after losing only 1,300 men in battle. In West Pakistan 1,200 military deaths had accompanied lackluster military performance. In his book The 1971 Indo - Pak War : A Soldier 's Narrative Pakistan Army 's Major General Hakeem Arshad Qureshi a veteran of this conflict noted, We must accept the fact that, as a people, we had also contributed to the bifurcation of our own country. It was not a Niazi, or a Yahya, even a Mujib, or a Bhutto, or their key assistants, who alone were the cause of our break - up, but a corrupted system and a flawed social order that our own apathy had allowed to remain in place for years. At the most critical moment in our history we failed to check the limitless ambitions of individuals with dubious antecedents and to thwart their selfish and irresponsible behaviour. It was our collective ' conduct ' that had provided the enemy an opportunity to dismember us. The Indian Army Chief in 1971 Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw had the highest respect for the fighting capability of the Pakistan Army but he did not accept the theory that they did not fight the Bangladesh war with enough vigor and zeal. In a BBC interview, he said : The Pakistan army in East Pakistan fought very gallantly. But they had no chance. They were a thousand miles away from their base. I had eight or nine months to make my preparations. I had got a superiority of almost 15 to 1... However, independent defence sources stated that the Indian superiority was less than 2 to 1. The United States Air Force 's Brigadier - General Chuck Yeager, the World War II veteran and U.S. flying ace who witnessed the war in 1971, is of the view that Pakistan did not lose the war, as India did not annex it. Major reforms were carried out by successive governments in Pakistan after the war in the light of many insightful recommendations made in the Hamoodur Rahman Commission 's Report. To address the economic disparity, the NFC system was established to equally distribute the taxation revenue among the four provinces, the large - scale nationalization of industries and nationwide census were carried in 1972. The Constitution was promulgated in 1973 that reflected the equal balance and a compromise between the Islamism and the Humanism and provided a guaranteed equal human rights to all. The military was heavily reconstructed and heavily reorganized with President Bhutto appointing chiefs of staff in each inter-service, contrary to C - in - Cs, and making instruction on human rights compulsory in the military syllabus in each branch of inter-services. Major investments were directed towards modernizing the navy. The military 's chain of command was centralized in JS HQ led by an appointed Chairman joint chiefs committee to coordinate the combined and well - integrated military efforts to safe guard the nation 's defence and unity. In addition, Pakistan sought to have a diversified foreign policy as Pakistan geostrategists had been shocked that both China and the United States provided limited support to Pakistan during the course of the war with the U.S. displaying an inability to supply weapons that Pakistan needed the most. On January 20, 1972, Pakistan under Bhutto launched the clandestine development of nuclear weapons in a view of `` never to allow another foreign invasion of Pakistan. '' This crash program reached parity in 1977 when the first weapon design was successfully achieved. Bangladesh Main article : 1971 East Pakistan genocide As a result of the war, East Pakistan disintegrated and became an independent country, Bangladesh, as the world 's fourth most populous Muslim state on 16 December 1971. Pakistan itself secured the release of Mujibur Rahman from the Headquarter Prison and allowed him to return to Dacca. On 19 January 1972 Mujib was inaugurated as the first President of Bangladesh, later becoming the Prime Minister of Bangladesh in 1974. On the brink of defeat around 14 December 1971, the media reports indicated that the Pakistan Army soldiers, their controlled local East Pakistan Police, Razakars, and the Shanti Committee carried out systematic killings of professionals such as physicians, teachers, and other intellectuals, as part of a pogrom against the Bengali Hindu minorities who constituted the majority of urban educated intellectuals. Young men, especially students, who were seen as possible rebels and recruiters were also targeted by the stationed military but the extent of casualties in East Pakistan is not known and the issue is itself controversial and contradictory among the authors who wrote books on the pogrom as the Pakistani government itself denied the charges of their involvement in 2015. R.J. Rummel cites estimates ranging from one to three million people killed. Other estimates place the death toll lower, at 300,000. Bangladesh government figures state that Pakistani forces aided by collaborators killed three million people, raped 200,000 women and displaced millions of others. According to the authors Kenton Worcester, Sally Bermanzohn, and Mark Ungar, Bengalis themselves killed ~ 150,000 non-Bengalis living in the East There had been reports of Bengali insurgents indiscriminately killing non-Bengalis throughout the East, however, neither side provided substantial proofs for their claims and both Bangladeshi and Pakistani figures contradict each other over this issue. Bihari representatives in June 1971 claimed a higher figure of 500,000 killed by Bengalis. In 2010, the Awami League 's government decided to set up a tribunal to prosecute the people involved in alleged war crimes and those who collaborated with Pakistan. According to the Government, the defendants would be charged with crimes against humanity, genocide, murder, rape and arson. According to John H. Gill, there was widespread polarisation between pro-Pakistan Bengalis and pro-liberation Bengalis during the war, and those internal battles are still playing out in the domestic politics of modern - day Bangladesh. To this day, the issue of committed atrocities and pogroms is an influential factor in the foreign relations between Pakistan and Bangladesh. Impact Pakistan : war Enquiry Commission and war prisoners Main articles : War Enquiry Commission and Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Prisoners of War Investigation In the aftermath of the war, the Pakistani government constituted the War Enquiry Commission, to be headed by the Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman, who was an ethnic Bengali, and composed of the senior justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. The War Enquiry Commission was mandated with carrying out the thorough investigations into the intelligence, strategic, political, and the military failures that causes the defeat in the war. The War Commission also looks into the Pakistan 's political and military involvement in the history of East Pakistan that encompasses from 1947 -- 71. The First War Report was submitted in July 1972 but it was very critically opined and penned on political misconducts of politicians and the military interference of military in the national politics. Written in moral and philosophical perspective, the First Report was very lengthy but provided accounts that was unpalatable to be released to the public. Initially, there were 12 copies that were all destroyed except for the one that was kept and marked as `` Top Secret '' to prevent the backlash effects on the demoralized military. In 1976, the Supplementary Report was also submitted that was also the comprehensive report compiled together with the First Report ; this report was also marked as classified. In 2000, the excerpts of the Supplementary Report was leaked to Pakistan 's Dawn political correspondent, which the Dawn published it together with the India Today. The First Report is still marked as classified while the Supplementary Report 's excerpts were suppressed by the news correspondents. The War Report 's supplementary section was published by the Pakistan 's government but did not officially handed over the report to Bangladesh despite its requests. ) The War Report exposed many military failures from the strategic to the tactical -- intelligence levels while it confirmed the looting, rapes and the unnecessary killings by the Pakistan military and their local agents. It lay the blame squarely on Pakistan army generals, accusing them of debauchery, smuggling, war crimes and neglect of duty. The War Commission had recommended public trial of Pakistan Army generals on the charges that they had been responsible for the situation in the first place and that they had succumbed without a fight, but no actions were ever taken against those responsible besides the dismissal of chiefs of the Pakistan Army, Pakistan Air Force, Pakistan Navy, and decommissioning of the Pakistan Marines. The War Commission however rejected the charge that 200,000 Bengali girls were raped by the Pakistan Army, remarking : `` It is clear that the figures mentioned by the Dacca authorities are altogether fantastic and fanciful '' and cited the evidence of a British abortion team that it carried out the termination of `` only a hundred or more pregnancies ''. The Commission also claimed that `` approximately 26,000 persons ( were ) killed during the action by the Pakistan military '' Bina D'Costa states that the War Commission was aware of the military 's brutality in East Pakistan but `` chose to downplay the scale of the atrocities committed. '' The second commission was known as Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Prisoners of War Investigation conducted solely by the Pakistani government that was to be determine the numbers of Pakistani military personnel who surrendered including the number of civilian POWs. The official number of the surrendered military personnel was soon released by the Government of Pakistan after the war was over. India : Indo - Pakistani summits Main articles : Agreement Between the Government of India and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on Bilateral Relations and Transfer of Population Under the Terms of the Delhi Agreement On 2 July 1972, the Indo - Pakistani summit was held in Simla, Himachal Pradesh, India were the Simla Agreement was reached and signed between the President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi as a governments of each state playing a depository role. The treaty provided insurance to Bangladesh that Pakistan recognized Bangladesh 's sovereignty in exchange for the return of the Pakistani POWs as India was treating the war prisoners in accordance to Geneva Conventions promulgated in 1925. In mere five months, India systematically released more than ~ 90,000 war prisoners with Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi being the last war prisoner to be handed over to Pakistan. The treaty also gave back more than 13,000 km2 of land that Indian Army had seized in Pakistan during the war, though India retained a few strategic areas ( including Turtuk, Dhothang, Tyakshi ( earlier called Tiaqsi ) and Chalunka of Chorbat Valley ), which was more than 804 km2. The Indian hardliners, however, felt that the treaty had been too lenient to President Bhutto, who had pleaded for leniency, arguing that the fragile stability in Pakistan would crumble if the accord was perceived as being overly harsh by Pakistanis and that he would be accused of losing Kashmir in addition to the loss of East Pakistan. As a result of which Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was criticized by a section in India for believing Bhutto 's `` sweet talk and false vows '' while the other section claimed it successful, for not letting it to fall into `` Versailles Syndrome '' trap. In 1973, India and Pakistan reached another compromised when both countries signed trilateral agreement with Bangladesh that actually brought the war prisoners, non-Bengali and Pakistan - loyaled Bengali bureaucrats and civilian servants to Pakistan. The Delhi Agreement witnessed the mass population transfer since the partition of India in 1947. Bangladesh : International crimes tribunal In 2009, the issue of establishing the International Crimes Tribunal began to take public support and formally established the tribunal in 2010 to investigate and prosecute suspects for the genocide committed in 1971 by the Pakistan Army and their local collaborators, Razakars, Al - Badr and Al - Shams during the Bangladesh Liberation War. Long - term consequences Steve Coll, in his book Ghost Wars, argues that the Pakistan military 's experience with India, including Pervez Musharraf 's experience in 1971, influenced the Pakistani government to support jihadist groups in Afghanistan even after the Soviets left, because the jihadists were a tool to use against India, including bogging down the Indian Army in Kashmir. After the war, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto authorised the highly secretive and clandestine atomic bomb program, as part of its new deterrence policy, to defend itself and never to allow another armed invasion from India. Many Pakistani scientists, abroad working at the IAEA and European and American nuclear programs immediately returned to what remained of Pakistan and participated in making Pakistan a nuclear power. Writing about the war in Foreign Affairs magazine Zulfikar Ali Bhutto stated ' There is no parallel in contemporary history to the cataclysm which engulfed Pakistan in 1971. A tragic civil war, which rent asunder the people of the two parts of Pakistan, was seized by India as an opportunity for armed intervention. The country was dismembered, its economy shattered and the nation 's self - confidence totally undermined. ' This statement of Bhutto has given rise to the myth of betrayal prevalent in modern Pakistan. This view was contradicted by the post-War Hamoodur Rahman Commission, ordered by Bhutto himself, which in its 1974 report indicted generals of the Pakistan Army for creating conditions which led to the eventual loss of East Pakistan and for inept handling of military operations in the East. Timeline 7 March 1971 : Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declares that, `` The current struggle is a struggle for independence '', in a public meeting attended by almost a million people in Dhaka. 25 March 1971 : Pakistani forces start Operation Searchlight, a systematic plan to eliminate any resistance. Thousands of people are killed in student dormitories and police barracks in Dhaka. 26 March 1971 : Sheikh Mujibur Rahman signed an official declaration of independence and sent it through a radio message on the night of 25 March ( the morning of 26 March ). Later Major Ziaur Rahman and other Awami League leaders announced the declaration of independence on behalf of Sheikh Mujib from Kalurghat Radio Station, Chittagong. The message is relayed to the world by Indian radio stations. 27 March 1971 : Bangladesh Force namely Mukti Bahini consisting Niyomito Bahini ( Regular Force ) and Gono Bahini ( Guerilla Force ) was formed under the Commander - in - Chief ( C - in - C ) General Muhammad Ataul Gani Osmani. 17 April 1971 : Exiled leaders of Awami League form a provisional government. 3 December 1971 : War between India and Pakistan officially begins when West Pakistan launches a series of preemptive air strikes on Indian airfields. 6 December 1971 : East Pakistan is recognised as Bangladesh by India. 14 December 1971 : Systematic elimination of Bengali intellectuals is started by Pakistani Army and local collaborators. 16 December 1971 : Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi, supreme commander of Pakistani Army in East Pakistan, surrenders to the Allied Forces ( Mitro Bahini ) represented by Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Arora of Indian Army at the surrender. India and Bangladesh gain victory. 12 January 1972 : Sheikh Mujibur Rahman comes to power. Military awards Battle honours After the war, 41 battle honours and 4 theatre honours were awarded to units of the Indian Army, the notable amongst which are : East Pakistan 1971 ( theatre honour ) Sindh 1971 ( theatre honour ) Jammu and Kashmir 1971 ( theatre honour ) Punjab 1971 ( theatre honour ) Basantar River Bogra Chachro Chhamb Defence of Punch Dera Baba Nanak Gadra City Harar Kalan Hilli Longewala Parbat Ali Poongli Bridge Shehjra Shingo River Valley Sylhet Gallantry awards For bravery, a number of soldiers and officers on both sides were awarded the highest gallantry award of their respective countries. Following is a list of the recipients of the Indian award Param Vir Chakra, Bangladeshi award Bir Sreshtho and the Pakistani award Nishan - E-Haider : India Recipients of the Param Vir Chakra : Lance Naik Albert Ekka ( Posthumously ) Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon ( Posthumously ) Major Hoshiar Singh Second Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal ( Posthumously ) Bangladesh Recipients of the Bir Sreshtho : Captain Mohiuddin Jahangir ( Posthumously ) Lance Naik Munshi Abdur Rouf ( Posthumously ) Sepoy Hamidur Rahman ( Posthumously ) Sepoy Mostafa Kamal ( Posthumously ) ERA Mohammad Ruhul Amin ( Posthumously ) Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman ( Posthumously ) Lance Naik Nur Mohammad Sheikh ( Posthumously ) Pakistan Recipients of the Nishan - E-Haider : Major Muhammad Akram ( Posthumously ) Pilot Officer Rashid Minhas ( Posthumously ) Major Shabbir Sharif ( Posthumously ) Sarwar Muhammad Hussain ( Posthumously ) Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz ( Posthumously ) Civilian awards On 25 July 2011, Bangladesh Swadhinata Sammanona, the Bangladesh Freedom Honour, was posthumously conferred on former Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi. On 28 March 2012, President of Bangladesh Zillur Rahman and the Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina conferred Bangladesh Liberation War Honour and Friends of Liberation War Honour to 75 individuals, six organisations, Mitra Bahini and the people of India at a special ceremony at the Bangabandhu International Conference Centre. This included eight heads of states viz. former Nepalese President Ram Baran Yadav, the third King of Bhutan Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, former Soviet presidents Leonid IIyich Brezhnev and Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny, ex-Soviet prime minister Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin, former Yugoslav president Marshal Josip Broz Tito, ex-UK prime minister Sir Edward Richard George Heath and former Nepalese prime minister Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala. The organisations include the BBC, Akashbani ( All India Radio ), International Committee of the Red Cross, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Oxfam and Kolkata University Shahayak Samiti. The list of foreign friends of Bangladesh has since been extended to 568 people. It includes 257 Indians, 88 Americans, 41 Pakistanis, 39 Britons, nine Russians, 18 Nepalese, 16 French and 18 Japanese. Dramatization Films Border, a 1997 Bollywood war film directed by J.P. Dutta. This movie is an adaptation from real life events that happened at the Battle of Longewala fought in Rajasthan ( Western Theatre ) during the 1971 Indo - Pak war. Border on IMDb Hindustan Ki Kasam, a 1973 Bollywood war film directed by Chetan Anand. The aircraft in the film are all authentic aircraft used in the 1971 war against Pakistan. These include MiG - 21s, Gnats, Hunters and Su - 7s. Some of these aircraft were also flown by war veterans such as Samar Bikram Shah ( 2 kills ) and Manbir Singh. Hindustan Ki Kasam on IMDb Aakraman, 1975 Bollywood film set during this war featuring a romantic love triangle. 1971 -- Prisoners of War, a 2007 Bollywood war film directed by Sagar Brothers. Set against the backdrop of a prisoners ' camp in Pakistan, follows six Indian prisoners awaiting release after their capture in the 1971 India - Pakistan war. The Ghazi Attack, a 2017 war film directed by Sankalp Reddy. Based on the sinking of PNS Ghazi during the war. 1971 : Beyond Borders, a 2017 Indian war drama film written and directed by Major Ravi Miniseries / Dramas PNS Ghazi, an Urdu ( Pakistani ) drama based on sinking of PNS Ghazi, ISPR See also India portal Pakistan portal War portal 1970s portal Post -- World War II air - to - air combat losses Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 Separatist nationalism in Pakistan South Asian Muslim nationalism Pakistaniat Conservatism in Pakistan Socialism in Pakistan Bangladesh Forces Timeline of the Bangladesh War Radcliffe Line India and state - sponsored terrorism United States -- Pakistan relations before 1990 Soviet Union - Pakistan relations before 1990 Tridev Roy Operation Searchlight \\ Barisal Riverine Warfare Protest of 1969 in Pakistan Pakistan Air Force in East Pakistan Pakistan news media in Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 International Crimes Tribunal ( Bangladesh ) Indian Army in East Pakistan Pakistan - Afghanistan relations 1971 Winter POWs / MIA Investigations, Pakistan Pakistan military deployments in other countries Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program General : History of Bangladesh History of Myanmar List of conflicts in Asia References Jump up ^ Lyon, Peter ( 2008 ). Conflict between India and Pakistan : An Encyclopedia. ABC - CLIO. p. 166. ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 712 - 2. India 's decisive victory over Pakistan in the 1971 war and emergence of independent Bangladesh dramatically transformed the power balance of South Asia Jump up ^ Kemp, Geoffrey ( 2010 ). The East Moves West India, China, and Asia 's Growing Presence in the Middle East. Brookings Institution Press. p. 52. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 0388 - 4. However, India 's decisive victory over Pakistan in 1971 led the Shah to pursue closer relations with India Jump up ^ Byman, Daniel ( 2005 ). Deadly connections : States that Sponsor Terrorism. Cambridge University Press. p. 159. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83973 - 0. India 's decisive victory in 1971 led to the signing of the Simla Agreement in 1972 ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Air Force. Squadron 5, Tuskers ''. Global Security. Retrieved 20 October 2009. ^ Jump up to : Nawaz, Shuja ( 2008 ). Crossed Swords : Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within. Oxford University Press. p. 329. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 547697 - 2. ^ Jump up to : Chitkara, M. G ( 1996 ). Benazir, a Profile -- M.G. Chitkara. ISBN 9788170247524. Retrieved 27 July 2012. ^ Jump up to : Schofield, Victoria ( 18 January 2003 ). Kashmir in Conflict : India, Pakistan and the Unending War -- Victoria Schofield. ISBN 9781860648984. Retrieved 27 July 2012. ^ Jump up to : M. Leonard, Thomas ( 2006 ). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Taylor & Francis. p. 806. ISBN 978 - 0415976640. Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 13. Jump up ^ Vulnerable India : A Geographical Study of Disaster By Anu Kapur Jump up ^ `` Chapter 10 : Naval Operations In The Western Naval Command ''. Indian Navy. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Jump up ^ `` Damage Assessment -- 1971 Indo Pak Naval War ''. Orbat.com. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012. Jump up ^ Air Chief Marshal PC Lal ( 1986 ). My Days with the IAF. Lancer. p. 286. ISBN 978 - 81 - 7062 - 008 - 2. Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Longewala -- The Truth ''. India Defence Update. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan Air Force Combat Experience ''. Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 27 July 2012. Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Air Force -- Official website ''. Paf.gov.pk. Retrieved 27 July 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` IAF Combat Kills -- 1971 Indo - Pak Air War '' ( PDF ). orbat.com. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Jump up ^ Leonard, Thomas. Encyclopedia of the developing world, Volume 1. Taylor & Francis, 2006. ISBN 9780415976626. ^ Jump up to : The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Air Warfare, edited by Chris Bishop ( Amber publishing 1997, republished 2004 pages 384 -- 387 ISBN 1 - 904687 - 26 - 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 ''. Global Security. Retrieved 20 October 2009. Jump up ^ `` The Sinking of the Ghazi ''. Bharat Rakshak Monitor, 4 ( 2 ). Archived from the original on 28 November 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2009. Jump up ^ `` How west was won... on the waterfront ''. The Tribune. Retrieved 24 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` India -- Pakistan War, 1971 ; Western Front, Part I ''. acig.com. Retrieved 22 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 24 April 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` Gen. Tikka Khan, 87 ; ' Butcher of Bengal ' Led Pakistani Army ''. Los Angeles Times. 30 March 2002. Retrieved 11 April 2010. Jump up ^ Cohen, Stephen ( 2004 ). The Idea of Pakistan. Brookings Institution Press. p. 382. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 1502 - 3. ^ Jump up to : `` India : Easy Victory, Uneasy Peace ''. Time. 27 December 1971. ( Subscription required ( help ) ). Jump up ^ `` World 's shortest war lasted for only 45 minutes ''. Pravda. 10 March 2007. Jump up ^ `` 1971 War : ' I will give you 30 minutes ' ''. Sify.com. Retrieved 14 April 2011. ^ Jump up to : Orton, Anna ( 2010 ). India 's Borderland Disputes : China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal. Epitome Books. p. 117. ISBN 9789380297156. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10. Jump up ^ Burke, S. M ( 1974 ). Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies -- S.M. Burke. ISBN 9780816607204. Retrieved 27 July 2012. Jump up ^ Bose, Sarmila ( November 2011 ). `` The question of genocide and the quest for justice in the 1971 war '' ( PDF ). Journal of Genocide Research. 13 ( 4 ) : 398. doi : 10.1080 / 14623528.2011. 625750. Jump up ^ `` Jamaat claims denied by evidence ''. THE DAILY STAR. 28 February 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2016. ^ Jump up to : Haqqani, Hussain ( 2005 ). Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military. United Book Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 214 - 1., Chapter 3, p. 87. Jump up ^ Burke, Samuel Martin ( 1974 ). Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies. University of Minnesota Press. p. 216. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 5714 - 8. Jump up ^ Alston, Margaret ( 2015 ). Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh. Routledge. p. 40. ISBN 9781317684862. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08. Jump up ^ Totten, Samuel ( 2012 ). Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide. Transaction Publishers. p. 55. ISBN 9781412847599. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08. Jump up ^ Myers, David G. ( 2004 ). Exploring Social Psychology 4E. Tata McGraw - Hill Education. p. 269. ISBN 9780070700628. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08. Jump up ^ Consulate ( Dacca ) Cable, Sitrep : Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca ; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere, 31 March 1971, Confidential, 3 pp. Jump up ^ Kennedy, Senator Edward, `` Crisis in South Asia -- A report to the Subcommittee investigating the Problem of Refugees and Their Settlement, Submitted to U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee '', 1 November 1971, U.S. Govt. Press, page 66. Sen. Kennedy wrote, `` Field reports to the U.S. Government, countless eye - witness journalistic accounts, reports of International agencies such as World Bank and additional information available to the subcommittee document the reign of terror which grips East Bengal ( East Pakistan ). Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked ' H '. All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from Islamabad. '' Jump up ^ Rummel, Rudolph J., `` Statistics of Democide : Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 '', ISBN 3 - 8258 - 4010 - 7, Chapter 8, Table 8.2 Pakistan Genocide in Bangladesh Estimates, Sources, and Calculations : lowest estimate 2 million claimed by Pakistan ( reported by Aziz, Qutubuddin. Blood and tears Karachi : United Press of Pakistan, 1974. pp. 74, 226 ), some other sources used by Rummel suggest a figure of between 8 and 10 million with one ( Johnson, B.L.C. Bangladesh. New York : Barnes & Noble, 1975. pp. 73, 75 ) that `` could have been '' 12 million. ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee, Pranab ( 2010 ). A Story of Ambivalent Modernization in Bangladesh and West Bengal : The Rise and Fall of Bengali Elitism in South Asia. Peter Lang. ISBN 9781433108204. Retrieved 23 December 2016. ^ Jump up to : Lieven, Anatol ( 2012 - 03 - 06 ). Pakistan : A Hard Country. PublicAffairs. ISBN 1610391624. Retrieved 23 December 2016. Jump up ^ Abbott, David ( 2015 ). Changing World : Pakistan. Minnesota, U.S. : Encyclopaedia Britannica. ISBN 9781625133212. Retrieved 8 January 2017. Jump up ^ Cochrane, Iain ( 2009 ). The Causes of the Bangladesh War. University of London : Lulu.com. ISBN 9781445240435. Retrieved 8 January 2017. Jump up ^ et.al ( 1 June 2003 ). `` Legal Framework Order 1970 ''. Story Of Pakistan. Nazaria - e-Pakistan Trust, 2003. Retrieved 23 December 2016. Jump up ^ Nohlen, Dieter ( 2004 ). Elections in Asia and the Pacific ( Reprint ed. ). Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 924958 - X. Jump up ^ Guha, Ramachandra ( 2011 - 02 - 10 ). India After Gandhi : The History of the World 's Largest Democracy. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 9780330540209. Retrieved 23 December 2016. ^ Jump up to : Ehtisham, S. Akhtar ( 1998 ). A Medical Doctor Examines Life on Three Continents : A Pakistani View. Algora Publishing. ISBN 9780875866345. Retrieved 9 December 2016. Jump up ^ Ghazali, Abdus Sattar. `` Islamic Pakistan : Illusions and Reality ''. ghazali.net. National Book Club,. Retrieved 23 December 2016. Jump up ^ D'Costa, Bina ( 2011 ). Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia. Routledge. p. 103. ISBN 9780415565660. Jump up ^ D'Costa, Bina ( 2011 ). Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia. Routledge. p. 103. ISBN 9780415565660. Jump up ^ D ' Costa, Bina ( 2011 ). Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia. Routledge. p. 103. ISBN 9780415565660. Jump up ^ Bose, Sarmila ( 8 October 2005 ). `` Anatomy of Violence : Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971 ''. Economic and Political Weekly. Archived from the original on 1 March 2007. Jump up ^ Salik, Siddiq, Witness To Surrender, ISBN 978 - 984 - 05 - 1373 - 4, pp. 63, 228 -- 9. Jump up ^ Riedel, Bruce O. ( 2011 ). Deadly Embrace : Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad. Brookings Institution. p. 10. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 0557 - 4. Jump up ^ Lt. Gen. Kamal Matinuddin -- Tragedy of Errors : East Pakistan Crisis, 1968 -- 1971 ; Wajidalis, Lahore, 1994 ; page 255 Jump up ^ Maj. Gen. Fazal Muqeem Khan -- Pakistan 's Crisis in Leadership ; National Book Foundation, Islamabad, 1973 ; page 79 Jump up ^ Qureshi, Hakeem Arshad ( 2003 ). Through the 1971 Crisis : An Eyewitness Account by a Soldier. Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 579778 - 7. Jump up ^ Raja, Dewan Mohammad Tasawwar, O General My General -- Life and Works of General MAG Osmany ; pp. 35 -- 109, ISBN 978 - 984 - 8866 - 18 - 4 ^ Jump up to : `` The U.S. : A Policy in Shambles ''. Time. 20 December 1971. Retrieved 20 October 2009. ( Subscription required ( help ) ). ^ Jump up to : U.S. Consulate ( Dacca ) Cable, Sitrep : Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca ; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere, 31 March 1971, Confidential, 3 pp. ^ Jump up to : `` East Pakistan : Even the Skies Weep ''. Time. 25 October 1971. Retrieved 20 October 2009. ( Subscription required ( help ) ). ^ Jump up to : `` Indo - Pakistani Wars ''. MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009. Jump up ^ International, Rotary ( 1971 ). The Rotarian. Rotary International. Retrieved 23 December 2016. Jump up ^ Bhutto, Fatima ( 2011 - 09 - 06 ). Songs of Blood and Sword : A Daughter 's Memoir. Nation Books. p. 100. ISBN 1 - 56858 - 712 - 0. Retrieved 19 August 2016. Jump up ^ Baixas, Lionel ( 21 June 2008 ). `` Khan ( 1917 -- 2002 ), General Tikka ''. Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence. Retrieved 17 July 2013. Jump up ^ Alamgir, Aurangzaib ( Nov -- Dec 2012 ). `` Pakistan 's Balochistan Problem : An Insurgency 's Rebirth ''. World Affairs. Retrieved 17 July 2013. Jump up ^ Col ( retd ) Anil Athale ( 29 August 2006 ). `` Is Balochistan another Bangladesh? ''. Rediff India Abroad. Retrieved 17 July 2013. Jump up ^ Ahluwalia, A. ( June 2012 ). Airborne to Chairborne : Memoirs of a War Veteran Aviator - lawyer of the Indian Air Force. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781469196565. Retrieved 23 December 2016. Jump up ^ Haqqani, Hussain ( 2005 ). Pakistan : between mosque and the military. Carnegie Endowment. p. 74. ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 214 - 1. Retrieved 11 April 2010. Jump up ^ ( arup ), অরূপ ( 13 March 2010 ). `` অরূপকথা : Interview of Major General Rao Farman Ali AKA `` The Butcher of Bengal '' ``. অরূপকথা. অরূপকথা. Jump up ^ `` The four Indo - Pak wars ''. Kashmirlive, 14 September 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2009. Jump up ^ Pravel, K.C. ( 2009 ) ( First published 1987 ). Indian Army After Independence. Atlanta : Lancer Publishers. p. 415. ISBN 978 - 1 - 935501 - 61 - 9. Jump up ^ Bass, Gary J. ( 2013 ). The Blood Telegram : Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 94. ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 70020 - 9. ^ Jump up to : Raghavan, Srinath ( 2012 ), `` Soldiers, Statesmen, and India 's Security Policy '', India Review, 11 ( 2 ) : 116 -- 133, doi : 10.1080 / 14736489.2012. 674829, ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Jump up ^ `` I had to find troops for Dhaka ''. Rediff News, 14 December 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2009. ^ Jump up to : Hanhimäki, Jussi M. ; Blumenau, Bernhard ( 2013 ). An International History of Terrorism : Western and Non-Western Experiences. Routledge. ISBN 9780415635400. Retrieved 24 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Hamood - ur - Rahman Commission ''. storyofpakistan.com/. Nazaria - e-Pakistan Trust, HRC. 1 June 2003. Retrieved 23 August 2016. Jump up ^ Ahmad, Dawood ( 16 December 2011 ). `` Rethinking the big lies from 1971 -- The Express Tribune ''. The Express Tribune. The Express Tribune, Ahmad. The Express Tribune. Retrieved 23 December 2016. Jump up ^ Ahmed, Khalid ( 26 December 2013 ). `` Pakistan, 1971 ''. The Indian Express. Indian Express, 1971. Indian Express. Retrieved 23 December 2016. ^ Jump up to : Editorial ( 16 December 2014 ). `` 1971 ' Jihad ' : Print ads from West Pakistan ''. DAWN.COM. Dawn newspaper, 2014. Dawn newspaper. Retrieved 23 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` New Twist In `` Crush India '' Propaganda Campaign ``. US Department of State Telegram. 26 October 1971. Retrieved 29 September 2011. Jump up ^ Dikshit, Sandeep ( 28 June 2008 ). `` How he and his men won those wars ''. The Hindu. The Hindu, Sandeep. The Hindu. Retrieved 24 December 2016. Jump up ^ http://www.economist.com/node/11661408 ^ Jump up to : Editorial Obituary ( 3 July 2008 ). `` Sam Manekshaw : Sam Manekshaw, soldier, died on June 27th, aged 94 ''. The Economist. The Economist, 2008. The Economist. Retrieved 24 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Sam Manekshaw '', The Economist ( 5 July 2008 ), p. 107, retrieved 7 July 2008 Jump up ^ Manekshaw, SHFJ. ( 11 Nov 1998 ). `` Lecture at Defence Services Staff College on Leadership and Discipline '' ( Appendix V ) in Singh ( 2002 ) Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw, M.C. -- Soldiering with Dignity. ^ Jump up to : Service, British Broadcasting Corporation Monitoring ( 1971 ). Summary of World Broadcasts : Far East. London, UK : Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 22 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Anti-India Demonstration and Procession ''. US Department of State Telegram. 9 November 1971. Retrieved 29 September 2011. Jump up ^ `` Crush India '' ( PDF ). Pakistan Observer. 30 November 1971. Retrieved 29 September 2011. Jump up ^ Mohiuddin, Yasmeen Niaz ( 2007 ). Pakistan : A Global Studies Handbook. ABC - CLIO. ISBN 9781851098019. Retrieved 24 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 ''. Retrieved 20 October 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` War is Declared ''. subcontinent.com. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009. ^ Jump up to : Davies, Peter E. ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ). F - 104 Starfighter Units in Combat. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781780963143. Retrieved 24 December 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Bangladesh : Out of War, a Nation Is Born ''. Time. 20 December 1971. Retrieved 20 October 2009. ( Subscription required ( help ) ). Jump up ^ `` Trying to catch the Indian Air Force napping, Yahya Khan, launched a Pakistani version of Israel 's 1967 air blitz in hopes that one rapid attack would cripple India 's far superior air power. But India was alert, Pakistani pilots were inept, and Yahya 's strategy of scattering his thin air force over a dozen air fields was a bust! '', p. 34, Newsweek, 20 December 1971 ^ Jump up to : `` India and Pakistan : Over the Edge ''. Time. 13 December 1971. Retrieved 20 October 2009. ( Subscription required ( help ) ). Jump up ^ `` 1971 : Pakistan intensifies air raids on India ''. BBC News. 3 December 1971. Retrieved 20 October 2009. ^ Jump up to : Garver, John W. ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ). China 's Quest : The History of the Foreign Relations of the People 's Republic of China. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190261061. Retrieved 24 December 2016. Jump up ^ Goldrick, James ( 1997 ). No Easy Answers. New Delhi : Lancer 's Publications and Distributors. ISBN 1 - 897829 - 02 - 7. ^ Jump up to : Goldrick, James ( 1997 ). No Easy Answers ( PDF ). New Delhi, India : Sona Printers, India. ISBN 1 897829 02 7. Retrieved 24 December 2016. Jump up ^ Seapower : A Guide for the Twenty - first Century By Geoffrey Till page 179 Jump up ^ Branfill - Cook, Roger ( 2014 - 08 - 27 ). Torpedo : The Complete History of the World 's Most Revolutionary Naval Weapon. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 9781848322158. Retrieved 24 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Trident, Grandslam and Python : Attacks on Karachi ''. Bharat Rakshak. Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009. Jump up ^ Shabir, Usman. `` The Second Missile Attack `` PakDef Military Consortium ''. pakdef.org. Pakistan Defence, Usman. Retrieved 24 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Defence Notes ''. defencejournal.com. Archived from the original on 1 January 2012. Retrieved April 25, 2012. Jump up ^ Olsen, John Andreas ( 2011 ). Global Air Power. Potomac Books. p. 237. ISBN 978 - 1 - 59797 - 680 - 0. Jump up ^ `` Remembering our war heroes ''. The Hindu. Chennai, India. 2 December 2006. Jump up ^ ' Does the US want war with India? '. Rediff.com ( 31 December 2004 ). Retrieved on 14 April 2011. Jump up ^ Pike, John. `` Pakistan Marines ( PM ) ''. www.globalsecurity.org. Global security, Marines. Retrieved 24 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Utilisation of Pakistan merchant ships seized during the 1971 war ''. Irfc-nausena.nic.in. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012. Jump up ^ `` Damage Assesment -- 1971 Indo - Pak Naval War '' ( PDF ). B. Harry. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 May 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2010. Jump up ^ `` Military Losses in the 1971 Indo - Pakistani War ''. Venik. Archived from the original on 25 February 2002. Retrieved 30 May 2005. ^ Jump up to : Tariq Ali ( 1983 ). Can Pakistan Survive? The Death of a State. Penguin Books. p. 95. ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 022401 - 6. In a two - week war, Pakistan lost half its navy, a quarter of its air force and a third of its army. Jump up ^ Jon Lake, `` Air Power Analysis : Indian Airpower '', World Air Power Journal, Volume 12 Jump up ^ Group Captain M. Kaiser Tufail, `` Great Battles of the Pakistan Airforce '' and `` Pakistan Air Force Combat Heritage '' ( pafcombat ) et al., Feroze sons, ISBN 969 - 0 - 01892 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Indo - Pakistani conflict ''. Library of Congress Country Studies. Retrieved 20 October 2009. Jump up ^ `` Picture Gallery -- Aviation Art by Group Captain Syed Masood Akhtar Hussaini ''. PAF Falcons. Archived from the original on 30 August 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2012. Jump up ^ Khan, Sher. `` Last Flight from East Pakistan ''. www.defencejournal.com. Defence Journal, 2001. Retrieved 24 December 2016. ^ Jump up to : Bowman, Martin ( 2016 - 01 - 30 ). Cold War Jet Combat : Air - to - Air Jet Fighter Operations 1950 -- 1972. Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781473874633. Retrieved 24 December 2016. Jump up ^ Simha, Rakesh Krishnan ( 17 January 2012 ). `` How India brought down the US ' supersonic man ''. Russia & India Report. Russia & India Report. Retrieved 24 December 2016. Jump up ^ Why the Indian Air Force has a high crash rate ^ Jump up to : Jr, Karl DeRouen ; Heo, Uk ( 2007 - 05 - 10 ). Civil Wars of the World : Major Conflicts Since World War II. ABC - CLIO. ISBN 9781851099191. Retrieved 24 December 2016. Jump up ^ Singh, Dipender ( 27 June 2008 ). `` ' Sam gave dignity to Army in 1971, after 1962 debacle ' ''. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 26 December 2016. Jump up ^ Palit, Maj Gen DK ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ). The Lightning Campaign : The Indo - Pakistan War, 1971. Lancer Publishers. ISBN 9781897829370. Retrieved 24 December 2016. Jump up ^ Hasnat, Syed Farooq ( 2011 ). Pakistan. ABC - CLIO. ISBN 9780313346972. Retrieved 24 December 2016. Jump up ^ Goswami, Arvind ( 2012 - 09 - 13 ). 3 D Deceit, Duplicity & Dissimulation of U.S. Foreign Policy Towards India, Pakistan & Afghanistan. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781477257098. Retrieved 24 December 2016. Jump up ^ Alam, Dr Shah ( 2012 - 06 - 12 ). Pakistan Army : Modernisation, Arms Procurement and Capacity Building. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN 9789381411797. ^ Jump up to : Nair, Sreekumar ( 2010 - 03 - 01 ). Interpretation. Pustak Mahal. ISBN 9788122311112. Retrieved 24 December 2016. ^ Jump up to : Paret, Peter ; Gordon A. Craig ; Felix Gilbert ( 1986 ). Makers of Modern Strategy : From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820097 - 0., pp802 Jump up ^ Cohen, Stephen P. ( 2004 - 09 - 21 ). The Idea of Pakistan. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0815797613. Retrieved 24 December 2016. Jump up ^ Sengupta, Ramananda. `` 1971 War : ' I will give you 30 minutes ' ''. Sify. Sify, Sengupta. Retrieved 24 December 2016. ^ Jump up to : Naseer, Javed ( 2012 - 10 - 26 ). The Morning Echo : An Observation of Nature and Science. iUniverse, Naseer. ISBN 9781475957082. Retrieved 24 December 2016. Jump up ^ Nayar, Kuldip ( 3 February 1998 ). `` Of betrayal and bungling ''. The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 23 August 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009. Jump up ^ `` Huge bag of prisoners in our hands ''. Bharat Rakshak. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009. Jump up ^ Burke, S. M ( 1974 ). Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies -- S.M. Burke. ISBN 9780816607204. Retrieved 27 July 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` 1971 India Pakistan War : Role of Russia, China, America and Britain ''. The World Reporter. Retrieved 30 October 2011. ^ Jump up to : Jackson, Robert ( 1978 - 06 - 17 ). South Asian Crisis : India -- Pakistan -- Bangla Desh. Springer. ISBN 9781349041633. Retrieved 22 December 2016. ^ Jump up to : VSM, Brig Amar Cheema ( 2015 - 03 - 31 ). The Crimson Chinar : The Kashmir Conflict : A Politico Military Perspective. Lancer Publishers. ISBN 9788170623014. Retrieved 27 December 2016. Jump up ^ Harold H. Saunders, `` What Really Happened in Bangladesh '' Foreign Affairs ( 2014 ) 93 # 4 d Jump up ^ Alvandi, Roham. Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah : The United States and Iran in the Cold War. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190610685. Retrieved 27 December 2016. Jump up ^ Shalom, Stephen R. `` The Men Behind Yahya in the Indo - Pak War of 1971 ''. Coalition to Oppose the Arms Trade. Retrieved 20 October 2009. Jump up ^ Hanhimäki, Jussi ( 2004 ). The flawed architect : Henry Kissinger and American foreign policy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517221 - 8. Jump up ^ Lewis, John P. ( 9 December 1971 ). `` Mr. Nixon and South Asia ''. The New York Times. The Nixon Administration 's South Asia policy... is beyond redemption Jump up ^ `` 1971 War : How the US tried to corner India ''. Rediff.com. 26 December 2006. Retrieved 14 April 2011. Jump up ^ Burne, Lester H. Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations : 1932 -- 1988. Routledge, 2003. ISBN 9780415939164. Jump up ^ Rajagopalan, Rajesh ; Mishra, Atul. Nuclear South Asia : Keywords and Concepts. Routledge. ISBN 9781317324751. Retrieved 27 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` British aircraft carrier ' HMS Eagle ' tried to intervene in 1971 India -- Pakistan war ''. Frontier India. 18 December 2010. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2012. Jump up ^ `` Cold war games ''. Bharat Rakshak. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2009. Jump up ^ `` Birth of a nation ''. The Indian Express. 11 December 2009. Retrieved 14 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Nixon / Kissinger Saw India as `` Soviet Stooge '' in 1971 South Asia Crisis ``. nsarchive.gwu.edu. George Washington University press. Retrieved 24 December 2016. ^ Jump up to : Wetering, Carina. Changing US Foreign Policy toward India. Springer. ISBN 9781137548627. Retrieved 24 December 2016. Jump up ^ News Review on South Asia and Indian Ocean. Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses. 1972. Retrieved 22 December 2016. Jump up ^ Jayapalan, N. India and Her Neighbours. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788171569120. Retrieved 25 December 2016. Jump up ^ Singh, edited by Swaran ( 2007 ). China - Pakistan strategic cooperation : Indian perspectives. New Delhi : Manohar. ISBN 8173047618. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Jaffrelot, Christophe. Pakistan at the Crossroads : Domestic Dynamics and External Pressures. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231540254. Retrieved 25 December 2016. ^ Jump up to : Roychoudhury, H.P. A Silent Patriot of Bangladesh. Partridge Publishing. ISBN 9781482886887. Retrieved 25 December 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` China Recognizes Bangladesh ''. Oxnard, California, USA : The Press Courier, via Google News. Associated Press. 1 September 1975. Jump up ^ `` China Veto Downs Bangladesh UN Entry ''. Montreal, Quebec, Canada : The Montreal Gazette, via Google News. United Press International. 26 August 1972. Jump up ^ Chau, Donovan C. ; Kane, Thomas M. China and International Security : History, Strategy, and 21st - Century Policy ( 3 volumes ) : History, Strategy, and 21st - Century Policy. ABC - CLIO. ISBN 9781440800023. Retrieved 26 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Recognition Story ''. Bangladesh Strategic and Development Forum. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2011. Jump up ^ Raghavan, V.R. Internal Conflicts - A Four State Analysis : India - Nepal - Sri Lanka - Myanmar. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN 9789382573418. Retrieved 26 December 2016. ^ Jump up to : Mudiam, Prithvi Ram. India and the Middle East. British Academic Press. ISBN 9781850437031. Retrieved 24 December 2016. ^ Jump up to : Kemp, Geoffrey. The East Moves West : India, China, and Asia 's Growing Presence in the Middle East. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0815724071. Retrieved 24 December 2016. Jump up ^ Gill, John H. ( 2003 ). An Atlas of the 1971 India -- Pakistan War : The Creation of Bangladesh. Washington DC : National Defense University. Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies. p. 66. Jump up ^ Higham, Robin D.S. ( April 2005 ), `` An Atlas of the 1971 India -- Pakistan war : the creation of Bangladesh ( reviw ) '', The Journal of Military History, 69 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Chapter 4 : How Asians View Each Other ''. Pew Research Center 's Global Attitudes Project. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09. Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's leaders should heed the lesson of Bangladesh ''. The Guardian. 15 August 2010. Retrieved 26 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` No lessons learnt in forty years -- The Express Tribune ''. The Express Tribune. 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2016. Jump up ^ Malik, Anas ( 2010 - 10 - 22 ). Political Survival in Pakistan : Beyond Ideology. Routledge. ISBN 9781136904196. Retrieved 7 November 2016. Jump up ^ Humayun, Arif ( 2010 - 10 - 29 ). Connivance by Silence : How the Majority 's Failure to Challenge Politically Motivated ( Mis ) interpretation of the Qur'an Empowered Radicals to Exploit Islam and Propagate Radicalism. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781453595725. Jump up ^ Waines, David ( 2003 - 11 - 06 ). An Introduction to Islam. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521539067. Retrieved 7 November 2016. Jump up ^ Dogra, Wg Cdr C. Deepak ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ). Pakistan : Caught in the Whirlwind. Lancer Publishers LLC. ISBN 9781940988221. Retrieved 7 November 2016. Jump up ^ Further information relates in Hamoodur Rahman Commission. Jump up ^ Siddique, Abubakar ( 2014 - 06 - 10 ). The Pashtuns : The Unresolved Key to the Future of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Random House India. ISBN 9788184006254. Retrieved 23 December 2016. Jump up ^ Langewiesche, William ( November 2005 ). `` The Wrath of Khan ''. The Atlantic. Retrieved 31 July 2016. Jump up ^ Abdus Sattar Ghazali. `` Islamic Pakistan, The Second Martial Law ''. Retrieved 20 October 2009. Jump up ^ `` Prince, Soldier, Statesman -- Sahabzada Yaqub Khan ''. Defence Journal. Archived from the original on 12 March 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009. Jump up ^ Ḥaqqānī, p. 87 Jump up ^ `` Excerpts : We never learn ''. Dawn. 15 December 2002. Jump up ^ Lala, R.M. ( 1 January 2001 ). A touch of greatness : encounters with the eminent. Viking. Jump up ^ Indira feared coup from ' Sam ', The Tribune India, 1 August 1999. Jump up ^ KTInfotainmentTV ( 28 July 1999 ), FTF Field Marshal Monekshaw 28 7 1999 ( published 17 October 2011 ), event occurs at 15 : 30 Jump up ^ Ahmad Faruqui ( 2003 ). Rethinking the National Security of Pakistan : The Price of Strategic Myopia. Ashgate. p. 55. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 1497 - 5. Field Marshal Manekshaw, Chief of Staff of the Indian Army in 1971, paid them the ultimate compliment when he stated that : The Pakistan Army in East Pakistan fought very gallantly. But they had no chance. They were a thousand miles away from their base. And I had eight or nine months to make my preparations ( while they were being worn out in a counter insurgency war against the secessionist forces of the Mukti Bahini ). I had a superiority of almost five - to - one. Jump up ^ Three Indian blunders in the 1971 war, Rediff News, 12 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` American flying ace believes Pakistan won 1971 war ''. Express Tribune. 9 September 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016. Jump up ^ Burki, Shahid Javed ( 1988 - 11 - 01 ). Pakistan Under Bhutto, 1971 -- 1977. Springer. ISBN 9781349195299. Jump up ^ GoP, Government of Pakistan. `` Population of Pakistan in 1972 '' ( PDF ). Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 24 December 2016. Jump up ^ et. al. `` Constitution of Pakistan ''. Story of Pakistan. Nazaria - e-Pakistan, Part IV. Retrieved 2 June 2014. ^ Jump up to : Singh, Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh ( 2008 ). The Military Factor in Pakistan. Lancer Publishers. ISBN 9780981537894. Retrieved 24 December 2016. Jump up ^ Kapur, Ashok ( 2010 - 12 - 14 ). India and the South Asian Strategic Triangle. Routledge. ISBN 9781136902611. Retrieved 26 December 2016. Jump up ^ Paul, T.V. ; Studies, Teleglobe Raoul - Dandurand Chair of Strategic and Diplomatic ; sécurité, Université du Québec à Montréal Centre d'études des politiques étrangères et de ( 2000 ). Power Versus Prudence : Why Nations Forgo Nuclear Weapons. McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP. ISBN 9780773520875. Retrieved 24 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's Nuclear Weapons Program -- The Beginning ''. nuclearweaponarchive.org. Retrieved 24 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` 125 Slain in Dacca Area, Believed Elite of Bengal ''. The New York Times. New York, NY, USA. 19 December 1971. p. 1. Retrieved 4 January 2008. At least 125 persons, believed to be physicians, professors, writers and teachers, were found murdered today in a field outside Dacca. All the victims ' hands were tied behind their backs and they had been bayoneted, garroted or shot. These victims were among an estimated 300 Bengali intellectuals who had been seized by West Pakistani soldiers and locally recruited supporters. Jump up ^ Murshid, Tazeen M. ( 2 December 1997 ). `` State, Nation, Identity : The Quest for Legitimacy in Bangladesh ''. South Asia : Journal of South Asian Studies. Routledge. 20 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 34. ISSN 1479 - 0270. doi : 10.1080 / 00856409708723294. ^ Jump up to : Khan, Muazzam Hussain ( 2012 ). `` Killing of Intellectuals ''. In Islam, Sirajul ; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed. ). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Jump up ^ Shaiduzzaman. `` Martyred intellectuals : martyred history ''. New Age. Archived from the original on 1 December 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2009. Jump up ^ Staff correspondents ( 1 December 2015 ). `` Pakistan denies committing war crimes in 1971 ''. The Daily Star. The Daily Star, 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2016. Jump up ^ Bose, Sarmila ( 2010 ). Dead reckoning : memories of the 1971 Bangladesh war. London : C. Hurst. ISBN 978 - 1849040495. Jump up ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander ( 2013 - 06 - 25 ). Atrocities, Massacres, and War Crimes : An Encyclopedia ( 2 Volumes ) : An Encyclopedia. ABC - CLIO. ISBN 9781598849264. Retrieved 26 December 2016. Jump up ^ Rummel, Rudolph J., `` Statistics of Democide : Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 '', ISBN 978 - 3 - 8258 - 4010 - 5, Chapter 8, table 8.1 Jump up ^ `` Birth of Bangladesh : When raped women and war babies paid the price of a new nation ''. Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh sets up war crimes court ''. Al Jazeera English. 26 March 2010. Jump up ^ Worcester, Kenton ; Bermanzohn, Sally Avery ; Ungar, Mark ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ). Violence and Politics : Globalization 's Paradox. Routledge. ISBN 9781136701252. Jump up ^ Tripathi, Salil ( 2016 ). The Colonel Who Would Not Repent : The Bangladesh War and Its Unquiet Legacy. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300218183. Retrieved 26 December 2016. Jump up ^ Hossain, Mokerrom ( 2010 - 02 - 21 ). From Protest to Freedom : A Book for the New Generation : the Birth of Bangladesh. Mokerrom. ISBN 9780615486956. Retrieved 26 December 2016. Jump up ^ Gerlach, Christian ( 2010 ). Extremely Violent Societies : Mass Violence in the Twentieth - Century World. Cambridge University Press. p. 148. ISBN 9781139493512. Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh sets up 1971 war crimes tribunal ''. BBC News. 25 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh to Hold Trials for 1971 War Crimes ''. Voice of America. 26 March 2010. Jump up ^ Gill, John H ( 1994 ). An Atlas of 1971 Indian - Pakistan war - the Creation of Bangladesh. NESA. p. 66. Jump up ^ `` Dhaka demonstrators protest Pakistan 's reaction to Molla 's execution ''. Express Tribune. 18 December 2013. Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18. ^ Jump up to : Bose, Sarmila ( 22 September 2007 ). `` Losing the Victims : Problems of Using Women as Weapons in Recounting the Bangladesh War '' ( PDF ). Economic and Political Weekly : 3865. ^ Jump up to : Baig, Muhammad Anwar ; Ebad ( 2012 - 12 - 20 ). Pakistan : Time for Change. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781477250310. Retrieved 26 December 2016. Jump up ^ Kharal, Rāʼe Asad K̲h̲ān ( 2000 ). Pākistān kaise ṭūṭā? ( in Japanese ). Intelligence Publishers. Retrieved 26 December 2016. Jump up ^ Shah, Aqil ( 2014 - 04 - 21 ). The Army and Democracy. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674419773. Retrieved 26 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Hamood - ur - Rahman Commission Report Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan ''. Story Of Pakistan. 1 June 2003. Retrieved 26 December 2016. ^ Jump up to : Halarnkar, Sameer ( 21 August 2000 ). `` The Untold Story of 1971 -- Behind Pakistan 's Defeat ''. India Today. Retrieved 17 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh requests war report ''. BBC News. 30 August 2000. Retrieved 24 April 2011. Jump up ^ Bhatt, Dr Arunkumar ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ). Psychological Warfare and India. Lancer Publishers, Bhatt. ISBN 9788170621331. Retrieved 22 August 2016. Jump up ^ BBC ( 30 August 2000 ). `` Bangladesh requests war report ''. BBC. BBC Pakistan Bureau. BBC. Retrieved 24 August 2016. Jump up ^ Halarnkar, Sameer ( 21 August 2000 ). `` The Genesis of Defeat -- How many Hindus have you killed? ''. India Today. Retrieved 17 December 2011. Jump up ^ Halarnkar, Sameer ( 21 August 2000 ). `` The Loss of Character -- `` Lust for wine, greed for houses '' ``. India Today. Retrieved 17 December 2011. ^ Jump up to : Halarnkar, Sameer ( 21 August 2000 ). `` Bravado And Capitulation -- `` Further resistance is not humanly possible '' ``. India Today. Retrieved 17 December 2011. ^ Jump up to : D'Costa, Bina ( 2011 ), Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia, Routledge, pp. 76 -- 78, ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 56566 - 0 Jump up ^ Hamoodur Rehman Commission ( HRC ) Report of Inquiry into the 1971 War ( Vanguard Books Lahore, 513 ) Jump up ^ Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report, chapter 2, paragraph 33 ^ Jump up to : `` India Pakistan Timeline ''. BBC News, India Pakistan. 1971 - 12 - 06. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Simla Agreement ''. Bilateral / Multilateral Documents. Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 27 September 2013. Jump up ^ `` Turtuk, a Promised Land Between Two Hostile Neighbours ''. Jump up ^ `` An encounter with the ' king ' of Turtuk, a border village near Gilgit - Baltistan ''. Jump up ^ `` A portrait of a village on the border ''. Jump up ^ `` Have you heard about this Indian Hero? ''. rediff.com. 22 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Simla Agreement 1972 ''. Story of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2009. Jump up ^ `` The collapse of the Shimla Accord ''. 9 June 2014. Jump up ^ UN. `` Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ''. UNCHR. UNCHR. Retrieved 16 February 2013. Jump up ^ Stanley Walpert ( 1993 ). Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan : his life and times. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195076615. Jump up ^ Wierda, Marieke ; Anthony Triolo ( 31 May 2012 ). Luc Reydams ; Jan Wouters ; Cedric Ryngaert, eds. International Prosecutors. Oxford University Press. p. 169. ISBN 978 - 0199554294. Jump up ^ Coll, Steve ( 2005 ). Ghost Wars. The Penguin Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 007 - 6. pg 221, 475. Jump up ^ Kreisler interview with Coll `` Conversations with history '', 25 March 2005, UC Berkeley Institute of International Studies Jump up ^ Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali ( April 1973 ). `` Pakistan Builds Anew ''. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 8 July 2011. Jump up ^ Singh, Sarbans ( 1993 ). Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757 -- 1971. New Delhi : Vision Books. pp. 257 -- 278. ISBN 81 - 7094 - 115 - 6. Retrieved 3 November 2011. Jump up ^ `` Martyrs ''. National Defense Academy, Pune. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Jump up ^ `` Param Vir Chakra ''. Government of India. Jump up ^ `` Nishan - e-Haider holders of Pakistan Army ''. Jump up ^ `` Nishan - e-Haider ''. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Jump up ^ Habib, Haroon ( 25 July 2011 ). `` Bangladesh honours Indira Gandhi with highest award ''. The Hindu. Jump up ^ `` Friends of freedom honoured ''. The Daily Star. 28 March 2012. Jump up ^ `` B'desh honours foreign friends ''. The Financial Express. Dhaka. 28 March 2012. Jump up ^ `` 1971 : Beyond Borders Review ( 3.5 / 5 ) : The film puts across the message that fighting wars for `` borders and orders '' robs away so many lives needlessly ``. The Times of India. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20. Further reading Ayub, Muhammad ( 2005 ). An army, Its Role and Rule : A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil, 1967 -- 1999. RoseDog Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8059 - 9594 - 7. Cilano, Cara, ed. ( 2010 ). Pakistaniaat : Special issue on 1971 War. Hanhimäki, Jussi M. ( 2004 ). The Flawed Architect : Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517221 - 8. Haqqani, Hussain ( 2005 ). Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military. United Book Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 214 - 1. Niazi, General A.A.K. ( 1999 ). Betrayal of East Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 579275 - 1. Palit, DK ( 1972 ). The Lightning Campaign : The Indo - Pakistan War 1971. Compton Press Ltd. ISBN 978 - 0 - 900193 - 10 - 1. Raghavan, Srinath ( 2013 ). 1971 -- A global History of Creation of Bangladesh ( PDF ). Harvard University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 72864 - 6. Raja, Dewan Mohammad Tasawwar ( 2010 ). O General My General ( Life and Works of General MAG Osmany ). The Osmany Memorial Trust, Dhaka, Bangladesh. ISBN 978 - 984 - 8866 - 18 - 4. Saigal, JR ( 2000 ). Pakistan Splits : The Birth of Bangladesh. Manas Publications. ISBN 9788170491248. External links Video of General Niazi Surrendering A complete coverage of the war from the Indian perspective An Atlas of the 1971 India -- Pakistan War : The Creation of Bangladesh by John H. Gill Actual conversation from the then US President Nixon and Henry Kissinger during the 1971 War -- US Department of State 's Official archive. Indian Army : Major Operations Pakistan : Partition and Military Succession USA Archives Pakistan intensifies air raid on India BBC A day by day account of the war as seen in a virtual newspaper. The Tilt : The U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971. 16 December 1971 : any lessons learned? By Ayaz Amir -- Pakistan 's Dawn India - Pakistan 1971 War as covered by TIME Indian Air Force Combat Kills in the 1971 war ( unofficial ), Centre for Indian Military History Op Cactus Lilly : 19 Infantry Division in 1971, a personal recall by Lt Col Balwant Singh Sahore All for a bottle of Scotch, a personal recall of Major ( later Major General ) CK Karumbaya, SM, the battle for Magura `` The Rediff Interview / Lt Gen AA Khan Niazi ''. Rediff. 2 February 2004. Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 History Partition of India History of Pakistan Indo - Pakistani Wars War of 1947 War of 1965 Operation Searchlight 1971 Bangladesh genocide Mukti Bahini Research and Analysis Wing Operation Jackpot Indo - Soviet Treaty Razakars Mitro Bahini Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command Simla Agreement Conflict Battle of Dhalai Battle of Atgram Battle of Garibpur Boyra incidence Operation Chengiz Khan Battle of Longewala Battle of Hilli Meghna Heli Bridge Tangail Airdrop Battle of Basantar PNS Ghazi Operation Trident Air Operations Naval Operations INS Khukri US Taskforce 74 more Pakistani peace proposals Cable 1971 Six - points Ahsan -- Yaqub Mission Rodionov message War Enquiry Commission Leaders India Indira Gandhi Sam Manekshaw P.C. Lal S.M. Nanda Jagjit Singh Aurora K.P. Candeth Sourendra Nath Kohli Gopal Gurunath Bewoor Anil Tipnis T.N. Raina Sartaj Singh J.F.R. Jacob Kuldip Singh Chandpuri Kulwant Singh Pannu G.M. Hiranandani Pakistan Yahya Khan Nurul Amin Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Abdul Hamid Khan A.A.K. Niazi Mohammad Sharif M.A.K. Lodhi Leslie Mungavin Gul Hassan Abdul Ali Malik Rashid Ahmed A. Rahim Khan Tikka Khan Muzaffar Hassan Patrick Callaghan Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Tajuddin Ahmed Muhammad Mansur Ali A.H.M. Qamaruzzaman Abu Taher United States Richard Nixon Henry Kissinger Archer Blood George Bush, Sr. William Westmoreland Elmo Zumwalt Chuck Yeager J.S. Farland Kenneth Keating Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev Alexei Kosygin Alexei Rodionov Nikolai Pegov Yakov Malik Andrei Gromyko Sergey Gorshkov Vasili Kuznetsov Nikolai Podgorny Highest awards Param Vir Chakra L / Nk. Albert Ekka Fl. Off. N.J.S. Sekhon 2nd Lt. Arun Khetarpal Maj. Hoshiar Singh Nishan - E-Haider Maj. Muhammad Akram Plt. Off. Rashid Minhas Maj. Shabbir Sharif J / Swr. Muhammad Hussain L / Nk. Muhammad Mahfuz Bir Sreshtho Flt. Lt. Matiur Rahman Sepahi Hamidur Rahman Sepahi Mostafa Kamal Engine Room Artificer Mohammad Ruhul Amin Lance Naik Munshi Abdur Rouf Captain Mohiuddin Jahangir Lance Naik Noor Mohammad 1971 Bangladesh genocide Perpetrators Organizers Yahya Khan Tikka Khan Rao Farman Ali Executors Abdul Quader Molla Abul Kalam Azad Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mojaheed Delwar Hossain Sayeedi Fazlul Quader Chowdhury Ghulam Azam Motiur Rahman Nizami Muhammad Kamaruzzaman Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury Ashrafuz Zaman Khan Chowdhury Mueen - Uddin Organizations Pakistan Army Jamaat - e-Islami Razakars East Pakistan Central Peace Committee Al Badr Al Shams Massacres Barisal Division Barguna Bhimnali Ketnar Bil Suryamani Chittagong Division Muzaffarabad Pomara Bakhrabad Dhaka Division Bakchar Baria Char Bhadrasan Hasamdia Ishangopalpur Jinjira Madhyapara Ramna Satanikhil Sendia Shankharibazar Sree Angan Sutrapur Khulna Division Chuknagar Dakra Shankharikathi Rajshahi Division Bagbati Demra Karai Kadipur Gopalpur Rangpur Division Akhira Daldalia Golaghat Jathibhanga Kaliganj Sylhet Division Adityapur Burunga Galimpur Krishnapur Makalkandi Naria Notable victims Altaf Mahmud Anudvaipayan Bhattacharya Anwar Pasha Dhirendranath Datta Govinda Chandra Dev Harinath Dey Jogesh Chandra Ghosh Jyotirmoy Guhathakurta Laxman Das Mufazzal Haider Chaudhury Munier Choudhury Ranada Prasad Saha Santosh Chandra Bhattacharya Selina Parvin Shahidullah Kaiser more Protests Movement demanding trial of war criminals 2013 Shahbag protests Trials Hamoodur Rahman Commission International Crimes Tribunal Related events Bangladesh Liberation War Blood Telegram Concert for Bangladesh Operation Searchlight Persecution of Biharis Persecution of Hindus Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War Remembrance Day Military of India Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air Force Leadership Chief of the Army Staff Chief of the Naval Staff Chief of the Air Staff Topics History Academies Ranks and insignia Army Air Force Navy Special Forces Indian Peace Keeping Force Central Armed Police Forces Paramilitary forces Andaman and Nicobar Command Strategic Forces Command Nuclear Command Authority Ballistic missiles Weapons of mass destruction Defence Research and Development Organisation Ordnance Factories Board Territorial Army National Cadet Corps Wars and conflicts Indo - Pakistani wars 1947 1965 1971 Operation Polo Congo Crisis Operation Vijay Operation Trident Sino - Indian War Cho La incident Siachen conflict Blue Star Woodrose 1987 Sino - Indian skirmish Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War Operation Cactus Kargil War Kashmir insurgency 2001 Bangladeshi - Indian border skirmish Operation Parakram Piracy off the coast of Somalia Category Army Navy Air Force Pakistan Armed Forces Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee Awards and decorations Cabinet Committee on National Security Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee Chief of General Staff Commander - in - Chief President of Pakistan Inter-Services Public Relations Inter-Services Selection Board Inter-Services Intelligence Director General of the Inter-Services Intelligence Joint Staff Headquarters Judge Advocate General Branch Military history Air Force history Foreign deployments of the Pakistan Armed Forces Involvement in UN peacekeeping missions Military coups Military Lands and Cantonments Department Ministry of Defence Minister of Defence National Command Authority Missiles Nuclear doctrine Strategic Plans Division Force Weapons of mass destruction National Defence University National Security Council Army Army Museum Army ranks and insignia C - in - C of the army Chief of Army Staff Corps, commands and regiments I Corps II Corps IV Corps V Corps X Corps XI Corps XII Corps XXX Corps XXXI Corps Air Defence Corps Armoured Corps Army Strategic Forces Command Aviation Corps Azad Kashmir Regiment Baloch Regiment Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Corps of Engineers Engineer - in - Chief Frontier Works Organisation Corps of Military Police Corps of Signals Force Command Northern Areas Frontier Force Regiment Medical Corps Military Intelligence Northern Light Infantry Regiment Punjab Regiment Regiment of Artillery Sind Regiment Special Services Group Education and training Army Medical College Army Public Schools and Colleges System Cadet colleges College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Command and Staff College Military Academy Military College of Engineering Military College of Signals Parachute Training School Equipment General Headquarters Hospitals Serving Generals Air Force Air Force Museum Air Force ranks and insignia Air Headquarters Aircraft Bases Chief of Air Staff Education and training Air Force Academy Air War College College of Aeronautical Engineering College of Flying Training Combat Commanders School Fazaia Schools and Colleges System Hospitals Squadrons and commands Air Force Strategic Command Air Intelligence Special Service Wing Squadrons Serving Air Marshals Navy Bases Ahsan Naval Base Hameed Naval Base Jinnah Naval Base Kalmat Naval Base Karachi Naval Dockyard Mehran Naval Base Qasim Naval Base Chief of Naval Staff Education and training Naval Academy Navy Engineering College Navy run basic education schools Navy School of Logistics and Management Navy War College PNS Karsaz Hospitals PNS Darmaan Jah PNS Rahat PNS Shifa List of admirals Maritime Museum Naval Headquarters Naval ranks and insignia Squadrons and commands Marines Naval Air Arm Naval Intelligence Naval Strategic Forces Command Navy Hydrographic Department Navy Punjab Command Navy Western Command Special Services Group Navy Vessels Serving Admirals Paramilitary forces Airports Security Force Coast Guards Frontier Constabulary Frontier Corps Bajaur Scouts Chagai Militia Chitral Scouts Gilgit Baltistan Scouts Kharan Rifles Khyber Rifles Zhob Militia Maritime Security Agency National Guard Rangers Wars and conflicts India - Pakistan War ( s ) of 1947 - 1948 / 1965 / 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War 1967 Israeli - Arab war 1973 Israeli - Arab war Jordan - Palestine Liberation Organization conflict 1970s Baloch insurgency Grand Mosque in Saudi Arabia seizure Soviet - Afghan war Siachen conflict 1991 Gulf War Kargil conflict War in North - West Pakistan Related Defence Housing Authority Defence industry of Pakistan Air Weapons Complex Defence Science and Technology Organisation Heavy Industries Taxila Institute of Optronics Integrated Defence Systems Integrated Dynamics Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works Khan Research Laboratories Marine Systems Limited National Development Complex National Engineering and Scientific Commission Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Pakistan Ordnance Factories Wah Metallurgical Laboratory Khyber Border Coordination Center Women in the Pakistan Armed Forces Category Army Air Force Navy Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971&oldid=804087534 '' Categories : Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Indo - Pakistani wars Bangladesh Liberation War 1971 in Bangladesh 1971 in India 1971 in Pakistan Conflicts in 1971 East Pakistan Anti-Pakistan sentiment Wars involving Bangladesh Wars involving Pakistan Wars involving India History of Bangladesh Post-independence history of Pakistan Separatism in Pakistan History of the Indian Army Research and Analysis Wing Foreign intervention Dissolutions of countries December 1971 events Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Accuracy disputes from July 2015 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with dead external links from July 2015 CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing cleanup from December 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from December 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from December 2016 Use British English from December 2013 Use dmy dates from December 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkmençe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017, at 17 : 13. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Indo-Pakistani War of 1971", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971&amp;oldid=804087534" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ ", as a people, we had also contributed to the bifurcation of our own country. It was not a Niazi, or a Yahya, even a Mujib, or a Bhutto, or their key assistants, who alone were the cause of our break - up, but a corrupted system and a flawed social order that our own apathy had allowed to remain in place for years. At the most critical moment in our history we failed to check the limitless ambitions of individuals with dubious antecedents and to thwart their selfish and irresponsible behaviour. It was our collective ' conduct ' that had provided the enemy an opportunity to dismember us. The Indian Army Chief in 1971 Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw had the highest respect for the fighting capability of the Pakistan Army but he did not accept the theory that they did not fight the Bangladesh war with enough vigor and zeal. In a BBC interview, he said : The Pakistan army in East Pakistan fought very gallantly. But they had no chance. They were a thousand miles away from their base. I had eight or nine months to make my preparations. I had got a superiority of almost 15 to 1... However, independent defence sources stated that the Indian superiority was less than 2 to 1. The United States Air Force 's Brigadier - General Chuck Yeager, the World War II" ], "id": [ "12868684568017546338" ], "short_answers": [ "Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Holly Flax - wikipedia Holly Flax Jump to : navigation, search This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Holly Flax The Office character First appearance `` Goodbye, Toby '' Last appearance `` Goodbye, Michael '' ( voice only ), `` Garage Sale '' Created by Paul Lieberstein Portrayed by Amy Ryan Information Gender Female Occupation Former Human Resources Representative, Dunder Mifflin, Scranton Former Human Resources Representative, Dunder Mifflin, Nashua Spouse ( s ) Michael Scott Significant other ( s ) Michael Scott ( husband ) A.J. ( ex-boyfriend ) Children 4 ( with Michael Scott ) Nationality American Hollis `` Holly '' Partridge Scott ( née Flax ) is a fictional character from the US television series The Office played by Amy Ryan. She was an original character, and not based on a character from the British version of the show. Initially, she served as a replacement HR Representative for the Scranton branch of Dunder Mifflin when Toby Flenderson left for Costa Rica. Later, her character was developed into a friend and romantic interest for Steve Carell 's character Michael Scott. She and Michael have a shared sense of humor and similar personality traits, though Holly does prove to be more rational than Michael. In the office, she is noticeably more acquiescent to Michael 's antics and ideas than was her predecessor, Toby. At the office, Michael proposes to her with the help of their co-workers. She and Michael eventually get back together, move to Colorado, marry and start a family together. Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Character history 2.1 Season 4 2.2 Season 5 2.3 Season 6 2.4 Season 7 2.5 Season 9 3 References Overview ( edit ) Holly Flax is the human resources representative for the Scranton branch of Dunder Mifflin. She and Michael Scott become good friends in the office, though Michael desires to turn their friendship into a romance, which eventually takes place. Executive producer Greg Daniels has repeatedly stated that the inspiration for Flax 's character stems from a shopgirl who served him on a vacation in Newfoundland, Canada, whom he described as `` a female Michael Scott. '' She is originally from Des Moines, Iowa, and her parents now live in Boulder, Colorado and her father suffers from dementia. In her early life, she held the position of hall monitor in middle school due to her geeky demeanor, and because of this, was a target of harassment by other students. When she was in high school, she was diagnosed with mono. Character history ( edit ) Season 4 ( edit ) Holly arrives at Dunder Mifflin to serve as Toby 's replacement. Michael initially dislikes her because she is part of Human Resources, but quickly falls in love with her. She is subjected to hazing by Dwight Schrute, who convinces her that Kevin Malone is mentally challenged, a belief she continued to harbor until Season Five when it was embarrassingly pointed out to her that he was n't. During an attempt to put a raccoon in Holly 's car, a Toyota Camry Solara convertible, Dwight is berated by Michael, who takes Holly 's side and loudly proclaims that she is the `` best thing that has happened to him and the company since World War II. '' Holly invites Michael to go out for dessert after Toby 's going away party, but Michael turns her down, opting instead to go with Jan Levinson, who is pregnant and had asked Michael to be there as if he were the child 's father. Season 5 ( edit ) Michael had been courting Holly in the first episode of the season. Holly practices yoga, so Oscar refers Holly to a yoga class with an attractive teacher. Holly agrees to a date with him, much to Michael 's dismay. Holly buys tickets for Counting Crows, but the yoga instructor does n't call her. Michael, who does not pick up on several hints that Holly has given him ( about attending the concert with her ), purchases the tickets from her and rips them to pieces. She ultimately considers him to be her best friend in the office. It is also revealed that she was picked on as a child just like Michael. Michael is pleased when Corporate HR blasts Holly for seeking disciplinary action against Meredith over the sex - for - supplies ( and Outback Steakhouse coupons ) deal instead of conducting a stupid seminar and getting signatures, but he also yells at the staff to complete the seminar. This also restores good feelings between Holly and Michael. Michael tells Holly he will treat her poorly in front of Jan during her baby shower because he has a vested interest in Jan 's baby, which is not his. Despite being told of this, she is shown to be uncomfortable with Michael 's attitude toward her. However, despite witnessing Michael 's treatment of Holly throughout the day, Jan notices the two of them have a lot in common after Holly makes jokes in front of her. Jan then orders Michael not to date Holly before driving away. This, in addition to feeling no connection with Jan 's baby, prompts Michael to apologetically hug Holly and ask her out on a date, which she accepts, visibly moved. Holly and Michael date, and on their third date have sex in the office ( inadvertently leading to the break - in at the office ). She helps Michael organize a fundraiser ( offering yoga lessons ) and displeases CFO David Wallace, who sees them kissing, thus noticing a relationship. In response, she is transferred back to Nashua. She and Michael plan to continue dating, but realize on the trip that the distance is insurmountable. Thus, they are forced to end their relationship, sharing one last embrace before saying goodbye. Michael tells everyone that they are engaged upon his return, but later admits this is not true. Later, David is called out on the transfer by Michael, who chastises him on the phone before hanging up. When Michael comes to Nashua with Pam Beesly to give his lecture and find closure with Holly, she is not there because she is on an HR retreat. It is also revealed that she is dating one of the salesmen there, A.J., which deeply upsets Michael and makes him unable to do his presentation ; he ultimately breaks down and asks her boyfriend about Holly in front of everyone before leaving. He goes to her desk and smells her sweater, cutting a sleeve off to take with him. Michael finds a file on her computer titled `` Dear Michael '' and copies it to his flash drive. He tells Pam about it, and Pam volunteers to read it herself and deletes it afterward, telling Michael it said she still has feelings for him and that it is n't over. It is unclear whether Pam was telling the truth. Holly and Michael reunite at the Dunder Mifflin company picnic for the first time since she was transferred. She is still seeing A.J., who arrives with her. Holly and A.J. have apparently started living together. David Wallace lets Holly and Michael do a skit about the history of Dunder Mifflin ; the two decide to do a skit that spoofs Slumdog Millionaire. The presentation goes horribly and gets worse when they reveal that the Buffalo branch is closing down, much to everyone 's surprise. Michael and Holly reminisce about the presentation and talk about one in the future. Holly leaves with A.J., with Michael noting that it was n't the right time to talk to her and that they will eventually find each other. Season 6 ( edit ) Holly does not appear in Season 6, but is mentioned many times by Michael, who still has feelings for her. Her return is hinted at in the season finale, `` Whistleblower, '' after Michael takes the fall for Sabre 's defective printers. In return for his loyalty, Michael requests that Holly be returned to Scranton. Jo says she will see what she can do. Season 7 ( edit ) Holly first appears over speakerphone in `` Sex Ed '', when Michael calls her in fear that he may have contracted herpes and infected Holly with it. The lighthearted conversation turns serious when Holly suggests that Michael over-romanticized their relationship, which she characterizes as `` just a fling ''. Holly in Season 7 In `` Classy Christmas '', Holly returns to Scranton to fill in while Toby is away at jury duty. The initial excitement about seeing her old friend again turns to anger when a jealous Michael vandalizes her Woody doll ( a gift from her boyfriend AJ ). Holly divulges to the women of the office that AJ wo n't commit, and she 's going to give him an ultimatum to propose to her by New Year 's. When Pam tells Michael, he is cheered up by the news, as well as Holly lying to AJ about how Woody got damaged. Holly returns from the holiday break in `` Ultimatum '' without an engagement ring. Michael is briefly enthusiastic until he learns that Holly gave up on her ultimatum, considering it unreasonable. However, at the end of the episode, Holly tells A.J. that she wants to take a `` break '' from their relationship. Her and Michael 's friendship seems to rebuild itself with `` The Seminar ''. In `` The Search '', Holly rejects Michael 's advances, saying she does n't want to be involved with a coworker again. When he goes missing, Holly is able to track Michael 's footsteps due to their similar thought patterns. When she finds him on a building rooftop, they admit that they miss each other and share a kiss. In the episode `` PDA '', it is revealed that Michael and Holly are officially dating. They make the rest of the office uncomfortable with their excessive public displays of affection, and agree to stop only at the insistence of their coworkers. Later that day, when Michael declares that he loves Holly and she says that she returns his feelings, they must settle for a handshake. In order to avoid the kind of breakup they have previously experienced, they decide to move in together. As the season progresses, Holly 's presence leads Michael to become a more mature adult. In `` Threat Level Midnight '', Michael screens the film that he had been working on for the past 11 years. Michael is hurt when Holly is n't impressed, but her honesty helps him realize that the film is laughably awful. In `` Todd Packer '', Todd Packer returns to the sales bullpen. She initially trusts Michael 's assessment of Packer, but confronts Michael about his friend after Packer shows his true colors. When Michael tries to smooth things over, Packer speaks disrespectfully about Holly. Michael decides not to disclose that Packer 's `` promotion '' in Florida is a prank by Jim and Dwight, and as Michael and Holly watch him drive away it 's obvious that she is helping Michael to grow. A deleted scene from this episode reveals that Holly has a blind friend named Lois, who does n't get along with Michael. In `` Garage Sale '', she realizes her aging parents need assistance and decides to move home to Colorado. She briefly changes her mind when Michael seems reluctant, saying that he is her life now. At the end of the episode, Michael leads her through various spots in the building that are meaningful to them ( the stairwell where they first kissed, the water cooler he visited just to watch her work ). He finally leads her to the annex which is filled with lighted candles. He begins to propose to her when the sprinkler system goes off. Through her laughter, she accepts his proposal. Afterwards, he announces to the office he 's quitting his job to move to Colorado with his fiancée. Holly does not appear in the subsequent episodes `` Training Day '' and `` Michael 's Last Dundies '', but did have a voice - only segment ( in a telephone conversation ) in `` Goodbye, Michael '', confirming with Michael that she 'll pick him up at the airport when his plane lands. In the process, she unintentionally cheers a distraught Michael up when he initially gets cold feet about moving to Colorado. The episode marked Steve Carell 's final episode as a series regular. Season 9 ( edit ) Holly does not appear in any episodes, but Michael makes a surprise appearance at Dwight and Angela 's wedding in the series finale. During the wedding reception, Michael shows Pam pictures of Holly and Michael 's kids on his cell phone. Pam reveals that Michael and Holly are living very happily together. Michael now has two cell phones to store all the pictures that he takes of their kids, and is very happy to finally have a family plan. NBC.com later revealed that Michael and Holly had four children together. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goodbye, Toby Jump up ^ Weight Loss Jump up ^ Business Ethics Jump up ^ Baby Shower Jump up ^ Crime Aid Jump up ^ Employee Transfer Jump up ^ Business Trip Jump up ^ Lecture Circuit : Part 2 ( hide ) The Office ( U.S. series ) Episodes Seasons 6 7 8 9 Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Characters Primary Michael Scott Dwight Schrute Jim Halpert Pam Beesly Ryan Howard Andy Bernard Robert California Secondary Jan Levinson Roy Anderson Stanley Hudson Kevin Malone Meredith Palmer Angela Martin Oscar Martinez Phyllis Vance Kelly Kapoor Toby Flenderson Creed Bratton Darryl Philbin Erin Hannon Gabe Lewis Holly Flax Nellie Bertram Pete Miller Clark Green Recurring Todd Packer David Wallace Other Dunder Mifflin Awards Worldwide editions Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holly_Flax&oldid=842837221 '' Categories : Fictional characters from Iowa Fictional businesspeople The Office ( U.S. TV series ) characters Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from January 2012 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018, at 00 : 37. About Wikipedia", "title": "Holly Flax", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Holly_Flax&amp;oldid=842837221" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "17768535167674782561" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "State of Decay 2 - wikipedia State of Decay 2 Jump to : navigation, search State of Decay 2 Developer ( s ) Undead Labs Publisher ( s ) Microsoft Studios Engine Unreal Engine 4 Platform ( s ) Windows, Xbox One Release May 22, 2018 Genre ( s ) Survival Mode ( s ) Single - player, multiplayer State of Decay 2 is an upcoming survival video game developed by Undead Labs and published by Microsoft Studios. It is a sequel to the 2013 video game State of Decay. The game is scheduled to be released on May 22, 2018 for Windows and Xbox One. Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Development and release 3 References 4 External links Gameplay ( edit ) State of Decay 2 is a zombie survival game in which gameplay is experienced from a third - person view. The game is set in an open world environment and features cooperative gameplay with up to three other players Development and release ( edit ) State of Decay 2 is being developed by Undead Labs and published by Microsoft Studios. The game is being developed using Unreal Engine 4. The game was announced on June 13, 2016, at Microsoft 's E3 Xbox briefing. The game was scheduled to be released in 2017 for Windows 10 and the Xbox One video game console. At Microsoft 's E3 2017 Xbox briefing, it was announced that the game would release in 2018 on March 15. Additionally, the game will also be available to play at no cost to Xbox Game Pass subscribers at the game 's release, as with all forthcoming Microsoft Studios titles. State of Decay will also be sold as an Xbox Play - Anywhere title, as well as cross-play support between Windows 10 and Xbox players. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McCaffrey, Ryan ( March 6, 2018 ). `` State of Decay 2 Release Date, Price Announced IGN First ''. IGN. Retrieved March 6, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Reynolds, Matthew ( June 13, 2016 ). `` State of Decay 2 is coming to Xbox One and Windows 10 in 2017 ''. Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Retrieved June 15, 2016. Jump up ^ Newhouse, Alex ; Fillari, Alessandro ( June 11, 2017 ). `` E3 2017 : State Of Decay 2 Release Date Announced ; Xbox One And Windows 10 Exclusive ''. GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved December 16, 2017. Jump up ^ McCaffrey, Ryan ( June 13, 2016 ). `` E3 2016 : State of Decay 2 Is 4 - Player Co-op, Is n't an MMO ''. IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved June 15, 2016. Jump up ^ Phil Spencer ( January 23, 2018 ). `` Xbox Game Pass Expands To Include New Releases From Microsoft Studios ''. news.xbox.com. Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved January 23, 2018. External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_of_Decay_2&oldid=832440836 '' Categories : Cooperative video games Microsoft games Multiplayer and single - player video games Open world video games Post-apocalyptic video games Survival video games Unreal Engine games Upcoming video games scheduled for 2018 Video game sequels Windows games Xbox One games Xbox Play Anywhere games Zombie video games Video games scored by Jesper Kyd Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018, at 01 : 23. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "State of Decay 2", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=State_of_Decay_2&amp;oldid=832440836" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Developer ( s ) Undead Labs Publisher ( s ) Microsoft Studios Engine Unreal Engine 4 Platform ( s ) Windows, Xbox One Release May 22, 2018 Genre ( s ) Survival Mode ( s ) Single - player, multiplayer State of Decay 2 is an upcoming survival video game developed by Undead Labs and published by Microsoft Studios. It is a sequel to the 2013 video game State of Decay. The game is scheduled to be released on May 22, 2018 for Windows and Xbox One. Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Development and release 3 References 4 External links Gameplay ( edit ) State of Decay 2 is a zombie survival game in which gameplay is experienced from a third - person view. The game is set in an open world environment and features cooperative gameplay with up to three other players Development and release ( edit ) State of Decay 2 is being developed by Undead Labs and published by Microsoft Studios. The game is being developed using Unreal Engine 4. The game was announced on June 13" ], "id": [ "5606840938894349360" ], "short_answers": [ "May 22, 2018" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Federal Ministry of Science and Technology - Wikipedia Federal Ministry of Science and Technology Federal Ministry of Science and Technology Coat of arms of Nigeria Agency overview Jurisdiction Government of Nigeria Headquarters Federal Secretariat Abuja Minister responsible Dr. Ogbonnaya Onu Website www.scienceandtech.gov.ng The Federal Ministry of Science & Technology is a Nigerian ministry whose mission is to facilitate the development and deployment of science and technology apparatus to enhance the pace of socio - economic development of the country through appropriate technological inputs into productive activities in the nation. It is headed by a Minister appointed by the President, assisted by a Permanent Secretary, who is a career civil servant. President Muhammadu Buhari, GCFR on November 11, 2015 swore in Dr. Christopher Ogbonnaya Onu as the Minister of Science and Technology with Dr. ( Mrs ) Amina Muhammed Bello Shamaki as the permanent secretary in the ministry. Contents 1 Activities 2 Departments 3 Parastatals 4 See also 5 References Activities ( edit ) The ministry engages in the following activities : Formulation, monitoring and review of the National Policy on Science, Technology and Innovation to attain the macro-economic and social objectives of Vision 20 : 2020 as it relates to science and technology ; Acquisition and application of Science, Technology and Innovation contribution to increase agricultural and livestock productivity ; Increasing energy reliance through sustainable Research and Development ( R&D ) in nuclear, renewable and alternative energy sources for peaceful and development purposes ; Promotion of wealth creation through support to key industrial and manufacturing sectors ; Creation of Technology infrastructure and knowledge base of facilitate its wide application for development ; Application of natural medicine resources and technologies for health sector development ; Acquisition and application of Space Science and Technology as a key driver of economic development ; and Ensuring the impact of R&D results in the Nigerian economy through the promotion of indigenous research capacity to facilitate technology transfer. The Computers for All Nigerians Initiative ( CANi ) program is focused on enhancing Nigeria 's economic and social foundation by supplying access to personal computer s ( PCs ) and internet to its citizens. It is a joint effort between the Federal Ministry of Science and Technology ( FMST ) and the National Information Technology and Development Agency ( NITDA ) with local banks and PC producers, as well as private technology companies like Intel and Microsoft. Departments ( edit ) Human Resources Management ; Finance and Accounts ; Planning Research and Policy Analysis ; Health and Bio-Medical Sciences ; Technology Acquisition and Adaptation ; Renewable and Conventional Energy Technology ; Information and Communication Technology ; General Services ; Special Duties ; Reform Coordination and Service Improvement ; Procurement ; Chemical Technology ; Bio-resources Technology ; Science and Technology Promotion ; Environmental and Science Technology. Parastatals ( edit ) The Ministry is responsible for a number of parastatals, or government - owned agencies : National Board For Technology Incubation ( NBTI ) Energy Commission of Nigeria ( ECN ) The Nigerian Institute of Science Laboratory Technology ( NISLT ) - www.nislt.gov.ng Nigerian Institute For Trypanosomiasis And Onchocerciasis ( NITR ) National Biotechnology Development Agency ( NABDA ) National Centre For Technology Management ( NACETEM ) National Office For Technology Acquisition And Promotion ( NOTAP ) Nigerian Natural Medicine Development Agency ( NNMDA ) National Space Research and Development Agency ( NARSDA ) Raw Materials Research and Development Council ( RMRDC ), Abuja Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute ( NBBRI ) National Institute of Leather Science and Technology ( NILEST ), Samaru Zaria National Research Institute for Chemical Technology ( NARICT ), Zaria Sheda Science and Technology Complex ( SHESTCO ), Abuja Project Development Institute ( PRODA ), Enugu Federal Institute of Food & Industrial Research, Oshodi ( FIIRO ) National Agency for Science and Engineering Infrastructure ( NASENI ), Abuja See also ( edit ) Nigerian Civil Service Federal Ministries of Nigeria References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Ministry of Science & Technology ''. Federal Ministry of Science & Technology. Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 31. Jump up ^ Intel Corporation ( 2007 ). Bridging the Digital Divide in Nigeria. ( PDF ). White Paper. Retrieved 20 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Parastatals ''. Federal Ministry of Science & Technology. Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 31. Federal Ministries of Nigeria Federal ministries Agriculture Aviation Commerce and Industry Defence Education Energy ( Gas, Petroleum and Power ) Environment Federal Capital Territory Finance Foreign Affairs Health Information & Communications Interior Justice Labour Lands, Housing & Urban Development Mines and Steel Development Niger Delta Science & Technology Transportation Tourism, Culture & National Orientation Water Resources Women Affairs Works Youth Development Commissions Federal Civil Service National Sports National Planning Police Affairs Police Formation and Command State House This article about government in Nigeria is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology&oldid=856544360 '' Categories : Federal Ministries of Nigeria Science and technology in Nigeria Nigerian government stubs Science and technology ministries Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018, at 00 : 17 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Federal Ministry of Science and Technology", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Federal_Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology&amp;oldid=856544360" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "7779335849721390680" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Zakat al - Fitr - wikipedia Zakat al - Fitr This article is about the Islamic charitable donation given on Eid al - Fitr. For the obligatory annual charitable donation in Islam, see Zakat. Zakat al - Fitr is charity given to the poor at the end of the fasting in the Islamic holy month of Ramadan. The Arabic word Fitr means the same as iftar, breaking a fast, and it comes from the same root word as Futoor which means breakfast. Zakat al - Fitr is a smaller levy than Zakat al - Mal. Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 2 Significance 3 Purpose 4 Conditions 5 Rate 6 References 7 External links Classification ( edit ) Sadaqat al - Fitr is a duty which is wajib ( required ) of every Muslim, whether male or female, minor or adult as long as he / she has the means to do so. According to Islamic tradition ( Sunnah ), Ibn ' Umar said that the Islamic Prophet Muhammad made Zakat al - Fitr compulsory on every slave, freeman, male, female, young and old among the Muslims ; one Saa ` of dried dates or one Saa ` of barley. The head of the household may pay the required amount for the other members. Abu Sa'eed al - Khudree said : On behalf of our young and old, free men and slaves, we used to take out during Allah 's Messenger 's ( upon whom be God 's peace and blessings ) lifetime one Saa ` of grain, cheese or raisins ``. Significance ( edit ) The significant role played by Zakat in the circulation of wealth within the Islamic society is also played by the Sadaqat al - Fitr. However, in the case of Sadaqat al - Fitr, each individual is required to calculate how much charity is due from himself and his dependents and go into the community in order to find those who deserve such charity. Thus, Sadaqat al - Fitr plays a very important role in the development of the bonds of community. The rich are obliged to come in direct contact with the poor, and the poor are put in contact with the extremely poor. This contact between the various levels of society helps to build real bonds of brotherhood and love within the Islamic community and trains those who have, to be generous to those who do not have. Purpose ( edit ) The main purpose of Zakat al - Fitr is to provide the poor which they can celebrate the festival of breaking the fast ( ` Eid al - Fitr ) along with the rest of the Muslims. Every Muslim is required to pay Zakat al - Fitr at the conclusion of the month of Ramadan as a token of thankfulness to God for having enabled him or her to observe the obligatory fast. Its purpose is : As a levy on the fasting person. This is based on the hadith : The Prophet of Allah said, `` The fasting of the month of fasting will be hanging between earth and heavens and it will not be raised up to the Divine Presence without paying the Zakat al - Fitr. '' To purify those who fast from any indecent act or speech and to help the poor and needy. The latter view is based upon the hadith from Ibn ` Abbas who related, `` The Prophet of Allah enjoined Zakat al - Fitr on those who fast to shield them from any indecent act or speech, and for the purpose of providing food for the needy. It is accepted as Zakah for the one who pays it before the ` Eid prayer, and it is sadaqah for the one who pays it after the prayer. '' Conditions ( edit ) Zakat al - Fitr is only Wajib for a particular period of time. If one misses the time period without a good reason, he has sinned and can not make it up. This form of charity becomes obligatory from sunset on the last day of fasting and remains obligatory until the beginning of ` Eid Prayer ( i.e. shortly after sunrise on the following day ). However, it can be paid prior to the above - mentioned period, as many of the Sahabah ( companions of the Prophet ) used to pay Sadaqah al - Fitr a couple days before the ` Eid. After the spread of Islam the jurists permitted its payment from the beginning and middle of Ramadan so as to ensure that the Zakat al - Fitr reached its beneficiaries on the day of ` Eid. It is particularly emphasized that the distribution be before the ` Eid prayers in order that the needy who receive are able to use the fitr to provide for their dependents on the day of ` Eid. Nafi ` reported that the Prophet 's companion Ibn ' Umar used to give it to those who would accept it and the people used to give it a day or two before the ` Eid. ( Bukhari - Arabic / English, Vol. 2, p. 339, no. 579 ) Ibn ' Umar reported that the Prophet ordered that it ( Zakat al - Fitr ) be given before people go to perform the ( ` Eid ) prayers. One who forgets to pay this Zakat al - Fitr on time should do so as soon as possible even though it will not be counted as Zakat al - Fitr. Rate ( edit ) The amount of Zakat is the same for everyone regardless of their different income brackets. The minimum amount is one sa ` ( four double handfuls ) of food, grain or dried fruit for each member of the family. This calculation is based on Ibn ' Umar 's report that the Prophet made Zakat al - Fitr compulsory and payable by a sa ` of dried dates or a sa ` of barley. Cash equivalent ( of the food weight ) may also be given if food collection and distribution is unavailable in that particular country. A companion of Mohammed, Abu Sa ` eed al - Khudree said, `` In the Prophet 's time, we used to give it ( Zakatal - Fitr ) as a sa ` of food, dried dates, barley, raisins or dried cheese ''. ( According to the majority of Sunni scholars One Sa'a is approximately between 2.6 kg to 3 kg. ) The distribution of Zakat al - Fitr is the same as that of Zakah, and is included within its broader sense. Those who may receive Zakat al - Fitr are the eight categories of recipients mentioned in Surat Al - Tawbah, ( 9 : 60 ). They include : the poor the needy, collectors of Zakah, reconciliation of hearts, freeing captives / slaves ( fee al - Riqab ), debtors those fighting for a religious cause or a cause of God ( Fī Sabīlillāh ) or for Jihad in the way of Allah the traveler. Zakat al - Fitr must go to the above - mentioned categories. The Zakat al - mal can not be used for any other such things either. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sahih al - Bukhari, 2 : 25 : 579 Jump up ^ Sahih al - Bukhari, 2 : 25 : 582 Jump up ^ ( Abu Dawood - Eng. transl. vol. 2, p. 421, no. 1605 - rated Sahih ) Jump up ^ Paying the Fitr islamhouse.com Muhammed Salih Al - Munajjid www.islam-qa.com 2009 Jump up ^ ( Bukhari - Arabic / English vol. 2, p. 340, no. 582 ) Jump up ^ M.A. Mohamed Salih ( Editor : Alexander De Waal ) ( 2004 ). Islamism and its enemies in the Horn of Africa. Indiana University Press. pp. 148 -- 149. ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34403 - 8. Jump up ^ https://books.google.com.au/books?id=UcAcdx1NA34C&pg=PA245&lpg=PA245&dq=%22Fisabillillah%22&source=bl&ots=qjhRN8oqox&sig=DH2jJxxabQYymEXngPz2RDFAcy0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dAzdVN-dIYPq8gXWo4HYBw&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Fisabillillah%22&f=false Jump up ^ Benda - Beckmann, Franz von ( 2007 ). Social security between past and future : Ambonese networks of care and support. LIT Verlag, Münster. p. 167. ISBN 978 - 3 - 8258 - 0718 - 4. Quote : Zakat literally means that which purifies. It is a form of sacrifice which purifies worldly goods from their worldly and sometimes impure means of acquisition, and which, according to God 's wish, must be channelled towards the community. Jump up ^ T.W. Juynboll, Handleiding tot de Kennis van de Mohaamedaansche Wet volgens de Leer der Sjafiitische School, 3rd Edition, Brill Academic, pp 85 - 88 External links ( edit ) Zakaah al - Fitr Zakat al Fitr Zakat al - Fitr Book ( in French ) The divergence concerning the validity of payment of the zakat ul fitr in money ( at-tawhid.net ) About Saa ` in Arabic Wikipedia Ramadan Background Ramadan ( calendar month ) Fasting during Ramadan Zakat al - Fitr Fidyah and Kaffara Meals Suhur ( before sunrise ) Iftar ( after sunset ) Prayers and observances Tarawih Iʿtikāf Laylat al - Qadr Jumu'atul - Wida Laylat al - Jaiza Eid al - Fitr Ramadan culture Date ( fruit ) Chaand Raat Fanous Fast - a-Thon Gargee'an Mheibes Ramadan tent Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zakat_al-Fitr&oldid=846234264 '' Categories : Ramadan Zakat Islamic terminology Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with French - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Авар Azərbaycanca বাংলা Deutsch فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa Bahasa Melayu Română Русский سنڌي ไทย اردو 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018, at 09 : 49. About Wikipedia", "title": "Zakat al-Fitr", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Zakat_al-Fitr&amp;oldid=846234264" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Zakat al - Fitr - wikipedia Zakat al - Fitr This article is about the Islamic charitable donation given on Eid al - Fitr. For the obligatory annual charitable donation in Islam, see Zakat. Zakat al - Fitr is charity given to the poor at the end of the fasting in the Islamic holy month of Ramadan. The Arabic word Fitr means the same as iftar, breaking a fast, and it comes from the same root word as Futoor which means breakfast. Zakat al - Fitr is a smaller levy than Zakat al - Mal. Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 2 Significance 3 Purpose 4 Conditions 5 Rate 6 References 7 External links Classification ( edit ) Sadaqat al - Fitr is a duty which is wajib ( required ) of every Muslim," ], "id": [ "7341239781291704658" ], "short_answers": [ "Zakat al-Fitr" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Executive privilege - wikipedia Executive privilege Jump to : navigation, search Constitutional Law of the United States Overview Articles Amendments History Judicial review Principles Separation of powers Individual rights Rule of law Federalism Republicanism Government structure Legislative branch Executive branch Judicial branch State government Local government Individual rights Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Freedom of assembly Right to petition Freedom of association Right to keep and bear arms Right to trial by jury Criminal procedural rights Right to privacy Freedom from slavery Due process Equal protection Citizenship Voting rights Theory Living Constitution Originalism Purposivism Textualism Strict constructionism Executive privilege is the power of the President of the United States and other members of the executive branch of the United States Government to resist certain subpoenas and other interventions by the legislative and judicial branches of government in pursuit of information or personnel relating to the executive. The power of Congress or the federal courts to obtain such information is not mentioned explicitly in the United States Constitution, nor is there any explicit mention in the Constitution of an executive privilege to resist such requests from Congress or courts. The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled this privilege may qualify as an element of the separation of powers doctrine, derived from the supremacy of the executive branch in its own area of Constitutional activity. The Supreme Court confirmed the legitimacy of this doctrine in United States v. Nixon in the context of a subpoena emanating from the judiciary, instead of emanating from Congress. The Court held that there is a qualified privilege, which can be invoked and thereby creates a presumption of privilege, and the party seeking the documents must then make a `` sufficient showing '' that the `` Presidential material '' is `` essential to the justice of the case '' ( 418 U.S. at 713 -- 14 ). Chief Justice Warren Burger further stated that executive privilege would most effectively apply when the oversight of the executive would impair that branch 's national security concerns. Regarding requests from Congress ( instead of from courts ) for executive branch information, as of a 2014 study by the Congressional Research Service, only two federal court cases had addressed the merits of executive privilege in such a context, and neither of those cases reached the Supreme Court. In addition to which branch of government is requesting the information, another characteristic of executive privilege is whether it involves a `` presidential communications privilege '' or instead a `` deliberative process privilege '' or some other type of privilege. The deliberative process privilege is often considered to be rooted in common law, whereas the presidential communications privilege is often considered to be rooted in separation of powers thus making the deliberative process privilege less difficult to overcome. Generally speaking, presidents, congresses and courts have historically tended to sidestep open confrontations through compromise and mutual deference, in view of previous practice and precedents regarding the exercise of executive privilege. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early precedents 2 Cold War era 3 United States v. Nixon 4 Post-Watergate era 4.1 Reagan administration 4.2 George H.W. Bush administration 4.3 Clinton administration 4.4 George W. Bush administration 4.5 Obama administration 4.5. 1 House investigation of the SEC 4.6 Trump administration 5 See also 6 References Early precedents ( edit ) Deliberative process privilege is a specific instance of the more general principle of executive privilege. It is usually considered to be based upon common law rather than separation of powers, and its history traces back to the English crown privilege ( now known as public - interest immunity ). In contrast, the presidential communications privilege is another specific instance of executive privilege, usually considered as being based upon separation of powers, and for that reason it is more difficult to overcome than deliberative process privilege. A significant requirement of the presidential communications privilege is that it can only protect communications sent or received by the President or his immediate advisors, whereas the deliberative process privilege may extend further down the chain of command. In the context of privilege assertions by US presidents, law professor Michael Dorf has written : `` In 1796, President George Washington refused to comply with a request by the House of Representatives for documents related to the negotiation of the then - recently adopted Jay Treaty with the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Senate alone plays a role in the ratification of treaties, Washington reasoned, and therefore the House had no legitimate claim to the material. Therefore, Washington provided the documents to the Senate but not the House. '' President Thomas Jefferson continued the precedent for this in the trial of Aaron Burr for treason in 1809. Burr asked the court to issue a subpoena duces tecum to compel Jefferson to testify or provide his private letters concerning Burr. Chief Justice John Marshall, a strong proponent of the powers of the federal government but also a political opponent of Jefferson, ruled that the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution, which allows for these sorts of court orders for criminal defendants, did not provide any exception for the president. As for Jefferson 's claim that disclosure of the document would imperil public safety, Marshall held that the court, not the president, would be the judge of that. Jefferson refused to personally testify but provided selected letters. In 1833, President Andrew Jackson cited executive privilege when Senator Henry Clay demanded he produce documents concerning statements the president made to his cabinet about the removal of federal deposits from the Second Bank of the United States during the Bank War. Cold War era ( edit ) During the period of 1947 -- 49, several major security cases became known to Congress. There followed a series of investigations, culminating in the famous Hiss - Chambers case of 1948. At that point, the Truman Administration issued a sweeping secrecy order blocking congressional efforts from FBI and other executive data on security problems. Security files were moved to the White House and Administration officials were banned from testifying before Congress on security related matters. Investigation of the State Department and other cases was stymied and the matter left unresolved. During the Army -- McCarthy hearings in 1954, Eisenhower used the claim of executive privilege to forbid the `` provision of any data about internal conversations, meetings, or written communication among staffers, with no exception to topics or people. '' Department of Defense employees were also instructed not to testify on any such conversations or produce any such documents or reproductions. This was done to refuse the McCarthy Committee subpoenas of transcripts of monitored telephone calls from Army officials, as well as information on meetings between Eisenhower officials relating to the hearings. This was done in the form of a letter from Eisenhower to the Department of Defense and an accompanying memo from Eisenhower Justice. The reasoning behind the order was that there was a need for `` candid '' exchanges among executive employees in giving `` advice '' to one another. In the end, Eisenhower would invoke the claim 44 times between 1955 and 1960. United States v. Nixon ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Supreme Court addressed `` executive privilege '' in United States v. Nixon, the 1974 case involving the demand by Watergate special prosecutor Archibald Cox that President Richard Nixon produce the audiotapes of conversations he and his colleagues had in the Oval Office of the White House in connection with criminal charges being brought against members of the Nixon Administration. Nixon invoked the privilege and refused to produce any records. The Supreme Court did not reject the claim of privilege out of hand ; it noted, in fact, `` the valid need for protection of communications between high Government officials and those who advise and assist them in the performance of their manifold duties '' and that `` ( h ) uman experience teaches that those who expect public dissemination of their remarks may well temper candor with a concern for appearances and for their own interests to the detriment of the decisionmaking process. '' This is very similar to the logic that the Court had used in establishing an `` executive immunity '' defense for high office - holders charged with violating citizens ' constitutional rights in the course of performing their duties. The Supreme Court stated : `` To read the Article II powers of the President as providing an absolute privilege as against a subpoena essential to enforcement of criminal statutes on no more than a generalized claim of the public interest in confidentiality of nonmilitary and nondiplomatic discussions would upset the constitutional balance of ' a workable government ' and gravely impair the role of the courts under Article III. '' Because Nixon had asserted only a generalized need for confidentiality, the Court held that the larger public interest in obtaining the truth in the context of a criminal prosecution took precedence. `` Once executive privilege is asserted, coequal branches of the Government are set on a collision course. The Judiciary is forced into the difficult task of balancing the need for information in a judicial proceeding and the Executive 's Article II prerogatives. This inquiry places courts in the awkward position of evaluating the Executive 's claims of confidentiality and autonomy, and pushes to the fore difficult questions of separation of powers and checks and balances. These ' occasion ( s ) for constitutional confrontation between the two branches ' are likely to be avoided whenever possible. United States v. Nixon, supra, at 692. '' Post-watergate era ( edit ) Reagan administration ( edit ) In November 1982, President Ronald Reagan signed a directive regarding congressional requests for information. Reagan wrote that if Congress seeks information potentially subject to executive privilege, then executive branch officials should `` request the congressional body to hold its request in abeyance '' until the president decides whether to invoke the privilege. George H.W. Bush administration ( edit ) Prior to becoming Attorney General of the United States in 1991, Deputy Attorney General William P. Barr issued guidance in 1989 about responding to congressional requests for confidential executive branch information. He wrote : `` Only when the accommodation process fails to resolve a dispute and a subpoena is issued does it become necessary for the president to consider asserting executive privilege ''. Clinton administration ( edit ) The Clinton administration invoked executive privilege on fourteen occasions. In 1998, President Bill Clinton became the first president since Nixon to assert executive privilege and lose in court, when a federal judge ruled that Clinton aides could be called to testify in the Lewinsky scandal. Later, Clinton exercised a form of negotiated executive privilege when he agreed to testify before the grand jury called by Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr only after negotiating the terms under which he would appear. Declaring that `` absolutely no one is above the law '', Starr said such a privilege `` must give way '' and evidence `` must be turned over '' to prosecutors if it is relevant to an investigation. George W. Bush administration ( edit ) The Bush administration invoked executive privilege on six occasions. President George W. Bush first asserted executive privilege to deny disclosure of sought details regarding former Attorney General Janet Reno, the scandal involving Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) misuse of organized - crime informants James J. Bulger and Stephen Flemmi in Boston, and Justice Department deliberations about President Bill Clinton 's fundraising tactics, in December 2001. Bush invoked executive privilege `` in substance '' in refusing to disclose the details of Vice President Dick Cheney 's meetings with energy executives, which was not appealed by the GAO. In a separate Supreme Court decision in 2004, however, Justice Anthony Kennedy noted `` Executive privilege is an extraordinary assertion of power ' not to be lightly invoked. ' United States v. Reynolds, 345 U.S. 1, 7 ( 1953 ). Further, on June 28, 2007, Bush invoked executive privilege in response to congressional subpoenas requesting documents from former presidential counsel Harriet Miers and former political director Sara Taylor, citing that : The reason for these distinctions rests upon a bedrock presidential prerogative : for the President to perform his constitutional duties, it is imperative that he receive candid and unfettered advice and that free and open discussions and deliberations occur among his advisors and between those advisors and others within and outside the Executive Branch. On July 9, 2007, Bush again invoked executive privilege to block a congressional subpoena requiring the testimonies of Taylor and Miers. Furthermore, White House Counsel Fred F. Fielding refused to comply with a deadline set by the chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee to explain its privilege claim, prove that the president personally invoked it, and provide logs of which documents were being withheld. On July 25, 2007, the House Judiciary Committee voted to cite Miers and White House Chief of Staff Joshua Bolten for contempt of Congress. On July 13, less than a week after claiming executive privilege for Miers and Taylor, Counsel Fielding effectively claimed the privilege once again, this time in relation to documents related to the 2004 death of Army Ranger Pat Tillman. In a letter to the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Fielding claimed certain papers relating to discussion of the friendly - fire shooting `` implicate Executive Branch confidentiality interests '' and would therefore not be turned over to the committee. On August 1, 2007, Bush invoked the privilege for the fourth time in little over a month, this time rejecting a subpoena for Karl Rove. The subpoena would have required the President 's Senior Advisor to testify before the Senate Judiciary Committee in a probe over fired federal prosecutors. In a letter to Senate Judiciary Chairman Patrick Leahy, Fielding claimed that `` Mr. Rove, as an immediate presidential advisor, is immune from compelled congressional testimony about matters that arose during his tenure and that relate to his official duties in that capacity... '' Leahy claimed that President Bush was not involved with the employment terminations of U.S. attorneys. Furthermore, he asserted that the president 's executive privilege claims protecting Josh Bolten, and Karl Rove are illegal. The Senator demanded that Bolten, Rove, Sara Taylor, and J. Scott Jennings comply `` immediately '' with their subpoenas, presumably to await a further review of these matters. This development paved the way for a Senate panel vote on whether to advance the citations to the full Senate. `` It is obvious that the reasons given for these firings were contrived as part of a cover - up and that the stonewalling by the White House is part and parcel of that same effort '', Leahy concluded about these incidents. As of July 17, 2008, Rove still claimed executive privilege to avoid a congressional subpoena. Rove 's lawyer wrote that his client is `` constitutionally immune from compelled congressional testimony. '' Obama administration ( edit ) On June 20, 2012, President Barack Obama asserted executive privilege, his first, to withhold certain Department of Justice documents related to the ongoing Operation Fast and Furious controversy ahead of a United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform vote to hold Attorney General Eric Holder in Contempt of Congress for refusing to produce the documents. Later the same day, the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform voted 23 -- 17 along party lines to hold Attorney General Holder in contempt of Congress over not releasing documents regarding Fast and Furious. Executive privilege was also used in a lawsuit stemming from the 2012 implementation of the `` Net Worth Sweep '' against Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The Obama administration did not disclose roughly 11,000 documents from the plaintiffs in the discovery process as they related to the reasoning behind the 2012 actions. House investigation of the SEC ( edit ) Leaders of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission testified on February 4, 2009 before the United States House Committee on Financial Services subcommittee including Linda Chatman Thomsen S.E.C. enforcement director, acting General Counsel Andy Vollmer, Andrew Donohue, Erik Sirri, and Lori Richards and Stephen Luparello of FINRA. The subject of the hearings were on why the SEC had failed to act when Harry Markopolos, a private fraud investigator from Boston alerted the Securities and Exchange Commission ; detailing his persistent and unsuccessful efforts to get the SEC to investigate Bernard Madoff, beginning in 1999. Vollmer claimed executive privilege in declining to answer some questions. Subcommittee chairman Paul E. Kanjorski asked Mr. Vollmer if he had obtained executive privilege from the U.S. Attorney General. `` No... this is the position of the agency, '' said Vollmer. `` Did the SEC instruct him not to respond to questions? '' Mr. Kanjorski asked. Vollmer replied that it was the position of the Commission and that `` the answer is no. '' The SEC announced Vollmer would `` leave the Commission and return to the private sector, '' just 14 days after making the claim. Trump administration ( edit ) While investigating Russian interference in the 2016 election, the Senate Intelligence Committee subpoenaed former FBI Director James Comey to testify. Comey was fired several weeks before being subpoenaed but had appeared before the committee once before in March while still serving as director. Less than a week before the scheduled hearing, it was reported that President Trump was considering invoking executive privilege to prevent Comey 's testimony. According to attorney Page Pate, it seemed unlikely that executive privilege would be applicable here, as Trump had publicly spoken about the encounters in question multiple times. Sarah Huckabee Sanders, a White House spokesman, released a statement on June 5 stating : `` The president 's power to assert executive privilege is very well - established. However, in order to facilitate a swift and thorough examination of the facts sought by the Senate Intelligence Committee, President Trump will not assert executive privilege regarding James Comey 's scheduled testimony. '' Also in June 2017, other officials in the Trump administration, including Dan Coats and Jeff Sessions, declined to describe in congressional hearings conversations they had with President Trump, on the ground that they wanted Trump to have an opportunity to decide whether to invoke executive privilege. According to Robert S. Litt, former general counsel of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence in the Obama administration, this argument may be legitimate under the presidential communications privilege : ( T ) he privilege belongs to the President, and inferior officers should not take it upon themselves to disclose such communications without express permission from the White House. Certainly that is how these issues were handled in the Obama Administration : when Congress asked an agency for information about presidential communications, as it often did, the agency consulted with the White House to see if there were objections to responding. Democratic members of Congress emphasized that they were not seeking classified information, and strongly objected to the rationale given by the officials of the Trump administration. See also ( edit ) State secrets privilege Attorney -- client privilege References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cox, Archibald. `` Executive Privilege '', University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Volume 122, page 1384 ( 1974 ). Jump up ^ Chief Justice Burger, writing for the majority in US v. Nixon noted : `` Whatever the nature of the privilege of confidentiality of Presidential communications in the exercise of Art. II powers, the privilege can be said to derive from the supremacy of each branch within its own assigned area of constitutional duties. Certain powers and privileges flow from the nature of enumerated powers ; the protection of the confidentiality of Presidential communications has similar constitutional underpinnings. United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 ( 1974 ) ( Supreme Court opinion at FindLaw ) ^ Jump up to : United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 ( 1974 ) ( Supreme Court opinion at FindLaw ) ^ Jump up to : Garvey, Todd. Presidential Claims of Executive Privilege : History, Law, Practice, and Recent Developments, Congressional Research Service, p. 1 ( 2014 ). Jump up ^ Senate Select Comm. on Presidential Campaign Activities v. Nixon, 498 F. 2d 725 ( D.C. Cir. 1974 ) ; Comm. on the Judiciary v. Miers, 558 F. Supp. 2d 53 ( D.D.C. 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Narayan, S. `` Proper Assertion of the Deliberative Process Principle ''. fordham.edu. p. 6. Retrieved June 3, 2017. Jump up ^ Dorf, Michael ( February 6, 2002 ). `` A Brief History Of Executive Privilege, From George Washington Through Dick Cheney ''. Findlaw. Retrieved June 3, 2017. Jump up ^ David and Jeanne Heidler, Henry Clay : The Essential American ( 2010 ) p. 264 Jump up ^ Blacklisted by History p. 575 Jump up ^ Holding, Reynolds. Time, March 21, 2007. Holding, Reynolds ( March 21, 2007 ). `` The Executive Privilege Showdown ''. Time. Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 27. ^ Jump up to : Savage, Charlie. `` Explaining Executive Privilege and Sessions 's Refusal to Answer Questions '', New York Times ( June 15, 2017 ). Jump up ^ Reagan, Ronald. `` Procedures Governing Responses to Congressional Requests for Information '', The White House ( November 4, 1982 ). Jump up ^ Barr, William. `` Congressional Requests for Confidential Executive Branch Information '', U.S. Department of Justice ( June 19, 1989 ). Jump up ^ Baker, Peter ; and Schmidt, Susan. `` President is Denied Executive Privilege ''. The Washington Post. July 22, 1998. Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 27. Washington Post, May 6, 1998. Jump up ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay ( June 29, 2007 ). `` Bush Asserts Executive Privilege on Subpoenas ''. Retrieved June 3, 2017 -- via NYTimes.com. Jump up ^ Lewis, Neil A. ( 2001 - 12 - 14 ). `` Bush Claims Executive Privilege in Response to House Inquiry ''. New York Times. Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17. Jump up ^ `` White House refuses to answer subpoenas ''. msn.com. June 28, 2007. Retrieved June 3, 2017. Jump up ^ `` House inches toward constitutional showdown with contempt vote ''. Politics. CNN. July 25, 2007. Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25. Jump up ^ `` House Judiciary Reports Contempt Citations to the House of Representatives '' ( Press release ). U.S. House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary. July 25, 2007. Archived from the original on July 25, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2007. Jump up ^ `` White House Rebuffs Congress on Tillman Papers ''. Politics. The Seattle Times. August 1, 2007. Archived from the original on May 10, 2008. Retrieved August 1, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Bush wo n't let aide Rove testify to Congress ''. Politics. Reuters. August 1, 2007. Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Leahy : Bush not involved in firings ''. Yahoo! News. Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Leahy : Rove, others must comply with subpoenas ''. CNN. Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Leahy again orders Karl Rove to appear ''. Bennington Banner. Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Leahy again demands U.S. attorney info ''. Earth Times. Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Rove ignores committee 's subpoena, refuses to testify ''. CNN. July 10, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 10. Jump up ^ Jackson, David ( June 20, 2012 ). `` Obama team : ' Fast and Furious ' documents are privileged ''. USA Today. Retrieved 20 June 2012. Jump up ^ Savage, Charlie ( June 8, 2012 ). `` House Recommends Contempt for Holder ''. The New York Times. Retrieved June 6, 2017. Jump up ^ Madhani and Davis, Aamer and Susan ( June 20, 2012 ). `` House panel votes to cite Holder for contempt of Congress ''. USA Today. Retrieved 20 June 2012. Jump up ^ Henriques, Diana ( February 4, 2009 ). `` Anger and Drama at a House Hearing on Madoff ''. The New York Times. ^ Jump up to : Jamieson, Dan ( February 4, 2009 ). `` SEC officials dodge questions ; one claims privilege ''. InvestmentNews. Jump up ^ Ahrens, Frank ( February 5, 2009 ). `` Lawmakers Sink Teeth Into the SEC : Agency Mocked for Not Catching Madoff ''. The Washington Post. pp. D01. Jump up ^ `` Acting General Counsel Andrew Vollmer to Leave SEC ''. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Feb 18, 2009. Retrieved 6 March 2009. Jump up ^ `` Error ''. CNN. Retrieved June 3, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Trump Reviewing Whether to Block Comey Testimony to Senate ''. June 2, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2017 -- via www.bloomberg.com. Jump up ^ Pate, Page ( June 2, 2017 ). `` Trump ca n't stop Comey with executive privilege ''. CNN. Retrieved June 3, 2017. Jump up ^ `` White House : Trump will not assert executive privilege to block Comey 's testimony ''. POLITICO. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05. Jump up ^ Litt, Robert. `` Some Thoughts on the Coats - Rogers Testimony and Executive Privilege '', Lawfare ( blog ) ( June 8, 2017 ). Jump up ^ Barrett, Paul. `` Why Trump 's Intel Chiefs Can Stonewall Congress '', Bloomberg News ( June 8, 2017 ). Jump up ^ Zapotosky, Matt. `` Jeff Sessions finds a shield in executive privilege -- but it might not be a strong one '', Washington Post ( June 13, 2017 ). ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Executive_privilege&oldid=803858240 '' Categories : Presidency of the United States Legal doctrines and principles United States executive privilege case law Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Use mdy dates from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017, at 02 : 33. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Executive privilege", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Executive_privilege&amp;oldid=803858240" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Textualism Strict constructionism Executive privilege is the power of the President of the United States and other members of the executive branch of the United States Government to resist certain subpoenas and other interventions by the legislative and judicial branches of government in pursuit of information or personnel relating to the executive. The power of Congress or the federal courts to obtain such information is not mentioned explicitly in the United States Constitution, nor is there any explicit mention in the Constitution of an executive privilege to resist such requests from Congress or courts. The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled this privilege may qualify as an element of the separation of powers doctrine, derived from the supremacy of the executive branch in its own area of Constitutional activity. The Supreme Court confirmed the legitimacy of this doctrine in United States v. Nixon in the context of a subpoena emanating from the judiciary, instead of emanating from Congress. The Court held that there is a qualified privilege, which can be invoked and thereby creates a presumption of privilege, and the party seeking the documents must then make a `` sufficient showing '' that the `` Presidential material '' is `` essential to the justice of the case '' ( 418 U.S. at 713 -- 14 ). Chief Justice Warren Burger further stated that executive privilege would most effectively apply when the oversight of the executive would impair that branch 's national security concerns. Regarding requests from Congress (" ], "id": [ "12821099024809257312" ], "short_answers": [ "this privilege may qualify as an element of the separation of powers doctrine, derived from the supremacy of the executive branch in its own area of Constitutional activity" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Book Thief ( film ) - wikipedia The Book Thief ( film ) Jump to : navigation, search The Book Thief Theatrical release poster Directed by Brian Percival Produced by Karen Rosenfelt Ken Blancato Screenplay by Michael Petroni Trudy White ( novel ) Based on The Book Thief by Markus Zusak Starring Geoffrey Rush Emily Watson Sophie Nélisse Narrated by Roger Allam Music by John Williams Cinematography Florian Ballhaus Edited by John Wilson Production company Fox 2000 Pictures Sunswept Entertainment Studio Babelsberg TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date October 3, 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) ( Mill Valley Film Festival ) November 27, 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 27 ) ( United States ) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Germany Language English German Budget $19 million Box office $76.6 million The Book Thief is a 2013 World War II war drama film directed by Brian Percival and starring Geoffrey Rush, Emily Watson, and Sophie Nélisse. The film is based on the 2005 novel The Book Thief by Markus Zusak and adapted by Michael Petroni. The film is about a young girl living with her adoptive German family during the Nazi era. Taught to read by her kind - hearted foster father, the girl begins `` borrowing '' books and sharing them with the Jewish refugee being sheltered by her foster parents in their home. The film features a musical score by Oscar - winning composer John Williams. The Book Thief premiered at the Mill Valley Film Festival on October 3, 2013, and was released for general distribution in the United States on November 27, 2013. The film received mixed reviews upon its theatrical release with some reviewers praising its `` fresher perspective on the war '' and its focus on the `` consistent thread of humanity '' in the story, with other critics faulting the film 's `` wishful narrative ''. With a budget of $19 million, the film was successful at the box office, earning over $76 million. The Book Thief received Academy Award, Golden Globe and BAFTA nominations for its score. For her performance in the film, Sophie Nélisse won the Hollywood Film Festival Spotlight Award, the Satellite Newcomer Award, and the Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Performance by a Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role -- Female. The film was released on Blu - ray and DVD on March 11, 2014. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Accolades 7 Home media 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In February 1938, a voice representing Death tells about how the young Liesel Meminger has piqued her interest. In one of the opening scenes, Liesel is traveling with her mother and younger brother on a train. On the way, her brother dies and is buried next to the tracks. Liesel steals her first book, titled The Grave Digger 's Handbook, when it falls out of the gravedigger 's pocket. Liesel is then brought to her new home in Munich, where she meets her new foster parents Rosa Hubermann and Hans Hubermann. Rudy Steiner, a boy who lives next door, accompanies her on her first day of school. When the teacher asks Liesel to write her name on the chalkboard, she is only able to write three Xs, revealing to her classmates that she is unable to write. She is taunted by her schoolmates who chant `` dummkopf '' ( `` dunce '' ) at her. One of the boys, Franz Deutscher, challenges her to read just one word to which Liesel responds by beating him up. She impresses Rudy, and they become fast friends. When Hans, her foster father, realizes that Liesel can not read, he begins to teach her, using the book that she took from the graveside, and a giant chalkboard. Liesel becomes captivated with reading anything she can. Liesel and Rudy become members of the Hitler Youth movement. While at a Nazi book burning ceremony, Liesel and Rudy are harassed into throwing books onto the bonfire by Franz, but Liesel is upset to see the books being burned. When the bonfire ends and everyone leaves, Liesel is still there and she grabs a book that has been only singed. She is seen by Ilsa Hermann, wife of the burgermeister ( mayor ). When Rosa asks Liesel to take the laundry to the mayor 's spacious, gated house, she realizes that the woman who saw her taking the book is the mayor 's wife. Instead, Ilsa takes her into their library and tells Liesel she can come by anytime and read as much as she 'd like. One day Liesel is found reading by the mayor who not only puts a stop to her visits but dismisses Rosa as their laundress. During Kristallnacht, Max Vandenburg and his mother, who are Jewish, are told by a friend that only one of them can escape, and Max 's mother forces him to go. Max 's father had saved Hans ' life in World War I, and hence he goes to the Hubermanns ' house where Rosa and Hans give him shelter. Max initially stays in Liesel 's room while recovering from his trip, and they begin to become friends over their mutual hatred of Hitler. World War II begins, initially making most of the children in Liesel 's neighborhood very happy. Max is moved to the basement so that he can move around more, but it is cold and Max becomes dangerously ill. Liesel helps Max recover by reading to him books `` borrowed '' from the mayor 's library with every spare moment. One day while `` borrowing '' a book from the mayor 's home, Liesel is followed by Rudy. He discovers the secret of Max, whose name he reads on a journal Max gave to Liesel for Christmas. Rudy guesses that her family is hiding someone, and he swears to never tell anyone. Franz overhears Rudy 's last words of keeping it a secret and violently pushes Rudy to reveal the secret. Rudy throws the journal into the river to keep it away from Franz. After Franz leaves, Rudy plunges into the icy river to rescue the journal, and Liesel realizes that she can truly trust him. Soon, a local party member comes by to check the Hubermanns ' basement, and they have to hide Max. While working, Hans sees a neighbor and friend named Lehman being taken away by the police because he is a Jew. Hans tries to intervene, telling the officer that Lehman is a good man, but Hans 's name is taken by the soldiers and he is thrown to the ground. Hans realizes what a mistake he has made, since this has made his family visible. He tells the family, and Max realises he must leave in order to protect them. Hans then receives a telegram that he has been conscripted into the army and must leave immediately. On the way home from school, Liesel believes she has seen Max in a line of Jews being forcibly marched through town, and she begins screaming his name, running through the line. She is thrown to the sidewalk twice by German soldiers and finally relents when Rosa picks her up and takes her home. Hans returns home after being injured, and the family is reunited only for a short time. One night the city is bombed by accident, and the air raid sirens fail to go off. Hans, Rosa, and Rudy 's family are killed in the blast. Liesel was spared from the bombing because she fell asleep in the basement while writing in the journal given to her by Max. She sees her foster family on the ground, dead, she cries and hugs them. Neighbors bring Rudy out of his house, barely alive. He begins to tell Liesel that he loves her, but he dies before he can finish the sentence. During this scene, Death is heard speaking again about how he received the souls of the dead. Liesel passes out, and one of the soldiers carries her to a stretcher. When she wakes up, she sees a book among the rubble and picks it up. She then sees the mayor and Ilsa drive up. With Ilsa being the only friend she has left, Liesel runs up to her and hugs her. Two years later, after Germany has fallen to the Allies, Liesel is working in the tailor shop owned by Rudy 's father. Max enters. Overjoyed by his survival and return, she runs to hug him. The final scene is Death speaking again about Liesel 's life and her death at the age of 90, mentioning her husband, children, and grandchildren, as we look over her modern day Manhattan Upper East Side apartment with pictures of her past and a portrait of her, upon which the camera lingers. The narrator does not state whom she married but implies that she became a writer. Cast ( edit ) Left to right : book author Markus Zusak, stars Geoffrey Rush and Sophie Nélisse, director Brian Percival, interviewed about The Book Thief by Selig Film News in 2013. Geoffrey Rush as Hans Hubermann, Liesel 's kind - hearted foster father Sophie Nélisse as Liesel Meminger, the titular `` book thief '' Emily Watson as Rosa Hubermann, Liesel 's bad - tempered foster mother Nico Liersch as Rudy Steiner, Liesel 's best friend and love interest Ben Schnetzer as Max Vanderburg Heike Makatsch as Liesel 's mother Barbara Auer as Ilsa Hermann, the burgermeister 's ( mayor 's ) wife Roger Allam as Death, the film 's narrator Sandra Nedeleff as Sarah Hildegard Schroedter as Frau Becker Rafael Gareisen as Walter Kugler, Max 's best friend Gotthard Lange as the gravedigger Godehard Giese as the policeman on the train Oliver Stokowski as Alex Steiner, Rudy 's father Levin Liam as Franz Deutscher, bully and leader of Rudy 's Hitler Youth squad Carina Wiese as Barbara Steiner, Rudy 's mother Production ( edit ) A search for an actress to play the eponymous book thief, Liesel Meminger, occurred across the world. On February 4, 2013, it was announced that Canadian actress Sophie Nélisse was cast in the role and that Australian actor Geoffrey Rush and English actress Emily Watson would be playing Meminger 's foster parents. Principal photography began in early March 2013 at Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam - Babelsberg, Germany. The first trailer was released on August 21, with the Bastille song `` Haunt '' as the music. Markus Zusak, Australian author of the best - selling, award - winning book on which the film is based, confirmed on his blog that the film would be narrated by the character of `` Death '', as was the novel. After some speculation that Death might be voiced by the anonymous American actor who was used in the official trailer, it was announced that English actor Roger Allam of Game of Thrones would portray Death in the film. Soundtrack ( edit ) The music for the film was composed by John Williams, and the soundtrack album containing the score was released by Sony Classical. The album was released in the United States on November 19, 2013. It was nominated for an Oscar, BAFTA and Golden Globe for Best Original Score. It won Best Instrumental Album at the 57th Grammy Awards. The Book Thief marked the first time since 2005 that Williams has scored a film not directed by Steven Spielberg. Release ( edit ) Originally scheduled for January 17, 2014, The Book Thief 's limited theatrical release was moved forward to November 8, 2013, due to the fact that it was finished ahead of schedule and in order to compete in the 2013 -- 14 award season. It premiered at the Mill Valley Film Festival on October 3, 2013, and was screened at the Savannah Film Festival on October 29, 2013. It expanded to a wide release on November 27, 2013. Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The Book Thief received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 46 %, based on 134 reviews, with an average score of 5.6 / 10. The site 's consensus states, `` A bit too safe in its handling of its Nazi Germany setting, The Book Thief counters its constraints with a respectful tone and strong performances. '' On Metacritic, the film has a score of 53 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating `` mixed or average reviews ''. In her review for the New Empress Magazine, Mairéad Roche praised the film for providing a `` fresher perspective on the war '' through the experiences of ordinary Germans who lived through the Nazi era. In addition to the `` Oscar - baiting beautiful '' cinematography and John Williams 's film score that contribute to the film 's emotional appeal, Roche singled out the performance of young Sophie Nélisse as Liesel that `` matches the well - measured and seemingly effortless efforts of both Rush and Watson ''. Roche concluded, The Book Thief weaves a consistent thread of humanity through its narrative via the commonality of Death, storytelling and the concept of free will. The disturbing sight of children in Hitler Youth uniforms and Allied blanket bombing, when shown through the innocence of a child, humanises the German generation just living their lives without the hindsight of history. A blurring of vision due to tears is to be expected, but that effect is delivered with respect and dignity to the audience. In his review following the Mill Valley Film Festival, Dennis Harvey at Variety magazine wrote, `` Rush generously provides the movie 's primary warmth and humor ; Watson is pitch - perfect as a seemingly humorless scold with a well - buried soft side. '' Harvey also praised the film 's cinematography and film score, noting that `` impeccable design contributions are highlighted by Florian Ballhaus ' ( s ) somber but handsome widescreen lensing and an excellent score by John Williams that reps his first feature work for a director other than Steven Spielberg in years. '' In her review for `` MSN UK '', Emma Roberts gave the film 5 out of 5 stars, stating, With incredible acting, a gripping story and fantastic direction, `` The Book Thief '' is a heart - warming yet chilling tale, which will nestle in your mind long after the credits finish rolling. Stephanie Merry of The Washington Post was less impressed with the film, giving it two and half out of four stars. Merry felt that the film `` has its moments of brilliance, thanks in large part to an adept cast '' but that the film ultimately shows the difficulties of bringing a successful novel to the screen. In his review for the Los Angeles Times, Robert Abele was also unimpressed, describing the film as `` just another tasteful, staid Hollywoodization of terribleness, in which a catastrophic time acts as a convenient backdrop for a wishful narrative rather than the springboard for an honest one ''. Accolades ( edit ) Award Nominee Result AACTA International Awards Best Supporting Actor Geoffrey Rush Nominated Academy Awards Best Original Score John Williams Nominated British Academy Film Awards Best Film Music Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Young Actor / Actress Sophie Nélisse Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Original Score John Williams Nominated Grammy Awards Best Instrumental Composition John Williams Won Hollywood Film Awards Spotlight Sophie Nélisse Won Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Performance by a Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role -- Female Won Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress Emily Watson Nominated Best Original Score John Williams Nominated Newcomer Sophie Nélisse Won Young Artist Awards Best Leading Young Actress in a Feature Film Won Home Media ( edit ) The Book Thief was released on Blu - ray and DVD on March 11, 2014. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` John Williams to Score ' The Book Thief ' ''. Film Music Reporter. 6 August 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Book Thief ( 12A ) ''. 20th Century Fox. British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved November 27, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` The Book Thief ''. The Numbers. January 5, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` The Book Thief ''. Box Office Mojo. February 6, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Roche, Mairéad ( February 28, 2014 ). `` In Review : The Book Thief ''. New Empress Magazine. Retrieved March 27, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Abele, Robert ( November 8, 2013 ). `` Review : ' The Book Thief ' robs the truth from an evil time ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 23, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` The Book Thief ( 2013 ) : Releases ''. AllMovie. Retrieved March 27, 2014. Jump up ^ Kit, Borys ( February 4, 2013 ). `` Geoffrey Rush and Emily Watson to Star in ' The Book Thief ' Movie ( Exclusive ) ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 6, 2013. Jump up ^ Roxborough, Scott ( March 11, 2013 ). `` ' The Book Thief ' Begins Shooting in Germany ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 6, 2013. Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` FIRST BOOK THIEF TRAILER : the Girl, the books &... - THE CITY AT OUR FEET... '' THE CITY AT OUR FEET... Jump up ^ `` ' The Book Thief ' Soundtrack Details - Film Music Reporter ''. filmmusicreporter.com. Jump up ^ `` The Book Thief ''. rottentomatoes.com. November 8, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Book Thief ''. Metacritic. ^ Jump up to : Harvey, Dennis ( October 4, 2013 ). `` Film Review : ' The Book Thief ' ''. Variety. Retrieved February 23, 2014. Jump up ^ Merry, Stephanie ( November 14, 2013 ). `` ' Book Thief ' movie review ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved February 23, 2014. Jump up ^ Kemp, Stuart ( 13 December 2013 ). `` ' American Hustle ' Dominates Australian Academy 's International Award Noms ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 1 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Nominees for the 86th Academy Awards ''. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2014. Jump up ^ Reynolds, Simon ; Harris, Jamie ( January 8, 2014 ). `` BAFTA Film Awards 2014 -- nominations in full ''. Digital Spy. Retrieved January 8, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes Nominations : The Full List ''. Variety. January 11, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2014. Jump up ^ `` 35th Annual Young Artist Awards ''. Young Artist Awards. Retrieved April 14, 2014. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Book Thief ( film ) Official website The Book Thief on IMDb The Book Thief at the TCM Movie Database The Book Thief at AllMovie ( hide ) Films directed by Brian Percival Pleasureland ( 2003 ) The Ruby in the Smoke ( 2006 ) The Old Curiosity Shop ( 2007 ) Gracie! ( 2009 ) A Boy Called Dad ( 2009 ) The Book Thief ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Book_Thief_(film)&oldid=834303184 '' Categories : 2013 films 2010s drama films American films American drama films English - language films Films about children Films about death Films about families Films about Nazi Germany Films about orphans Films set in the 1930s Films set in the 1940s Films set in Germany Films set in New York City Films shot in Germany Films shot in Brandenburg German films German drama films Holocaust films Babelsberg Studio films 20th Century Fox films Personifications of death in fiction Films scored by John Williams Nazis in fiction Works about censorship Works about reading Films based on Australian novels Films produced by Karen Rosenfelt Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018, at 00 : 07. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Book Thief (film)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Book_Thief_(film)&amp;oldid=834303184" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "- 10 - 03 ) ( Mill Valley Film Festival ) November 27, 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 27 ) ( United States ) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Germany Language English German Budget $19 million Box office $76.6 million The Book Thief is a 2013 World War II war drama film directed by Brian Percival and starring Geoffrey Rush, Emily Watson, and Sophie Nélisse. The film is based on the 2005 novel The Book Thief by Markus Zusak and adapted by Michael Petroni. The film is about a young girl living with her adoptive German family during the Nazi era. Taught to read by her kind - hearted foster father, the girl begins `` borrowing '' books and sharing them with the Jewish refugee being sheltered by her foster parents in their home. The film features a musical score by Oscar - winning composer John Williams. The Book Thief premiered at the Mill Valley Film Festival on October 3, 2013, and was released for general distribution in the United States on November 27, 2013. The film received mixed reviews upon its theatrical release with some reviewers praising its `` fresher perspective on the war ''" ], "id": [ "15044345895610519540" ], "short_answers": [ "Markus Zusak" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Emma Stone - Wikipedia Emma Stone Emma Stone Stone at the 2016 Mill Valley Film Festival Emily Jean Stone ( 1988 - 11 - 06 ) November 6, 1988 ( age 29 ) Scottsdale, Arizona, U.S. Residence Los Angeles, California, U.S. Other names Riley Stone Occupation Actress Years active 2004 -- present Awards List of awards Emily Jean Stone ( born November 6, 1988 ) is an American actress. The recipient of such accolades as an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, and a Golden Globe, she was the highest - paid actress in the world in 2017. She appeared in Forbes Celebrity 100 in 2013 and the Time 100 in 2017, and has been cited in the media as one of the most talented actresses of her generation. Born and raised in Scottsdale, Arizona, Stone began acting as a child, in a theater production of The Wind in the Willows in 2000. As a teenager, she relocated to Los Angeles with her mother, and made her television debut in In Search of the New Partridge Family ( 2004 ), a reality show that produced only an unsold pilot. After small television roles, she made her film debut in Superbad ( 2007 ), and received positive media attention for her role in Zombieland ( 2009 ). The 2010 teen comedy Easy A was Stone 's first starring role, earning her nominations for the BAFTA Rising Star Award and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress. This breakthrough was followed with further success in the romantic comedy Crazy, Stupid, Love ( 2011 ) and the drama The Help ( 2011 ). Stone gained wider recognition for playing Gwen Stacy in the 2012 superhero film The Amazing Spider - Man, and its sequel in 2014. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the role of a recovering drug addict in the black comedy - drama Birdman ( 2014 ). Her Broadway debut came in a revival of the musical Cabaret ( 2014 -- 2015 ). Stone won an Academy Award for Best Actress for playing an aspiring actress in the highly successful musical film La La Land ( 2016 ), following which she portrayed Billie Jean King in the biographical sports film Battle of the Sexes ( 2017 ). Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career ( 2004 -- 2008 ) 2.2 Breakthrough ( 2009 -- 2011 ) 2.3 The Amazing Spider - Man, Birdman, and Broadway ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 2.4 La La Land and beyond ( 2016 -- present ) 3 Personal life 4 Media image 5 Works and accolades 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Early life Emily Jean Stone was born on November 6, 1988, in Scottsdale, Arizona, to Krista Jean Stone ( née Yeager ), a homemaker, and Jeffrey Charles Stone, the founder and CEO of a general - contracting company. Stone lived on the grounds of the Camelback Inn resort from the age of 12 to 15. She has a younger brother, Spencer. Her paternal grandfather, Conrad Ostberg Sten, was from a Swedish family that anglicized their surname to `` Stone '' when they immigrated to the United States through Ellis Island. She also has German, English, Scottish, and Irish ancestry. Stone appeared in sixteen productions at Valley Youth Theatre As an infant, Stone had baby colic and cried frequently ; she consequently developed nodules and calluses on her vocal cords while she was a child. Stone has described herself as having been `` loud '' and `` bossy '' while growing up. She was educated at Sequoya Elementary School and attended Cocopah Middle School for the sixth grade. Although she did not like school, she has stated that her controlling nature meant that `` I made sure I got all As ''. Stone suffered panic attacks as a child, which she says caused a decline in her social skills. She underwent therapy but states that it was her participation in local theater plays that helped cure the attacks. The first time I had a panic attack I was sitting in my friend 's house, and I thought the house was burning down. I called my mom and she brought me home, and for the next three years it just would not stop. I would go to the nurse at lunch most days and just wring my hands. I would ask my mom to tell me exactly how the day was going to be, then ask again 30 seconds later. I just needed to know that no one was going to die and nothing was going to change. -- Stone, The Wall Street Journal, June 2015 Stone started acting at age four ; she wanted a career in sketch comedy initially, but shifted her focus toward musical theater, and took voice lessons for several years. Her acting debut, at the age of 11, came in a stage production of The Wind in the Willows, playing the part of Otter. The actress was homeschooled for two years, during which time she appeared in sixteen productions at Phoenix 's Valley Youth Theatre -- including The Princess and the Pea, Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland, and Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat -- and performed with the theater 's improvisational comedy troupe. Around this time, she traveled to Los Angeles and auditioned unsuccessfully for a role in Nickelodeon 's All That. Her parents later sent her for private acting lessons with a local acting coach, who had worked at the William Morris Agency in the 1970s. Stone attended Xavier College Preparatory ‍ -- ‌an all - girl Catholic high school ‍ -- ‌as a freshman, but dropped out after one semester to become an actress. She prepared a PowerPoint presentation for her parents titled `` Project Hollywood '' ( featuring Madonna 's 2003 song `` Hollywood '' ) to convince them to let her move to California to pursue an acting career. In January 2004, she moved with her mother to an apartment in Los Angeles. She recalls : `` I went up for every single show on the Disney Channel and auditioned to play the daughter on every single sitcom '', adding, `` I ended up getting none. '' Between auditions for roles, she enrolled in online high - school classes, and worked part - time at a dog - treat bakery. Career Early career ( 2004 -- 2008 ) When Stone registered for the Screen Actors Guild, the name `` Emily Stone '' was already taken. `` Riley Stone '' was the stage name she chose initially, but after guest - starring in the NBC drama Medium and the Fox sitcom Malcolm in the Middle, she decided that she was more comfortable with `` Emma ''. She made her television debut as Laurie Partridge on the VH1 talent competition reality show In Search of the New Partridge Family ( 2004 ). The resulting show, retitled The New Partridge Family ( 2004 ), remained an unsold pilot. She followed this with a guest appearance in Louis C.K. 's HBO series Lucky Louie. She auditioned to star as Claire Bennet in the NBC science fiction drama Heroes ( 2007 ) but was unsuccessful and later called this her `` rock bottom '' experience. In April 2007, she played Violet Trimble in the Fox action drama Drive, but the show was canceled after seven episodes. Stone made her feature film debut in Greg Mottola 's comedy Superbad ( 2007 ), co-starring Michael Cera and Jonah Hill. The film tells the story of two high school students who go through a series of comic misadventures after they plan to buy alcohol for a party. To play the role of Hill 's romantic interest, she dyed her hair red. A reviewer for The Hollywood Reporter found her `` appealing '', but felt that her role was poorly written. Stone has described the experience of acting in her first film as `` amazing... ( but ) very different than other experiences I 've had since then ''. The film was a commercial success, and earned her the Young Hollywood Award for Exciting New Face. The following year, Stone starred in the comedy The Rocker ( 2008 ) playing Amelia Stone, the `` straight face '' bass guitarist in a band ; she learned to play the bass for the role. The actress, who describes herself as `` a big smiler and laugher '', has admitted that she found it difficult portraying a character whose personality traits were so different from her own. The film, and her performance, received negative reviews from critics and was a commercial failure. Her next release, the romantic comedy The House Bunny, performed better at the box - office, becoming a moderate commercial success. The film sees her play the president of a sorority, and perform a cover version of the Waitresses ' 1982 song `` I Know What Boys Like ''. Reviews for the film were generally negative, though she was praised for her supporting role, and TV Guide 's Ken Fox wrote of Stone that : `` She 's positively incandescent, lighting up a movie that would be pretty dim without her. '' Breakthrough ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Stone at the Zombieland world premiere in 2009 Stone appeared in three films released in 2009. The first of these was opposite Matthew McConaughey, Jennifer Garner and Michael Douglas in Mark Waters ' Ghosts of Girlfriends Past. Loosely based on Charles Dickens ' 1843 novella A Christmas Carol, the romantic comedy has her playing a ghost who haunts her former boyfriend. Critical reaction to the film was negative, though it was a modest commercial success. Her most financially profitable venture that year was Ruben Fleischer 's $102.3 million - grossing horror comedy film Zombieland, in which she features alongside Jesse Eisenberg, Woody Harrelson and Abigail Breslin. In the film, she appeared as a con artist and survivor of a zombie apocalypse, in a role which Empire 's Chris Hewitt found to be `` somewhat underwritten ''. In a more positive review, the critic for The Daily Telegraph wrote : `` ( T ) he hugely promising Stone... ( is ) a tough cookie who projects the aura of being wiser than her years. '' Stone 's final release in 2009 was Kieran and Michelle Mulroney 's Paper Man, a comedy - drama which disappointed critics. Stone provided the voice of an Australian Shepherd in Marmaduke ( 2010 ), a comedy from director Tom Dey, which is based on Brad Anderson 's long - running comic strip of the same name. Her breakthrough came the same year with a starring role in Easy A, a teen comedy directed by Will Gluck. Partially based on Nathaniel Hawthorne 's 1850 historical romance novel The Scarlet Letter, the film tells the story of Olive Penderghast ( Stone ), a high school student who becomes embroiled in a comic sex scandal after a false rumor circulates that she is sexually promiscuous. Stone read the script before the project was optioned for production, and pursued it with her manager while production details were being finalized. She found the script `` so different and unique from anything I 'd read before '', saying that it was `` funny and sweet ''. When Stone discovered that the film had begun production, she met with Gluck, expressing her enthusiasm for the project. A few months later, the audition process started and she met again with Gluck, becoming one of the first actresses to audition. The film received positive critical reviews, and Stone 's performance was considered its prime asset. Anna Smith of Time Out commented : `` Stone gives a terrific performance, her knowing drawl implying intellect and indifference with underlying warmth. '' With a total box office of $75 million, the film was a commercial success. Stone was nominated for a BAFTA Rising Star Award and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy, and won the MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance. In October 2010, Stone hosted an episode of NBC 's late - night sketch comedy Saturday Night Live ; her appearances included a sketch playing off her resemblance to Lindsay Lohan. Stone described it as `` the greatest week of my life ''. She hosted it again in 2011, appeared in an episode in 2014, and in its 40th anniversary special in 2015. A brief appearance in the sex comedy Friends with Benefits ( 2011 ) reunited her with Gluck. She followed this with a supporting role in Glenn Ficarra and John Requa 's romantic comedy Crazy, Stupid, Love ( 2011 ) alongside Steve Carell, Ryan Gosling and Julianne Moore. The film features her as a law school graduate, and the love interest of Gosling 's character. Despite finding `` some inevitable collapses into convention '' in the film, Drew McWeeny of HitFix wrote that Stone `` ties the whole film together ''. At the 2012 Teen Choice Awards, she won the Choice Movie Actress -- Comedy award for her performance in the film. Crazy, Stupid, Love was a box office success, grossing $142.9 million worldwide with a production budget of $50 million. Disillusioned at being typecast as the `` sarcastic interest of the guy '', Stone co-starred with Viola Davis in Tate Taylor 's period drama The Help ( 2011 ), a film she found to be challenging. The film is based on Kathryn Stockett 's 2009 novel of the same name and is set in 1960s Jackson, Mississippi. She met with Taylor to express a desire to work in the film. Taylor has said : `` Emma was completely awkward and dorky, with her raspy voice, and she sat down and we got a little intoxicated and had a blast, and I just thought, ' God! God! This is Skeeter. '' She was cast as Eugenia `` Skeeter '' Phelan, an aspiring writer learning about the lives of the African - American maids. In preparation for the part, she trained to speak in a Southern dialect ; she also educated herself on the Civil Rights Movement through literature and film. With a worldwide gross of $216 million against a budget of $25 million, The Help became Stone 's most commercially successful film to that point. The film, and her performance, received positive reviews from critics. Writing for Empire, Anna Smith thought that Stone was `` well - meaning and hugely likable '' despite finding flaws in the character. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture, and won Best Ensemble Cast from the Women Film Critics Circle and the Broadcast Film Critics Association. The Amazing Spider - Man, Birdman, and Broadway ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Stone declined a role in the action comedy film 21 Jump Street after signing on to Marc Webb 's 2012 film The Amazing Spider - Man, a reboot of Sam Raimi 's Spider - Man series. She portrayed Gwen Stacy, the love interest of the title character ( played by Andrew Garfield ). Stone returned to a blond hair color for the role, having dyed it red previously. She told The Vancouver Sun that she felt responsible to educate herself about Spider - Man and admitted that she had not read the comics : `` My experience was with the Sam Raimi movies... I always assumed that Mary Jane was his first love '', adding that she was only familiar with Stacy 's character from Bryce Dallas Howard 's portrayal in Spider - Man 3. The Amazing Spider - Man was a commercial success and was the seventh highest - grossing film of 2012 with global revenues of $757.9 million. Entertainment Weekly 's Lisa Schwarzbaum found Stone `` irresistible '', and Ian Freer of Empire magazine was particularly impressed with Stone 's and Garfield 's performances. At the annual People 's Choice Awards ceremony, she was nominated for three awards, including Favorite Movie Actress. Later that year, Stone voiced a role in the crime - based video game, Sleeping Dogs, which earned her a Spike Video Game Award for Best Performance by a Human Female nomination. Stone began 2013 with a voice role in DreamWorks ' The Croods, an animated feature nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. This followed with an appearance in Movie 43, an anthology film which consists of sixteen short stories -- she played the title role in the segment entitled `` Veronica ''. The actress collaborated with Ryan Gosling and Sean Penn in Ruben Fleischer 's Gangster Squad ( 2013 ), a crime thriller set in Los Angeles during the 1940s. The New York Times ' A.O. Scott dismissed the film as `` a hectic jumble of fedoras and zoot suits '', but praised her pairing with Gosling. Stone expressed a desire to work with Gosling on more projects. Stone at WonderCon in 2012 In 2014, Stone reprised the role of Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider - Man 2. In an interview with Total Film, the actress explained that her character was not dependent on the film 's protagonist. `` She saves him more than he saves her. She 's incredibly helpful to Spider - Man... He 's the muscle, she 's the brains. '' Her performance was well received by critics ; an Empire reviewer praised her for standing out in the film : `` Stone is the Heath Ledger of this series, doing something unexpected with an easily dismissed supporting character. '' The role earned her the Favorite Movie Actress award at the 2015 Kids ' Choice Awards. Later that year, Stone took on a role in Woody Allen 's romantic comedy Magic in the Moonlight, a modest commercial success. A.O. Scott criticized her role, and pairing with Colin Firth, describing it as `` the kind of pedantic nonsense that is meant to signify superior intellect ''. The black comedy - drama Birdman, from director Alejandro González Iñárritu, was Stone 's final film release in 2014. Co-starring Michael Keaton and Edward Norton, the film features her in the role of Sam Thomson, the recovering - addict daughter of actor Riggan Thomson ( Keaton ), who becomes his assistant. Iñárritu created the character based on his experience with his daughter. Birdman was critically acclaimed, and was the most successful film at the 87th Academy Awards ; it was nominated for nine awards, winning four, including Best Picture. The Movie Network considered it one of Stone 's best performances to date and Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph was impressed with a monologue she delivers, which he thought was `` like a knitting needle to the gut ''. She received numerous accolades for her portrayal, including nominations for an Academy, a BAFTA, a Golden Globe, a Screen Actors Guild, and a Critics ' Choice Movie award for Best Supporting Actress. From November 2014 to February 2015, Stone starred in a revival of the Broadway musical Cabaret as Sally Bowles, taking over the role from Michelle Williams. Considering it to be `` the most nerve - racking thing ever '', Stone told the Entertainment Weekly magazine that she listened to a French radio station to mentally prepare herself for the role. Variety 's Marilyn Stasio was critical of her singing and found her performance `` a bit narrow as an emotional platform, but a smart choice for her acting skills, the perfect fit for her sharp intelligence and kinetic energy. '' Both of Stone 's 2015 films‍ -- ‌the romantic comedy - drama Aloha, and the mystery drama Irrational Man ‍ -- ‌were critical and commercial failures, and her roles were panned by critics. In Cameron Crowe 's Aloha, she took on the role of an Asian - American air force pilot alongside Bradley Cooper, and in the Woody Allen - directed Irrational Man, she portrayed the romantic interest of Joaquin Phoenix 's character, a philosophy professor. The former was controversial for whitewashing the cast ; Stone later regretted the project, acknowledging whitewashing as a widespread problem in Hollywood. Despite the criticism, she was nominated for Choice Movie Actress -- Comedy at the 2015 Teen Choice Awards. La La Land and beyond ( 2016 -- present ) Stone and director Damien Chazelle filming La La Land ( 2016 ). Her performance in the film earned her the Academy Award for Best Actress. During her Cabaret show, Stone met director Damien Chazelle, who, impressed with her performance, cast her in his musical comedy - drama La La Land. The project, which marked her third collaboration with Gosling, featured Stone as Mia Dolan, an aspiring actress living in Los Angeles. Stone borrowed several real - life experiences for her character, and in preparation, watched The Umbrellas of Cherbourg and films of Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. For the musical 's soundtrack, she recorded six songs. La La Land served as the opening film at the 2016 Venice Film Festival, and received highly positive reviews. Besides being Stone 's highest - rated film on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film was successful at the box office, earning over $440 million against its $30 million budget. Writing for The Guardian, Peter Bradshaw reviewed, `` Stone has never been better : superbly smart, witty, vulnerable, her huge doe eyes radiating intelligence even, or especially, when they are filling with tears. '' Stone received an Academy, BAFTA, Golden Globe and a SAG award for Best Actress. Stone 's sole film release of 2017 was the sports drama Battle of the Sexes, based on the 1973 eponymous match between tennis players Billie Jean King ( Stone ) and Bobby Riggs ( Steve Carell ). In preparation, Stone met with King, watched old footage and interviews of her, trained with a dialect coach to speak in King 's accent, and drank high - calorie protein shakes to gain 15 pounds ( 6.8 kg ). The film premiered to positive reviews at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival, and certain critics considered Stone 's performance to be the best of her career. Benjamin Lee of The Guardian praised her for playing against type, and credited her for being `` strong '' and `` convincing '' in the part. Even so, the film earned less than its $25 million budget. Stone received her fourth Golden Globe nomination for it, and attended the ceremony with King. In September 2018, Stone will feature in and serve as an executive producer for the Netflix fantasy series Maniac, co-starring Jonah Hill and directed by Cary Fukunaga. She will then star as Abigail Masham, who served under Queen Anne, in Yorgos Lanthimos ' historical drama The Favourite. Stone is also set to appear in the drama Love May Fail, based on Matthew Quick 's 2015 novel and will portray Cruella de Vil in a live - action spin - off of One Hundred and One Dalmatians. In addition, Stone has committed to star in a sequel to Zombieland. Personal life Stone moved from Los Angeles to Greenwich Village, New York City, in 2009. In 2016, she moved back to Los Angeles. Despite frequent media coverage, the actress has refused to speak about her private life. Concerned with living a `` normal '' life, she has said that she finds little value in media attention. She has expressed her fondness for her profession, and has cited actress Diane Keaton as an influence, who is ( in Stone 's words ) `` one of the most covered - up actresses of all time ''. She has also named actress and singer - songwriter Marion Cotillard as one of her inspirations. Stone with Andrew Garfield at The Amazing Spider - Man 2 premiere in Sydney, 2014 Stone has a close relationship with her family. She says : `` I am blessed with a great family and great people around me that would be able to kick me in the shins if I ever for one minute got lost up in the clouds. I 've been really lucky in that sense. '' During the production of The Amazing Spider - Man in 2010, Stone dated co-star Andrew Garfield. The nature of their relationship was well - documented by the media, with frequent speculation about an impending engagement or a break - up. The couple refused to talk about it publicly, though they made several appearances together. In 2015, they were reported to have broken up. According to Stone, she suffers from asthma, which she discovered after having difficulty breathing while filming Easy A. Her mother was diagnosed with triple - negative breast cancer and was cured in 2008. Stone and her mother celebrated by getting tattoos of birds ' feet, designed by Paul McCartney, a reference to the Beatles ' `` Blackbird '', which is a song she and her mother love. She appeared in a Revlon campaign that promoted breast cancer awareness. In 2011, the actress featured in a collaborative video between Star Wars and Stand Up to Cancer, which aimed to raise funds for cancer research. Two years later, she attended an event by Gilda 's Club, an organization working for a similar purpose. From 2012 to 2014, she hosted the Entertainment Industry Foundation 's Revlon Run / Walk, which helps fight women 's cancer. Stone, alongside three other celebrities, was present at the 2012 Nickelodeon HALO Awards, a television special that profiled five teenagers who are `` Helping And Leading Others '' ( HALO ). In 2014, on an occasion in New York, Stone and Garfield encouraged paparazzi to visit websites, which spread awareness of causes, such as autism. She attended the 2014 Earth Hour, a worldwide movement for the planet organized by the World Wide Fund for Nature. In 2015, she was part of a fundraising event in support of the Motion Picture & Television Fund, which helps people in the television and film industry with limited or no resources. In 2018, she collaborated with 300 women in Hollywood to set up the Time 's Up initiative to protect women from harassment and discrimination. Media image Stone at the 2011 San Diego Comic - Con International. Her hair, eyes, and husky voice have been described as her trademarks by the media. Several media publications consider Stone one of her generation 's most talented actresses. Commenting on her performance in The Help, Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter called her `` one of our very best young actresses ''. She is known for starring both in high - profile, mainstream productions and in low - budget independent films. Time 's Daniel D'Addario describes the latter as `` substantive risk '' and adds that taking on a role in them provides her an opportunity to `` try something new and to get credibility ''. Analyzing her on - screen persona, Jessica Kiang of Indiewire noted that Stone `` usually ( plays ) the approachable, down - to - earth, girl - next - door type, ( and ) in person she demonstrates many of those qualities too, along with an absolute refusal to take herself too seriously. '' As her career in Hollywood films has developed, Stone has become a successful and popular actress. In 2008, she topped Saturday Night Magazine 's Top 20 Rising Stars Under 30 and was included in a similar list compiled by Moviefone. LoveFilm placed her on their list of 2010 Top 20 Actresses Under 30, and her performance in Easy A was included in Time 's Top 10 Everything of 2010. She appeared in the 2013 Celebrity 100, a compilation of the 100 most powerful people in the world, as selected annually by Forbes. The magazine reported that she had earned $16 million from June 2012 to June 2013. That same year, she was ranked first in the magazine 's Top 10 Best Value Stars. In 2015, Forbes published that she had become one of the highest - paid actresses with earnings of $6.5 million. The magazine would rank her as the world 's highest - paid actress two years later with yearly earnings of $26 million. In 2017, she was featured by Time as one of the 100 most influential people in the world. Stone is considered a style icon‍ -- ‌the media cites her hair, eyes, and husky voice as her trademarks. Vogue credits the actress for her `` sophisticated, perfectly put - together looks '', writing that `` her charisma, both on - screen and off -, has charmed many. '' In 2009, she featured in AskMen 's Top 99 Women, FHM 's 100 Sexiest Women in the World, and Maxim magazine 's Hot 100 ; the latter also placed her on the list on three other occasions‍ -- ‌2010, 2011, and 2014. She continued to be featured in AskMen 's annual beauty lists from 2010 to 2015, ranking among the top forty each year. In 2011, she appeared in Victoria 's Secret 's list of What is Sexy? as the Sexiest Actress. She was mentioned in several other media outlet lists that year, including People magazine 's 100 Most Beautiful Women, each of FHM 's and FHM Australia 's 100 Sexiest Women in the World, and Men 's Health magazine 's 100 Hottest Women. She ranked sixth on Empire 's list of the 100 Sexiest Movie Stars in 2013. Stone was named the best dressed woman of 2012 by Vogue magazine and was featured in similar listings by Glamour in 2013 and 2015, and People in 2014. In 2017, Buzznet named her one of the world 's most beautiful women. Works and accolades Main articles : List of Emma Stone performances and awards and nominations According to the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes and the box - office site Box Office Mojo, Stone 's most critically acclaimed and commercially successful films are Superbad ( 2007 ), Zombieland ( 2009 ), Easy A ( 2010 ), Crazy, Stupid, Love ( 2011 ), The Help ( 2011 ), The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ), The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ), Birdman ( 2014 ), and La La Land ( 2016 ). Stone has been nominated for two Academy Awards : Best Supporting Actress for Birdman and Best Actress for La La Land and three British Academy Film Awards : BAFTA Rising Star Award, Best Supporting Actress for Birdman, and Best Actress in a Leading Role for La La Land, winning both of her nominations for La La Land. She won Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical at the 74th Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role for her role in La La Land. See also List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories Notes Jump up ^ `` Another Day of Sun '', `` City of Stars '', `` Someone in the Crowd '', `` A Lovely Night '', `` Audition ( The Fools Who Dream ) '' and `` City of Stars ( Humming ) '' References ^ Jump up to : `` Emma Stone Biography ''. FYI. Archived from the original on April 23, 2016. Retrieved March 17, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Diehl, Jessica ; Wolfe, Alexandra. `` Hollywood Is Her Oyster ''. Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved March 17, 2016. Jump up ^ Barker, Lynn ( August 19, 2008 ). `` '' Rockin ' '' with Emma Stone ``. TeenHollywood.com. Archived from the original on April 17, 2014. Retrieved September 8, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Emma Stone Biography ''. People. Archived from the original on April 19, 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2013. Jump up ^ Thomas, Leah ( January 12, 2015 ). `` Emma Stone Brings Brother Spencer to the Golden Globes, Adding to the Trend of the Night ''. Bustle. Archived from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved March 17, 2016. Jump up ^ David, Elliot ( 2010 ). `` Emma Stone ''. Wonderland ( 23 ) : 177 -- 181. Jump up ^ Wilner, Norman ( July 27, 2011 ). `` Q&A : Emma Stone ''. Now. Archived from the original on June 20, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2011. Jump up ^ Hirschberg, Lynn ( January 2011 ). `` Emma Stone ''. W. Archived from the original on April 25, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2016. Jump up ^ Schuman, Michael A. ( 2013 ). Emma! : Amazing Actress Emma Stone. Enslow Publishers. pp. 11 -- 12. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7660 - 4113 - 4. Archived from the original on January 31, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Eells, Josh ( June 17, 2015 ). `` Emma Stone Talks ' Irrational Man, ' the Sony Hack and Keeping Her Personal Life Private ''. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2016. ( Subscription required ( help ) ). Jump up ^ Fisher, Luchina ( June 21, 2012 ). `` Emma Stone Has History of Panic Attacks ''. ABC News. Archived from the original on March 26, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Barna, Ben ( October 2, 2009 ). `` ' Zombieland 's ' Emma Stone Dreams of SNL and Mexican Food ''. BlackBook magazine. Archived from the original on October 22, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Emma Stone : Before She Was Famous ''. The Huffington Post. January 4, 2012. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2016. Jump up ^ Outhier, Craig ( August 16, 2008 ). `` Emma Stone explores comedy with latest roles ''. East Valley Tribune. Archived from the original on September 19, 2012. Retrieved October 2, 2010. ^ Jump up to : Owings, Lisa ( 2014 ). Emma Stone : Breakout Movie Star. ABDO Publishing Company. p. 22 ; 33. ISBN 978 - 1 - 62968 - 026 - 2. Archived from the original on January 31, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Printing -- Emma Stone -- Interview Magazine ''. Interview. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2016. Jump up ^ Grossberg, Josh ( June 7, 2013 ). `` Emma Stone Flashback : See Star Sing on Partridge Family Reality Competition in Pre-Fame Days ''. E!. Archived from the original on May 8, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016. Jump up ^ Duan, Noel. `` Emma Stone 's Best Hair Moments ''. Teen Vogue. Archived from the original on April 11, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016. Jump up ^ Farber, Stephen ( August 6, 2007 ). `` Superbad ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Rising Star : Emma Stone ''. Access Hollywood. June 4, 2008. Archived from the original on June 9, 2008. Retrieved June 5, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Superbad ''. Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Emma Stone, une muse qui ne craint pas les défis ''. L'Express ( in French ). October 14, 2015. Archived from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2016. Jump up ^ McConnell, Mariana. `` Interview : Emma Stone And Teddy Geiger Of The Rocker ''. Cinemablend.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Rocker ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016. Jump up ^ Hendrix, Graddy ( October 29, 2010 ). `` Rainn Wilson on His New Spiritual Book and How The Rocker 's Epic Flop Changed His Life for the Better ''. New York. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016. Jump up ^ `` French auds flock to ' Barcelona ' ''. Variety. October 14, 2008. Archived from the original on April 4, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016. Jump up ^ Sullivan, Kevin ( June 2, 2008 ). `` An interview with Emma Stone of The House Bunny ''. North by Northwestern. Archived from the original on March 12, 2012. Retrieved June 4, 2008. Jump up ^ `` The House Bunny ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Talent in the House ''. The New Yorker. March 29, 2012. Archived from the original on September 24, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016. Jump up ^ Fox, Ken. `` The House Bunny ''. TV Guide. Archived from the original on April 7, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Ghosts of Girlfriends Past ( 2009 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on April 7, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Ghosts of Girlfriends Past ( 2009 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2016. Jump up ^ `` 2009 Yearly Box Office Results ''. Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2016. Jump up ^ Hewitt, Chris ( October 9, 2009 ). `` Zombieland Review ''. Empire. Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2016. Jump up ^ Robey, Tim ( October 8, 2009 ). `` Zombieland, review ''. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on April 24, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2016. Jump up ^ Lawrence, Will ( April 18, 2014 ). `` The heart of Stone ''. Irish Independent. Retrieved May 16, 2016. Jump up ^ Kit, Borys ( November 3, 2009 ). `` Owen Wilson signs on for ' Marmaduke ' ''. Reuters. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved November 7, 2009. Jump up ^ Wilner, Norman ( September 9, 2010 ). `` Emma Stone ''. Now. Archived from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Emma Stone On ' Obsessing ' Over Her Breakout Role In ' Easy A ' ''. Access Hollywood. August 31, 2010. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2016. Jump up ^ Roberts, Sheila ( September 11, 2010 ). `` Emma Stone Interview Easy A ''. Collider. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 1, 2011. Jump up ^ Thorpe, Vanessa ( October 23, 2010 ). `` Lies, paranoia and jealousy on the internet 's social networks inspire Hollywood ''. The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2016. Jump up ^ Smith, Anna ( October 19, 2010 ). `` Easy A ''. Time Out. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Easy A ( 2010 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Nominees Are Announced Orange Wednesdays Rising Star Award ''. British Academy of Film and Television Arts. January 6, 2011. Archived from the original on January 10, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2016. Kaufmann, Amy ( December 15, 2010 ). `` Golden Globes 2011 nominations : Newcomers Emma Stone, Jennifer Lawrence and Mila Kunis react ''. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 18, 2010. Retrieved December 19, 2010. `` 2011 MTV Movie Awards ''. MTV. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016. Jump up ^ Setoodeh, Ramin ( September 1, 2011 ). `` Emma Stone 's Lohan Problem ''. The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2016. Jump up ^ `` SNL Season 36 Episode 04 -- Emma Stone, Kings of Leon ''. NBC. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016. Jump up ^ McGee, Ryan ( November 13, 2011 ). `` Recap : ' Saturday Night Live ' -- Emma Stone and Coldplay ''. HitFix. Archived from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2016. Monde, Chinderah ( May 4, 2014 ). `` Andrew Garfield, Emma Stone spoof ' Amazing Spider - Man 2 ' with awkward make - out sessions on ' Saturday Night Live ' ''. New York Daily News. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2016. Stedman, Alex ( November 22, 2015 ). `` Watch : Jon Hamm, Emma Stone Audition for ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' on ' SNL ' ''. Variety. Archived from the original on February 25, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2016. Jump up ^ Siegel, Tatiana ( July 13, 2010 ). `` A-Rod goes from big leagues to bigscreen ''. Variety. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2010. Jump up ^ McWeeny, Drew ( July 21, 2011 ). `` Review : Ryan Gosling, Emma Stone, and Steve Carell excel in smart, adult ' Crazy, Stupid, Love ' ''. HitFix. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2016. Jump up ^ Ng, Philiana ( March 27, 2016 ). `` Teen Choice Awards 2012 : Breaking Dawn, Snow White Lead Second Wave of Nominees ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on June 14, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Crazy, Stupid, Love. ( 2011 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Stone : Typecasting is frustrating ''. Belfast Telegraph. October 28, 2011. Retrieved April 10, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Summer Movies We Ca n't Wait To See ''. Entertainment Weekly. June 2, 2011. Archived from the original on November 14, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Jump up ^ Kung, Michelle ( April 12, 2010 ). `` ' Paper Man ' Co-Star Emma Stone on Playing Skeeter Phelan in ' The Help ' ''. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on April 18, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Emma Stone ''. Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Emma Stone Performances ''. WatchMojo.com. June 3, 2015. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2016. Jump up ^ Smith, Anna ( October 26, 2011 ). `` The Help Review ''. Empire. Archived from the original on September 18, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The 84th Academy Awards ( 2012 ) Nominees and Winners ''. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on February 26, 2013. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Jump up ^ Adams, Ryan ( December 19, 2011 ). `` The Women Film Critics Circle Awards ''. Awards Daily. Archived from the original on April 11, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Jump up ^ `` 17th Annual Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ( 2012 ) ''. Broadcast Film Critics Association. December 13, 2011. Archived from the original on December 22, 2012. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Jump up ^ Ditzian, Eric ( November 24, 2010 ). `` Exclusive : Emma Stone Not Starring in ' 21 Jump Street ' Reboot ''. MTV. Archived from the original on April 15, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2016. Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin ; Stewart, Andrew ( September 23, 2010 ). `` Emma Stone tangled in Sony 's web ''. Variety. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016. Jump up ^ Garcia, Chris ( July 28, 2011 ). `` Emma Stone has grown up since ' Easy A, ' starring opposite Ryan Gosling in ' Crazy, Stupid, Love ' Lya ''. New York Daily News. Archived from the original on October 28, 2012. Retrieved March 23, 2016. Jump up ^ Herbst, Kendall ( December 6, 2010 ). `` Emma Stone goes blonde for Spiderman ''. InStyle. Archived from the original on May 10, 2012. Retrieved March 23, 2016. Jump up ^ Ditzian, Erik ( November 24, 2010 ). `` ' Spider - Man ' Star Emma Stone on Going Blonde, Science Class, And Becoming Gwen Stacy ''. MTV. Archived from the original on May 10, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2011. Jump up ^ Lacker, Chris ( July 24, 2011 ). `` Interview : Emma Stone Plays Spider - Man 's First Love ''. The Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on August 5, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2016. Jump up ^ Huver, Scott ( April 2, 2012 ). `` '' Spider - Man '' Director and Star Talk Up `` Amazing '' New Film ``. NBC Chicago. Archived from the original on May 10, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Emma Stone on the Amazing Spider - Man ''. Empire. Archived from the original on December 28, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2011. Jump up ^ `` 2012 Worldwide Grosses ''. Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2016. Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum, Lisa ( July 4, 2012 ). `` The Amazing Spider - Man ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2016. Jump up ^ Freer, Ian ( July 3, 2012 ). `` The Amazing Spider - Man Review ''. Empire. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2016. Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2013 Nominees & Winners ''. People 's Choice Awards. Archived from the original on January 28, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016. Jump up ^ Horgan, Richard ( December 7, 2012 ). `` Xbox Users Set to Play with a Unique Awards Show Component -- ' Samuel L. Jackson Mode ' ''. Adweek. Archived from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017. Jump up ^ `` 2014 Oscar Nominees ''. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2016. Jump up ^ Skinner, M. Scot ( November 4, 2010 ). `` After ' Hours ', a Q & A with star ''. Arizona Daily Star. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved November 7, 2010. Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff ; Kroll, Justin ( July 26, 2011 ). `` Emma Stone rounds up ' Gangster Squad ' ''. Variety. Archived from the original on July 31, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2011. Jump up ^ Scott, A.O. ( January 10, 2013 ). `` These Law Enforcers Will Stop at Nothing ''. The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved April 5, 2016. Jump up ^ Radish, Christina ( January 8, 2013 ). `` Josh Brolin, Ryan Gosling, Emma Stone, and Director Ruben Fleischer Talk Gangster Squad ''. Collider.com. Archived from the original on June 22, 2015. Retrieved April 5, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Emma Stone talks saving Spidey in The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ''. Total Film. January 4, 2014. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014. Retrieved April 6, 2016. Jump up ^ Silman, Anna ( May 3, 2014 ). `` Review Roundup : The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Belongs to Emma Stone ''. Vulture.com. Archived from the original on May 4, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2014. Jump up ^ Newman, Kim ( April 16, 2014 ). `` The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Review ''. Empire. Archived from the original on May 24, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2015 : The Complete Winners List ''. The Hollywood Reporter. March 28, 2015. Archived from the original on February 2, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Smith, Nigel M ( August 21, 2015 ). `` Arthouse blues : why did indie films have such a terrible summer? ''. The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 16, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2016. Jump up ^ Scott, A.O. ( July 24, 2014 ). `` Metaphysical Sleight of Heart ''. The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 15, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2016. Jump up ^ Mitchell, Elvis ( September 10, 2014 ). `` Alejandro González Iñárritu ''. Interview. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2016. Jump up ^ McMillan, Graeme ( February 23, 2015 ). `` The Secret Life of the Other Birdman ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The 87th Academy Awards ( 2015 ) Nominees and Winners ''. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ). Archived from the original on February 23, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2015. Jump up ^ Brian, Greg ( November 13, 2014 ). `` Was 2014 the Most Significant Breakthrough Year for Emma Stone? Oscar Chances for ' Birdman ' ''. The Movie Network. Archived from the original on April 7, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2016. Jump up ^ Collin, Robbie ( February 23, 2015 ). `` Birdman : ' spectacular ' ''. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on May 2, 2016. Retrieved April 30, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` The 87th Academy Awards ( 2015 ) Nominees and Winners ''. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on December 1, 2015. Retrieved March 24, 2016. `` Supporting Actress Nominees in 2015 ''. British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2016. Gray, Tim ( December 15, 2014 ). `` ' Birdman, ' ' Grand Budapest ' Top Critics Choice Awards Nominations ''. Variety. Archived from the original on December 16, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2016. `` 72nd Annual Golden Globes Nominations ''. Golden Globe Awards. December 11, 2014. Archived from the original on April 7, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016. `` The 21st Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards ''. Screen Actors Guild Awards. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2016. Jump up ^ Stasio, Marilyn ( December 5, 2014 ). `` Broadway Review : Emma Stone in ' Cabaret ' ''. Variety. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2016. Jump up ^ Miller, Julie ( October 14, 2014 ). `` Emma Stone Is Mentally Preparing for the Moment Taylor Swift Sees Her Sing in Broadway 's Cabaret ''. Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2016. Jump up ^ Miller, Julie ( January 9, 2015 ). `` Here 's What Emma Stone Does Before Each Cabaret Performance on Broadway ''. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2016. Jump up ^ Stasio, Marilyn ( December 5, 2014 ). `` Broadway Review : Emma Stone in ' Cabaret ' ''. Variety. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Aloha ''. Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2016. `` Irrational Man ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2016. `` Aloha ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on May 17, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2016. Jump up ^ Rosen, Christopher ( July 16, 2015 ). `` Emma Stone says she understands Hollywood whitewashing after Aloha controversy ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2015 Winners : Full List ''. Variety. August 16, 2015. Archived from the original on January 10, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2016. Jump up ^ Grobar, Matthew ( November 5, 2016 ). `` Emma Stone Reveals Unorthodox ' La La Land ' Audition ; Mel Gibson on ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Inspiration -- The Contenders ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 24, 2018. Jump up ^ Coggan, Devan ( March 7, 2016 ). `` Ryan Gosling, Emma Stone musical La La Land pushed to December ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 7, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2016. Jump up ^ McGovern, Joe ( August 30, 2016 ). `` ' La La Director ' Director On the ' Timeless Glamour ' of Ryan Gosling & Emma Stone ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016. Retrieved November 7, 2016. Jump up ^ Alter, Ethan ( September 16, 2016 ). `` Emma Stone on Reteaming With Ryan Gosling in ' La La Land ' and Her New Appreciation of Los Angeles ''. Yahoo! Movies. Archived from the original on November 10, 2016. Retrieved November 7, 2016. Jump up ^ Desta, Yohana ( August 23, 2016 ). `` Emma Stone Shows Off Her Delicate Singing Voice in Soaring La La Land Trailer ''. Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on October 28, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2017. Jump up ^ Vivarelli, Nick ( June 17, 2016 ). `` Damien Chazelle 's ' La La Land ' to Open Venice Film Festival in Competition ''. Archived from the original on September 8, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Emma Stone ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2016. Jump up ^ `` La La Land ( 2016 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2017. Jump up ^ Bradshaw, Peter ( January 12, 2017 ). `` La La Land review -- Gosling and Stone sparkle in a gorgeous musical romance ''. The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 12, 2017. Retrieved January 12, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Weatherby, Taylor ( January 8, 2017 ), `` Here Is the 2017 Golden Globes Winners List '', Billboard, archived from the original on January 9, 2017, retrieved January 8, 2017 `` Baftas 2017 : full list of winners ''. The Guardian. February 12, 2017. Archived from the original on February 12, 2017. Retrieved February 12, 2017. `` Oscar winners 2017 : the full list updated live ''. The Guardian. February 26, 2017. Archived from the original on February 27, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2017. Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin ( November 18, 2015 ). `` Emma Stone Set to Star as Billie Jean King in Fox Searchlight 's ' Battle of the Sexes ' ( Exclusive ) ''. Variety. Archived from the original on March 29, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016. Jump up ^ Coggan, Devan ( August 15, 2017 ). `` Emma Stone on Preparing to Play Billie Jean King : ' I Was a Real Creep ' ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Randone, Amanda ( September 19, 2017 ). `` How Emma Stone Gained 15 Pounds for Battle of the Sexes ''. E!. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Giles, Jeff ( September 28, 2017 ). `` American Made Is Certified Fresh ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on November 26, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Lee, Benjamin ( September 11, 2017 ). `` Battle of the Sexes review -- Emma Stone serves up rousing, timely tennis drama ''. The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Battle of the Sexes ( 2017 ) - Financial Information ''. The Numbers. Archived from the original on October 5, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Production of Fox Searchlight 's Battle of the Sexes Contributed Over $25 Million to the California Economy ''. MPAA. September 21, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2018. Jump up ^ Yam, Kimberly. `` Here 's What You Should Know About The 8 Activists Who Went To The Golden Globes HuffPost ''. Huffingtonpost.com. Archived from the original on January 10, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2018. Jump up ^ Merry, Stephanie, Yahr, Emily ( December 11, 2017 ). `` Golden Globes nominations 2018 : Complete list of nominations ''. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 11, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017. Jump up ^ Fingas, Jon ( July 30, 2018 ). `` ' True Detective ' director 's Netflix show ' Maniac ' arrives September 21st ''. Engadget. Retrieved July 30, 2018. Jump up ^ Jaafar, Ali ( September 24, 2015 ). `` Emma Stone & Olivia Colman In Talks To Board Yorgos Lanthimos ' ' The Favourite ' ''. Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on April 17, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Flemming, Mike, Jr. ( November 17, 2015 ). `` Emma Stone Boarding ' Love May Fail ' As Hannah Minghella Brings Matthew Quick Book To TriStar ''. Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on November 19, 2015. Retrieved November 19, 2015. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( April 25, 2016 ). `` Disney Puts A Slew Of Dates On Hold For ' Jungle Book 2 ', ' Maleficent 2 ', ' Dumbo ', ' Cruella ' & More ''. Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2016. Jump up ^ Pedersen, Eric ( July 18, 2018 ). `` Sony Moves Tarantino 's Manson Pic, Dates ' Zombieland 2 ' & ' Little Women ' ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 19, 2018. Jump up ^ Malik, Sonam ( January 27, 2015 ). `` SAG Awards : ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' Actress Emma Stone Spotted without Beau Andrew Garfield ''. International Business Times. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Emma Stone ''. AskMen. Archived from the original on June 2, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man Gets His Girl : Emma Stone To Play Female Lead '' ( Press release ). Sony Pictures. October 5, 2010. Archived from the original on October 9, 2010. Retrieved March 19, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Emma Stone and Andrew Garfield Have Reportedly Split For Good ''. Vanity Fair. October 27, 2015. Archived from the original on March 2, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2016. Jump up ^ Saad, Nardine ( October 28, 2015 ). `` Emma Stone, Andrew Garfield split ' a couple of months ago, ' reports say ''. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 20, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2016. Jump up ^ Warner, Kara ( September 15, 2010 ). `` Emma Stone Recalls Asthma Attack During ' Easy A ' Fake - Sex Scenes ''. MTV News. Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2016. Jump up ^ Masica, Kristen ( May 22, 2013 ). `` Emma Stone : My Mom 's Cancer Diagnosis ' Was Terrifying ' ''. People. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2016. Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie ( October 18, 2010 ). `` Emma Stone Has Paul McCartney Design Mother - Daughter Tattoo ''. TV Guide. Archived from the original on April 1, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016. Jump up ^ Serfe, Gina ( September 12, 2012 ). `` Emma Stone Poses With Breast Cancer Survivor Mom in New Awareness Campaign ''. E!. Archived from the original on May 8, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016. Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' stands up to cancer, with the help of Andy Samberg, Emma Stone, Seth Rogen, and more! -- Exclusive Video ''. Entertainment Weekly. September 15, 2011. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016. Jump up ^ Mcnally, Kelby ( May 16, 2013 ). `` Emma Stone goes au - naturel for charity event ''. Daily Express. Retrieved March 20, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Join the Fight Against Cancer : Entertainment Industry Foundation 's Revlon Run / Walk For Women Announces 2014 Hosts for Annual Event ''. Entertainment Industry Foundation. March 26, 2014. Archived from the original on March 29, 2016. Retrieved April 24, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Tyra Banks, Justin Bieber, Josh Duhamel and Emma Stone Honor Four Teens for Their Commitment to Service in Fourth Annual TeenNick HALO Awards ''. PR Newswire. October 30, 2012. Archived from the original on April 3, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Boy with Autism Thanks Emma Stone for Spreading Awareness ''. Autism Speaks. June 20, 2014. Archived from the original on March 29, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016. Jump up ^ `` 2014 Celebrates the Biggest Earth Hour in History ''. Earth Hour. March 30, 2014. Archived from the original on April 1, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016. Jump up ^ `` 2015 MPTF ' Night Before ' Host Committee Members George Clooney, Eddie Redmayne, Reese Witherspoon, And More Attend 13th Annual Fundraiser in Support of MPTF ''. PR Newswire. February 22, 2015. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016. Jump up ^ McCarthy, Lauren ( January 1, 2018 ). `` Selena Gomez, Reese Witherspoon, And Emma Stone Among 300 Women In Hollywood to Sign Anti-Harassment Action Plan ''. W. Archived from the original on January 3, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Watson, Sheridan ( October 17, 2014 ). `` 31 Photos That Prove Emma Stone Is The Most Stylish Person on Earth ''. BuzzFeed. Archived from the original on August 29, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Stern, Marlow ( June 26, 2012 ). `` Emma Stone On ' The Amazing Spider - Man, ' Andrew Garfield, & More ''. The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on April 7, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2016. Jump up ^ Busch, Anita ( February 28, 2015 ). `` Kristen Stewart Joins Untitled Kelly Reichardt Project ''. Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on August 3, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2016. Jump up ^ Lyttelton, Oliver ( July 30, 2012 ). `` Emma Stone To Star In Cameron Crowe 's Next Film, A Reworked Version Of ' Deep Tiki ' ''. Indiewire. Archived from the original on July 27, 2014. Retrieved May 5, 2016. Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick, Hayley ( October 14, 2016 ). `` Emma Stone Is Unrecognizable in a Pixie Wig on the Cover of ' Vogue ' ''. Yahoo!. Archived from the original on January 9, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2017. Jump up ^ Powers, Lindsay ( August 10, 2011 ). `` ' The Help 's ' Emma Stone : What Critics Say of Her Performance ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Jump up ^ D'Addario, Daniel ( July 17, 2015 ). `` Here 's Why Emma Stone 's Artistic Alliance With Woody Allen Is So Complicated ''. Time. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2016. Jump up ^ Kiang, Jessica ( February 24, 2013 ). `` Interview : Emma Stone Talks Comedy, ' The Croods ' And Cameron Crowe ; Scores Off The Charts On Likability ''. Indiewire. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved April 7, 2015. Jump up ^ Labrecque, Jeff ( January 5, 2012 ). `` Emma Stone ' acts ' like a dude -- and it 's making her Hollywood 's hottest young actress ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 8, 2015. Retrieved April 6, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Rising Stars Under 30 ''. Saturday Night Magazine. July 29, 2008. Archived from the original on September 24, 2008. Retrieved April 8, 2016. Jump up ^ `` MovieFone 's 25 Hottest Young Stars Under 25 ''. Access Hollywood. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2016. Jump up ^ Corliss, Richard ( December 9, 2010 ). `` The Top 10 Everything of 2010 ''. Time. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2016. Jump up ^ `` 2010 Top 20 Actresses Under 30 ''. LoveFilm. Archived from the original on July 2, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2016. Jump up ^ Pomerantz, Dorothy ( June 25, 2013 ). `` Celebrity 100 Sneak Peek : Emma Stone Makes Our List For The First Time ''. Forbes. Archived from the original on April 22, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2016. Jump up ^ Child, Ben ( December 24, 2013 ). `` Emma Stone tops Forbes list of ' best value ' Hollywood stars ''. The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2016. Jump up ^ Robehmed, Natalie ( August 21, 2015 ). `` The World 's Highest - Paid Actresses 2015 : Jennifer Lawrence Leads With 52 Million ''. Forbes. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2016. Jump up ^ Robehmed, Natalie ( August 16, 2017 ). `` The World 's Highest - Paid Actresses 2017 : Emma Stone Leads With $26 Million ''. Forbes. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017. Jump up ^ Larson, Brie. `` Time 100 : Emma Stone ''. Time. Archived from the original on April 20, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Emma Stone 's Best Red -- Carpet Moments ''. Vogue. April 15, 2014. Archived from the original on April 18, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The 100 Sexiest Women in the World ''. FHM. Archived from the original on July 7, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2016. `` 2009 Hot 100 List ''. Maxim. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2016. Jump up ^ `` 2010 Hot 100 List ''. Maxim. Archived from the original on April 1, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2016. `` 2011 Hot 100 List ''. Maxim. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2016. `` 2014 Hot 100 List ''. Maxim. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Top 99 Women ''. AskMen. Archived from the original on August 3, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2016. `` Top 99 Women of 2012 ''. AskMen. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2016. `` Emma Stone AskMen Top 99 2013 Video ''. AskMen. Archived from the original on April 22, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2016. `` Top 99 Women of 2014 ''. AskMen. Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2016. `` Top 99 Women of 2015 ''. AskMen. Archived from the original on April 19, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2016. Jump up ^ Derschowitz, Jessica ( May 12, 2011 ). `` Emma Stone, Rihanna top Victoria 's Secret 's `` What is Sexy? '' list ``. CBS News. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2016. Jump up ^ `` World 's Most Beautiful 2011 ''. People. Archived from the original on May 8, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2016. Moody, Jon ( May 5, 2011 ). `` FHM 's 100 Sexiest Women in the World 2011 ''. FHM. Archived from the original on December 30, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2016. `` FHM 's 100 Sexiest Women in the World ''. FHM Australia. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2016. `` The Hottest Women of 2011 ''. Men 's Health. Archived from the original on December 28, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The 100 Sexiest Movie Stars : The Top 20 ''. Empire. October 7, 2013. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Photos : The Best Dressed of 2012 ''. Vogue. Archived from the original on April 18, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2016. `` 50 Best Dressed Women 2013 ''. Glamour. Archived from the original on April 19, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2016. `` 30 Best Dressed Women of 2015 ''. Glamour. Archived from the original on April 15, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2016. Jump up ^ `` People 's Best Dressed, Taylor Swift Best Dressed 2014 ''. People. September 17, 2014. Archived from the original on February 20, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Top 30 World 's Most Beautiful Women of 2017 ''. Buzznet. March 10, 2017. Archived from the original on April 20, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Emma Stone ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 30, 2016. Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards 2017 winners : See the full list ''. The Hollywood Reporter. January 30, 2016. Archived from the original on January 31, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emma Stone. Emma Stone on IMDb Emma Stone at the Internet Broadway Database Emma Stone at the TCM Movie Database Emma Stone at AllMovie Emma Stone at Rotten Tomatoes Emma Stone at Box Office Mojo Awards for Emma Stone AACTA International Award for Best Actress Meryl Streep ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Margot Robbie ( 2017 ) Academy Award for Best Actress 1928 -- 1950 Janet Gaynor ( 1928 ) Mary Pickford ( 1929 ) Norma Shearer ( 1930 ) Marie Dressler ( 1931 ) Helen Hayes ( 1932 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1933 ) Claudette Colbert ( 1934 ) Bette Davis ( 1935 ) Luise Rainer ( 1936 ) Luise Rainer ( 1937 ) Bette Davis ( 1938 ) Vivien Leigh ( 1939 ) Ginger Rogers ( 1940 ) Joan Fontaine ( 1941 ) Greer Garson ( 1942 ) Jennifer Jones ( 1943 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1944 ) Joan Crawford ( 1945 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1946 ) Loretta Young ( 1947 ) Jane Wyman ( 1948 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1949 ) Judy Holliday ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Vivien Leigh ( 1951 ) Shirley Booth ( 1952 ) Audrey Hepburn ( 1953 ) Grace Kelly ( 1954 ) Anna Magnani ( 1955 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1956 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1957 ) Susan Hayward ( 1958 ) Simone Signoret ( 1959 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1960 ) Sophia Loren ( 1961 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1962 ) Patricia Neal ( 1963 ) Julie Andrews ( 1964 ) Julie Christie ( 1965 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1966 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1967 ) Katharine Hepburn / Barbra Streisand ( 1968 ) Maggie Smith ( 1969 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1970 ) Jane Fonda ( 1971 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1972 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1973 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 1974 ) Louise Fletcher ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Faye Dunaway ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton ( 1977 ) Jane Fonda ( 1978 ) Sally Field ( 1979 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1981 ) Meryl Streep ( 1982 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1983 ) Sally Field ( 1984 ) Geraldine Page ( 1985 ) Marlee Matlin ( 1986 ) Cher ( 1987 ) Jodie Foster ( 1988 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1989 ) Kathy Bates ( 1990 ) Jodie Foster ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Jessica Lange ( 1994 ) Susan Sarandon ( 1995 ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Halle Berry ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Meryl Streep ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Frances McDormand ( 2017 ) BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role 1952 -- 1967 Vivien Leigh British, Simone Signoret Foreign ( 1952 ) Audrey Hepburn British, Leslie Caron Foreign ( 1953 ) Yvonne Mitchell British, Cornell Borchers Foreign ( 1954 ) Katie Johnson British, Betsy Blair Foreign ( 1955 ) Virginia McKenna British, Anna Magnani Foreign ( 1956 ) Heather Sears British, Simone Signoret Foreign ( 1957 ) Irene Worth British, Simone Signoret Foreign ( 1958 ) Audrey Hepburn British, Shirley MacLaine Foreign ( 1959 ) Rachel Roberts British, Shirley MacLaine Foreign ( 1960 ) Dora Bryan British, Sophia Loren Foreign ( 1961 ) Leslie Caron British, Anne Bancroft Foreign ( 1962 ) Rachel Roberts British, Patricia Neal Foreign ( 1963 ) Audrey Hepburn British, Anne Bancroft Foreign ( 1964 ) Julie Christie British, Patricia Neal Foreign ( 1965 ) Elizabeth Taylor British, Jeanne Moreau Foreign ( 1966 ) Edith Evans British, Anouk Aimée Foreign ( 1967 ) 1968 -- present Katharine Hepburn ( 1968 ) Maggie Smith ( 1969 ) Katharine Ross ( 1970 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1971 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1972 ) Stéphane Audran ( 1973 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1974 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 1975 ) Louise Fletcher ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton ( 1977 ) Jane Fonda ( 1978 ) Jane Fonda ( 1979 ) Judy Davis ( 1980 ) Meryl Streep ( 1981 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1982 ) Julie Walters ( 1983 ) Maggie Smith ( 1984 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1985 ) Maggie Smith ( 1986 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1987 ) Maggie Smith ( 1988 ) Pauline Collins ( 1989 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1990 ) Jodie Foster ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Susan Sarandon ( 1994 ) Emma Thompson ( 1995 ) Brenda Blethyn ( 1996 ) Judi Dench ( 1997 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1998 ) Annette Bening ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Judi Dench ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Scarlett Johansson ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Carey Mulligan ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Meryl Streep ( 2011 ) Emmanuelle Riva ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Frances McDormand ( 2017 ) Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) Mona Washbourne ( 1981 ) Jessica Lange ( 1982 ) Linda Hunt ( 1983 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1984 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1985 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1986 ) Kathy Baker ( 1987 ) Joan Cusack ( 1988 ) Brenda Fricker ( 1989 ) Jennifer Jason Leigh ( 1990 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Judy Davis ( 1992 ) Rosie Perez ( 1993 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 1994 ) Joan Allen ( 1995 ) Courtney Love ( 1996 ) Sarah Polley ( 1997 ) Joan Allen ( 1998 ) Chloë Sevigny ( 1999 ) Frances McDormand ( 2000 ) Cameron Diaz ( 2001 ) Toni Collette ( 2002 ) Patricia Clarkson ( 2003 ) Laura Dern / Sharon Warren ( 2004 ) Catherine Keener ( 2005 ) Shareeka Epps ( 2006 ) Amy Ryan ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Juliette Lewis ( 2010 ) Melissa McCarthy ( 2011 ) Sally Field ( 2012 ) June Squibb ( 2013 ) Emma Stone ( 2014 ) Kristen Stewart ( 2015 ) Lily Gladstone ( 2016 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble Gosford Park ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) Hairspray ( 2007 ) Milk ( 2008 ) Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) The Fighter ( 2010 ) The Help ( 2011 ) Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Judy Holliday ( 1950 ) June Allyson ( 1951 ) Susan Hayward ( 1952 ) Ethel Merman ( 1953 ) Judy Garland ( 1954 ) Jean Simmons ( 1955 ) Deborah Kerr ( 1956 ) Kay Kendall / Taina Elg ( 1957 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1958 ) Marilyn Monroe ( 1959 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1960 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1961 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1962 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1963 ) Julie Andrews ( 1964 ) Julie Andrews ( 1965 ) Lynn Redgrave ( 1966 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1967 ) Barbra Streisand ( 1968 ) Patty Duke ( 1969 ) Carrie Snodgress ( 1970 ) Twiggy ( 1971 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1972 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1973 ) Raquel Welch ( 1974 ) Ann - Margret ( 1975 ) Barbra Streisand ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton / Marsha Mason ( 1977 ) Ellen Burstyn / Maggie Smith ( 1978 ) Bette Midler ( 1979 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) Bernadette Peters ( 1981 ) Julie Andrews ( 1982 ) Julie Walters ( 1983 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1984 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1985 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1986 ) Cher ( 1987 ) Melanie Griffith ( 1988 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1989 ) Julia Roberts ( 1990 ) Bette Midler ( 1991 ) Miranda Richardson ( 1992 ) Angela Bassett ( 1993 ) Jamie Lee Curtis ( 1994 ) Nicole Kidman ( 1995 ) Madonna ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1998 ) Janet McTeer ( 1999 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2000 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2001 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2002 ) Diane Keaton ( 2003 ) Annette Bening ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Meryl Streep ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Meryl Streep ( 2009 ) Annette Bening ( 2010 ) Michelle Williams ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Amy Adams ( 2013 ) Amy Adams ( 2014 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance Billy Crystal ( 1992 ) Robin Williams ( 1993 ) Robin Williams ( 1994 ) Jim Carrey ( 1995 ) Jim Carrey ( 1996 ) Jim Carrey ( 1997 ) Jim Carrey ( 1998 ) Adam Sandler ( 1999 ) Adam Sandler ( 2000 ) Ben Stiller ( 2001 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2002 ) Mike Myers ( 2003 ) Jack Black ( 2004 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 2005 ) Steve Carell ( 2006 ) Sacha Baron Cohen ( 2007 ) Johnny Depp ( 2008 ) Jim Carrey ( 2009 ) Zach Galifianakis ( 2010 ) Emma Stone ( 2011 ) Melissa McCarthy ( 2012 ) Jonah Hill ( 2014 ) Channing Tatum ( 2015 ) Ryan Reynolds ( 2016 ) Lil Rel Howery ( 2017 ) Tiffany Haddish ( 2018 ) People 's Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actress Barbra Streisand ( 1975 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1976 ) Barbra Streisand ( 1977 ) Barbra Streisand ( 1978 ) Olivia Newton - John ( 1979 ) Jane Fonda ( 1980 ) Jane Fonda / Goldie Hawn ( 1981 ) Jane Fonda / Sally Field ( 1982 ) Jane Fonda / Katharine Hepburn ( 1983 ) Meryl Streep ( 1984 ) Meryl Streep ( 1985 ) Meryl Streep ( 1986 ) Meryl Streep ( 1987 ) Glenn Close ( 1988 ) Meryl Streep ( 1990 ) Julia Roberts ( 1991 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1993 ) Sandra Bullock ( 1996 ) Sandra Bullock ( 1997 ) Julia Roberts ( 1998 ) Sandra Bullock ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Julia Roberts ( 2001 ) Julia Roberts ( 2002 ) Julia Roberts ( 2003 ) Julia Roberts ( 2004 ) Julia Roberts ( 2005 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2006 ) Jennifer Aniston ( 2007 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2008 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2009 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2010 ) Kristen Stewart ( 2011 ) Emma Stone ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2014 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2015 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2016 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Jodie Foster ( 1994 ) Susan Sarandon ( 1995 ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1998 ) Annette Bening ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Halle Berry ( 2001 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Meryl Streep ( 2008 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Viola Davis ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Frances McDormand ( 2017 ) Volpi Cup for Best Actress 1934 -- 1968 Katharine Hepburn ( 1934 ) Paula Wessely ( 1935 ) Annabella ( 1936 ) Bette Davis ( 1937 ) Norma Shearer ( 1938 ) Luise Ullrich ( 1941 ) Kristina Söderbaum ( 1942 ) Anna Magnani ( 1947 ) Jean Simmons ( 1948 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1949 ) Eleanor Parker ( 1950 ) Vivien Leigh ( 1951 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1952 ) Lilli Palmer ( 1953 ) Maria Schell ( 1956 ) Dzidra Ritenberga ( 1957 ) Sophia Loren ( 1958 ) Madeleine Robinson ( 1959 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1960 ) Suzanne Flon ( 1961 ) Emmanuelle Riva ( 1962 ) Delphine Seyrig ( 1963 ) Harriet Andersson ( 1964 ) Annie Girardot ( 1965 ) Natalya Arinbasarova ( 1966 ) Shirley Knight ( 1967 ) Laura Betti ( 1968 ) 1983 -- present Darling Légitimus ( 1983 ) Pascale Ogier ( 1984 ) Valeria Golino ( 1986 ) Kang Soo - yeon ( 1987 ) Isabelle Huppert / Shirley MacLaine ( 1988 ) Peggy Ashcroft / Geraldine James ( 1989 ) Gloria Münchmeyer ( 1990 ) Tilda Swinton ( 1991 ) Gong Li ( 1992 ) Juliette Binoche / Anna Bonaiuto ( 1993 ) Maria de Medeiros / Vanessa Redgrave ( 1994 ) Sandrine Bonnaire / Isabelle Huppert / Isabella Ferrari ( 1995 ) Victoire Thivisol ( 1996 ) Robin Tunney ( 1997 ) Catherine Deneuve ( 1998 ) Nathalie Baye ( 1999 ) Rose Byrne ( 2000 ) Sandra Ceccarelli ( 2001 ) Julianne Moore ( 2002 ) Katja Riemann ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2004 ) Giovanna Mezzogiorno ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2007 ) Dominique Blanc ( 2008 ) Kseniya Rappoport ( 2009 ) Ariane Labed ( 2010 ) Deanie Ip ( 2011 ) Hadas Yaron ( 2012 ) Elena Cotta ( 2013 ) Alba Rohrwacher ( 2014 ) Valeria Golino ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Charlotte Rampling ( 2017 ) Art portal Biography portal Film portal New York City portal Television portal United States portal Video games portal BNE : XX4779916 BNF : cb16608495k ( data ) GND : 141517719 ISNI : 0000 0001 1707 3271 LCCN : no2008188319 MusicBrainz : 03a0bddd - 98ec - 4d64 - af61 - 0b76a36fae28 SNAC : w60k523r SUDOC : 162191316 VIAF : 161765799 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emma_Stone&oldid=856836364 '' Categories : 1988 births Living people 21st - century American actresses Actresses from New York City Actresses from Scottsdale, Arizona American child actresses American film actresses American television actresses American voice actresses Best Actress Academy Award winners Best Actress BAFTA Award winners Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe ( film ) winners Volpi Cup winners Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners Participants in American reality television series People from Greenwich Village American people of Swedish descent Best Actress AACTA International Award winners Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2017 Use American English from May 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with hCards Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Turner Classic Movies person ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 डोटेली 67 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018, at 20 : 44 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Emma Stone", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Emma_Stone&amp;oldid=856836364" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "12535872729361159060" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Forza Horizon 3 - wikipedia Forza Horizon 3 Jump to : navigation, search Forza Horizon 3 Standard edition cover art Developer ( s ) Playground Games Publisher ( s ) Microsoft Studios Director ( s ) Ralph Fulton Producer ( s ) Adam Askew Designer ( s ) Martin Conner Programmer ( s ) Alan Roberts Artist ( s ) Benjamin Penrose Series Forza Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows 10 Xbox One Release 27 September 2016 Genre ( s ) Racing Mode ( s ) Single - player, Multiplayer Forza Horizon 3 is an open world racing video game developed by Playground Games and published by Microsoft Studios for Xbox One and Microsoft Windows 10. The game features cross-platform play between the two platforms. The game was released on 23 September 2016 for Ultimate Edition players, and 27 September 2016 for standard and Deluxe Edition players. It is the third Forza Horizon and the ninth instalment in the Forza series. As with previous Horizon games, Turn 10 Studios assisted Playground Games in the game 's development. It is set in a fictional representation of Australia. Additional content has been released in the form of car packs and two world expansions, which also include additional cars. The game received universal acclaim from critics upon release. On review aggregator site Metacritic, the Xbox One version holds an average critic score of 91 / 100, based on 91 reviews, making it the most - acclaimed Forza Horizon title to date. The Windows version holds a score of 86 / 100, based on 12 critics. Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Development and release 3 Reception 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Forza Horizon 3 allows players to race in a fictional representation of Australia. Here the player drives a BMW M4 to a destination. See also : Gameplay in Forza Horizon Forza Horizon 3 is a racing video game set in an open world environment based in a fictional representation of Australia. The gameplay world is expansive, twice the size of its predecessor in the series Forza Horizon 2, and includes locales such as Surfers Paradise, Byron Bay, Yarra Valley, Woods Point, Coober Pedy and the Outback. Players compete in various events through the world, including various forms races, time trials, drifting, and Bucketlist Challenges. During Bucketlist Challenges the player is given a specific car and task. For example, the player may need to reach a certain top speed in the Ford GT before time runs out. Players can also find billboards throughout the gameplay world, which, when driven over, award the player with experience points or discount on fast travelling. Upgrades and vehicles can be purchased through any of the game 's festival sites. Here the player can also choose to expand a site with additional events as they progress. A total of 350 cars are available to players at launch. While previous Horizon games have depicted the player as one of the racers of the Horizon Festival, the player is now the director of the Festival, and their role is to make it the biggest festival in the world. As director, the player can hire or fire other drivers as part of their racing team as well as organise and customise races and Bucket List events around the map using the new Horizon Blueprint feature. The player can customise the character 's style and ethnicity, as well as being able to customise the vehicles with custom paints and designs, upgrades and body kits from more popular manufacturers like Rocket Bunny and Liberty Walk. As players progress throughout the game they will receive notifications informing the player of barn find rumours. When found, the player 's mechanic will restore the barn find for the player to use. Players can also design liveries for vehicles. These liveries can be sold through the game 's transactional system, which also includes an auction system to purchase cars from other players. Forza Horizon 3 makes use of Turn 10 Studios Drivatar technology from previous Xbox One Forza games. The game features a four player co-operative multiplayer campaign and cross-platform play, as it is a part of the Xbox Play Anywhere program. Development and release ( edit ) The 2016 Porsche 911 GT3 RS was featured in a Porsche downloadable car pack. Forza Horizon 3 is developed by Playground Games and was announced on 13 June 2016 during Microsoft 's E3 Xbox briefing. The game was released on 27 September 2016. Owners of the Ultimate Edition version of the game received access on 23 September, along with six downloadable content car packs, and access to exclusive cars and events. The cover vehicles are the Lamborghini Centenario and 2017 Ford F - 150 Raptor Race Truck. The game also makes use of Groove Music to play custom soundtracks. Several downloadable content car packs were released. While most packs featured a small collection of cars, some packs were themed, such as the Motorsport All - Stars Car Pack. This pack included several race versions of popular sport and super cars, such as the Dodge Viper GTS - R, Nissan GT - R and Chevrolet Corvette C7. One pack was manufacturer specific, the Porsche Car Pack. This pack features the 2016 Porsche 911 GT3 RS and two other 911 variants from various years, a 1960 Porsche 718 and a 2017 Porsche Panamera. Additionally if all expansions are purchased players can unlock an event to trigger an additional Porsche barn find. Another car pack featured real life modified cars used by the Hoonigan apparel brand, including a third generation Mazda RX - 7 drift car, Ken Block 's Ford Mustang ' Hoonicorn ', and a Chevrolet K5 Blazer owned by BJ Baldwin, among other cars. On 2 November 2016, Turn 10 and Playground Games introduced a sneak preview of their upcoming snow expansion pack. The newest addition to the Forza series is the introduction of snow environments. On 28 November 2016, the expansion 's title : Blizzard Mountain was showcased and was released on 13 December. Players who purchase the Expansion Pass will receive the Blizzard Mountain DLC, alongside another yet to be announced expansion. Blizzard Mountain allows players to experience snow conditions both at the foot of and up to the peak of the titular mountain. Weather changes during play, ranging from clear skies to near whiteout conditions. The expansion comes with eight new DLC cars. Players can also buy the pack separately through the Microsoft Store, alongside the Expansion Pass as well. On 26 April 2017, Turn 10 and Playground Games announced an upcoming expansion pack, in collaboration with Mattel 's Hot Wheels, named Forza Horizon 3 Hot Wheels, which includes a new area located off the coast of Australia that is constructed with real - world scale Hot Wheels stunt track pieces. Included are nine brand new DLC cars. Several iconic cars from the Hot Wheels franchise are included, including the Twin Mill, while manufacturer speciality cars such as the 2010 Pagani Zonda R, the 2016 Jeep Trailcat, a Chrysler Hemi Hellcat powered Jeep Trailcat ( a customised Jeep Wrangler ) and the 2007 Toyota Hilux featured on Top Gear 's North Pole special. This expansion pack was released on 9 May 2017 and is part of the Expansion Pass, as players who purchase the Expansion Pass can access this expansion pack for no additional cost. On 28 July 2017, Microsoft announced that the fictitious Quartz Regalia from Final Fantasy XV would be available in Forza Horizon 3 as free DLC for those who 've played either game on Xbox One or Forza Horizon 3 on Windows prior to 1 August 2017. On that date, Forza Horizon 3 players received the car through the in - game message system, while Final Fantasy XV players received an Xbox Live message with a code to redeem the car. According to Final Fantasy XV director Hajime Tabata, Forza Horizon 2 was used as a reference for the road trip aspects of the Final Fantasy game, which lead to Square Enix 's partnering with Turn 10 to bring the fictional car to Horizon 3. Vehicles manufactured by Volkswagen were absent from the game due to licensing issues. Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 91 / 100 ( XONE ) 86 / 100 ( PC ) Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 9 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 9 / 10 GamesRadar+ IGN 9.5 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 92 / 100 Polygon 8.5 / 10 Awards Publication Award The Game Awards 2016 Best Sports / Racing Game National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Game, Franchise Racing Forza Horizon 3 received `` universal acclaim '' from critics for the Xbox One version, while the PC version of the game received `` generally favorable '' reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. it is the most - acclaimed Forza Horizon title to date and the only Xbox One console exclusive to have a Metascore higher than 90. It was the seventh top selling game in Australia in 2016. More than 2.5 million copies of the game were sold. Brett Makedonski from Destructoid gave the game a 9 / 10 citing that `` It 's a good dynamic, one that has worked expertly for three games. '' Nick Tan from Game Revolution gave the game 4 out of 5 stars saying that `` You 'll want to bend and curve around every corner in picturesque Australia landscape at least once, even if that 's the only time. '' Miguel Concepcion from GameSpot also gave the game a 9 / 10 saying that `` Turn 10 and Playground Games affirm the series ' status as the driving game for everyone. The new emphasis on off - road options is n't at the expense of traditional races, thanks to the sheer volume of activities. '' Justin Towell from GamesRadar also gave the game 4 out of 5 stars citing that it `` You wo n't need to think much while you play it, but if you 're talking about places to just cut loose and enjoy the breathtaking scenery, Australia is a fine place to do it. '' Luke Reilly for IGN gave the game a 9.5 / 10 saying it `` never loses sight of the fact that tearing through postcard - perfect locations should be fun, and it puts the tools in our hands to keep it that way, always. This is the racing game I 've been waiting for, and it 's officially my favourite thing on four wheels. A fair dinkum triumph, mates. '' Colin Campbell from Polygon gave the game an 8.5 / 10 saying that `` Through a superbly realized version of Australia as well as a wide variety of terrain, cars and challenges, this free - roaming car simulation offers a valuable playbox. But it also managed to muster `` cor blimey '' moments that made me feel a whooping rush of speed and liberation. '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Additional work was provided by Turn 10 Studios. Jump up ^ The Ultimate Edition for the game was released on 23 September 2016, while the standard and deluxe editions were released on 27 September. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Forza Horizon 3 for Xbox One Reviews ''. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 27 February 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Forza Horizon for Xbox 360 Reviews ''. Metacritic. Retrieved 13 October 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Forza Horizon 2 for Xbox One Reviews ''. Metacritic. Retrieved 22 October 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Forza Horizon 3 for PC Reviews ''. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 27 February 2018. ^ Jump up to : Slive, Marty ( 13 June 2016 ). `` E3 : 2016 : Forza Horizon 3 Revealed, Release Date Announced ''. IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 13 June 2016. Jump up ^ Butterworth, Scott ( 21 June 2016 ). `` 13 Fast Facts About Forza Horizon 3 ''. ^ Jump up to : Welsh, Oli ( 13 June 2016 ). `` Forza Horizon 3 confirmed in impressive cross-platform demo ''. Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Retrieved 13 June 2016. Jump up ^ Paget, Mat ( 13 June 2016 ). `` E3 2016 : Here 's What 's in Forza Horizon 3 's $100 Ultimate Edition ''. GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 15 June 2016. ^ Jump up to : Ekberg, Brian ( 26 April 2017 ). `` Forza Horizon 3 Hot Wheels ''. Forza Motorsport. Microsoft. Retrieved 26 April 2017. ^ Jump up to : Pereira, Chris ( 28 July 2017 ). `` Final Fantasy 15 's Regalia Coming For Free To Forza Horizon 3 On PC / Xbox One ''. GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 29 July 2017. Jump up ^ Schommer, John ( 27 July 2017 ). `` Heavy Metal Affliction - The Regalia ''. Forza Motorsport. Microsoft. Retrieved 3 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Forza Motorsport - Forza Motorsport Week in Review 8 - 26 - 16 ''. forzamotorsport.net. Retrieved 24 October 2017. ^ Jump up to : Makedonski, Brett ( 20 September 2016 ). `` Review : Forza Horizon 3 ''. Destructoid. Retrieved 20 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : Tan, Nick ( 20 September 2016 ). `` Forza Horizon 3 Review ''. Game Revolution. Retrieved 20 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : Concepcion, Miguel ( 20 September 2016 ). `` Forza Horizon 3 Review ''. GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 20 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : Towell, Justin ( 20 September 2016 ). `` Forza Horizon 3 review : Moments of magic meet busywork and filler ''. GamesRadar. Retrieved 20 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : Reilly, Luke ( 20 September 2016 ). `` Forza Horizon 3 Review ''. IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 20 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : Campbell, Colin ( 20 September 2016 ). `` Forza Horizon 3 review ''. Polygon. Retrieved 20 September 2016. Jump up ^ Savage, Phil ( 26 September 2016 ). `` Forza Horizon 3 review ''. PC Gamer. Future US. Retrieved 13 October 2017. Jump up ^ MacGregor, Collin ( 1 December 2016 ). `` Forza Horizon 3 Races Away With The Best Sports / Racing Game at TGAs ''. Twinfinite. Retrieved 1 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` NAVGTR Awards ( 2016 ) ''. National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers. Jump up ^ `` Top 10 games in Australia and New Zealand for 2016 - IGEA ''. 31 January 2017. Jump up ^ Saed, Sherif ( February 14, 2017 ). `` Forza Horizon 3 sold 2.5 million copies, franchise exceeds $1 billion in retail sales ''. VG 247. Retrieved May 21, 2018. Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` guardian_preview '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ). External links ( edit ) Forza Horizon 3 ( hide ) Forza Motorsport Forza Motorsport 5 6 7 Horizon Forza Horizon Related Turn 10 Studios Playground Games Microsoft Studios Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forza_Horizon_3&oldid=843148950 '' Categories : 2016 video games Cooperative video games Forza series Multiplayer and single - player video games Open world video games Racing video games Video games developed in the United Kingdom Video games set in Australia Video games with cross-platform play Windows games Xbox One games Xbox Play Anywhere games Xbox One X enhanced games Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with incorrect ref formatting Use dmy dates from January 2018 Use British English from January 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018, at 06 : 22. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Forza Horizon 3", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Forza_Horizon_3&amp;oldid=843148950" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "1341122219990001073" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Sign of the Times ( the Belle Stars song ) - wikipedia Sign of the Times ( the Belle Stars song ) Jump to : navigation, search `` Sign of the Times '' Single by The Belle Stars from the album The Belle Stars B - side `` Madness '' Released December 30, 1982 Format 7 ``, 12 '' Recorded 1982 Genre New Wave Length 2 : 56 5 : 50 ( Extended Remix ) Label Stiff Songwriter ( s ) Lesley Shone, Jennie Matthias, Miranda Joyce, Sarah - Jane Owen, Judy Parsons, Stella Barker, Clare Hirst Producer ( s ) Peter Collins The Belle Stars singles chronology `` Mockingbird '' ( 1982 ) `` Sign of the Times '' ( 1982 ) `` Sweet Memory '' ( 1983 ) `` Mockingbird '' ( 1982 ) `` Sign Of The Times '' ( 1983 ) `` Sweet Memory '' ( 1983 ) `` Sign of the Times '' is a song by English pop / new wave band The Belle Stars, released as the lead single from the band 's only self - titled studio album. The single was the fourth single from their only album, and their seventh single overall. `` Sign of the Times '' was the band 's first single that was an original song since 1981 's `` Another Latin Love Song ''. Its lyrics describe the band explaining how they feel their lover is unfaithful of their love, hence the lyric `` You say you love me, but want success. '' The single was the band 's first to make it into the top 10, reaching # 3 in the charts. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music video 3 References 4 External links Background ( edit ) In 1982, The Belle Stars released three covers `` Iko Iko '', by The Dixie Cups, `` The Clapping Song '', by Shirley Ellis & `` Mockingbird '', by Inez & Charlie Foxx. Dave Robinson at Stiff Records, the band 's record company, suggested that the band did covers to attract audiences, and then after three covers write their own song and it would be a hit. This happened to be true when the band released Sign Of The Times, which was likely because of the band 's backup covers. Sign of the Times turned out to be the band 's only top ten hit, although their next single, `` Sweet Memory '', reached the top 30. Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song was produced by Pete Collins. It features Stella Barker talking while staring in mid-air, and then shows Jennie Matthias popping out from below and singing. The video then centres on the band in an abandoned nightclub, wearing tuxedos and snapping their fingers. During the lyric `` you give me nothing more than a shove '', the band members perform the sign language gesture for `` shove ''. This motion is shown throughout the rest of the video. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Belle Stars, The - Sign Of The Times ( Remixed Extended 12 '' Version ). '' Rate Your Music. Web. 25 Jan. 2015. External links ( edit ) of the Times - lyrics - the - belle - stars -. html Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics This article may contain improper references to self - published sources. Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources, where they are used inappropriately. ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sign_of_the_Times_(The_Belle_Stars_song)&oldid=797719921 '' Categories : 1982 singles 1982 songs Stiff Records singles Song recordings produced by Peter Collins ( record producer ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles lacking reliable references from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017, at 20 : 06. About Wikipedia", "title": "Sign of the Times (The Belle Stars song)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Sign_of_the_Times_(The_Belle_Stars_song)&amp;oldid=797719921" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Joyce, Sarah - Jane Owen, Judy Parsons, Stella Barker, Clare Hirst Producer ( s ) Peter Collins The Belle Stars singles chronology `` Mockingbird '' ( 1982 ) `` Sign of the Times '' ( 1982 ) `` Sweet Memory '' ( 1983 ) `` Mockingbird '' ( 1982 ) `` Sign Of The Times '' ( 1983 ) `` Sweet Memory '' ( 1983 ) `` Sign of the Times '' is a song by English pop / new wave band The Belle Stars, released as the lead single from the band 's only self - titled studio album. The single was the fourth single from their only album, and their seventh single overall. `` Sign of the Times '' was the band 's first single that was an original song since 1981 's `` Another Latin Love Song ''. Its lyrics describe the band explaining how they feel their lover is unfaithful of their love, hence the lyric `` You say you love me, but want success. '' The single was the band 's first to make it into the top 10, reaching # 3 in the charts. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background" ], "id": [ "6862635067423528722" ], "short_answers": [ "The Belle Stars" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Illinois Attorney General election, 2018 - Wikipedia Illinois Attorney General election, 2018 hide This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article is missing information about the background context of the election, any content at all about the general election, and the date ( s ) of the primaries... Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. ( March 2018 ) This article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject. Please help improve the article with a good introductory style. ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards. The specific problem is : The lack of information causes article to read more like a list. Please help improve this article if you can. ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Illinois Attorney General election, 2018 ← 2014 November 6, 2018 2022 → Nominee Kwame Raoul Erika Harold Bubba Harsy Party Democratic Republican Libertarian Incumbent Attorney General Lisa Madigan Democratic Elections in Illinois Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 U.S. Senate elections 1885 1966 1972 1978 1980 1984 1986 1990 1992 1998 2002 2008 2014 2016 U.S. House elections 2000 1st 2002 2006 6th 8th 10th 11th 19th 2008 17th 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special elections 2nd district, 1995 14th district, 2008 5th district, 2009 2nd district, 2013 18th district, 2015 State government ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1818 1822 1826 1830 1834 1838 1842 1846 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1978 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 State Senate elections 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 State House of Representatives elections 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 General elections 2006 2014 2018 City of Chicago ( show ) Mayoral elections 1927 1931 1977 1979 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 Aldermanic elections 1929 2015 City of Peoria ( show ) Mayoral elections 2001 2005 2009 2013 Council elections 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 The 2018 Illinois Attorney General election will take place on November 6, 2018, to elect the Attorney General of Illinois. Incumbent Democratic Attorney General Lisa Madigan, who has served since 2003, is not running for re-election to a fifth term. Contents 1 Democratic primary 1.1 Candidates 1.1. 1 Declared 1.1. 2 Declined 1.2 Endorsements 1.3 Polling 1.4 Results 2 Republican primary 2.1 Candidates 2.1. 1 Declared 2.1. 2 Declined 2.2 Endorsements 2.3 Polling 2.4 Results 3 Third party and independents 3.1 Candidates 3.1. 1 Declared 3.1. 2 Potential 4 General election 4.1 Endorsements 4.2 Polling 4.3 Results 5 References 6 External links Democratic primary ( edit ) Democratic candidates listed on a blank primary ballot Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Scott Drury, member of the Illinois House of Representatives. Sharon Fairley, chief administrator of the Chicago Civilian Office of Police Accountability. Aaron Goldstein, Democratic Committeeman from Chicago 's 33rd ward and former defense attorney for Rod Blagojevich. Renato Mariotti, former federal prosecutor, television legal analyst and commentator. Pat Quinn, former Governor and Lieutenant Governor of Illinois. Kwame Raoul, member of the Illinois Senate. Nancy Rotering, Mayor of Highland Park, Illinois. Jesse Ruiz, Chicago Park District President. Declined ( edit ) Jennifer Burke, former member of the Illinois Pollution Control Board. Sarah Burke, attorney and director of external affairs at Northwestern Memorial Hospital Gery Chico, former chairman of the Illinois State Board of Education. Tom Dart, Cook County Sheriff and nominee for State Treasurer in 2002 Zach Fardon, former United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois Kim Foxx, Cook County State 's Attorney. Jack D. Franks, Chairman of the McHenry County Board. James Glasgow, Will County State 's Attorney Mike Hastings, member of the Illinois Senate. David Hoffman, former federal prosecutor, former Chicago Inspector General and candidate for U.S. Senate in 2010 Dan Hynes, former Illinois Comptroller, candidate for U.S. Senate in 2004 and candidate for Governor in 2010 Lori Lightfoot, President of the Chicago Police Board Mike McRaith, former Director of the Federal Insurance Office Elaine Nekritz, Assistant Majority Leader in the Illinois House of Representatives. Andrew Schapiro, former United States Ambassador to the Czech Republic Ira Silverstein, Majority Caucus Chair in the Illinois Senate. Mariyana Spyropoulos, President of the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District Chris Welch, State Representative Ann Williams, State Representative. Andrea Zopp, Deputy Mayor of Chicago and candidate for U.S. Senate in 2016. Endorsements ( edit ) show Aaron Goldstein Organizations 39th Ward Democrats Northside Democracy for America Illinois Progressive Network Kane County Progressives show Scott Drury Individuals Rob Warden, founder of the Center on Wrongful Convictions Newspapers The News - Gazette show Sharon Fairley Organizations American Women 's Party Illinois National Organization for Women ( dual - endorsement of both Fairley and Rotering ) Newspapers Chicago Sun - Times Chicago Tribune Daily Herald The Dispatch -- Argus Rockford Register Star Journal Star The State Journal - Register show Renato Mariotti U.S. Government Officials Andy Slavitt former Acting Administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Athletes Greg Louganis, Olympic gold Medalist diver Entertainers Tara Strong, Voice actress from The Fairly Oddparents. Kirk Acevedo, Actor from the HBO series Oz. Aimee Mann, Rock singer - songwriter. Bill Prady, Executive producer for The Big Bang Theory. Melissa Jo Peltier, American film and TV producer. Writers Kimberley Johnson, Huffington Post contributor. show Pat Quinn Organizations AMVOTE show Kwame Raoul U.S. Senators Former Senator Roland Burris U.S. Representatives Congressman Danny K. Davis of Illinois 's 7th congressional district Congresswoman Robin Kelly of Illinois 's 2nd congressional district Congressman Bobby Rush of Illinois 's 1st congressional district Statewide Officials Mike Frerichs - State Treasurer State Senators Dave Koehler Local officials Ameya Pawar - Chicago Alderman Organizations 47th Ward Democratic Organization AFFI - IAFF AFL -- CIO Chicago Teachers Union Cook County Democratic Party Illinois Federation of Teachers Illinois Education Association Independent Voters of Illinois - Independent Precinct Organization Kankakee County Democrats Madison County Democratic Party Service Employees International Union Illinois Council St. Clair County Democratic Central Committee show Nancy Rotering U.S. Senators Former Senator Adlai Stevenson III U.S. Representatives Congresswoman Cheri Bustos ( D ) of Illinois 's 17th congressional district. Congresswoman Jan Schakowsky ( D ) of Illinois 's 9th congressional district. Lt. Governors Former Lt. Governor Sheila Simon of Illinois State Representatives Former Representative Lauren Beth Gash Former Representative Daniel M. Pierce Local officials Amelia Buragas - Bloomington, Illinois alderman Eamon Kelley - Evanston Democratic Comitteeman Jackie Traynere - Will County Board Member Pamela Davidson - Knox County Board Member ( District 3 ) and Knox County Chairwoman Organizations Council for a Livable World Illinois National Organization for Women ( dual - endorsement of both Rotering and Fairley ) National Women 's Political Caucus show Jesse Ruiz U.S. Executive Branch officials Newton N. Minow, 13th Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission ( 1961 - 1963 ). Penny Pritzker, 38th United States Secretary of Commerce ( 2013 - 2017 ). U.S. Representatives Congressman Luis Gutierrez State Representatives Lisa Hernandez - Illinois State Representative Kathleen Willis - Illinois State Representative Local officials George Cardenas - Chicago Alderman Ricardo Muñoz - Chicago Alderman Daniel Solis - Chicago Alderman Individuals Laura Ricketts, businesswoman and co-owner of the Chicago Cubs. John Rowe, businessman and former CEO of Exelon. show Declined to Endorse in Primary Organizations Democrats of Northfield Township Democratic Party of Evanston New Trier Democrats show Endorsed All Organizations Personal PAC Polling ( edit ) Poll source Dates administered Sample size Margin of error Kwame Raoul Pat Quinn Nancy Rotering Jesse Ruiz Renato Mariotti Sharon Fairley Aaron Goldstein Scott Drury Other Undecided Victory Research March 13 -- 16, 2018 1,204 ± 2.8 % 24 % 26 % 6 % 4 % 3 % 8 % 4 % 10 % -- 16 % Capitol Fax / We Ask America March 7 -- 8, 2018 1,029 ± 3.06 % 15 % 23 % 6 % 3 % 3 % 3 % 2 % 3 % -- 43 % Southern Illinois University February 19 -- 25, 2018 472 ± 4.5 % 22 % 18 % 5 % 4 % 3 % 3 % 3 % 2 % 1 % 39 % Results ( edit ) Results by county : Raoul -- 40 -- 50 % Raoul -- < 40 % Quinn -- < 40 % Quinn -- 40 -- 50 % Quinn -- 50 -- 60 % Quinn -- 60 -- 70 % Rotering -- < 40 % Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Kwame Raoul 374,667 30.2 Democratic Pat Quinn 340,163 27.4 Democratic Sharon Fairley 156,070 12.6 Democratic Nancy Rotering 115,974 9.3 Democratic Scott Drury 98,246 7.9 Democratic Jesse Ruiz 67,706 5.5 Democratic Renato Mariotti 49,891 4.0 Democratic Aaron Goldstein 37,987 3.1 Total votes 1,159,701 100 Republican primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Gary Grasso, DuPage County Board member and former mayor of Burr Ridge, Illinois. Erika Harold, attorney, former Miss America and candidate for IL - 13 in 2014 Declined ( edit ) Jason Barickman, State Senator Daniel Cronin, Chairman of the DuPage County Board Tom Cross, former Minority Leader of the Illinois House of Representatives and nominee for State Treasurer in 2014 Kirk Dillard, former State Senator and candidate for Governor in 2010 and 2014 Jim Durkin, Minority Leader of the Illinois House of Representatives Joseph McMahon, Kane County State 's Attorney. Endorsements ( edit ) show Erika Harold U.S. Representatives Congressman Mike Bost ( R - Murphysboro ) of Illinois 's 12th congressional district Congressman Rodney Davis ( R - Taylorville ) of Illinois 's 13th congressional district Congressman Randy Hultgren ( R - Winfield ) of Illinois 's 14th congressional district Congressman Adam Kinzinger ( R - Channahon ) of Illinois 's 16th congressional district Congressman Darin LaHood ( R - Dunlap ) of Illinois 's 18th congressional district Congressman John Shimkus ( R - Collinsville ) of Illinois 's 15th congressional district Illinois State Senators Republican Caucus Chair Pam Althoff ( R - McHenry ) Senator Jason Barickman ( R - Bloomington ) Senator Tim Bivins ( R - Dixon ) Senator Dale Fowler ( R - Harrisburg ) Senator Kyle McCarter ( R - Lebanon ) Republican Caucus Whip Karen McConnaughay ( R - St. Charles ) Senator Jim Oberweis ( R - Sugar Grove ) Assistant Republican Leader Sue Rezin ( R - Morris ) Senator Dale Righter ( R - Mattoon ) Assistant Republican Leader Chapin Rose ( R - Champaign ) Deputy Republican Leader Dave Syverson ( R - Rockford ) Senator Jil Tracy ( R - Mount Sterling ) Senator Chuck Weaver ( R - Peoria ) Illinois State Representatives Representative Mark Batinick ( R - Plainfield ) Deputy Republican Leader Patricia Bellock ( R - Hinsdale ) Representative Tom Bennett ( R - Gibson City ) Representative Avery Bourne ( R - Raymond ) Representative Terri Bryant ( R - Murphysboro ) Representative Tim Butler ( R - Springfield ) Representative John Cavaletto ( R - Salem ) Representative C.D. Davidsmeyer ( R - Jacksonville ) House Republican Leader Jim Durkin ( R - Western Springs ) Representative Randy Frese ( R - Quincy ) Representative Brad Halbrook ( R - Shelbyville ) Assistant Republican Leader Chad Hays ( R - Catlin ) Assistant Republican Leader Norine Hammond ( R - Emmet Township ) Representative Jeanne Ives ( R - Wheaton ) Assistant Republican Leader Michael McAuliffe ( R - Chicago ) Representative Tony McCombie ( R - Savanna ) Representative Margo McDermed ( R - Mokena ) Representative Charles Meier ( R - Okawville ) Representative Tom Morrison ( R - Palatine ) Representative Lindsay Parkhurst ( R - Kankakee ) Representative Robert Pritchard ( R - Hinckley ) Representative Steve Reick ( R - Woodstock ) Assistant Republican Leader David Reis ( R - Effingham ) Representative Nick Sauer ( R - Lake Barrington ) Representative Dave Severin ( R - Benton ) Representative Allen Skillicorn ( R - East Dundee ) Representative Joe Sosnowski ( R - Rockford ) Representative Ryan Spain ( R - Peoria ) Representative Dan Swanson ( R - Woodhull ) Representative Grant Wehrli ( R - Naperville ) Representative Barbara Wheeler ( R - Crystal Lake ) Representative Keith R. Wheeler ( R - Oswego ) Local Officeholders Kane County State 's Attorney Joseph McMahon Organizations Maggie 's List Newspapers Chicago Tribune Chicago Sun - Times Daily Herald Journal Star The News - Gazette The State Journal - Register Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Erika Harold Gary Grasso Undecided Southern Illinois University February 19 -- 25, 2018 259 ± 6.0 % 18 % 14 % 65 % Results ( edit ) Results by county : Harold -- 80 -- 90 % Harold -- 70 -- 80 % Harold -- 60 -- 70 % Harold -- 50 -- 60 % Tie Grasso -- 50 -- 60 % Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Erika Harold 378,707 59.2 Republican Gary Grasso 261,509 40.8 Total votes 620,028 100 Third party and independents ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Bubba Harsy ( Libertarian ) Potential ( edit ) Tyson Manker, attorney, Iraq War veteran and candidate for Morgan County State 's Attorney in 2016 General election ( edit ) Endorsements ( edit ) show Kwame Raoul ( D ) Former U.S. Executive Branch officials Barack Obama, 44th President of the United States show Erika Harold ( R ) Organizations National Federation of Independent Business Illinois Chamber of Commerce Newspapers The News - Gazette Chicago Tribune Dispatch - Argus Rockford Register Star Journal Star Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Kwame Raoul ( D ) Erika Harold ( R ) Bubba Harsy ( L ) Undecided Victory Research September 27 -- October 2, 2018 1,208 ± 2.8 % 44 % 33 % 5 % 18 % Southern Illinois University September 24 -- 29, 2018 715 ± 3.7 % 36 % 26 % -- 39 % Research America Inc. September 5 -- 13, 2018 1,024 ± 3.1 % 43 % 32 % 4 % 21 % We Ask America June 9 -- 11, 2018 600 ± 4.0 % 44 % 35 % -- 21 % Results ( edit ) Illinois Attorney General election, 2018 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Kwame Raoul Republican Erika Harold Libertarian Bubba Harsy Total votes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pearson, Rick ( May 14, 2017 ). `` Boxed in by father, Lisa Madigan seeks fifth term as Illinois attorney general ''. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 15, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Sfondeles, Tina ( September 19, 2017 ). `` Scott Drury to run for attorney general -- Tom Dart, Ann Williams not ''. Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved September 25, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Korecki, Natasha ; East, Kristen ( October 27, 2017 ). `` AG candidate announces on MSNBC, website crashes -- ' Bump Stock ' ban fails -- UIUC 's record gift ''. Politico. Retrieved October 27, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Korecki, Natasha ( September 25, 2017 ). `` Nekrtiz Out of A.G. Race ''. Illinois Playbook. Arlington, Virginia : Politico. Retrieved September 25, 2017. Jump up ^ Miller, Rich ( October 27, 2017 ). `` Pat Quinn to run for attorney general ''. Capitol Fax. Retrieved October 27, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Korecki, Natasha ( September 18, 2017 ). `` Candidates line up for AG spot -- Mendoza confronts ' Quarters ' Boyle -- 15 % of lawmakers to exit ''. POLITICO. Retrieved September 18, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Miller, Rich ( October 24, 2017 ). `` Penny Pritzker, Laura Ricketts, others co-chair Ruiz campaign finance committee ''. Capitol Fax. Retrieved October 24, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Spielman, Fran ( September 18, 2017 ). `` Berrios : Ald. Burke 's daughter may run for Illinois attorney general ''. Chicago Sun - Times. Retrieved September 25, 2017. Jump up ^ Spielman, Fran ( September 19, 2017 ). `` Sarah Burke decides not to run for attorney general ''. Chicago Sun - Times. Retrieved September 25, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Sfondeles, Tina ; Spielman, Fran ( September 18, 2017 ). `` General question : Who 'll aim to fill AG Lisa Madigan 's powerful seat? ''. Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved September 18, 2017. Jump up ^ Miller, Rich ( September 19, 2017 ). `` Dart wo n't run for AG ''. Capitol Fax. Retrieved September 19, 2017. Jump up ^ Miller, Rich ( September 18, 2017 ). `` Foxx wo n't run for AG, Drury may ''. Capitol Fax. Retrieved September 18, 2017. Jump up ^ Komenda, Ed ( October 11, 2017 ). `` McHenry County Board Chairman Jack Franks says he wo n't run for Illinois attorney general ''. Northwest Herald. Retrieved October 11, 2017. Jump up ^ Miller, Rich ( September 20, 2017 ). `` Hastings circulating petitions for SoS and AG as Ald. Burnett declares he 's not circulating ''. Capitol Fax. Retrieved September 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Miller, Rich ( September 19, 2017 ). `` Burke wo n't say which daughter wants to run for AG as Dan Hynes mulls a bid ''. Capitol Fax. Retrieved September 19, 2017. Jump up ^ Miller, Rich ( October 7, 2017 ). `` McRaith ponders AG bid as field continues to grow ''. Capitol Fax. Retrieved October 7, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Ahern, Mary Ann ; Bremer, Shelby ( September 23, 2017 ). `` Who 's Running for Illinois Attorney General, Who 's Not and Who Might Be ''. NBC Chicago. Retrieved September 25, 2017. Jump up ^ Miller, Rich ( September 19, 2017 ). `` MWRD President Spyropoulos interested in AG ''. Capitol Fax. Retrieved September 19, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Endorsements of Aaron Goldstein for Attorney General ''. YouTube. 17 February 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` Aaron Goldstein Earns Glowing Endorsement for Illinois Attorney General from Northside Democracy for America ''. WENY. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018. Jump up ^ News, Kurman ( 23 January 2018 ). `` Progressives of Kane County endorse Aaron Goldstein for Illinois Attorney General ''. Aurora Beacon - News. Retrieved 1 March 2018. Jump up ^ @ Drury4IL ( February 28, 2018 ). `` i '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ `` Editorial For the Democrats : Scott Drury ''. www.news-gazette.com. The News - Gazette. February 27, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Sharon Fairley ''. www.ballotready.org. Ballot Ready. n.d. Retrieved March 18, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Illinois NOW PAC Endorsements ''. www.ilnow.org. Illinois National Organization for Women. March 20, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Ahern, Mary Ann ( March 5, 2018 ). `` Sharon Fairley Gets Attorney General Endorsements From Chicago Sun - Times, Chicago Tribune ''. www.nbcchicago.com. WMAQ - TV. Retrieved March 5, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Endorsement : Our Democratic choice for Illinois attorney general : Sharon Fairley ''. www.chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. February 23, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Endorsement : Fairley for Democratic nomination for state attorney general ''. www.dailyherald.com. Daily Herald. March 3, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Democrat for Illinois Attorney General : Fairley ''. www.qconline.com. Rock Island Dispatch - Argus. March 12, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018. Jump up ^ Star, The Editorial Board Rockford Register. `` Our View : Fairley for Democratic nomination for attorney general ''. Retrieved May 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Endorsement : Sharon Fairley for attorney general, Democrats ''. www.pjstar.com. Journal Star. March 6, 2018. March 14, 2018 Jump up ^ `` Our View : Sharon Fairley for Democratic attorney general race ''. www.sj-r.com. The State Journal - Register. March 8, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Twitter ''. twitter.com. Retrieved May 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Greg Louganis ''. facebook.com. Retrieved May 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Twitter ''. twitter.com. Retrieved May 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Twitter ''. twitter.com. Retrieved May 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Twitter ''. twitter.com. Retrieved May 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Twitter ''. twitter.com. Retrieved May 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Twitter ''. twitter.com. Retrieved May 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Twitter ''. twitter.com. Retrieved May 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` AMVOTE PAC Endorses Pat Quinn for Illinois Attorney General ''. www.amvote.org. AMVOTE. January 30, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2018. Jump up ^ `` FORMER ATTORNEY GENERAL ROLAND BURRIS ENDORSES KWAME RAOUL ''. www.kwameraoul.com. Kwame for Attorney General. February 14, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Democratic state Sen. Kwame Raoul running for attorney general ''. www.herald-review.com. Herald - Review. Associated Press. September 20, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Rep. Robin Kelly Endorses Sen. Kwame Raoul For Attorney General ''. www.patch.com. Patch. December 15, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2018. Jump up ^ `` RUSH ENDORSES RAOUL 'S CANDIDACY FOR ILLINOIS ATTORNEY GENERAL ''. www.kwameraoul.com. Kwame for Attorney General. February 14, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Raoul, in town for Frerichs ' endorsement : ' It 's time to refresh leadership ' ''. www.news-gazette.com. News - Gazette. March 14, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Sen. Koehler Backs Kwame Raoul for Illinois AG ''. www.kwameraoul.com. Kwame for Attorney General. November 30, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` RAOUL ANNOUNCES ENDORSEMENT BY 47TH WARD ALD. PAWAR ''. www.kwameraoul.com. Kwame for Attorney General. March 8, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Kwame Raoul ''. www.ballotready.org. Ballot Ready. n.d. Retrieved March 18, 2018. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Esposito, Stefano ( March 5, 2018 ). `` Sen. Kwame Raoul picks up another key endorsement in AG race ''. www.chicago.sungtimes.com. Chicago Sun - Times. Retrieved March 5, 2018. Jump up ^ Pearson, Rick ( November 3, 2017 ). `` Cook County Dems endorse state Sen. Raoul over former Gov. Quinn, others for AG ''. www.chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 5, 2018. Jump up ^ `` IFT 2018 ILLINOIS PRIMARY ELECTION ENDORSEMENTS ''. www.aft.org. Illinois Federation of Teachers. n.d. Retrieved March 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Your Voter Guide ''. www.ieanea.org. Illinois Education Association. n.d. Retrieved March 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Endorsed Candidates for the 2018 Primary Election ''. www.ivipo.org. Independent Voters of Illinois - Independent Precinct Organization. n.d. Retrieved March 15, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 2018 Primary Endorsements ''. www.kankakeedemocrats.com. Kankakee County Democrats. n.d. Retrieved March 13, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Just Call Me ' Kwame ' : An Interview with Attorney General Candidate Raoul ''. chicagodefender.com. Chicago Defender. February 3, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` SEIU Illinois Council Endorses Sen. Kwame Raoul for Attorney General in Hotly - Contested Race ; `` He Will Fight for Us. '' ``. www.seiuhcilin.org. Retrieved May 22, 2018. Jump up ^ Bustos, Joseph ( February 2, 2018 ). `` Local Democratic leaders make their pick for attorney general ''. www.bnd.com. Belleview News - Democrat. Retrieved March 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Nancy Rotering ''. m.facebook.com. Retrieved May 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Rep. Cheri Bustos Endorses Nancy Rotering For Attorney General ''. www.patch.com. Patch. December 12, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Rep. Schakowsky Endorses Mayor Rotering In Attorney General Race ''. www.patch.com. Patch. December 14, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Nancy Rotering ''. www.facebook.com. Retrieved May 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Nancy Rotering ''. m.facebook.com. Retrieved May 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Nancy Rotering ''. www.facebook.com. Retrieved May 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Nancy Rotering ''. www.facebook.com. Retrieved May 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Nancy Rotering ''. m.facebook.com. Retrieved May 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Nancy Rotering ''. www.facebook.com. Retrieved May 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Nancy Rotering ''. www.facebook.com. Retrieved May 22, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Nancy Rotering 's Political Summery ''. www.votesmart.org. VoteSmart. n.d. Retrieved March 2, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Rep. Gutierrez endorses Jesse Ruiz in IL Attorney General race ''. www.tristatehomepage.com. Tristate Homepage. November 20, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Jesse Ruiz ''. www.ballotready.org. Ballot Ready. n.d. Retrieved March 18, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 2018 Primary Endorsements ''. northfielddems.org. Democrats of Northfield Township. January 30, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 2018 Endorsement Meeting Results ''. www.evanstondems.com. Evanston Democrats. n.d. Retrieved March 5, 2018. Jump up ^ `` New Trier Dems ' Endorsements For The March 2018 Democratic Primary ''. www.ntdo.org. New Trier Democrats. January 15, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2018. Jump up ^ Brill, Community Contributor Richard. `` New Trier Democrats Endorse Biss, Preckwinkle, Kaegi, Pappas, Suffredin and Gong - Gershowitz ''. Retrieved May 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Aaron Goldstein ''. www.ballotready.org. Ballot Ready. n.d. Retrieved March 18, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Nancy Rotering ''. www.ballotready.org. Ballot Ready. n.d. Retrieved March 18, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Scott Drury ''. www.ballotready.org. Ballot Ready. n.d. Retrieved March 18, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Pat Quinn ''. www.ballotready.org. Ballot Ready. n.d. Retrieved March 18, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Renato Mariotti ''. www.ballotready.org. Ballot Ready. n.d. Retrieved March 18, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Rauner faces war on two fronts as Republican challenger Ives attacks '', Chicago Tribune, December 4, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2017. Jump up ^ Pearson, Rick ( August 15, 2017 ). `` Former Miss America mounts Republican bid against Democratic AG Lisa Madigan ''. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved August 16, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Maxwell, Mark ( September 19, 2017 ). `` Could Harold draw a primary opponent? ''. WCIA. Retrieved September 25, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Miller, Rich ( October 4, 2017 ). `` Roskam the lone congressional holdout in Harold endorsement ''. Capitol Fax. Retrieved October 4, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Miller, Rich ( November 1, 2017 ). `` McMahon wo n't challenge Harold in GOP AG primary ''. Capitol Fax. Retrieved November 1, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Miller, Rich ( September 20, 2017 ). `` Harold unveils long list of legislator endorsements ''. Capitol Fax. Retrieved September 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Maggie 's List Endorses Erika Harold for Attorney General of Illinois ''. Maggie 's List. September 19, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Endorsement : Our Republican choice for Illinois attorney general : Erika Harold ''. www.chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. February 23, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2018. Jump up ^ `` ENDORSEMENT : Erika Harold for attorney general in the Republican primary ''. chicago.suntimes.com. Chicago Sun - Times. March 3, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Endorsement : Harold for Illinois attorney general in Republican primary ''. www.dailyherald.com. Daily Herald. March 3, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Endorsement : Erika Harold for attorney general, GOP ''. www.pjstar.com. Journal Star. March 6, 2018. April 14, 2018 Jump up ^ `` For the Republicans : Erika Harold ''. www.news-gazette.com. The News - Gazette. February 27, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Our View : Erika Harold for GOP attorney general race ''. www.sj-r.com. The State Journal - Register. March 8, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Vote Bubba Harsy ''. Retrieved May 19, 2018. Jump up ^ Kraft, John ( September 22, 2017 ). `` Tyson Manker announces exploratory committee for Illinois Attorney General ''. Edgar County Watchdogs. Retrieved September 25, 2017. Jump up ^ Schnitker, Blake. `` Manker talks about considering run for Illinois Attorney General ''. WLDS News. Jump up ^ Draper, Nick. `` Manker explores attorney general campaign ''. Journal Courier. Jump up ^ Barack Obama ( @ BarackObama ) ( August 1, 2018 ). `` Today I 'm proud to endorse such a wide and impressive array of Democratic candidates -- leaders as diverse, patriotic, and big - hearted as the America they 're running to represent : '' ( Tweet ). Retrieved August 1, 2018 -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ `` Small Business Endorses Erika Harold for Attorney General ''. September 12, 2018. Jump up ^ Illinois Chamber. `` Our next Attorney General will have an enormous impact on our state 's economic future. @ ErikaHarold has what it takes to instill confidence and certainty to the business community. Vote @ ErikaHarold for Attorney General # twill # ILAG ''. Twitter. Jump up ^ `` Backing Susana Mendoza, Erika Harold in November ''. The News - Gazette. October 2, 2018. Jump up ^ Editorial Board ( October 12, 2018 ). `` Endorsement : To combat corruption, choose Erika Harold for attorney general ''. Chicago Tribune. Jump up ^ `` Editorial : For Illinois Attorney General : Harold ''. Dispatch - Argus. October 21, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Our View : Serious about ending corruption? Vote for Erika Harold ''. Rockford Register Star. October 20, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Endorsement : Illinois attorney general ''. Journal Star. October 25, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2018. Jump up ^ 4 % none External links ( edit ) Official campaign websites Erika Harold ( R ) for Attorney General Bubba Harsy ( L ) for Attorney General Kwame Raoul ( D ) for Attorney General ( 2017 ← ) 2018 United States elections ( → 2019 ) U.S. Senate Arizona California Connecticut Delaware Florida Hawaii Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota special Mississippi special Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S. House Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona 8th, special Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan 13th, special Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York 25th, special North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio 12th, special Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania 18th, special 7th and 15th, special Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas 27th, special Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico New York Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming Mayoral Nashville ( special ) Newark Newport News Phoenix ( special ) San Francisco ( special ) Washington, D.C. States and territories Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illinois_Attorney_General_election,_2018&oldid=866404414 '' Categories : Illinois elections, 2018 State attorney general elections in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 Use American English from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles to be expanded from March 2018 Wikipedia articles needing context from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles needing context Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles needing cleanup from March 2018 Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from March 2018 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from March 2018 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018, at 03 : 20 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Illinois Attorney General election, 2018", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Illinois_Attorney_General_election,_2018&amp;oldid=866404414" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards. The specific problem is : The lack of information causes article to read more like a list. Please help improve this article if you can. ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Illinois Attorney General election, 2018 ← 2014 November 6, 2018 2022 → Nominee Kwame Raoul Erika Harold Bubba Harsy Party Democratic Republican Libertarian Incumbent Attorney General Lisa Madigan Democratic Elections in Illinois Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892", "This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards. The specific problem is : The lack of information causes article to read more like a list. Please help improve this article if you can. ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Illinois Attorney General election, 2018 ← 2014 November 6, 2018 2022 → Nominee Kwame Raoul Erika Harold Bubba Harsy Party Democratic Republican Libertarian Incumbent Attorney General Lisa Madigan Democratic Elections in Illinois Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888", "This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards. The specific problem is : The lack of information causes article to read more like a list. Please help improve this article if you can. ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Illinois Attorney General election, 2018 ← 2014 November 6, 2018 2022 → Nominee Kwame Raoul Erika Harold Bubba Harsy Party Democratic Republican Libertarian Incumbent Attorney General Lisa Madigan Democratic Elections in Illinois Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880" ], "id": [ "4337530524571338386" ], "short_answers": [ "Bubba Harsy", "Erika Harold", "Kwame Raoul" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "General Santos - wikipedia General Santos Jump to : navigation, search General Santos Heneral Santos Highly Urbanized City City of General Santos Aerial view of urban GenSan Seal Nickname ( s ) : GenSan, Dadiangas `` The Tuna Capital of the Philippines '' Motto : Magandang GenSan : Beyond The Bay Map of South Cotabato with General Santos City highlighted General Santos Location within the Philippines Coordinates : 6 ° 07 ′ N 125 ° 10 ′ E  /  6.12 ° N 125.17 ° E  / 6.12 ; 125.17 Coordinates : 6 ° 07 ′ N 125 ° 10 ′ E  /  6.12 ° N 125.17 ° E  / 6.12 ; 125.17 Country Philippines Region Soccsksargen ( Region XII ) Province South Cotabato ( geographically only ) Districts 1st District of South Cotabato Incorporated August 18, 1947 Cityhood 1968 Highly Urbanized Cityhood September 5, 1988 Barangays 26 Government Mayor Ronnel Chua - Rivera ( UNA ) Vice Mayor Shirlyn Bañas - Nograles ( UNA ) Area Total 492.86 km ( 190.29 sq mi ) Elevation 15.0 m ( 49.2 ft ) Population ( 2015 census ) Total 594,446 Density 1,200 / km ( 3,100 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Gensanon, Generals Time zone PST ( UTC + 8 ) ZIP code 9500 IDD : area code + 63 ( 0 ) 83 Income class 1st city income class PSGC 126303000 Electorate 247,470 voters ( 2016 ) Languages Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Filipino, English Website www.gensantos.gov.ph General Santos, officially the City of General Santos ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Heneral Santos ; Hiligaynon : Dakbanwa / Syudad sang Heneral Santos ; Filipino : Lungsod ng Heneral Santos ; previously known as Dadiangás, and abbreviated G.S.C. or GenSan ), is the southernmost city in the Philippines and is located on the island of Mindanao. Classified as a highly urbanized first class city, General Santos is the 15th-most populous city in the country with 594,446 inhabitants as per 2015 census. General Santos City is the regional center for commerce and industry of the Soccsksargen region, and is geographically located within the province of South Cotabato but administered independently of it. The city is named after Gen. Paulino Santos, a former Commanding General of the Philippine Army, and the settlement 's leading pioneer. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Waves of migration 1.2 Second World War 1.3 Renaming and elevation to city status 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Barangays 3 Demographics 3.1 Religion 4 Economy 4.1 Shopping 5 Infrastructure 5.1 Transportation 5.2 Utilities 5.3 Security and Civil Defense 5.4 Health Services 6 Education 7 Media 8 Notable people 9 Sister cities 9.1 Local 9.2 International 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History The nomadic B'laan people are the original inhabitants of General Santos, and traces of their early settlement of the area are found in the city 's place names, which are derived from their vocabulary. Their name for the city, Dadiangas, is from the thorny Ziziphus spina - christi tree that was once abundant in the area and is now a protected species under Republic Act 8371 or the Indigenous Peoples Right Act of 2007. The B'laan tribe presently lives alongside the city 's new generation of settlers and other immigrants. Waves of migration Organized under the National Land Settlement Administration ( NLSA ) of the Commonwealth Government headed by President Manuel L. Quezon, General Paulino Santos led the relocation of 62 Christian settlers from Luzon to the shores of Sarangani Bay aboard the steam ship `` Basilan '' of Compañia Maritima on February 27, 1939. The 62 pioneers, mostly agricultural and trade graduates, were the first large batch of settlers to land in the area with the mission to industriously cultivate the region. After this first influx of pioneers, thousands more Christians from Luzon and the Visayas have subsequently moved into the area, gradually driving some of the resident B'laan to the mountains, who have lost their livelihood. In March 1939, the first formal settlement in the city was established in Alagao, which is now known as Barangay Lagao. Lagao district was known then as the `` Municipal District of Buayan '' under the jurisdiction of the deputy governor of the Municipal District of Glan. Until it officially became an independent Municipal District of Buayan on October 1, 1940, appointing Datu Sharif Zainal Abedin -- an Arab mestizo married to a daughter of a very influential datu of lower Buayan -- as the first district municipal mayor. Second world War During the Second World War, the Municipal District of Buayan become one of the last frontiers between the combined American and Filipino forces and troops from the Empire of Japan. Retreating Imperial Japanese forces made Klaja Karsts Land their last ground for defence, constructing round cement bunkers and tunnels. These bunkers can still be seen at Sitio Guadalupe ; most of the tunnels, however, have since been damaged and even destroyed by treasure hunters and land developers. Renaming and elevation to city status Statue of General Paulino Santos in which the city is named after A year after the Philippines regained full sovereignty from the United States on July 4, 1946, the Municipality of Buayan became a 4th class regular municipality by virtue of the Executive Order Number 82, dated August 18, 1947 by President Manuel Roxas, absorbing the Municipal District of Glan whose low income bracket at the time disqualified it for the honour. Dadiangas was the seat of government for the Municipality of Buayan electing Irineo Santiago as its first Municipal Mayor on a local election that was held on November 11, 1947. Mayor Santiago was formally inducted on January 1, 1948. Six years later, in June 1954, the Municipality of Buayan was renamed General Santos as a tribute to the leading pioneer via Act No. 1107 authored by Congressman Luminog Mangelen of Cotabato Province. From 1963 to 1967, the municipality 's economy experienced a boom under Mayor Lucio A. Velayo, as several large agri - based and multinational firms such as Dole Philippines, General Milling Corporation and UDAGRI expanded into the area. Although it was then qualified to become a fourth class city from being a municipality, the residents rejected a move by Congressman Salipada Pendatun to convert the Municipality of Buayan into a city and to rename it ' ' Rajah Buayan ' '. On July 8, 1968, the Municipality of General Santos was converted into a city upon the approval of Republic Act No. 5412, authored by Congressman James L. Chiongbian. It was inaugurated on September 5 of that year, with Antonio C. Acharon became the new city 's first mayor. On the 5th of September in the year 1988, A decade after its inauguration as a chartered city, GenSan was declared a highly urbanized city of South Cotabato. Geography General Santos City lies at the southern part of the Philippines. It is located at 6 ° 7'N 125 ° 10'E latitude. The city is southeast of Manila, southeast of Cebu and southwest of Davao. The city is bounded by municipalities of Sarangani Province namely Alabel in the east, and Maasim in the south. General Santos is likewise bounded by the South Cotabato municipality of Polomolok and Sarangani Province municipality of Malungon in the north, and the municipality of T'boli in the west. Climate General Santos City has a tropical wet and dry climate ( Köppen climate classification Aw ). It is considered to be one of the driest places in the Philippines, even with a less pronounced dry season. ( hide ) Climate data for General Santos City Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 37.8 ( 100 ) 38.9 ( 102 ) 38.3 ( 100.9 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 42.8 ( 109 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 37.8 ( 100 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 38.9 ( 102 ) 36.7 ( 98.1 ) 37.8 ( 100 ) 42.8 ( 109 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 31.7 ( 89.1 ) 31.7 ( 89.1 ) 32.2 ( 90 ) 32.8 ( 91 ) 31.7 ( 89.1 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) 31.1 ( 88 ) 31.1 ( 88 ) 31.7 ( 89.1 ) 31.4 ( 88.5 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 28.8 ( 83.8 ) 29.1 ( 84.4 ) 28.7 ( 83.7 ) 27.9 ( 82.2 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 27.6 ( 81.7 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 27.9 ( 82.2 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) 24.9 ( 76.8 ) 24.9 ( 76.8 ) 24.9 ( 76.8 ) 24.9 ( 76.8 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 18.9 ( 66 ) 18.9 ( 66 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 17.8 ( 64 ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 21.1 ( 70 ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 17.8 ( 64 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 88.9 ( 3.5 ) 73.7 ( 2.902 ) 40.6 ( 1.598 ) 48.3 ( 1.902 ) 104.1 ( 4.098 ) 121.9 ( 4.799 ) 109.2 ( 4.299 ) 83.8 ( 3.299 ) 81.3 ( 3.201 ) 106.7 ( 4.201 ) 96.5 ( 3.799 ) 91.4 ( 3.598 ) 1,046.4 ( 41.197 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.1 mm ) 8 7 6 7 10 13 10 12 11 13 10 9 116 Average relative humidity ( % ) 77 76 75 76 79 82 82 82 82 82 84 79 79 Source : Deutscher Wetterdienst Barangays General Santos City is politically subdivided into 26 barangays. Apopong Baluan Batomelong Buayan Bula Calumpang City Heights Conel Dadiangas East Dadiangas North Dadiangas South Dadiangas West Fatima Katangawan Labangal Lagao ( 1st & 3rd ) Ligaya Mabuhay Olympog San Isidro ( Lagao 2nd ) San Jose Siguel Sinawal Tambler Tinagacan Upper Labay Demographics Population census of General Santos City Year Pop. ± % p.a. 1960 84,988 -- 1970 85,861 + 0.10 % 91,154 + 1.21 % 1980 149,396 + 10.38 % 250,389 + 5.30 % 1995 327,173 + 5.14 % 2000 411,822 + 5.06 % 2007 529,542 + 3.53 % 538,086 + 0.58 % 2015 594,446 + 1.91 % Source : Philippine Statistics Authority There are two major languages spoken in the city, with Cebuano being widely spoken and being used by the local media outlets in the city ( Television, radio, and newspapers ) followed by Ilonggo, which is used mainly by settlers who came from the provinces of South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, North Cotabato and Maguindanao, as well as immigrants from the provinces of Negros Occidental, Iloilo and Guimaras. Religion The predominant religion in the city is Christianity, with the largest denomination being the Catholic Church, comprising almost 90 percent of the population. Some 8 percent self - identified as belonging to one of several Protestant churches, including the Aglipayan Church, the Seventh - day Adventist Church, Jehovah 's Witnesses, and various Alliance, Baptist, Born Again, Church of God, Evangelical, Methodist and Pentecostal groups. Included also in this percentage is the Iglesia ni Cristo. The remaining 2 percent belong to non-Christian faiths, particularly Islam. Economy The city 's major economic activity is primarily anchored in two sectors namely the agro-industry and fishing industry. Agro-industry : Endowed with rich volcanic soil, ample and well distributed rainfall all throughout the year and a typhoon - free climate, General Santos City produces export quality high valued crops such as corn, coconut, pineapple, asparagus, banana and rice. It also yields quality exotic fruits, vegetables and cut flowers. The city is also a top producer and exporter of quality livestock such as poultry, hogs, and cattle. But with the continuing growth in population and economy in the passing of time, a number of the city 's agricultural lands have gradually been converted into built up areas in order to address the relatively growing need of dwelling and viable spaces. Fish Port of General Santos City General Santos City Fishing Port Complex Aerial view of Makar Wharf, the main international sea port of General Santos Fishing industry : General Santos City is the largest producer of sashimi - grade tuna in the Philippines. Thus in as early as 1970, the title `` Tuna Capital of the Philippines '' has become a tag to it. GenSan also accounts for the second largest daily total catch of fish in the country after Navotas City in the National Capital Region. Locals in the city boast that fishes and seafoods do not come fresher than what is found in their locality. The fishing industry in GenSan yields a total daily capacity of 750 metric tons of fish catch alone and employs about 7,800 workers. Which is why General Santos City is home to seven ( 7 ) tuna processing plants in the country. The Fishport Complex in Barangay Tambler has a 750 metres ( 2,460 ft ) quay and a 300 metres ( 980 ft ) wharf for 2,000 GT reefer carriers. The fishport is equipped with modern facilities that comply with international standards on fish catch handling. General Santos City has registered 1,365 new medium to large enterprises in 2011. An aggregate investment involved is estimated PHP 1.202 billion. Top industry for new investment in 2011 are as follows : Hotel and Restaurant - 31 % ; Wholesale & Retail Trade - 20 % ; Repair of Motor Vehicles, Motorcycles and Personal & Household Goods, Real Estate & Renting Business Activities - 17 % ; Other Community, Social & Personal Services - 8 % ; Financial Intermediation - 5 % ; Manufacturing - 5 % ; Fishing - 3 % ; ICT - 3 % As of 2000, there are 59 banks serving the city. This composed of 46 commercial banks, 5 savings banks, 7 rural banks and 1 cooperative bank. Aside from this, there are 48 lending institutions as well as 49 pawnshops providing emergency loan assistance. Shopping General Santos City is the shopping capital of the Soccksargen region. Residents from nearby towns and provinces visit the city to do shopping and enjoy life and leisure activities. There are several huge shopping malls in the city, notable ones are KCC Mall of Gensan, SM City General Santos, Robinsons Place GenSan, Gaisano Mall of GenSan, RD Plaza ( Fitmart ), Veranza Mall, and the newest addition to the city which is RD City Mall located at Brgy. Calumpang and Unitop Shopping Mall in Brgy. Dadingas West. SM Savemore has two branches in the city and another branch will be built within the downtown area. There are also news about building an Ayala Mall and Puregold. These malls are home to both national and international brands of retail merchandises as well as restaurants and cafes. There are many merchandise and large groceries owned by local and foreign Chinese, Taiwanese and Korean businessmen in the city. Infrastructure Communication Modern and state - of - the - art communication facilities at par with global standards are readily available and are provided in General Santos City by major telecommunication companies in the country. These include voice, data, internet and network solutions, among others, in both wired and mobile forms. Transportation Airliners disembarking at General Santos City International Airport GenSan and the whole of Soccsksargen can be reached by air, land, or sea. Air Transportation The General Santos International Airport is the largest airport in Mindanao. It has a 3,227 - metre concrete runway capable of handling wide - bodied jets like Airbus A340 and Boeing 747. It was also called Rajah Buayan Airport in the 1990s and Tambler Airport in year 2008 before it was renamed to its current name. Flights to and from Manila, Iloilo, and Cebu are currently being operated in the airport by Philippine Airlines and Cebu Pacific. General Santos International Airport is the second busiest airport in Mindanao and 9th busiest airport in the Philippines. Sea Transportation The Makar Wharf is the main international sea port of the city and is one of the finest sea ports in the country. It is location in Barangay Labangal, away from the central business district. With a 740 metres ( 2,430 ft ) docking length and a 19 metres ( 62 ft ) width, the wharf can accommodate up to nine ( 9 ) ship berthing positions all at the same time. The port is complete with modern facilities like container yards, storage and weighing bridges to name a few. Several shipping companies operate regular inter-island ferry service to and from other major ports in Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. Negros Navigation, SuperFerry and Sulpicio Lines provide these inter-island shipping routes while numerous Indonesian shipping lines operate international ferry service between General Santos City and neighboring ports in Indonesia carrying both passenger and cargo loads. Pioneer Avenue, General Santos City Land Transportation Commuting in and around General Santos City is a fast and convenient ride. More than 400 passenger buses, public utility vans and jeepneys wield routes within the city and neighboring provinces like in Koronadal, Cotabato, Davao, Tacurong, Pagadian, Cagayan de Oro and others. Three - wheeled motorized cabs known as tricycles are the city 's main mode of public transport and have been on the road since the pioneering times. Air - conditioned taxis also ply the city streets offering commuters a choice of a more comfortable mode of transportation. Maintained by the City Engineers ' Office, the city 's major road networks are paved and endowed with safety road marks, signs and signals to ensure a secure and efficient traffic flow within the city. The Pan-Philippine Highway links the city by land to other major cities in Mindanao and to the rest of the country. The General Santos City Terminal -- popularly known as Bulaong Terminal ; located in Barangay Dadiangas North is the city 's main integrated land transport terminal. The terminal serves as the city 's gateway for land travelers. Buses and other forms of public mass transportation -- to and from various parts of Mindanao such as Koronadal, Tacurong, Cotabato, Davao, Kidapawan, Digos, Pagadian, and Cagayan de Oro. Utilities Power Majority of the city 's power supply is being serviced by the second district of South Cotabato Electric Cooperative ( SOCOTECO - II ). The said power distributor acquires the majority of its power needs for the city 's consumption from the National Transmission Corporation ( TransCo ) while other sources are drawn from various Independent Power Producers ( IPP ) from nearby power plants and barges. Water Majority of the households and other entities in the city are provided and serviced with clean, safe and potable water supply from deep well sources by General Santos City Water District ( GSCWD ). Potable water sources in other far flung and remote parts of the city where can not be reached by the local water utility service are being served by their individual Barangay Water And Sanitation systems. Waste management In a bid to achieve an efficient and sustainable management of non-hazardous waste the city produces every single day, the finalization and construction of the city 's waste water treatment facility is currently underway at the corner of P. Acharon and I. Santiago Boulevards. The said location is adjacent to the city public market and is the former site of the city 's Fish Landing. The facility will include settling ponds and anaerobic reactors, among others. Likewise is the finalization stage for the construction of a multi-million peso solid waste management and disposal system in Barangay Sinawal. The new and modern solid waste management facility will replace the existing city dumpsite in Barangay Siguel. Security and civil defense The Philippine National Police, a military task force has been formed to protect the city from terrorist attacks and other crime. Task Force GenSan is affiliated with the Philippine Army and headed by an army colonel. 8 Police Stations are build on each barangay to keep the safeness and a peaceful order in city. Agencies and Organizations are forming a good and peaceful will to group an order in a city. Health services The average life expectancy of Gensanon is 70 for females and 65 for males. There are 19 hospitals, with a total of 1,963 beds, in the city including GenSan Doctors Hospital, St. Elizabeth Hospital, SOCSARGEN Country Hospital, Mindanao Medical Center, R.O Diagan Cooperative Hospital and the General Santos City District Hospital servicing a care for the people. There is an ongoing construction of Gensan Medical Center in Barangay Calumpang and an expected hospital in Barangay Apopong. Education Notre Dame of Dadiangas University, a Catholic institution run by the Marist Brothers or FMS ( Fratres Maristae a Scholis ) Aside from more than 50 Private Schools, such as The Quantum Academy, and more than 100 public schools, General Santos City hosts three universities. These are the Notre Dame of Dadiangas University, Mindanao State University - General Santos and New Era University - General Santos Campus. Soon, the General Santos campus of the country 's oldest academic institution, University of Santo Tomas, will rise in Barangay Ligaya. Media Notable media publications in the city are the SusStar General Santos, Periodiko Banat, Sapol, and other local newspapers. Brigada Newspaper General Santos is the most popular newspaper company in the city. There are several television stations in the city that are owned and operated by broadcasting networks -- ABS - CBN 3 Soccsksargen, GMA 8 Soccsksargen, TV5 Channel 12 Gensan, GMA News TV 26, Brigada News TV 34, ABS - CBN Sports + Action Channel 36, GNN Channel 43, and UNTV Channel 48. Most of these television networks reaches as far as Davao Region and Northern Mindanao ; and caters the whole SOCCSKSARGEN Region. Major and other minor cable and satellite television companies are also operating in the city. Most of the FM and AM radio stations are operating in the city 24 hours a day such as MOR 92.7 General Santos, 89.5 Brigada News FM, iFM 91.9, 94.3 Yes! FM General Santos, Radyo5 97.5 News FM, K101. 5 Love Radio GenSan, Barangay 102.3 GenSan and others. There are three local newscasts programs in General Santos : TV Patrol Socsksargen ( ABS - CBN 3 Soccsksargen ), GMA Soccsksargen Flash Bulletin ( GMA 8 Soccsksargen ), Balita38 ( EGTV Channel 46 ) and Ronda Brigada ( Brigada News TV channel 34 ). Notable people Sebastian Benedict ( Baby Baste ) of Eat Bulaga!, child actor Gerald Anderson, actor Ethel Booba, TV personality Melai Cantiveros, actress Nonito Donaire, professional boxer Rolando Navarette, professional boxer Jinkee Pacquiao, politician Manny Pacquiao, professional boxer Bo Perasol, head coach UAAP basketball of Ateneo De Manila University Blue Eagles Shamcey Supsup, Miss Universe 2011 Pageant 3rd Runner - up Zendee Rose Tenerefe, singer, YouTube personality XB Gensan, dance group, Grand Champion, Showtime Season 1 Sister cities Local Butuan, Agusan del Norte Cebu City, Cebu Makati, Metro Manila Roxas City, Capiz Iligan, Lanao del Norte Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental Naga City, Camarines Sur International Monterrey, Mexico Hadano City, Japan See also List of renamed cities and municipalities in the Philippines References ^ Jump up to : `` Province : South Cotabato ''. PSGC Interactive. Quezon City, Philippines : Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 12 November 2016. ^ Jump up to : Census of Population ( 2015 ). `` Region XII ( Soccsksargen ) ''. Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. PSA. Retrieved 20 June 2016. Jump up ^ Cities of the Philippines Jump up ^ `` History of General Santos City '' Jump up ^ `` An Act Changing the Name of the Municipality of Buayan, in the Province of Cotabato, to General Santos ''. LawPH.com. Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 14. Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11. Jump up ^ `` Klimatafel von General Santos / Insel Mindanao / Philippinen '' ( PDF ). Baseline climate means ( 1961 - 1990 ) from stations all over the world ( in German ). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 5 April 2017. Jump up ^ Census of Population and Housing ( 2010 ). `` Region XII ( Soccsksargen ) ''. Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. NSO. Retrieved 29 June 2016. Jump up ^ Census of Population ( 1995, 2000 and 2007 ). `` Region XII ( Soccsksargen ) ''. Total Population by Province, City and Municipality. NSO. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011. CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Province of South Cotabato ''. Municipality Population Data. Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division. Retrieved 17 December 2016. Jump up ^ Fel V. Maragay ( July 4, 1996 ). `` Demos in South get ugly ; Ramos unfazed : Mindanao Council is good formula, FVR insists ''. Manila Standard. Philippines. Retrieved October 9, 2011. Jump up ^ `` General Santos International Airport ''. Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 19. Jump up ^ http://www.ictsi.com/operations.aspx?p_id=3&catg_id=&operation_id=132&id=152 Jump up ^ http://www.scipsi.com/equip.html Jump up ^ http://www.gensantos.gov.ph/2010/05/construction-of-waste-treatment-facility-p-acharon-blvd-corner-santiago-blvd-general-santos-city/ Jump up ^ http://www.gensantos.gov.ph/2011/02/11cs-gsc-001-contract-to-design-build-and-operate-a-sanitary-solid-waste-management-and-disposal-project-at-barangay-sinawal-city-of-general-santos-philippines/ External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to General Santos. Official Website of the City of General Santos Wikivoyage has a travel guide for General Santos City. Philippine Standard Geographic Code Places adjacent to General Santos Malungon, Sarangani Polomolok T'Boli General Santos City Alabel, Sarangani Maasim, Sarangani Sarangani Bay Articles Related to General Santos Province of South Cotabato Koronadal ( capital ) Municipalities Banga Lake Sebu Norala Polomolok Santo Niño Surallah T'Boli Tampakan Tantangan Tupi Component City Koronadal Highly Urbanized City General Santos ( Administratively independent from the province but grouped under South Cotabato by the Philippine Statistics Authority. ) ( hide ) Soccsksargen ( Region XII ) SOuth Cotabato, Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, SARangani, GENeral Santos Regional Center Koronadal Provinces Cotabato Sarangani South Cotabato Sultan Kudarat Highly Urbanized City General Santos Component Cities Kidapawan Koronadal Tacurong Independent Component City Cotabato City Provincial Capitals Alabel Isulan Kidapawan Koronadal Component Municipalities Alabel Alamada Aleosan Antipas Arakan Bagumbayan Banga Banisilan Carmen Columbio Esperanza Glan Isulan Kabacan Kalamansig Kiamba Lake Sebu Lambayong Lebak Libungan Lutayan M'lang Maasim Magpet Maitum Makilala Malapatan Malungon Matalam Midsayap Norala Palimbang Pigcawayan Pikit Polomolok President Quirino President Roxas Santo Niño Senator Ninoy Aquino Surallah T'boli Tampakan Tantangan Tulunan Tupi Mindanao, Republic of the Philippines Cities of the Philippines Highly Urbanized Cities Angeles Bacolod Baguio Butuan Cagayan de Oro Caloocan Cebu City Davao City General Santos Iligan Iloilo City Lapu - Lapu Las Piñas Lucena Makati Malabon Mandaluyong Mandaue Manila Marikina Muntinlupa Navotas Olongapo Parañaque Pasay Pasig Puerto Princesa Quezon City San Juan Tacloban Taguig Valenzuela Zamboanga City Independent Component Cities Cotabato City Dagupan Naga Ormoc Santiago Component Cities Alaminos Antipolo Bacoor Bago Bais Balanga Batac Batangas City Bayawan Baybay Bayugan Biñan Bislig Bogo Borongan Cabadbaran Cabanatuan Cabuyao Cadiz Calamba Calapan Calbayog Candon Canlaon Carcar Catbalogan Cauayan Cavite City Danao Dapitan Dasmariñas Digos Dipolog Dumaguete El Salvador Escalante Gapan General Trias Gingoog Guihulngan Himamaylan Ilagan Imus Iriga Isabela Kabankalan Kidapawan Koronadal La Carlota Lamitan Laoag Legazpi Ligao Lipa Maasin Mabalacat Malaybalay Malolos Marawi Masbate City Mati Meycauayan Muñoz Naga, Cebu Oroquieta Ozamiz Pagadian Palayan Panabo Passi Roxas Sagay Samal San Carlos, Negros Occidental San Carlos, Pangasinan San Fernando, La Union San Fernando, Pampanga San Jose San Jose del Monte San Pablo San Pedro Santa Rosa Silay Sipalay Sorsogon City Surigao City Tabaco Tabuk Tacurong Tagaytay Tagbilaran Tagum Talisay, Cebu Talisay, Negros Occidental Tanauan Tandag Tangub Tanjay Tarlac City Tayabas Toledo Trece Martires Tuguegarao Urdaneta Valencia Victorias Vigan Largest cities in the Philippines PSA Census August 2015 Rank Name Region Pop. Rank Name Region Pop. Quezon City Manila Quezon City National Capital Region 2,936,116 11 Parañaque National Capital Region 665,822 Davao City Caloocan Manila National Capital Region 1,780,148 12 Dasmariñas Calabarzon 659,019 Davao City Davao Region 1,632,991 13 Valenzuela National Capital Region 620,422 Caloocan National Capital Region 1,583,978 14 Bacoor Calabarzon 600,609 5 Cebu City Central Visayas 922,611 15 General Santos Soccsksargen 594,446 6 Zamboanga City Zamboanga Peninsula 861,799 16 Las Piñas National Capital Region 588,894 7 Taguig National Capital Region 804,915 17 Makati National Capital Region 582,602 8 Antipolo Calabarzon 776,386 18 San Jose del Monte Central Luzon 574,089 9 Pasig National Capital Region 755,300 19 Bacolod Western Visayas 561,875 10 Cagayan de Oro Northern Mindanao 675,950 20 Muntinlupa National Capital Region 504,509 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Santos&oldid=809793314 '' Categories : General Santos Cities in South Cotabato Independent cities in the Philippines Port cities and towns in the Philippines Planned cities in the Philippines Populated places established in 1939 1939 establishments in the Philippines Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Unfit url Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Cebuano - language text Articles containing non-English - language text Articles containing Tagalog - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Bikol Central Cebuano Chavacano de Zamboanga Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kapampangan Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Pangasinan Polski Português Русский Svenska Tagalog Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017, at 12 : 57. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "General Santos", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=General_Santos&amp;oldid=809793314" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "1280781973751345889" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Brawl Stars - Wikipedia Brawl Stars Jump to : navigation, search This article is written like a manual or guidebook. Please help rewrite this article from a descriptive, neutral point of view, and remove advice or instruction. ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guidelines for products and services. Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention. If notability can not be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted. Find sources : `` Brawl Stars '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Brawl Stars Developer ( s ) Supercell Publisher ( s ) Supercell Platform ( s ) iOS Release CAN : June 15, 2017 ( beta ) Genre ( s ) Strategy Mode ( s ) Multiplayer Brawl Stars is a freemium mobile real - time strategy video game developed and published by Supercell. On June 14, 2017, Supercell announced the game via livestream video on Youtube. It received an iOS soft launch in the Canadian App Store the following day, June 15, 2017. It is yet to be released on Android devices or in other countries. Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Currency 1.2 Game modes 1.2. 1 Bounty 1.2. 2 Smash and Grab 1.2. 3 Heist 1.2. 4 Showdown 2 References 3 External links Gameplay Gameplay of Smash and Grab mode in Brawl Stars. The three brawlers in this screenshot are Nita ( bottom ), El Primo ( top left ), and Poco ( top right ). In Brawl Stars, players are ranked by their level and total trophies. Players collect brawlers and select one to use each game. Brawlers, unlike like Clash Royale cards, come in six rarity types : Common, Rare, Ultra Rare, Epic, Mythical and Legendary. There are currently eighteen brawlers in the game, and only two of which are legendaries. Players get brawlers from Brawl Boxes which can be purchased for 100 coins or 10 gems. You can also buy special boxes for gems. Players can join bands to play alongside other players. Brawl Stars can be played in five game modes : Bounty, Brawl Ball, Smash and Grab, Heist and Showdown. Currency There are currently four currencies in Brawl Stars : Coins, Gems, Elixir and Chips. Coins are used to buy Brawl Boxes which contain brawlers or Elixir. If a player gets the same brawler twice from a Brawl Box, the player instead receives a Chip which can be used to buy new brawlers. Coins are received by entering new events, winning battles, leveling up brawlers and ranking up. Gems are used to buy Brawl Boxes, coin boosters, and skins for decorating brawlers. Gems can only be obtained by purchasing them from the in - game shop with real money. Elixir is collected from Brawl Boxes and is used to upgrade brawlers. It takes 45 elixir to completely max out a brawler. Game modes Bounty Bounty is a 3 vs 3 team deathmatch game mode where players try to kill players on the other team. The more kills a player has, the higher their bounty is, but if a player with a large bounty is killed, that player 's bounty is given to the player that killed them. Each team of three players is either red or blue, and each team spawns on their own side of the map. Smash and Grab Smash and Grab is a 3 vs 3 game mode in which players try to collect crystals. The crystals spawn from a mine in the middle of the map once every 5 - 6 seconds. Each player 's crystal count is displayed on top of their name. If a player with crystals is killed, they drop their crystals onto the ground, and the crystals can be collected by other players on either team. The objective is for a team to collect 10 crystals, and if a team does so, a 15 - second timer is activated. If the team keeps their 10 crystals for 15 seconds, they win the game. Heist Heist is also played with two teams of three. One team has a safe containing crystals to defend, and one team has to break open said safe in 2 minutes and 30 seconds using various attacks and strategies. Showdown Showdown is the only game mode not played 3 vs 3. It is a deathmatch played with 10 players. During the game, the map fills with poison gas, reducing the size of the battlefield. The last player standing wins the game. References Jump up ^ Thier, Dave ( 14 June 2017 ). `` ' Clash Royale ' Developer 's Next Game Is Called ' Brawl Stars ' ''. Forbes. Retrieved June 18, 2017. Jump up ^ Torres, Ida ( 17 June 2017 ). `` Brawl Stars is an upcoming game from the makers of Clash Royale ''. androidcommunity.com. Android Community. Retrieved 18 June 2017. Jump up ^ Ferrera, Jessica ( 22 June 2017 ). `` ' Brawl Stars ' Release Date : Supercell Announces ' Epic Multiplayer ' Game on iOS, Android ''. christianpost.com. The Christian Post. Retrieved 22 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Game Modes ''. supercell.helpshift.com. Supercell. Retrieved 22 June 2017. External links Supercell website ( hide ) Supercell Games Hay Day Clash of Clans Boom Beach Clash Royale Brawl Stars Related articles Tencent Video games portal This article about a video game released for mobile devices is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brawl_Stars&oldid=800069292 '' Categories : Mobile game stubs IOS games IOS - only games Video games developed in Finland Free - to - play video games 2017 video games Mobile games Strategy video games Multiplayer online games ESports games Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles needing style editing from June 2017 All articles needing style editing Articles with topics of unclear notability from June 2017 All articles with topics of unclear notability Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images All stub articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Română Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017, at 10 : 14. About Wikipedia", "title": "Brawl Stars", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Brawl_Stars&amp;oldid=800069292" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "5161565391455697661" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "United States federal judge - wikipedia United States federal judge This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Kavanaugh Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government United States portal Other countries Atlas In the United States, the title of federal judge means a judge ( pursuant to Article Three of the United States Constitution ) appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate pursuant to the Appointments Clause in Article II of the United States Constitution. In addition to the Supreme Court of the United States, whose existence and some aspects of whose jurisdiction are beyond the constitutional power of Congress to alter, Congress has established 13 courts of appeals ( also called `` circuit courts '' ) with appellate jurisdiction over different regions of the United States, and 94 United States district courts. Every judge appointed to such a court may be categorized as a federal judge ; such positions include the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, Circuit Judges of the courts of appeals, and district judges of the United States district courts. All of these judges described thus far are referred to sometimes as `` Article III judges '' because they exercise the judicial power vested in the judicial branch of the federal government by Article III of the U.S. Constitution. In addition, judges of the Court of International Trade exercise judicial power pursuant to Article III. Other judges serving in the federal courts, including magistrate judges and bankruptcy judges, are also sometimes referred to as `` federal judges '' ; however, they are neither appointed by the President nor confirmed by the Senate, and their power derives from Article I instead. See Article I and Article III tribunals. Contents 1 Powers and duties 2 Tenure and salary 3 Duty station 4 Discipline 5 Retirement 6 Number of judges 7 Non-Article III judges 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Powers and duties ( edit ) The primary function of the federal judges is to resolve matters brought before the United States federal courts. Most federal courts in the United States are courts of general jurisdiction, meaning that they hear both civil and criminal cases falling within their jurisdiction. District Court judges are recognized as having such authority as is needed to dispose of matters brought before them, ranging from setting the dates for trials and hearings to holding parties in contempt or otherwise sanctioning them for improper behavior. Tenure and salary ( edit ) `` Article III federal judges '' ( as opposed to judges of some courts with special jurisdictions ) serve `` during good behavior '' ( often paraphrased as appointed `` for life '' ). Judges hold their seats until they resign, die, or are removed from office. Although the legal orthodoxy is that judges can not be removed from office except by impeachment by the House of Representatives followed by conviction by the Senate, several legal scholars, including William Rehnquist, Saikrishna Prakash, and Steven D. Smith, have argued that the Good Behaviour Clause may, in theory, permit removal by way of a writ of scire facias filed before a federal court, without resort to impeachment. Since the impeachment process requires a trial by the United States Senate, and since the constitutional provision concerning federal judges ' tenure can not be changed without the ratifications of three - fourths of the states, federal judges have perhaps the best job security available in the United States. Moreover, the Constitution forbids Congress to diminish a federal judge 's salary. Twentieth - century experience suggests that Congress is generally unwilling to take time out of its busy schedule to impeach and try a federal judge until, after criminal conviction, he or she is already in prison and still drawing a salary, which can not otherwise be taken away ( see Nixon v. United States, a key Supreme Court case about Congress 's discretion in impeaching and trying federal judges ). As of 2018, federal district judges are paid $208,000 a year, circuit judges $220,600, Associate Justices of the Supreme Court $255,300 and the Chief Justice of the United States $267,000. All were permitted to earn a maximum of an additional $21,000 a year for teaching. Chief Justice John Roberts has repeatedly pleaded for an increase in judicial pay, calling the situation `` a constitutional crisis that threatens to undermine the strength and independence of the federal judiciary ''. The problem is that the most talented associates at the largest U.S. law firms with judicial clerkship experience ( in other words, the attorneys most qualified to become the next generation of federal judges ) already earn as much as a federal judge in their first year as full - time associates. Thus, when those attorneys eventually become experienced partners and reach the stage in life where one would normally consider switching to public service, their interest in joining the judiciary is tempered by the prospect of a giant pay cut back to what they were making 10 to 20 years earlier ( adjusted for inflation ). One way for attorneys to soften the financial blow is to spend only a few years on the bench and then return to private practice or go into private arbitration, but such turnover creates a risk of a revolving door judiciary subject to regulatory capture. Thus, Chief Justice Roberts has warned that `` judges are no longer drawn primarily from among the best lawyers in the practicing bar '' and `` If judicial appointment ceases to be the capstone of a distinguished career and instead becomes a stepping stone to a lucrative position in private practice, the Framers ' goal of a truly independent judiciary will be placed in serious jeopardy. '' Duty station ( edit ) Each federal judge serves at a particular `` duty station '' for the duration of his or her federal service. This is important because of the relationship among several federal statutes. First, 28 U.S.C. § 456 ( a ) entitles federal judges to reimbursement of transportation and `` subsistence '' expenses incurred while transacting official business away from their duty stations. Section 456 also prescribes that the District of Columbia is the duty station of all members of the U.S. Supreme Court, the D.C. Circuit, the Federal Circuit, and the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. Second, there are several reasons for why a federal judge would need to transact official business outside of their regular courthouse. 28 U.S.C. § § 291 and 292 authorize a broad variety of temporary reassignments of circuit and district judges, both horizontally ( i.e., to other circuits or districts ) and vertically ( so that a district judge can hear appeals and a circuit judge can try cases ). Many federal judges serve on administrative panels like the judicial council for their circuit or the Judicial Conference of the United States. Some of the larger circuit courts like the Ninth Circuit hold regular sessions at multiple locations, and randomly select three - judge panels to hear appeals from all sitting circuit judges regardless of duty station. ( Videoconferencing is sometimes now used to reduce the burden of frequent travel on circuit judges. ) Discipline ( edit ) The discipline process of federal judges is initiated by the filing of a complaint by any person alleging that a judge has engaged in conduct `` prejudicial to the effective and expeditious administration of the business of the courts, or alleging that such judge is unable to discharge all the duties of the office by reason of mental or physical disability. '' If the chief judge of the circuit does not dismiss the complaint or conclude the proceedings, then he or she must promptly appoint himself or herself, along with equal numbers of circuit judges and district judges, to a special committee to investigate the facts and allegations in the complaint. The committee must conduct such investigation as it finds necessary and then expeditiously file a comprehensive written report of its investigation with the judicial council of the circuit involved. Upon receipt of such a report, the judicial council of the circuit involved may conduct any additional investigation it deems necessary, and it may dismiss the complaint. If a judge who is the subject of a complaint holds his or her office during good behavior, action taken by the judicial council may include certifying disability of the judge. The judicial council may also, in its discretion, refer any complaint under 28 U.S.C. § 351, along with the record of any associated proceedings and its recommendations for appropriate action, to the Judicial Conference of the United States. The Judicial Conference may exercise its authority under the judicial discipline provisions as a conference, or through a standing committee appointed by the Chief Justice. Retirement ( edit ) Once a judge meets age and service requirements he or she may retire and will then earn his or her final salary for the remainder of his or her life, plus cost of living increases. The `` Rule of 80 '' is the commonly used shorthand for the age and service requirement for a judge to retire, or assume senior status, as set forth in Title 28 of the U.S. Code, section 371 ( c ). Beginning at age 65, a judge may retire at his or her current salary, or take senior status, after performing 15 years of active service as an Article III judge ( 65 + 15 = 80 ). A sliding scale of increasing age and decreasing service ( 66 + 14, 67 + 13, 68 + 12, 69 + 11 ) results in eligibility for retirement compensation at age 70 with a minimum of 10 years of service ( 70 + 10 = 80 ). Under section 376 a survivor 's annuity to benefit the widow, widower or minor child of the judge may be purchased via a deduction of 2.2 % to 3.5 % from the retirement benefit. Number of judges ( edit ) There are currently 870 authorized Article III judgeships : nine on the Supreme Court, 179 on the courts of appeals, 673 for the district courts and nine on the Court of International Trade. The total number of active federal judges is constantly in flux, for two reasons. First, judges retire or die, and a lapse of time occurs before new judges are appointed to fill those positions. Second, from time to time Congress will increase ( or, less frequently, decrease ) the number of federal judgeships in a particular judicial district, usually in response to shifting population numbers or a changing workload in that district. Although the number of Supreme Court justices has remained the same for well over a century, the number of court of appeals judges has more than doubled since 1950, and the number of district court judges has increased more than three-fold in that period. As of May 2012, a total of 3,294 individuals had been appointed to federal judgeships, including 2,758 district court judges, 714 courts of appeals judges, 95 judges to the now - extinct circuit courts, and 112 Supreme Court justices. This adds up to 3,679 total appointments ; a substantial number of appellate judges ( including Supreme Court justices ) had previously served on the lower court bench. Non-Article III judges ( edit ) Unlike the judges of Article III courts, non-Article III judges are appointed for specified terms of office. Examples include United States magistrate judges and judges of the United States bankruptcy courts, United States Tax Court, United States Court of Federal Claims, and United States territorial courts. Although the term `` non-Article III judges '' is used to describe the absence of tenure and salary protection, bankruptcy courts are formally designated as divisions of U.S. District Courts, whose district judges are Article III judicial officers. Moreover, in Freytag v. Commissioner, 501 U.S. 868 ( 1991 ), the Supreme Court concluded that the judges of the U.S. Tax Court ( and their special trial judges ) exercise a portion of `` the judicial power of the United States. '' See also ( edit ) Federal judicial appointment history List of United States federal judges by longevity of service References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Saikrishna Prakash & Steven D. Smith, `` How To Remove a Federal Judge '' Archived 2012 - 04 - 15 at the Wayback Machine., 116 Yale L.J. 72 ( 2006 ). Jump up ^ `` Judicial Salaries Since 1968 '' ( PDF ). uscourts.gov. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 5, 2010. ^ Jump up to : John Roberts. `` 2006 Year - End Report on the Federal Judiciary '' ( PDF ). supremecourt.us. Jump up ^ Debra Cassens Weiss, `` Scalia Denies Abortion Views Influenced by Religion, Calls His GPS Opinion ' Defendant Friendly ' '', ABA Journal, 4 February 2012. Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 351 ( a ). See generally 28 U.S.C. ch. 16. Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 354 ( a ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 71 Jump up ^ `` FAQs on Federal Judges ''. uscourts.gov. Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 371 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 376 Jump up ^ Authorized Judgeships ( PDF ) ( Report ). Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts. p. 8. Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 16. Jump up ^ `` Chronological History of Authorized Judgeships - Courts of Appeals ''. United States Courts. Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts. Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 16. Jump up ^ `` Chronological History of Authorized Judgeships - District Courts ''. United States Courts. Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts. Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 16. ^ Jump up to : Federal Judicial Center. This article incorporates public domain material from the Congressional Research Service document `` Judicial Discipline Process : An Overview ''. Retrieved on 14 August 2014. External links ( edit ) Judicial Financial Disclosure Reports United States presidents and the federal judiciary Supreme Court candidates and nomination results All Supreme Court nominations Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F. D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L. B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G. H. W. Bush Clinton G. W. Bush Obama Trump All presidential judicial appointments Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts Washington J. Adams Jefferson Madison Monroe J. Q. Adams Jackson Van Buren Tyler Polk Taylor Fillmore Pierce Buchanan Lincoln A. Johnson Grant Hayes Garfield Arthur Cleveland ( I ) B. Harrison Cleveland ( II ) McKinley T. Roosevelt Taft Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F. D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L. B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G. H. W. Bush Clinton G. W. Bush Obama Trump Appointment controversies L. B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G. H. W. Bush Clinton G. W. Bush Obama Trump List of Presidents of the United States by judicial appointments Supreme Court demographics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_federal_judge&oldid=859855731 '' Categories : United States federal judges Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from June 2018 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Congressional Research Service Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Polski Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2018, at 18 : 58 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "United States federal judge", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=United_States_federal_judge&amp;oldid=859855731" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "65 + 15 = 80 ). A sliding scale of increasing age and decreasing service ( 66 + 14, 67 + 13, 68 + 12, 69 + 11 ) results in eligibility for retirement compensation at age 70 with a minimum of 10 years of service ( 70 + 10 = 80 ). Under section 376 a survivor 's annuity to benefit the widow, widower or minor child of the judge may be purchased via a deduction of 2.2 % to 3.5 % from the retirement benefit. Number of judges ( edit ) There are currently 870 authorized Article III judgeships : nine on the Supreme Court, 179 on the courts of appeals, 673 for the district courts and nine on the Court of International Trade. The total number of active federal judges is constantly in flux, for two reasons. First, judges retire or die, and a lapse of time occurs before new judges are appointed to fill those positions. Second, from time to time Congress will increase ( or, less frequently, decrease ) the number of federal judgeships in a particular judicial district, usually in response to shifting population numbers or a changing workload in that district. Although the number of Supreme Court justices has remained the same for well over a century, the number of court of appeals judges has more than doubled since 1950," ], "id": [ "14792487265543356227" ], "short_answers": [ "673" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Hampstead tube station - wikipedia Hampstead tube station Jump to : navigation, search Not to be confused with West Hampstead tube station. Hampstead Station building in 2008 Hampstead Location of Hampstead in Greater London Location Hampstead Local authority London Borough of Camden Managed by London Underground Number of platforms Fare zone 2 and 3 London Underground annual entry and exit 2013 4.29 million 2014 4.36 million 2015 4.56 million 2016 4.64 million Railway companies Original company CCE&HR Key dates 1907 Opened Other information Lists of stations DLR Underground National Rail Tramlink External links TfL station info page WGS84 51 ° 33 ′ 25 '' N 0 ° 10 ′ 42 '' W  /  51.5569 ° N 0.1783 ° W  / 51.5569 ; - 0.1783 Coordinates : 51 ° 33 ′ 25 '' N 0 ° 10 ′ 42 '' W  /  51.5569 ° N 0.1783 ° W  / 51.5569 ; - 0.1783 London transport portal Hampstead is a London Underground station in Hampstead, North London. The station is on the Edgware branch of the Northern line, between Golders Green and Belsize Park stations, and is the northernmost subterranean station on the branch. The station is on the boundary between Travelcard Zone 2 and Zone 3. Designed by architect Leslie Green the station was opened on 22 June 1907 by the Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway. Located at the junction of Heath Street and Hampstead High Street, the name Heath Street was proposed for the station before opening : indeed, the original tiled station signs on the platform walls still read Heath Street. Hampstead is on a steep hill and the station platforms are the deepest on the London Underground network, at 58.5 metres ( 192 ft ) below ground level. It has the deepest lift shaft on the Underground at 55 metres ( 180 ft ) which houses high - speed lifts. They were previously Otis lifts, but were modernised by the Wadsworth Lift Company, and again in 2014 by the small generic lift installer Accord. There is also a spiral emergency staircase of over 320 steps. To the north, between Hampstead and Golders Green stations, is the uncompleted North End or Bull & Bush station. London Overground 's Hampstead Heath station on the North London Line is a 10 -- 15 minute walk east. The station is 4.3 miles ( 7 km ) north - northwest of Charing Cross as the crow flies. Tiling on the southbound platform, showing the original proposed name, `` Heath Street '' Connections ( edit ) London Buses routes 46 and 268, schools service 603 and night bus N5 serve the station. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Multi-year station entry - and - exit figures '' ( XLS ). London Underground station passenger usage data. Transport for London. March 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017. Jump up ^ `` Key facts ''. Transport for London. Retrieved 28 April 2010. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hampstead tube station. London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Station exterior, 1925 Preceding station London Underground Following station Golders Green towards Edgware Northern line Belsize Park towards Morden or Kennington Abandoned plans North End towards Golders Green Northern line Belsize Park towards Charing Cross Northern line Stations High Barnet branch High Barnet Totteridge & Whetstone Woodside Park West Finchley Mill Hill East Finchley Central East Finchley Highgate Archway Tufnell Park Kentish Town Camden Town Edgware branch Edgware Burnt Oak Colindale Hendon Central Brent Cross Golders Green Hampstead Belsize Park Chalk Farm Camden Town Charing Cross branch Camden Town Mornington Crescent Euston Warren Street Goodge Street Tottenham Court Road Leicester Square Charing Cross Embankment Waterloo Kennington City branch Camden Town Euston King 's Cross St. Pancras Angel Old Street Moorgate Bank London Bridge Borough Elephant & Castle ( 100m ) Morden line Kennington Oval Stockwell Clapham North Clapham Common Clapham South Balham Tooting Bec Tooting Broadway Colliers Wood South Wimbledon Morden Battersea branch ( under construction ) Kennington Nine Elms Battersea Power Station Rolling stock Present stock 1995 Stock Former stock 1906 Stock 1938 Stock 1949 Stock 1956 Stock 1959 Stock 1962 Stock 1972 Stock Standard Stock History Former companies City and South London Railway Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway Edgware, Highgate and London Railway Underground Electric Railways Company of London Former lines Northern City Line Former stations City Road Essex Road Finsbury Park Highbury & Islington Drayton Park King William Street South Kentish Town Abandoned plans Northern Heights plan Aldenham depot Alexandra Palace Brockley Hill Bushey Heath Cranley Gardens Crouch End Elstree South Mill Hill Muswell Hill North End Stroud Green Depots Morden London Underground Night Tube Transport for London London transport portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hampstead_tube_station&oldid=834065029 '' Categories : Rail transport stations in London fare zone 2 Rail transport stations in London fare zone 3 Northern line stations Tube stations in the London Borough of Camden Former Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway stations Railway stations opened in 1907 Buildings and structures in Hampstead Leslie Green railway stations London Underground Night Tube stations Railway stations located underground in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2012 Use British English from August 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français 贛 語 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski ייִדיש 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018, at 19 : 25. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Hampstead tube station", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Hampstead_tube_station&amp;oldid=834065029" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "6258812359923226453" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Honda Accord - wikipedia Honda Accord Honda Accord Overview Manufacturer Honda Production 1976 -- present Body and chassis Class Compact : 1976 -- 1989 Mid-size : 1990 -- present The Honda Accord ( Japanese : ホンダ ・ アコード, Honda Akōdo ) / əˈkɔːrd / is a series of automobiles manufactured by Honda since 1976, best known for its four - door sedan variant, which has been one of the best - selling cars in the United States since 1989. The Accord nameplate has been applied to a variety of vehicles worldwide, including coupes, wagons, hatchbacks and a crossover. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 First generation ( 1976 -- 1981 ) 3 Second generation ( 1981 -- 1985 ) 3.1 Refresh - 1983 ( 1984 model year ) 4 Third generation ( 1986 -- 1989 ) 4.1 Accord AeroDeck 4.2 Chassis code configurations 5 Fourth generation ( 1990 -- 1993 ) 5.1 Return of the SE ( 1991 ) 5.2 Update ( 1992 -- 1993 ) 5.3 10th Anniversary Edition and return of the SE ( 1993 ) 5.4 Honda Ascot 5.5 Honda Vigor and Honda Inspire 6 Fifth generation ( 1994 -- 1997 ) 6.1 North America, Japan and Philippines 6.1. 1 Honda Accord SiR ( 1994 -- 1997 ) 6.2 European model 6.2. 1 Rover 600 7 Sixth generation ( 1998 -- 2002 ) 8 Seventh generation ( 2002 -- 2007 ) 8.1 Japan and Europe 8.1. 1 Accord Euro R ( CL7, 2002 -- 2007 ) 8.2 North America and Asia Pacific 9 Eighth generation ( 2008 -- 2012 ) 9.1 Accord in Japan and Europe and Spirior in China 9.2 Accord in North America and China and Inspire in Japan 10 Ninth generation ( 2013 -- 2017 ) 11 Tenth generation ( 2018 -- present ) 12 Awards 13 Motorsport 14 Sales 15 References 16 External links Background ( edit ) Since initiation, Honda has offered several different car body styles and versions of the Accord, and often vehicles marketed under the Accord nameplate concurrently in different regions differ quite substantially. It debuted in 1976 as a compact hatchback, though this style only lasted through 1989, as the line - up was expanded to include a sedan, coupé, and wagon. By the Accord 's sixth generation in the 1990s, it evolved into an intermediate vehicle, with one basic platform but with different bodies and proportions to increase its competitiveness against its rivals in different international markets. For the eighth generation of the Accord released for the North America market in 2007, Honda had again chosen to move the model further up - scale and increase its size. This pushed the Accord sedan from the upper limit of what the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) defines as a mid-size car to just above the lower limit of a full - size car, with the coupe still rated as a mid-size car. The current tenth generation Accord for the North America market is again classified as a mid-size car, falls just short of full - size car classification with the combined interior space of 119 cubic feet ( 3.4 m ). After a period of developing idiosyncratic automobiles such as the Honda 1300 that met a lukewarm response in both Japan and North America, Honda considered pulling out of automobile manufacturing altogether by the early 1970s. However, Honda released a more conventional automobile in 1972 called the `` Civic '' which immediately reversed their flagging fortunes due to its economy, reliability and low cost in an era of rising fuel prices. The Civic utilized Honda 's CVCC technology, later used in the Accord, to help Honda meet emission standards of the 1970s and early 1980s without the added expense of a catalytic converter. Buoyed by their success with the Civic, Honda turned their sights to developing a larger companion model. For the new model, Honda chose the name `` Accord '', reflecting `` Honda 's desire for accord and harmony between people, society and the automobile. '' Soichiro Honda was the owner of a 1969 Pontiac Firebird, to which the Accord 's predecessor, the Honda 1300, bore a striking frontal resemblance. Initial planning done by Honda for what would become the Accord was for a sporty competitor in the pony car market, at roughly the size of a contemporary Ford Mustang, powered by a six - cylinder engine. With the continuing fuel crisis and tighter emissions regulations surrounding the automotive market, Honda engineers changed their focus on the Accord as a Mustang competitor, and built upon the Civic 's successful formula of economy, fuel efficiency and a front - wheel drive layout in a larger package. A December 1975 issue of Motor Trend Magazine had a drawing of a new Honda automobile which was similar in shape to the Volkswagen Scirocco but powered with a CVCC engine used in the Civic. In 1982, the Accord became the first car from a Japanese manufacturer to be produced in the United States when production commenced in Marysville, Ohio at Honda 's Marysville Auto Plant. The Accord has achieved considerable success, especially in the United States, where it was the best - selling Japanese car for sixteen years ( 1982 -- 97 ), topping its class in sales in 1991 and 2001, with around ten million vehicles sold. Numerous road tests, past and present, rate the Accord as one of the world 's most reliable vehicles. The Accord has been on the Car and Driver 10Best list a record 30 times. In 1989, the Accord was the first vehicle sold under an import brand to become the best - selling vehicle in the United States. First generation ( 1976 -- 1981 ) ( edit ) First generation series SJ - SM Overview Production 1976 -- 1981 Assembly Sayama Plant, Sayama, Saitama, Japan North Jakarta, Indonesia ( PT. Prospect Motor ) Johor Bahru, Malaysia ( OASB ) Body and chassis Class Compact Body style 3 - door hatchback 4 - door sedan Layout FF layout Powertrain Engine 1.6 L EL1 I4 1.6 L EF I4 1.6 L EP I4 1.8 L EK1 I4 Transmission 2 - speed automatic 3 - speed automatic 5 - speed manual Dimensions Wheelbase 2,380 mm ( 94 in ) sedan Length 4,450 mm ( 175 in ) sedan Width 1,620 mm ( 64 in ) sedan Height 1,360 mm ( 54 in ) sedan Curb weight 945 kg ( 2,083 lb ) Hatchback Sedan The first generation Honda Accord was launched on 7 May 1976 as a three - door hatchback with 68 hp ( 51 kW ), a 93.7 - inch ( 2,380.0 mm ) wheelbase, and a weight of about 2,000 pounds. Japanese market cars claimed 80 PS ( 59 kW ) JIS ( similar to SAE Gross ), while European and other export markets received a model without emissions control equipment ; it claimed 80 PS as well but according to the stricter DIN norm. It was a platform expansion of the earlier Honda Civic at 4,125 mm ( 162 in ) long. To comply with recently enacted emission regulations enacted in Japan, the engine was fitted with Honda 's CVCC technology. The Accord sold well due to its moderate size and great fuel economy. It was one of the first Japanese sedans with features like cloth seats, a tachometer, intermittent wipers, and an AM / FM radio as standard equipment. In 1978 an LX version of the hatchback was added which came with air conditioning, a digital clock, and power steering. Until the Accord, and the closely related Prelude, power steering had not been available to cars under two litres. Japanese buyers were liable for slightly more annual road tax over the smaller Civic, which had a smaller engine. On 14 October 1977 ( a year later in the US market ), a four - door sedan was added to the lineup, and power went to 72 hp ( 54 kW ) when the 1,599 cc ( 97.6 cu in ) EF1 engine was supplemented and in certain markets replaced by the 1,751 cc ( 106.9 cu in ) an EK - 1 unit. In 1980 the optional two - speed semi-automatic transmission of previous years became a three - speed fully automatic gearbox ( a four - speed automatic transaxle was not used in the Accord until the 1983 model year ). The North American versions had slightly redesigned bumper trim. Other changes included new grilles and taillamps and remote mirrors added on the four - door ( chrome ) and the LX ( black plastic ) models. The CVCC badges were deleted, but the CVCC induction system remained. In North America, the 1981 model year only brought detail changes such as new fabrics and some new color combinations. Nivorno Beige ( code No. Y - 39 ) was replaced by Oslo Ivory ( No. YR - 43 ). Dark brown was discontinued, as was the bronze metallic. A bit later in 1981 an SE model was added for the first time, with Novillo leather seats and power windows. Base model hatchbacks, along with the four - door, LX, and SE four - door, all received the same smaller black plastic remote mirror. The instrument cluster was revised with mostly pictograms which replaced worded warning lights and gauge markings. The shifter was redesigned to have a stronger spring to prevent unintentional engagement of reverse, replacing the spring - loaded shift knob of the 1976 to 1980 model year cars. By 1981 power for the 1.8 was down to a claimed 68 hp ( 51 kW ) in North America. Second generation ( 1981 -- 1985 ) ( edit ) Second generation series SY / SZ / AC / AD Overview Also called Honda Vigor ( Japan ) Production 1981 -- 1985 Assembly Sayama, Saitama, Japan Marysville, Ohio, US ( Marysville Auto Plant ) Nelson, New Zealand ( Honda New Zealand ) North Jakarta, Indonesia ( PT. Prospect Motor ) Johor Bahru, Malaysia ( OASB ) Designer Yukio Kurosu ( 1979 ) Body and chassis Class Compact Body style 3 - door hatchback 4 - door sedan Layout FF layout Powertrain Engine 1598 cc EY 12 - valve I4 ( facelift ) 1602 cc EL1 I4 ( 1981 - 1983 ) 1751 cc EK1 I4 ( 1981 - 1983 ) 1829 cc ES2 12 - valve I4 ( facelift ) 1829 cc ES3 12 - valve EFi I4 ( 1984 - 1985 ) Transmission 3 - speed automatic 4 - speed automatic 5 - speed manual Dimensions Wheelbase 2,450 mm ( 96 in ) sedan Length 4,410 mm ( 174 in ) sedan Width 1,650 mm ( 65 in ) sedan Height 1,375 mm ( 54 in ) sedan European Specification Sedan ( pre-facelift ) European Specification Sedan ( pre-facelift ) Hatchback ( pre-facelift ) Interior ( pre-facelift ) Debuting on 22 September 1981 in Japan, Europe, and in North America, this generation of the Accord being produced in Japan, became the first to also be built in the U.S., at Honda 's plant in Marysville, Ohio. Since its first year in the American market, it also became the best - selling Japanese nameplate in the U.S., holding that position for about 15 years. In Japan, a sister model called the Honda Vigor was launched simultaneously with the new Accord. This allowed Honda to sell the product at different sales channels called Honda Clio, which sold the Accord, and Honda Verno, that sold the Vigor. Modernizing both the interior and exterior, the second generation Accord was mechanically very similar to the original, using the same 1,751 cc ( 1.751 L ; 106.9 cu in ) EK - 1 CVCC engine. Vehicles with a manual transmission and the CVCC carburator earned 13.6 km / L ( 38 mpg ; 32 mpg ) based on Japanese Government emissions tests using 10 different modes of scenario standards, and 110 PS ( 80.9 kW ; 108.5 bhp ), and 23 km / L ( 65 mpg ; 54 mpg ) with consistently maintained speeds at 60 km / h. This automobile included popular features of the time such as shag carpet, velour cabin trim, and chrome accents. An optional extra on the 1981 Accord was an Electro Gyrocator, the world 's first automatic in - car navigation system. Models were available in Silver, Sky Blue, and Beige. The LX hatchback offered a digital clock and slightly higher fuel economy ( due to its lighter weight ). In the United States, Federal lighting regulations required headlamps of sealed beam construction and standard size and shape on all vehicles, so Accords in North America were equipped with four rectangular headlamp units rather than the aerodynamic composite replaceable - bulb units used on Accords sold outside North America ( note European specification imagery ). Other Automotive lighting variations included amber front and red rear side marker lights and reflectors in North America, and headlamp washers and a red rear fog lamp for European markets. Japanese - market Accords were unique from all other markets in that they offered adjustable ride height control and side view mirrors installed on the mid-forward fenders. In 1983, Honda upgraded the automatic transmission to a four - speed, a major improvement over the earlier, three - speed transmission. The manual five - speed transmission remained unchanged. A new 192 km / h speedometer replaced the earlier 136 km / h unit. The Special Edition ( SE ) featured Novillo leather seating, power windows, power sunroof and door locks. Gray was added as a color option. A slightly modified EK - 2 engine was introduced, replacing the earlier EK - 1, albeit still carbureted. Refresh - 1983 ( 1984 model year ) ( edit ) European Specification Sedan ( facelift ) Hatchback ( facelift ) By 1983, the Accords sold in the eastern U.S. were produced at the new Marysville plant, with quality considered equal to those produced in Japan. In June 1983, for the 1984 model year, the Accord body was restyled with a slightly downward beveled nose and a new series of 12 - valve CVCC powerplants. Globally there was a 1.6 ( EY ) and also the slightly more powerful ES2 1,829 cc ( 1.829 L ; 111.6 cu in ), yielding 86 bhp ( 64 kW ) in federal trim. Honda integrated rear side marker lights and reflectors into the side of the tail light units. European Accords now included a side turn signal repeater just behind each front wheel well. The U.S. requirement for standardized headlamps was rescinded in late 1983, but North American Accords continued to use sealed beams until the 1989 fourth - generation models were released. The LX offered velour upholstery, auto - reverse cassette stereo, air conditioning, cruise control, power brakes, power steering, power windows & power door locks ( sedan only ), a digital clock, roof pillar antenna, along with thick black belt moldings, integrated bumpers and flush plastic mock - alloy style wheels covers that resembled the trend - setting Audi 5000. Supplies were tight, as in the Eastern states, the wait was months for a Graphite Gray sedan, a then - popular color. The LX hatchback was the only 1984 version of the Accord to include dual side view mirrors. The 1984 sedan was available in four exterior colors, Greek White and three metallic options : Columbus Gray, Regency Red ( burgundy ), and Stratos Blue ( steel ). The regular hatchback was available in Greek White, Dominican Red, and the metallic Stratos Blue. The 1984 LX hatchback came in three metallic colors only : Graphite Gray, Regency Red, and Copper Brown. It was one of the first Japanese engineered vehicles to offer computer controlled, fuel - injection with one injector per cylinder, also known as multiple port fuel injection. This arrived on 24 May 1984 on the ES series 1.8 L engine, and was known as Honda 's Programmed Fuel Injection, or PGM - FI. This option was not offered until 1985 in the USA market. Vehicles with PGM - FI ( ES3 series engine ) earned 13.2 km / L ( 37 mpg ; 31 mpg ) based on Japanese Government emissions tests using 10 different modes of scenario standards, with 130 PS ( 95.6 kW ; 128.2 bhp ), and 22 km / L ( 62 mpg ; 52 mpg ) with consistently maintained speeds at 60 km / h ( 37.3 mph ). In 1985, the Special Edition returned as the SE - i, capitalizing on the final year of the second generation 's production. A fuel - injected, 110 bhp ( 82 kW ) non-CVCC ES3 engine was exclusive to this model. The moniker, SE - i, was adapted from the SE trim, but included the `` - i '' to signify the higher trim level 's fuel - injected engine. This 12 - valve, 1,829 cc ( 1.829 L ; 111.6 cu in ) engine was the first non-CVCC engine used in an Accord, and was the same basic engine design used by Honda until 1989. Like the previous SE trim in 1983, the SE - i featured Novillo leather seating, power moonroof, bronze tinted glass, a premium sound system with cassette, and 13 - inch alloy wheels. The level of luxury equipment on the SE - i was essentially items that were installed on the Honda Vigor VTL - i, that was only sold in Japan. Available options differed from market to market. The 1.8 - liter engine, updated four - speed automatic transmission, and ' EX ' trim level options were first made available in New Zealand during the 1984 model year refresh alongside the 1.6 - liter ' LX ' model. Japan generally received more options earlier than the rest of the world. In 1981, the Accord offered an adjustable ride height air suspension in the Japanese market. From 1983 in Japan and 1984 in Europe, the second generation Accord was available with anti-lock brakes ( called ALB ) as an option. This braking system was the first time that an Accord used four - wheel disc brakes. Fuel injection became available in 1984 in the Japan market with the earlier introduction of the ES3 engine in the SE - i. Models took a year to arrive in North American and European markets with less stringent emissions laws continuing, using carburetors throughout second generation production. Third generation ( 1986 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) Third generation series CA1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 Accord DX sedan ( USA ) Overview Also called Honda Vigor ( Japan ) Production 1985 -- 1989 Assembly Sayama, Saitama, Japan Marysville, Ohio, USA ( Marysville Auto Plant ) Alliston, Ontario, Canada ( HCM ) Petone / Nelson, New Zealand ( New Zealand Motor Corporation / Honda New Zealand ) Ayuthaya, Thailand ( Honda Cars ( Thailand ) Co. ) North Jakarta, Indonesia ( PT. Prospect Motor ) Johor Bahru, Malaysia ( OASB ) Designer Toshi Oshika ( 1983 ) Body and chassis Class Compact Body style 2 - door coupe 3 - door hatchback 3 - door shooting - brake ( AeroDeck ) 4 - door sedan Layout FF layout Powertrain Engine 1.6 L A16A1 I4, 88 hp ( 66 kW ) 1.8 L A18A I4, 100 hp ( 75 kW ) 1.8 L B18A I4, 115 hp ( 86 kW ) 2.0 L A20A / A20A1 / A20A2 I4, 98 -- 108 hp ( 73 -- 81 kW ) 2.0 L A20A3 / A20A4 I4, 110 -- 122 hp ( 82 -- 91 kW ) 2.0 L B20A I4, 145 hp ( 108 kW ) 2.0 L B20A2 I4, 137 hp ( 102 kW ) 2.0 L B20A8 I4, 133 hp ( 99 kW ) Transmission 4 - speed automatic 5 - speed manual Dimensions Wheelbase 2,601 mm ( 102.4 in ) Length Hatchback : 4,440 mm ( 174.8 in ) 1986 -- 1987 Sedan : 4,549 mm ( 179.1 in ) 1988 -- 1989 Sedan & Coupe : 4,564 mm ( 179.7 in ) Width Hatchback & Coupe : 1,694 mm ( 66.7 in ) Sedan : 1,712 mm ( 67.4 in ) Height Hatchback & Coupe : 1,336 mm ( 52.6 in ) Sedan : 1,356 mm ( 53.4 in ) Accord EX sedan without hidden headlamps ( Europe ) The third generation Accord was introduced in Japan on 4 June 1985 and in Europe and North America later that year. It had a very striking exterior design styled by Toshi Oshika in 1983, that resonated well with buyers internationally. One notable feature was the hidden headlamps. Because this generation was also sold as the Honda Vigor, the Accord received the hidden headlamps. Honda 's Japanese dealership channel called Honda Verno all had styling elements that helped identify products only available at Honda Verno. As a result, Japanese market Accords had a Honda Verno styling feature, but were sold at newly established Japanese dealerships Honda Clio with the all - new, luxury Honda Legend sedan, and international Accords were now visually aligned with the Prelude, the CR - X, and the new Integra. The retractable headlights of the third generation Accord sedan were in Japan, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, KY region ( Arabian countries ) and on cars in Taiwan that were imported from the USA. In other countries, the Accord sedan had conventional headlights, including in Japan from July 1987 on `` Accord CA '', with CA standing for `` Continental Accord ''. Accords in all other bodies ( hatchback, Aerodeck, coupé ) had only retractable headlights worldwide. At its introduction in 1985, it won the Car of the Year Japan Award. The third generation Accord became the first Honda to employ double wishbones at both the front and rear ends. While more expensive than competitors ' MacPherson strut systems, this setup provided better stability and sharper handling for the vehicle. All had front sway bars and upper models had rear sway bars as well. Brakes were either small all - wheel discs with twin - piston calipers ( only available on the Japanese - market 2.0 - Si model ), larger all - wheel discs with single piston calipers, or a front disc / rear drum system. ABS was available as an option on the 4 - wheel disc brake models, though not in North America. Base model Accords rode on 13 - inch steel wheels with hubcaps with more expensive models having the option of 14 - inch alloy wheels. The Accord 's available engines varied depending on its market : Japan received the A18A, A20A, B18A, B20A and A20A3 ( US imported cars ) ; Europe received the A16A1, A20A1, A20A2, A20A3, A20A4, B20A2, and B20A8 ; Australia and New Zealand received A20A2 and A20A4 ; other regions received A20A2 and / or A16A1 ; while USA, Canada and Taiwan ( US imported cars ) received the A20A1 and A20A3. On Accord 1986 model year engine block was marked as BS and BT in USA, BS1 and BT1 in Canada, this cars had chassis code BA. Since 1987 the engine block in Indonesia was marked as NA instead of A20A2. The engine block in Thailand was marked as A. In Japan, the introduction of a 2.0 litre engine obligated Japanese drivers to pay a higher amount of annual road tax compared to the last two previous generations, pushing the Accord into the luxury category in Japan. The Accord 's trim levels ranged from spartan to luxurious. In the Japanese home market, the Accord was available with a full power package, heated mirrors ( optional ), a digital instrument cluster ( optional ), sunroof ( optional ), cruise control, and climate control ( which was also optional ). Some North European export models also had heated front seats and head light washers. North American and Australian Accords were not available with most of these options, presumably ( and in the U.S. in particular ) because Honda was seen as a builder of economy cars, and not to cannibalize sales from the recently introduced Acura line. Throughout the different markets, in addition to the sedan model the Accord was available with different bodystyles which included a three - door hatchback, a three - door shooting - brake called Accord Aerodeck, and a two - door coupé which was added in 1987 for the 1988 model year. The coupé, which was built exclusively in Honda 's Marysville, Ohio factory, was `` reverse exported '' back to Japan where it was known as the US - Coupé CA6. Accord Aerodeck ( edit ) Accord AeroDeck shooting brake ( Europe ) The third - generation Accord was sold in Japan, Europe and New Zealand as a three - door hatchback with a flat roof over the rear seats, known in Europe as a shooting - brake. The bodystyle of a flat roof hatchback was also used on the third generation Honda Civic ( third generation ) subcompact, the second generation Honda City supermini and the first generation Honda Today kei car. The Honda CR - X was the only three - door hatchback that adopted a fastback, sloping rear hatch `` kammback '' appearance, demonstrating a performance car appearance identified with Honda Verno products during the mid-1980s. In North America, the Accord Coupé and hatchback models were offered instead. The `` Aerodeck '' name was reused on the Honda Civic 5 - door stationwagon ( estate ), sold in the UK from 1996 to 2000. In parts of Continental Europe, the Accord five - door station wagon ( estate ) was also called the Accord Aerodeck from 1990 until 2008, when the name of the estate was renamed the `` Accord Tourer ''. The Aero Deck was only available in Japan at Honda Clio dealerships as a variation of the Accord. The cargo handling abilities of the Aero Deck were ceded to the fourth generation Accord station wagon ( estate ) in 1990. The Aero Deck was unique to the Accord model line, as the Aero Deck was not available as a Honda Vigor, as the Accord and Vigor were mechanically identical. The AeroDeck returned an aerodynamic value of. 34, and the 2600 mm wheelbase returned a spacious interior for both front and rear passengers, on par with a mid-size sedan. Unfortunately, the appearance was not well received in Japan, as the introduction of the Accord Coupe was more well liked. The appearance was more popular in the United Kingdom. The Aerodeck was equipped with a four - wheel double wishbone suspension, which gave both a comfortable ride and cornering performance. In addition, speed - sensitive power steering is included, which gives the car easy turning assistance at speeds below 40 kilometres per hour ( 25 mph ) during operation, such as parallel parking. Note that the top model in Japan `` 2.0 Si '' is to 4w - ALB ( 4 - wheel ABS ) are standard equipment ( with option to upgrade in other trim packages ). Visibility from the driver 's seat and passenger seat was better due to the lower instrument panel design of the front window and a large windshield. And switches are arranged efficiently and at the time was the driving position can be fine - tuned adjustments. Because of the shape of the vehicle and the flat roof that continued to the rear of the vehicle, opening the rear hatch had some drawbacks in low clearance environments. The lower part of the hatch was not like one used on a station wagon that went all the way down to the rear bumper, so loading cargo into the back was n't as convenient as a conventional station wagon with a one piece hatchback. The rear hatch also wrapped into the rear roof, similar to a gull wing door so that the rear glass was in two pieces, one for the back window, and another partially on the rear roof. When open, the hatch rose above the roof at a right angle, providing additional overhead clearance when the hatch was open. Moreover, because of the emphasis on aiding rear - seat passenger entry, a longer front door was installed, and because power windows were not installed on the lower trim packages `` LX '', `` LX - S '' and as such, the window regulator opening felt heavy. Accord Si hatchback ( Australia ) Accord coupe ( US ) Accord EX sedan ( Europe ) Interior Chassis code configurations ( edit ) CODE ENGINE CODE REGION ( S ) - CA1 A18A Japan - CA2 B18A Japan - CA3 B20A Japan JHM CA4 A16A1 Europe, Tukey, Pakistan, Singapore and some other JHM / 1HG BA BS / BT USA BS1 / BT1 Canada JHM CA5 A20A1 / A20A3 USA, Canada 1HG USA, Canada Taiwan ( US import ) 2HG USA, Canada - CA5 A20A Japan - CA5 A20A2 Malaysia JHM A20A1 / A20A2 / A20A3 / A20A4 / B20A2 / B20A8 Europe A20A2 / A20A4 Australia A20A4 New Zealand ( Aerodeck only ) A20A2 other 1HG CA6 A20A1 / A20A3 USA, Canada - CA6 A20A3 Japan ( US import ) - SE3 A20A2 / NA Indonesia - AC Thailand - different A20A2 / A20A4 New Zealand ( except Aerodeck ) Fourth generation ( 1990 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) Fourth generation series CB7 ( Wagon is CB9 ) Overview Production 14 September 1989 -- August 1993 Assembly Marysville, Ohio, US ( Marysville Auto Plant ) Sayama, Japan Nelson, New Zealand ( Honda New Zealand ) East Liberty, Ohio ( East Liberty Auto Plant ) North Jakarta, Indonesia ( PT. Prospect Motor ) Johor Bahru, Malaysia ( OASB ) Designer Toshihiko Shimizu ( 1987 ) Body and chassis Class Midsize Body style 2 - door coupe 4 - door sedan 5 - door station wagon Layout FF layout Related Honda Ascot Honda Ascot Innova Honda Inspire Honda Vigor Rover 600 Powertrain Engine 1.8 L F18A I4 SOHC 2.0 L F20A I4 SOHC 2.0 L F20A I4 DOHC 2.2 L F22A I4 SOHC Transmission 4 - speed automatic 5 - speed manual Dimensions Wheelbase 2,720 mm ( 107.1 in ) Length 1989 -- 91 Coupe & Sedan : 4,694 mm ( 184.8 in ) 1991 Wagon : 4,724 mm ( 186.0 in ) 1991 -- 93 Coupe & Sedan : 4,704 mm ( 185.2 in ) 1991 -- 93 Wagon : 4,745 mm ( 186.8 in ) 4,680 mm ( 184 in ) Sedan & Wagon ( Japan only, all years ) Width 1989 -- 91 : 1,725 mm ( 67.9 in ) 1991 -- 93 Coupe & Sedan : 1,704 mm ( 67.1 in ) 1991 -- 93 Wagon : 1,714 mm ( 67.5 in ) 1,695 mm ( 67 in ) ( all bodystyles in Japan ) Height 1989 -- 91 Coupe : 1,369 mm ( 53.9 in ) 1989 -- 91 Sedan : 1,389 mm ( 54.7 in ) 1991 Wagon : 1,400 mm ( 55.1 in ) 1991 -- 93 Coupe : 1,326 mm ( 52.2 in ) 1991 -- 93 Wagon : 1,351 mm ( 53.2 in ) 1991 -- 93 Sedan : 1,341 mm ( 52.8 in ) Curb weight 1,237 kg ( 2,728 lb ) Pre-facelift Honda Accord ( Spain ) Engine Interior The 4th generation Accord, introduced on the `` CB '' chassis, was unveiled in 1989 for the 1990 model year. Although much larger than its predecessor the sedan 's styling was evolutionary, featuring the same low slung design and wraparound rear window as the 3rd generation Accord. For the first time a 3 - door hatchback was no longer available internationally. This was one of the first U.S. production cars to feature optic reflectors with completely clear lenses on the headlamps. The styling reflected influences from the flagship Honda Legend ( sold in North America as an Acura ), as Japanese Accords were now sold at Honda Clio dealerships, where the Legend, and the Honda Inspire, were sold. The growing popularity of the Accord internationally was evident in the ever - increasing dimensions, which now matched almost exactly with the first generation Legend introduced in 1986. For this fourth generation Accord, Honda made significant engineering design improvements. All Accords sold in North America came with a completely new all aluminium 2.2 - liter 16 - valve electronic fuel - injected engine standard, replacing the previous 2.0 - liter 12 - valve model from the past generation. Also noteworthy, all Accords equipped with automatic transmissions used an electronically controlled rear engine mount to reduce low frequency noise and vibration. The mount contained two fluid filled chambers separated by a computer controlled valve. At low engine speeds, fluid is routed through the valve damping vibration. Above 850 rpm, fluid is routed around the valve making the engine mount stiffer. In the U.S., the LX - i and SE - i designations were dropped, being replaced with the DX, LX, and EX trim levels. The Canadian Accord trim levels varied slightly from the U.S. models with LX, EX and EX-R roughly corresponding to the American DX, LX, and EX, respectively. Fourth generation Japanese - assembled EXi Accords sold in Australia offered the same 4 - wheel steering technology as was available optionally on the U.S. Honda Prelude, but was not included on the New Zealand - assembled versions. The four - wheel steering system was also available on the Accord 's Japanese platform mate, called the Honda Ascot FTBi. U.S. Accord Coupes were available in the same DX, LX, and EX trims as the U.S. Accord Sedan ( LX, EX, and EX-R in Canada ). A 125 - horsepower ( 93 kW ) 4 - cylinder engine was offered in the DX and LX models ( F22A1 ), while the 1990 and 1991 EX received a 130 hp ( 97 kW ) version ( F22A4 ). Cruise control was dropped from the DX sedan, with air conditioning remaining a dealer - installed option. The LX kept the same features as the previous generation including air conditioning, power windows, door locks, and mirrors. The 90 -- 91 EX added 5 horsepower due to a different exhaust manifold design, slightly larger exhaust piping and a twin outlet muffler. 15 - inch machined aluminum - alloy wheels, sunroof, upgraded upholstery, rear stabilizer bar and a high - power 4 - speaker stereo cassette were standard on all EX models. Some models though rare were special ordered with an anti-lock braking system ( at that time abbreviated as ALB, now all automakers refer to it as ABS ). A redesigned manual transmission with a hydraulic clutch was standard equipment in all trims while an all - new electronically controlled 4 - speed automatic transmission was optional for all models. Some new dealer - installed accessories were now offered including a single - disc in - dash CD player or trunk mounted 6 - disc CD changer, stereo equalizer, fog lights, security system, rear wing spoiler, trunk lip spoiler, luggage rack, full and half nose mask, center armrest, window visors, sunroof visor, car cover, and a cockpit cover. Because of tightening auto safety regulations from the NHTSA, all 1990 and 1991 Accords sold in the United States came equipped with motorized shoulder belts for front passengers to comply with passive restraint mandates. These semi-automatic restraints were a two component system ; a motorized shoulder belt along with a non-integrated and manually operated seatbelt. The shoulder belts automatically raced around each window frame encircling both the driver and front seat passenger whenever the front door closed. The process reversed to release them when opened. The lap belts however, still required manual fastening. Honda of America badge ( installed on the `` C '' pillar In early 1990 for the 1991 model year, Honda unveiled the Accord wagon, manufactured at the Marysville, Ohio plant. The Ohio plant exported right - hand drive wagons and coupes to Europe and Japan, and in Europe the station wagon ( estate ) was called the `` Aerodeck '' ( in reference to the 1985 -- 1989 2 - door vehicle ). All station wagons sold outside the United States were affixed with a small badge on the `` C '' pillar denoting the vehicle was built at the Ohio facility. European and Japanese vehicles had options not available within the U.S. including automatic climate control systems, power seats and several other minor features. The Accord Wagons were available from November 1990, only in LX and EX trim in North America or just 2.2 i in Japan. They had larger front brakes to compensate for the added weight and unlike other U.S. Accords, included a driver 's side airbag as standard equipment. Other than a retractable tonneau cover in the rear cargo area and keyless entry on EX models, the wagons were equipped the same as their coupe and sedan counterparts. Return of the SE ( 1991 ) ( edit ) Honda reintroduced the SE ( previously SE - i ) sedan for 1991. It returned to the lineup without the traditional Bose high powered audio system but with an AM / FM stereo cassette 4x20 watt EX audio system ; leather - trimmed steering wheel, leather seats and door panels, a fuel - injected 140 hp ( 104 kW ) engine, 4 - speed automatic transmission, and 4 - Wheel disk brakes w / ABS as standard equipment. For the first time, a manual transmission was not offered in the SE. Two colors were available : Solaris Silver Metallic with Graphite Black interior and Brittany Blue Metallic with Ivory interior. Unlike previous editions, the 1991 SE was not equipped with uniquely styled alloy wheels but instead carried the EX model wheels. Update ( 1992 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) Accords received a minor facelift in 1991 for the 1992 model year. The SE trim was dropped again but left behind its 140 hp ( 104 kW ) F22A6 engine for use in the EX models. This engine added 15 hp over the DX and LX trims and 10 hp over the 90 -- 91 EX trim due to a further revised exhaust system. The system used the same EX-SE twin outlet muffler, a revised air intake tract, a revised camshaft and a revised intake manifold using IAB butterfly valves which open at 4600 rpm to increase air intake breathing at high rpm. It was similar in design to the 92 -- 96 Prelude Si and VTEC models. For the 1992 and 1993 model years, the motorized shoulder belt system were replaced with a standard driver - side airbag and conventional shoulder / seatbelt arrangement for all but the center rear passenger. Anti-lock 4 - wheel disc brakes became standard on the EX. The front and rear facias received a more rounded and updated look. Coupe and sedan models received a new grille, new headlights, amber parking lights, slightly thinner body side molding, updated wheel designs and for the first time, the EX coupe used wheels different from the EX sedan. The sedans received restyled shortened taillights with inverted amber turn signal and backup light positions. The coupe and wagon taillights though still resembled those from the 1990 -- 1991 Accord. The coupe used the new revised inverted positioning of the signal and backup lights but the wagon taillights however remained the same as the 90 -- 91 models. EX trim levels included a radio anti-theft function to deter stereo theft. A front driver 's seat armrest was now standard on LX and EX models. Some dealer - installed accessories were dropped including the luggage rack, trunk - lip spoiler and cockpit cover. A gold finish kit was added. Coupe ( 1991 facelift ) Coupe ( 1991 facelift ) Sedan ( 1991 facelift ) Wagon ( 1991 facelift ) 10th Anniversary Edition and return of the SE ( 1993 ) ( edit ) In 1993, Honda introduced the 10th Anniversary Edition sedan to commemorate the 10th year of U.S. Accord production. The 10th Anniversary Edition was based on the Accord LX sedan but came equipped with several features not available in the LX trim. The upgrades included ABS, 4 - wheel disc brakes, 15 '' EX coupe six spoke alloy wheels, body colored side moldings, chin spoiler, and standard automatic transmission. Three colors were offered for the 10th Anniversary Edition : Frost White, Granada Black Pearl, and Arcadia Green Pearl. The 10th Anniversary models also included the same premium seat fabric found in EX models. The Frost White and Arcadia Green cars were paired with the same interior color as their LX / EX counterparts, Blue and Ivory, respectively. The Granada Black cars were paired with Gray interior, while the Granada Black EX had Ivory interior. The SE returned in late 1992 as both a sedan, and for the first time since the 1989 SE - i, as a coupe. The SE sedan featured standard dual front airbags ; the first Accord to do so. An 8 - button, 4 - speaker Honda - Bose audio system, automatic transmission, leather trim, body colored bumper and body side moldings were standard. The SE coupe included a factory rear wing spoiler which differed slightly in design from the already available dealer installed accessory rear wing spoiler. In Canada, the SE came with heated front seats and heated side view mirrors. Both the sedan and coupe received distinctive 15 - inch alloy wheels as well. All SE sedans during 1990 -- 1991 ( 1991 MY ) and 1992 -- 1993 ( 1993 MY ) were manufactured in Japan, while all SE coupes were produced in the U.S. The 1993 MY sedan was available in two colors : Cashmere Silver Metallic and Geneva Green Pearl, both with Ivory interior. The coupe was offered with two colors as well : Cashmere Silver Metallic and Atlantis Blue Pearl, both again with Ivory interior. Sadly, 1993 would be the swan song for the SE as an exclusive, high content, limited edition Accord model. Later generations would use a `` Special Edition '' designation rather than the previously used `` SE '' designation. These models were a combination of an Accord LX with several EX features similar to the 1993 10th Anniversary Edition LX. At the end of the model life of the CB Accord, a `` pillared hardtop '' model called the Honda Ascot Innova was launched in Japan, based on the CB Accord chassis, but with a different, much more modern - styled body, taking cues from the 1992 Honda Prelude. Honda Ascot ( edit ) Main article : Honda Ascot Japan - spec series CB Honda Ascot The 4th generation Accord spawned a sister model in 1989 called the Honda Ascot which, while mechanically identical to the Accord, featured unique sedan bodywork, although it bore a resemblance to the Accord. The Ascot was sold through the Honda Primo network in Japan while the Accord was distributed through the Honda Clio network. Honda Vigor and Honda Inspire ( edit ) Main articles : Honda Vigor and Honda Inspire 1989 Inspire 1989 Inspire Unlike previous generations of the Honda Vigor, which were simply upmarket versions of the Accord, the third generation ' CB5 ' model was spun off as a model in its own right and was based on a different platform which featured a longitudinal engine layout compared to the transverse set - up of the Accord. A sister model to the Vigor, the Honda Inspire, was also unveiled in 1989 and, bar a different front grille, front and rear lights and bumpers, sported identical bodywork. The Vigor was available in the USA and Canada under the Acura brand. Fifth generation ( 1994 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) For the first time in the model 's history, Honda developed two distinct versions of the Accord when the 5th generation model was launched in 1993 ; one version for the European market and one for the North American and Japanese market. Honda and the Rover Group created the European Accord and the Rover 600, a reflection of the past success they had with the Honda Legend and the Rover 800. This generation Accord was also sold in Japan as the Isuzu Aska, while some Isuzu products were sold as Honda products there also. At its introduction in 1993, it won the Car of the Year Japan Award for the second time. North America, Japan and Philippines ( edit ) Fifth generation Japan, North America, The Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, France, and Switzerland series CD3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 9 Overview Also called Isuzu Aska Production 1993 -- 1997 Assembly Marysville, Ohio, US ( Marysville Auto Plant ) Santa Rosa City, Laguna, Philippines Sayama, Japan Jalisco, Mexico ( Honda De México ) Nelson, New Zealand ( Honda New Zealand ) North Jakarta, Indonesia ( PT. Prospect Motor ) Johor Bahru, Malaysia ( OASB ) Hsinchu, Taiwan Designer Yukio Kurosu, Kohichi Hirata ( 1990, 1992 ) Body and chassis Class Mid-size Body style 2 - door coupe 4 - door sedan 5 - door station wagon Layout FF layout Related Acura CL Acura TL Acura Vigor Honda Inspire Powertrain Engine 1.8 L F18B I4 ( CD3 ) 2.0 L F20B I4 ( CD4 ) 2.0 L F20B3 I4 ( CD9 ) 2.2 L F22A3 I4 ( CD5 ) 2.2 L F22B I4 ( CD5, CD7 ) 2.2 L F22B1 I4 ( CD5, CD7 ) 2.2 L F22B2 I4 ( CD5, CD7 ) 2.2 L F22B5 I4 ( CD7, CF2 ) 2.2 L H22A I4 ( CD6, CD8, CF2 2.7 L C27A4 V6 ( CE6 ) Transmission 4 - speed automatic 5 - speed manual Dimensions Wheelbase 2,715 mm ( 106.9 in ) Length 1994 -- 95 Wagon : 4,770 mm ( 187.8 in ) 1994 -- 95 Sedan & Coupe : 4,674 mm ( 184.0 in ) 1996 -- 97 Coupe & Sedan : 4,714 mm ( 185.6 in ) 1996 -- 97 Wagon & V6 Sedan : 4,785 mm ( 188.4 in ) Width 1,781 mm ( 70.1 in ) Height 1994 -- 95 Wagon : 1,420 mm ( 55.9 in ) Coupe : 1,389 mm ( 54.7 in ) Sedan : 1,400 mm ( 55.1 in ) 1996 -- 97 V6 Sedan : 1,405 mm ( 55.3 in ) 1996 -- 97 LX Wagon : 1,422 mm ( 56.0 in ) 1996 -- 97 Wagon : 1,458 mm ( 57.4 in ) Curb weight 1,295 kg ( 2,855 lb ) Sedan ( pre-facelift ) Coupe ( pre-facelift ) Interior ( pre-facelift ) The 5th generation North American Accord was launched on 9 September 1993 and was based on the new ' CD ' chassis. Larger than its predecessor, primarily to better suit the requirements of the North American market, the new model grew in width but shrunk in length, leaving it classified as a mid-size car in North America. It thus became too wide to fit within the favorable tax bracket in Japan, where its role was to be partially taken over by the slightly narrower second - generation Honda Ascot ( sold at Honda Primo Japanese dealerships ) and Honda Rafaga ( sold at Honda Verno ). Previous generations of the Accord sold in Japan were limited to a width dimension of 1,695 mm ( 67 in ) while international models were slightly wider, however this generation no longer complied. The engines offered with the Accord also exceeded the maximum limit of 2000cc to remain in the favorable `` compact '' tax bracket. The installation of a 2.0 litre engine in Japanese models made buyers liable for more annual road tax over the smaller 1.8 - litre engine, which affected sales. Development began in September 1989, along with the design process in June 1990. The final design was selected by an early date of 18 December 1990 and frozen in by mid-1991. Design inconsistencies in early 1992, caused several alterations to be made until April 1992, when a secondary design freeze took place, ahead of scheduled 1993 production. Design patents were later filed in the United States on 16 December 1992 for the `` CD ''. Production later began at Marysville assembly on 24 August 1993. Honda of Japan marketed four different size engines in the Japan - Spec Accord Sedan : 1.8, 2.0, 2.2 VTEC and 2.2 DOHC VTEC. The Japanese - spec Accord models were marketed as the following : EF, EX, 2.0 EX, 2.0 EXL, 2.2 VTE, 2.2 VTL, 2.2 VTS and SiR. All Accord versions were sold at Honda Clio locations in Japan. The fifth generation Accord became the first Accord to be built and sold in the Philippines. Coupe ( facelift ) Sedan ( facelift ) The DX, LX and EX models remained the American trim lines while Canada retained the LX, EX and EX-R. The 5 - speed manual transmission remained mostly unchanged, while the 4 - speed automatic noted for its hard shifts, now included Honda 's `` Grade - Logic '' shift program, which would prevent `` gear - hunting '' by holding the current gear while driving on a sloped incline. All Accord models received a more ergonomic interior with standard safety features such as dual airbags and reinforced side - impact beams. Exclusive to the EX was the F22B1 SOHC VTEC version of previous generation 2.2 - liter 4 - cylinder ( making 145 hp ( 108 kW ) up from 140 hp ( 104 kW ) on the previous generation EX ), anti-lock brakes ( now an option for the LX ), 4 - wheel disc brakes, 15 - inch alloy wheels, and a rear stabilizer bar. Leather was an option in the EX trim with leather equipped models now being referred to as EX-L. DX and LX models came equipped similarly to the previous generation and were fitted with a revised version of the previous generation 's 2.2 - liter non-VTEC 4 - cylinder engine. This F22B2 engine was rated at 130 hp ( 97 kW ) up from 125 hp ( 93 kW ) the previous generation. The Accord was again named Motor Trend Import Car of the Year for 1994. The Accord coupe as in the previous generation looked almost exactly like the sedan, and was the last generation of the Accord to offer a wagon variant in North America until the introduction of the Accord Crosstour in 2009. Accord Wagon LX ( U.S. ) In 1994, the 1995 Accord debuted a V6 engine, the 2.7 L C27 borrowed from the first generation Acura Legend, in the U.S. market. The V6 was offered in both the LX and EX versions of the sedan, LX models being referred to as LX - V6 and EX models as EX-V6. EX-V6 models came equipped similarly to the EX-L with leather seats being the only option in the EX-V6. Addition of the taller C27 engine required substantial alterations to the CD platform, with V6 models sporting a redesigned engine layout, taller front fenders, and a different hood than I4 models ; however, these differences are difficult to spot without both models parked side - by - side. Both versions of the V6 received a dual - outlet exhaust, a 4 - speed automatic transmission, 15 - inch machined aluminum alloy wheels on the EX-V6 and 15 - inch steel wheels with full covers on the LX - V6, and a slightly updated front grille ( which would be later used in all 96 -- 97 Accords ). The Accord saw very few other changes for 1995 with the exception of a few different exterior and interior color combinations. In 1995, the Accord underwent the usual mid-generation facelift for 1996. More rounded bumpers, a slightly modified front fascia ( which was originally exclusive in the V6 models in 1995 ) with new signal lights and rear taillights gave the Accord a softer look. All Hondas now complied with the federal government 's requirement of OBD II engine diagnostics though all three engine choices remained the same. In order to increase the Accord 's competitiveness against its rivals in different international markets, Honda CEO Nobuhiko Kawamoto decided on one basic platform for the sixth - generation Accord, but with different bodies and proportions for local markets. In the U.S., the 1996 model lineup included the 25th Anniversary Edition, a model positioned between the DX and LX. The Special Edition trim package was introduced. For the 1997 model year, Honda released the `` Special Edition '' version of the Accord ( not to be confused with the SE ). It was offered in three colors : Heather Mist Metallic, San Marino Red and Dark Currant Pearl. The Special Edition received a factory installed security system with keyless entry, single - disc CD player, body colored side molding, distinctive alloy wheels and a sunroof. It was offered in an automatic transmission only and was fitted with the same engine as the LX. Acclaimed for its handling, the 1996 Accord has been known as one of the best handling Japanese midsized sedans of all time, posting impressive lateral g figures of up to. 89 g 's. In New Zealand, the 5th generation Accord was assembled at Honda 's manufacturing site in Nelson and was released in March 1994. It was available in LXi, EXi and EXi - S trim levels. A facelift was released in December 1995, which coincided with the release of VTEC engines in the upper - spec models. Trim levels were LXi, VTi, and VTi - S. These were the first NZ - market Accords to have airbags -- two in the VTi - S, one in the VTi. U.S. built coupe and wagon models of this generation were shipped to Europe with both left and right hand drive but there was no V6 option. This generation of Accord is one of the most frequently stolen cars in the U.S. The Acura Integra and Honda Civic are also popular targets for car theft. Honda Accord SiR ( 1994 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) Honda of Japan produced three high - performance models of the Accord for the Japanese domestic market referred to as the SiR, which was available for sale at Honda Clio dealerships in Japan. The sports car approach to the Accord SiR was aimed at aligning the Accord with the Honda Verno sports sedan that replaced the Vigor, called the Honda Saber a platform mate shared with the Honda Inspire. The compact sedan role the Accord previously filled was now relegated to the Honda Rafaga and Ascot. The Accord SiR models came equipped with the Japan - spec H22A DOHC VTEC engine instead of the F22B1 SOHC VTEC engine found in the EX. The Japan - spec H22A DOHC VTEC engine specs were 190 bhp ( 142 kW ; 193 PS ) at 6800 rpm ; peak torque 152 lb ⋅ ft ( 206 N ⋅ m ) at 5500 rpm with a compression ratio of 10.6 : 1. The Japan - spec H22A DOHC VTEC engine was similar to the H22A1 engine found in the North America market used in the Prelude DOHC VTEC of the same era. The Japan - built SiR sedan ( 94 -- 97 ) was available with a 5 - speed manual transmission as standard equipment or an optional `` Grade - Logic '' four - speed automatic transmission. The Honda of America - built ( HAM ) Accord SiR coupe and then the 1997 SiR wagon had the `` Grade - Logic '' four - speed automatic transmission as standard equipment ( 5 - speed manual transmission were not available for these two models ). It came with cloth sport seats styled similar to the Prelude or optional leather seats, both exclusive to the SiR. The SiR also had some power options found on the Accord EX. The Accord SiR coupe ( 94 -- 97 ) and the Accord SiR wagon ( 1997 ) were exclusively available for the Japanese market. SiR chassis codes for the sedan were the CD6, the coupe - CD8 and the 1997 wagon - CF2 ( production began in September 1996 for the 1997 SiR wagons which lasted for almost one year ). The Accord SiR Coupe and the Accord SiR wagon ( 1997 ) which were exclusively built in the U.S.A at Honda 's Marysville Ohio plant ( HAM ) but were marketed for Japan export only for this particular model was not offered in North America. The Accord SiR Coupe and then Accord SiR wagon were built with the Japan - spec H22A DOHC VTEC powertrains which were shipped from Japan and were installed into the HAM - built Accord SiR models. The 1994 -- 1997 `` CD '' Accord chassis was designed for the H22A DOHC VTEC powertrain to be installed ; because the firewall was curved at the top to allow more space for the tilting backwards of the H22A DOHC VTEC engine near the middle of the firewall. The H22A DOHC VTEC engine was the most powerful inline four - cylinder engine Honda built for the Prelude and the Accord before the 1995 U.S. - spec V6 sedan. The Accord SiR suspension was improved with stiffer front sway bar ( 27.2 mmXt4. 0 mm ), stiffer rear sway bar ( 16 mm ), stiffer front coil springs and stiffer rear coil springs. Features for the 94 -- 95 Accord SiR models ( sedans and coupes ) included the following items : cruise control, automatic climate control ( Similar to the first generation Acura CL ), Bose stereo system, 7,400 redline tachometer, optional electronic traction control and optional limited slip differential for automatic transmission, optional SRS and airbags, factory installed driving lights, optional factory installed `` pop up '' navigation radio head unit, sound insulation liner under front hood, black - housing headlamps, no side molding was available on the Accord SiR sedan, optional rear sunscreen, optional sunroof and power retractable outside mirrors. Features for the 96 -- 97 Accord SiR models ( sedans, coupes and wagons ) included the same as above while adding ; optional cruise control, rear window wiper on the sedan, optional leather interior and a colored side molding for the sedan as well. 1996 Accord SiR Wagon ( Japan, US import ) European model ( edit ) Fifth generation Europe Overview Also called Honda Ascot Innova Production 1993 -- 1998 Assembly Swindon, England ( HUKM ) Designer Shigeo Ueno ( 1989 ) Body and chassis Class Mid-size Body style 4 - door sedan Layout FF layout Related Rover 600 Powertrain Engine 1.8 L F18A3 I4 2.0 L F20Z I4 2.2 L F22Z2 I4 2.3 L H23A3 I4 2.0 L Rover 20T2N I4 diesel Dimensions Wheelbase 2,720 mm ( 107 in ) Length 4,675 mm ( 184 in ) Width 1,715 mm ( 68 in ) Height 1,380 mm ( 54 in ) Curb weight 1,240 kg ( 2,734 lb ) - 1,375 kg ( 3,031 lb ) 1997 European - spec Accord The fifth generation Accord for the European market was unveiled in 1993 and was not related directly to the North American ' CD ' Accord. It was in fact the Japanese - market Honda Ascot Innova which was based on the previous fourth generation ' CB ' Accord. It was the result of a joint effort with the Rover Group that provided Rover with the 600 series. The exterior was designed by Shigeo Ueno in 1989. In 1996, the European Accord received a minor facelift and was given a new front end ( new headlights, bumper, bonnet and grill ) and slightly different taillights ( see images ). The styling of the facelifted Accord remained identical to the styling of the Ascot Innova ( although the frameless doors were replaced with conventional items ) and featured the design language first introduced on the 5th generation Honda Civic. The styling of the European Accord differed dramatically from the North American which featured a more conventional saloon styling compared to the European model 's low slung, fastback inspired look which also incorporated rear quarter windows. The facelifted Accord was also equipped with two airbags as standard. However, the European Accord did not spawn an estate nor a coupé version, Honda instead opting to import the coupé and estate ( Aerodeck ) versions of the North American Accord. The diesel model of the Accord was fitted with the direct injection Rover L - Series diesel engine, as also fitted in the Rover 600. Rover 600 ( edit ) Rover 600 As part of the tie - up with the Rover Group the European Accord spawned Rover 's replacement for the Austin Montego in 1993. Called the 600, the car shared its platform with the European Accord and, with the exception of the front doors, lower rear doors and windscreen, sported unique styling which dispensed with the rear quarter windows. The interior design of the 600 was very similar to the Accord 's however, while the dashboard design was identical. Sixth generation ( 1998 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) Main article : Honda Accord ( sixth generation ) Honda Accord ( Australia ) Honda Accord ( Australia ) For the sixth generation, Honda split the Accord into three separate models, designed for the Japanese, North American, and European markets. However, the wagon was discontinued in North America while the coupe was discontinued in Japan. This generation also spawned two distinctively branded performance versions for European and Japanese domestic markets, dubbed Type R and Euro R, respectively. See also : Honda Type R On the origin of these models, it is rumored that with the advent of the sixth generation Accord, `` Honda England were let loose to build a car that would compete with Subaru 's Impreza, and Mitsubishi 's Evo. They came up with the Accord Type R, a lightened ( 1200 kg ) track version with no sound deadening and few luxuries ( listed below ) ''. Honda Japan followed suit in 2000, `` took the Accord Type R and developed the Accord Euro - R ( hence the ' Euro'pean tag ) '' which has a double wishbone front and 5 - link rear suspension system, stiffer suspension and chassis, Helical limited - slip - differential, twin - piston brakes, dual twin silencer exhaust system, 16 - inch alloy wheels, A exclusive `` red - top '' engine cover, white badged Euro - R meters, a strut tower bar, an exclusive Euro - R aluminium shift knob, high - intensity discharge ( HID ) headlights, fog lights, body coloured retractable electric door mirrors, power windows, key less entry, air conditioning, driver and passenger SRS air bags, and ABS. Recaro seats and a leather - trimmed Momo steering wheel. As an option, there was a distinctive tall and functional rear spoiler wing that most customers opted for. The Accord Type - R featured 209 bhp ( 212ps, 155.9 Kw ) @ 7,200 rpm and 164 lb ft ( 222 N m ) @ 6,700, while the Euro - R variant featured an improved H22A engine with 217 bhp ( 220ps, 161.8 Kw ) @ 7200 rpm and 164 lb - ft ( 220 - Nm ) @ 5500rpm. Apart from an improved H22A engine, Euro - R badged meters, and exclusive Euro - R aluminium shift knob, The JDM Accord / Torneo Euro - R and Accord Type - R are very similar. The Accord / Torneo Euro - R was later succeeded by the seventh generation Accord Euro - R, see article below for details. Seventh generation ( 2002 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) The seventh generation of the Accord was launched in 2002 ( 2003 model year in North America ), and consists of two separate models ; one for the Japanese and European markets, and the other for North America. However, both were in fact sold in many other markets, fueled by the popular Cog advertisement for the Accord. Euro R trim continued into this generation as performance model for Japanese market, making use of K20 engine producing 220 hp, however, European performance model was renamed Type S and used larger K24 engine tuned to produce 190 hp. Japan and Europe ( edit ) Main article : Honda Accord ( Japan and Europe seventh generation ) Seventh generation ( Japan and Europe ) Seventh generation ( Japan and Europe ) The European and Japanese Accords were integrated on the previous Japanese Accord 's chassis, but with a new body. No longer made in Swindon, those Accords were made in Japan, and came in both sedan and estate form. At its introduction in 2003, it won the Car of the Year Japan Award for a record third time. In Europe the car featured a 2.0 i - VTEC with 152BHP, a 2.4 i - VTEC with 187BHP, and an `` exceptional '' 2.2 i - CDTi turbo diesel engine with initially 138BHP and 340Nm of torque, while doing 51MPG on the EU combined cycle. This model was sold in certain markets such as Fiji, Australia and New Zealand as the `` Accord Euro '' and in North America as the Acura TSX, with a significant distinction being that the TSX featured the interior of the contemporary Honda Inspire instead. Accord Euro R ( CL7, 2002 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) The Honda Accord Euro R ( CL7 ) was launched in October 2002, succeeding the previous Euro R ( CL1 ). A lightened and more sports focused variant of the Japanese car the Accord Euro R was powered by the K20A 2.0 L DOHC i - VTEC engine producing 220 bhp ( 217 hp, 162 kW @ 8000 rpm ) and 21.0 kg - m ( 206 Nm @ 7000 rpm ) of torque through the only option of a lightweight 6 - speed manual transmission. The same engine can be found in the JDM Integra Type R ( DC5 ). The Accord Euro - R was available to the Japanese Domestic Market and Europe. Some features that distinguish it are the Recaro seats, the body kit, a MOMO steering wheel, lightweight 17 - inch alloys and a special aluminium gearknob found only in Honda 's Type R variants. North America and asia pacific ( edit ) Main article : Honda Accord ( North America seventh generation ) Honda Accord ( Australia ) Honda Accord ( North America ) The North American Accord grew in size yet again, becoming a vastly different car than its Japanese and European counterpart. This generation was available in both coupe and sedan forms, while a hybrid model was introduced in early 2005. For 2006, it was significantly updated. This Accord was the first to use wheels with five lug nuts instead of the traditional four on 4 - cylinder models. The 4 - cylinder version came with 161 horsepower ( 120 kW ) and 160 pound - feet ( 220 N ⋅ m ) ( 166 horsepower ( 124 kW ) and 161 pound - feet ( 218 N ⋅ m ) for 2005 -- 2007 models ) K24A1 2397 cc 4 cyl engine mated to a 5 - speed automatic or 5 - speed manual. The 4 - cylinder engine also utilized a timing chain instead of a timing belt. For 2003, Honda began to offer a more aggressive Accord Coupe, equipped with the 240 horsepower ( 180 kW ) and 212 pound - feet ( 287 N ⋅ m ) ( 244 horsepower ( 182 kW ) and 211 pound - feet ( 286 N ⋅ m ) for 2006 -- 2007 models ) J30A4 2997cc V6 mated to a 6 - speed manual transmission borrowed from the Acura TL Type S ( without a limited slip differential ). This coupe came with 17 - inch wheels ( that varied between the 03 - 05 and 06 - 07 models ), strut tower bar, perforated leather seating, carbon fiber dash pieces, and an upgraded 180 watt stereo system. Because of the ability to maintain activation of the VTEC system all the way through hard acceleration, the Accord EX V6 6 - speed ran from 0 -- 60 MPH in just 5.9 seconds according to Car and Driver, more than a second faster than the automatic version. For 2006, Honda offered this engine and transmission combination in the sedan, which only lasted through 2007. This model was also sold in Japan as the Honda Inspire from 2003 to 2008. In China the model got the name Guangzhou - Honda Accord and was sold from 2003 up to December 2009. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) has crash test ratings of Accord of different model years : Model year Model Type Frontal driver rating Frontal passenger rating Side driver rating Side passenger rating 4x2 rollover 2003 Accord 4dr Accord 4dr w / SAB 2005 Accord 2dr w / SAB 2006 Accord 4dr w / SAB 2007 Accord 2dr w / SAB The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety found 2003 -- 04 Accords had the lowest fatality rates in the non-luxury midsize sedan class Eighth generation ( 2008 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Accord in Japan and Europe and Spirior in China ( edit ) Main article : Honda Accord ( Japan and Europe eighth generation ) 2008 Accord ( Japan and Europe ) 2008 Accord ( Japan and Europe ) The updated Accord for the Japanese and European markets went on sale in mid-2008. It is also sold as the Accord Euro in the Australia and New Zealand markets, and as the Acura TSX in North America. It is available as both a sedan and a station wagon. In the People 's Republic of China, a version of the sedan is sold as the Honda Spirior which later on developed an independent second generation. Production started in August 2009 in China, by Dongfeng Honda. Production ended at the end of February 2015 for Australia and New Zealand spec models. It is expected there will be enough stock to last until the end of 2015. Sales in Europe was discontinued in 2015. In Europe, the car maintained the 2.0 and 2.4 i - VTEC gasoline ( upped to 156 and 198BHP respectively ), whilst a new 2.2 i - DTEC diesel engine provided 147BHP / 258 ft / lbs in standard trim levels, and 177BHP / 280 ft / lbs in Type - S sports trim level. This allowed the Accord to go 0 -- 100 in 8.5 seconds, and still do 50MPG on the EU Combined cycle. Accord in North America and China and Inspire in Japan ( edit ) Main article : Honda Accord ( North America eighth generation ) 2008 -- 2012 Accord ( U.S. and China ) 2008 -- 2012 Accord ( U.S. and China ) The North American version of the Accord has a different body from its Japanese counterpart. This shape is sold as the Honda Inspire in Japan, and is not sold in Europe. It was discontinued in Japan in September 2012. Larger than the previous model, the sedan is now classified as a full - size car by EPA standards. A coupe version is available, as well as a Crosstour fastback model, which was introduced in the US for the 2010 model year. Engines include a 2.4 Liter 4 - cylinder rated at 177 bhp ( 132 kW ) with 161 lb ⋅ ft ( 218 N ⋅ m ) for Lx - Se sedans and 190 bhp ( 142 kW ) with 162 lb ⋅ ft ( 220 N ⋅ m ) for EX-Ex - l and LX - S sedans and coupes ; as well as a 3.5 Liter V6 rated at 272 bhp ( 203 kW ) and 254 lb ⋅ ft ( 344 N ⋅ m ). In Australia, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Indonesia and Singapore, this car which is assembled in Thailand, is sold as the Accord in left or right hand drive forms. In Malaysia, the Accord is locally assembled. In Hong Kong, this car is made in Japan and sold as the Accord, and in Taiwan, the Accord is locally assembled. In China, Guangqi Honda also makes this vehicle with 2.0 L, 2.4 L and 3.5 L engines. Guangqi began making the Accord Crosstour in 2010. In Malaysia, the eighth generation is also rebadged as the Proton Perdana from December 2013 and is used by government officials. It is assembled at the Honda - DRB plant in HICOM Industrial Park Pegoh, Alor gajah, Melaka. Ninth generation ( 2013 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Honda Accord ( ninth generation ) Honda Accord 2.4 i - VTEC ( Singapore ; pre-facelift ) Honda Accord VTi - L ( Malaysia ; pre-facelift ) Honda Accord VTi ( Australia ; facelift ) For the ninth - generation Accord, Honda appointed Shoji Matsui, who served as an engineer on the Accord platform from 1985 to 1996, as lead project manager. It is the first Honda vehicle to be completely developed under the administration of Honda CEO Takanobu Ito. Honda revealed the Accord Coupe Concept at the 2012 North American International Auto Show in Detroit. In August 2012, the company released initial details pertaining to the 2013 Accord sedan, and production versions of both the sedan and coupe were fully unveiled in early September 2012. The Accord sedan went on sale on 19 September 2012 in the United States, with the coupe following on 15 October. Corresponding release dates in Canada for the sedan and coupe models are 24 September 2012 and 1 November 2012, respectively. In February 2013, the Accord was scheduled to enter the Russian market. In June 2013, the Accord hybrid and plug - in hybrid were introduced to the Japanese market, with the discontinuation of the Honda Inspire, serving as Honda 's large sedan and one level below the Honda Legend. From 2014, Honda exports Accord to the Middle & Near East, Africa, members of CIS and others from China. Tenth generation ( 2018 -- present ) ( edit ) Tenth generation 2018 Accord Touring 2.0 T 10 Speed Automatic Transmission Overview Also called Honda Inspire ( Dongfeng Honda ) Production October 2017 -- present Model years 2018 -- present Assembly Marysville, Ohio ( Marysville Auto Plant ) Sayama, Japan Ayutthaya, Thailand Guangzhou, China ( Guangqi Honda ) Designer Toshinobu Minami ( exterior ) Yosuke Shimizu ( interior ) Powertrain Engine 1.5 L L15BE I4 ( turbo ) 2.0 L K20C4 I4 ( turbo ) 2.0 L i - VTEC I4 PGM - Fi DOHC i - VTEC + 2 Electric Motors ( Hybrid ) Transmission Continuously variable transmission ( CVT ) 10 - speed automatic 6 - speed manual Dimensions Wheelbase 2,830 mm ( 111 in ) Length 4,852 mm ( 191.0 in ) Width 1,850 mm ( 73 in ) Height 1,450 mm ( 57 in ) Curb weight 1,420 kg ( 3,130 lb ) - 1,555 kg ( 3,428 lb ) Rear view Honda unveiled the Accord 4 - door sedan on July 14, 2017. Production began on September 18, 2017, and sales began on October 18, 2017 in the United States as a 2018 model. It was also released in Canada on October 27, 2017. The vehicle is equipped with standard Honda Sensing on all models, and a base 1.5 litre turbo - charged engine, mated to a 6 - speed manual or continuously variable transmission ( CVT ). The optional 2.0 litre turbo - charged engine, which replaced the V6 engine option, was available beginning December 2017. This engine is based on the design of the engine offered on the Honda Civic Type R, but with a smaller turbocharger and less aggressive camshaft. The 2.0 T features a 6 - speed manual or 10 - speed automatic transmission. With this generation, the Accord is now exclusively offered as a four - door sedan, the coupe variant being discontinued. Awards ( edit ) Motor Trend 's `` Import Car of the Year '' for 1994. Car and Driver 's recipient of the 10 Best in recognition for 31 of the last 35 years. Voted `` Car of the Year Japan '' in 1985, 1993 and 2002. 2008 Drive 's `` Car of the Year ''. South African Car of the Year 2009 The JB car pages awarded the 2008 -- 2011 Accord a best - in - class 4 1 / 2 Star rating. 2013 Canadian Car of the Year 2014 Green Car of the Year. 2018 North American Car of the Year 2018 Canadian Car of the Year Motorsport ( edit ) James Thompson, Accord Euro R, 2008 WTCC round, Imola The Accord Euro R was used in the 2008 World Touring Car Championship season and the 2009 European Touring Car Cup, and won the 1996 Japanese Touring Car Championship season and the 1997 British Touring Car Championship season. The 3 Crowns Racing team were the champions of the 2004 Asian Touring Car Series, and Golden Motors won the 2007 Russian Touring Car Championship. Driver Matt Dooley posted an impressive 10 minutes 36 seconds on a 12 - mile portion of NC - 80, also known as The Devil 's Whip, on 28 March 2013. The road was closed for the event. Year Championship Result Japanese Touring Car Championship British Touring Car Championship 5 North American Touring Car Championship 1997 Japanese Touring Car Championship 1997 British Touring Car Championship 1998 British Touring Car Championship 1999 British Touring Car Championship 1999 Super Tourenwagen Cup 2000 British Touring Car Championship Asian Touring Car Series 2006 World Touring Car Championship 2007 Russian Touring Car Championship 2008 World Touring Car Championship 2008 Italian Superturismo Championship 2008 Swedish Touring Car Championship 2009 European Touring Car Cup European Touring Car Cup 2011 European Touring Car Cup 2012 European Touring Car Cup 6 Sales ( edit ) Honda Accord sales in the US, 1976 -- present Year Sales ± % 1976 18,643 -- 1977 75,995 + 307.6 % 1978 120,841 + 59.0 % 1979 157,919 + 30.7 % 1980 185,972 + 17.8 % 1981 172,557 − 7.2 % 1982 195,524 + 13.3 % 222,137 + 13.6 % 1984 256,650 + 15.5 % 1985 268,420 + 4.6 % 1986 325,004 + 21.1 % 334,876 + 3.0 % 362,663 + 8.3 % 362,707 + 0.0 % 417,179 + 15.0 % 1991 399,297 − 4.3 % 393,477 − 1.5 % 330,030 − 16.1 % 367,615 + 11.4 % 1995 341,384 − 7.1 % 382,298 + 12.0 % Year Sales ± % 1997 384,609 + 0.6 % 1998 401,071 + 4.3 % 1999 404,192 + 0.8 % 2000 404,515 + 0.1 % 414,718 + 2.5 % 2002 398,980 − 3.8 % 2003 397,750 − 0.3 % 386,770 − 2.8 % 2005 369,293 − 4.5 % 2006 354,441 − 4.0 % 2007 392,231 + 10.7 % 2008 372,789 − 5.0 % 2009 290,056 − 22.2 % 311,381 + 7.4 % 2011 235,625 − 24.3 % 2012 331,872 + 40.8 % 2013 366,678 + 10.5 % 2014 388,374 + 5.9 % 2015 355,557 − 8.4 % 2016 345,225 − 2.9 % 2017 322,655 − 6.5 % Source : `` Honda Digital Factbook '' ( PDF ). References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2008 Honda Accord Review ''. JB car pages. Retrieved 3 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` 2008 Honda Accord Overview ''. Honda. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2010. ^ Jump up to : Wolfcale, James. `` The Top Ten Hondas of All Time ''. DriveCult. Retrieved 26 September 2012. Jump up ^ `` Accord -- Accord, Torneo, Accord Wagon '' ( Press release ). Honda. 4 September 1997. Retrieved 12 December 2010. Jump up ^ Niedermeyer, Paul. `` Curbside Classic : 1976 Honda Accord -- Modern Architecture ''. Curbside Classics. Retrieved 26 September 2012. Jump up ^ `` Introducing the Accord ( 1976 ) ''. Retrieved 17 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` 2008 Honda Accord vs. 2007 Toyota Camry -- Head to Head ''. Motor Trend. Retrieved 12 December 2010. Jump up ^ `` The 100 most reliable cars of the last decade ( in order ) ''. Gizmag.com. 21 May 2006. Retrieved 28 April 2009. Jump up ^ Siler, Steve. `` 2016 Honda Accord Sedan ''. Car and Driver. Retrieved 17 August 2015. Jump up ^ `` Honda Accord Beats Ford Taurus as Top Selling Car of 1989 IN U.S. '' Deseret News. 26 January 1990. Retrieved 30 August 2014. ^ Jump up to : Leeps ( 4 June 1989 ). `` Rust Busters ''. New Straits Times / Google News Archive. Retrieved 3 May 2015. Jump up ^ von Fersen, Olaf ( 6 March 1980 ). `` Automobiltechnik an der Zeitenwende / La technique de l'automobile à un tournant '' ( Automobile technology at a turning point ). Automobil Revue ' 80 ( in German and French ). Berne, Switzerland : Hallwag, AG. 75 : 105. Jump up ^ `` News ''. Autocar. 4228 ( 147 ) : 16 -- 17. 19 November 1977. ^ Jump up to : Hogg, Tony ( ed. ). `` 1981 Buyer 's Guide ''. Road & Track 's Road Test Annual & Buyer 's Guide 1981 ( January -- February 1981 ) : 99. Jump up ^ US D272137 Jump up ^ `` Honda Accord History ''. Edmunds.com. 26 February 2010. Retrieved 2 September 2012. Jump up ^ `` Old School JDM Sat - Nav ''. grandJDM. Archived from the original on 28 September 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2010. Jump up ^ 自動車 ガイド ブック ( Japanese Motor Vehicles Guide Book 1983 - 84 ) ( in Japanese ), 30, Japan : Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, 1983 - 10 - 28, pp. 216 -- 217, 0053 - 830030 - 3400 Jump up ^ Automobile Guide Book 1983 - 84, p. 159 Jump up ^ 自動車 ガイド ブック ( Japanese Motor Vehicles Guide Book 1984 ~ ' 85 ) ( in Japanese ), 31, Japan : Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, 1984 - 10 - 20, p. 112, 0053 - 840031 - 3400 Jump up ^ As quoted in Japanese market sales brochure for the Accord Jump up ^ Japanese television commercial for the Aero Deck. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 8 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Taylor III, Alex ( 10 September 1990 ). `` Japan 's new U.S. car strategy ''. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ Ben D'Cunha ( 26 December 1993 ). `` In accord with success ''. New Straits Times / Google News Archive. Retrieved 3 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` A Car Is Born ''. Bloomberg BusinessWeek. 12 September 1993. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Patent USD347806 -- Automobile -- Google Patents ''. Google. Retrieved 2 September 2012. Jump up ^ Andres, Anton. `` 40 years of Honda Accord ( Jul 14, 2016 ) ''. Autoindustriya.com. Retrieved 29 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Hot Wheels ''. nicb.org/. Retrieved 2 September 2012. Jump up ^ Yamaguchi, Jack ; Road&Track Magazine, December 1993 Ampersand - Letter from Japan `` The Pride of Marysville and its Japanese Siblings '' p53 Jump up ^ `` Honda Accord History ''. world.honda.com. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2016. Jump up ^ Yamaguchi, Jack ; Road&Track Magazine, July 1994 Ampersand `` Eagles are landing in Japan '' p64 - 67 Jump up ^ `` Patent USD347805 -- Automobile -- Google Patents ''. Google. Retrieved 26 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Accord Type R or Euro R? -- Page 2 ''. Honda - Tech. Retrieved 26 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Honda Accord Reviews ''. JB car pages. Retrieved 3 April 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Acura TSX Reviews ''. JB car pages. Retrieved 3 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Honda Saloon ''. Parkers. 29 July 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` 2005 Honda Accord, Review ''. JB car pages. Retrieved 3 April 2011. Jump up ^ ``? on Honda Accord 4cyl timing chain yrs ''. Retrieved 20 September 2013. Jump up ^ `` 1990 -- 2010 Search Results by Model ''. NHTSA.GOV. Retrieved 17 March 2011. Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 15 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Honda Accord Saloon 2.2 i - DTEC TYPE - S 4d -- Facts and Figures ''. Parkers. 29 July 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` 2010 Honda Accord Crosstour Preview ''. JB car pages. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Honda Accord : The Ninth Generation '' ( Press release ). American Honda Motor. 5 September 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` New Accord Will Hit Russia in February 2013 ''. Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Successful Shipment of Accord by Honda Automobile ( China ) Co., Ltd ''. Honda Automobile ( China ) Co., Ltd. Retrieved 9 October 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Vehicle Specifications 2018 Honda Accord Honda Owners Site ''. American Honda Motor Co., Inc. Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 04. Jump up ^ `` 2018 Honda Accord World Debut '' ( Press release ). American Honda Motor. July 18, 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2017. Jump up ^ Rosevear, John ( 18 October 2017 ). `` Honda Sharpens Its All - New 2018 Accord to Steal SUV Sales ''. The Motley Fool. Retrieved 3 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Completely Redesigned 2018 Honda Accord to Arrive At Dealerships This Fall ''. Cambridge Centre Honda. 6 October 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` 2018 Honda Accord Press Kit - Powertrain - Honda.com ''. news.honda.com. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18. Jump up ^ `` A Tale of Two 2.0 - Liters : Comparing the Turbo Four in Honda 's New Accord and the Civic Type R News Car and Driver ''. Car and Driver. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18. Jump up ^ `` 2018 Honda Accord Press Kit - Powertrain - Honda.com ''. news.honda.com. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Motor Trend Import Cars of the Year Complete Winners List ''. Motor Trend. Retrieved 28 April 2009. Jump up ^ `` 2009 10Best Cars -- 10Best Cars / Best / Worst Lists / High Performance / Hot Lists / Reviews / Car and Driver ''. Car And Driver. 23 March 2008. Archived from the original on 24 July 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2009. Jump up ^ `` 2010 10Best Cars -- 10Best Cars -- Auto Reviews ''. Car and Driver. Archived from the original on 12 September 2010. Retrieved 15 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` 2014 10Best Cars ''. Car And Driver. November 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2014. Jump up ^ `` 日本 カー ・ オブ ・ ザ ・ イヤー 2008 -- 2009 公式 サイト ''. Jcoty.org. Retrieved 28 April 2009. Jump up ^ `` DCOTY 2008 : The Overall Winner -- Honda Accord V6 ''. Drive.com.au. Archived from the original on 24 February 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2009. Jump up ^ `` Honda Accord Wins SA Car of the Year 2009 ''. SACarFan.co.za. Archived from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` Honda Accord Reviews & News ''. JB car pages. Retrieved 3 April 2011. Jump up ^ Priddle, Alisa ( 21 November 2013 ). `` Honda Accord named Green Car of the Year ''. USA Today. Retrieved 22 November 2013. Jump up ^ `` The North American Car, Utility and Truck of the Year Awards Names Honda Accord, Volvo XC60, Lincoln Navigator 2018 Winners ''. northamericancaroftheyear.org. Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19. Jump up ^ `` AJAC Announces the 2018 Canadian Car of the Year and 2018 Canadian Utility Vehicle of the Year ''. newswire.ca. Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 21. Jump up ^ `` American Honda Sets New All - Time Annual Sales Record '' ( Press release ). Honda. Retrieved 30 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` American Honda Sets New All - Time Annual Sales Records Powered by Demand for Cars and Trucks '' ( Press release ). Honda. Retrieved 17 January 2017. Jump up ^ http://www.hondanews.com/releases/american-honda-sets-3rd-straight-annual-sales-record-with-best-ever-december?page=3 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Honda Accord. Accord at Honda Worldwide Honda Motor Company Divisions and subsidiaries Acura American Honda Honda Canada Canada Manufacturing Aircraft Performance Development India Motorcycles Racing F1 Taiwan China ( 65 % ) UK Joint ventures and shareholdings Bangladesh Honda Private Limited ( 70 % ) Dongfeng Honda ( 50 % ) GE Honda Aero Engines ( 50 % ) Guangqi Honda ( 50 % ) Everus Mobilityland ( 100 % ) Aircraft MH01 MH02 HA - 420 Honda Cars Accord Accord Hybrid Amaze Brio / Brio Satya City / Grace / Greiz Civic Civic Si Civic Type R Crider Clarity Elipe Fit / Jazz Gienia Legend N - Box N - One NSX Robins S660 Spirior Pickup trucks Acty Ridgeline Crossovers / SUVs Avancier / UR - V BR - V CR - V Pilot / MR - V Vezel / HR - V / XR - V WR - V Vans Acty Freed Jade Mobilio Odyssey ( International ) / Elysion Odyssey ( North America ) Shuttle Stepwgn Tambor Vamos / Vamos Hobio Historic and discontinued 1300 Airwave / Partner Ascot Avancier Ballade Beat Capa City / Jazz Civic Hybrid Civic GX CR - X CR - X del Sol CR - Z Crossroad Crosstour Concerto Domani Doal Element Elysion EV Plus FR - V Horizon Inspire Insight Integra Life Dunk Life Lily Logo Mobilio Spike N360 N600 Orthia / Partner Passport Prelude Quint Rafaga S500 S600 S800 S2000 S - MX Stream T360 / T500 That 's Today Torneo Tourmaster Z Zest Racing Curtiss Special R800 R1300 RA270 RA271 RA272 RA273 RA300 RA301 RA302 RC100 RA099 RA106 RA107 RA108 Aguri SA05 Aguri SA06 Aguri SA07 Aguri SA08 HSV - 010 GT Acura ARX - 01 Acura ARX - 02 ARX - 03 HPD ARX - 04b Concept Argento Vivo Dualnote FC Sport FCV Concept HP - X HSC J - VX New Small Concept OSM Quilt Remix Spocket U-3X Urban EV Concept WOW Bikes Motorcycles CB series CBF series CBR series CG125 CJ series CM / CMX series CR series CRF series CTX series CX series DN - 01 Fury GL series NC700 series NR series NSR series RC series ST series VF / VFR series VT series VTX series XR / XL series XRE300 Transalp Africa Twin Deauville Bros / HawkGT NX250 Pacific Coast TL Series ( Reflex ) Valkyrie X4 Scooters Activa Aero Big Ruckus Dio Elite Express Helix Juno CHF50 Motocompo NH series Reflex Ruckus Sparta Spree Ruckus / Zoomer Silver Wing Vision Other Ape Click / Vario CT series Cub F Cub series Gyro Integra NM4 Motra P50 PA50 PC50 ST series / Dax Wave series Winner Z series Engines A-series B - series B20A C - series CVCC D - series E-series E07A F - series F20C G - series H - series J - series K - series L - series Circle L Diesel N - series Diesel P - engine R - series VTEC I - DSi Honda HI3R Honda HI4R Honda HI5R Honda HI6R Honda HI7R Honda HI8R Honda HI9R Honda HI10R Honda HI11R Honda HI12RT Honda HI13RT Honda HI14TT Honda HI15TT Honda HI16TT Honda HI17TT Honda HI18TT Aero - Engines HFX - 01 Turbofan HFX20 Turbofan HF118 Turbofan HF120 Turbofan Robots Honda E series Honda P series ASIMO People Soichiro Honda Takeo Fujisawa Tadashi Kume Shoichiro Irimajiri Nobuhiko Kawamoto Takeo Fukui Tadao Baba Takahiro Hachigo Other Honda Type R Honda Collection Hall Honda FC Mugen Motorsports Keihin Corporation Showa Corporation Internavi Suzuka Circuit Twin Ring Motegi Autobacs Racing Team Aguri Super Aguri F1 Team Takuma Sato Gil de Ferran Jenson Button Geier v. American Honda Motor Co. Honda Motor Co. v. Oberg Honda Malaysia Racing Team Commons `` previous -- Honda road car timeline, 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Kei car Today Today Life Life Life Today Associe Life That 's N - ONE Life Dunk Zest N - WGN Acty Street Street N - BOX Vamos Subcompact City / Jazz City Logo Brio City Brio Amaze Civic Civic Civic Civic Civic Fit / Jazz Fit / Jazz Fit / Jazz Ballade Ballade Concerto Domani Fit Aria / City City City / Grace Compact Domani Civic / Hybrid Civic / Hybrid Civic / Hybrid Civic Quint Quint Integra Integra Integra Integra Ascot Innova Integra SJ Accord Accord Accord Accord CB Accord CD Accord CF Insight Vigor Vigor Ascot Ascot Torneo Vigor Rafaga Accord Inspire Accord CB3 / CC Accord CG7 / CH5 Crider Mid-size Vigor Accord CG Accord CL Accord CU Accord CR Inspire Inspire / Saber Inspire / Saber Inspire / Accord UC FCX Clarity Clarity Full - size Inspire / Accord CP Legend Legend Legend Legend Legend Coupé Ballade Sports CR - X CR - X Civic Coupe Civic Coupe Insight CR - Z Integra Coupe Integra Coupe Integra Coupe Accord Coupe Accord Coupe Accord Coupe Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Legend Coupe Legend Coupe Roadster Beat S2000 S660 Convertible City Cabriolet CR - X del Sol Sport compact Civic Type R Civic Type R Civic Type R Civic Type R Civic Type R Integra Type R Integra Type R Sports car Accord Type R Accord Euro - R Torneo Euro - R NSX NSX NSX Type R NSX - R Mini Crossover Z HR - V Vezel / HR - V BR - V Compact Crossover Crossroad Crossroad Element CR - V CR - V CR - V Mid-size Crossover Crosstour Pilot Pilot SUV Jazz Passport Passport Pilot Horizon MDX MDX MDX Crossroad Station wagon Civic Country Civic Shuttle Civic Shuttle Orthia Airwave Fit Shuttle Fit Shuttle Accord Wagon CB9 Accord Wagon CEI Accord Wagon CF6 Accord Wagon CM Accord Tourer CW Avancier Avancier Mini MPV Capa Mobilio Spike Freed Spike Freed Spike EV Plus Mobilio Mobilio Compact MPV Stream Stream S - MX Edix / FR - V Jade Stepwgn Stepwgn Stepwgn Stepwgn Stepwgn Minivan Shuttle Odyssey RA6 Odyssey RB Odyssey RB3 Odyssey RC Odyssey LaGreat / Odyssey RL Odyssey RL3 Odyssey RL5 Elysion Elysion Pickup Tourmaster Ridgeline Ridgeline Microvan Acty Van Acty Acty Acty Van City Pro Civic Van Civic Pro Civic Pro Partner Van Partner 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 hide Honda road car timeline, North American market, 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 Subcompact Insight Civic Civic Civic Civic Civic Fit Fit Fit Compact Insight Insight Accord Accord Accord Accord Civic Civic Civic Civic Mid-size Accord Accord Accord Accord Coupe Accord Accord Clarity Full - size Accord Sedan Coupe Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Sport compact CR - X CR - X del Sol CR - Z Civic Type R Sports car S2000 Crossover Mini HR - V Compact Element CR - V CR - V CR - V CR - V CR - V Mid-size Crosstour Pilot Pilot Pilot Sport Utility Vehicle Passport Passport Minivan Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Sport Utility Truck Ridgeline Ridgeline Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honda_Accord&oldid=846355724 '' Categories : Honda vehicles Cars introduced in 1976 Compact cars Coupés Euro NCAP large family cars Front - wheel - drive vehicles Full - size vehicles Mid-size cars Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Plug - in hybrid vehicles Sedans Station wagons Touring cars Vehicles with four - wheel steering 1970s automobiles 1980s automobiles 1990s automobiles 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Boarisch Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018, at 06 : 49. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Honda Accord", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Honda_Accord&amp;oldid=846355724" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "16398009097885692527" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Super Bowl XXVI - wikipedia Super Bowl XXVI Jump to : navigation, search Super Bowl XXVI Washington Redskins ( NFC ) Buffalo Bills ( AFC ) 37 24 Total WAS 0 17 14 6 37 BUF 0 0 10 14 24 Date January 26, 1992 ( 1992 - 01 - 26 ) Stadium Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, Minneapolis, Minnesota MVP Mark Rypien, Quarterback Favorite Redskins by 7 Referee Jerry Markbreit Attendance 63,130 Future Hall of Famers Redskins : Joe Gibbs ( coach ), Darrell Green, Russ Grimm, Art Monk. Bills : Ralph Wilson ( owner ), Bill Polian ( general manager ), Marv Levy ( coach ), Jim Kelly, James Lofton, Andre Reed, Bruce Smith, Thurman Thomas. Ceremonies National anthem Harry Connick, Jr. Coin toss Chuck Noll Halftime show Gloria Estefan, Brian Boitano, Dorothy Hamill, and the Minnesota Marching Band TV in the United States Network CBS Announcers Pat Summerall and John Madden Nielsen ratings 40.3 ( est. 79.6 million viewers ) Market share 61 Cost of 30 - second commercial $850,000 ← XXV Super Bowl XXVII → Super Bowl XXVI was an American football game between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Washington Redskins and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 1991 season. The Redskins defeated the Bills by a score of 37 -- 24, becoming the fourth team after the Pittsburgh Steelers, the Oakland Raiders and the San Francisco 49ers to win three Super Bowls. The Bills became the second team, after the Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowls VIII and IX ) to lose back - to - back Super Bowls. The game was played on January 26, 1992, at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the first time the city played host to a Super Bowl. Both teams finished the regular season with the best record in their respective conference. The Redskins posted a 14 -- 2 regular season record, and led the league during the regular season with 485 points. Washington head coach Joe Gibbs entered the game seeking his third Super Bowl victory with the team, but with his third starting Super Bowl quarterback, Mark Rypien. The Bills finished the regular season with a 13 -- 3 record and advanced to their second consecutive Super Bowl, largely through the play of quarterback Jim Kelly and their `` K - Gun '' no - huddle offense. However, their defense ranked second to last in the league in total yards allowed. Early in the second quarter, the Redskins jumped to a 17 -- 0 lead from which the Bills could not recover. Washington also sacked Kelly four times and intercepted him four times. Rypien, who completed 18 of 33 passes for 292 yards, two touchdowns and an interception, was named Super Bowl MVP. The telecast of the game on CBS was seen by an estimated 79.6 million viewers. This was the first time that a major television network successfully scheduled Super Bowl counterprogramming : Fox aired a special live football - themed episode of its popular sketch comedy show In Living Color during the halftime show. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Washington Redskins 1.2 Buffalo Bills 1.3 Playoffs 1.4 Super Bowl pregame news 2 Television and entertainment 2.1 Pregame ceremonies 2.2 Halftime show 3 Game summary 3.1 First quarter 3.2 Second quarter 3.3 Third quarter 3.4 Fourth quarter 3.5 Box score 4 Final statistics 4.1 Statistical comparison 4.2 Individual leaders 4.3 Records set 5 Starting lineups 6 Officials 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) NFL owners voted to award Super Bowl XXVI to Minneapolis during their May 24, 1989 meeting in New Orleans. Indianapolis, Pontiac and Seattle also made bids for the game. Super Bowl XXVI became the second Super Bowl to be played in a cold, winter climate city. The first one was Super Bowl XVI on January 24, 1982 at the Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. Temperatures in Minneapolis on game day were a high of 26 ° F ( − 3 ° C ) and low of 9 ° F ( − 13 ° C ), about 2 ° F ( − 17 ° C ) above average. The Metrodome also hosted the 1992 NCAA Men 's Basketball Final Four, making it the only stadium to host both events in the same calendar year. It also hosted the 1991 World Series as the Minnesota Twins defeated the Atlanta Braves. Minneapolis is the only city and the Metrodome is the only arena to host all three events in a 12 - month span ( all three of these events aired on CBS, who would go on to purchase their Twin Cities affiliate, WCCO - TV, later in the year ). The attendance mark of 63,130 was second lowest only to the first Super Bowl 's attendance of 61,946, and the Metrodome was the smallest stadium to ever host the Super Bowl. To date, this and Super Bowl LII are the northernmost Super Bowls ever played. Washington Redskins ( edit ) Main article : 1991 Washington Redskins season Washington entered Super Bowl XXVI leading the league during the regular season in scoring with 485 points, while allowing the second - fewest points ( 224 ). The team was led by Mark Rypien, head coach Joe Gibbs ' third different starting Super Bowl quarterback. Rypien led the NFC during the regular season in passing yards ( 3,564 ) and touchdown passes ( 28 ). With 249 out of 421 completions and only 11 interceptions, he earned the second - highest passer rating in the league ( 97.9 ). Rypien had several great targets to whom he could throw. Wide receiver Gary Clark was the main deep threat on the team, catching 70 passes for 1,340 yards and 10 touchdowns. On the other side of the field, wide receiver Art Monk, playing in his 12th NFL season, was just as reliable, catching 71 passes for 1,049 yards and 8 touchdowns. Monk 's 71 receptions in 1991 gave him a career total of 801, just 18 behind the all - time record held by Steve Largent. Wide receiver Ricky Sanders was also a big element of the passing game, catching 45 passes for 580 yards and 5 touchdowns. The Redskins ' primary weapon in the backfield was running back Earnest Byner, who ranked 5th in the NFL with 1,048 rushing yards, while also catching 34 passes for 308 yards and scoring 5 touchdowns. Rookie running back Ricky Ervins was also a major asset to the running attack, rushing 145 times for 680 yards for an average of 4.7 yards per carry, while also catching 16 passes for 181 yards. And when Washington was near the goal line, they usually relied on fullback Gerald Riggs, who rushed for 248 yards and scored 11 touchdowns. The Redskins ' offensive line, known as `` The Hogs '', was led by Pro Bowl tackle Jim Lachey and guard Mark Schlereth, along with four - time Pro Bowl veteran Russ Grimm. The Hogs allowed the fewest sacks in the league with just 9, 10 sacks less than the team that allowed the second - fewest. Even Washington 's special teams unit was a big threat. Running back Brian Mitchell led the NFL in punt return yards ( 600 ) and punt return touchdowns ( 2 ) with a 13.3 yards per return average, while also gaining 583 yards returning kickoffs. Washington 's defense, which ranked third in the NFL in fewest yards allowed ( 4,638 ), was led by All - Pro defensive back Darrell Green, who was one of the fastest players in the NFL, and Pro Bowl linebacker Wilber Marshall. Green and Marshall recorded 5 interceptions each, with Marshall recording 75 return yards and a touchdown, while also compiling 5.5 sacks and forcing 4 fumbles. Safety Brad Edwards was also a big factor in the secondary, recording four interceptions. Up front, their line was anchored by defensive end Charles Mann, who recorded 11 of Washington 's 50 sacks, and recovered a fumble. Defensive end Fred Stokes also made a big impact with 6.5 sacks, 2 fumble recoveries, and an interception. The Redskins stormed to a league - best 14 -- 2 regular season record. After crushing the Detroit Lions 45 -- 0 on opening day, they recorded 11 consecutive wins before suffering their first loss to the Dallas Cowboys, 24 -- 21. Their only other defeat was a meaningless loss to the Philadelphia Eagles in the final game of the regular season in which they rested most of their starters because they had already clinched the # 1 NFC playoff seed. Buffalo Bills ( edit ) Main article : 1991 Buffalo Bills season The Bills ' no - huddle `` K - Gun '' offense once again dominated the league by gaining an NFL - leading 6,525 yards and scoring 458 points, second only to Washington. The leaders of the offense, quarterback Jim Kelly and running back Thurman Thomas, both had the best seasons of their careers. Kelly completed 64.1 percent of his passes for 3,844 yards and a league - leading 33 touchdowns, with only 17 interceptions, to give him a 97.6 passer rating. Thomas rushed for 1,407 yards, caught 62 passes for 620 yards, and scored 12 touchdowns to earn him both the NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award and the NFL Most Valuable Player Award. With 2,067 yards from scrimmage, Thomas led the league in that category for the third consecutive season. Just like Washington, Buffalo had more than one threat in their backfield. Running back Kenneth Davis emerged as a big threat, rushing for 624 yards, catching 20 passes for 118 yards, and scoring 5 touchdowns. The Bills also had several major weapons in their passing game. Wide receiver Andre Reed led the team with 81 receptions for 1,113 yards and 10 touchdowns, and also rushed 12 times for 136 yards. On the other side of the field, veteran wide receiver James Lofton recorded 57 receptions for 1,072 yards and 8 touchdowns to earn his 8th Pro Bowl appearance and finished the year just 55 yards short of the all - time receiving yardage record, held by Steve Largent ( 13,089 yards ). Pro Bowl tight end Keith McKeller was also a big contributor with 44 receptions for 434 yards, while receiver Don Beebe had 32 catches, 414 yards, and 6 touchdowns. Once again, the Bills ' offensive line was led by center Kent Hull, along with left tackle Will Wolford and Pro Bowl left guard Jim Ritcher. But the Bills had big problems on their defense. Buffalo ranked just 27th ( out of 28 teams ) in yards allowed, 19th in points allowed, and recorded only 31 sacks. A reason for this was that defensive linemen Bruce Smith and Jeff Wright had missed most of the season with injuries. One of the few bright spots on the Bills ' defense was Pro Bowl linebacker Cornelius Bennett, who recorded 78 tackles, 9 sacks, and 2 fumble recoveries. Another Pro Bowl linebacker, Darryl Talley, led the team with 90 tackles and 5 interceptions, while also recovering 2 fumbles. Cornerback Nate Odomes was the leader of the secondary with 5 interceptions, which he returned for 120 yards and a touchdown, along with 66 tackles and a fumble recovery. Despite their defensive problems, the Bills finished the season with an AFC - best 13 -- 3 regular season record. Playoffs ( edit ) See also : 1991 -- 92 NFL playoffs The Redskins first defeated the Atlanta Falcons, 24 -- 7, in a rain - soaked playoff game that was closer than their 56 -- 17 regular season win over Atlanta. Rypien had 442 passing yards and 6 touchdowns in the earlier game, but could only complete 14 out of 28 passes for 170 yards and 0 touchdowns in the rematch. Still, Washington dominated the Falcons again by forcing 6 turnovers and rushing for 162 yards. The Redskins held the ball for over 36 minutes while running back Ricky Ervins recorded 104 rushing yards and a touchdown. Then Washington crushed the Detroit Lions 41 -- 10 in the NFC Championship Game. The Lions posted a 12 -- 4 regular season record and were coming off a 38 -- 6 playoff blowout over the Dallas Cowboys. Many sports writers predicted that the NFC Championship Game would be much closer than the Redskins ' win over the Lions in the season opening game because Detroit 's future Hall of Fame running back, Barry Sanders, did not play in it due to injury. He had recorded 1,548 rushing yards and 16 touchdowns in the remaining 15 games of the season, and 99 combined rushing and receiving yards against Dallas in the playoffs. However, the Redskins crushed Detroit in this game as well, quickly forcing two Lions turnovers and building up a 10 -- 0 lead before the game was five minutes old. The Redskins scored 41 points off of two touchdown runs by Riggs, two field goals from kicker Chip Lohmiller, a pair of touchdown passes from Rypien to Monk and Clark, and Green 's 32 - yard 4th - quarter interception return for a touchdown. Sanders was held to just 59 total yards, and linebacker Wilber Marshall sacked Lions quarterback Erik Kramer three times. Meanwhile, the Bills first defeated the Kansas City Chiefs 37 -- 14, avenging a 33 -- 6 Monday night loss during the regular season, in which the Chiefs recorded six sacks, recovered five fumbles, and gained 239 rushing yards, with running backs Harvey Williams and Christian Okoye recording over 100 rushing yards each. During this playoff game, the Bills jumped to a 24 -- 0 lead in the 3rd quarter, with Kelly throwing three touchdown passes, the first two to Reed and the third to Lofton. The Bills also got a big performance out of Thomas, who rushed for over 100 yards, and kicker Scott Norwood, who made three field goals. Meanwhile, unconcerned with Kansas City 's weak passing game, Buffalo played Bennett and Talley close to the line of scrimmage on nearly every play to stuff the run. Both players combined for 13 tackles, while the Bills ' defense held Kansas City to 77 yards on the ground. Chiefs running back Barry Word, who became their primary rusher since the Monday Night game and rushed for over 100 yards in each of Kansas City 's previous three games, was limited to just 50 yards. In addition, Buffalo 's defense knocked Chiefs quarterback Steve DeBerg out of the game and intercepted backup quarterback Mark Vlasic four times. Buffalo then played against the Denver Broncos, who were coming off a 26 -- 24 win over the Houston Oilers, in which quarterback John Elway led them on an 87 - yard drive to set up kicker David Treadwell 's game - winning field goal with only 16 seconds left. It was predicted that this AFC Championship Game would be a shootout between the Bills ' powerful offense and the superb postseason play of Elway. But neither Elway nor the Bills ' offense had much success in the 10 -- 7 Bills victory in a game totally dominated by defense. Bennett, who spent almost as much time in the Denver backfield as Elway, had another great game, constantly pressuring Elway, sharing one sack, and tackling Denver rushers behind the line of scrimmage three times. Bills linebacker Carlton Bailey also made a big impact late in the 3rd quarter, intercepting a screen pass from Elway and returning it 11 yards for Buffalo 's only touchdown of the game. After backup quarterback Gary Kubiak scored Denver 's only touchdown with less than two minutes to go, the Bills then clinched the victory when defensive back Kirby Jackson forced and recovered a fumble from running back Steve Sewell on Denver 's final drive of the game. Treadwell 's three missed field goals were a large factor in the final outcome of the defensive struggle. Super Bowl pregame News ( edit ) During the week leading to Super Bowl XXVI, it seemed most of the pressure was on the Bills. The AFC Championship Game appeared to be the best defensive effort by Buffalo all season, as they held the Broncos to only a touchdown, while also limiting Elway to just 11 of 21 completions for 121 yards and no touchdowns, with 1 interception. But the Bills ' high - powered offense was completely shut down, limited to just a single field goal for the entire game. In addition, the Bills could have easily been eliminated by the Broncos, had Treadwell not missed three field goal attempts, two of which hit the uprights. The performance also gave an opportunity for Gibbs and the Redskins ' coaches to devise a strong game plan to exploit their Super Bowl opponent 's weaknesses. `` Denver was successful being aggressive. That may have aided us a little bit in our thinking, '' said Redskins defensive coordinator Richie Petitibon. `` Looking at them before they had played Denver, we kind of thought you had to put pressure on this guy ( Jim Kelly ). We attacked the line of scrimmage more than usual. We wanted to blitz to stop the run early in the game. It 's sometimes tough to pick up blitzes against the running game. '' ( 1 ) Redskins linebacker Matt Millen was bidding to become the first player to play in a Super Bowl victory for three different franchises ( he played in Super Bowl XV and Super Bowl XVIII with the Raiders, and Super Bowl XXIV with the 49ers ). However, Millen was deactivated for the game and watched from the Redskins sideline. He retired from the NFL shortly after the game to pursue a career in broadcasting ( and later as a team executive ). During the CBS telecast, it was mentioned that Leonard Smith ( the Bills ' regular starting strong safety ) could n't play as a result of an infection in his knee. Bills defensive line coach Chuck Dickerson mocked the Washington Redskins ' famed offensive line, `` The Hogs '' in a television interview. Dickerson said Redskins tackle Joe Jacoby was `` a Neanderthal -- he slobbers a lot, he probably kicks dogs in his neighborhood. '' He also said tackle Jim Lachey `` has bad breath. Players will fall down without him even touching them. '' Redskins coach Joe Gibbs got his hands on some tapes of Dickerson and played them at a team meeting on the night before the game. ( Levy fired Dickerson three days after the game. ) Television and Entertainment ( edit ) The game was broadcast in the United States by CBS and featured the broadcast team of play - by - play announcer Pat Summerall and color commentator John Madden for the fifth time. Lesley Visser, Jim Gray, and Pat O'Brien reported on the sidelines ; Visser would later preside over the presentation of the Lombardi Trophy to the Redskins, becoming the first woman to do so. The Super Bowl Today was hosted by Greg Gumbel and Terry Bradshaw with Randy Cross and Dan Fouts contributing team reports, and Visser, Madden, Jim Gray, Bernard Goldberg and Mike Francesa ( among others ) contributing feature segments. This would be the last Super Bowl to air on CBS until Super Bowl XXXV at the end of the 2000 season. CBS lost the NFC package to Fox following the 1993 season, leaving the network without the NFL until it acquired the AFC package from NBC for the 1998 season. Super Bowl XXVI was not originally in CBS ' rotation ; since it had just broadcast Super Bowl XXIV two years earlier. CBS would have received Super Bowl XXVII as part of the rotation while NBC would have aired Super Bowl XXVI. Instead, the NFL made an exception for CBS, which had acquired the rights to the 1992 Winter Olympics, and allowed the network to air the Super Bowl as a lead - in program for its Olympics coverage. For this game, as they had done for Super Bowl XXIV, CBS debuted a new theme and opening for its NFL coverage. Composed by Frankie Vinci, the theme was used for the next two seasons on television and on CBS Radio after that ; several remixes of the song were used from the time CBS resumed covering NFL games in 1998 until the end of the 2002 season ; after that, CBS began using an E.S. Posthumus composition and has used it ever since. In addition to the new theme, CBS also rolled out a new network - wide graphics package for its sports coverage. With a few minor tweaks, the red, white, and blue graphic displays stayed in place until 1996 when CBS rolled out a new orange and yellow package. Super Bowl XXVI was telecast in over 100 countries around the world, including Australia ( Network Ten ), Canada ( CTV ), Mexico ( Canal 5 ) and the United Kingdom ( Channel 4 ). Following the game was a 60 Minutes interview with future President Bill and Hillary Clinton and an episode of 48 Hours. Super Bowl XXVI was featured in the episode of The Simpsons entitled `` Lisa the Greek '', which aired three days prior to the game and correctly predicted that Washington would win. Also, this game was part of a broadcasting service test commissioned by the U.S. Navy. The ships participating were the USS America ; USS Concord ; USS Eisenhower ; USS Inchon ; USS Monterey ; USS Normandy and the USS Sierra. Pregame ceremonies ( edit ) The pregame show featured local Minnesota youth including the Metropolitan Boys Choir, the Minnesota Youth Symphonies, and local marching bands. Singer Harry Connick, Jr. later sang the national anthem. The coin toss ceremony featured Pro Football Hall of Fame head coach Chuck Noll. Noll, former Steelers Hall of Fame head coach who had retired a month earlier after 23 seasons, conducted the coin toss. Noll 's Steelers had lost to both of these teams earlier in the season by large margins ( 52 -- 34 to Buffalo and 41 -- 14 to Washington ). STS - 42, a space shuttle mission, was in orbit during the game. A live downlink between the Metrodome and Discovery happened during the pregame show. Three of the mission 's seven crew members demonstrated a ' human coin toss ' in space. Buffalo head coach Marv Levy stated his famous phrase `` Where else would you rather be? '' to his players moments before kickoff, as shown on NFL Films highlights. Halftime show ( edit ) The halftime show was titled `` Winter Magic '' and featured a celebration to the winter season and the Winter Olympics. In addition to dancers and performers as well as the Pride of Minnesota marching band, former Olympic champions Brian Boitano and Dorothy Hamill skated on sheets of Teflon that were embedded on the tops of large platforms that were placed on the field for the show. Singer Gloria Estefan performed during the show 's finale. To compete with the halftime show, Fox decided to broadcast a special live episode of In Living Color and was able to attract and keep Super Bowl viewers. It was decided that Michael Jackson would perform at halftime during Super Bowl XXVII, followed by more big - name talent during subsequent Super Bowl halftimes in order to maintain Super Bowl viewership. Game summary ( edit ) First quarter ( edit ) Both teams entered the game as the two highest scoring teams in the league, but after the end of the first quarter, both of them would be scoreless. The miscues began right from the start. First, the opening kickoff had to be redone because Bills kicker Brad Daluiso kicked the ball before referee Jerry Markbreit signaled to begin play. Then after Washington was forced to punt, Bills running back Thurman Thomas missed the first two plays of Buffalo 's first drive because he misplaced his helmet. Later in the first quarter, Washington drove 89 yards and appeared to score a touchdown on a third - down pass from quarterback Mark Rypien to wide receiver Art Monk ( who had already caught 3 passes for 67 yards on the drive ). But it was overruled by instant replay : the officials ruled that Monk 's foot was out of bounds when he caught the ball ( the first time a touchdown was overruled by instant replay in a Super Bowl ). The Redskins tried to salvage the drive with a field goal attempt, but holder Jeff Rutledge fumbled the snap. On Buffalo 's first play after the botched field goal attempt, Bills quarterback Jim Kelly gave Washington another chance to score by throwing an interception to Redskins safety Brad Edwards, who returned it 21 yards to the Bills 12 - yard line. But Rypien promptly gave it back to the Bills by throwing an interception to Bills defensive back Kirby Jackson on the third play of the Redskins ' next drive. Second quarter ( edit ) In the second quarter, the Redskins began to take over the game. First, a 41 - yard completion from Rypien to wide receiver Ricky Sanders and a 19 - yard run by Earnest Byner set up Chip Lohmiller 's 34 - yard field goal to give Washington a 3 -- 0 lead. The Redskins ' defense then forced Buffalo to a three - and - out on the ensuing possession, and punter Chris Mohr 's 23 - yard punt sailed out of bounds at the Washington 49 - yard line. The Redskins then drove 51 yards in 5 plays capped by Byner 's 10 - yard touchdown reception. Then, on the Bills next drive, Washington defensive back Darrell Green intercepted a pass from Kelly at the Redskins 45 - yard line. Three plays later, Rypien completed a 34 - yard pass to wide receiver Gary Clark to the Buffalo 15 - yard line. A 14 - yard run by Ricky Ervins then set up fullback Gerald Riggs ' 1 - yard touchdown run to expand the Redskins ' lead to 17 -- 0. The Bills had a chance to drive for a score late in the second quarter. With 1 : 46 left in the half, Bills special teams expert Steve Tasker downed Mohr 's 48 - yard punt at the Redskins 1 - yard line. Washington gained zero net yards during the possession, and Buffalo got the ball back after Cliff Hicks returned Kelly Goodburn 's 42 - yard punt 2 yards to the Redskins 41 - yard line. From there, Kelly completed a 21 - yard pass to tight end Keith McKeller to the 20 - yard line. But after an incomplete pass and an 8 - yard sack by linebacker Wilber Marshall, Edwards broke up a third - down pass intended for Andre Reed in which Edwards hit Reed before the ball got to him ; however, no flag for pass interference was thrown. In disgust, Reed threw his helmet to the ground, drawing a 15 - yard unsportsmanlike conduct penalty that took the Bills out of field goal range and forced them to punt. As the teams ran off the field at halftime, Marv Levy confronted field judge Ed Merrifield, who missed the pass interference call and then threw the unsportsmanlike conduct flag against Reed. The Bills became the ninth team to go scoreless in the 1st half of a Super Bowl, after the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III ; the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowls IV, VIII, IX, and XI ; the Redskins in Super Bowl VII, the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XII ; and the Cincinnati Bengals in Super Bowl XVI. All eight of the previous teams ended up losing the game. Third quarter ( edit ) The Redskins then increased their lead to 24 -- 0 just 16 seconds into the second half after linebacker Kurt Gouveia intercepted Kelly 's pass on the first play of the third quarter and returned it 23 yards to the Bills ' 2 - yard line. The blitz that forced Kelly 's rushed throw and led to the turnover had been drawn up by the Redskins ' defensive coaches on the pregame bus ride to the Metrodome, as they came up with an idea to use their superior speed rushers against the powerful but not - that - mobile interior Bills ' offensive line. One play later, Riggs scored his second touchdown of the game. The Redskins ' 24 -- 0 lead midway through the 3rd quarter tied the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VIII for the largest shutout lead in Super Bowl history. It was broken by the Seattle Seahawks ' 36 -- 0 lead in Super Bowl XLVIII. The Bills finally got some momentum going with their next few drives. First, they drove 77 yards to the Redskins 3 - yard line, aided by a 43 - yard completion from Kelly to receiver Don Beebe. Washington kept Buffalo out of the end zone, but kicker Scott Norwood kicked a 21 - yard field goal to cut the deficit to 24 -- 3. Then, aided by a 29 - yard pass interference penalty on Redskins cornerback Martin Mayhew in the end zone, the Bills drove 56 yards in 6 plays and finally scored a touchdown on their next drive with a 1 - yard run by Thomas to make the score 24 -- 10. However, Buffalo 's hopes of a comeback faded when Washington advanced 79 yards in 11 plays on the ensuing drive, scoring on Clark 's 30 - yard touchdown reception to give the Redskins a 31 -- 10 lead with 1 : 24 left in the third quarter. Three plays after receiving the ensuing kickoff, Kelly fumbled the ball while being sacked by defensive back Alvoid Mays, and it was recovered by defensive end Fred Stokes. Fourth quarter ( edit ) After the turnover, Washington drove to the Bills 7 - yard line and increased their lead to 34 -- 10 with Lohmiller 's 25 - yard field goal on the second play of the fourth quarter. On the Bills ' ensuing drive, Kelly was sacked for a 9 - yard loss by Stokes, threw an incomplete pass, and then threw his second interception of the game to Edwards, who returned it 35 yards to Buffalo 's 33 - yard line. Five plays later, Lohmiller kicked his third field goal with 11 : 36 left in the game to increase Washington 's lead to 37 -- 10. With the game almost completely out of reach, the Bills managed to respond with a 15 - play, 79 - yard drive to cut the score to 37 -- 17 on a 2 - yard touchdown pass from Kelly to tight end Pete Metzelaars. Then, after recovering an onside kick, the Bills drove 50 yards and scored another touchdown with Beebe 's 4 - yard reception to make the score 37 -- 24. But the Bills ' second onside kick attempt was unsuccessful, and the Redskins were able to run out the clock. From there, the Bills attempted one final pass play before time expired. Kelly completed 28 of a Super Bowl -- record 58 passes for 275 yards and two touchdowns, but was sacked four times, intercepted four times, and lost a fumble. Thomas ran for only 13 yards on 10 carries and was limited to 27 yards on four receptions. James Lofton was the top receiver for the Bills with 7 catches for 92 yards, but Reed was limited to just 5 catches for 31 yards. Clark had seven catches for 114 yards and a touchdown and Monk added seven for 113 yards ( Clark and Monk became the third pair of teammates to each have 100 yards receiving in a Super Bowl ; they joined the Steelers ' John Stallworth and Lynn Swann, who did it in Super Bowl XIII and the Bengals ' Cris Collinsworth and Dan Ross, who did it in Super Bowl XVI ). Ervins was the top rusher of the game with 72 yards. Byner recorded 49 rushing yards, and 3 receptions for 24 yards and a touchdown. On defense, Edwards recorded four tackles, broke up five passes, and returned two interceptions for 56 yards. The Redskins amassed 417 yards of total offense while limiting the explosive Bills to 283, with just 43 rushing yards. The two teams combined for the most points in a 3rd quarter in Super Bowl history ( 24 total points : 14 for Washington and 10 for Buffalo ) and the most combined in a second half ( 44 total points : 24 for Buffalo and 20 for Washington ). With the win, the Redskins became the first team, and Joe Gibbs the first coach, to win a Super Bowl with three different quarterbacks. Two other teams have since duplicated this feat : the New York Giants ( Phil Simms in Super Bowl XXI, Jeff Hostetler in Super Bowl XXV, and Eli Manning in Super Bowls XLII and XLVI ) and the Green Bay Packers ( Bart Starr in the first two Super Bowls, Brett Favre in Super Bowl XXXI, and Aaron Rodgers in Super Bowl XLV ). Box score ( edit ) Super Bowl XXVI : Washington Redskins 37, Buffalo Bills 24 Total Redskins 0 17 14 6 37 Bills 0 0 10 14 24 at Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, Minneapolis, Minnesota Date : January 26, 1992 Game time : 5 : 25 p.m. CST Game weather : Played indoors, domed stadium ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP WAS BUF 13 : 02 7 64 2 : 40 WAS 34 - yard field goal by Chip Lohmiller 0 9 : 54 5 51 2 : 12 WAS Earnest Byner 10 - yard touchdown reception from Mark Rypien, Lohmiller kick good 10 0 7 : 17 5 55 2 : 18 WAS Gerald Riggs 1 - yard touchdown run, Lohmiller kick good 17 0 14 : 44 0 : 03 WAS Riggs 2 - yard touchdown run, Lohmiller kick good 24 0 11 : 59 11 77 2 : 45 BUF 21 - yard field goal by Scott Norwood 24 5 : 58 6 56 2 : 19 BUF Thurman Thomas 1 - yard touchdown run, Norwood kick good 24 10 1 : 24 11 79 4 : 34 WAS Gary Clark 30 - yard touchdown reception from Rypien, Lohmiller kick good 31 10 14 : 54 7 0 : 57 WAS 25 - yard field goal by Lohmiller 34 10 11 : 36 5 11 2 : 30 WAS 39 - yard field goal by Lohmiller 37 10 5 : 59 15 79 5 : 37 BUF Pete Metzelaars 2 - yard touchdown reception from Jim Kelly, Norwood kick good 37 17 3 : 55 9 50 2 : 04 BUF Don Beebe 4 - yard touchdown reception from Kelly, Norwood kick good 37 24 `` TOP '' = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football. 37 24 Final statistics ( edit ) Sources : NFL.com Super Bowl XXVI, Super Bowl XXVI Play Finder Was, Super Bowl XXVI Play Finder Buf Statistical comparison ( edit ) Washington Redskins Buffalo Bills First downs 24 25 First downs rushing 10 First downs passing 12 18 First downs penalty Third down efficiency 6 / 16 7 / 17 Fourth down efficiency 0 / 2 2 / 2 Net yards rushing 125 43 Rushing attempts 40 18 Yards per rush 3.1 2.4 Passing -- Completions / attempts 18 / 33 29 / 59 Times sacked -- total yards 0 -- 0 5 -- 46 Interceptions thrown Net yards passing 292 240 Total net yards 417 283 Punt returns -- total yards 0 -- 0 3 -- 9 Kickoff returns -- total yards 1 -- 16 4 -- 77 Interceptions -- total return yards 4 -- 79 1 -- 4 Punts -- average yardage 4 -- 37.5 6 -- 35.0 Fumbles -- lost 1 -- 0 6 -- 1 Penalties -- total yards 5 -- 82 6 -- 50 Time of possession 33 : 43 26 : 17 Turnovers 5 Individual leaders ( edit ) Redskins Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Mark Rypien 18 / 33 292 92.0 Redskins Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Ricky Ervins 13 72 0 21 5.54 Earnest Byner 14 49 0 19 3.50 Gerald Riggs 5 7 1.40 Ricky Sanders 0 1.00 Jeff Rutledge 0 0 0 0.00 Mark Rypien 6 -- 4 0 -- 0.67 Redskins Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Gary Clark 7 114 34 12 Art Monk 7 113 0 31 10 Earnest Byner 24 10 5 Ricky Sanders 41 0 41 Terry Orr 0 0 0 0 Bills Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Jim Kelly 28 / 58 275 44.8 Frank Reich 1 / 1 11 0 0 112.5 Bills Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Kenneth Davis 17 0 13 4.25 Jim Kelly 16 0 9 5.33 Thurman Thomas 10 13 6 1.30 James Lofton -- 3 0 -- 3 -- 3.00 Bills Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target James Lofton 7 92 0 18 17 Andre Reed 5 34 0 12 11 Don Beebe 61 43 9 Kenneth Davis 38 0 12 6 Thurman Thomas 27 0 8 5 Keith McKeller 29 0 21 5 Al Edwards 11 0 11 Pete Metzelaars Jim Kelly -- 8 0 -- 8 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Records set ( edit ) The following records were set in Super Bowl XXVI, according to the official NFL.com boxscore and the ProFootball reference.com game summary. Player records set Most passing attempts, game 58 Jim Kelly Records tied Most interceptions thrown, game Jim Kelly Most fumbles, game Most rushing touchdowns, game Gerald Riggs Team records set Most passing attempts 59 Bills Most first downs, passing 18 Fewest kickoff returns yards gained 16 Redskins Records tied Most consecutive Super Bowl losses Bills Fewest points, first half 0 Most points, fourth quarter 14 Most passes completed 29 Most fumbles, game 6 Fewest times sacked 0 Redskins Most interceptions by Fewest kickoff returns, game Fewest punt returns, game 0 Records set, both team totals 00Total00 Redskins 00Bills00 Most points scored, second half 44 20 24 Most points, third quarter 24 14 10 Most passing attempts 92 33 59 Fewest punt return yards gained 9 0 9 Records tied, both team totals Fewest kickoff returns 5 Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Hall of Fame ‡ Washington Position Position Buffalo Offense Gary Clark WR James Lofton ‡ Ron Middleton TE Pete Metzelaars Jim Lachey LT Will Wolford Raleigh McKenzie LG Jim Ritcher Jeff Bostic Kent Hull Mark Schlereth RG Glenn Parker Joe Jacoby RT Howard Ballard Don Warren TE Keith McKeller Art Monk ‡ WR Andre Reed ‡ Mark Rypien QB Jim Kelly ‡ Earnest Byner RB Thurman Thomas ‡ Defense Charles Mann LE Leon Seals Eric Williams LT NT Jeff Wright Tim Johnson RT RE Bruce Smith ‡ Fred Stokes RE LOLB Cornelius Bennett Wilber Marshall LLB LILB Shane Conlan Kurt Gouveia MLB RILB Carlton Bailey Andre Collins RLB ROLB Darryl Talley Martin Mayhew LCB Kirby Jackson Darrell Green ‡ RCB Nate Odomes Danny Copeland SS Dwight Drane Brad Edwards FS Mark Kelso Officials ( edit ) Referee : Jerry Markbreit # 9 third Super Bowl ( XVII, XXI ) Umpire : Bob Boylston # 101 second Super Bowl ( XXI ) Head Linesman : Dale Williams # 8 second Super Bowl ( XX ) Line Judge : Ron Blum # 83 second Super Bowl ( XXIV ) Back Judge : Paul Baetz # 22 second Super Bowl ( XXIII ) Side Judge : Dick Creed # 61 first Super Bowl Field Judge : Ed Merrifield # 76 first Super Bowl Note : Back Judge and Field Judge swapped titles prior to the 1998 season. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ DiNitto, Marcus ( January 25, 2015 ). `` Super Bowl Betting History -- Underdogs on Recent Roll ''. The Linemakers. Sporting News. Retrieved February 4, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History ''. Vegas Insider. Retrieved February 4, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Winners ''. NFL.com. Retrieved February 4, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Super Bowl Nielsen TV Ratings, 1967 -- 2009 -- Ratings ''. TVbytheNumbers. Retrieved October 9, 2012. Jump up ^ `` What makes a city Super to NFL? ''. Jump up ^ He was also the first Canadian born player to win the Super Bowl MVP ( born in Calgary, raised in Spokane, Washington ). Jump up ^ ( Dempsey, John Mark, PhD ( editor ) : Sports - Talk Radio in America, Its Context and Culture ), p. 131, Haworth Press, 2006, ISBN 978 - 0 - 7890 - 2589 - 0 Jump up ^ Buckets and Tap Shoes ( November 17, 2009 ), Super Bowl Halftime 1992 Minneapolis, MN - PART 1, retrieved February 5, 2017 Jump up ^ Gloria Estefan Official Fan TV ( January 27, 2015 ), Gloria Estefan, Brian Boitano & Dorothy Hamill - Super Bowl XXVI Halftime Show 1992, retrieved February 5, 2017 Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVI boxscore ''. NFL.com. Retrieved 7 November 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl XXVI statistics ''. Pro Football reference.com. Retrieved 6 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVI -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ). National Football League. January 26, 1992. Retrieved June 27, 2016. Jump up ^ Neft, David S., Cohen, Richard M., and Korch, Rick. The Complete History of Professional Football from 1892 to the Present. 1994 ISBN 0 - 312 - 11435 - 4 External links ( edit ) Super Bowl official website 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book. Time Inc. Home Entertainment. ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5. Total Football II : The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League. Harper Collins. ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5. The Sporting News Complete Super Bowl Book 1995. ISBN 0 - 89204 - 523 - X. Super Bowl XXVI @ Pro Football Reference - Large online database of NFL data and statistics Super Bowl play - by - plays from USA Today ( Last accessed September 28, 2005 ) All - Time Super Bowl Odds from The Sports Network ( Last accessed October 16, 2005 ) 1990s portal Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards, trophies, records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Washington Redskins Super Bowl XXVI champions 2 Kelly Goodburn 6 Cary Conklin ( IR ) 8 Chip Lohmiller 10 Jeff Rutledge 11 Mark Rypien ( MVP ) 16 Stan Humphries 20 Alvoid Mays 21 Earnest Byner 26 Danny Copeland 27 Brad Edwards 28 Darrell Green 30 Brian Mitchell 31 Clarence Vaughn 32 Ricky Ervins 34 Terry Hoage 35 Martin Mayhew 37 Gerald Riggs 40 Alvin Walton 45 Sidney Johnson 47 A.J. Johnson 48 Travis Curtis 50 Ravin Caldwell 51 Monte Coleman 53 Jeff Bostic 54 Kurt Gouveia 55 Andre Collins 57 Matt Millen 58 Wilber Marshall 60 Fred Stokes 61 Mark Adickes 62 Ralph Tamm 63 Raleigh McKenzie 65 Mohammed Elewonibi ( IR ) 66 Joe Jacoby 67 Ray Brown 68 Russ Grimm 69 Mark Schlereth 71 Charles Mann 74 Markus Koch 75 Eric Williams 76 Ed Simmons 78 Tim Johnson 79 Jim Lachey 80 Keenan McCardell ( IR ) 80 Joe Johnson 81 Art Monk 82 John Brandes 83 Ricky Sanders 84 Gary Clark 85 Don Warren 86 Stephen Hobbs 87 Ron Middleton 88 James Jenkins 88 Jimmie Johnson 89 Terry Orr 94 Bobby Wilson 97 Jumpy Geathers 99 Jason Buck Head coach : Joe Gibbs Coaches : Don Breaux Jack Burns Bobby DePaul Rod Dowhower Jim Hanifan Larry Peccatiello Richie Petitbon Dan Riley Wayne Sevier Warren Simmons Charley Taylor Emmitt Thomas LaVern Torgeson Steve Wetzel Washington Redskins Founded in 1932 Formerly the Boston Braves ( 1932 ) and Boston Redskins ( 1933 -- 36 ) Based in Landover, Maryland Headquartered in Ashburn, Virginia Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Draft Starting quarterbacks Broadcasters Stadiums Braves Field Fenway Park Griffith Stadium RFK Stadium FedExField Culture Redskins Band `` Hail to the Redskins '' Hogettes Cheerleaders Chief Zee Joe Gibbs Team name controversy Name change advocates Trademark dispute Opinion polls Original Americans Foundation `` Go Fund Yourself '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Redskins 0, Bears 73 The Hogs The Fun Bunch The Over-the - Hill Gang The Body Bag Game Redskins Rule Ricky Williams trade Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Division championships ( 14 ) 1936 1937 1940 1942 1943 1945 1972 1984 1991 1999 2012 2015 Conference championships ( 5 ) 1972 1982 1991 League championships ( 5 ) 1937 1942 1982 ( XVII ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1991 ( XXVI ) Hall of Fame players Battles Baugh Dudley Edwards Green Grimm Hanburger Houston Huff D. Jones S. Jones Jurgensen Krause Millner Mitchell Monk Riggins Smith Taylor All - time leaders Passing Receiving Rushing Kick and punt returning Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 86 ) 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Buffalo Bills Founded in 1960 Based and headquartered in Orchard Park, New York Franchise Franchise History Players Seasons Pro Bowl selections First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches Logos and uniforms NFL in Toronto Bills series Stadiums War Memorial Stadium New Era Field Rogers Centre ( Bills Toronto Series ) New Era Field II ( proposed ) Culture Buffalo sports curse Ralph Wilson Billy Buffalo Buffalo Jills Ken `` Pinto Ron '' Johnson Second String Flutie Flakes `` Shout '' ( The Isley Brothers song ) Four Falls of Buffalo Lore AAFC Buffalo Bills Electric Company The Comeback Wide Right Music City Miracle Rivalries Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Division championships ( 10 ) 1964 1965 1966 1980 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1995 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1990 1991 1992 1993 League championships ( 2 ) 1964 1965 Wall of Fame Simpson Kemp McGroder Sestak Shaw Wilson 12th Man Dubenion Stratton Ferguson Levy DeLamielleure James Abramoski Kalsu Saimes Kelly Smerlas Hull Talley Ritcher Thomas Reed Tasker Smith Edgerson Hansen Polian Miller Saban Gilchrist Media Broadcasters Radio Radio Network WGR 550 Television MSG Western New York Personalities : John Murphy Van Miller Mark Kelso Steve Tasker Owners Wilson Pegula family Terry Kim Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold 1991 NFL season AFC East Central West East Central West NFC Buffalo Cincinnati Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Indianapolis Cleveland Kansas City NY Giants Detroit LA Rams Miami Houston LA Raiders Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans New England Pittsburgh San Diego Phoenix Minnesota San Francisco NY Jets Seattle Washington Tampa Bay 1991 NFL Draft NFL Playoffs Pro Bowl Super Bowl XXVI National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969, the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues, AFL and NFL, and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game. 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season, not the calendar year in which the championship game was played. For instance, Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007, but was the championship for the 2006 season. NFL on CBS Related programs Inside the NFL The NFL on Westwood One Sports ( commentators ) The NFL Today Thursday Night Football ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Non-NFL programs CBS Arena Football CBS SEC ( commentators ) Related articles Fox affiliate switches of 1994 ( Repercussions ) NFL on television ( history ) Primary television stations KDKA - TV WBZ - TV WCBS - TV WFOR - TV Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) Prime - time results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 Thursday Night Football results ( 2006 - present ) Commentators Commentator pairings NFL Today personalities Pro Bowl Postseason AFC Championship Game NFC Championship Game Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger NFL Championship Game Playoff Bowl Non-US based games American Bowl Bills Toronto Series Lore AFL -- NFL merger `` Bottlegate '' `` Bounty Bowl series '' `` Miracle at the Meadowlands '' `` Miracle in Motown '' `` Porkchop Bowl '' 16 - 0 `` The Snow Bowl '' Tom Dempsey 's 63 - yard field goal `` The Wrong Way Run '' 0 - 16 Postseason lore `` The Block '' `` The Catch '' `` The Fog Bowl '' `` The Hail Mary '' `` The Instant Replay Game '' `` The Ice Bowl '' `` Mile High Miracle '' `` Nipplegate '' `` The Tuck Rule Game '' Holiday lore NFL on Thanksgiving Day Christmas games Music `` Confidence '' `` Fly, Robin, Fly '' `` Crazy on You '' `` Horizontal Hold '' `` Moviendo Caderas '' `` In My City '' `` One Shining Moment '' `` Posthumus Zone '' `` Star Wars Theme / Cantina Band '' `` The Winner Takes It All '' NFL Championship 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger I ( 1966 ) II ( 1967 ) IV ( 1969 ) NFC package carrier ( 1970 -- 1993 ) VI ( 1971 ) VIII ( 1973 ) X ( 1975 ) XII ( 1977 ) XIV ( 1979 ) XVI ( 1981 ) XVIII ( 1983 ) XXI ( 1986 ) XXIV ( 1989 ) XXVI ( 1991 ) AFC package carrier ( 1998 -- present ) XXXV ( 2000 ) XXXVIII ( 2003 ) XLI ( 2006 ) XLIV ( 2009 ) XLVII ( 2012 ) 50 ( 2015 ) LIII ( 2018 ) LVI ( 2021 ) Pro Bowl 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 2007 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_XXVI&oldid=826848848 '' Categories : Super Bowl Washington Redskins postseason Buffalo Bills postseason Sports competitions in Minneapolis 1991 National Football League season Harry Connick Jr. 1992 in sports in Minnesota 1990s in Minneapolis January 1992 sports events 1992 in American sports Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português ไทย 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018, at 09 : 43. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Super Bowl XXVI", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_XXVI&amp;oldid=826848848" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "2509030562738336275" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Kalawa Jazmee Records - Wikipedia Kalawa Jazmee Records Kalawa Jazmee Records Founder Oskido Christos Katsaitis Don Laka Genre Kwaito, house music, afropop Country of origin South Africa Location Johannesburg Official website kalawa.co.za Kalawa Jazmee Records is an independent record label based in South Africa. The label is reputable as a major contributor to the development of the Kwaito genre of music in South Africa. Artists ( edit ) Oskido Professor Uhuru Busiswamafikizolo and trompees References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ntombizodwa Makhoba, S'thembile Cele ( 12 July 2015 ). `` Cracks appear at record label ''. News24. Retrieved 14 August 2015. Jump up ^ Helen Herimbi ( 12 July 2015 ). `` Kalawa Jazmee takes hip hop for spin ''. IOL News. Retrieved 14 August 2015. External links ( edit ) Kalawa Jazmee Records on Discogs This article about a South African record label is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalawa_Jazmee_Records&oldid=848130139 '' Categories : Record label stubs South African media stubs South African record labels Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018, at 23 : 45 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "Kalawa Jazmee Records", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Kalawa_Jazmee_Records&amp;oldid=848130139" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "7213025691554192904" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor - wikipedia Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Jump to : navigation, search Not to be confused with Shadows of Mordor. Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Developer ( s ) Monolith Productions Publisher ( s ) Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Director ( s ) Michael de Plater Producer ( s ) Michael Forgey Designer ( s ) Bob Roberts Chris Hoge Artist ( s ) Phil Straub Writer ( s ) Christian Cantamessa Composer ( s ) Garry Schyman Nathan Grigg Series Middle - earth Engine LithTech Platform ( s ) Linux Microsoft Windows OS X PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 Xbox 360 Xbox One Release September 30, 2014 ( show ) Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One NA : September 30, 2014 EU : October 3, 2014 AU : October 8, 2014 JP : December 25, 2014 PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 NA : November 18, 2014 EU : November 21, 2014 AU : November 26, 2014 JP : March 5, 2015 Linux, OS X July 30, 2015 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor is an open world action - adventure video game developed by Monolith Productions and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in September 2014 and PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in November 2014. It is the second game set on Middle - earth to be rated Mature by the ESRB, after The Lord of the Rings : War in the North. An original non-canon story set in the legendarium created by J.R.R. Tolkien, the game takes place between the events of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. The player controls Talion, a Ranger who bonds with the wraith of the Elf Lord Celebrimbor, as the two set out to avenge the deaths of their loved ones. Players can engage in melee combat, and use wraith abilities to fight and manipulate enemies. The game introduces the Nemesis System, which allows the artificial intelligence of non-playable characters to remember the deaths of the game 's protagonist and react accordingly. The game 's development began in 2011. In order to create an accurate environment and be consistent with Tolkien 's books, the developers consulted many people from Warner Brothers, as well as Peter Jackson, director of the Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film trilogies. They also received assistance from Weta Workshop, who advised on the special effects. Monolith focused on the development of the PC, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One versions, while the development of the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions was outsourced to Behaviour Interactive. Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor received critical acclaim upon release. Most praise was directed at its combat, open - world design, and the Nemesis System. Some criticism was aimed at the game 's story and boss battles. Shadow of Mordor marked the biggest launch for a game based upon Tolkien 's universe, and would go on to win several awards from video gaming publications, including Game of the Year in 2015. The game was supported by downloadable content upon release. A sequel, Middle - earth : Shadow of War, was released in October 2017. Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Nemesis system 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Plot 3 Development 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Sales 4.3 Controversy 5 Awards 6 Sequel 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor is a third - person open world action - adventure video game, where the player controls a ranger by the name of Talion who seeks revenge on the forces of Sauron after his family, consisting of his wife and son, are killed by those that lead them. Players can travel across locations in the game through parkour, riding monsters, or accessing Forge Towers, which serve as fast travel points. Though Talion is mortally felled in the game 's introduction, the wraith of the Elven Lord Celebrimbor is able to use his power to keep Talion alive, along with gifting him wraith - like abilities to exact his revenge. Missions in the game feature main story missions that follow Talion 's quest for revenge, side missions that involve following Gollum as to find artifacts that are tied to Celebrimbor 's past, missions to free the human slaves that have been captured by the Uruk armies and forced to work for Sauron, and additional quests to help forge new abilities for Talion 's sword, bow, and dagger. The player also has the freedom to pursue side quests and roam around Mordor, with special activities to collect specific flora or to hunt certain creatures, or to find old artifacts or Elvish seals. Completing quests earns the player a number of rewards : experience points that are used to unlock new abilities for the player from both Talion 's ranger and Celebrimbor 's wraith skills, a Power value that allows the player to access more powerful abilities to unlock, and an in - game currency called `` Mirian '' that the player can use to improve Talion 's health, wraith skill capacity, or forge new slots on his weapons to add additional runes ( as described in the Nemesis System below ). In completing missions, the player can have Talion engage in melee, ranged combat, and stealth approaches, with some missions rewarding the player more for completing the mission in a specific manner. Talion 's ranger abilities are enhanced through Celebrimbor, allowing the player to mix combat with special focus - based attacks ; these latter attacks can be used to slow time down while aiming with the bow, drain focus out of an enemy foe, or, later in the game, brand the foe to become an ally of Talion. The combat system uses an attack - chain system that enables the player to perform special moves after building the chain to a large enough value, such as instantly draining a foe of focus or performing an area focus attack. With the combat system, they can also counter and dodge attacks. Stealth is a critical element in some missions ; several areas are considered Strongholds and should Talion 's presence be discovered, an alarm will sound and more Uruks will arrive to try to kill him. Nemesis system ( edit ) Gameplay screenshot of Middle - Earth : Shadow of Mordor showcasing the nemesis system A core feature of Shadow of Mordor is the Nemesis system. The game can track any Uruk ( A `` nastier orc, '' the general antagonists of the game ) that the player comes into contact with. While there are `` generic '' Uruk for the player to fight en masse, and will be as cannon fodder as part of Sauron 's armies, the game will begin tracking Uruk that perform any notable talents within the game, such as killing the player, or surviving an encounter with the player. These Uruk will be promoted into captains. Defeating these leaders will help to weaken Sauron 's army, and these leaders will drop a rune which the player can install on Talion 's weapons to provide additional buffs in battle. Alternatively, being killed by a leader will cause the current mission to be cancelled and the player returned to a safe point to continue exploring, and the leader will gain additional power, making him more difficult to defeat in the next encounter. If the procedurally generated Orcs survive an encounter with Talion, they will also be promoted. Further, such deaths are tracked through online servers, and the player 's friends on the various network services will be notified of this death and be offered the chance to accept a Vendetta mission, and exact revenge on the Uruk. If the mission is successful the game will give rewards to both the original player and the victorious friend. The leader Uruk will have a range of strengths and weaknesses, the latter that can be exploited in combat to quickly weaken and defeat the leader. The player can gain knowledge of these through finding intelligence mostly by draining and interrogating marked Uruks for this. Being able to exploit such weaknesses in defeating the leader will gain a better quality rune and more experience points in this manner. Once the player gains the ability to brand Uruks, they can brand these leaders and convert portions of Sauron 's army to their side. At this point, the player can use the Nemesis system to trigger infighting within the Uruk forces which they can then directly participate in, helping to weaken the army further. Uruks that survive their encounter with Talion will remember this when Talion combats them again ; for example, an Uruk who was thrown into a fire by Talion might want revenge on him for being disfigured. Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) The game takes place in the 60 - year gap between the events of Tolkien 's The Hobbit and The Lord of The Rings. The family of Talion ( voiced and motion captured by Troy Baker ), a ranger of Gondor responsible for guarding the Black Gate of Mordor, is killed by the armies of Sauron, but Talion is revived with `` wraith - like abilities '' and heads into Mordor to exact his revenge. Mordor is not yet a barren wasteland in this story. The player will encounter Gollum ( voiced by Liam O'Brien ). Talion discovers that the wraith who revived him is Celebrimbor ( voiced by Alastair Duncan ), the greatest Elven smith master of the Second Age, who also seeks revenge against Sauron. Plot ( edit ) Talion, a captain of Gondor, serves within a garrison stationed at the Black Gate of Mordor. The garrison is attacked by Sauron 's Orc forces led by three Black Númenórean captains : the Hammer of Sauron ( John DiMaggio ), the Tower of Sauron ( JB Blanc ), and their leader, the Black Hand of Sauron ( Nolan North ). Talion, his wife Ioreth ( Laura Bailey ), and his adult son, Dirhael, are captured and ritually sacrificed by the Black Hand in an attempt to summon into himself the wraith of the Elf Lord Celebrimbor. However, Celebrimbor ( who suffers from amnesia due to his centuries as a wraith ) instead merges with Talion, preventing him from dying alongside his family. Talion and Celebrimbor then depart to both uncover Celebrimbor 's identity -- increasing his / their power -- and avenge the death of Talion 's family. Over the course of their travels, Talion and Celebrimbor encounter Gollum multiple times, who is wandering Mordor in search of his `` Precious '' ( The One Ring ). Gollum possesses the ability to see and speak with Celebrimbor due to his prior contact with the One Ring, and pledges to serve the `` Bright Master ''. Hoping that Celebrimbor might lead him to the One Ring, Gollum leads Celebrimbor to relics of his past, each of which restore parts of his lost memories. Celebrimbor gradually recalls how Sauron, disguised as Annatar, the Lord of Gifts, deceived him into forging the Rings of Power. Celebrimbor ultimately assisted Sauron in forging the One Ring, but was able to steal it from him. Celebrimbor proclaimed himself the Bright Lord of Mordor and raised an army of Orcs against Sauron. However, the Ring ultimately betrayed Celebrimbor and returned to Sauron. A victorious Sauron then punished Celebrimbor by executing his wife and daughter ( whom Sauron had taken hostage to force Celebrimbor to aid him ) before finally killing him with his own smithing hammer. In his search for the Black Hand, Talion allies himself with Hirgon, a ranger deserter who leads a community of Gondorian outcasts choosing to settle in Mordor, and Ratbag the Coward ( Phil LaMarr ), an Orc who offers to bring Talion closer to the Black Hand in exchange for his assistance in climbing Mordor 's military hierarchy. Talion helps Ratbag ascend the ranks to the level of warchief by killing each of his immediate superiors, finally becoming Warchief himself. Talion then goes after the other Warchiefs in Udun, weakening Sauron 's forces in that area. Soon enough, Hirgon has a plan to draw out the Black Captains. Using acquired grog and blasting powder, Talion helps the Outcasts destroy a statue dedicated to Sauron. Instead of the Black Hand answering the `` message '', the Hammer of Sauron is sent, punishing Ratbag for not answering his duties to kill the ranger. Talion and The Hammer then face off, with packs of Uruk joining the fight, but after a savage battle, Talion manages to kill The Hammer. Talion is then sought out by the warrior Lithariel, the daughter of Queen Marwen ( Claudia Black ), who claims to be able to assist Celebrimbor with his mission. Marwen is the ruler of Núrn, a kingdom of sea raiders located in the south of Mordor. She uses her powers to guide Talion and Celebrimbor to another of Celebrimbor 's relics. Talion also gets help from a Dwarf hunter named Torvin, teaching Talion the ways of the hunt to dominate Caragors and Graugs ( beasts native to Mordor ), eventually fighting a massive Graug from Torvin 's past who killed Torvin 's hunting partner, later revealed to be his brother. Later, Marwen advises them to use Celebrimbor 's powers to take control of an army of orcs and other beasts, using them to lead an assault against Sauron. Talion eventually realizes that the wizard Saruman is possessing Marwen, and assists Lithariel in freeing her from his control. Talion, however, still carries out Saruman 's plan, leading an army of mind - controlled orcs in an assault against the Black Hand 's stronghold at Ered Glamhoth. However, rather than the Black Hand, Talion finds the Tower of Sauron waiting for him. The Tower mockingly taunts Talion that Celebrimbor chose him as a host and can free him at any time and offers the elf a place at Sauron 's side. Refusing the offer, the two battle and Talion emerges victorious after viciously stabbing the Tower to death with his son 's sword. Afterwards, Celebrimbor confesses that the Tower told the truth and promises to let Talion join his family in death if he wishes, once the Black Hand is slain. Talion then travels to the Black Gate for a final confrontation with the Black Hand. The Black Hand quickly incapacitates him with a spell that also restores the last of Celebrimbor 's memories. He then kills himself as part of a ritual that forces Celebrimbor to depart from Talion and merge with himself. This allows Sauron to possess the Black Hand 's body and incarnate in physical form. However, Celebrimbor is able to briefly paralyze Sauron from within, allowing Talion to destroy Sauron 's physical form. With the Black Hand dead, Celebrimbor wishes to depart for Valinor. Talion instead convinces him to stay and attempt to overthrow Sauron. Gazing at Mount Doom, Talion declares his intention to forge a new Ring of Power. Development ( edit ) Development of Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor, which took about three years, began in late 2011. The game 's lead developer was Monolith Productions, who had experience on a Middle - earth game with Guardians of Middle - earth ( a multiplayer online battle arena game released in 2012 ). According to design director Michael de Plater, Shadow of Mordor was developed in parallel with Guardians of Middle - earth but handled by a separate team. It was published by Warner Bros., who had published the Batman : Arkham game series. The game was designed by de Plater, who had worked with Creative Assembly on Rome : Total War and Ubisoft on Tom Clancy 's EndWar and Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon : Future Soldier. Shadow of Mordor was Monolith 's first third - person open world video game for the eighth generation consoles PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, and de Plater considered its development an educational experience for the studio. In Monolith 's introduction to the genre, many core mechanics were built from scratch and the studio were inspired by successful video games such as the Batman : Arkham series created by Rocksteady Studios ; those games inspired Shadow of Mordor 's stealth and free - flow combat mechanics. The studio considered Rocksteady 's games good examples of how to handle a licensed title. ( Sports games ) are designed that if there 's a failure through the mid-season you do n't rewind to the last save and start playing again from that point, as much as you potentially wish you could. -- Michael de Plater, creative director of Monolith Productions The game 's signature feature is its Nemesis system. The Monolith team considered themselves experts in artificial intelligence, and wanted to push its boundaries. Allowing players to choose their story ( a sandbox - game pillar ) and `` leverage the new generation hardware through innovation '', the team wanted to create a system allowing non-playable characters to respond to player actions ; this later became the Nemesis system. The system 's idea was frameworked three months after development began, and to best present it everyone in the studio was involved. The developers hoped that with the system, orcs could be memorable for players. It was made more complex during the game 's early development, incorporating personal relationships among orcs, but was later pared down when the studio considered it too complicated. The Nemesis system was also inspired by pen - and - paper role - playing games. Although most orcs are similar, some were designed with distinctive behavior patterns. These orcs have dialogue written by Dan Abnett, and the team hoped the special orcs would surprise players. The team also hoped that the system would provide tension and competition, similar to a multiplayer game. The studio was inspired by sports games, where the narrative continues when players lose a match. This can prevent immersion and narrative from breaking when players die in the game. According to Rob Roberts, the system is designed so players can emotionally attach to the protagonist through gameplay drama. They also hoped that through the system, players can create their own villain, leading to an organic story. Shadow of Mordor bridges the gap between The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, with the team wanting to show iconic elements of the universe in an original way. The team had to draw notes on Tolkien 's notes and appendices to ensure that their vision for the game would not change the franchise 's timeline. Although the game 's environment is inspired by the books and films, several places ( such as Udûn and the Sea of Nurnen ) were re-imagined. Art director Phil Straub considered consistency with the lore and presenting `` something visually new '' and realistic the most important elements of creating the game, and the team did not incorporate many fantasy elements in its world. To depict volcanic activity, the studio sent a team to Eastern Washington and the Columbia River plateau to photograph a volcano ; to create other parts of the game environment, they studied photos of Iceland and New Zealand and yellow stone found worldwide. Since Shadow of Mordor is set before The Lord of the Rings, its landscape is less post-apocalyptic ; environments also vary by weather, lighting and atmosphere. The game has a standalone plot. Early in development the team consulted Peter Jackson, director of The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film trilogies, who advised them against a film tie - in. According to de Plater, the story is character - driven to be `` authentic '' relative to Tolkien 's themes. The game was written by Christian Cantamessa, who was lead writer and lead designer for Rockstar San Diego 's Red Dead Redemption. According to Roberts, the story is designed for accessibility by all players ( regardless of their familiarity with the franchise ) by creating natural interactions and believable relationships among the characters. Its protagonist is Talion, a half - human, half - wraith inspired by Boromir. Although Torvin was originally proposed as a playable character, the idea was scrapped, as the team wanted the game to have a single protagonist, like The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. The wraith is later revealed as Celebrimbor, creator of the Rings of Power. The development team picked Celebrimbor because they considered his backstory sufficiently interesting to expand the canon 's authenticity, allowing the team to write a story around power ( a major theme of the game ). Another important component was Mordor 's tone. The team created a dark atmosphere with humor, reflected in dialogue and voice acting. This was handled by Dan Abnett, who previously worked on books related to Warhammer 's `` dark and gritty '' universe. The team hired David Salo, a linguist who worked on the Tolkien 's languages for the Lord of the Rings film trilogy, to develop the Orcs ' Black Speech. The game 's narrative was also inspired by BioShock, which according to de Plater, has successfully incorporated systemic stories with players ' choices. To prevent inaccuracies, Monolith consulted several Tolkien scholars from Warner Bros. and collaborated with Weta Workshop ( Jackson 's design company ) on the game 's special effects and scenery. To depict well - known characters the company partnered with Middle - earth Enterprises, the franchise - rights holder, to prevent misuse and contradiction between the game 's story and Tolkien 's. Monolith focused on developing the game 's PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions, with development of the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions outsourced to Behaviour Interactive. Although the game 's core gameplay mechanics, story and narrative are unchanged in the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 ports, some features ( such as the Nemesis system ) are less complex than the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions. According to the game 's developer, the Nemesis system was too large for older consoles. Waterphones were used during the game 's soundtrack development. The music for Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor was composed by Garry Schyman and Nathan Grigg, and a soundtrack album was released digitally by WaterTower Music on September 30, 2014. In designing the game 's music, the team used a number of sonic tools which synchronize with other aspects of the game ( such as player actions and enemy movements ) ; combat music included waterphones and spring drums. In August 2013 an artist mentioned that Monolith Productions was working on a AAA title separate from Guardians of Middle - earth, and on November 12 its title was announced. Although the game was originally scheduled for release on October 7, 2014, according to Warner Bros. its release was moved up to September 30 in North America and October 3 in the United Kingdom due to `` fans ' excitement ''. The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions were released on November 18 in North America and November 21 in Europe. On December 16, 2014, the downloadable content ( DLC ) Lord of the Hunt was released. Its storyline revolved around Torvin, and it included new runes, skins and bosses. Lord of the Hunt received mixed reviews from critics. The final DLC for Shadow of Mordor ( The Bright Lord ) is set 3,000 years before the main campaign and allows players to control Talion 's companion, Celebrimbor. It adds a chapter to Shadow of Mordor in which players can complete ten more missions and fight Sauron. The content was released on February 24, 2015 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. A Game of the Year edition with DLC was announced on April 29, 2015 and released on May 5 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. A special edition, with in - game items and a steelbook, was introduced on August 1. Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings ( PC ) 86.67 % ( PS4 ) 86.55 % ( XONE ) 85.82 % Metacritic ( XONE ) 87 / 100 ( PC ) 84 / 100 ( PS4 ) 84 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 6 / 10 Eurogamer 8 / 10 Game Informer 8.25 / 10 GameSpot 8 / 10 GamesRadar GameTrailers 8.7 / 10 Giant Bomb IGN 9.3 / 10 Joystiq PC Gamer ( US ) 85 / 100 Polygon 9.5 / 10 Awards Publication Award Game Developers Choice Awards Game of the Year GameSpot Game of the Year Giant Bomb Game of the Year Joystiq Game of the Year The review aggregator websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version scores of 86.67 percent ( based on nine reviews ) and 84 out of 100 ( based on 17 reviews ) ; the PlayStation 4 version scored 86.55 percent ( based on 57 reviews ) and 84 out of 100 ( based on 85 reviews ), and the Xbox One version scored 85.82 percent ( based on 11 reviews ) and 87 out of 100 ( based on 12 reviews ). The game 's core feature, its Nemesis system, was praised. According to Lucas Sullivan of GamesRadar, the system elevated Shadow of Mordor to excellence by making its villains memorable and adding personality to its protagonist. Brad Shoemaker of Giant Bomb agreed, writing that the system created many distinctive characters and its side content extended the game 's longevity. Joystiq 's Alexander Sliwinski said that the system made each playthrough unique and made the game stand out from other action games. Chris Carter of Destructoid found the system gimmicky, since it failed to create unique villains ; it added different appearances and weaknesses to villains without adding personality. Shadow of Mordor 's combat was considered excellent by most critics. Shoemaker and Sliwinski compared it to the rhythm - based combat system of the Batman : Arkham game series ; both found it engaging and fluid. Shoemaker praised the game 's combat variety ; the combination of the combat and nemesis systems created `` a specific kind of chaotic, emergent nonsense '' desirable in an open world game. According to Sliwinski and Shoemaker, even without the Nemesis system the combat system would make the game compelling. Although Matt Miller of Game Informer found the game 's focus on killing made it repetitive, failing to capture the charm of its inspirations Assassin 's Creed and Batman : Arkham, Kevin VanOrd of GameSpot called Shadow of Mordor 's combat an improvement of the Assassin 's Creed formula. Reception of the game 's storyline was mixed. Although Shoemaker and Sliwinski praised its `` dark '' tone, Shoemaker found some story elements ( such as Gollum 's introduction ) forced and designed to appeal to a particular audience. According to Game Informer 's Matt Miller, Shadow of Mordor fails to successfully tie together all of its various plot threads in the game 's conclusion. Kevin VanOrd of GameSpot also found the storyline erratic, dragged down by anti-climactic fights and scenes. Dan Stapleton of IGN wrote that the story introduced memorable characters but would not make sense to fans of the series, and his interest in the game waned towards its end. Destructoid 's Chris Carter was disappointed in a plot he considered generic ( `` Go here, kill this, draw out this big bad, then kill him for your family '' ) ; the game failed to add anything new to the universe, and its side missions were more interesting than the main campaign. Other aspects of Shadow of Mordor were praised. Sullivan enjoyed its Lord of the Rings ' lore, and found the number of collectibles in the game `` staggering ''. Miller also admired Monolith 's extensive use of lore in the game, and praised its soundtrack and voice - acting ; Stapleton agreed, particularly about the voice acting. Elements of the game were criticized. Sullivan found some side missions repetitive, and Sliwinski was disappointed with some of the boss battles. Miller wrote that some Shadow of Mordor features are too complex and inaccessible for new players or those unwilling to use strategy. Critics disagreed about the Nemesis system. Miller wrote that the system fell flat in the game 's final hours ; according to VanOrd, the system was unappealing until the game 's second half. Carter found the unskippable cutscenes after a player died annoying. Unlike Shadow of Mordor 's current - generation versions, the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions received mixed - to - negative reviews and many technical problems were noted. According to Thomas Morgan of Eurogamer its frame rate was substandard, and Yannick LeJacq of Kotaku cited `` many technical hiccups and glitches ''. Morgan believed that the game developers spent little effort on the port, and LeJacq questioned the need to release the game for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 at all. Shadow of Mordor was well received by BioShock series creator Ken Levine, who called it the first open world game with a non-linear story and narrative and said he would bring some of its elements to his upcoming science - fiction project. Sales ( edit ) Shadow of Mordor 's release was the most successful for a Lord of the Rings - based game. The game debuted at number two in the UK retail software sales chart in its first week ( behind FIFA 15 ), and was the ninth - bestselling game in the United States in October 2014. Controversy ( edit ) When Shadow of Mordor was introduced, Monolith was accused by former Ubisoft employee Charles Randall of using assets ( such as the protagonist - animation code ) from Assassin 's Creed II. Monolith responded that all their project 's assets were developed from scratch ; they had confidence in their originality, and the game was based upon the Nemesis system. In October 2014, after the usual video - game review outlets were unable to obtain early access to Shadow of Mordor, John Bain ( known as TotalBiscuit ) said that YouTube video creators had been offered early access in exchange for agreeing to a contract requiring them to describe it positively. Jim Sterling of The Escapist obtained a copy of one of the contracts and analyzed it in detail. The Federal Trade Commission began an investigation and announced in July 2016 that Warner Brothers Home Entertainment had violated the Federal Trade Commission Act, and that the company must declare sponsored advertising in the future. Awards ( edit ) ( show ) List of awards and nominations for Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Award Receiver Result Ref. Game Critics Awards Best of E3 2014 Best of Show Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Nominated Best Console Game Nominated Best RPG Nominated Best of Gamescom 2014 Best Console Game Sony PlayStation Nominated Best PC Game Nominated 2014 The Game Awards Game of the Year Nominated Best Performance Troy Baker as Talion Nominated Best Action / Adventure Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Won GamesRadar 's Game of the Year 2014 Game of the Year 4th Place Best Action - adventure Game Won Kotaku Awards 2014 Biggest Surprise Of The Year ( Reader 's Choice ) Won GameSpot 's Game of the Year 2014 PlayStation 4 Game of the Year Won Xbox One Game of the Year Won PC Game of the Year Nominated Game of the Year Won Game of the Year ( People 's Choice ) 2nd Place USA Today 's 10 best video games of 2014 Best Game of 2014 3rd Place Game Revolution 's Best of 2014 Awards Most Surprising Game Won Best Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best Publisher Warner Bros. Nominated Ars Technica 's The 20 best games of 2014 Game of the Year Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor 10th Place Hardcore Gamer 's Best of 2014 Awards 2014 's Dark Horse Nominated Best Action Game Won Best Multiplatform Game Nominated The Troy Baker Award Troy Baker as Talion Nominated Game of the Year Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Nominated Giant Bomb 's 2014 Game of the Year Awards Best Debut Won Best Game Won GameTrailers 's Best of 2014 Awards Best Action / Adventure Nominated Destructoid 's Best of 2014 Best Game Mechanics of 2014 Won Game of the Year 2014 Community Choice Award 6th Place The Escapist Awards Best Action / Adventure of 2014 Won Game of the Year Nominated Polygon 's Game of the Year Game of the Year 4th Place Electronic Gaming Monthly 's Best of 2014 Game of the Year 3rd Place Joystiq 's Top 10 of 2014 Game of the Year Won Eurogamer 's Reader 's top 50 games of 2014 Reader 's top 50 games of 2014 4th Place Game Informer Best Of 2014 Awards Best Action Won Best Action ( Reader 's Choice ) Won Game of the Year ( Reader 's Choice ) 3rd Place IGN 's Best of 2014 Best Overall Game Nominated Best PS4 Game Won Best Xbox One Game Nominated Best PC Game Nominated Best Action - Adventure Won Best Action - Adventure ( Reader 's Choice ) Won Most Innovative Won Most Innovative ( Reader 's Choice ) Won IGN AU 's Black Beta Select Awards Best PC Game Nominated Best Console Game Won Game of the Year Nominated 17th Game Developers Choice Awards Game of the Year Won Innovation Award Nominated Best Design Nominated Best Narrative Nominated Best Technology Nominated 11th British Academy Video Games Awards Best Game Nominated Game Design Won Game Innovation Nominated Music Nominated 18th DICE Awards Best Game Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Animation Won Outstanding Achievement in Story Won Outstanding Technical Achievement Won Outstanding Innovation in Gaming Won Outstanding Achievement in Game Design Won Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction Won Outstanding Character Talion Won SXSW Gaming Awards Game of the Year Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Nominated Excellence in Technical Achievement Nominated Excellence in Gameplay Won Excellence in Animation Won Excellence in Design and Direction Won 2014 National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers ( NAVGTR ) awards Game of the Year Nominated Animation, Technical Won Art Direction, Fantasy Nominated Control Design, 3D Won Direction In A Game Cinema Nominated Lighting / Texture Nominated Performance In A Drama, Supporting Phil LaMarr as Ratbag Won Sound Editing In A Game Cinema Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Won Sound Effects Nominated Game, Franchise Action Won Game Audio Network Guild Audio of The Year Nominated Music of The Year Nominated Sound Design of the Year Nominated Best Dialog Nominated Best Original Instrumental `` Fort Morn '' Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Middle - earth : Shadow of War The game 's sequel, Middle - earth : Shadow of War, was announced in February 2017. The sequel was developed by Monolith Productions and published by Warner Bros. It was released Worldwide on October 10, 2017. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Plante, Chris ( October 1, 2014 ). `` ' Shadow of Mordor ' is morally repulsive and I ca n't stop playing it ''. The Verge. Retrieved July 29, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Miller, Matt ( June 13, 2014 ). `` Awesome Things We Did In Shadow Of Mordor ''. Game Informer. Retrieved February 11, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Williams, Mike ( October 1, 2014 ). `` Middle - Earth Shadow of Mordor Strategy Guide : Executing Captains, Combat Tactics, Best Interrogation Techniques ''. USgamer. Retrieved February 11, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor from Monolith is latest Lord of the Rings title ''. VG247. November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2013. Jump up ^ Vore, Bryan ( August 13, 2014 ). `` Gollum Will Play A Key Role In Middle - earth : Shadow Of Mordor ( New Trailer ) ''. Game Informer. Retrieved February 11, 2016. Jump up ^ Liebl, Lance ( October 4, 2014 ). `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor review : The Precious ''. GameZone. Retrieved July 29, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Karmali, Luke ( May 19, 2014 ). `` Discover Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor 's Weapons and Runes ''. IGN. Retrieved July 29, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Purchese, Robert ( November 13, 2013 ). `` Shadow of Mordor sounds like Arkham Batman games ''. Eurogamer. Retrieved November 20, 2013. Jump up ^ Clements, Ryan ( September 25, 2014 ). `` 10 Things You Need to Know on Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ''. PlayStation Blog. Retrieved February 11, 2016. Jump up ^ LeJacq, Yannick ( September 30, 2014 ). `` Tips For Playing Middle - Earth : Shadow Of Mordor ''. Kotaku. Retrieved February 11, 2016. Jump up ^ Sullivan, Lucas ( October 1, 2014 ). `` 8 things to do in Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor before you die ''. GamesRadar. Retrieved July 29, 2015. Jump up ^ Ray Corriea, Alexa ( July 31, 2014 ). `` Here 's how to make Uruks cry in Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ''. Polygon. Retrieved July 29, 2015. Jump up ^ Hillier, Brenna ( October 8, 2014 ). `` I just do n't get Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ''. VG247. Retrieved January 11, 2016. Jump up ^ Dornbush, Johnathon ( September 26, 2014 ). `` EW discusses the derivative - yet - original brilliance of ' Shadow of Mordor ' ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 11, 2016. Jump up ^ Donlan, Christian ( May 22, 2014 ). `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor promises plenty of strategising -- and accidental chaos ''. Eurogamer. Retrieved July 29, 2015. Jump up ^ Hinkle, David ( January 23, 2014 ). `` Research is a vehicle for revenge in Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ''. Engadget. Retrieved February 11, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Taljonick, Ryan ( August 29, 2014 ). `` Shadow of Mordor 's Nemesis system is amazing -- here 's how it works ''. GamesRadar. Retrieved July 29, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Sullivan, Lucas ( September 25, 2014 ). `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor review ''. GamesRadar. Retrieved September 25, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Juba, Joe ( September 30, 2014 ). `` 10 Beginner 's Tips For Shadow Of Mordor ''. Game Informer. Retrieved July 29, 2015. Jump up ^ Walker, John ( October 6, 2014 ). `` Wot I Think Now I 've Finished Shadow Of Mordor ''. Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Retrieved February 11, 2016. Jump up ^ Takahashi, Dean ( May 22, 2014 ). `` A beautiful and brutal Shadow of Mordor lets you turn orc chiefs against each other ( hands - on preview ) ''. VentureBeat. Retrieved July 29, 2015. Jump up ^ Kuchera, Ben ( October 13, 2014 ). `` Shadow of Mordor 's Nemesis system is simpler than you think, and should be stolen ''. Polygon. Retrieved July 3, 2015. Jump up ^ Stuart, Keith ( February 5, 2015 ). `` In Shadow of Mordor revenge gets personal ''. The Guardian. Retrieved July 3, 2015. Jump up ^ LeJacq, Yannick ( January 22, 2015 ). `` Shadow of Mordor 's Nemesis System Could 've Been Way More Complex ''. Kotaku. Retrieved July 3, 2015. Jump up ^ Dornbush, Johnathon ( September 26, 2014 ). `` Burning questions about ' Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor, ' answered ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 11, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Announced ''. IGN. November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Middle - Earth : Shadows of Mordor is the new LotR RPG from Monolith ''. games.on.net. Retrieved November 20, 2013. Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie ( January 22, 2015 ). `` Shadow of Mordor Dev Made `` Some Pretty Big And Painful Cuts '' ``. GameSpot. Retrieved July 30, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Why Lord of the Rings Fans Should Be Excited for Shadow of Mordor ''. February 20, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Hanson, Ben ( November 18, 2013 ). `` Freedom In Mordor : Middle - earth 's Next - Level Sandbox ''. Game Informer. Retrieved July 25, 2015. ^ Jump up to : de Plater, Michael. `` Postmortem : Monolith Productions ' Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ''. Gamasutra. Retrieved July 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Gaston, Martin ( May 22, 2014 ). `` Shadow of Mordor director discusses Assassin 's Creed copycat claims ''. GameSpot. Retrieved July 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Ray Corriea, Alexa ( November 22, 2014 ). `` Shadow of Mordor 's Nemesis System Was Inspired by Batman and Sports Games ''. GameSpot. Retrieved July 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Livington, Christopher ( February 5, 2015 ). `` Shadow of Mordor 's Nemesis system inspired by multiplayer, sports ''. PC Gamer. Retrieved July 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh, Megan ( August 29, 2014 ). `` How Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor turned me into a vengeful psychopath ''. Polygon. Retrieved July 25, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Campbell, Colin ( June 14, 2014 ). `` In Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor, villains take center stage ''. Polygon. Retrieved March 28, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Ray Corriea, Alexa ( December 20, 2014 ). `` Shadow of Mordor Has ' Only Scratched the Surface ' of Monolith 's Middle - earth ''. GameSpot. Retrieved July 25, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Turi, Tim ( November 27, 2013 ). `` Crafting The Black Lands : The Art Of Shadow Of Mordor ''. Game Informer. Retrieved July 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Prescott, Shaun ( September 19, 2015 ). `` Shadow of Mordor interview : lore, exploration and keeping up appearances ''. PC Gamer. Retrieved July 25, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Valdes, Giancarlo ( September 19, 2014 ). `` How Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor stays true to Tolkien 's fantasy universe ''. VentureBeat. Retrieved July 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Walker, Austin ( October 10, 2014 ). `` Real Human Beings : Shadow of Mordor, Watch Dogs ''. Paste Magazine. Retrieved July 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Ray Corriea, Alexa ( October 30, 2014 ). `` Shadow of Mordor 's Dwarven hunter was inspired by Wolverine and ' Jaws ' ''. Polygon. Retrieved July 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Nunneley, Stephany ( July 26, 2014 ). `` Talion 's wraith in Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor is none other than Celebrimbor ''. VG247. Retrieved July 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Lien, Tracey ( July 25, 2014 ). `` Shadow of Mordor 's Wraith is the ring forger himself, Celebrimbor ''. Polygon. Retrieved July 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie ( January 23, 2014 ). `` Lord of the Rings prequel Shadow of Mordor is `` not a movie game '' ``. GameSpot. Retrieved August 1, 2015. Jump up ^ Karmali, Luke ( February 20, 2014 ). `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ' Focused On PlayStation 4 And Xbox One ''. IGN. Retrieved July 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Scammell, David ( June 16, 2015 ). `` Behaviour Interactive developing 360 / PS3 Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ''. VideoGamer.com. Retrieved July 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Slabaugh, Brett ( February 21, 2014 ). `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of Mordor 's Orcs Are Dumber on Last Gen Systems ''. The Escapist. Retrieved July 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Karmali, Luke ( February 20, 2014 ). `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ' Focused on PS4 and Xbox One ' ''. IGN. Retrieved April 19, 2014. Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie ( February 20, 2014 ). `` One of Shadow of Mordor 's most ambitious features scaled back for Xbox 360 / PS3 ''. GameSpot. Retrieved July 3, 2015. Jump up ^ LeJacq, Yannick ( November 18, 2014 ). `` Shadow of Mordor Is Way Less Fun On Old Consoles ''. Kotaku. Retrieved July 3, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Middle Earth : Shadow of Mordor -- Official Video Game Score ''. WaterTower Music. Retrieved September 30, 2014. Jump up ^ Hanson, Ben ( November 29, 2013 ). `` The Secret Behind Shadow Of Mordor 's Rhythmic Combat ''. Game Informer. Retrieved July 25, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings : hints suggests new triple - A game in development ''. VG247. August 15, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2013. Jump up ^ Koch, Cameron ( November 12, 2013 ). `` December Cover -- Middle - earth : Shadow Of Mordor -- News ''. GameInformer.com. Retrieved November 20, 2013. Jump up ^ Fillari42, Alessandro ( April 2, 2015 ). `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor set for release on October 7 ''. Destructoid. Retrieved July 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Kubba, Sinan ( July 25, 2014 ). `` One does not simply move up the Shadow of Mordor release date ( but WB did ) ''. Joystiq. Retrieved July 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Yin - Poole, Wesley ( September 9, 2014 ). `` PS3 and Xbox 360 Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor delayed ''. Eurogamer. Retrieved July 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Prescott, Shaun ( December 17, 2014 ). `` Shadow of Mordor ' Lord of the Hunt ' DLC pack adds new warchiefs and mounts ''. PC Gamer. Retrieved January 13, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of Mordor -- Lord of the Hunt for PC reviews ''. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. January 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Moser, Cassidee ( February 19, 2015 ). `` Fight the Dark Lord Sauron in Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor The Bright Lord DLC ''. IGN. Retrieved February 20, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Bright Lord DLC : Finally able to fight sauron ''. Shadow of Mordor Fansite. March 26, 2015. Retrieved March 28, 2015. Jump up ^ Futter, Mike ( February 24, 2015 ). `` Middle - earth : Shadow Of Mordor Bright Lord DLC Available Today For Current - Gen, PC ''. Game Informer. Retrieved February 24, 2015. Jump up ^ Liebi, Matt ( April 29, 2015 ). `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Game of the Year Edition announced ''. GameZone. Retrieved July 28, 2015. Jump up ^ Dunsmore, Kevin ( May 5, 2015 ). `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of Mordor Game of the Year Edition Available Now ''. Hardcore Gamer. Retrieved July 28, 2015. Jump up ^ Scammell, David ( August 1, 2015 ). `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Special Edition revealed ''. VideoGamer.com. Retrieved July 28, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor for PC ''. GameRankings. Retrieved September 25, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor for PlayStation 4 ''. GameRankings. Retrieved September 25, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor for Xbox One ''. GameRankings. Retrieved September 25, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor for Xbox One Reviews ''. Metacritic. Retrieved September 25, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor for PC Reviews ''. Metacritic. Retrieved September 25, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor for PlayStation 4 Reviews ''. Metacritic. Retrieved September 25, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Carter, Chris ( September 25, 2014 ). `` Review : Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ''. Destructoid. Retrieved September 25, 2014. Jump up ^ Wilson, Aoife ( September 26, 2014 ). `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of Mordor review ''. Eurogamer. Retrieved September 26, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Miller, Matt ( September 25, 2014 ). `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor : Emergent Action Evolves ''. Game Informer. Retrieved September 25, 2014. ^ Jump up to : VanOrd, Kevin ( September 25, 2014 ). `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of Mordor review ''. GameSpot. Retrieved September 25, 2014. Jump up ^ Jones, Brandon ( September 26, 2014 ). `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor -- Review ''. GameTrailers. Retrieved September 26, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Shoemaker, Brad ( September 30, 2014 ). `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Review ''. Giant Bomb. Retrieved September 30, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Stapleton, Dan ( September 25, 2014 ). `` Shadow of Mordor review : Kicking ass and Tolkien Names ''. IGN. Retrieved September 25, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Sliwinski, Alexander ( September 26, 2014 ). `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor review : My precioussss ''. Joystiq. Retrieved September 26, 2014. Jump up ^ Johnson, Leif ( September 29, 2014 ). `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of Mordor review ''. PC Gamer. Retrieved September 29, 2014. Jump up ^ Kollar, Philip ( September 26, 2014 ). `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of Mordor review : All Those Who Wander ''. Polygon. Retrieved September 26, 2014. Jump up ^ Morgan, Thomas ( December 17, 2014 ). `` Last - gen revisited : Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor at Eurogamer.net ''. Eurogamer. Retrieved July 31, 2015. Jump up ^ LeJacq, Yannick ( November 18, 2014 ). `` Shadow of Mordor Is Way Less Fun On Old Consoles ''. Kotaku. Retrieved July 31, 2015. Jump up ^ Futter, Mike ( January 27, 2015 ). `` Ken Levine On Next Game : Shadow Of Mordor Validated Interest In ' Narrative Replayability ' ''. Game Informer. Retrieved August 1, 2015. Jump up ^ Yin - Poole, Wesley ( October 6, 2014 ). `` UK chart : Shadow of Mordor biggest launch for a game based on Lord of the Rings ''. Eurogamer. Retrieved August 1, 2015. Jump up ^ Grubb, Jeff ( November 13, 2014 ). `` October 2014 NPD : The Evil Within sets survival - horror record ; PS4, Xbox One still on fire ''. VentureBeat. Retrieved August 1, 2015. Jump up ^ Slabaugh, Brett ( January 24, 2014 ). `` Shadow of Mordor Accused of Actually Using Assassin 's Creed Assets ''. The Escapist. Retrieved August 1, 2015. Jump up ^ Karmali, Luke ( October 1, 2014 ). `` Shadow of Mordor Dev Was Never Worried By Assassin 's Creed Comparisons ''. IGN. Retrieved August 1, 2015. Jump up ^ Sterling, Jim ( October 6, 2014 ). `` Shadiness of Mordor ''. The Escapist. Retrieved October 19, 2014. Jump up ^ Grayson, Nathan ( October 8, 2014 ). `` The Messy Story Behind YouTubers Taking Money For Game Coverage ''. Kotaku. Retrieved October 19, 2014. Jump up ^ Parfitt, Ben ( October 7, 2014 ). `` YouTubers required to be positive in return for Shadow of Mordor review code, report claims ''. Retrieved October 19, 2014. Jump up ^ Frank, Allegra ( July 11, 2016 ). `` Warner Bros. settles with FTC over undisclosed Shadow of Mordor endorsement charges ''. Polygon. Retrieved July 12, 2016. Jump up ^ Futter, Mike ( June 24, 2014 ). `` E3 2014 Game Critics Awards Nominations Announced ''. Game Informer. Retrieved July 30, 2014. Jump up ^ Maiberg, Emanuel ( August 16, 2014 ). `` Evolve Wins Best of Gamescom 2014 Award, Other Winners Announced ''. GameSpot. Retrieved July 30, 2014. Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie ( November 20, 2014 ). `` 2014 Game Awards Nominees Announced ''. GameSpot. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Sarker, Samit ( December 5, 2014 ). `` Here are the winners of The Game Awards 2014 ''. Polygon. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Game of the Year 2014 ''. GamesRadar. December 5, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Serrels, Mark ( December 12, 2014 ). `` Kotaku Awards 2014 : Game Of The Year ''. Kotaku. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Game of the Year 2014 ''. GameSpot. December 5, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Hidalgo, Jason ( December 22, 2014 ). `` 10 best video games of 2014 ''. USA Today. Gannett Company. Jump up ^ Bischoff, Daniel ( December 24, 2014 ). `` Best of 2014 Awards : Most Surprising Game ''. Game Revolution. Retrieved July 30, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Bischoff, Daniel ( December 24, 2014 ). `` Best of 2014 Awards : Best Action - Adventure Game ''. Game Revolution. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The 20 best games of 2014, as chosen by the Ars brain trust ''. Ars Technica. December 25, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 -- Day Five : IP, Sequel, Remaster, Dark Horse ''. Hardcore Gamer. December 27, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 -- Day Eight : Action, Shooter, DLC, Multiplatform ''. Hardcore Gamer. December 27, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 -- Day Nine : Developer, Disappointing, Worst Game, Troy Baker ''. Hardcore Gamer. December 31, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 -- Day Ten : Game of the Year ''. Hardcore Gamer. January 1, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Giant Bomb 's 2014 Game of the Year Awards : Day Three Text Recap ''. Giant Bomb. December 28, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Giant Bomb 's 2014 Game of the Year Awards : Day Five Text Recap ''. Giant Bomb. December 30, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Holmes, Johnathon ( December 23, 2014 ). `` The award for Best Game Mechanics of 2014 goes to... '' Destructoid. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Dixon, Andy ( December 23, 2014 ). `` Destructoid 's Game of the Year 2014 Community Choice Award! ''. Destructoid. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Escapist Awards Winners -- Game of the Year Goes to... '' The Escapist. December 31, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Escapist Awards Winners -- Game of the Year Goes to... '' The Escapist. December 31, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Polygon 's Games of the Year 2014 # 4 : Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ''. Polygon. December 28, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` EGM 's Best of 2014 : Part Five : # 05 ~ # 01 ''. Electronic Gaming Monthly. December 30, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Conditt, Jessica ( January 3, 2015 ). `` Joystiq Top 10 of 2014 : Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ''. Joystiq. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Robinson, Martin ( January 2, 2015 ). `` Reader 's top 50 games of 2014 ''. Eurogamer. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Marchiafava, Jeff ( January 7, 2014 ). `` Game Informer Best Of 2014 Awards ''. Game Informer. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Marchiafava, Jeff ( January 8, 2014 ). `` Readers ' Choice Best Of 2014 Awards ''. Game Informer. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Marchiafava, Jeff ( January 8, 2014 ). `` Readers ' Choice Best Of 2014 Awards ''. Game Informer. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Best Game, By Platform ''. IGN. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Best Game, By Genre ''. IGN. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Best Game, By Achievement ''. IGN. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Black Beta Select Awards 2014 Winners ''. IGN. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Pitcher, Jenna ( March 4, 2015 ). `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Wins 17th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards GOTY ''. IGN. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Karmali, Luke ( March 4, 2015 ). `` BAFTA Games Awards 2015 Nominees Revealed ''. IGN. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Crecente, Brian ( February 6, 2015 ). `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor snags 8 DICE awards, Dragon Age named year 's best ''. Polygon. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Skipper, Ben ( January 14, 2015 ). `` DICE Awards 2015 nominations announced -- Destiny, Far Cry & Shadow of Mordor up for GOTY ''. IGN. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ S. Good, Owen ( March 15, 2015 ). `` Dragon Age : Inquisition wins another game - of - the - year award ''. Polygon. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie ( January 23, 2015 ). `` Game of the Year Nominees Revealed for SXSW Gaming Awards ''. GameSpot. Retrieved July 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Winners for NAVGTR Awards ''. National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers. Retrieved March 18, 2015. Jump up ^ `` 13th Annual GANG Award Finalists ''. Game Audio Network Guild. February 6, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2015. External links ( edit ) Official website 2010s portal Middle - earth portal Role - playing games portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal Monolith Productions Games developed Blood Blood Blood : Plasma Pak Blood II : The Chosen The Nightmare Levels No One Lives Forever The Operative : No One Lives Forever No One Lives Forever 2 : A Spy in H.A.R.M. 's Way Contract J.A.C.K. F.E.A.R. F.E.A.R. F.E.A.R. 2 : Project Origin F.E.A.R. 2 : Reborn Condemned Condemned : Criminal Origins Condemned 2 : Bloodshot Middle - earth games Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Other games Aliens versus Predator 2 Claw Get Medieval Gotham City Impostors Gruntz Sanity : Aiken 's Artifact Shogo : Mobile Armor Division Tex Atomic 's Big Bot Battles Tron 2.0 The Matrix Online Games published Rage of Mages Gorky 17 Septerra Core Companies 3D Realms ( Q Studios ) GT Interactive Software Fox Interactive Buena Vista Interactive Sierra Entertainment Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Snowblind Studios Surreal Software Sandlot Games HipSoft People Jace Hall Daniel Bernstein Guy Whitmore Joe Ybarra Stephan Weyte Related Cate Archer LithTech Priest Betrayer Game Developers Choice Award for Game of the Year The Sims ( 2000 ) Grand Theft Auto III ( 2001 ) Metroid Prime ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic ( 2003 ) Half - Life 2 ( 2004 ) Shadow of the Colossus ( 2005 ) Gears of War ( 2006 ) Portal ( 2007 ) Fallout 3 ( 2008 ) Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves ( 2009 ) Red Dead Redemption ( 2010 ) The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim ( 2011 ) Journey ( 2012 ) The Last of Us ( 2013 ) Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ( 2014 ) The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt ( 2015 ) Overwatch ( 2016 ) J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring film soundtrack game The Two Towers film soundtrack game The Return of the King film soundtrack game Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Ceorl Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson trilogy The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol. I ( 1990 ) Vol. I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth:_Shadow_of_Mordor&oldid=808842158 '' Categories : 2014 video games Fantasy video games Feral Interactive games Linux games Lithtech engine games Monolith Productions games Open world video games MacOS games PlayStation 3 games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games Video game controversies Video games based on Middle - earth Video games with downloadable content Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment games Windows games Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Good articles Use mdy dates from February 2016 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2017 Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017, at 14 : 59. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Middle-earth:_Shadow_of_Mordor&amp;oldid=808842158" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "AU : October 8, 2014 JP : December 25, 2014 PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 NA : November 18, 2014 EU : November 21, 2014 AU : November 26, 2014 JP : March 5, 2015 Linux, OS X July 30, 2015 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor is an open world action - adventure video game developed by Monolith Productions and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in September 2014 and PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in November 2014. It is the second game set on Middle - earth to be rated Mature by the ESRB, after The Lord of the Rings : War in the North. An original non-canon story set in the legendarium created by J.R.R. Tolkien, the game takes place between the events of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. The player controls Talion, a Ranger who bonds with the wraith of the Elf Lord Celebrimbor, as the two set out to avenge the deaths of their loved ones. Players can engage in melee combat, and use wraith abilities to fight and manipulate enemies. The game introduces the Nemesis System,", "2014 PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 NA : November 18, 2014 EU : November 21, 2014 AU : November 26, 2014 JP : March 5, 2015 Linux, OS X July 30, 2015 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor is an open world action - adventure video game developed by Monolith Productions and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in September 2014 and PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in November 2014. It is the second game set on Middle - earth to be rated Mature by the ESRB, after The Lord of the Rings : War in the North. An original non-canon story set in the legendarium created by J.R.R. Tolkien, the game takes place between the events of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. The player controls Talion, a Ranger who bonds with the wraith of the Elf Lord Celebrimbor, as the two set out to avenge the deaths of their loved ones. Players can engage in melee combat, and use wraith abilities to fight and manipulate enemies. The game introduces the Nemesis System, which allows the artificial intelligence of non-playable characters to" ], "id": [ "651017221067595879" ], "short_answers": [ "released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in September 2014", "PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in November 2014" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Battle of Chancellorsville - wikipedia Battle of Chancellorsville Battle of Chancellorsville Part of the American Civil War Battle of Chancellorsville, by Kurz and Allison, 1889 ( Apocryphal painting depicts the wounding of Confederate Lt. Gen. Stonewall Jackson on May 2, 1863 ) Date April 30 ( 1863 - 04 - 30 ) -- May 6, 1863 ( 1863 - 05 - 06 ) Location Spotsylvania County, Virginia 38 ° 18 ′ 38 '' N 77 ° 38 ′ 54 '' W  /  38.3105 ° N 77.6484 ° W  / 38.3105 ; - 77.6484 Coordinates : 38 ° 18 ′ 38 '' N 77 ° 38 ′ 54 '' W  /  38.3105 ° N 77.6484 ° W  / 38.3105 ; - 77.6484 Result Confederate victory Belligerents United States ( Union ) Confederate States Commanders and leaders Joseph Hooker Robert E. Lee Stonewall Jackson ( DOW ) Units involved Army of the Potomac Army of Northern Virginia Strength Chancellorsville Campaign : 133,868 ( `` present for duty equipped '' ) : Chancellorsville : c. 106,000 ( Army of the Potomac minus VI Corps - 2nd Div. / II Corps ) ; 2nd Fredericksburg / Salem Church : c. 28,000 ( VI Corps ; 2nd Div. / II Corps ) ; 60,298 Casualties and losses Chancellorsville Campaign : 17,287 ( 1,606 killed 9,762 wounded 5,919 captured / missing ) : Chancellorsville : 12,145 ( 1,082 killed 6,849 wounded 4,214 captured / missing ) ; 2nd Fredericksburg / Salem Church : 4,700 ( 493 killed 2,710 wounded 1,497 captured / missing ) ; Minor skirmishes : 442 ( 31 killed 203 wounded 208 captured / missing ) ; 13,303 ( 1,665 killed 9,081 wounded 2,018 captured / missing ) Chancellorsville Campaign Chancellorsville Second Fredericksburg Salem Church Stoneman 's Raid Virginia, 1863 The Battle of Chancellorsville was a major battle of the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ), and the principal engagement of the Chancellorsville Campaign. It was fought from April 30 to May 6, 1863, in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, near the village of Chancellorsville. Two related battles were fought nearby on May 3 in the vicinity of Fredericksburg. The campaign pitted Union Army Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker 's Army of the Potomac against an army less than half its size, General Robert E. Lee 's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Chancellorsville is known as Lee 's `` perfect battle '' because his risky decision to divide his army in the presence of a much larger enemy force resulted in a significant Confederate victory. The victory, a product of Lee 's audacity and Hooker 's timid decision making, was tempered by heavy casualties, including Lt. Gen. Thomas J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson. Jackson was hit by friendly fire, requiring his left arm to be amputated ; he died of pneumonia eight days later, a loss that Lee likened to losing his right arm. Lee 's difficulty in replacing his lost men as well as his inability to prevent the Union Withdrawal effectively have led to his great victory being regarded as a Pyrrhic one. The Chancellorsville Campaign began with the crossing of the Rappahannock River by the Union army on the morning of April 27, 1863. Union cavalry under Maj. Gen. George Stoneman began a long distance raid against Lee 's supply lines at about the same time. This operation was completely ineffectual. Crossing the Rapidan River via Germanna and Ely 's Fords, the Federal infantry concentrated near Chancellorsville on April 30. Combined with the Union force facing Fredericksburg, Hooker planned a double envelopment, attacking Lee from both his front and rear. On May 1, Hooker advanced from Chancellorsville toward Lee, but the Confederate general split his army in the face of superior numbers, leaving a small force at Fredericksburg to deter Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick from advancing, while he attacked Hooker 's advance with about four - fifths of his army. Despite the objections of his subordinates, Hooker withdrew his men to the defensive lines around Chancellorsville, ceding the initiative to Lee. On May 2, Lee divided his army again, sending Stonewall Jackson 's entire corps on a flanking march that routed the Union XI Corps. While performing a personal reconnaissance in advance of his line, Jackson was wounded by fire after dark from his own men close between the lines, and cavalry commander Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart temporarily replaced him as corps commander. The fiercest fighting of the battle -- and the second bloodiest day of the Civil War -- occurred on May 3 as Lee launched multiple attacks against the Union position at Chancellorsville, resulting in heavy losses on both sides. That same day, Sedgwick advanced across the Rappahannock River, defeated the small Confederate force at Marye 's Heights in the Second Battle of Fredericksburg, and then moved to the west. The Confederates fought a successful delaying action at the Battle of Salem Church and by May 4 had driven back Sedgwick 's men to Banks ' Ford, surrounding them on three sides. Sedgwick withdrew across the ford early on May 5, and Hooker withdrew the remainder of his army across U.S. Ford the night of May 5 -- 6. The campaign ended on May 7 when Stoneman 's cavalry reached Union lines east of Richmond. Contents 1 Background 1.1 Military situation 1.2 Union attempts against Richmond 1.3 Shakeup in the Army of the Potomac 1.4 Intelligence and plans 1.5 Initial movements 1.5. 1 April 27 -- 30 : Movement to battle 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 Battle 3.1 May 1 : Hooker passes on opportunity 3.2 May 2 : Jackson 's flank attack 3.3 May 3 : Chancellorsville 3.4 May 3 : Fredericksburg and Salem Church 3.5 May 4 -- 6 : Union withdrawals 4 Aftermath 4.1 Casualties 4.2 Assessment of Hooker 4.3 Union reaction 4.4 Confederate reaction 5 Additional battle maps 5.1 Gallery : Chancellorsville Campaign ( Tactical maps ) 6 Battlefield preservation 7 In popular media 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Memoirs and primary sources 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) Military situation ( edit ) Main article : Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Further information : Peninsula Campaign, Seven Days Battles, Northern Virginia Campaign, Maryland Campaign, Battle of Fredericksburg, and American Civil War Union attempts against Richmond ( edit ) In the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War, the objective of the Union had been to advance and seize the Confederate capital, Richmond, Virginia. In the first two years of the war, four major attempts had failed : the first foundered just miles away from Washington, D.C., at the First Battle of Bull Run ( First Manassas ) in July 1861. Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan 's Peninsula Campaign took an amphibious approach, landing his Army of the Potomac on the Virginia Peninsula in the spring of 1862 and coming within 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) of Richmond before being turned back by Gen. Robert E. Lee in the Seven Days Battles. That summer, Maj. Gen. John Pope 's Army of Virginia was defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run. In December 1862, Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside commanded the Army of the Potomac and attempted to reach Richmond by way of Fredericksburg, Virginia, where he was defeated at the Battle of Fredericksburg. This string of Union defeats was interrupted in September 1862 when Lee moved into Maryland and his campaign was turned back by McClellan at the Battle of Antietam, but this represented no threat to Richmond. Shakeup in the army of the Potomac ( edit ) In January 1863, the Army of the Potomac, following the Battle of Fredericksburg and the humiliating Mud March, suffered from rising desertions and plunging morale. Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside decided to conduct a mass purge of the Army of the Potomac 's leadership, eliminating a number of generals who he felt were responsible for the disaster at Fredericksburg. In reality, he had no power to dismiss anyone without the approval of Congress. Predictably, Burnside 's purge went nowhere, and he offered President Abraham Lincoln his resignation from command of the Army of the Potomac. He even offered to resign entirely from the Army, but the president persuaded him to stay, transferring him to the Western Theater, where he became commander of the Department of the Ohio. Burnside 's former command, the IX Corps, was transferred to the Virginia Peninsula, a movement that prompted the Confederates to detach troops from Lee 's army under Lt. Gen. James Longstreet, a decision that would be consequential in the upcoming campaign. Abraham Lincoln had become convinced that the appropriate objective for his Eastern army was the army of Robert E. Lee, not any geographic features such as a capital city, but he and his generals knew that the most reliable way to bring Lee to a decisive battle was to threaten his capital. Lincoln tried a fifth time with a new general on January 25, 1863 -- Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, a man with a pugnacious reputation who had performed well in previous subordinate commands. With Burnside 's departure, Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin left as well. Franklin had been a staunch supporter of George B. McClellan and refused to serve under Hooker, because he disliked him personally and also because he was senior to Hooker in rank. Maj. Gen. Edwin V. Sumner stepped down due to old age ( he was 65 ) and poor health. He was reassigned to a command in Missouri, but died before he could assume it. Brig. Gen. Daniel Butterfield was reassigned from command of the V Corps to be Hooker 's chief of staff. Hooker embarked on a much - needed reorganization of the army, doing away with Burnside 's grand division system, which had proved unwieldy ; he also no longer had sufficient senior officers on hand that he could trust to command multi-corps operations. He organized the cavalry into a separate corps under the command of Brig. Gen. George Stoneman ( who had commanded the III Corps at Fredericksburg ). But while he concentrated the cavalry into a single organization, he dispersed his artillery battalions to the control of the infantry division commanders, removing the coordinating influence of the army 's artillery chief, Brig. Gen. Henry J. Hunt. Hooker established a reputation as an outstanding administrator and restored the morale of his soldiers, which had plummeted to a new low under Burnside. Among his changes were fixes to the daily diet of the troops, camp sanitary changes, improvements and accountability of the quartermaster system, addition of and monitoring of company cooks, several hospital reforms, an improved furlough system, orders to stem rising desertion, improved drills, and stronger officer training. Intelligence and plans ( edit ) My plans are perfect. May God have mercy on General Lee for I will have none. Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker Hooker took advantage of improved military intelligence about the positioning and capabilities of the opposing army, superior to that available to his predecessors in army command. His chief of staff, Butterfield, commissioned Col. George H. Sharpe from the 120th New York regiment to organize a new Bureau of Military Intelligence in the Army of the Potomac, part of the provost marshal function under Brig. Gen. Marsena R. Patrick. Previously, intelligence gatherers, such as Allan Pinkerton and his detective agency, gathered information only by interrogating prisoners, deserters, `` contrabands '' ( slaves ), and refugees. The new BMI added other sources including infantry and cavalry reconnaissance, spies, scouts, signal stations, and an aerial balloon corps. As he received the more complete information correlated from these additional sources, Hooker realized that if he were to avoid the bloodbath of direct frontal attacks, which were features of the battles of Antietam and, more recently, Fredericksburg, he could not succeed in his crossing of the Rappahannock `` except by stratagem. '' Hooker 's plan for the Chancellorsville Campaign Confederate Union Hooker 's army faced Lee across the Rappahannock from its winter quarters in Falmouth and around Fredericksburg. Hooker developed a strategy that was, on paper, superior to those of his predecessors. He planned to send his 10,000 cavalrymen under Maj. Gen. George Stoneman to cross the Rappahannock far upstream and raid deep into the Confederate rear areas, destroying crucial supply depots along the railroad from the Confederate capital in Richmond to Fredericksburg, which would cut Lee 's lines of communication and supply. Hooker reasoned that Lee would react to this threat by abandoning his fortified positions on the Rappahannock and withdrawing toward his capital. At that time, Hooker 's infantry would cross the Rappahannock in pursuit, attacking Lee when he was moving and vulnerable. Stoneman attempted to execute this turning movement on April 13, but heavy rains made the river crossing site at Sulphur Spring impassable. President Lincoln lamented, `` I greatly fear it is another failure already. '' Hooker was forced to create a new plan for a meeting with Lincoln, Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, and general in chief Henry W. Halleck in Aquia on April 19. Troops crossing the Rapidan at Germanna Ford Hooker 's second plan was to launch both his cavalry and infantry simultaneously in a bold double envelopment of Lee 's army. Stoneman 's cavalry would make a second attempt at its deep strategic raid, but at the same time, 42,000 men in three corps ( V, XI, XII Corps ) would stealthily march to cross the Rappahannock upriver at Kelly 's Ford. They would then proceed south and cross the Rapidan at Germanna and Ely 's Ford, concentrate at the Chancellorsville crossroads, and attack Lee 's army from the west. While they were under way, 10,000 men in two divisions from the II Corps would cross at the U.S. Ford and join with the V Corps in pushing the Confederates away from the river. The second half of the double envelopment was to come from the east : 40,000 men in two corps ( I and VI Corps, under the overall command of John Sedgwick ) would cross the Rappahannock below Fredericksburg and threatened to attack Stonewall Jackson 's position on the Confederate right flank. The remaining 25,000 men ( III Corps and one division of the II Corps ) would remain visible in their camps at Falmouth to divert Confederate attention from the turning movement. Hooker anticipated that Lee would either be forced to retreat, in which case he would be vigorously pursued, or he would be forced to attack the Union Army on unfavorable terrain. One of the defining characteristics of the battlefield was a dense woodland south of the Rapidan known locally as the `` Wilderness of Spotsylvania ''. The area had once been an open broadleaf forest, but during colonial times the trees were gradually cut down to make charcoal for local pig iron furnaces. When the supply of wood was exhausted, the furnaces were abandoned and secondary forest growth developed, creating a dense mass of brambles, thickets, vines, and low - lying vegetation. Catharine Furnace, abandoned in the 1840s, had recently been reactivated to produce iron for the Confederate war effort. This area was largely unsuitable for the deployment of artillery and the control of large infantry formations, which would nullify some of the Union advantage in military power. It was important for Hooker 's plan that his men move quickly out of this area and attack Lee in the open ground to the east. There were three primary roads available for this west - to - east movement : the Orange Plank Road, the Orange Turnpike, and the River Road. The Confederate dispositions were as follows : the Rappahannock line at Fredericksburg was occupied by Longstreet 's First Corps division of Lafayette McLaws on Marye 's Heights, with Jackson 's entire Second Corps to their right. Early 's division was at Prospect Hill and the divisions of Rodes, Hill, and Colston extended the Confederate right flank along the river almost to Skinker 's Neck. The other division present from Longstreet 's Corps, Anderson 's, guarded the river crossings on the left flank. Stuart 's cavalry was largely in Culpeper County near Kelly 's Ford, beyond the infantry 's left flank. Initial movements ( edit ) April 27 -- 30 : movement to battle ( edit ) Battle of Chancellorsville, Situation Late 30 April 1863 and Movements since 27 April On April 27 -- 28, the initial three corps of the Army of the Potomac began their march under the leadership of Slocum. They crossed the Rappahannock and Rapidan rivers as planned and began to concentrate on April 30 around the hamlet of Chancellorsville, which was little more than a single large, brick mansion at the junction of the Orange Turnpike and Orange Plank Road. Built in the early 19th century, it had been used as an inn on the turnpike for many years, but now served as a home for the Frances Chancellor family. ( Some of the family remained in the house during the battle. ) Hooker arrived late in the afternoon on April 30 and made the mansion his headquarters. Stoneman 's cavalry began on April 30 its second attempt to reach Lee 's rear areas. Two divisions of II Corps crossed at U.S. Ford on April 30 without opposition. By dawn on April 29, pontoon bridges spanned the Rappahannock south of Fredericksburg and Sedgwick 's force began to cross. Pleased with the success of the operation so far, and realizing that the Confederates were not vigorously opposing the river crossings, Hooker ordered Sickles to begin the movement of the III Corps from Falmouth the night of April 30 -- May 1. By May 1, Hooker had approximately 70,000 men concentrated in and around Chancellorsville. Troops on Hooker 's right cross the Rappahannock In his Fredericksburg headquarters, Lee was initially in the dark about the Union intentions and he suspected that the main column under Slocum was heading towards Gordonsville. Jeb Stuart 's cavalry was cut off at first by Stoneman 's departure on April 30, but they were soon able to move freely around the army 's flanks on their reconnaissance missions after almost all their Union counterparts had left the area. As Stuart 's intelligence information about the Union river crossings began to arrive, Lee did not react as Hooker had anticipated. He decided to violate one of the generally accepted principles of war and divide his force in the face of a superior enemy, hoping that aggressive action would allow him to attack and defeat a portion of Hooker 's army before it could be fully concentrated against him. He became convinced that Sedgwick 's force would demonstrate against him, but not become a serious threat, so he ordered about 4 / 5 of his army to meet the challenge from Chancellorsville. He left behind a brigade under Brig. Gen. William Barksdale on heavily fortified Marye 's Heights behind Fredericksburg and one division under Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early, on Prospect Hill south of the town. These roughly 11,000 men and 56 guns would attempt to resist any advance by Sedgwick 's 40,000. He ordered Stonewall Jackson to march west and link up with Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson 's division, which had pulled back from the river crossings they were guarding and began digging earthworks on a north - south line between the Zoan and Tabernacle churches. McLaws 's division was ordered from Fredericksburg to join Anderson. This would amass 40,000 men to confront Hooker 's movement east from Chancellorsville. Fortunately for the Confederates, heavy fog along the Rappahannock masked some of these westward movements and Sedgwick chose to wait until he could determine the enemy 's intentions. Opposing forces ( edit ) Union ( edit ) Further information : Union order of battle and Detailed Union strength Key commanders ( Army of the Potomac ) Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, ( Commanding ) Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds, I Corps Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch, II Corps Maj. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles, III Corps Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, V Corps Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick, VI Corps Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard, XI Corps Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum, XII Corps Maj. Gen. George Stoneman, Cav. Corps The Army of the Potomac, commanded by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, had 133,868 men and 413 guns organized as follows : I Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds, with the divisions of Brig. Gens. James S. Wadsworth, John C. Robinson, and Abner Doubleday. II Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch, with the divisions of Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock and William H. French, and Brig. Gen. John Gibbon. III Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles, with the divisions of Brig. Gen. David B. Birney, and Maj. Gens. Hiram G. Berry and Amiel W. Whipple. V Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, with the divisions of Brig. Gens. Charles Griffin and Andrew A. Humphreys, and Maj. Gen. George Sykes. VI Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick, with the divisions of Brig. Gens. William T.H. Brooks and Albion P. Howe, Maj. Gen. John Newton, and Col. Hiram Burnham. XI Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard, with the divisions of Brig. Gen. Charles Devens, Jr., and Adolph von Steinwehr, and Maj. Gen. Carl Schurz. XII Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum, with the divisions of Brig. Gens. Alpheus S. Williams and John W. Geary. Cavalry Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. George Stoneman, with the divisions of Brig. Gens. Alfred Pleasonton, William W. Averell, and David M. Gregg. Confederate ( edit ) Further information : Confederate order of battle and Detailed Confederate strength : part 1, part 2, part 3 Key commanders ( Army of Northern Virginia ) Gen. Robert E. Lee, ( Commanding ) Lt. Gen. James Longstreet, I Corps Lt. Gen. Stonewall Jackson, II Corps Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart, Cav. Corps Gen. Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia fielded 60,298 men and 220 guns, organized as follows : First Corps, commanded by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet. Longstreet and the majority of his corps ( the divisions of Maj. Gen. John Bell Hood and Maj. Gen. George E. Pickett, and two artillery battalions ) were detached for duty in southeastern Virginia. The divisions present at Chancellorsville were those of Maj. Gens. Lafayette McLaws and Richard H. Anderson. Second Corps, commanded by Lt. Gen. Stonewall Jackson, with the divisions of Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill, Brig. Gen. Robert E. Rodes, Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early, and Brig. Gen. Raleigh E. Colston. Cavalry Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart. ( Stuart 's corps had only two brigades at Chancellorsville, those of Brig. Gens. Fitzhugh Lee and W.H.F. `` Rooney '' Lee. The brigades of Brig. Gens. Wade Hampton and William E. `` Grumble '' Jones were detached. ) The Chancellorsville Campaign was one of the most lopsided clashes of the war, with the Union 's effective fighting force more than twice the Confederates ', the greatest imbalance during the war in Virginia. Hooker 's army was much better supplied and was well - rested after several months of inactivity. Lee 's forces, on the other hand, were poorly provisioned and were scattered all over the state of Virginia. Some 15,000 men of Longstreet 's Corps had previously been detached and stationed near Norfolk in order to block a potential threat to Richmond from Federal troops stationed at Fort Monroe and Newport News on the Peninsula, as well as at Norfolk and Suffolk. In light of the continued Federal inactivity, by late March Longstreet 's primary assignment became that of requisitioning provisions for Lee 's forces from the farmers and planters of North Carolina and Virginia. As a result of this the two divisions of Maj. Gen. John Bell Hood and Maj. Gen. George Pickett were 130 miles ( 210 km ) away from Lee 's army and would take a week or more of marching to reach it in an emergency. After nearly a year of campaigning, allowing these troops to slip away from his immediate control was Lee 's gravest miscalculation. Although he hoped to be able to call on them, these men would not arrive in time to aid his outnumbered forces. Battle ( edit ) May 1 : Hooker passes on opportunity ( edit ) Chancellorsville, actions on May 1 Jackson 's men began marching west to join with Anderson before dawn on May 1. Jackson himself met with Anderson near Zoan Church at 8 a.m., finding that McLaws 's division had already arrived to join the defensive position. But Stonewall Jackson was not in a defensive mood. He ordered an advance at 11 a.m. along two roads toward Chancellorsville : McLaws 's division and the brigade of Brig. Gen. William Mahone on the Turnpike, and Anderson 's other brigades and Jackson 's arriving units on the Plank Road. At about the same time, Hooker ordered his men to advance on three roads to the east : two divisions of Meade 's V Corps ( Griffin and Humphreys ) on the River Road to uncover Banks 's Ford, and the remaining division ( Sykes ) on the Turnpike ; and Slocum 's XII Corps on the Plank Road, with Howard 's XI Corps in close support. Couch 's II Corps was placed in reserve, where it would be soon joined by Sickles 's III Corps. The first shots of the Battle of Chancellorsville were fired at 11 : 20 a.m. as the armies collided. McLaws 's initial attack pushed back Sykes 's division, but the Union general organized a counterattack that recovered the lost ground. Anderson then sent a brigade under Brig. Gen. Ambrose Wright up an unfinished railroad south of the Plank Road, around the right flank of Slocum 's corps. This would normally be a serious problem, but Howard 's XI Corps was advancing from the rear and could deal with Wright. Sykes 's division had proceeded farther forward than Slocum on his right, leaving him in an exposed position, which forced him to conduct an orderly withdrawal at 2 p.m. to take up a position behind Hancock 's division of the II Corps, which was ordered by Hooker to advance and help repulse the Confederate attack. Meade 's other two divisions made good progress on the River Road and were approaching their objective, Banks 's Ford. Modern attempts to rehabilitate and fumigate Joe Hooker 's reputation usually and remarkably employ special pleading about the difficulties of moving in the Wilderness. Such arguments actually emphasize the salient factor on May 1 : Getting out of that wilderness of course was the very essence of the general 's needs. When he abandoned the chance to reach that desirable goal, Hooker at once passed the initiative, with all of its advantages, to Lee. The Confederate would make superb use of the opportunity. Robert K. Krick, Lee 's Greatest Victory Despite being in a potentially favorable situation, Hooker halted his brief offensive. His actions may have demonstrated his lack of confidence in handling the complex actions of such a large organization for the first time ( he had been an effective and aggressive division and corps commander in previous battles ), but he had also decided before beginning the campaign that he would fight the battle defensively, forcing Lee, with his small army, to attack his own, larger one. At the ( First ) Battle of Fredericksburg ( December 13, 1862 ), the Union army had done the attacking and met with a bloody defeat. Hooker knew Lee could not sustain such a defeat and keep an effective army in the field, so he ordered his men to withdraw back into the Wilderness and take a defensive position around Chancellorsville, daring Lee to attack him or retreat with superior forces at his back. He confused matters by issuing a second order to his subordinates to hold their positions until 5 p.m., but by the time it was received, most of the Union units had begun their rearward movements. That evening, Hooker sent a message to his corps commanders, `` The major general commanding trusts that a suspension in the attack to - day will embolden the enemy to attack him. '' The retrograde movement had prepared me for something of the kind, but to hear from ( Hooker 's ) own lips that the advantages gained by the successful marches of his lieutenants were to culminate in fighting a defensive battle in that nest of thickets was too much, and I retired from his presence with the belief that my commanding general was a whipped man. Union Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch Hooker 's subordinates were surprised and outraged by the change in plans. They saw that the position they were fighting for near the Zoan Church was relatively high ground and offered an opportunity for the infantry and artillery to deploy outside the constraints of the Wilderness. Meade exclaimed, `` My God, if we ca n't hold the top of the hill, we certainly ca n't hold the bottom of it! '' Viewing through the lens of hindsight, some of the participants and many modern historians judged that Hooker effectively lost the campaign on May 1. Stephen W. Sears observed, however, that Hooker 's concern was based on more than personal timidity. The ground being disputed was little more than a clearing in the Wilderness, to which access was available by only two narrow roads. The Confederate response had swiftly concentrated the aggressive Stonewall Jackson 's corps against his advancing columns such that the Federal army was outnumbered in that area, about 48,000 to 30,000, and would have difficulty maneuvering into effective lines of battle. Meade 's two divisions on the River Road were too far separated to support Slocum and Sykes, and reinforcements from the rest of the II Corps and the III Corps would be too slow in arriving. As the Union troops dug in around Chancellorsville that night, creating log breastworks, faced with abatis, Lee and Stonewall Jackson met at the intersection of the Plank Road and the Furnace Road to plan their next move. Jackson believed that Hooker would retreat across the Rappahannock, but Lee assumed that the Union general had invested too much in the campaign to withdraw so precipitously. If the Federal troops were still in position on May 2, Lee would attack them. As they discussed their options, cavalry commander J.E.B. Stuart arrived with an intelligence report from his subordinate, Brig. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee. Although Hooker 's left flank was firmly anchored by Meade 's V Corps on the Rappahannock, and his center was strongly fortified, his right flank was `` in the air. '' Howard 's XI Corps was camped on the Orange Turnpike, extending past Wilderness Church, and was vulnerable to a flanking attack. Investigations of a route to be used to reach the flank identified the proprietor of Catharine Furnace, Charles C. Wellford, who showed Jackson 's cartographer, Jedediah Hotchkiss, a recently constructed road through the forest that would shield marchers from the observation of Union pickets. Lee directed Jackson to make the flanking march, a maneuver similar to the one that had been so successful prior to the Second Battle of Bull Run ( Second Manassas ). An account by Hotchkiss recalls that Lee asked Jackson how many men he would take on the flanking march and Jackson replied, `` my whole command. '' May 2 : Jackson 's flank attack ( edit ) Ruins of Catharine Furnace photographed in 2011 Battle of Chancellorsville, 1 May 1863 ( Situation at Dark ) Dowdall 's Tavern was Union General Oliver O. Howard 's headquarters until he was surprised and driven out by Stonewall Jackson 's Confederate troops on May 2. Chancellorsville, actions on May 2 Wilderness Church at Chancellorsville was the center of a stand made by Union general Schurz 's division during Stonewall Jackson 's surprise flank attack. Battle of Chancellorsville, 2 May 1863 ( Situation at 1800 ) Early on the morning of May 2, Hooker began to realize that Lee 's actions on May 1 had not been constrained by the threat of Sedgwick 's force at Fredericksburg, so no further deception was needed on that front. He decided to summon the I Corps of Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds to reinforce his lines at Chancellorsville. His intent was that Reynolds would form up to the right of the XI Corps and anchor the Union right flank on the Rapidan River. Given the communications chaos of May 1, Hooker was under the mistaken impression that Sedgwick had withdrawn back across the Rappahannock and, based on this, that the VI Corps should remain on the north bank of the river across from the town, where it could protect the army 's supplies and supply line. ( In fact, both Reynolds and Sedgwick were still west of the Rappahannock, south of the town. ) Hooker sent his orders at 1 : 55 a.m., expecting that Reynolds would be able to start marching before daylight, but problems with his telegraph communications delayed the order to Fredericksburg until just before sunrise. Reynolds was forced to make a risky daylight march. By the afternoon of May 2, when Hooker expected him to be digging in on the Union right at Chancellorsville, Reynolds was still marching to the Rappahannock. Meanwhile, for the second time, Lee was dividing his army. Jackson would lead his Second Corps of 28,000 men around to attack the Union right flank while Lee exercised personal command of the remaining two divisions, about 13,000 men and 24 guns facing the 70,000 Union troops at Chancellorsville. For the plan to work, several things had to happen. First, Jackson had to make a 12 - mile ( 19 km ) march via roundabout roads to reach the Union right, and he had to do it undetected. Second, Hooker had to stay tamely on the defensive. Third, Early would have to keep Sedgwick bottled up at Fredericksburg, despite the four - to - one Union advantage there. And when Jackson launched his attack, he had to hope that the Union forces were unprepared. Confederate cavalry under Stuart kept most Union forces from spotting Jackson on his long flank march, which started between 7 and 8 a.m. and lasted until midafternoon. Several Confederate soldiers saw the Union observation balloon Eagle soaring overhead and assumed that they could likewise be seen, but no such report was sent to headquarters. When men of the III Corps spotted a Confederate column moving through the woods, their division commander, Brig. Gen. David B. Birney, ordered his artillery to open fire, but this proved little more than harassment. The corps commander, Sickles, rode to Hazel Grove to see for himself and he reported after the battle that his men observed the Confederates passing for over three hours. When Hooker received the report about the Confederate movement, he thought that Lee might be starting a retreat, but he also realized that a flanking march might be in progress. He took two actions. First, he sent a message at 9 : 30 a.m. to the commander of the XI Corps, Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard on his right flank : `` We have good reason to suppose the enemy is moving to our right. Please advance your pickets for purposes of observation as far as may be safe in order to obtain timely information of their approach. '' At 10 : 50 a.m., Howard replied that he was `` taking measures to resist an attack from the west. '' Hooker 's second action was to send orders to Sedgwick ( `` attack the enemy in his front '' at Fredericksburg if `` an opportunity presents itself with a reasonable expectation of success '' ) and Sickles ( `` advance cautiously toward the road followed by the enemy, and harass the movement as much as possible '' ). Sedgwick did not take action from the discretionary orders. Sickles, however, was enthusiastic when he received the order at noon. He sent Birney 's division, flanked by two battalions of Col. Hiram Berdan 's U.S. sharpshooters, south from Hazel Grove with orders to pierce the column and gain possession of the road. But the action came too late. Jackson had ordered the 23rd Georgia Infantry to guard the rear of the column and they resisted the advance of Birney and Berdan at Catherine Furnace. The Georgians were driven south and made a stand at the same unfinished railroad bed used by Wright 's Brigade the day before. They were overwhelmed by 5 p.m. and most were captured. Two brigades from A.P. Hill 's division turned back from the flanking march and prevented any further damage to Jackson 's column, which by now had left the area. Most of Jackson 's men were unaware of the small action at the rear of their column. As they marched north on Brock Road, Jackson was prepared to turn right on the Orange Plank Road, from which his men would attack the Union lines at around Wilderness Church. However, it became apparent that this direction would lead to essentially a frontal assault against Howard 's line. Fitzhugh Lee met Jackson and they ascended a hill with a sweeping view of the Union position and Jackson was delighted to see that Howard 's men were resting, unaware of the impending Confederate threat. Although by now it was 3 p.m., Jackson decided to march his men two miles farther and turn right on the Turnpike instead, allowing him to strike the unprotected flank directly. The attack formation consisted of two lines -- the divisions of Brig. Gens. Robert E. Rodes and Raleigh E. Colston -- stretching almost a mile on either side of the turnpike, separated by 200 yards, followed by a partial line with the arriving division of A.P. Hill. Ruins of the Chancellor House which was the headquarters of Federal General Joseph Hooker of the Army of the Potomac during the battle, later burned, May 1863 Significant contributors to the impending Union disaster were the nature of the Union XI Corps and the incompetent performance of its commander, Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard. Howard failed to make any provision for defending against a surprise attack, even though Hooker had ordered him to do so. The Union right flank was not anchored on any natural obstacle, and the only defenses against a flank attack consisted of two cannons pointing out into the Wilderness. Also, the XI Corps was not well respected -- an outfit with poor morale and no history of battlefield success. Many of its officers and enlisted men were immigrants from Germany and other parts of Central Europe, including a number of political refugees from the 1848 revolutions. The corps had been formed in the spring of 1862 by merging Brig. Gen Louis Blenker 's division with Maj. Gen John C. Frémont 's Mountain Department in West Virginia. After a miserable trek across Virginia in which Blenker 's troops were provisioned inadequately and suffered from widespread hunger, disease, and desertion, they joined with Fremont in a campaign that resulted in them being soundly defeated by Stonewall Jackson. Fremont 's army became part of Maj. Gen John Pope 's Army of Virginia in the summer. Fremont had refused to serve under Pope and was replaced by Maj. Gen Franz Sigel, an inept political general who however was much beloved by his German troops. Louis Blenker fell from a horse during the Northern Virginia Campaign and suffered injuries that would claim his life later in 1863. The corps suffered heavy casualties at Second Bull Run and was left behind in Washington D.C. during the Maryland Campaign. During the Fredericksburg Campaign, it did not join the rest of the army until after the battle was over. After Hooker took command, Sigel was the ranking general behind him. The XI Corps was the smallest in the army and Sigel 's requests to general - in - chief Henry Halleck to have it enlarged were refused, so he resigned his command in March 1863 and was replaced by Maj. Gen Oliver O. Howard, who was widely unpopular with the enlisted men and brought in several new generals such as Brig. Gen Francis Barlow who had a reputation of being aggressive martinets. Eight of the 27 regiments in the corps had never been in battle before, while the remaining 21 had never been on the winning side of a battle. The German soldiers suffered from widespread ethnic friction with the rest of the army although a number of the regiments in the XI Corps consisted of native - born Americans. Hooker had no major plans for the corps except for mopping up after the main battle was over, and it was placed out on the army 's right flank where it was not expected to be involved in any fighting, and the woods to the west were assumed to be so thick that enemy troops could not possibly move through them and form a line of battle. As far as Hooker knew, the only possible route for a Confederate attack was along the turnpike, which would cause them to run right into the II and XII Corps, both elite outfits and well - entrenched. Further north, the Union line was held by the V Corps, also first - rate troops occupying an almost impregnable position. As the day wore on, the men of the XI Corps became increasingly aware that something was going on in the woods to the west of them, but were unable to get any higher - ups to pay attention. Col. John C. Lee of the 55th Ohio received numerous reports of a Confederate presence out there, and Col. William Richardson of the 25th Ohio reported that huge numbers of Confederates were massing to the west. Col. Leopold von Gilsa, who commanded one of two brigades in Brig. Gen Charles Devens ' division, went to Howard 's headquarters warning him that an all - out enemy assault was imminent, but Howard insisted that it was impossible for the Confederates to get through the dense woods. Maj. Gen Carl Schurz, who commanded the 3rd Division of the corps, began rearranging his troops into a line of battle. Captain Hubert Dilger, who commanded Battery I of the 1st Ohio Artillery, rode out on a reconnaissance mission, narrowly missed being captured by the Confederates, and rode far north, almost to the banks of the Rapidan, and back south to Hooker 's headquarters, but a haughty cavalry officer dismissed his concerns and would not let him in to see the general. Dilger next went to Howard 's headquarters, but was merely told that the Confederate army was retreating and that it was not acceptable to making scouting expeditions without permission of higher - ups. As the sun started to go down, all remained quiet on the XI Corps 's front, the noises of the III and XII Corps engaging Lee 's rear guard coming from off in the distance. The XI Corps routs before Jackson 's evening dinner time surprise attack Around 5 : 30 p.m., Jackson turned to Robert Rodes and asked him `` General, are you ready? '' When Rodes nodded, Jackson replied `` You may go forward then. '' Most of the men of the XI Corps were encamped and sitting down for supper and had their rifles unloaded and stacked. Their first clue to the impending onslaught was the observation of numerous animals, such as rabbits and foxes, fleeing in their direction out of the western woods. This was followed by the crackle of musket fire, and then the unmistakable scream of the `` Rebel Yell ''. Two of von Gilsa 's regiments, the 153rd Pennsylvania and 54th New York, had been placed up as a heavy skirmish line and the massive Confederate assault rolled completely over them. A few men managed to get off a shot or two before fleeing. The pair of artillery pieces at the very end of the XI Corps line were captured by the Confederates and promptly turned on their former owners. Devens 's division collapsed in a matter of minutes, slammed on three sides by almost 30,000 Confederates. Col. Robert Reily and his 75th Ohio managed to resist for about ten minutes before the regiment disintegrated with 150 casualties, including Reily himself, and joined the rest of the fleeing mob. Col. Lee would later write sarcastically, `` A rifle pit is useless when the enemy is on the same side and in rear of your line. '' Some men tried to stand and resist, but they were knocked over by their fleeing comrades and a hail of Confederate bullets. Maj. Gen. Carl Schurz ordered his division to shift from an east - west alignment to north - south, which they did with amazing precision and speed. They resisted for about 20 minutes and `` Leatherbreeches '' Dilger managed to drive the Confederates off the turnpike for a bit with his guns, but the sheer weight of Jackson 's assault overwhelmed them too and they soon had to flee. Dilger for a time stood alone with a gun firing double - shotted canister at the attackers, then limbered up to flee as the Confederates closed in on him. Three of his artillery horses were shot dead, and when he realized that the gun could not be moved, he had to abandon it. General Howard partially redeemed his inadequate performance prior to the battle by his personal bravery in attempting to rally the troops. He stood shouting and waving a flag held under the stump of his amputated arm ( lost at the Battle of Seven Pines in 1862 ), ignoring the danger of the heavy rifle fire, but he could only gather small pockets of soldiers to resist before his corps disintegrated. Col. Adolf Buschbeck 's brigade put up a last - ditch stand along with Dilger 's guns. They too had to retreat, but maintained good order as they went. The chaos unfurling on the Union right had gone unnoticed at Hooker 's headquarters until at last the sound of gunfire could be heard in the distance, followed by a panic - stricken mob of men and horses pouring into the Chancellorsville clearing. A staff officer yelled `` My God, here they come! '' as the mob ran to and past the Chancellor mansion. Hooker jumped onto his horse and frantically tried to take action. He ordered Maj. Gen Hiram Berry 's division of the III Corps, once his own division, forward, yelling `` Receive them on your bayonets! '' Artillerymen around the clearing began moving guns into position around Fairview Cemetery. Meanwhile, down at Hazel Grove, the 8th Pennsylvania Cavalry were relaxing and awaiting orders to chase after Confederate wagon trains, also oblivious to the collapse of the XI Corps. The regiment 's commander, Maj. Pennock Huey, received a notice that General Howard was requesting some cavalry. Huey saddled up his men and headed west along the turnpike, where they ran straight into Robert Rodes 's division. After a confused fight, the 8th Pennsylvania Cavalry retreated to the safety of the Chancellorsville clearing with the loss of 30 men and three officers. XII Corps artillery halts Jackson 's surprise attack By nightfall, the Confederate Second Corps had advanced more than 1.25 miles, to within sight of Chancellorsville, but darkness and confusion were taking their toll. The attackers were almost as disorganized as the routed defenders. Although the XI Corps had been defeated, it had retained some coherence as a unit. The corps suffered nearly 2,500 casualties ( 259 killed, 1,173 wounded, and 994 missing or captured ), about one quarter of its strength, including 12 of 23 regimental commanders, which suggests that they fought fiercely during their retreat. Jackson 's force was now separated from Lee 's men only by Sickles 's corps, which had been separated from the main body of the army after its foray attacking Jackson 's column earlier in the afternoon. Like everyone else in the Union army, the III Corps had been unaware of Jackson 's attack. When he first heard the news, Sickles was skeptical, but finally believed it and decided to pull back to Hazel Grove. Sickles became increasingly nervous, knowing that his troops were facing an unknown number of Confederates to the west. A patrol of Jackson 's troops was driven back by Union gunners, a minor incident that would come to be exaggerated into a heroic repulse of Jackson 's entire command. Between 11 p.m. and midnight, Sickles organized an assault north from Hazel Grove toward the Plank Road, but called it off when his men began suffering artillery and rifle friendly fire from the Union XII Corps. Stonewall Jackson wanted to press his advantage before Hooker and his army could regain their bearings and plan a counterattack, which might still succeed because of the sheer disparity in numbers. He rode out onto the Plank Road that night to determine the feasibility of a night attack by the light of the full moon, traveling beyond the farthest advance of his men. When one of his staff officers warned him about the dangerous position, Jackson replied, `` The danger is all over. The enemy is routed. Go back and tell A.P. Hill to press right on. '' As he and his staff started to return, they were incorrectly identified as Union cavalry by men of the 18th North Carolina Infantry, who hit Jackson with friendly fire. Jackson 's three bullet wounds were not in themselves life - threatening, but his left arm was broken and had to be amputated. While recovering, he contracted pneumonia and died on May 10. His death was a devastating loss for the Confederacy. Some historians and participants -- particularly those of the postbellum Lost Cause movement -- attribute the Confederate defeat at Gettysburg two months later to Jackson 's absence. The Union gunners at Fairview Cemetery were alert and nervous ; they were a few hundred yards behind Berry 's division and still - intact elements of the XI Corps and they found it quite impossible to fire their guns without the shells going over the heads of the infantrymen in front of them. A few friendly - fire casualties resulted from this as the gunners were quick to shoot at anything that looked like enemy soldiers ; when they got sight of a large body of Confederates drawing near, they let loose a huge cannonade that landed on and around the party that was carrying the wounded Jackson to the rear and did end up wounding A.P. Hill. May 3 : Chancellorsville ( edit ) Chancellorsville, actions on May 3, dawn to 10 a.m. Battle of Chancellorsville, 3 May 1863 ( Situation Early ) Despite the fame of Stonewall Jackson 's victory on May 2, it did not result in a significant military advantage for the Army of Northern Virginia. Howard 's XI Corps had been defeated, but the Army of the Potomac remained a potent force and Reynolds 's I Corps had arrived overnight, which replaced Howard 's losses. About 76,000 Union men faced 43,000 Confederate at the Chancellorsville front. The two halves of Lee 's army at Chancellorsville were separated by Sickles 's III Corps, which occupied a strong position on high ground at Hazel Grove. Unless Lee could devise a plan to eject Sickles from Hazel Grove and combine the two halves of his army, he would have little chance of success in assaulting the formidable Union earthworks around Chancellorsville. Fortunately for Lee, Joseph Hooker inadvertently cooperated. Early on May 3, Hooker ordered Sickles to move from Hazel Grove to a new position on the Plank Road. As they were withdrawing, the trailing elements of Sickles 's corps were attacked by the Confederate brigade of Brig. Gen. James J. Archer, which captured about 100 prisoners and four cannons. Hazel Grove was soon turned into a powerful artillery platform with 30 guns under Col. Porter Alexander. After Jackson was wounded on May 2, command of the Second Corps fell to his senior division commander, Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill. Hill was soon wounded himself, however. He consulted with Brig. Gen. Robert E. Rodes, the next most senior general in the corps, and Rodes acquiesced in Hill 's decision to summon Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart to take command, notifying Lee after the fact. Brig. Gen. Henry Heth replaced Hill in division command. Although Stuart was a cavalryman who had never commanded infantry before, he was to deliver a creditable performance at Chancellorsville. By the morning of May 3, the Union line resembled a horseshoe. The center was held by the III, XII, and II Corps ; on the left were the remnants of the XI Corps, and the right was held by the V and I Corps. On the western side of the Chancellorsville salient, Stuart organized his three divisions to straddle the Plank Road : Heth 's in the advance, Colston 's 300 -- 500 yards behind, and Rodes 's, whose men had done the hardest fighting on May 2, near the Wilderness Church. The attack began about 5 : 30 a.m. supported by the newly installed artillery at Hazel Grove, and by simultaneous attacks by the divisions of Anderson and McLaws from the south and southeast. The Confederates were resisted fiercely by the Union troops behind strong earthworks, and the fighting on May 3 was the heaviest of the campaign. The initial waves of assaults by Heth and Colston gained a little ground, but were beaten back by Union counterattacks. At Hazel Grove, in short, the finest artillerists of the Army of Northern Virginia were having their greatest day. They had improved guns, better ammunition and superior organization. With the fire of battle shining through his spectacles, William Pegram rejoiced. `` A glorious day, Colonel, '' he said to Porter Alexander, `` a glorious day! '' Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee 's Lieutenants Rodes sent his men in last and this final push, along with the excellent performance of the Confederate artillery, carried the morning battle. Chancellorsville was the only occasion in the war in Virginia in which Confederate gunners held a decided advantage over their Federal counterparts. Confederate guns on Hazel Grove were joined by 20 more on the Plank Road to duel effectively with the Union guns on neighboring Fairview Hill, causing the Federals to withdraw as ammunition ran low and Confederate infantrymen picked off the gun crews. Fairview was evacuated at 9 : 30 a.m., briefly recaptured in a counterattack, but by 10 a.m. Hooker ordered it abandoned for good. The loss of this artillery platform doomed the Union position at the Chancellorsville crossroads as well, and the Army of the Potomac began a fighting retreat to positions circling United States Ford. The soldiers of the two halves of Lee 's army reunited shortly after 10 a.m. before the Chancellor mansion, wildly triumphant as Lee arrived on Traveller to survey the scene of his victory. Lee 's presence was the signal for one of those uncontrollable bursts of enthusiasm which none can appreciate who has not witnessed them. The fierce soldiers, with their faces blackened with the smoke of battle, the wounded crawling with feeble limbs from the fury of the devouring flames, all seemed possessed with a common impulse. One long unbroken cheer, in which the feeble cry of those who lay helpless on the earth blended with the strong voices of those who still fought, rose high above the roar of battle and hailed the presence of a victorious chief. He sat in the full realization of all that soldiers dream of -- triumph ; and as I looked at him in the complete fruition of the success which his genius, courage, and confidence in his army had won, I thought that it must have been from some such scene that men in ancient days ascended to the dignity of gods. -- Charles Marshall, Lee 's military secretary, An Aide - de-Camp to Lee At the height of the fighting on May 3, Hooker suffered an injury when at 9 : 15 a.m. a Confederate cannonball hit a wooden pillar he was leaning against at his headquarters. He later wrote that half of the pillar `` violently ( struck me )... in an erect position from my head to my feet. '' He likely received a concussion, which was sufficiently severe to render him unconscious for over an hour. Although clearly incapacitated after he arose, Hooker refused to turn over command temporarily to his second - in - command, Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch, and, with Hooker 's chief of staff, Maj. Gen. Daniel Butterfield, and Sedgwick out of communication ( again due to the failure of the telegraph lines ), there was no one at headquarters with sufficient rank or stature to convince Hooker otherwise. This failure may have affected Union performance over the next day and may have directly contributed to Hooker 's seeming lack of nerve and timid performance throughout the rest of the battle. May 3 : Fredericksburg and Salem Church ( edit ) Further information : Second Battle of Fredericksburg and Battle of Salem Church Soldiers of the VI Corps, Army of the Potomac, in trenches before storming Marye 's Heights at the Second Battle of Fredericksburg during the Chancellorsville campaign, Virginia, May 1863. This photograph ( Library of Congress # B - 157 ) is sometimes mistakenly labeled as taken at the 1864 Siege of Petersburg, Virginia. Chancellorsville, actions on May 3, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m., including the Second Battle of Fredericksburg and the Battle of Salem Church Chancellorsville Campaign, 3 May 1863 ( Battle of Salem Church : Situation at 1600 ) As Lee was savoring his victory at the Chancellorsville crossroads, he received disturbing news : Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick 's force had broken through the Confederate lines at Fredericksburg and was headed toward Chancellorsville. On the night of May 2, in the aftermath of Jackson 's flank attack, Hooker had ordered Sedgwick to `` cross the Rappahannock at Fredericksburg on the receipt of this order, and at once take up your line of march on the Chancellorsville road until you connect with him. You will attack and destroy any force you may fall in with on the road. '' Lee had left a relatively small force at Fredericksburg, ordering Brig. Gen. Jubal Early to `` watch the enemy and try to hold him. '' If he was attacked in `` overwhelming numbers, '' Early was to retreat to Richmond, but if Sedgwick withdrew from his front, he was to join with Lee at Chancellorsville. On the morning of May 2, Early received a garbled message from Lee 's staff that caused him to start marching most of his men toward Chancellorsville, but he quickly returned after a warning from Brig. Gen. William Barksdale of a Union advance against Fredericksburg. At 7 a.m. on May 3, Early was confronted with four Union divisions : Brig. Gen. John Gibbon of the II Corps had crossed the Rappahannock north of town, and three divisions of Sedgwick 's VI Corps -- Maj. Gen. John Newton and Brig. Gens. Albion P. Howe and William T.H. Brooks -- were arrayed in line from the front of the town to Deep Run. Most of Early 's combat strength was deployed to the south of town, where Federal troops had achieved their most significant successes during the December battle. Marye 's Heights was defended by Barksdale 's Mississippi brigade and Early ordered the Louisiana brigade of Brig. Gen. Harry T. Hays from the far right to Barksdale 's left. By midmorning, two Union attacks against the infamous stone wall on Marye 's Heights were repulsed with numerous casualties. A Union party under flag of truce was allowed to approach ostensibly to collect the wounded, but while close to the stone wall, they were able to observe how sparsely the Confederate line was manned. A third Union attack was successful in overrunning the Confederate position. Early was able to organize an effective fighting retreat. John Sedgwick 's road to Chancellorsville was open, but he wasted time in gathering his troops and forming a marching column. His men, led by Brooks 's division, followed by Newton and Howe, were delayed for several hours by successive actions against the Alabama brigade of Brig. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox. His final delaying line was a ridge at Salem church, where he was joined by three brigades from McLaws 's division and one from Anderson 's, bringing the total Confederate strength to about 10,000 men. Artillery fire was exchanged by both sides in the afternoon and at 5 : 30 p.m., two brigades of Brooks 's division attacked on both sides of the Plank Road. The advance south of the road reached as far as the churchyard, but was driven back. The attack north of the road could not break the Confederate line. Wilcox described the action as `` a bloody repulse to the enemy, rendering entirely useless to him his little success of the morning at Fredericksburg. '' Hooker expressed his disappointment in Sedgwick : `` my object in ordering General Sedgwick forward... Was to relieve me from the position in which I found myself at Chancellorsville... In my judgment General Sedgwick did not obey the spirit of my order, and made no sufficient effort to obey it... When he did move it was not with sufficient confidence or ability on his part to manoeuvre his troops. '' The fighting on May 3, 1863, was some of the most furious anywhere in the civil war. The loss of 21,357 men that day in the three battles, divided equally between the two armies, ranks the fighting only behind the Battle of Antietam as the bloodiest day of war in American history. May 4 -- 6 : Union withdrawals ( edit ) Confederate dead behind the stone wall of Marye 's Heights, Fredericksburg, Virginia, killed during the Chancellorsville Campaign ( the Second Battle of Fredericksburg ), May 1863. Photograph by A.J. Russell. Chancellorsville, actions on May 4, withdrawals on May 5 and 6 Battle of Chancellorsville, 4 May 1863 ( Situation at 1800 ) Battle of Chancellorsville, 6 May 1863 ( Situation at 1700 ) On the evening of May 3 and all day May 4, Hooker remained in his defenses north of Chancellorsville. Lee observed that Hooker was threatening no offensive action, so felt comfortable ordering Anderson 's division to join the battle against Sedgwick. He sent orders to Early and McLaws to cooperate in a joint attack, but the orders reached his subordinates after dark, so the attack was planned for May 4. By this time Sedgwick had placed his divisions into a strong defensive position with its flanks anchored on the Rappahannock, three sides of a rectangle extending south of the Plank Road. Early 's plan was to drive the Union troops off Marye 's Heights and the other high ground west of Fredericksburg. Lee ordered McLaws to engage from the west `` to prevent ( the enemy ) concentrating on General Early. '' Early reoccupied Marye 's Heights on the morning of May 4, cutting Sedgwick off from the town. However, McLaws was reluctant to take any action. Before noon, Lee arrived with Anderson 's division, giving him a total of 21,000 men, slightly outnumbering Sedgwick. Despite Lee 's presence, McLaws continued his passive role and Anderson 's men took a few hours to get into position, a situation that frustrated and angered both Early and Lee, who had been planning on a concentrated assault from three directions. The attack finally began around 6 p.m. Two of Early 's brigades ( under Brig. Gens. Harry T. Hays and Robert F. Hoke ) pushed back Sedgwick 's left - center across the Plank Road, but Anderson 's effort was a slight one and McLaws once again contributed nothing. Throughout the day on May 4, Hooker provided no assistance or useful guidance to Sedgwick, and Sedgwick thought about little else than protecting his line of retreat. Sedgwick withdrew across the Rappahannock at Banks 's Ford during the pre-dawn hours of May 5. When he learned that Sedgwick had retreated back over the river, Hooker felt he was out of options to save the campaign. He called a council of war and asked his corps commanders to vote about whether to stay and fight or to withdraw. Although a majority voted to fight, Hooker had had enough, and on the night of May 5 -- 6, he withdrew back across the river at U.S. Ford. It was a difficult operation. Hooker and the artillery crossed first, followed by the infantry beginning at 6 a.m. on May 6. Meade 's V Corps served as the rear guard. Rains caused the river to rise and threatened to break the pontoon bridges. Couch was in command on the south bank after Hooker departed, but he was left with explicit orders not to continue the battle, which he had been tempted to do. The surprise withdrawal frustrated Lee 's plan for one final attack against Chancellorsville. He had issued orders for his artillery to bombard the Union line in preparation for another assault, but by the time they were ready Hooker and his men were gone. The Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. George Stoneman, after a week of ineffectual raiding in central and southern Virginia in which they failed to attack any of the objectives Hooker established, withdrew into Union lines east of Richmond -- the peninsula north of the York River, across from Yorktown -- on May 7, ending the campaign. Aftermath ( edit ) My God! It is horrible -- horrible ; and to think of it, 130,000 magnificent soldiers so cut to pieces by less than 60,000 half - starved ragamuffins! Horace Greeley, New York Tribune Casualties ( edit ) Further information : Detailed Union casualties and Detailed Confederate casualties Lee, despite being outnumbered by a ratio of over two to one, won arguably his greatest victory of the war, sometimes described as his `` perfect battle. '' But he paid a terrible price for it, taking more casualties than he had lost in any previous battle, including the Confederate defeat at the Battle of Antietam. With only 60,000 men engaged, he suffered 13,303 casualties ( 1,665 killed, 9,081 wounded, 2,018 missing ), losing some 22 % of his force in the campaign -- men that the Confederacy, with its limited manpower, could not replace. Just as seriously, he lost his most aggressive field commander, Stonewall Jackson. Brig. Gen. Elisha F. Paxton was the other Confederate general killed during the battle. After Longstreet rejoined the main army, he was highly critical of Lee 's strategy, saying that battles like Chancellorsville cost the Confederacy more men than it could afford to lose. Of the 133,000 Union men engaged, 17,197 were casualties ( 1,606 killed, 9,672 wounded, 5,919 missing ), a percentage much lower than Lee 's, particularly considering that it includes 4,000 men of the XI Corps who were captured on May 2. When comparing only the killed and wounded, there were almost no differences between the Confederate and Federal losses at Chancellorsville. The Union lost three generals in the campaign : Maj. Gens. Hiram G. Berry and Amiel W. Whipple and Brig. Gen. Edmund Kirby. Assessment of Hooker ( edit ) Lee 's Chancellorsville consisted of a pastiche of unbelievably risky gambits that led to a great triumph. Hooker 's campaign, after the brilliant opening movements, degenerated into a tale of opportunities missed and troops underutilized. Robert K. Krick, Lee 's Greatest Victory Hooker, who began the campaign believing he had `` 80 chances in 100 to be successful '', lost the battle through miscommunication, the incompetence of some of his leading generals ( most notably Howard and Stoneman, but also Sedgwick ), but mostly through the collapse of his own confidence. Hooker 's errors included abandoning his offensive push on May 1 and ordering Sickles to give up Hazel Grove and pull back on May 2. He also erred in his disposition of forces ; despite Abraham Lincoln 's exhortation, `` this time put in all your men, '' some 40,000 men of the Army of the Potomac scarcely fired a shot. When later asked why he had ordered a halt to his advance on May 1, Hooker is reputed to have responded, `` For the first time, I lost faith in Hooker. '' However, Stephen W. Sears has categorized this as a myth : Nothing has been more damaging to General Joseph Hooker 's military reputation than this, from John Bigelow 's The Campaign of Chancellorsville ( 1910 ) : `` A couple of months later, when Hooker crossed the Rappahannock ( actually, the Potomac ) with the Army of the Potomac in the Campaign of Gettysburg he was asked by General Doubleday : ' Hooker, what was the matter with you at Chancellorsville?... Hooker answered frankly... ' Doubleday... For once I lost confidence in Hooker '. '' Sears 's research has shown that Bigelow was quoting from a letter written in 1903 by an E.P. Halstead, who was on the staff of Doubleday 's I Corps division. There is no evidence that Hooker and Doubleday ever met during the Gettysburg Campaign, nor was there any chance of them meeting -- they were dozens of miles apart. Finally, Doubleday made no mention of such a confession from Hooker in his history of the Chancellorsville Campaign, published in 1882. Sears concludes : It can only be concluded that forty years after the event, elderly ex-staff officer Halstead was at best retailing some vaguely remembered campfire tale, and at worst manufacturing a role for himself in histories of the campaign... Whatever Joe Hooker 's failings at Chancellorsville, he did not publicly confess them. Lincoln later told Congressman Deming of Connecticut that he believed the war could have been terminated at Chancellorsville had Hooker managed the battle better : specifically, `` when Hooker failed to reinforce Sedgwick, after hearing his cannon... '' But, he added, `` I do not know that I could have given any different orders had I been with them myself. I have not fully made up my mind how I should behave when minie - balls were whistling, and those great oblong shells shrieking in my ear. I might run away. '' Union reaction ( edit ) The Union was shocked by the defeat. President Abraham Lincoln was quoted as saying, `` My God! My God! What will the country say? '' A few generals were career casualties. Hooker relieved Stoneman for incompetence and for years waged a vituperative campaign against Howard, who he blamed for his loss. He wrote in 1876 that Howard was `` a hypocrite... totally incompetent... a perfect old woman... a bad man. '' He labeled Sedgwick as `` dilatory. '' Couch was so disgusted by Hooker 's conduct of the battle ( and his incessant political maneuvering ) that he resigned and was placed in charge of the Department of the Susquehanna, commanding only Pennsylvania militia. President Lincoln chose to retain Hooker in command of the army, but the friction between Lincoln, general in chief Henry W. Halleck, and Hooker became intolerable in the early days of the Gettysburg Campaign and Lincoln relieved Hooker of command on June 28, just before the Battle of Gettysburg. One of the consequences of Chancellorsville at Gettysburg was the conduct of Daniel Sickles, who undoubtedly recalled the terrible consequences of withdrawing from Hazel Grove when he decided to ignore the commands of his general and moved his lines on the second day of battle to ensure that a minor piece of high ground, the Peach Orchard, was not available to the enemy 's artillery. Confederate reaction ( edit ) The Confederate public had mixed feelings about the result, joy at Lee 's tactical victory tempered by the loss of their most beloved general, Stonewall Jackson. The death of Jackson caused Lee to make the long - needed reorganization of the Army of Northern Virginia from two large corps into three, under James Longstreet, Richard S. Ewell, and A.P. Hill. The new assignments for the latter two generals caused some command difficulties in the upcoming Gettysburg Campaign, which began in June. Of more consequence for Gettysburg, however, was the supreme confidence that Lee gained from his great victory at Chancellorsville, that his army was virtually invincible and would succeed at anything he asked them to do. Additional battle maps ( edit ) Gallery : Chancellorsville Campaign ( Tactical maps ) ( edit ) Map symbols Map 1 : Hooker 's Flanking March, 27 -- 30 April 1863 Map 2 : 1 May 1863 ( late morning ) Map 3 : 2 May 1863 ( early evening ) Map 4 : 3 May 1863 ( early morning ) Map 5 : 4 May 1863 ( late afternoon ) Battlefield preservation ( edit ) Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania County Battlefields Memorial National Military Park U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Military Park Virginia Landmarks Register A piece of artillery. Area 4,601.1 acres ( 1,862 ha ) NRHP reference # 66000046 VLR # 111 - 0147 Significant dates Added to NRHP October 15, 1966 Designated VLR January 16, 1973 The battlefield was a scene of widespread destruction, covered with dead men and animals. The Chancellor family, whose house was destroyed during the battle, placed the entire 854 - acre property for sale four months after the battle. A smaller version of the house was rebuilt using some of the original materials, which served as a landmark for many of the veteran reunions of the late 19th century. In 1927, the rebuilt house was destroyed by fire. That same year, the United States Congress authorized the Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park, which preserves some of the land that saw fighting in the 1862 Battle of Fredericksburg, the Chancellorsville Campaign, the Battle of the Wilderness, and the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House ( the latter two being key battles in the 1864 Overland Campaign ). In May 2002, a regional developer announced a plan to build 2,300 houses and 2,000,000 square feet of commercial space on the 790 - acre Mullins Farm, site of the first day of fighting at the Battle of Chancellorsville. Soon thereafter, the Civil War Trust ( now a division of the American Battlefield Trust ) formed the Coalition to Save Chancellorsville, a network of national and local preservation groups that waged a vocal campaign against the development. For nearly a year, the Coalition mobilized local citizens, held candlelight vigils and hearings, and encouraged residents to become more involved in preservation. Public opinion polling conducted by the Coalition found that more than two - thirds of local residents opposed the development. The survey also found that 90 percent of local residents believed their county has a responsibility to protect Chancellorsville and other historic resources. As a result of these efforts, in March 2003 the Spotsylvania County Board of Supervisors denied the rezoning application that would have allowed for the development of the site. Immediately following the vote, the Civil War Trust and other Coalition members began working to acquire the battlefield. By working with county officials and developers, the Trust acquired 140 acres in 2004 and another 74 acres in 2006. The Trust and its federal, state and local partners have acquired and preserved 1,288 acres ( 5.21 km ) of the battlefield in more than a dozen different transactions since 2002. In popular media ( edit ) The battle formed the basis for Stephen Crane 's 1895 novel The Red Badge of Courage. The battle serves as the background for one of F. Scott Fitzgerald 's short stories, published in the February 1935 Esquire Magazine, entitled `` The Night at Chancellorsville. '' The Battle of Chancellorsville was depicted in the 2003 film Gods and Generals, based on the novel of the same name. The treatment of the battle in both the novel and the movie focuses on Jackson 's assault on the Union right flank, his wounding, and his subsequent death. See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal Virginia portal List of American Civil War battles Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1863 Battle of Fredericksburg and Mud March Second Battle of Fredericksburg Battle of Salem Church List of costliest American Civil War land battles Armies in the American Civil War Bibliography of the American Civil War Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The dates for the battle vary by historian. The National Park Service cites the period from the Union army 's establishing a presence on the battlefield ( April 30 ) until its retreat ( May 6 ). McPherson, p. 643, cites May 2 to 6. Livermore, p. 98, May 1 to 4. McGowen, p. 392, May 2 to 3. The full Chancellorsville Campaign lasted from April 27 to May 7. Jump up ^ National Park Service. Jump up ^ Official Records, Series I, Volume XXV, Part 1, pages 156 -- 170 ^ Jump up to : Second Division ( II Army Corps ) and VI Army Corps engaged at Fredericksburg ( or Marye 's Heights ), Salem Heights ( or Salem Church ) and near Banks ' Ford, Va., May 3 -- 4, 1863. Further information : Official Records, Series I, Volume XXV, Part 1, pages 188 -- 191. Jump up ^ Official Records, Series I, Volume XXV, Part 1, pages 789 -- 794 ^ Jump up to : Jubal A. Early 's Division ( II Army Corps ) and McLaws 's Division ( I Army Corps ) engaged at Fredericksburg ( or Marye 's Heights ), Salem Heights ( or Salem Church ) and near Banks ' Ford, Va., May 3 -- 4, 1863. ^ Jump up to : Union strength include forces engaged at Fredericksburg and Salem Church, Va. ( May 3 -- 4, 1863 ). Further information : Official Records, Series I, Volume XXV, Part 2, page 320 and Official Records, Series I, Volume XXV, Part 1, pages 188 -- 191. ^ Jump up to : 133,868 Union troops and 60,892 Confederate troops according to Bigelow, pp. 132 -- 136 and Eicher, p. 475 ; Furgurson, p. 88, Kennedy, p. 197 : `` about 130,000 to 60,000. '' ; Salmon, p. 173 : `` more than 133,000... about 60,000. '' The NPS states Union 97,382, Confederate 57,352. ^ Jump up to : Confederate strength include forces engaged at Fredericksburg and Salem Church, Va. ( May 3 -- 4, 1863 ). Further information : Official Records, Series I, Volume XXV, Part 2, page 696. ^ Jump up to : Casualties cited are for the full campaign. Further information : Official Records, Series I, Volume XXV, Part 1, pages 172 -- 192. ^ Jump up to : Eicher, p. 488. Casualties cited are for the full campaign. Sears, pp. 492, 501, cites 17,304 Union ( 1,694 killed, 9,672 wounded, and 5,938 missing ) and 13,460 Confederate ( 1,724 killed, 9,233 wounded, and 2,503 missing ). Jump up ^ Casualties cited are for the full campaign. Further information : Official Records, Series I, Volume XXV, Part 1, pages 806 -- 809 / 947 -- 949. Jump up ^ There were three battles and one cavalry raid during the campaign. Because the three battles happened in a small geographic area and had overlapping timelines, this article covers both the battle around the village of Chancellorsville and the full campaign. Jump up ^ Evan Andrews ( 1 September 2015 ). `` 5 Famous Pyrrhic Victories ''. History. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved 17 July 2016. Jump up ^ Kennedy, pp. 11 -- 15, 88 -- 112, 118 -- 21, 144 -- 49. Jump up ^ Krick, pp. 14 -- 15 ; Hebert, pp. 165 -- 67, 177 ; Kennedy, p. 197 ; Eicher, p. 473 ; Sears, pp. 21 -- 24, 61 ; Warner, p. 58. Jump up ^ Furgurson, p. 63. Jump up ^ Sears, pp. 24 -- 25 ; Furgurson, p. 18 ; Cullen, pp. 15 -- 16. Jump up ^ Hebert, pp. 166 -- 68, 172 ; Sears, pp. 24, 61, 63. Jump up ^ Sears, p. 63. Jump up ^ Gallagher, p. 6 ; Esposito, text for map 84 ; Eicher, p. 473 ; Sears, p. 67 ; Hebert, pp. 172 -- 77. Jump up ^ Catton, pp. 141 -- 47 ; Hebert, pp. 178 -- 83 ; Sears, pp. 62 -- 75. Jump up ^ Cullen, p. 14. Jump up ^ Krick, p. 41 ; Sears, pp. 68 -- 70, 100 -- 102 ; Fishel, pp. 286 -- 95. The Army of the Potomac was able to call on the services of self - styled `` Professor of Aeronautics '' Thaddeus S.C. Lowe and his two hydrogen aerostats Washington and Eagle, which regularly ascended to heights of 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) or more to observe Lee 's positions. Jump up ^ Gallagher, pp. 9 -- 10 ; Eicher, p. 474 ; Cullen, pp. 17 -- 18 ; Welcher, p. 659 ; Sears, pp. 120 -- 24. Jump up ^ Cullen, p. 17 ; Gallagher, pp. 10 -- 11 ; Welcher, p. 659 ; Sears, pp. 137 -- 38. Jump up ^ Sears, pp. 132, 193 -- 94 ; Krick, pp. 35 -- 36 ; Gallagher, pp. 11 -- 13 ; Cullen, p. 19. Jump up ^ Sears, pp. 98 -- 99 ; Cullen, p. 19 ; Salmon, pp. 173 -- 74. Jump up ^ Esposito, text for map 84 ; Gallagher, pp. 13 -- 14 ; Salmon, p. 175 ; Sears, pp. 141 -- 58 ; Krick, p. 32 ; Eicher, pp. 475, 477 ; Welcher, pp. 660 -- 61. Jump up ^ Salmon, pp. 176 -- 77 ; Gallagher, pp. 16 -- 17 ; Krick, pp. 39 ; Salmon, pp. 176 -- 77 ; Cullen, pp. 21 -- 22 ; Sears, pp. 187 -- 89. Jump up ^ 413 guns according : Bigelow, p. 136 ; Gallagher, p. 7 ; Salmon, p. 173. Jump up ^ Eicher, p. 474 ; Welcher, pp. 684 -- 87. Jump up ^ Bigelow, p. 134 ; Gallagher, p. 8 ; Salmon, p. 173. Jump up ^ Eicher, pp. 474 -- 75. Jump up ^ Salmon, pp. 168 -- 72 ; Kennedy, pp. 194 -- 97 ; Eicher, p. 474 ; Cullen, p. 16 ; Sears, pp. 94 -- 95. Jump up ^ Salmon, p. 177 ; Welcher, p. 663 ; Gallagher, pp. 17 -- 19 ; Cullen, pp. 23 -- 25 ; Sears, pp. 196 -- 202 ; Krick, p. 40. Jump up ^ Salmon, p. 177 ; Cullen, p. 25 ; Krick, pp. 59 -- 62 ; Welcher, pp. 663 -- 65 ; Gallagher, pp. 18 -- 19. Jump up ^ Krick, p. 42. Jump up ^ Sears, p. 212 ; Eicher, p. 478 ; Cullen, p. 26 ; Esposito, text for map 85 ; Gallagher, p. 20. Jump up ^ Cullen, p. 27. Jump up ^ Sears, pp. 212 -- 13 ; Cullen, pp. 26 -- 28. Eicher, p. 478. called Hooker 's order `` an almost surrealistic blunder. '' Furgurson, pp. 130 -- 32, wrote `` With mass, position, and momentum on his side, after one of the most successful opening moves in American military history, Hooker bowed and handed the initiative to Lee... At no other time between Sumter and Appomattox did moral character so decisively affect the battle. '' Both Eicher and Furgurson suggest that Hooker 's abstinence from alcohol during the battle may have affected his normally pugnacious personality. Krick, p. 9, refers to `` impressive evidence '' that he was drinking during the battle, but that `` other evidence '' denies the fact. Jump up ^ Sears, pp. 233 -- 35 ; Esposito, text for map 86 ; Eicher, p. 479 ; Cullen, pp. 28 -- 29 ; Krick, pp. 64 -- 70 ; Salmon, pp. 177 -- 78. Jump up ^ Sears, pp. 228 -- 30 ; Furgurson, pp. 156 -- 57 ; Welcher, p. 667. Jump up ^ Sears, pp. 231 -- 35, 239 -- 40 ; Eicher, p. 479. Jump up ^ Cullen, p. 29 ; Sears, pp. 244 -- 45 ; Salmon, p. 178. Jump up ^ Sears, pp. 245, 254 -- 59 ; Krick, p. 76 ; Salmon, pp. 178 -- 79 ; Cullen, pp. 30 -- 32 ; Welcher, p. 668. Jump up ^ Krick, pp. 84 -- 86 ; Salmon, p. 179 ; Cullen, p. 34 ; Sears, pp. 257 -- 58. Jump up ^ Furgurson, p. 90 ; Eicher, pp. 480 -- 82 ; Sears, pp. 237 -- 38, 270. Jump up ^ Sears, p. 272 ; Furgurson, p. 171, estimates 5 : 15 and states that various reports from the combatants list the starting time from as early as 4 p.m. to as late as 6 p.m. Jump up ^ Sears, p. 261. Only two - thirds of Jackson 's marching column participated in the assault. Some of A.P. Hill 's men arrived late, other units were detached to guard the Orange Plank Road. Jump up ^ Krick, pp. 104 -- 105, 118 ; Sears, pp. 260 -- 81 ; Eicher, pp. 480 -- 82 ; Cullen, p. 34 ; Welcher, p. 670. Jump up ^ Sears, pp. 281, 287, 289 -- 91, 300 -- 302, 488 ; Welcher, p. 673 ; Eicher, p. 483 ; Salmon, p. 180 ; Krick, pp. 146 -- 48. Jump up ^ Furgurson, pp. 196 -- 206, 213 -- 16 ; Krick, pp. 136 -- 46 ; Salmon, pp. 180 -- 81 ; Sears, pp. 293 -- 97, 306 -- 307, 446 -- 49 ; Smith, pp. 123 -- 27. For representative speculation about Gettysburg, see David G. Martin, Gettysburg July 1, rev. ed. ( Conshohocken, PA : Combined Publishing, 1996 ), ISBN 0 - 938289 - 81 - 0, pp. 563 -- 65, or Furgurson, pp. 349 -- 50. Jump up ^ Goolrick, 140 -- 42 ; Esposito, text for map 88 ; Sears, pp. 312 -- 14, 316 -- 20 ; Salmon, pp. 181 -- 82 ; Cullen, pp. 36 -- 39 ; Welcher, p. 675. Jump up ^ Welcher, pp. 676 -- 77 ; Eicher, pp. 483 -- 85 ; Salmon, pp. 182 -- 83 ; Krick, p. 199. Sears, p. 325 : `` Under the particular conditions he inherited, then, it is hard to see how Jeb Stuart, in a new command, a cavalryman commanding infantry and artillery for the first time, could have done a better job. '' Jump up ^ Freeman, vol. 2, p. 592. Jump up ^ Salmon, p. 183 ; Sears, pp. 319 -- 20 ; Welcher, p. 677. Jump up ^ Evans, vol. 3, p. 390. Jump up ^ Sears, pp. 336 -- 39 ; Welcher, p. 678 ; Eicher, pp. 485 -- 86. Jump up ^ Sears, pp. 308 -- 11, 350 -- 51 ; Welcher, pp. 679 -- 80 ; Cullen, pp. 41 -- 42 ; Goolrick, pp. 151 -- 53. Jump up ^ Krick, pp. 176 -- 80 ; Welcher, pp. 680 -- 81 ; Esposito, text for maps 88 -- 89 ; Sears, pp. 352 -- 56. Jump up ^ Furgurson, pp. 273 -- 88 ; Welcher, p. 681 ; Sears, pp. 378 -- 86 ; Krick, pp. 181 -- 85 ; Cullen, p. 43. Jump up ^ Sears, p. 389. Jump up ^ Sears, pp. 390 -- 93 ; Welcher, pp. 681 -- 82 ; Cullen, p. 44. Jump up ^ Krick, pp. 187 -- 91 ; Sears, pp. 400 -- 405. Jump up ^ Krick, pp. 191 -- 96 ; Esposito, text for map 91 ; Welcher, p. 682 ; Cullen, p. 45 ; Sears, pp. 417 -- 30. Goolrick, p. 158 : In the council of war, Meade, Reynolds, and Howard voted to fight. Sickles and Couch voted to withdraw ; Couch actually favored attack, but lacked confidence in Hooker 's leadership. Slocum did not arrive until after the vote, and Sedgwick had already withdrawn from the battlefield. Jump up ^ Sears, p. 309 ; Eicher, p. 476. Jump up ^ Gallagher, p. 52. Jump up ^ Dupuy, p. 261. Jump up ^ Smith, p. 127. Jump up ^ Smith, p. 120. Jump up ^ Krick, p. 9. Jump up ^ Esposito, text for map 91 ; Foote, p. 315 ; Hebert, p. 199. ^ Jump up to : Sears, p. 504. ^ Jump up to : Sears, p. 505. Jump up ^ Six Months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln by Carpenter, Francis Bicknell, 1830 -- 1900. Published 1866, pages 219 -- 221 Jump up ^ Hebert, pp. 231, 235, 245 ; Sears, p. 433 ; Eicher, pp. 489, 523 ; Furgurson, p. 332 ; Krick, pp. 127, 203 ; Cullen, p. 50. Jump up ^ Eicher, pp. 489 ; Cullen, pp. 49 -- 50, 69. Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ). `` National Register Information System ''. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Jump up ^ `` Virginia Landmarks Register ''. Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2013. Jump up ^ Krick, pp. 201 -- 202 ; NPS Archived May 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine... Jump up ^ `` 7 Groups Form Coalition to Save Chancellorsville '', The Civil War News, 2002 Archived January 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Soft Touch at Town of Chancellorsville Vigil Pays Off '', Fredericksburg Free - Lance Star, January 22, 2003 Jump up ^ `` Spotsy board vote brings cheers '', Fredericksburg Free - Lance Star, November 15, 2006 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) American Battlefield Trust `` Saved Land '' webpage. Accessed May 25, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Chancellorsville, '' Red Badge of Courage material, American Studies website of the University of Virginia. Jump up ^ Text of the short story References ( edit ) Alexander, Edward P. Fighting for the Confederacy : The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander. Edited by Gary W. Gallagher. Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press, 1989. ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4722 - 4. Catton, Bruce. Glory Road. Garden City, NY : Doubleday and Company, 1952. ISBN 0 - 385 - 04167 - 5. Cullen, Joseph P. `` Battle of Chancellorsville. '' In Battle Chronicles of the Civil War : 1863, edited by James M. McPherson. Connecticut : Grey Castle Press, 1989. ISBN 1 - 55905 - 027 - 6. First published in 1989 by McMillan. Dupuy, R. Ernest, Trevor N. Dupuy, and Paul F. Braim. Military Heritage of America. New York : McGraw - Hill, 1956. ISBN 0 - 8403 - 8225 - 1. Eicher, David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War. New York : Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5. Esposito, Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars. New York : Frederick A. Praeger, 1959. OCLC 5890637. The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website. Fishel, Edwin C. The Secret War for the Union : The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War. Boston : Mariner Books ( Houghton Mifflin Co. ), 1996. ISBN 0 - 395 - 90136 - 7. Foote, Shelby. The Civil War : A Narrative. Vol. 2, Fredericksburg to Meridian. New York : Random House, 1958. ISBN 0 - 394 - 49517 - 9. Freeman, Douglas S. Lee 's Lieutenants : A Study in Command. 3 vols. New York : Scribner, 1946. ISBN 0 - 684 - 85979 - 3. Furgurson, Ernest B. Chancellorsville 1863 : The Souls of the Brave. New York : Knopf, 1992. ISBN 0 - 394 - 58301 - 9. Gallagher, Gary W. The Battle of Chancellorsville. National Park Service Civil War series. Conshohocken, PA : U.S. National Park Service and Eastern National, 1995. ISBN 0 - 915992 - 87 - 6. Goolrick, William K., and the Editors of Time - Life Books. Rebels Resurgent : Fredericksburg to Chancellorsville. Alexandria, VA : Time - Life Books, 1985. ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4748 - 7. Hebert, Walter H. Fighting Joe Hooker. Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press, 1999. ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7323 - 1. Krick, Robert K. Chancellorsville -- Lee 's Greatest Victory. New York : American Heritage Publishing Co., 1990. OCLC 671280483. Livermore, Thomas L. Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America 1861 -- 65. Reprinted with errata, Dayton, OH : Morninside House, 1986. ISBN 0 - 527 - 57600 - X. First published in 1901 by Houghton Mifflin. McGowen, Stanley S. `` Battle of Chancellorsville. '' In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political, Social, and Military History, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York : W.W. Norton & Company, 2000. ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X. McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era. Oxford History of the United States. New York : Oxford University Press, 1988. ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0. Salmon, John S. The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide. Mechanicsburg, PA : Stackpole Books, 2001. ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2868 - 4. Sears, Stephen W. Chancellorsville. Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 1996. ISBN 0 - 395 - 87744 - X. Smith, Derek. The Gallant Dead : Union & Confederate Generals Killed in the Civil War. Mechanicsburg, PA : Stackpole Books, 2005. ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0132 - 8. Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Blue : Lives of the Union Commanders. Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press, 1964. ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0822 - 7. Wineman, Bradford Alexander. The Chancellorsville Campaign, January -- May 1863. Washington, DC : United States Army Center of Military History, 2013. OCLC : 847739804. National Park Service battle description CWSAC Report Update Memoirs and primary sources ( edit ) Bigelow, John. The Campaign of Chancellorsville, a Strategic and Tactical Study. New Haven : Yale University Press, 1910. OCLC 1348825. Crane, Stephen. The Red Badge of Courage. Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall, 1895. ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 435466 - 8. Dodge, Theodore A. The Campaign of Chancellorsville. Boston : J.R. Osgood & Co., 1881. OCLC 4226311. Evans, Clement A., ed. Confederate Military History : A Library of Confederate States History. 12 vols. Atlanta : Confederate Publishing Company, 1899. OCLC 833588. Tidball, John C. The Artillery Service in the War of the Rebellion, 1861 - 1865. Westholme Publishing, 2011. ISBN 978 - 1594161490. U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880 -- 1901. Further reading ( edit ) Ballard, Ted, and Billy Arthur. Chancellorsville Staff Ride : Briefing Book. Washington, DC : United States Army Center of Military History, 2002. OCLC 50210531. Mackowski, Chris, and Kristopher D. White. Chancellorsville 's Forgotten Front : The Battles of Second Fredericksburg and Salem Church, May 3, 1863. El Dorado Hills, CA : Savas Beatie, 2013. ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 136 - 8. Mackowski, Chris, and Kristopher D. White. The Last Days of Stonewall Jackson : The Mortal Wounding of the Confederacy 's Greatest Icon. Emerging Civil War Series. El Dorado Hills, CA : Savas Beatie, 2013. ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 150 - 4. Mackowski, Chris, and Kristopher D. White. That Furious Struggle : Chancellorsville and the High Tide of the Confederacy, May 1 -- 4, 1863. Emerging Civil War Series. El Dorado Hills, CA : Savas Beatie, 2014. ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 219 - 8. Parsons, Philip W. The Union Sixth Army Corps in the Chancellorsville Campaign : A Study of the Engagements of Second Fredericksburg, Salem Church, and Banks 's Ford. Jefferson, NC : McFarland & Co., 2006. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2521 - 1. Pula, James S. Under the Crescent Moon with the XI Corps in the Civil War. Vol. 1, From the Defenses of Washington to Chancellorsville, 1862 -- 1863. El Dorado Hills, CA : Savas Beatie, 2017. ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 337 - 9. External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Battle of Chancellorsville. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Chancellorsville. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park. The Battle of Chancellorsville : Battle Maps, histories, photos, and preservation news ( Civil War Trust ) Battle of Chancellorsville Virtual Tour Chancellorsville Campaign in Encyclopedia Virginia Second Battle of Fredericksburg in Encyclopedia Virginia The Brothers War : The Battle of Chancellorsville Animated Powerpoint slide presentation of campaign Animated history of the Battle of Chancellorsville C - SPAN American History TV Tour of Jackson 's Flank Attack at Chancellorsville Texts on Wikisource : Guernsey, Alfred H. ( 1879 ). `` Chancellorsville, Battle of ''. The American Cyclopædia. U.S. National Register of Historic Places in Virginia Lists by county Accomack Albemarle Alleghany Amelia Amherst Appomattox Arlington Augusta Bath Bedford Bland Botetourt Brunswick Buchanan Buckingham Campbell Caroline Carroll Charles City Charlotte Chesterfield Clarke Craig Culpeper Cumberland Dickenson Dinwiddie Essex Fairfax Fauquier Floyd Fluvanna Franklin Frederick Giles Gloucester Goochland Grayson Greene Greensville Halifax Hanover Henrico Henry Highland Isle Of Wight James City King and Queen King George King William Lancaster Lee Loudoun Louisa Lunenburg Madison Mathews Mecklenburg Middlesex Montgomery Nelson New Kent Northampton Northumberland Nottoway Orange Page Patrick Pittsylvania Powhatan Prince Edward Prince George Prince William Pulaski Rappahannock Richmond Roanoke Rockbridge Rockingham Russell Scott Shenandoah Smyth Southampton Spotsylvania Stafford Surry Sussex Tazewell Warren Washington Westmoreland Wise Wythe York Lists by city Alexandria Bristol Buena Vista Charlottesville Chesapeake Colonial Heights Covington Danville Emporia Fairfax Falls Church Franklin Fredericksburg Galax Hampton Harrisonburg Hopewell Lexington Lynchburg Manassas Manassas Park Martinsville Newport News Norfolk Norton Petersburg Poquoson ( no listings ) Portsmouth Radford Richmond Roanoke Salem Staunton Suffolk Virginia Beach Waynesboro Williamsburg Winchester Other lists Bridges National Historic Landmarks Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property Stonewall Jackson Leadership Instructor, Virginia Military Institute Colonel, Virginia Militia Stonewall Brigade Second Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia Mexican -- American War Siege of Veracruz Battle of Contreras Battle of Chapultepec Battle for Mexico City American Civil War raids and expeditions Great Train Raid of 1861 Romney Expedition American Civil War battles and campaigns First Battle of Manassas Valley Campaign Seven Days Battles Northern Virginia Campaign Maryland Campaign Battle of Fredericksburg Battle of Chancellorsville Historic items Thomas Jonathan Jackson ( sculpture ) Winchester Headquarters Stone Mountain Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar Monument Avenue `` Stonewall Jackson 's Way '' CSS Stonewall USS Stonewall USS Stonewall Jackson Related Lee -- Jackson Day Eastern Theater of the American Civil War 1861 Campaigns Chesapeake blockade ( May -- Jun ) Western Virginia ( Jun -- Dec ) Manassas ( Jul ) Carolina coast blockade ( Aug ) McClellan 's Operations ( Oct -- Dec ) Potomac blockade ( Oct -- Jan 1862 ) Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run 1862 Campaigns Burnside 's NC Expedition ( Feb -- Jun ) Jackson 's Valley ( Mar -- Jun ) Peninsula ( Mar -- Jul ) Northern Virginia ( Jul - Sep ) Maryland ( Sep ) Fredericksburg ( Nov -- Dec ) Goldsboro Expedition ( Dec ) Major battles Hampton Roads Williamsburg Seven Pines Seven Days Battles Oak Grove Beaver Dam Creek Gaines 's Mill Garnett 's & Golding 's Farm Savage 's Station White Oak Swamp Glendale Malvern Hill 2nd Bull Run Antietam Fredericksburg 1863 Campaigns Tidewater Operations ( Mar -- Apr ) Chancellorsville ( Apr -- May ) Gettysburg ( Jun -- Jul ) Bristoe ( Oct -- Nov ) Mine Run ( Nov -- Dec ) Major battles Chancellorsville Gettysburg 1864 Campaigns Valley Campaigns ( May -- Oct ) : Lynchburg, Early 's B&O Raid, Sheridan 's Campaign Operations Against Plymouth ( Apr -- May ) Bermuda Hundred ( May ) Overland ( May -- Jun ) Petersburg ( Jun -- Mar 1865 ) Major battles Wilderness Spotsylvania Court House North Anna Cold Harbor Trevilian Station 2nd Petersburg Crater 2nd Deep Bottom Globe Tavern 3rd Winchester Chaffin 's Farm Cedar Creek Boydton Plank Road 1865 Campaigns Wilmington ( Dec -- Feb ) Appomattox ( Mar -- Apr ) Major battles 2nd Fort Fisher Bentonville Fort Stedman Five Forks 3rd Petersburg Sailor 's Creek Appomattox Court House Armies James Potomac Virginia Shenandoah Northern Virginia Geography Departments Monongahela Susquehanna Landforms Cumberland Valley Gettysburg - Newark Lowlands Shenandoah Valley American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Fire - Eaters Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union ( USA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy ( CSA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major Campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson 's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan 's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond - Petersburg Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Sherman 's March Carolinas Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson 's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement ( by state or territory ) AL AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Leaders Confederate Military R.H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E.K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath U.S. Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks -- Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Savings Bank Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk - Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Racial violence Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski ( Tennessee ) Riot of 1867 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Confederate refugees Confederados Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 White League post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate monuments and memorials Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Monuments and memorials Union List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Confederate List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials List of memorials to Robert E. Lee List of memorials to Jefferson Davis Annapolis Roger B. Taney Monument Baltimore Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument Confederate Women 's Monument Roger B. Taney Monument Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument Durham, North Carolina Robert E. Lee Monument New Orleans Battle of Liberty Place Monument Jefferson Davis Monument General Beauregard Equestrian Statue Robert E. Lee Monument Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies ' memorial associations U.S. Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers ' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown 's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland When Johnny Comes Marching Home Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Municipalities and communities of Spotsylvania County, Virginia, United States County seat : Spotsylvania Courthouse CDPs Lake Wilderness Spotsylvania Courthouse Unincorporated communities Alsop Arcadia Artillery Ridge Bells Crossroad Belmont Blades Corner Brockroad Brokenburg Carters Store Chancellor Chancellorsville Chewnings Corner Cookstown Dunavant Five Mile Fork Four Mile Fork Granite Springs Lanes Corner Leavells Lewiston Margo Marye Massaponax McHenry Old Trap Olive Olivers Corner Partlow Paytes Post Oak Shady Grove Corner Snell Stubbs Thornburg Todds Tavern Wilderness ‡ Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Commonwealth of Virginia Richmond ( capital ) Topics Administrative divisions Climate Colleges and universities Colony Congressional districts Delegations Senators Representatives Environment Furniture Government History Historic Landmarks Law Homes Music People Rights Rivers Scouting Slogan Sports teams State Fair State parks Symbols Tourist attractions Transportation Tribes Seal of Virginia Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Newspapers Radio TV Politics Regions Allegheny Mountains Atlantic Coastal Plain Blue Ridge Chesapeake Bay Cumberland Mountains Delmarva Peninsula Eastern Shore Hampton Roads Middle Peninsula Northern Neck Northern Virginia Piedmont Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Shenandoah Valley South Hampton Roads Southside Southwest Virginia Tennessee Valley Tidewater Tri-Cities Virginia Peninsula Western Virginia Metro areas Blacksburg - Christiansburg - Radford Bluefield Bristol Charlottesville Danville Harrisonburg Lynchburg Martinsville Richmond Roanoke Staunton - Waynesboro Norfolk - Virginia Beach Washington - Arlington - Alexandria Winchester Counties Accomack Albemarle Alleghany Amelia Amherst Appomattox Arlington Augusta Bath Bedford Bland Botetourt Brunswick Buchanan Buckingham Campbell Caroline Carroll Charles City Charlotte Chesterfield Clarke Craig Culpeper Cumberland Dickenson Dinwiddie Essex Fairfax Fauquier Floyd Fluvanna Franklin Frederick Giles Gloucester Goochland Grayson Greene Greensville Halifax Hanover Henrico Henry Highland Isle of Wight James City King and Queen King George King William Lancaster Lee Loudoun Louisa Lunenburg Madison Mathews Mecklenburg Middlesex Montgomery Nelson New Kent Northampton Northumberland Nottoway Orange Page Patrick Pittsylvania Powhatan Prince Edward Prince George Prince William Pulaski Rappahannock Richmond Roanoke Rockbridge Rockingham Russell Scott Shenandoah Smyth Southampton Spotsylvania Stafford Surry Sussex Tazewell Warren Washington Westmoreland Wise Wythe York Independent cities Alexandria Bristol Buena Vista Charlottesville Chesapeake Colonial Heights Covington Danville Emporia Fairfax Falls Church Franklin Fredericksburg Galax Hampton Harrisonburg Hopewell Lexington Lynchburg Manassas Manassas Park Martinsville Newport News Norfolk Norton Petersburg Poquoson Portsmouth Radford Richmond Roanoke Salem Staunton Suffolk Virginia Beach Waynesboro Williamsburg Winchester Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chancellorsville&oldid=853805068 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1863 1863 in Virginia Chancellorsville Campaign Stonewall Jackson Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Confederate victories of the American Civil War Spotsylvania County in the American Civil War Battles of the American Civil War in Virginia Conflict sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia American Civil War on the National Register of Historic Places April 1863 events May 1863 events National Battlefields and Military Parks of the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018, at 02 : 35 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Battle of Chancellorsville", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chancellorsville&amp;oldid=853805068" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "significant Confederate victory. The victory, a product of Lee 's audacity and Hooker 's timid decision making, was tempered by heavy casualties, including Lt. Gen. Thomas J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson. Jackson was hit by friendly fire, requiring his left arm to be amputated ; he died of pneumonia eight days later, a loss that Lee likened to losing his right arm. Lee 's difficulty in replacing his lost men as well as his inability to prevent the Union Withdrawal effectively have led to his great victory being regarded as a Pyrrhic one. The Chancellorsville Campaign began with the crossing of the Rappahannock River by the Union army on the morning of April 27, 1863. Union cavalry under Maj. Gen. George Stoneman began a long distance raid against Lee 's supply lines at about the same time. This operation was completely ineffectual. Crossing the Rapidan River via Germanna and Ely 's Fords, the Federal infantry concentrated near Chancellorsville on April 30. Combined with the Union force facing Fredericksburg, Hooker planned a double envelopment, attacking Lee from both his front and rear. On May 1, Hooker advanced from Chancellorsville toward Lee, but the Confederate general split his army in the face of superior numbers, leaving a small force at Fredericksburg to deter Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick from advancing, while he attacked Hooker 's advance with about four - fifths of his army" ], "id": [ "12340530301826071492" ], "short_answers": [ "Union" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of tallest buildings - wikipedia List of tallest buildings The 828 - metre ( 2,717 ft ) tall Burj Khalifa in Dubai has been the tallest building since 2008. The Burj Khalifa has been classified as Megatall. The tallest buildings in 2015 This list ranks skyscrapers by height. Only buildings with continuously occupiable floors are included, thus non-building structures, including towers, are not included. ( See List of tallest buildings and structures. ) Contents 1 Ranking criteria and alternatives 2 Tallest buildings in the world ( 350 m+ ) 3 Gallery 4 Alternative measurements 4.1 Height to pinnacle ( highest point ) 4.2 Height to occupied floor 5 Buildings under construction 6 List by continent 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Ranking criteria and alternatives The international non-profit organization Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat ( CTBUH ) was formed in 1969 and announces the title of `` The World 's Tallest Building '' and sets the standards by which buildings are measured. It maintains a list of the 100 tallest completed buildings in the world. The organization currently ranks Burj Khalifa in Dubai as the tallest at 828 m ( 2,717 ft ). The CTBUH only recognizes buildings that are complete however, and some buildings included within the lists in this article are not considered finished by the CTBUH. In 1996, as a response to the dispute as to whether the Petronas Towers or the Sears Tower was taller, the council listed and ranked buildings in four categories : height to structural or architectural top ; height to floor of highest occupied floor ; height to top of roof ( removed as category in November 2009 ) ; and height to top of any part of the building. Spires are considered integral parts of the architectural design of buildings, to which changes would substantially change the appearance and design of the building, whereas antennas may be added or removed without such consequences. The Petronas Towers, with their spires, are thus ranked higher than the Willis Tower ( formerly the Sears Tower ) with its antennas, despite the Petronas Towers ' lower roofs and lower highest point. Until 1996, the world 's tallest building was defined by the height to the top of the tallest architectural element, including spires but not antennae. This led to a rivalry between the Bank of Manhattan Building and the Chrysler Building. The Bank of Manhattan Building employed only a short spire and was 282.5 m ( 927 ft ) tall and had a much higher top occupied floor ( the second category in the 1996 criteria for tallest building ). In contrast, the Chrysler Building employed a very large 38.1 m ( 125 ft ) spire secretly assembled inside the building to claim the title of world 's tallest building with a total height of 318.9 m ( 1,046 ft ), although it had a lower top occupied floor and a shorter height when both buildings ' spires were excluded. Upset by Chrysler 's victory, Shreve & Lamb, the consulting architects of the Bank of Manhattan Building, wrote a newspaper article claiming that their building was actually the tallest, since it contained the world 's highest usable floor. They pointed out that the observation deck in the Bank of Manhattan Building was nearly 30 m ( 100 ft ) above the top floor in the Chrysler Building, whose surpassing spire was strictly ornamental and inaccessible. At present, the Burj Khalifa tops the list by some margin, regardless of which criterion is applied. Tallest buildings in the World ( 350 m+ ) As of 2018, this list includes all 56 buildings ( completed and architecturally topped out ) which reach a height of 350 metres ( 1,148 ft ) or more, as assessed by their highest architectural feature. Of these, 27 ( 48 % ) are in China. Six of the last seven buildings to have held the record as ' tallest building ' are still found in the list, with the exception being the North Tower of the original World Trade Center after its destruction in the September 11 attacks of 2001. If the twin towers were still standing today they would occupy numbers 24 and 25 on the list ( or 23 and 24 since it can be assumed the rebuilt One World Trade Center would have never been built ). bold Denotes building that is or was once the tallest in the world Rank Building City Country Height ( m ) Height ( ft ) Floors Built Burj Khalifa Dubai United Arab Emirates 828 m 2,717 ft 163 Shanghai Tower Shanghai China 632 m 2,073 ft 128 2015 Abraj Al - Bait Clock Tower Mecca Saudi Arabia 601 m 1,971 ft 120 2012 Ping An Finance Centre Shenzhen China 599 m 1,965 ft 115 2017 5 Lotte World Tower Seoul South Korea 554.5 m 1,819 ft 123 2016 6 One World Trade Center New York City United States 541.3 m 1,776 ft 104 2014 7 Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre Guangzhou China 530 m 1,739 ft 111 2016 Tianjin CTF Finance Centre Tianjin China 530 m 1,739 ft 98 2018 9 China Zun Beijing China 528 m 1,732 ft 108 2018 10 Taipei 101 Taipei Taiwan 508 m 1,667 ft 101 11 Shanghai World Financial Center Shanghai China 492 m 1,614 ft 101 2008 12 International Commerce Centre Hong Kong China 484 m 1,588 ft 118 13 Lakhta Center St. Petersburg Russia 462 m 1,516 ft 86 2018 14 Landmark 81 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam 461.2 m 1,513 ft 81 2018 15 Changsha IFS Tower T1 Changsha China 452.1 m 1,483 ft 88 2017 16 Petronas Tower 1 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 451.9 m 1,483 ft 88 1998 Petronas Tower 2 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 451.9 m 1,483 ft 88 1998 18 Zifeng Tower Nanjing China 450 m 1,476 ft 89 Suzhou IFS Suzhou China 450 m 1,476 ft 92 2017 20 The Exchange 106 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 445.5 m 1,461 ft 96 2018 21 Willis Tower ( formerly the Sears Tower ) Chicago United States 442.1 m 1,450 ft 108 22 KK100 Shenzhen China 442 m 1,449 ft 100 2011 23 Guangzhou International Finance Center Guangzhou China 440 m 1,440 ft 103 24 Wuhan Center Wuhan China 438 m 1,437 ft 88 2016 25 432 Park Avenue New York City United States 425.5 m 1,396 ft 88 2015 26 Marina 101 Dubai United Arab Emirates 425 m 1,394 ft 101 2015 27 Trump International Hotel and Tower Chicago United States 423.2 m 1,388 ft 98 2009 28 Jin Mao Tower Shanghai China 421 m 1,380 ft 88 1999 29 Princess Tower Dubai United Arab Emirates 414 m 1,358 ft 101 2012 30 Al Hamra Tower Kuwait City Kuwait 413 m 1,354 ft 80 2011 31 Two International Finance Centre Hong Kong China 412 m 1,352 ft 88 2003 32 China Resources Headquarters Shenzhen China 392.5 m 1,288 ft 67 2017 33 23 Marina Dubai United Arab Emirates 392.4 m 1,287 ft 89 2012 34 CITIC Plaza Guangzhou China 390.2 m 1,280 ft 80 35 Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1 Shenzhen China 388.1 m 1,273 ft 80 2017 36 30 Hudson Yards New York City United States 386.6 m 1,268 ft 73 2018 37 Capital Market Authority Headquarters Riyadh Saudi Arabia 385 m 1,263 ft 77 2016 38 Shun Hing Square Shenzhen China 384 m 1,260 ft 69 39 Eton Place Dalian Tower 1 Dalian China 383 m 1,257 ft 81 2015 40 Logan Century Center 1 Nanning China 381.3 m 1,251 ft 82 2017 41 Burj Mohammed bin Rashid Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates 381 m 1,251 ft 88 2014 42 Empire State Building New York City United States 381 m 1,250 ft 102 1931 43 Elite Residence Dubai United Arab Emirates 381 m 1,248 ft 87 2012 44 Central Plaza Hong Kong China 373.9 m 1,226 ft 78 45 Federation Tower ( East Tower ) Moscow Russia 373.7 m 1,226 ft 95 2016 46 Dalian International Trade Center Dalian China 370.2 m 1,214 ft 86 2018 47 The Address the BLVD Dubai United Arab Emirates 370 m 1,214 ft 72 2017 48 Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A Nanjing China 368.1 m 1,208 ft 76 2018 49 Bank of China Tower Hong Kong China 367 m 1,205 ft 70 50 Bank of America Tower New York City United States 365.8 m 1,200 ft 54 2009 51 Almas Tower Dubai United Arab Emirates 363 m 1,191 ft 68 2009 52 Gevora Hotel Dubai United Arab Emirates 356.3 m 1,169 ft 75 2017 53 JW Marriott Marquis Dubai Tower 1 Dubai United Arab Emirates 355 m 1,166 ft 82 2012 JW Marriott Marquis Dubai Tower 2 Dubai United Arab Emirates 355 m 1,166 ft 82 2012 55 Emirates Office Tower Dubai United Arab Emirates 355 m 1,163 ft 54 2000 56 Raffles City Chongqing T3N Chongqing China 354.5 m 1,163 ft 79 2018 57 OKO Tower - South Tower Moscow Russia 354 m 1,160 ft 85 2015 58 The Marina Torch Dubai United Arab Emirates 352 m 1,155 ft 86 2011 59 Forum 66 Tower 1 Shenyang China 350.6 m 1,150 ft 68 2015 60 The Pinnacle Guangzhou China 350.3 m 1,149 ft 60 2012 61 Hanking Center Shenzhen China 350 m 1,148 ft 73 2017 Xi An Glory International Financial Center Xi'an China 350 m 1,148 ft 75 2017 Gallery Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, is the world 's tallest building. Shanghai Tower in Shanghai, China, is the 2nd tallest building. The Abraj Al - Bait Towers in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, is the 3rd tallest building. Ping An Finance Centre, in Guangdong, China, is the 4th tallest building. Lotte World Tower in Seoul, South Korea, is the 5th tallest building. One World Trade Center in New York City, is the 6th tallest building and the tallest in the Western Hemisphere. CTF Finance Centre in Guangzhou, China, is the tied 7th tallest building. China Zun in Beijing, China, is the 9th tallest building. Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan, was the world 's tallest building from 2004 to 2010 ; it is now 10th. The Shanghai World Financial Center is the 11th tallest building. The Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, were the tallest buildings from 1998 to 2004, and are still the tallest twin buildings. Willis Tower, formerly Sears Tower, in Chicago, United States, was the tallest building from 1974 to 1998. Alternative measurements Height to pinnacle ( highest point ) Tallest buildings by pinnacle height, including all masts, poles, antennae, etc. in 2014 This measurement disregards distinctions between architectural and non-architectural extensions, and simply measures to the highest point. This measurement is useful for air traffic obstacle determinations, and is also a wholly objective measure. However, this measurement includes extensions that are easily added, removed, and modified from a building and are independent of the overall structure. This measurement only recently came into use, when the Petronas Towers passed the Sears Tower ( now called Willis Tower ) in height. The former was considered taller because its spires were considered architectural, while the latter 's antennae were not. This led to the split of definitions, with the Sears Tower claiming the lead in this and the height - to - roof ( now highest occupied floor ) categories, and with the Petronas claiming the lead in the architectural height category. bold † Denotes building with pinnacle height higher than architectural Rank Building City Country Height Floors Built Burj Khalifa † Dubai United Arab Emirates 829.8 m 2,722 ft 163 Shanghai Tower Shanghai China 632 m 2,073 ft 128 2015 Abraj Al - Bait Towers Mecca Saudi Arabia 601 m 1,971 ft 120 2012 Ping An Finance Center Shenzhen China 599 m 1,965 ft 115 2016 5 Lotte World Tower † Seoul South Korea 555.7 m 1,823 ft 123 2016 6 One World Trade Center † New York City United States 546.2 m 1,792 ft 104 2014 7 CTF Finance Centre Guangzhou China 530 m 1,739 ft 111 2016 7 Tianjin CTF Finance Centre Tianjin China 530 m 1,739 ft 98 2017 9 China Zun Beijing China 528 m 1,732 ft 108 2018 10 Willis Tower † Chicago United States 527 m 1,729 ft 108 11 Taipei 101 Taipei Taiwan 508 m 1,667 ft 101 12 Shanghai World Financial Center † Shanghai China 494.3 m 1,622 ft 101 2008 13 International Commerce Centre Hong Kong China 484 m 1,588 ft 118 14 Landmark 81 † Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam 469.5 m 1,513 ft 81 2018 15 Lakhta Center St. Petersburg Russia 462 m 1,516 ft 86 2018 16 John Hancock Center † Chicago United States 456.9 m 1,499 ft 100 1969 17 Changsha IFS Tower T1 Changsha China 452 m 1,483 ft 94 2017 18 Petronas Tower 1 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 451.9 m 1,483 ft 88 1998 18 Petronas Tower 2 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 451.9 m 1,483 ft 88 1998 20 Zifeng Tower Nanjing China 450 m 1,476 ft 89 2009 21 Suzhou IFS Suzhou China 450 m 1,476 ft 98 2017 22 The Exchange 106 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 445.5 m 1,461 ft 96 2018 23 Empire State Building † New York City United States 443.2 m 1,454 ft 102 1931 24 Kingkey 100 Shenzhen China 442 m 1,449 ft 100 2011 25 Guangzhou International Finance Center Guangzhou China 438.6 m 1,445 ft 103 2009 26 Wuhan Center Wuhan China 438 m 1,437 ft 88 2017 27 432 Park Avenue New York City United States 425.5 m 1,396 ft 85 2015 28 Marina 101 Dubai United Arab Emirates 425 m 1,394 ft 101 2017 29 Trump International Hotel and Tower Chicago United States 423.2 m 1,388 ft 96 2009 30 Jin Mao Tower Shanghai China 421 m 1,381 ft 88 1998 31 Princess Tower † Dubai United Arab Emirates 414 m 1,358 ft 101 2012 32 Al Hamra Tower Kuwait City Kuwait 412.6 m 1,354 ft 80 33 Two International Finance Centre Hong Kong China 412 m 1,352 ft 88 2003 Height to occupied floor This height is measured from the level of the lowest, significant, open - air, pedestrian entrance to the highest occupied floor within the building. Rank Building City Country Height Floors Built Burj Khalifa Dubai United Arab Emirates 584.5 m ( 1,918 ft ) 163 Shanghai Tower Shanghai China 583.4 m ( 1,914 ft ) 128 2015 Ping An Finance Center Shenzhen China 562.2 m ( 1,844 ft ) 115 2016 China Zun Beijing China 515 m ( 1,690 ft ) 108 2018 5 Lotte World Tower Seoul South Korea 497.6 m ( 1,633 ft ) 123 2016 6 CTF Finance Centre Guangzhou China 495.5 m ( 1,626 ft ) 111 2016 7 Abraj Al - Bait Towers Mecca Saudi Arabia 494.4 m ( 1,622 ft ) 120 2012 8 Shanghai World Financial Center Shanghai China 474 m ( 1,555 ft ) 101 2008 9 International Commerce Centre Hong Kong China 468.8 m ( 1,538 ft ) 118 10 Tianjin CTF Finance Centre Tianjin China 439.4 m ( 1,442 ft ) 98 2017 11 Taipei 101 Taipei Taiwan 438 m ( 1,437 ft ) 101 12 Changsha IFS Tower T1 Changsha China 437.1 m ( 1,434 ft ) 94 2017 13 KK100 Shenzhen China 427.1 m ( 1,401 ft ) 100 2011 14 Guangzhou International Finance Center Guangzhou China 415.1 m ( 1,362 ft ) 103 15 Willis Tower Chicago United States 412.7 m ( 1,354 ft ) 108 16 Suzhou IFS Suzhou China 406.4 m ( 1,333 ft ) 98 2017 Buildings under construction This is a list of buildings taller than 350 metres that are currently under construction. More than half of the buildings are located in China. Building Planned architectural height Floors Planned completion Country City Ref. Jeddah Tower 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) 167 + 2021 Saudi Arabia Jeddah Wuhan CTF Centre 648 m ( 2,126 ft ) 121 2022 China Wuhan KL118 644 m ( 2,113 ft ) 118 2024 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Rama IX Super Tower 615 m ( 2,018 ft ) 118 2021 Thailand Bangkok Baoneng Shenyang Global Financial Center 568 m ( 1,864 ft ) 114 2018 China Shenyang Evergrande IFC 1 518 m ( 1,699 ft ) 112 2021 China Hefei Central Park Tower 472 m ( 1,549 ft ) 101 2020 United States New York City Wuhan Greenland Center 472 m ( 1,549 ft ) 96? China Wuhan Chengdu Greenland Tower 468 m ( 1,535 ft ) 116 2018 China Chengdu Corporate Avenue 1 468 m ( 1,535 ft ) 99 2019 China Chongqing Riverview Plaza 436 m ( 1,430 ft ) 73 2018 China Wuhan 111 West 57th Street 435.3 m ( 1,428 ft ) 82 2019 United States New York City Akhmat Tower 435 m ( 1,427 ft ) 100 2020 Russia Grozny Diamond Tower 432 m ( 1,417 ft ) 93 2019 Saudi Arabia Jeddah Chongqing Tall Tower 431 m ( 1,414 ft ) 101? China Chongqing Haikou Tower 428 m ( 1,404 ft ) 94 2020 China Haikou Shandong IFC 428 m ( 1,404 ft ) 86 2022 China Jinan One Vanderbilt 427 m ( 1,401 ft ) 58 2021 United States New York City Dongguan International Trade Center 1 427 m ( 1,401 ft ) 88 2019 China Dongguan Skyfame Center Landmark Tower 420 m ( 1,380 ft ) 90 2021 China Nanning Haeundae LCT The Sharp Landmark Tower 411.6 m ( 1,350 ft ) 101 2019 South Korea Busan Dongfeng Plaza Landmark Tower 407 m ( 1,335 ft ) 100 2020 China Kunming Guangxi China Resources Tower 402.7 m ( 1,321 ft ) 85 2019 China Nanning Guiyang Financial Center Tower 1 401 m ( 1,316 ft ) 79 2021 China Guiyang La Maison by HDS 386.5 m ( 1,268 ft ) 105 2021 United Arab Emirates Dubai Abu Dhabi Plaza 382 m ( 1,253 ft ) 75 2019 Kazakhstan Astana Guiyang World Trade Center Landmark Tower 380 m ( 1,250 ft )? 2021 China Guiyang Shenzhen Center 375.6 m ( 1,232 ft ) 80 2019 China Shenzhen Guangdong Business Center 375.5 m ( 1,232 ft ) 60? China Guangzhou Fairmont Kuala Lumpur Tower 1 370 m ( 1,210 ft ) 78 2019 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Coronation Square Tower 1 370 m ( 1,210 ft ) 78? Malaysia Johor Bahru Xujiahui Center Tower 1 370 m ( 1,210 ft ) 70? China Shanghai Hai Tian Center Tower 2 369 m ( 1,211 ft ) 72 2021 China Qingdao 45 Broad Street 365.8 m ( 1,200 ft ) 68 2021 United States New York City VietinBank Business Center Office Tower 363.2 m ( 1,192 ft ) 70 2018 Vietnam Hanoi Wanda Vista 362.9 m ( 1,191 ft ) 93 2020 United States Chicago Three Sixty West Tower B 361.2 m ( 1,185 ft ) 90? India Mumbai Greenland Group Suzhou Center 358 m ( 1,175 ft ) 75 2018 China Suzhou Il Primo Tower 1 356 m ( 1,168 ft ) 88 2021 United Arab Emirates Dubai S Residence by Immo 356 m ( 1,168 ft ) 80 2020 United Arab Emirates Dubai Raffles City Chongqing T4N 354.5 m ( 1,163 ft ) 79 2019 China Chongqing Gezhouba International Plaza 350 m ( 1,150 ft ) 69? China Wuhan Agricultural Development Center Tower 1 350 m ( 1,150 ft )?? China Harbin List by continent The following list shows the tallest completed buildings located in each continent listed by greatest to least height ( click on name of continent for continent - specific list ) : Continent Building Height Floor count Completed Country City Asia Burj Khalifa 828 m ( 2,717 ft ) 163 United Arab Emirates Dubai North America One World Trade Center 541.3 m ( 1,776 ft ) 104 2014 United States New York City Europe Lakhta Center 462 m ( 1,516 ft ) 86 2018 Russia St. Petersburg Oceania Q1 323 m ( 1,060 ft ) 78 2005 Australia Gold Coast South America Gran Torre Santiago 300 m ( 980 ft ) 64 2012 Chile Santiago Africa Carlton Centre 225.5 m ( 740 ft ) 50 1973 South Africa Johannesburg Antarctica Long Duration Balloon ( LDB ) Payload Preparation Buildings 15 m ( 49 ft ) - 2005 Antarctica McMurdo Station See also Architecture portal Lists portal History of the world 's tallest buildings List of tallest buildings by height to roof List of tallest twin buildings and structures List of buildings with 100 floors or more List of architects of supertall buildings List of cities with the most skyscrapers List of cities with the most high - rise buildings List of future tallest buildings List of tallest buildings in Asia List of tallest buildings in Southeast Asia List of tallest buildings and structures in South Asia List of tallest buildings and structures List of largest buildings List of tallest freestanding structures List of tallest hotels List of tallest residential buildings List of tallest structures List of tallest structures by country Skyscraper Index Notes A. Destroyed buildings not included B. Topped out but not completed. References Jump up ^ `` Burj Dubai now a record 688m tall and continues to rise ''. Emaar Properties. 1 September 2008. Retrieved 1 September 2008. Jump up ^ `` The Tallest 20 in 2020 : Entering the Era of the Megatall ''. CTBUH. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` 100 tallest completed buildings in the world ''. CTBUH. Retrieved 27 April 2012. Jump up ^ Lynn S. Beedle. `` Tallest : Petronas vs. Sears Tower Controversy ''. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24. Jump up ^ `` CTBUH changes height criteria, Burj Khalifa height increases ''. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. 17 November 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2009. Jump up ^ Binders, George ( August 2006 ). 101 of the World 's Tallest Buildings. p. 102. Jump up ^ `` Tall Buildings In Numbers Vanity Height ''. Ctbuh.org. Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 21. Jump up ^ `` Most of the World 's Tallest Buildings Game the System With ' Vanity Height ' - Jenny Xie ''. The Atlantic Cities. 2013 - 09 - 09. Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 21. Jump up ^ `` China tallest building, Shanghai Tower, gets final beam ''. 3 August 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` The Skyscraper Center ''. buildingdb.ctbuh.org. Retrieved 23 September 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre : The Skyscraper Center ''. Skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 23 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Skyscraper Center ''. buildingdb.ctbuh.org. Retrieved 23 September 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Lakhta Center : The Skyscraper Center ''. Skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 23 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Skyscraper Center ''. buildingdb.ctbuh.org. Retrieved 23 September 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Princess Tower Buildings ''. Dubai / : Emporis. Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 21. Jump up ^ `` Federation Tower ''. federationtower.com/. Retrieved 10 February 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Raffles City Chongqing Complex ''. CTBUH Skyscraper Database. Jump up ^ `` Xi An Glory International Financial Center ''. CTBUH Skyscraper Database. Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Tower in Saudi Arabia Will Soon Be the World 's Tallest Building ''. Mashable.com. Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 28. Jump up ^ `` Rama IX Super Tower ''. CTBUH Skyscraper Database. Jump up ^ `` Evergrande IFC 1 ''. CTBUH Skyscraper Database. Jump up ^ `` Corporate Avenue 1 : The Skyscraper Center ''. Skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 23 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Diamond Tower ''. CTBUH Skyscraper Database. Jump up ^ `` Chongqing Tall Tower ''. CTBUH Skyscraper Database. Jump up ^ `` Shandong IFC ''. CTBUH Skyscraper Database. Jump up ^ `` One Vanderbilt ''. CTBUH Skyscraper Database. Jump up ^ `` Skyfame Center Landmark Tower ''. CTBUH Skyscraper Database. Jump up ^ `` Dongfeng Plaza Landmark Tower ''. CTBUH Skyscraper Database. Jump up ^ `` Guiyang Financial Center Tower 1 ''. CTBUH Skyscraper Database. Jump up ^ `` La Maison by HDS ''. CTBUH Skyscraper Database. Jump up ^ `` Guiyang World Trade Center Landmark Tower ''. CTBUH Skyscraper Database. Jump up ^ `` Guangdong Business Center ''. CTBUH Skyscraper Database. Jump up ^ `` Fairmont Kuala Lumpur Tower 1 ''. CTBUH Skyscraper Database. Jump up ^ `` Coronation Square Tower 1 ''. CTBUH Skyscraper Database. Jump up ^ `` Xujiahui Center Tower 1 ''. CTBUH Skyscraper Database. Jump up ^ `` Hai Tian Center Tower 2 ''. CTBUH Skyscraper Database. Jump up ^ `` Oberoi Oasis Residential Tower ; ''. CTBUH. Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 23. Jump up ^ `` Greenland Group Suzhou Center ''. The Skyscraper Center. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved October 21, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Il Primo Tower 1 ''. CTBUH Skyscraper Database. Jump up ^ `` S Residence by Immo ''. CTBUH Skyscraper Database. Jump up ^ `` Agricultural Development Center Tower 1 ''. CTBUH Skyscraper Database. Jump up ^ `` Costanera Center es oficialmente el edificio más alto de Latinoámerica ''. La Segunda. 2012 - 02 - 14. Jump up ^ Pacheco, Luis Eduardo. `` McMurdo Station, Antarctica - Stratospheric balloon launches ''. stratocat.com.ar. Retrieved 23 September 2017. Jump up ^ Jones, W. Vernon. `` Report on the Balloon Program '' Archived 2016 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine., NASA Astrophysics Subcommittee Meeting. 16 April 2013. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Skyscrapers. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat Emporis, international database and gallery of buildings Structurae, international database and gallery of structures BuildingHeights.org, alternative ranking of the world 's 1000 tallest buildings Tallest buildings and structures Buildings Overview History Skyscraper Storey By region Africa Asia Indian subcontinent Southeast Europe Balkans Baltic states Scandinavia Oceania South America Central America Latin America By country Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Cambodia Canada Chile China Colombia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Kuwait Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Macau Macedonia, Republic of Malaysia Malta Mexico Mongolia Morocco Netherlands Nigeria North Korea Norway Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Zimbabwe By other British Empire and Commonwealth European Union Lists 100 + floors Architects Buildings by height to roof Cities with most high - rise buildings Cities with most skyscrapers Churches Eastern Orthodox Mosques Early skyscrapers Educational Future Hospitals Hotels Most expensive Residential Supertall Twin buildings Voluntarily demolished Wood Structures ( of any type ) By region Africa Europe Middle East South America former Soviet Union former Yugoslavia By country Albania Algeria Australia Austria Bahrain Belgium Bulgaria Canada China Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Italy Japan Kosovo Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Romania Saudi Arabia Serbia Slovakia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan United Kingdom United States By other Commonwealth of Nations Lists 300 to 400 metres 400 to 500 metres Before the 20th century Bridges Chimneys Crosses Dams Freestanding Lighthouses Statues Towers Twin structures Related topics Additionally guyed tower Air traffic obstacle All buildings and structures Antenna height considerations Architectural engineering Construction Early skyscrapers Height restriction laws Oil platform Partially guyed tower Tower block Structural extremes Tallest Buildings Structures Bridges Chimneys Churches Orthodox Cities Dams Oil platforms Educational Freestanding Hospitals Hotels Lighthouses Residential Statues Towers Twin buildings and structures Wood Largest Buildings Churches City squares Dams Domes Hindu temples Hotels Mosques Palace Power stations hydroelectric Shopping malls Longest Buildings Bridges arched cable - stayed cantilevered continuous truss masonry arch suspension Churches Tunnels Supertall skyscrapers Current North America 3 World Trade Center 432 Park Avenue 875 North Michigan Avenue Aon Center Bank of America Plaza Bank of America Tower Chrysler Building Empire State Building Franklin Center JPMorgan Chase Tower One World Trade Center One57 Salesforce Tower The New York Times Building Trump International Hotel and Tower Two Prudential Plaza U.S. Bank Tower Wells Fargo Plaza Willis Tower Wilshire Grand Center South America Gran Torre Santiago Asia China Hong Kong 85 Sky Tower Bank of China Tower Central Plaza The Center Chang Fu Jin Mao Tower China World Trade Center Tower III Chongqing IFS T1 Chongqing World Financial Center CITIC Plaza Diwang International Fortune Center East Pacific Center Eton Place Dalian Fortune Center Gate to the East Greenland Puli Center Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre Guangzhou International Finance Center KK100 Leatop Plaza Longxi International Hotel Minsheng Bank Building Nanjing International Youth Cultural Centre Tower 1 Nina Tower Pearl River Tower Ping An Finance Centre The Pinnacle Shanghai Tower Shanghai World Financial Center Shimao International Plaza Shun Hing Square Suning Plaza 1, Wuxi Tianjin World Financial Center Wanda Plaza Wenzhou World Trade Center The Wharf Times Square White Magnolia Plaza International Commerce Centre International Finance Centre Jiangxi Nanchang Greenland Central Plaza Jin Mao Tower Wuxi Maoye City -- Marriott Hotel Zhongzhou Holdings Financial Center Zhuhai St. Regis Hotel & Office Tower Zhujiang New City Tower Zifeng Tower 23 Marina Abenobashi Terminal Building Skyscraper ( Abeno Harukas ) Abraj Al Bait The Address Downtown Dubai ADNOC Headquarters Al Hamra Tower Almas Tower Arraya Tower Aspire Tower Baiyoke Tower II Burj Al Arab Burj Khalifa Cayan Tower Elite Residence Emirates Office Tower Etihad Towers Haeundae Doosan We 've the Zenith HHHR Tower The Index Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel JW Marriott Marquis Dubai Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower Kingdom Centre Taipei 101 The Landmark Lotte World Tower MahaNakhon The Marina Torch Northeast Asia Trade Tower Ocean Heights Petronas Towers Princess Tower Rose Tower Telekom Tower Vincom Landmark 81 World Trade Center Abu Dhabi Europe City of Capitals Eurasia Federation Tower Mercury City Tower OKO Tower The Shard Australia Q1 Under construction North America 3 Hudson Boulevard 9 DeKalb Avenue 30 Hudson Yards 35 Hudson Yards 45 Broad Street 50 Hudson Yards 53W53 111 West 57th Street 125 Greenwich Street Central Park Tower Comcast Technology Center Manhattan West Tower 1 One Vanderbilt Vista Tower Asia China Baoneng Center Baoneng Shenyang Global Financial Center Changsha A9 Financial District Changsha IFS Tower T1 Chengdu Greenland Tower China Resources Centre Block A China Resources Headquarters Chongqing Corporate Avenue 1 Concord International Centre Dalian Greenland Center Dalian International Trade Center Deji Plaza Dongguan International Trade Center 1 Eye of Spring Trade Center Gemdale Gangxia Tower 1 Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower B Goldin Finance 117 Greenland Group Suzhou Center Guangxi Finance Plaza Haikou Tower Hanking Center Heartland 66 Office Tower Hon Kwok City Center Huaguoyuan Tower 1 Huaguoyuan Tower 2 Jin Wan Plaza 1 Jinan Center Financial City Logan Century Center 1 Mandarin Oriental Chengdu Nanjing Olympic Suning Tower Nanjing World Trade Center Tower 1 Ningbo Center One Shenzhen Bay Phoenix Towers Rose Rock International Finance Center Runhua Global Center 1 Shenglong Global Center Shimao Hunan Center Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1 Sino - Steel Tower South Asian Gate Spring City 66 Suning Plaza Tower 1, Zhenjiang Suzhou IFS Suzhou Zhongnan Center Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Binhai Center Tianjin Modern City Office Tower Tianjin R&F Guangdong Tower Wuhan Center Wuhan Greenland Center Xiamen International Centre Yantai Shimao No. 1 The Harbour Yuexiu Fortune Center Tower 1 India DB Crown Lokhandwala Minerva Namaste Tower Palais Royale Three Sixty West World One Saudi Arabia Capital Market Authority Headquarters Diamond Tower Jeddah Tower Lamar Towers South Korea LCT Landmark Tower LCT Residential Tower A LCT Residential Tower B Parc1 Tower UAE Address Boulevard Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower DAMAC Residenze Dubai Pearl Marina 101 Marina 106 The Skyscraper other Abu Dhabi Plaza The Exchange 106 Gate of Kuwait Gate of Taipei Iconic Tower Merdeka PNB 118 Pertamina Energy Tower Ryugyong Hotel The Stratford Residences VietinBank Business Center Office Tower Europe Lakhta Center Australia Australia 108 Construction delayed or suspended Al Quds Endowment Tower Barwa Tower Burj Al Alam Busan Lotte Town Tower Doha Tower and Convention Center Dubai Towers Doha Forum 66 India Tower JW Marriott International Finance Centre Lighthouse Tower Millennium Tower Orchid Heights Pentominium The Pinnacle Plaza Rakyat Qatar National Bank Tower Signature Tower Jakarta Skycity Square Capital Tower Tameer Commercial Tower Tour Financial Hub Center Two World Trade Center Former World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) See also Proposed supertall skyscrapers List of architects of supertall buildings Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_tallest_buildings&oldid=864982943 '' Categories : Lists of buildings and structures Lists of tallest buildings Construction records Skyscrapers Hidden categories : Skyscraper Center ID not in Wikidata Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018, at 22 : 05 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of tallest buildings", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_tallest_buildings&amp;oldid=864982943" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "in the list, with the exception being the North Tower of the original World Trade Center after its destruction in the September 11 attacks of 2001. If the twin towers were still standing today they would occupy numbers 24 and 25 on the list ( or 23 and 24 since it can be assumed the rebuilt One World Trade Center would have never been built ). bold Denotes building that is or was once the tallest in the world Rank Building City Country Height ( m ) Height ( ft ) Floors Built Burj Khalifa Dubai United Arab Emirates 828 m 2,717 ft 163 Shanghai Tower Shanghai China 632 m 2,073 ft 128 2015 Abraj Al - Bait Clock Tower Mecca Saudi Arabia 601 m 1,971 ft 120 2012 Ping An Finance Centre Shenzhen China 599 m 1,965 ft 115 2017 5 Lotte World Tower Seoul South", "the twin towers were still standing today they would occupy numbers 24 and 25 on the list ( or 23 and 24 since it can be assumed the rebuilt One World Trade Center would have never been built ). bold Denotes building that is or was once the tallest in the world Rank Building City Country Height ( m ) Height ( ft ) Floors Built Burj Khalifa Dubai United Arab Emirates 828 m 2,717 ft 163 Shanghai Tower Shanghai China 632 m 2,073 ft 128 2015 Abraj Al - Bait Clock Tower Mecca Saudi Arabia 601 m 1,971 ft 120 2012 Ping An Finance Centre Shenzhen China 599 m 1,965 ft 115 2017 5 Lotte World Tower Seoul South Korea 554.5 m 1,819 ft 123 2016 6 One World Trade Center New", "rebuilt One World Trade Center would have never been built ). bold Denotes building that is or was once the tallest in the world Rank Building City Country Height ( m ) Height ( ft ) Floors Built Burj Khalifa Dubai United Arab Emirates 828 m 2,717 ft 163 Shanghai Tower Shanghai China 632 m 2,073 ft 128 2015 Abraj Al - Bait Clock Tower Mecca Saudi Arabia 601 m 1,971 ft 120 2012 Ping An Finance Centre Shenzhen China 599 m 1,965 ft 115 2017 5 Lotte World Tower Seoul South Korea 554.5 m 1,819 ft 123 2016 6 One World Trade Center New York City United States 541.3 m 1,776 ft 104 2014 7 Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre" ], "id": [ "9171129290475944295" ], "short_answers": [ "Burj Khalifa", "Shanghai Tower", "Abraj Al-Bait Clock Tower" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Hooked on a Feeling - wikipedia Hooked on a Feeling Jump to : navigation, search For the album of the same name by Blue Swede, see Hooked on a Feeling ( album ). `` Hooked on a Feeling '' Single by B.J. Thomas from the album On My Way B - side `` I 've Been Down This Road Before '' Released October 29, 1968 Genre Pop Length 2 : 48 Label Scepter Records Songwriter ( s ) Mark James Producer ( s ) Chips Moman B.J. Thomas singles chronology `` The Eyes of a New York Woman '' ( 1968 ) `` Hooked on a Feeling '' ( 1968 ) `` It 's Only Love '' ( 1969 ) `` The Eyes of a New York Woman '' ( 1968 ) `` Hooked on a Feeling '' ( 1968 ) `` It 's Only Love '' ( 1969 ) `` Hooked on a Feeling '' Single by Blue Swede from the album Hooked on a Feeling B - side `` Gotta Have Your Love '' Released February 1974 Format 7 '' Recorded 1973 Genre Pop rock Length 2 : 48 Label EMI Svenska Songwriter ( s ) Mark James Producer ( s ) Bengt Palmers Blue Swede singles chronology `` Hooked on a Feeling '' ( 1974 ) `` Silly Milly '' ( 1974 ) `` Hooked on a Feeling '' ( 1974 ) `` Silly Milly '' ( 1974 ) `` Hooked on a Feeling '' is a 1968 pop song written by Mark James and originally performed by B.J. Thomas. Thomas 's version featured the sound of the electric sitar, and reached number five in 1969 on the Billboard Hot 100. It has been recorded by many other artists, including Blue Swede, whose version reached number one in the United States in 1974. The Blue Swede version made singer Björn Skifs ' `` Ooga - Chaka - Ooga - Ooga '' intro well known ( and famous in Sweden at the time ), although it had been used originally by British musician Jonathan King in his 1971 version of the song. Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Blue Swede cover 3 Chart history 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Different versions 5 In popular culture 6 References 7 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 -- 69 ) Peak position Canada RPM New Zealand ( Listener ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Cash Box Top 100 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Rank Canada 31 US Billboard Hot 100 99 Blue Swede cover ( edit ) In 1974, the Swedish pop group Blue Swede did a cover version, which included the `` ooga chaka '' introduction from Jonathan King 's 1971 cover. Their arrangement was inspired by a bootleg recording of Do You Like Worms? from the unfinished album Smile by the Beach Boys. The Blue Swede version of the song also tweaked the lyrics to avoid a drug reference. This version reached number one in the United States. Billboard ranked it as the No. 20 song for 1974. Original lyrics Blue Swede lyrics `` I got it bad for you, girl, but I do n't need a cure. I 'll just stay addicted and hope I can endure all the good love... '' `` Got a bug from you, girl, but I do n't need no cure. I just stay a victim, if I can for sure All the good love... '' Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Australia KMR Canada RPM Top Singles New Zealand ( Listener ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 31 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Rank Australia 29 Canada 27 US Billboard Hot 100 20 US Cash Box 34 Different versions ( edit ) In 1971, English musician Jonathan King recorded a cover version of the song, adding ooga chaka jungle chants. King described it as `` a reggae rhythm by male voices ''. His version reached number 23 on the UK Singles Chart in November 1971 and downloads of his original version increased both when Guardians of the Galaxy was released and again when it was shown on TV as well as when the chant was used in trailers for Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 in 2017. In 1978, a cover version by Canadian country music artist Carroll Baker peaked at number 1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart and number 15 Adult Contemporary. David Hasselhoff covered the song on his album Hooked on a Feeling in 1997. The band The Offspring sample the `` ooga chaka '' chorus in their song `` Special Delivery '', from the album, Conspiracy of One ( 2000 ). In 2013, B. J. Thomas included `` Hooked on a Feeling '' in duet with Sara Niemietz, on The Living Room Sessions. The album includes new interpretations of many of Thomas ' greatest hits, with production and instrumental arrangements by Kyle Lehning, and was released on the Wrinkled Records label. In popular culture ( edit ) Wilson Bryan Key, author of Subliminal Seduction, claimed in 1976 that the `` ooga - chaka '' chant was actually communicating the phrase `` who got sucked off? '' He credits the song 's success to this embedded phrase, though he offers no evidence for any of these claims. The song has been revived from time to time as a cultural touchstone of the 1970s, such as on the Reservoir Dogs soundtrack in 1992, and as the `` dancing baby '' song in the Ally McBeal TV show. The chorus from the song was sung by Captain Hook on `` Far, Far Away Idol '' on the Shrek 2 DVD. The 2014 feature film Guardians of the Galaxy, which featured the brass fanfare and title lyrics of the Blue Swede cover version prominently in its trailers and theatrical release, resulted in a significant spike in sales for the recording ; the film 's soundtrack reached the top of the Billboard 200 chart in August 2014. The song was also featured heavily in the teaser trailer for the 2017 sequel, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. despite not using the song in the actual film. In 2015, the Toronto Blue Jays began using the Blue Swede rendition in a commercial featuring newly acquired David Price and Troy Tulowitzki. The song is played at the Rogers Centre before the bottom of the 8th inning, similar to the usage of `` Sweet Caroline '' at games in Fenway Park in Boston. The song is also the anthem for the Northwestern University Sailing Team The song is additionally the anthem for Zahm House at the University of Notre Dame In 2016, the song 's cover, by Blue Swede, was featured in the documentary Holy Hell. The documentary is about the ' 80s West Hollywood cult Buddhafield and its manipulative and abusive leader. The song plays at the beginning as footage of members of the cult are shown outdoors reaching for the Sun in a euphoric and trance like state as the song 's refrain `` I 'm hooked on a feeling, I 'm high on believing '' plays on. In the spring of 2017, this song titled as Feelin ' Hooked is featured on the Telus Mobility television commercial in Canada. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BJ Thomas ''. Credits. AllMusic. Retrieved 6 August 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Blue Swede ''. Hooked on a Feeling. AllMusic. 1974. Retrieved 6 August 2013. Jump up ^ `` What does ' Ooga Chaka ' mean in these two songs? - Quora ''. www.quora.com. Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener ''. www.flavourofnz.co.nz. Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada ''. Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1969 / Top 100 Songs of 1969 ''. Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02. Jump up ^ Lewis, Randy ( April 24, 2014 ). `` Stagecoach 2010 : B.J. Thomas, hooked on Brian Wilson ''. The Los Angeles Times. Jump up ^ Sakamoto, John ( 22 August 2014 ). `` A brief history of ' ouga chaka ' ''. Toronto Star. Retrieved 22 August 2014. Jump up ^ Kent, David ( 1993 ). Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992. St Ives, N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6. Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada ''. Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1974 - 04 - 20. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ ( Flavour of New Zealand, 1 June 1974 ) Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel ( 1993 ). Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993. Record Research. p. 30. Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel ( 1993 ). Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993. Record Research. p. 30. Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, April 6, 1974 Jump up ^ `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) ''. Australian-charts.com. Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 20. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 07. Jump up ^ Canada, Library and Archives ( July 13, 2017 ). `` Image : RPM Weekly ''. Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles, December 28, 1974 Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred ( May 30, 1998 ). `` ' Chaka ' Can and ' Honestly ' Does ''. Billboard. New York. Retrieved September 14, 2014. Jump up ^ https://img.discogs.com/Z31eLoL364rf2vWrstgbwXSFsQo=/fit-in/300x300/filters:strip_icc():format(jpeg):mode_rgb():quality(40)/discogs-images/R-4693264-1451471138-3319.jpeg.jpg Jump up ^ `` RPM Country Singles for December 23, 1978 ''. RPM. Retrieved 15 March 2011. Jump up ^ Canada, Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ). `` Image : RPM Weekly ''. Jump up ^ `` David Hasselhoff Hooked on a Feeling ''. AllMusic. 1999. Retrieved 6 August 2013. Jump up ^ Jonas, Liana ( 2000 ). `` The Offspring Conspiracy of One ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 6 August 2013. Jump up ^ Lousararian, Lori ( 18 June 2013 ). `` B.J. Thomas to Duet With Sara Niemietz On `` Hooked On A Feeling '' At The Grand Ole Opry ``. The Living Room Sessions. Wrinkled Records. Archived from the original on 20 July 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013. Jump up ^ Thomas Erlewine, Stephen. `` The Living Room Sessions ''. Review. AllMusic. Retrieved 20 July 2013. Jump up ^ Key, Wilson Bryan ( 1976 ). Media Sexploitation. Prentice - Hall. pp. 116 -- 117. ISBN 0135730066. Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas ( 1992 ). `` Reservoir Dogs ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 6 August 2013. Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas ( 1998 ). `` Songs from Ally McBeal ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 21 February 2014. Jump up ^ Ashurst, Sam ( February 19, 2014 ). `` Guardians Of The Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Star Lord 's Walkman ''. Total Film. Archived from the original on February 19, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2014. Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith ( 20 February 2014 ). `` Blue Swede 's ' Hooked On a Feeling ' Sales Soar Thanks To ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Trailer ''. Billboard.com. Retrieved 3 August 2014. Jump up ^ Wood, Mikael ( August 13, 2014 ). `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' soundtrack shoots to No. 1 on Billboard 200 ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 19, 2014. Jump up ^ Anderton, Ethan ( October 19, 2016 ). `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Teaser Trailer Is Hooked On A Feeling Again ''. / Film. Archived from the original on October 23, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2016. Jump up ^ Dornbush, Jonathon ( 19 April 2017 ). `` Guardians of the Galaxy Awesome Mix Vol. 2 Tracklist Revealed, Release Date Announced ''. Jump up ^ `` Toronto Blue Jays : hooked on a feeling commercial ''. YouTube. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02. Jump up ^ `` DARK SIDE OF THE POWER OF BELIEF IS BROUGHT TO LIGHT IN `` HOLY HELL '' '' Retrieved September 5, 2016. Jump up ^ Feelin ' Hooked YouTube video from Telus April 2017 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Song Facts Preceded by `` Sunshine on My Shoulders '' by John Denver Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Blue Swede version ) April 6, 1974 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Bennie and the Jets '' by Elton John Preceded by `` That 's What You Do to Me '' by Charly McClain RPM Country Tracks number - one single ( Carroll Baker version ) December 23, 1978 - December 30, 1978 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` Burgers and Fries '' by Charley Pride B.J. Thomas Albums On My Way Longhorns & Londonbridges Reunion You Gave Me Love ( When Nobody Gave Me a Prayer ) Love Shines The Living Room Sessions Singles `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` Hooked on a Feeling '' `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' `` I Just Ca n't Help Believing '' `` Most of All '' `` Long Ago Tomorrow '' `` Rock and Roll Lullaby '' `` ( Hey Wo n't You Play ) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song '' `` Do n't Worry Baby '' `` I Recall a Gypsy Woman '' `` Whatever Happened to Old - Fashioned Love '' `` New Looks from an Old Lover '' `` Two Car Garage '' `` Night Life '' `` As Long As We Got Each Other '' Book : B.J. Thomas Carroll Baker Notable singles `` It 's Late ( And I Have to Go ) '' `` I 've Never Been This Far Before '' `` The Hungry Fire of Love '' `` One Night of Cheatin ' '' `` Tonight with Love '' `` Why I Had to Pass This Way '' `` It 's My Party '' `` The Morning After Baby Let Me Down '' `` I Might as Well Believe ( I 'll Live Forever ) '' `` Portrait in the Window '' `` Hooked on a Feeling '' `` I 'm Getting High Remembering '' `` Hollywood Love '' `` Still Falling in Love '' `` I 'm So Excited '' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' `` It 's Only Make Believe '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hooked_on_a_Feeling&oldid=801330817 '' Categories : 1968 singles 1974 singles B.J. Thomas songs Blue Swede songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Carroll Baker songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Mark James ( songwriter ) 1968 songs Scepter Records singles EMI Records singles Debut singles Song recordings produced by Chips Moman 1971 singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Magyar Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017, at 01 : 37. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Hooked on a Feeling", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Hooked_on_a_Feeling&amp;oldid=801330817" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "6490545927715653386" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of Grounded for Life characters - wikipedia List of Grounded for Life characters Jump to : navigation, search This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Back row : Walt, Claudia, Sean, Lily, Eddie ; Front row : Jimmy, Henry The Following is a list of characters from the sitcom Grounded for Life. Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 1.1 Sean Finnerty 1.2 Claudia Finnerty 1.3 Eddie Finnerty 1.4 Lily Finnerty 1.5 James / Jimmy Finnerty 1.6 Henry Finnerty 1.7 Brad O'Keefe 1.8 Walt Finnerty 1.9 Rose / Gracie Finnerty 2 References 3 External links Characters ( edit ) Sean Finnerty ( edit ) Sean Finnerty Grounded for Life character First appearance Lily B. Goode Last appearance Hello, Goodbye Information Nickname ( s ) Seany, Cappy Gender Male Occupation Subway Engineer, Bartender Family Walt Finnerty ( father ) Eddie Finnerty ( brother ) Spouse ( s ) Claudia Bustamante Children Lily Finnerty ( daughter ) Jimmy Finnerty ( son ) Henry Finnerty ( son ) Rose / Gracie Finnerty ( daughter ) Sean Finnerty ( Donal Logue ) - Initially in the city lines as a laborer. In the later seasons, he owns and operates The Red Boot Bar with his brother Eddie. A Red Boot Pub dartboard can be found in the Finnerty household in the livingroom. Father of three ( later four ) kids, Sean also deals with his judgmental father, his irresponsible brother, and the head nun / principal at his children 's school, Sister Helen. Sean is often getting into trouble with his irresponsible brother. His nickname for Claudia is baby. In many episodes he is depicted as a hothead and he has a lot of difficulty parenting, on account of the fact that he was only eighteen when Lily was born. He is also shown in many episodes to be a skilled guitar player, with him and Eddie having been in a band together in their youth. Claudia Finnerty ( edit ) Claudia Finnerty Grounded for Life character First appearance Lily B. Goode Last appearance Hello, Goodbye Information Nickname ( s ) Claud, Baby ( by Sean ) Gender Female Occupation Restaurant hostess Family Tony Bustamante ( father ) Spouse ( s ) Sean Finnerty Children Lily Finnerty ( daughter ) Jimmy Finnerty ( son ) Henry Finnerty ( son ) Rose / Gracie Finnerty ( daughter ) Relatives Sal Bustamante ( uncle ) Claudia Finnerty ( née Bustamante ) ( Megyn Price ) - Claudia got pregnant with Lily in high school and ended up marrying Lilly 's father, Sean Finnerty. She has a job as a hostess at a SoHo restaurant and in later seasons takes classes at Wadsworth College. She is often underappreciated, but is able to make that known. She and Sean 's brother, Eddie, run into many conflicts throughout the series. At the beginning of the fifth season, Sean impregnates her again and she gives birth to a girl named Rose in the finale. She seems to be more understanding and forgiving of Lily 's mistakes and is generally more level - headed than Sean throughout the series. She is of partial Italian descent. She is also depicted as an extremely attractive character. Eddie Finnerty ( edit ) Eddie Finnerty Grounded for Life character First appearance Lily B. Goode Last appearance Hello, Goodbye Information Gender Male Occupation Bartender Family Walt Finnerty ( father ) Sean Finnerty ( brother ) Relatives Claudia Finnerty ( sister - in - law ) Lily Finnerty ( niece ) Jimmy Finnerty ( nephew ) Henry Finnerty ( nephew ) Rose / Gracie Finnerty ( niece ) Eddie Finnerty ( Kevin Corrigan ) - Eddie is Sean 's younger brother, he is carefree and often gets himself trouble. He is always in the Finnerty house eating their food and watching their TV. Claudia and Sean once put him out of their home after discovering he filmed a porn film in the house. When he started work at the Red Boot Pub, he planned to burn it down for the insurance money. It is implied throughout the series that he is involved in illegal activity. Lily Finnerty ( edit ) Lily Finnerty Grounded for Life character First appearance Lily B. Goode Last appearance Hello, Goodbye Information Nickname ( s ) Lillipop, Lilipad Gender Female Family Sean Finnerty ( father ) Claudia Finnerty ( mother ) Jimmy Finnerty ( brother ) Henry Finnerty ( brother ) Rose / Gracie Finnerty ( sister ) Relatives Walt Finnerty ( grandfather ) Tony Bustamante ( grandfather ) Eddie Finnerty ( uncle ) Sal Bustamante ( greatuncle ) Lily Finnerty ( Lynsey Bartilson ) ( 14 -- 18 years old ) - The airheaded selfish teenager who is often at odds with her parents. She usually blames her parents for all her problems mostly on the grounds that they had her so young, and that her mom is still attractive. Although she first finds him annoying, she later falls in love with her next door neighbor, Brad O'Keefe, and they have an on - again, off - again relationship. Lily meets a boy named Dean in the episode Bang on the Drum and begins to date him from then to the eleventh episode of season three in which she gets together with Brad on Lily 's sixteenth birthday. They continue to date throughout the rest of the show, and their relationship, and its problems, are often central points of the episodes. Throughout the series, it is shown that she loves to dance. James / Jimmy Finnerty ( edit ) Jimmy Finnerty Grounded for Life character First appearance Lily B. Goode Last appearance Hello, Goodbye Information Nickname ( s ) Jimmy, Jim Gender male Family Sean Finnerty ( father ) Claudia Finnerty ( mother ) Lily Finnerty ( sister ) Henry Finnerty ( brother ) Rose / Gracie Finnerty ( sister ) Relatives Walt Finnerty ( grandfather ) Tony Bustamonte ( grandfather ) Eddie Finnerty ( uncle ) Sal Bustamonte ( great - uncle ) James Francis `` Jimmy '' Finnerty ( Griffin Frazen ) ( 11 -- 15 years old ) - The black sheep of the family, Jimmy 's choices are not always accepted by his parents ( such as choosing to become a vegetarian ). Thus, he often confides in his Uncle Eddie. Many comparisons are made between the two characters on the show, most notably in the third season episode Who Are You? where he pretends to shoplift in a desperate grab for attention. The reason he gets so little attention is that unlike his siblings he causes the least trouble. He is arguably the most sensible and intelligent of the characters. Henry Finnerty ( edit ) Henry Finnerty Grounded for Life character First appearance Lily B. Goode Last appearance Space Camp Oddity Information Gender Male Family Sean Finnerty ( father ) Claudia Finnerty ( mother ) Lily Finnerty ( sister ) Jimmy Finnerty ( brother ) Rose / Gracie Finnerty ( sister ) Relatives Walt Finnerty ( grandfather ) Tony Bustamante ( grandfather ) Eddie Finnerty ( uncle ) Sal Bustamante ( great - uncle ) Henry Finnerty ( Jake Burbage ) ( 8 -- 12 years old ) - The youngest son of the family, Henry, disappeared at the beginning of the fifth season when actor Jake Burbage left to move back east with his family. He is actually never seen during the fifth season, but he is, however, mentioned several times, notably in the episode `` Hello, Goodbye '' when Claudia says to Walt that Henry is ``... around here someplace, ''. ( 1 ) Henry is named to be a `` loose cannon '', often getting himself into trouble for being extremely impressionable and curious. Brad O'Keefe ( edit ) Bradley ' Brad ' O'Keefe Grounded for Life character First appearance Lily B. Goode Last appearance Hello, Goodbye Information Gender Male Family Dan O'Keefe ( father ) Connie O'Keefe ( mother ) Bradley ' Brad ' O'Keefe ( Bret Harrison ) ( 14 -- 18 years old ) - The sweet, smart but socially inept neighbor, who later becomes Lily 's boyfriend at the end of the third season. He is a science nerd and is part of the school club `` Sciencenauts ''. Walt Finnerty ( edit ) Walt Finnerty Grounded for Life character First appearance Lily B. Goode Last appearance Hello, Goodbye Information Gender Male Family Sean Finnerty ( son ) Eddie Finnerty ( son ) Relatives Lily Finnerty ( granddaughter ) Jimmy Finnerty ( grandson ) Henry Finnerty ( grandson ) Rose / Gracie Finnerty ( granddaughter ) Walt Finnerty ( Richard Riehle ) is Sean and Eddie 's father. He 's a widower and often comes to the house or the bar to see his kids and grandkids. He 's very judgmental, especially of his own sons and is shown to be all but the ideal father and lacks in parental skills ( scaring his children when they were young or making his two grandsons dig a deep hole for no reason ). Rose / Gracie Finnerty ( edit ) Rose / Gracie Finnerty Grounded for Life character First appearance Hello, Goodbye Last appearance Hello, Goodbye Information Gender Female Family Sean Finnerty ( father ) Claudia Finnerty ( mother ) Lily Finnerty ( sister ) Jimmy Finnerty ( brother ) Henry Finnerty ( brother ) Rose / Gracie Finnerty - The series finale ends with Claudia giving birth to Rose who they later rename Gracie after many wrongfully believe to be named after a certain movie character, bringing the number of Finnerty children to four at the end of the series. She was born on Lily 's high school graduation day, in June 2005. References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Grounded for Life characters at groundedforlifeshrine.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Grounded_for_Life_characters&oldid=823934517 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television characters Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from November 2010 All articles lacking sources Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018, at 09 : 12. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of Grounded for Life characters", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Grounded_for_Life_characters&amp;oldid=823934517" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Jimmy Finnerty ( brother ) Rose / Gracie Finnerty ( sister ) Relatives Walt Finnerty ( grandfather ) Tony Bustamante ( grandfather ) Eddie Finnerty ( uncle ) Sal Bustamante ( great - uncle ) Henry Finnerty ( Jake Burbage ) ( 8 -- 12 years old ) - The youngest son of the family, Henry, disappeared at the beginning of the fifth season when actor Jake Burbage left to move back east with his family. He is actually never seen during the fifth season, but he is, however, mentioned several times, notably in the episode `` Hello, Goodbye '' when Claudia says to Walt that Henry is ``... around here someplace, ''. ( 1 ) Henry is named to be a `` loose cannon '', often getting himself into trouble for being extremely impressionable and curious. Brad O'Keefe ( edit ) Bradley ' Brad ' O'Keefe Grounded for Life character First appearance Lily B. Goode Last appearance Hello, Goodbye Information Gender Male Family Dan O'Keefe ( father ) Connie O'Keefe ( mother ) Bradley ' Brad ' O'Keefe ( Bret Harrison ) ( 14 -- 18 years old ) - The sweet" ], "id": [ "3180384113430060774" ], "short_answers": [ "around here someplace" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of rivers of India - wikipedia List of rivers of India Jump to : navigation, search This is a List of rivers of India starting with the Bay of Bengal west moving along the Indian coast southward to Kanyakumari, then northward along the Arabian Sea. Tributary rivers are listed hierarchically in upstream order : the lower in the list, the more upstream. The biggest major rivers of India are : flowing into the Bay of Bengal : Brahmaputra, Kaveri, Ganga ( with its main tributaries Ramganga, Kali or Sharda, Gomti, Yamuna, Chambal, Betwa, Ken, Tons, Ghaghara, Gandaki, Burhi Gandak, Koshi, Mahananda, Tamsa, Son, Bagmati ), Meghna, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna ( and their main tributaries ) flowing into the Arabian Sea : Narmada, Tapi, Sabarmati The remaining rivers are as follows : Flowing into the Inner part of Coastal rivers. Contents ( hide ) 1 Rivers flowing into Bay of Bengal 1.1 Meghna River Basin 1.2 Brahmaputra River Basin 1.3 Ganges River Basin 1.4 West Bengal Coastal 1.5 Odisha Coastal 1.6 Godavari River Basin 1.7 Krishna River Basin 1.8 Penner River Basin 1.9 Kaveri River Basin 1.10 Tamil Nadu Coastal Rivers 2 Rivers flowing into Arabian Sea 2.1 Karnataka Coastal Rivers 2.2 Kerala Coastal Rivers 2.3 Coastal rivers of Goa 2.4 Maharashtra Coastal Rivers 2.5 Tapi River Basin 2.6 Narmada River Basin 2.7 Mahi River Basin 2.8 Sabarmati River Basin 2.9 Indus River Basin 3 Rivers flowing into inner part of India 4 Alphabetical list 4.1 A - D 4.2 E - H 4.3 I - L 4.4 M - P 4.5 Q - T 4.6 U - W 4.7 X - Z 5 Unsorted list by Tributary 6 See also 7 References Rivers flowing into Bay of Bengal ( edit ) Karnaphuli River from Mizoram and Bangladesh Meghna River Basin ( edit ) The Meghna - Surma - Barak River System is located in India and Bangladesh. Meghna River ( in Bangladesh ) Padma River ( main Ganges Dhaleshwari River Dakatia River Gumti River Feni River ( Old ) Brahmaputra River ( in Bangladesh ) Titas River, also called the Haora River Surma River Kangsha River Someshwari River Kushiyara River Manu River Barak River Tuivai River Irang River Brahmaputra River Basin ( edit ) Brahmaputra River, called Jamuna River in Bangladesh Bhugdoi River ( or Bhogdoi ), also called Gelabill ( previously called Desoi ) Kakodonga River Dhansiri River Mora Dhansiri River Dharla River ( Bangladesh ) Jaldhaka ( India ) Dibang River Dikhou River ( or Dikhu ) Namdang River Dihing River, also called Burhidihing, Buri Dihing, and Noa Dihing in its earlier course through Namdapha National Park Tirap River Namphuk River Disang River Dorika River Kameng River, also called Jia Bhoreli ( previously called Bhareli ) Kopili River Kolong River Lohit River ( or Luhit ) Manas River Pagladiya River River Diphlu River Mora Diphlu Sankosh ( also Sankhosh ) Raidāk River Subansiri River Teesta River ( also Tista ) Rangeet River Lachen River Lachung River Torsa River ( also Torsha ), called Kaljani in Bangladesh Ghargharia River Buri Torsa Upriver of the Dibang the Brahmaputra is known as the Dihang River and, China, the Yarlung Tsangpo River Yamuna Ganges River Basin ( edit ) Map of the Ganges ( orange ), Brahmaputra ( violet ), and Meghna ( green ) drainage basins. Yamuna River drainage basin map. Ganges River Hooghly River ( distributary ) Damodar River Barakar River Jahanavi river It is named as jahanvi in Sultanganj, Bihar Jalangi River River Churni Ichamati River Rupnarayan River Ajay River Mayurakshi River Dwarakeswar River Mundeswari River Meghna River ( distributary ) Padma River ( distributary ) Punarbhaba River Atrai River Mahananda River Kosi River Bagmati River Bhurhi Gandak River Phalgu Gandaki River ( also Gandak, known as Narayani in Nepal ) Son River North Koel River Amanat River Rihand River Gopad River Goini River Neur River Banas River Johilla River Ghaghara River ( sometimes spelled Gogra ), called Karnali River in Nepal West Rapti River Rohni River Sarda River ( also known as Chauka ), called Mahakali in Nepal, also known as the Kali River along the India -- Nepal border Ladhiya River Sarayu River, or Sarju River Gori Ganga River ( or Goriganga ) Darma River ( also Dhauliganga, Darmaganga ) Gomati River ( also spelled Gomti ) Sarayan River Kathna River Yamuna River Ban Ganga River Ken River Betwa River Dhasan River Halali River Kaliasote River Sindh River Kwari River Hindon River, Ghaziabad in western Uttar Pradesh Karban River, Agra region Uttar Pradesh Pahuj River in Bhind District Madhya Pradesh Chambal River Kuno River Banas River Berach River Bandi River Mashi River Morel River Kotari River Shipra River Ahar River Kali Sindh River Parbati River ( Madhya Pradesh ) Gambhir River Parbati River ( Rajasthan ) Ramganga River Khoh River Mandal River Alaknanda River Mandakini River Pindar River Nandakini River Dhauliganga River Rishiganga River Bhagirathi River Bhilangna River Jahnavi River West Bengal Coastal ( edit ) Subarnarekha River Kharkai River Kangsabati River Bhagirathi Hughli Thenad River Mahananda River, North Bengal Odisha Coastal ( edit ) Baitarani Bhargavi Brahmani Daya Devi Hasdeo Ib Jonk Kathajodi Koina Kuakhai Kushabhadra Mand North Karo Ong Pairi Sankh Shivnath Sondur Surubalijora South Karo South Koel Tel River Six Major Rivers Of Odisha ( AKA Gift Of Six Rivers ) Subarnarekha Budhabalanga Baitarni Brahmani Mahanadi Rushikulya Godavari River Basin ( edit ) Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, one of the widest rivers in India Godavari River in Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh states Left bank tributaries : Purna River Pranahita River Wainganga River Kanhan River Kolar River Pench River Kulbehra River Nag River Wardha River Penganga River Pedda Vagu River Indravati River Bandiya River Sabari River Right Bank Tributaries : Pravara River Manjira River Manair River Other minor tributaries : Taliperu River Kinnerasani River Darna River Sindphana River Krishna River Basin ( edit ) Krishna River originated in Mahabaleshwar at Satara District in Maharashtra & flowing through Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana Main Tributary rivers in Maharashtra are -- Right side tributary : - Koyna Venna River Varna River Panch ganga i.e. Kumbhi, Kasari, Bhogawati, Saraswati Vedganga river Tillari - Left side tributary : - Bhima Agrani Yerala Main Tributary rivers in Karnataka Varada River Tungabhadra River Tunga River Bhadra River Vedavathi River Suvarnamukhi River Veda River Avathi River Bhima River in Maharashtra and Karnataka Sina River Nira River Mula - Mutha River Mula River Mutha River Chandani River Kamini River Moshi River Ambi River Bori River Man River Bhogwati River Indrayani River Kundali River Kumandala River Ghod River Bhama River Pavna River Malaprabha River Ghataprabha River Varma River Venna River Urmodi River Koyna River in Satara district of Maharashtra state Penner River Basin ( edit ) Penner River Kaveri River Basin ( edit ) Hogenakkal Falls, on the Kaveri River. Kaveri River ( Cauvery ) Kollidam ( distributary ) Amaravati River Arkavathy River Mettur Dam Bhavani River Noyyal River Hemavati River Kabini River Lakshmana Tirtha Rive Tamil Nadu Coastal Rivers ( edit ) Thamirabarani River Palar River Vaigai River Vaippar river Vellar River Vasishta Nadi Swetha river Cooum River Adyar River Ponnaiyar River Cauvery Noyyal River Rivers flowing into Arabian sea ( edit ) Karnataka coastal rivers ( edit ) The rivers flowing through three coastal districts of Karnataka join Arabian sea. Kali River Netravati River Sharavathi River Aghanashini River Gangavalli River List of rivers of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts Kerala coastal rivers ( edit ) See also : List of rivers of Kerala The rivers flowing through three coastal districts of Kerala to join Arabian sea. Periyar River Bharathapuzha River Pamba River Chaliyar River Chandragiri River Karyangod River Coastal rivers of Goa ( edit ) Tiracol Chapora Baga Mandovi River Mandovi River, known as Mhadai in Western Ghats of Goa and Karnataka, has three sources : the Degao, the Nanevadichi Nhõi ( nhõi means river in Konkani ) and Gavali ; the last two sources go dry in summer season. The main origin of the river, in the form of a spring, even during Summer season, is at Bavtyacho Dongor hills near Degao village in Khanapur Taluka of Belgaum Dist in Karnataka State. The three streams confluence at the Kabnali village whereafter it is known as Mhadai, which has an easterly flow initially, then flows north and finally turns to the west on entering Goa. Mhadai River enters Goa between Krisnapur ( Karnataka ) and Kadval ( Goa ) villages. The tributaries of the Mhadai are the Nersa Nala, the Chapoli and Kapoli nala, the Bail Nala, the Volo Panshiro ( Karnataka ), the Suko Panshiro, the Harparo, the Nanodyachi Nhõi, the Vellsachi Nhõi, the Valpoichi Nhõi, the Ghadghadyachi Nhõi, the Valvanti / Volvot, the Divcholchi Nhõi, the Asnoddchi Nhõi, the Khandeaparchi Nhõi, the Mhapxechi Nhõi, Xinkerchi Nhõi etc. It is the longest River of Goa with a reported length of 105 km. Zuari River Sal Talpona Galgibag Maharashtra Coastal Rivers ( edit ) Shastri River Gad River Vashishti River Savitri River Kundalika River Gandhari River Patalganga River Ulhas River Thane Creek ( distributary ) Vasai Creek ( distributary ) Mithi River or Mahim River Oshiwara River Dahisar River Tansa River in Thane Vaitarna River Surya River Chenna River Terna river Tapi River Basin ( edit ) Tapi River and its tributaries Tapi River ( or Tapi ) in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat Gomai River in Nandurbar district of Maharashtra Arunavati River in Dhule district of Maharashtra Panzara River in Dhule district of Maharashtra Kaan River in Dhule district. Aner River in Jalgaon, Dhule districts Girna River in Nashik, Malegaon, Jalgaon districts Titur River in Jalgaon district Waghur River in Jalgaon, Aurangabad districts Purna River in Amravati, Akola, Buldhana, Jalgaon, Navsari districts of Gujarat, Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh Nalganga River in Buldhana district Vaan River in Buldhana, Akola, Amravati districts of Maharashtra Morna River in Akola, Washim districts Katepurna River in Akola, Washim districts Umaa River in Akola, Washim districts Sangiya River in Amravati district of Maharashtra Narmada River Basin ( edit ) The following rivers are part of the Narmada River 's basin : Tributary Bank Source elevation above MSL ( m ) Catchment area ( km2 ) Length ( km ) Kharmer Left - 557 64 Silgi Right - 531 65 Burhner Left 900 4228 177 Banjar Left 600 3282 183 Balai Right - 531 46 Temur Left 550 892 54 Gaur Right 690 1107 79.5 Soner Left - 581 51 Hiran Right 500 4795 188 Sher Left 650 2903 129 Biranjo Right - 1172 62 Shakkar Left 900 2294 161 Dudhi Left 900 1542 129 Sukhri Left - 609 39 Tendoni Right 500 1633 177 Barna River Right 450 1789 105 Tawa Left 600 6338 172 Hather Left - 645 37.5 Kolar Right 600 1348 101 Ganjal Left 700 1931 89 Sip Right - 879 45 Jamner Right 470 671 30 Chankesher Right 600 1249 30 Anjal Left - 1203 62.5 Machak Left 550 1112 87.5 Chhota Tawa Left 400 5055 169 Khari Right - 754 41 Kenar Right - 1581 62.5 Kaveri Left - 954 32.5 Choral Right - 601 55 Kharkia Left - 1099 24 Kundi Left 900 3973 120 Karan Right - 858 45 Board Left - 866 62.5 Man Right 550 1529 89 Deb Left 350 969 82.5 Uri Right - 74 Goi Left 800 1892 129 Hatni Right 350 1944 30 Orsang Right 300 3946 101 Karjan Left 200 1490 93 Mahi River Basin ( edit ) Mahi River Som River Gomati River Sabarmati River Basin ( edit ) Sabarmati River Wakal River Sei River Indus River Basin ( edit ) Map of the main rivers of the Indus Basin. Indus River ( largely in Pakistan ) Panjnad River ( Pakistan ) Sutlej River ( Northern India and Pakistan ) Beas River Parbati River ( Himachal Pradesh ) Chenab River ( largely in Pakistan ) Ravi River ( largely in Pakistan ) Jhelum River ( in Pakistan and India ) Neelum River or Kishanganga Suru River Dras River Shingo River Yapola River Zanskar River Markha River Khurna River Tsarap River Doda River Hanley River Rivers flowing into inner part of India ( edit ) Ghaggar River in Haryana, Rajasthan Musi River at Hyderabad, India Samir River, India / india Luni River at Rajasthan Bhavani River at Tamil Nadu Alphabetical list ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it.!! Indian rivers A - D ( edit ) Aarpa River Achan Kovil River Adyar River Aganashini Ahar River Ajay River Aji River Alaknanda River Amanat River Amaravathi River Arkavati River Atrai River Baitarani River Balan River Banas River Barak River Barakar River Baruna River Beas River Berach River Betwa River Bhadar River Bhadra River Bhagirathi River Bharathappuzha Bhargavi River Bhavani River Bhilangna River Bhima River Bhugdoi River Brahmaputra River Brahmani River Burhi Gandak River Cauvery River Chambal River Chenab River Cheyyar River Chaliya River Coovum River Damanganga River Devi River Daya River Damodar River Doodhna River Dhansiri River Dudhimati River Dravyavati River Surya River E - H ( edit ) Falgu River Gadananathi River Gambhir River Gandak Ganges River Gayathripuzha Ghaggar River Ghaghara River Ghataprabha Girija River Girna River Godavari River Gomti River Gunjavni River Halali River Hoogli River Hindon River Hiran River gursuti river I - L ( edit ) IB River Indus River Indravati River Indrayani River Jaldhaka Jhelum River Jayamangali River Jambhira River Kabini River Kadalundi River Kaagini River Kali River - Gujarat Kali River - Karnataka Kali River - Uttarakhand Kali River - Uttar Pradesh Kali Sindh River Kaliasote River Karmanasha Karban River Kallada River Kallayi River Kalpathipuzha Kameng River Kanhan River Kamla River Kannadipuzha Karnaphuli River Kaveri River ( Karnataka ) Kelna River Kathajodi River Kelo River Khadakpurna River Kodoor River Koel River Kolab River Kolar River ( Madhya Pradesh ) Kolar River ( Maharashtra ) Kollidam River Kosi River Kuakhai River Koyna River Krishna River Kundali River Kaushiga River Kuwanav River Kshipra River Ken River Karha River Lachen River Lachung River Lakshmana Tirtha River Luni River M - P ( edit ) Machchhu River Madira Puja Mahanadi River Mahananda River Mahakali River Mahi River Mandovi River Markanda River, Haryana Markanda River, Tamil Nadu Meenachil River Meghna River Mithi River Mula River Musi River Mutha River Muvattupuzha River Malaprabha Mani River Manorama River Moyar River Narmada River Nethravathi River Nag River Nagavali River Nirguda River Palar River Pamba River Pahuj River Pavana River Penganga River Man River Pamba River Mandakini River ( Uttarakhand ) Pallikkal Aaru River Panchganga River Panjnad River Panzara River Parambikulam River Parbati River ( Himachal Pradesh ) Parbati River ( Madhya Pradesh ) Parbati River ( Rajasthan ) Payaswini Pench River Penganga River Penner River Periyar River Phalgu Pluest River ( Poonch J&K ) Ponnaiyar River Pranhita River Punarbhaba River Purna River ( tributary of Godavari ) Purna River ( tributary of Tapti ) Q - T ( edit ) Rapti River Sutlej River suvarnamukhi river Sabarmati River Shalmali River near Sode, Sirsi, Karnataka Saravati River Shetrunji River Son river Sharda Rivaer Shimsha River ( Karnataka ) Subarnarekha River Tapi River Thamirabarani River Tangri River Thate puthra River Tungabadhra River U - W ( edit ) Vaan River Vaigai River Vamsadhara River Varuna River Vashishti River Vedavathi River Vrishabhavathi River Vishwamitri River Vaitarna Udyavara river Ulhas River Ural River Uttara Cauvery River Wainganga River Wagh River Wardha River Wehashli River X - Z ( edit ) Yagachi River ( Karnataka ) Yamuna River Zuari River Unsorted list by Tributary ( edit ) See earlier section See also ( edit ) Rivers of India Major rivers of India List of rivers in India by discharge List of dams and reservoirs in India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Integrated Water Year Book - Narmada Basin ( June 2015 - May 2016 ), p. 9 - 10. Published by Central Water Commission, Narmada Basin Organization in April 2017. Jump up ^ K. Sankaran Unni ( 1996 ). Ecology of River Narmada. APH. pp. 16 -- 17. ISBN 978 - 81 - 7024 - 765 - 4. Bhalerao, S.M., Bharatiya Sarita Kosh ( in Marathi ), ( Encyclopedia of Indian Rivers ) Vol. 1 : Scientific Information, pages 1 -- 788 + 16 pages of colour photographs ( ISBN 978 - 81 - 89959 - 50 - 0 ), Vol. 2 : Scientific Information, pages 789 - 1660 + 16 pages of colour photographs ( ISBN 978 - 81 - 89959 - 51 - 7 ), Vol. 3 : Scientific, Cultural, Historical Information, pages 1661 - 2468, + 36 pages of colour photographs ( ISBN 978 - 81 - 89959 - 52 - 4 ) Book of 60 Maps ( ISBN 978 - 81 - 89959 - 57 - 9 ), Published Nov. 2007, Diamond Publications, 1691 Sadashiv Peth, Shankar Prasad Society, Tilak Road, Pune 411 030, INDIA Geography of India Climate Climate Climatic regions Geology Fossil Parks Geology of India Indian Plate Stones Landforms Beaches Canals Desert Extreme points Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Plains Indo - Gangetic Eastern Coastal Western Coastal Regions North India Northeast India East India South India West India Central India Subdivisions Autonomous administrative divisions States and territories Districts Cities Towns Municipalities Environment Biogeographic classification Ecoregions Fauna Flora Forests Issues Protected Areas Wildlife List of rivers of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Hydrography of the Indian subcontinent Inland rivers Beas Betwa Bhagirathi Brahmaputra Chambal Chenab Damodar Godavari Gandaki Ganges Ghaghara Indus Jhelum Kali Kaveri Kosi Krishna Luni Mahanadi Mahaweli Meghna Narmada Padma Ravi Sarasvati Sankosh Sharda Son Sutlej Tapti Yamuna Inland lakes, deltas, etc. Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Indus Delta Dal Lake Pookode Lake Skeleton Lake Chilika Lake Lake Powai Borith Lake Saiful Muluk Gosaikunda Nizam Sagar Red Hills Lake Malampuzha Kerala backwaters Pulicat Lake Coastal Indian Ocean Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Mannar Laccadive Sea Palk Strait Categories Lakes of Bangladesh / India / Nepal / Pakistan Reservoirs and dams in India Rivers of Bangladesh / Bhutan / India / Nepal / Pakistan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rivers_of_India&oldid=800819623 '' Categories : Rivers of India Lists of rivers by country Lists of rivers of India Lists of landforms of India Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Español Français हिन्दी ქართული മലയാളം नेपाली नेपाल भाषा ଓଡ଼ିଆ پنجابی Simple English தமிழ் اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017, at 21 : 41. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of rivers of India", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_rivers_of_India&amp;oldid=800819623" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "5148313721157076919" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The world 's billionaires - Wikipedia The world 's billionaires Jump to : navigation, search The World 's Billionaires List of the world 's billionaires, ranked in order of net worth The net worth of the world 's billionaires increased from less than $1 trillion in 2000 to over $7 trillion in 2015 Publication details Publisher Whale Media Investments Forbes family Publication Forbes First published March 1987 Latest publication 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23, 2017 Current list details ( 2017 ) Wealthiest Bill Gates Net worth ( 1st ) US $ 86 billion Number of billionaires 2,043 Total list net worth value US $7.67 trillion Average net worth US $3.75 billion Number of women 227 Number of people aged 40 years or less 56 New members to the list 195 Forbes : The World 's Billionaires website The World 's Billionaires is an annual ranking by net worth of the world 's wealthiest billionaires compiled and published in March annually by the American business magazine Forbes. The list was first published in March 1987. The total net worth of each individual on the list is estimated, in United States dollars, based on their assets and accounting for debt. Royalty and dictators whose wealth comes from their positions are excluded from these lists. In 2017, there was a record of 2,043 people on the list, which is the first time over 2,000 people were listed, that included 195 newcomers that included 76 from China and 25 from the U.S. ; there were 56 people under 40 and it had a record of 227 women. The average net worth of the list came in at US $ 3.75 billion, down US $110 million from 2015. Added together, the total net worth for 2017 's billionaires was US $7.67 trillion, up from US $7.1 trillion in 2015. As of 2017, Microsoft founder Bill Gates has topped the list 18 of the past 23 years. According to a 2017 Oxfam report, the top eight billionaires own as much combined wealth as `` half the human race ''. Contents ( hide ) 1 Methodology 2 Annual rankings 2.1 2017 2.2 2016 2.3 2015 2.4 2014 2.5 2013 2.6 2012 2.7 2011 2.8 2010 2.9 2009 2.10 2008 2.11 2007 2.12 2006 2.13 2005 2.14 2004 2.15 2003 2.16 2002 2.17 2001 2.18 2000 2.19 Legend 3 Statistics 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Methodology Each year, Forbes employs a team of more than 50 reporters from a variety of countries to track the activity of the world 's wealthiest individuals. Preliminary surveys are sent to those who may qualify for the list. According to Forbes, they received three types of responses -- some people try to inflate their wealth, others cooperate but leave out details, and some refuse to answer any questions. Business deals are then scrutinized and estimates of valuable assets -- land, homes, vehicles, artwork, etc. -- are made. Interviews are conducted to vet the figures and improve the estimate of an individual 's holdings. Finally, positions in a publicly traded stock are priced to market on a date roughly a month before publication. Privately held companies are priced by the prevailing price - to - sales or price - to - earnings ratios. Known debt is subtracted from assets to get a final estimate of an individual 's estimated worth in United States dollars. Since stock prices fluctuate rapidly, an individual 's true wealth and ranking at the time of publication may vary from their situation when the list was compiled. Family fortunes dispersed over a large number of relatives are included only if those individuals ' holdings are worth more than a billion dollars. However, when a living individual has dispersed his or her wealth to immediate family members, it is included under a single listing provided that individual is still living. Kings, queens and dictators that have their wealth due to their role as are always excluded from these lists. Annual rankings The rankings are published annually in March, so the net worth listed are snapshots taken at that time. These lists only show the top 10 wealthiest billionaires. 2017 On the 30th anniversary of the Forbes ' list of the world 's billionaires, for the fourth year in a row, Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world. The number of billionaires increased 13 % to 2,043 from 1,810 in 2016 ; this is the biggest change in over 30 years of tracking billionaires globally. This is the first time after 12 years that Carlos Slim was not within the top five. The U.S. continues to have the most billionaires in the world, with a record of 565. China has 319 ( not including Hong Kong or Macau ), Germany has 114, and India has the fourth most with 101 ; India has reached over 100 billionaires for its first time. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $86.0 billion 61 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $75.6 billion 86 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Bezos, Jeff Jeff Bezos $72.8 billion 53 United States Amazon.com 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $71.3 billion 80 Spain Inditex, Zara 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Zuckerberg, Mark Mark Zuckerberg $56.0 billion 32 United States Facebook 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $54.5 billion 77 Mexico América Móvil, Grupo Carso 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $52.2 billion 72 United States Oracle Corporation 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch, Charles Charles Koch $48.3 billion 81 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch, David David Koch $48.3 billion 76 United States Koch Industries 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Bloomberg, Michael Michael Bloomberg $47.5 billion 75 United States Bloomberg L.P. 2016 For the third year in a row, Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by Forbes 's 2016 list of the world 's billionaires. This is the 17th time that the founder of Microsoft has claimed the top spot. Amancio Ortega rose from last year 's position of number four to second. Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway came in third for the second consecutive time, while Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim slipped down from last year 's second position to fourth. Jeff Bezos of Amazon, Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook and Michael Bloomberg of Bloomberg L.P., appear for the first time on the Forbes top 10 billionaires list, coming at fifth, sixth and eighth position, respectively. Zuckerberg became the youngest top 10 billionaire this year at the age of 31. Larry Ellison, Charles Koch and David Koch also slipped down from their last year 's positions, with Ellison dropping to seventh from fifth and the Kochs falling to ninth position from sixth, respectively. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $75.0 billion 60 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $67.0 billion 79 Spain Inditex 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $60.8 billion 85 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $50.0 billion 76 Mexico América Móvil, Grupo Carso 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Bezos, Jeff Jeff Bezos $45.2 billion 52 United States Amazon.com 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Zuckerberg, Mark Mark Zuckerberg $44.6 billion 31 United States Facebook 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $43.6 billion 71 United States Oracle Corporation 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Bloomberg, Michael Michael Bloomberg $40.0 billion 74 United States Bloomberg L.P. 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Koch, Charles Charles Koch $39.6 billion 80 United States Koch Industries 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Koch, David David Koch $39.6 billion 75 United States Koch Industries 2015 Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2015 In the 29th annual Forbes list of global billionaires, a record 1,826 billionaires were named with an aggregated net worth of $7.1 trillion compared to $6.4 trillion last year. 46 of the billionaires in this list are under the age of 40. A record number of 290 people joined the list for the first time, of whom 25 percent hail from China, which produced a world - leading 71 newcomers. The United States came in second, with 57, followed by India, with 28, and Germany, with 23. The United States has the largest number of billionaires with 526. Russia went down to 88 from 111 in 2014. Russia was placed behind China, Germany and India by the number of billionaires. Self - made billionaires made up the largest number of people on the list with 1,191 positions ( over 65 percent ) while just 230 ( under 13 percent ) have wealth through inheritance. The number of billionaires who inherited a portion but are still working to increase their fortunes is 405. Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by Forbes 's annual list of the world 's billionaires. This was the 16th time that the founder of Microsoft claimed the top spot. Carlos Slim came in second for the second consecutive time. Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway was placed third, while Amancio Ortega of Spain, slipped down a position from last year to number four. Larry Ellison, the founder of Oracle rounded off the top five. Christy Walton was the highest - ranking female at number eight. America 's Evan Spiegel, co-founder of photo messaging app Snapchat became the youngest billionaire this year at the age of 24. At age 99, David Rockefeller maintained his position as the oldest billionaire to be included in the list. Mark Zuckerberg, the founder of Facebook, rose to number 16 with $33.4 billion. Iceland had a billionaire, Thor Bjorgolfsson, in the list after a gap of five years. Guatemala had a billionaire, Mario Lopez Estrada, for the first time in its history. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $79.2 billion 59 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $77.1 billion 75 Mexico América Móvil, Telmex, Grupo Carso 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $72.7 billion 84 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $64.5 billion 78 Spain Inditex 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $54.3 billion 70 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch, Charles Charles Koch $42.9 billion 79 United States Koch Industries 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch, David David Koch $42.9 billion 74 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton, Christy Christy Walton $41.7 billion 60 United States Walmart 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Walton, Jim Jim Walton $40.6 billion 66 United States Walmart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Bettencourt, Liliane Liliane Bettencourt $40.1 billion 92 France L'Oreal 2014 Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2014 Bill Gates added $9 billion to his fortune since 2013 and topped the Forbes 2014 billionaire list. He has topped the list 15 of the previous 20 years, but his last number one ranking in 2009. Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim came in second place after being number one the previous four years. Zara founder Amancio Ortega placed third for the second consecutive year. American investor Warren Buffett was in the top five for the 20th consecutive year, placing fourth. America 's Christy Walton was the highest ranking female, placing ninth overall. Aliko Dangote of Nigeria became the first African ever to enter the top 25, with an estimated net worth of $25 billion. A total of 1,645 people made the 2014 billionaire list, representing combined wealth of $6.4 trillion. Of those, a record 268 were newcomers, surpassing 2008 's 226 newcomers. One hundred people listed in 2013 failed to make the list. The number of women on the list rose to a record 172 in 2014. Approximately 66 percent of the list was self - made, 13 percent achieved their wealth through inheritance alone, and 21 percent through a mixture of the two. The United States had 492 billionaires on the list, the most of any country. The country also had the most newcomers with 50, and women with 54. China had the second most billionaires with 152, while Russia was third with 111. Algeria, Lithuania, Tanzania, and Uganda were all represented on the list for the first time. Turkey saw the most people drop off the list, 19, due to a period of high inflation in the country. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $76.0 billion 58 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim & family $72.0 billion 74 Mexico Telmex, América Móvil, Grupo Carso 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $64.0 billion 77 Spain Inditex 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $58.2 billion 83 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $48.0 billion 70 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch, Charles Charles Koch $40.0 billion 78 United States Koch Industries 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch, David David Koch $40.0 billion 73 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Adelson, Sheldon Sheldon Adelson $38.0 billion 80 United States Las Vegas Sands 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Walton, Christy Christy Walton & family $36.7 billion 58 -- 59 United States Walmart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton, Jim Jim Walton $34.7 billion 65 United States Walmart 2013 Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2013 Carlos Slim topped the 2013 billionaire list, marking his fourth consecutive year at the top. Bill Gates remained in second, while Amancio Ortega moved up to third. Ortega 's gain of $19.5 billion was the largest of anyone on the list. Warren Buffett failed to make the top three for the first time since 2000, placing fourth. Diesel founder Renzo Rosso was among the top newcomers, debuting with an estimate net worth of $3 billion. A global rise in asset prices, led Forbes editor Randall Lane to declare `` It ( was ) a very good year to be a billionaire ''. However, it was not a good year to be Eike Batista who fell from seventh to 100th, suffering the largest net loss of anyone on the list. Overall, net gainers outnumbered net losers by 4 : 1. A record total of 1,426 people made the 2013 list, representing $5.4 trillion of assets. Of those, 442 billionaires hailed from the United States. The Asian - Pacific region had 386 billionaires and Europe 366. The list also featured a record number of newcomers, 210, representing 42 different countries. Sixty people from the 2012 list fell below a billion dollar of assets in 2013 and eight others from the 2012 list died. The Asia - Pacific region had the most drop - offs, with 29, followed by the United States with 16. The 2013 list featured 138 women, of which 50 came from the United States. A majority of the list ( 961 individuals, 67 percent ) was entirely self - made ; 184 ( 13 percent ) inherited their wealth, and 281 ( 20 percent ) achieved their fortune through a combination of inheritance and business acumen. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim & family $73.0 billion 73 Mexico Telmex, América Móvil, Grupo Carso 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $67.0 billion 57 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $57.0 billion 76 Spain Inditex Group 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $53.5 billion 82 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $43.0 billion 68 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch, Charles Charles Koch $34.0 billion 77 United States Koch Industries 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch, David David Koch $34.0 billion 72 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Ka - shing, Li Li Ka - shing $31.0 billion 84 Hong Kong Canada Cheung Kong Holdings 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Bettencourt, Liliane Liliane Bettencourt & family $30.0 billion 90 France L'Oréal 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Arnault, Bernard Bernard Arnault $29.0 billion 63 France LVMH 2012 Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2012 Carlos Slim topped the 2012 list, marking this third consecutive year at the top. Bill Gates placed second, but narrowed the gap from 2011 as Slim 's fortune fell $5 billion while Gates ' rose $5 billion. Warren Buffett remained in third place. Bernard Arnault of France was the top - ranking European on the list, placing fourth. Ricardo Salinas Pliego was the greatest gainer in terms of dollars, adding $9.2 billion to his fortune and moving up to number 37 overall. Making her debut on the list at age 27, Spanx founder Sara Blakely became the youngest self - made female billionaire ever. Colombia 's Alejandro Santo Domingo was the highest - ranked newcomer, inheriting a $9.5 billion stake in Santo Domingo Group from his father. India 's Lakshmi Mittal was the largest loser as his fortune dropped from $31.1 billion to $20.7 billion as the price of steel maker ArcelorMittal fell sharply. As a result, he failed to make the top 10 for the first time since 2004 and lost his title of richest Asian to Hong Kong 's Li Ka - shing. A record total of 1,226 people made the 2012 list, representing 58 different countries. Of those, 126 were newcomers to the list and 104 were women. The United States had the greatest number of billionaires with 425. Russia had 96 people on the list, while China had 95. Georgia, Morocco, and Peru were newly represented on the list. Falling stock prices in Asia contributed to 117 former billionaires falling from the list worldwide. Twelve others listed in 2011 died. Overall, net gainers ( 460 ) barely outnumbered net losers ( 441 ). To coincide with the release of the 2012 list, Forbes announced a new `` Billionaire Real - Time Ticker '' updating the wealth of the world 's top fifty billionaires in real time. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim & family $69.0 billion 72 Mexico Telmex, América Móvil, Grupo Carso 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $61.0 billion 56 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $44.0 billion 81 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Arnault, Bernard Bernard Arnault $41.0 billion 63 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $37.5 billion 75 Spain Inditex Group 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $36.0 billion 67 United States Oracle Corporation 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Batista, Eike Eike Batista $30.0 billion 55 Brazil EBX Group 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Stefan Persson $26.0 billion 64 Sweden H&M 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ka - shing, Li Li Ka - shing $25.5 billion 83 Hong Kong Canada Cheung Kong Holdings 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Albrecht, Karl Karl Albrecht $25.4 billion 92 Germany Aldi 2011 Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2011 In the 25th annual Forbes list of global billionaires, Carlos Slim added $20.5 billion to his fortune, the most of anyone, and retained his number one ranking with a total fortune of $74 billion. Bill Gates remained in second place with $56 billion, while Warren Buffett was third with $50 billion. The top 10 had a combined wealth of $406 billion, up from $342 billion in 2010. According to Forbes editor Kerry Dolan, `` media and technology billionaires definitely benefited from a stronger stock market and a growing enthusiasm for all things social '' since the 2010 list. However, Nigerian commodity mogul Aliko Dangote was the greatest gainer on a percentage basis as his fortune increased 557 percent to $13.5 billion. Mark Zuckerberg was one of seven Facebook - related billionaires on the list, as he $9.5 billion to his fortune to move up to 52nd. Facebook co-founder Dustin Moskovitz was the youngest person on the list. Aged 26, eight days younger than Zuckerberg, he debuted at number 420 with an estimated fortune of $2.7 billion. IKEA founder Ingvar Kamprad was the largest loser as he saw his fortune plummet from $23 billion to $6 billion, dropping him from 11th to 162nd overall. A record 1,210 billionaires made the 2011 list, representing a combined wealth of $4.5 trillion, up from $3.6 trillion the previous year. One third of the world 's billionaires, 413, came from the United States. China had the second most billionaires with 115, while Russia was third with 101. Asia moved up to 332 billionaires, passing Europe as a region for the first time since the 1990s. The 2011 list included 214 newcomers and the average net worth of those on it increased to $3.7 billion. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim & family $74.0 billion 71 Mexico Telmex, América Móvil, Grupo Carso 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $56.0 billion 55 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $50.0 billion 80 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Arnault, Bernard Bernard Arnault $41.0 billion 62 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $39.5 billion 66 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Mittal, Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $31.1 billion 60 India Arcelor Mittal 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $31.0 billion 74 Spain Inditex Group 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Batista, Eike Eike Batista $30.0 billion 53 Brazil EBX Group 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ambani, Mukesh Mukesh Ambani $27.0 billion 57 India Reliance Industries 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton, Christy Christy Walton & family $26.5 billion 55 United States Walmart Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2010 Carlos Slim narrowly eclipsed Bill Gates to top the billionaire list for the first time. Slim saw his estimated worth surge $18.5 billion to $53.5 billion as shares of America Movil rose 35 percent. Gates ' estimated wealth rose $13 billion to $53 billion, placing him second. Warren Buffett was third with $47 billion. Christy Walton was the highest - ranking woman, placing 12th overall, with an inherited fortune of $22.5 billion. At age 25, Mark Zuckerberg continued to be the world 's youngest self - made billionaire. American Isaac Perlmutter was among the newcomers with an estimated fortune of $4 billion largely acquired in his sale of Marvel Entertainment to Disney. A total of 1,011 people made the 2010 list. The United States accounted for 403 billionaires, followed by China with 89 and Russia with 62. It was the first time China, while including Hong Kong, placed second. A total of 55 countries were represented on the 2010 list, including Finland and Pakistan which claimed their first billionaires. Eighty - nine women made the list, but only 14 of them were self - made. The combined net worth of the list was $3.6 trillion, up 50 percent from 2009 's $2.4 trillion, while the average net worth was $3.5 billion. The 2010 list featured 164 re-entries and 97 true newcomers. Asia accounted for more than 100 of the new entrants. Overall, just 12 percent of the list lost wealth since 2009, and 30 people fell off the list. Thirteen others died. Of the 89 women, 12 were newcomers in 2010. Steve Forbes said the growing number of billionaires was clear sign that the world 's economy was recovering from 2009 's global financial crisis. In June 2010, Warren Buffett and Bill Gates announce The Giving Pledge that is a promise to give the majority of their wealth to philanthropy. As of 2017, the pledge has 158 signers but some of the signers have since died. Most of the signers of the pledge are billionaires, and their pledges total to over $365 billion. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim & family $53.5 billion 70 Mexico Telmex, América Móvil, Grupo Carso 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $53.0 billion 54 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $47.0 billion 79 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ambani, Mukesh Mukesh Ambani $29.0 billion 53 India Reliance Industries 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Mittal, Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $28.7 billion 60 India Arcelor Mittal 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $28.0 billion 66 United States Oracle Corporation 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Arnault, Bernard Bernard Arnault $27.5 billion 61 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Batista, Eike Eike Batista $27.0 billion 53 Brazil EBX Group 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $25.0 billion 74 Spain Inditex Group 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Albrecht, Karl Karl Albrecht $23.5 billion 90 Germany Aldi Süd 2009 In the wake of the Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008, the world 's billionaires lose $2 trillion in net worth and the list becomes 30 % smaller than the previous year 's list. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $40.0 billion 53 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $37.0 billion 78 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $35.0 billion 69 Mexico Telmex, América Móvil 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $22.5 billion 64 United States Oracle Corporation 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Kamprad, Ingvar Ingvar Kamprad $22.0 billion 83 Sweden IKEA 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Albrecht, Karl Karl Albrecht $21.5 billion 89 Germany Aldi Süd 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ambani, Mukesh Mukesh Ambani $19.5 billion 57 India Reliance Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Mittal, Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $19.3 billion 58 India Arcelor Mittal 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Albrecht, Theo Theo Albrecht $18.8 billion 87 Germany Aldi Nord, Trader Joe 's 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $18.3 billion 73 Spain Inditex Group 2008 Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg, four years after starting the company, joins the list at 23 to become the youngest self - made billionaire. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $62.0 billion 77 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $60.0 billion 68 Mexico Telmex, América Móvil 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $58.0 billion 52 United States Microsoft 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Mittal, Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $45.0 billion 57 India Arcelor Mittal 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ambani, Mukesh Mukesh Ambani $43.0 billion 50 India Reliance Industries 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ambani, Anil Anil Ambani $42.0 billion 48 India Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Kamprad, Ingvar Ingvar Kamprad $31.0 billion 81 Sweden IKEA 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Pal Singh, Kushal Kushal Pal Singh $30.0 billion 76 India DLF Group 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Deripaska, Oleg Oleg Deripaska $28.0 billion 40 Russia Rusal 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Albrecht, Karl Karl Albrecht $27.0 billion 88 Germany Aldi Süd 2007 No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $56.0 billion 51 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $52.0 billion 76 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $49.0 billion 67 Mexico Telmex, América Móvil, Grupo Carso 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ingvar Kamprad $33.0 billion 80 Sweden IKEA 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Mittal, Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $32.0 billion 56 India Arcelor Mittal 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Adelson, Sheldon Sheldon Adelson $26.5 billion 73 United States Las Vegas Sands 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Arnault, Bernard Bernard Arnault $26.0 billion 58 France LVMH 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $24.0 billion 71 Spain Inditex Group 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ka - shing, Li Li Ka - shing $23.0 billion 78 Hong Kong Canada Cheung Kong Holdings, Hutchison Whampoa 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 David Thomson $22.0 billion 49 Canada Thomson Corporation 2006 No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $52.0 billion 50 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $42.0 billion 75 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $30.0 billion 66 Mexico Telmex 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Kamprad, Ingvar Ingvar Kamprad $28.0 billion 79 Sweden IKEA 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Mittal, Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $23.5 billion 55 India Mittal Steel Company 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Allen, Paul Paul Allen $22.0 billion 53 United States Microsoft 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Arnault, Bernard Bernard Arnault $21.5 billion 57 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Al - Waleed, Prince Prince Al - Waleed $20.0 billion 49 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Thomson, Kenneth Kenneth Thomson $19.6 billion 82 Canada The Thomson Corporation 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Shing, Li Ka Li Ka Shing $18.8 billion 77 Hong Kong Canada Cheung Kong Group, Hutchison Whampoa 2005 No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $46.5 billion 49 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $44.0 billion 74 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Mittal, Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $25.0 billion 54 India Mittal Steel Company 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $23.8 billion 65 Mexico Telmex 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Al - Waleed, Prince Prince Al - Waleed $23.7 billion 49 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Kamprad, Ingvar Ingvar Kamprad $23.0 billion 79 Sweden IKEA 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Allen, Paul Paul Allen $21.0 billion 52 United States Microsoft 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Albrecht, Karl Karl Albrecht $18.5 billion 85 Germany Aldi Süd 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $18.4 billion 60 United States Oracle Corporation 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton, S. Robson S. Robson Walton $18.3 billion 61 United States Walmart The founders of Google, Sergey Brin and Larry Page, become billionaires at age 30. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $46.6 billion 48 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $42.9 billion 73 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Albrecht, Karl Karl Albrecht $23.0 billion 84 Germany Aldi Süd 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Al - Waleed, Prince Prince Al - Waleed $21.5 billion 47 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Allen, Paul Paul Allen $21.0 billion 51 United States Microsoft 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Walton, Alice Alice Walton * $20.0 billion 55 United States Wal - Mart 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton, Helen Helen Walton * $20.0 billion 84 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton, Jim Jim Walton * $20.0 billion 56 United States Wal - Mart 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Walton, John John Walton * $20.0 billion 58 United States Wal - Mart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton, S. Robson S. Robson Walton * $20.0 billion 60 United States Wal - Mart Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal - Mart. 2003 Oprah Winfrey becomes the first female African American billionaire. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $40.7 billion 47 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $30.5 billion 72 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Karl and Theo Albrecht $25.6 billion 83 Germany Aldi Süd 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Allen, Paul Paul Allen $20.1 billion 50 United States Microsoft 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Al - Waleed, Prince Prince Al - Waleed $17.7 billion 46 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $16.6 billion 58 United States Oracle Corporation 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton, Alice Alice Walton * $16.5 billion 54 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton, Helen Helen Walton * $16.5 billion 83 United States Wal - Mart 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Walton, Jim Jim Walton * $16.5 billion 55 United States Wal - Mart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton, John John Walton * $16.5 billion 57 United States Wal - Mart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton, S. Robson S. Robson Walton * $16.5 billion 59 United States Wal - Mart Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal - Mart. 2002 As a result of the market crash caused by the Dot - com bubble, 83 billionaires drop off the list from the previous year. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $52.8 billion 46 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $35.0 billion 71 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Karl and Theo Albrecht $26.8 billion 82 Germany Aldi Süd 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Allen, Paul Paul Allen $25.2 billion 49 United States Microsoft 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $23.5 billion 57 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Walton, Jim Jim Walton * $20.8 billion 54 United States Wal - Mart 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton, John John Walton * $20.7 billion 56 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton, Alice Alice Walton * $20.5 billion 53 United States Wal - Mart 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Walton, S. Robson S. Robson Walton * $20.5 billion 58 United States Wal - Mart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton, Helen Helen Walton * $20.4 billion 82 United States Wal - Mart Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal - Mart. 2001 In 2001, BET founder Robert L. Johnson became the first ever African - American billionaire. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $58.7 billion 45 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $32.3 billion 70 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Allen, Paul Paul Allen $30.4 billion 48 United States Microsoft 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $26.0 billion 56 United States Oracle Corporation 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Karl and Theo Albrecht $25.0 billion 81 Germany Aldi 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Al - Waleed, Prince Prince Al - Waleed $20.0 billion 44 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton, Jim Jim Walton * $18.8 billion 53 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton, John John Walton * $18.7 billion 55 United States Wal - Mart 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Walton, S. Robson S. Robson Walton * $18.6 billion 57 United States Wal - Mart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton, Alice Alice Walton * $18.5 billion 52 United States Wal - Mart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton, Helen Helen Walton * $18.5 billion 81 United States Wal - Mart Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal - Mart. Had he been alive in 2001, Sam Walton would have been the world 's wealthiest person. 2000 Bill Gates became the first American to take the top spot of the World 's Billionaires in 1995 with a net worth of $12.5 billion and he remained there during the Dot - com bubble 's height in 1999 when Gates ' fortune peaked at $90 billion. After the dot - com bubble started to collapse in 2000, his wealth dropped to $60 billion although he remained at the top of the list. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $60.0 billion 44 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $47.0 billion 55 United States Oracle Corporation 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Allen, Paul Paul Allen $28.0 billion 47 United States Microsoft 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $25.6 billion 69 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Karl and Theo Albrecht $20.0 billion 80 Germany Aldi Süd 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Al - Waleed, Prince Prince Al - Waleed $20.0 billion 43 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton, S. Robson S. Robson Walton $20.0 billion 57 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Son, Masayoshi Masayoshi Son $19.4 billion 43 Japan Softbank Capital, SoftBank Mobile 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Dell, Michael Michael Dell $19.1 billion 35 United States Dell 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Thomson, Kenneth Kenneth Thomson $16.1 billion 77 Canada The Thomson Corporation Legend Icon Description Has not changed from the previous ranking. Has increased from the previous ranking. Has decreased from the previous ranking. Statistics The dot - com bubble created the most paper wealth for some billionaires. However, once the dotcom bubble burst the new rich saw their fortunes disappear. Billionaires ' fortunes were hit even harder by the global financial crisis ; 2009 was the first time in five years that the world had a net loss in the number of billionaires. The strong performance of the financial markets and global economic recovery have erased financial assets losses. Most of the richest people in the world have seen their fortunes soar in the early 2010s. Number and combined net worth of billionaires by year Year Number of billionaires Group 's combined net worth 2017 2,043 $7.67 trillion 2016 1,810 $6.5 trillion 2015 1,826 $7.1 trillion 2014 1,645 $6.4 trillion 2013 1,426 $5.4 trillion 2012 1,226 $4.6 trillion 2011 1,210 $4.5 trillion 1,011 $3.6 trillion 2009 793 $2.4 trillion 2008 1,125 $4.4 trillion 2007 946 $3.5 trillion 2006 793 $2.6 trillion 2005 691 $2.2 trillion 587 $1.9 trillion 2003 476 $1.4 trillion 2002 497 $1.5 trillion 2001 538 $1.8 trillion 2000 470 $0.9 trillion $898 billion Source : Forbes. See also Bloomberg Billionaires Index List of cities by the number of billionaires List of countries by the number of US dollar billionaires List of wealthiest animals List of wealthiest families List of wealthiest historical figures List of wealthiest organizations References Specific ^ Jump up to : Kollmeyer, Barbara ( 4 March 2014 ). `` Bill Gates back on top, WhatsApp founders and more women in Forbes ' billionaire rankings ''. Market Watch, The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 5 March 2014. ^ Jump up to : Kroll, Luisa. `` Forbes 2017 billionaires list : Meet the richest people on the planet ''. Forbes. Retrieved 21 March 2017. ^ Jump up to : Gore, Leada ( 4 March 2014 ). `` Youngest, oldest and one who can body slam you : More on Forbes list of the ultra-rich ''. AL.com. Alabama Media Group. Retrieved 5 March 2014. Jump up ^ `` The World 's Billionaires List ''. Forbes. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2017. ^ Jump up to : Dolan, Kerry A. ; Kroll, Luisa ( 2 March 2015 ). `` Inside The 2015 Forbes Billionaires List : Facts And Figures ''. Forbes. Retrieved 31 May 2015. Jump up ^ Ratcliff, Anna ( 16 January 2017 ). `` Just 8 men own same wealth as half the world ''. Oxfam. Retrieved 16 January 2017. Jump up ^ Mullany, Gerry ( 16 January 2017 ). `` World 's 8 Richest Have as Much Wealth as Bottom Half of Global Population ''. New York Times. Retrieved 16 January 2017. ^ Jump up to : Dolan, Kerry A. ( 7 March 2012 ). `` Methodology : How We Crunch The Numbers ''. Forbes. Retrieved 4 January 2013. ^ Jump up to : Krastev, Nikola ( 11 March 2010 ). `` Forbes ' Rich List : Number Of New Billionaires Reflects Global Recovery ''. Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. Retrieved 25 March 2014. Jump up ^ Fortunes Of Kings, Queens And Dictators Forbes, May 5, 2006 Jump up ^ `` # 1 Bill Gates ''. Forbes. Retrieved 2 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` Amancio Ortega ''. Forbes. 27 January 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` The World 's Billionaires : Warren Buffett ''. Forbes. Retrieved 3 November 2015. Jump up ^ `` Jeff Bezos ''. Forbes. Retrieved 27 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` '' The World 's Billionaires - Mark Zuckerburg `` ''. Forbes. 1 March 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` '' The World 's Billionaires - Michael Bloomber `` ''. Forbes. 1 March 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2016. Jump up ^ Alexander, Dan ( 2 March 2015 ). `` Record 290 Newcomers Join Forbes Billionaires List, Including Michael Jordan ''. Forbes. Jump up ^ Dolan, Kerry A. `` The World 's Billionaires ''. Forbes. Retrieved 2 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` The World 's Billionaires ''. Forbes. 3 March 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` Mario Lopez Estrada ''. Forbes : The World 's Billionaires. Retrieved 19 August 2015. Jump up ^ Dolan, Kerry A. ; Kroll, Luisa ( 3 March 2014 ). `` Inside The 2014 Forbes Billionaires List : Facts And Figures ''. Forbes. Retrieved 2 June 2014. ^ Jump up to : Barber, Elizabeth ( 4 March 2014 ). `` Forbes ' richest people : number of billionaires up significantly ''. Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 4 March 2014. ^ Jump up to : Hickman, Martin ( 4 March 2013 ). `` 2013 Forbes Billionaires list : Record number of new entries appear on rich list, but Carlos Slim and Bill Gates still top the charts ''. The Independent. Retrieved 5 March 2014. ^ Jump up to : Kollmeyer, Barbara ( 4 March 2013 ). `` Forbes billionaire list 2013 : Mr. Slim wins it again ''. Market Watch, Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 5 March 2014. ^ Jump up to : Reaney, Patricia ( 4 March 2013 ). `` Factbox : Record number of billionaires make Forbes 2013 list ''. Reuters. Retrieved 5 March 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Forbes rich list 2012 : Carlos Slim tops rich list for third year ''. The Telegraph. 8 March 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2014. Jump up ^ `` Spanx creator Sara Blakely becomes youngest woman on Forbes Billionaires List ''. Fox News Channel. 8 March 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2014. ^ Jump up to : Kroll, Luisa ( 7 March 2014 ). `` Forbes World 's Billionaires 2012 ''. Forbes. Retrieved 8 March 2014. ^ Jump up to : Bates, Daniel ( 11 March 2011 ). `` Facebook 's fortunes skyrocket on Forbes billionaires list... but no one can beat Carlos Slim ''. Daily Mail. Retrieved 13 March 2014. ^ Jump up to : Georg Szalai ( 9 March 2011 ). `` Steven Spielberg, Oprah Winfrey Drop in Forbes Billionaire Ranking ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 15 March 2014. Jump up ^ Herbert, Geoff ( 10 March 2011 ). `` Forbes ' 2011 list of ' World 's Billionaires ' is biggest ever ''. Syracuse Post-Standard. Retrieved 15 March 2014. ^ Jump up to : Miller, Matthew ; Kroll, Luisa ( 10 March 2010 ). `` Bill Gates No Longer World 's Richest Man ''. Forbes. Retrieved 25 March 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` China ranks No 2 on Forbes billionaires list ''. China Daily. 11 March 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2014. Jump up ^ `` The Giving Pledge List Reaches $365 Billion ''. Insatiable Fox. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23. Jump up ^ Miller, Matthew ( 6 May 2009 ). `` The Wealthiest Black Americans ''. Forbes Magazine. Retrieved 21 September 2013. Jump up ^ `` Special Report on The New Rich ''. The Economist. 14 June 2001. Jump up ^ `` Special Report on The Rich ''. The Economist. 4 April 2009. Jump up ^ `` Global Wealth Report 2011 '' ( PDF ). The Boston Consulting Group. 31 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` World Wealth Report 2011 '' ( PDF ). Capgemini and Merrill Lynch. 22 June 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Billionaires 25th Anniversary Timeline -- Forbes ''. Forbes. Retrieved 31 May 2015. ^ Jump up to : Dolan, Kerry A. ; Kroll, Luisa ( 3 March 2014 ). `` Inside The 2014 Forbes Billionaires List : Facts And Figures ''. Forbes. Retrieved 31 May 2015. ^ Jump up to : Kroll, Luisa ( 4 March 2013 ). `` Inside The 2013 Billionaires List : Facts and Figures ''. Forbes. Retrieved 31 May 2015. General 2000 -- 2010 Top 10s : Rogers, Simon ( 11 March 2010 ). `` Forbes rich list : ten years of top tens ''. The Guardian. 2011 Top 10 : `` The World 's Billionaires 2011 ''. Forbes. 2012 Top 10 : `` Forbes rich list 2012 : top 50 ''. The Telegraph. 8 March 2012. 2013 Top 10 : Durgy, Edwin ( 4 March 2013 ). `` The World 's Richest Billionaires : Full List Of The Top 500 ''. Forbes. 2014 Top 10 : `` Forbes Releases 28th Annual World 's Billionaires Issue ''. Forbes. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014. 2015 Top 10 : `` Forbes ' 29th Annual World 's Billionaires Issue ''. Forbes. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015. External links Forbes : The World 's Billionaires ( hide ) Forbes magazine lists Companies Global 2000 People General Celebrity 100 30 Under 30 China Celebrity 100 Fictional 15 Korea Power Celebrity World 's 100 Most Powerful Women World 's Most Powerful People Richest The World 's Billionaires Forbes 400 Forbes Asia Australia 's 50 Richest Places America 's Best Colleges Sports Highest - paid athletes Most valuable sports teams Most valuable football clubs Technology Midas List ( Tech 's Top Deal Makers ) Lists of people by net worth By citizenship Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Canada China ( PRC ) Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia Mexico Monaco Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Philippines Poland Portugal Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan ( ROC ) Thailand Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Venezuela Vietnam By region Arab League South Asia South East Asia Africa Forbes lists 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Forbes 400 members In history List of wealthiest historical figures List of richest Americans in history Other Countries by the number of US dollar billionaires Forbes Fictional 15 Royals Sunday Times Rich List ( UK ) Financial Review Rich List ( Australia ) Women Extreme wealth Concepts Capital accumulation Distribution of wealth Dynastic wealth Economic inequality Geography and wealth High - net - worth individual UHNWI National wealth Oligarchy Overaccumulation Paper wealth Plutocracy Plutonomy Wealth concentration Wealth effect Wealth management Wealth and religion Wealth tax Individuals Wealthiest historical figures Wealthiest Americans Female billionaires ‎ Wealthiest families Wealthiest animals Forbes list of billionaires Lists of organizations Wealthiest organizations Companies by profit and loss Largest companies by revenue Largest financial services companies by revenue Largest manufacturing companies by revenue Public corporations by market capitalization See also Business magnate Business oligarch Upper class Nouveau riche Vieux riche The rich get richer and the poor get poorer Philanthropy The Giving Pledge The World 's Billionaires -- Top ten richest people in the world as of 20 April 2017 Bill Gates ( $86.0 B, United States ) Warren Buffett ( $75.6 B, United States ) Jeff Bezos ( $72.8 B, United States ) Amancio Ortega ( $71.3 B, Spain ) Mark Zuckerberg ( $56.0 B, United States ) Carlos Slim ( $54.5 B, Mexico ) Larry Ellison ( $52.2 B, United States ) Charles Koch ( $48.3 B, United States ) David Koch ( $48.3 B, United States ) Michael Bloomberg ( $47.5 B, United States ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_World%27s_Billionaires&oldid=809189748 '' Categories : Lists of people by wealth Forbes lists Lists of people by magazine appearance Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from April 2017 Use American English from May 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Malagasy مازِرونی Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017, at 17 : 31. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The World's Billionaires", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_World%27s_Billionaires&amp;oldid=809189748" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "this is the biggest change in over 30 years of tracking billionaires globally. This is the first time after 12 years that Carlos Slim was not within the top five. The U.S. continues to have the most billionaires in the world, with a record of 565. China has 319 ( not including Hong Kong or Macau ), Germany has 114, and India has the fourth most with 101 ; India has reached over 100 billionaires for its first time. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $86.0 billion 61 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $75.6 billion 86 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Bezos, Jeff Jeff Bezos $72.8 billion 53 United States Amazon.com 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $71.3 billion 80 Spain Inditex, Zara 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Zuckerberg, Mark Mark Zuckerberg $56.0 billion 32 United States Facebook", "the top five. The U.S. continues to have the most billionaires in the world, with a record of 565. China has 319 ( not including Hong Kong or Macau ), Germany has 114, and India has the fourth most with 101 ; India has reached over 100 billionaires for its first time. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $86.0 billion 61 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $75.6 billion 86 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Bezos, Jeff Jeff Bezos $72.8 billion 53 United States Amazon.com 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $71.3 billion 80 Spain Inditex, Zara 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Zuckerberg, Mark Mark Zuckerberg $56.0 billion 32 United States Facebook 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $54.5 billion 77 Mexico América Móvil", "Kong or Macau ), Germany has 114, and India has the fourth most with 101 ; India has reached over 100 billionaires for its first time. No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $86.0 billion 61 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $75.6 billion 86 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Bezos, Jeff Jeff Bezos $72.8 billion 53 United States Amazon.com 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $71.3 billion 80 Spain Inditex, Zara 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Zuckerberg, Mark Mark Zuckerberg $56.0 billion 32 United States Facebook 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $54.5 billion 77 Mexico América Móvil, Grupo Carso 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $52.2 billion 72 United States", ". No. Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $86.0 billion 61 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $75.6 billion 86 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Bezos, Jeff Jeff Bezos $72.8 billion 53 United States Amazon.com 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $71.3 billion 80 Spain Inditex, Zara 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Zuckerberg, Mark Mark Zuckerberg $56.0 billion 32 United States Facebook 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $54.5 billion 77 Mexico América Móvil, Grupo Carso 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $52.2 billion 72 United States Oracle Corporation 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch, Charles Charles Koch $48.3 billion 81 United States", "of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates, Bill Bill Gates $86.0 billion 61 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $75.6 billion 86 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Bezos, Jeff Jeff Bezos $72.8 billion 53 United States Amazon.com 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $71.3 billion 80 Spain Inditex, Zara 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Zuckerberg, Mark Mark Zuckerberg $56.0 billion 32 United States Facebook 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $54.5 billion 77 Mexico América Móvil, Grupo Carso 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $52.2 billion 72 United States Oracle Corporation 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch, Charles Charles Koch $48.3 billion 81 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch, David David Koch $48.3 billion 76 United States", "Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett, Warren Warren Buffett $75.6 billion 86 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Bezos, Jeff Jeff Bezos $72.8 billion 53 United States Amazon.com 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $71.3 billion 80 Spain Inditex, Zara 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Zuckerberg, Mark Mark Zuckerberg $56.0 billion 32 United States Facebook 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $54.5 billion 77 Mexico América Móvil, Grupo Carso 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $52.2 billion 72 United States Oracle Corporation 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch, Charles Charles Koch $48.3 billion 81 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch, David David Koch $48.3 billion 76 United States Koch Industries 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Bloomberg, Michael Michael Bloomberg $47.5 billion 75 United", "7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Bezos, Jeff Jeff Bezos $72.8 billion 53 United States Amazon.com 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $71.3 billion 80 Spain Inditex, Zara 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Zuckerberg, Mark Mark Zuckerberg $56.0 billion 32 United States Facebook 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $54.5 billion 77 Mexico América Móvil, Grupo Carso 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $52.2 billion 72 United States Oracle Corporation 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch, Charles Charles Koch $48.3 billion 81 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch, David David Koch $48.3 billion 76 United States Koch Industries 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Bloomberg, Michael Michael Bloomberg $47.5 billion 75 United States Bloomberg L.P. 2016 For the third year in a row, Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by", "7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ortega, Amancio Amancio Ortega $71.3 billion 80 Spain Inditex, Zara 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Zuckerberg, Mark Mark Zuckerberg $56.0 billion 32 United States Facebook 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $54.5 billion 77 Mexico América Móvil, Grupo Carso 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $52.2 billion 72 United States Oracle Corporation 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch, Charles Charles Koch $48.3 billion 81 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch, David David Koch $48.3 billion 76 United States Koch Industries 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Bloomberg, Michael Michael Bloomberg $47.5 billion 75 United States Bloomberg L.P. 2016 For the third year in a row, Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by Forbes 's 2016 list of the world 's billionaires. This is the 17th time that the founder of Microsoft has claimed the top spot. Amancio Ortega rose", "7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Zuckerberg, Mark Mark Zuckerberg $56.0 billion 32 United States Facebook 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $54.5 billion 77 Mexico América Móvil, Grupo Carso 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $52.2 billion 72 United States Oracle Corporation 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch, Charles Charles Koch $48.3 billion 81 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch, David David Koch $48.3 billion 76 United States Koch Industries 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Bloomberg, Michael Michael Bloomberg $47.5 billion 75 United States Bloomberg L.P. 2016 For the third year in a row, Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by Forbes 's 2016 list of the world 's billionaires. This is the 17th time that the founder of Microsoft has claimed the top spot. Amancio Ortega rose from last year 's position of number four to second. Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway came in third for the second consecutive time, while Mexican telecommunication mogul", "7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Slim, Carlos Carlos Slim $54.5 billion 77 Mexico América Móvil, Grupo Carso 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ellison, Larry Larry Ellison $52.2 billion 72 United States Oracle Corporation 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch, Charles Charles Koch $48.3 billion 81 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch, David David Koch $48.3 billion 76 United States Koch Industries 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Bloomberg, Michael Michael Bloomberg $47.5 billion 75 United States Bloomberg L.P. 2016 For the third year in a row, Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by Forbes 's 2016 list of the world 's billionaires. This is the 17th time that the founder of Microsoft has claimed the top spot. Amancio Ortega rose from last year 's position of number four to second. Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway came in third for the second consecutive time, while Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim slipped down from last year 's second position to fourth. Jeff Bezos of Amazon, Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook and Michael Bloomberg of Bloomberg L.P.," ], "id": [ "17842131625485306369" ], "short_answers": [ "Bill Gates", "Warren Buffett", "Jeff Bezos", "Amancio Ortega", "Mark Zuckerberg", "Carlos Slim", "Larry Ellison", "Charles Koch", "David Koch", "Michael Bloomberg" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Je t'aime... Moi non plus - wikipedia Je t'aime... Moi non plus This article is about the song. For the film, see Je t'aime moi non plus ( film ). For the album, see Jane Birkin / Serge Gainsbourg. `` Je t'aime... moi non plus '' Artwork for pressings of the French release ( Fontana printing pictured ), some continental European releases and some re-releases Single by Serge Gainsbourg and Jane Birkin from the album Jane Birkin / Serge Gainsbourg B - side `` Jane B. '' `` 69 Année Érotique '' ( Belgium only ) Released 1969 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1969 Genre Pop, chanson, psychedelic pop Length 4 : 22 Label UK : Fontana, Major Minor, Antic US : Fontana Songwriter ( s ) Serge Gainsbourg Producer ( s ) Jack Baverstock `` Je t'aime... moi non plus '' ( French for `` I love you... neither do I '' ) is a 1967 song written by Serge Gainsbourg for Brigitte Bardot. In 1969, Gainsbourg recorded the most well known version with Jane Birkin. The duet reached number one in the UK, and number two in Ireland, but was banned in several countries due to its overly sexual content. In 1976, Gainsbourg directed Birkin in an erotic film of the same name. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Lyrics and music 3 Reception 4 Commercial success 5 Covers 6 Selected list of recorded versions 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The song was written and recorded in late 1967 for Gainsbourg 's girlfriend, Brigitte Bardot. She asked him to write the most beautiful love song he could imagine and that night he wrote `` Je t'aime '' and `` Bonnie and Clyde ''. They recorded an arrangement of `` Je t'aime '' by Michel Colombier at a Paris studio in a two - hour session in a small glass booth ; the engineer William Flageollet said there was `` heavy petting ''. However, news of the recording reached the press and Bardot 's husband, German businessman Gunter Sachs, was angry and called for the single to be withdrawn. Bardot pleaded with Gainsbourg not to release it. He complied but observed `` The music is very pure. For the first time in my life, I write a love song and it 's taken badly. '' In 1968, Gainsbourg and English actress Jane Birkin began a relationship when they met on the set of the film Slogan. After filming, he asked her to record the song with him. Birkin had heard the Bardot version and thought it `` so hot ''. She said : `` I only sang it because I did n't want anybody else to sing it '', jealous at the thought of his sharing a recording studio with someone else. Gainsbourg asked her to sing an octave higher than Bardot, `` so you 'll sound like a little boy ''. It was recorded in an arrangement by Arthur Greenslade in a studio at Marble Arch. Birkin said she `` got a bit carried away with the heavy breathing -- so much so, in fact, that I was told to calm down, which meant that at one point I stopped breathing altogether. If you listen to the record now, you can still hear that little gap. '' There was media speculation, as with the Bardot version, that they had recorded live sex, to which Gainsbourg told Birkin, `` Thank goodness it was n't, otherwise I hope it would have been a long - playing record. '' It was released in February 1969. The single had a plain cover, with the words `` Interdit aux moins de 21 ans '' ( forbidden to those under 21 ), and the record company changed the label from Philips to Fontana. Gainsbourg also asked Marianne Faithfull to record the song with him ; she said : `` Hah! He asked everybody ''. Others approached included Valérie Lagrange and Mireille Darc. Bardot regretted not releasing her version, and her friend Jean - Louis Remilleux persuaded her to contact Gainsbourg. They released it in 1986. Lyrics and Music ( edit ) The title was inspired by a Salvador Dalí comment : `` Picasso is Spanish, me too. Picasso is a genius, me too. Picasso is a communist, me neither ''. Gainsbourg claimed it was an `` anti-fuck '' song about the desperation and impossibility of physical love. The lyrics are written as a dialogue between two lovers during sex. Phrases include : `` Je vais et je viens, entre tes reins '' ( `` I go and I come, between your loins '' ) `` Tu es la vague, moi l'île nue '' ( `` You are the wave, I the bare island '' ) `` L'amour physique est sans issue '' ( `` Physical love is a dead end '' ( Gainsbourg sings ' sensationnel ' in another version ) ) `` Je t'aime, moi non plus '' is translated as `` I love you -- me not anymore '' in the Pet Shop Boys ' version. The lyrics are sung, spoken and whispered over a baroque organ and guitar track in C major, with a `` languid, almost over pretty, chocolate box melody ''. Reception ( edit ) The lyrical subtleties were lost on late - 1960s Brits. What they heard was an expertly stroked organ, orgasmic groans and a soft - focus melody, the musical equivalent of a Vaseline - smeared Emmanuelle movie. It was confirmation that life across the Channel was one of unchecked lubriciousness, and Je t'aime became as essential a part of any successful seduction as a chilled bottle of Blue Nun. -- Sylvie Simmons, Serge Gainsbourg : A Fistful of Gitanes, 2001 The eroticism was declared offensive. The lyrics are commonly thought to refer to the taboo of sex without love, and were delivered in a breathy, suggestive style. The Observer Monthly Music magazine called it `` the pop equivalent of an Emmanuelle movie ''. When the version with Bardot was recorded, the French press reported that it was an `` audio vérité ''. France Dimanche said the `` groans, sighs, and Bardot 's little cries of pleasure ( give ) the impression you 're listening to two people making love ''. The first time Gainsbourg played it in public was in a Paris restaurant immediately after they recorded it. Birkin said that `` as it began to play all you could hear were the knives and forks being put down. ' I think we have a hit record ', he said. '' The song culminates in orgasm sounds by Birkin : mostly because of this, it was banned from radio in Spain, Sweden, Brazil, the UK, Italy, and Portugal, banned before 11 pm in France, not played by many radio stations in the United States because it was deemed too risqué, and denounced by the Vatican and the L'Osservatore Romano ; one report even claimed the Vatican excommunicated the record executive who released it in Italy. Birkin says Gainsbourg called the Pope `` our greatest PR man ''. Birkin said in 2004 that, `` It was n't a rude song at all. I do n't know what all the fuss was about. The English just did n't understand it. I 'm still not sure they know what it means. '' When Gainsbourg went to Jamaica to record with Sly and Robbie, they initially did not get on well. They said `` We know just one piece of French music, a song called Je t'aime... Moi Non Plus, which has a girl groaning in it. '' Gainsbourg said `` It 's me '', and their mood changed immediately. Commercial success ( edit ) The song was a commercial success throughout Europe. By 1986, it had sold four million copies. In the UK, it was released on the Fontana label, but, after reaching number two, it was withdrawn from sale. Gainsbourg arranged a deal with Major Minor Records and on re-release it reached number one, the first banned number one single in the UK and the first single in a foreign language to top the charts. It stayed on the UK chart for 31 weeks. It even made the Top 100 in the United States, reaching number 58 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Mercury Records, the US distributor, faced criticism that the song was `` obscene '' and there was limited airplay, limiting US sales to around 150,000. It was re-released in the UK in late 1974 on the Atlantic Records subsidiary Antic Records and charted again peaking at No. 31 and charting for nine weeks. Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position Ö3 Austria Top 40 German Musikmarkt / Media Control Charts Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Irish Singles Chart Mexico ( Radio Mil ) 5 Norwegian VG - lista Chart Swiss Top 100 Singles Chart UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 58 Covers ( edit ) Donna Summer ( pictured in 1977 ) covered the song as `` Je t'aime '' in duet with producer Giorgio Moroder for the 1978 film Thank God It 's Friday The song has been covered dozens of times, both serious and comedic. The first covers were instrumentals, `` Love at first sight '', after the original was banned ; the first version by a British group named Sounds Nice ( featuring Tim Mycroft on keyboard ) became a top 20 hit. ( The group 's name `` sounds nice '' actually represents the two words Paul McCartney said when he heard this instrumental cover of the song ). The first parody was written in 1970 by Gainsbourg himself and Marcel Mithois. Titled `` Ça '', it was recorded by Bourvil and Jacqueline Maillan, Bourvil 's last release before his death. Other comedy versions were made by Frankie Howerd and June Whitfield, Judge Dread, and Gorden Kaye and Vicki Michelle, stars of the BBC TV comedy ' Allo ' Allo!, in character. The song influenced the 1975 disco classic `` Love to Love You Baby '' by singer Donna Summer and producer Giorgio Moroder. In a note to Neil Bogart, producer A.J. Cervantes ( son of politician Alfonso J. Cervantes ), who previously worked for Casablanca Records, suggested an idea of Donna Summer recording the song. Bogart initially rejected the idea. Cervantes ' record label Butterfly Records released the disco rendition as `` Je t'aime '' by an all - female disco group Saint Tropez in August 1977, the first disco rendition of the song, as part of the album of the same name, Je T'aime ( 1977 ). Prompted by the minor success of Saint Tropez, a year later in 1978, Casablanca Records released the Summer and Moroder duet rendition of `` Je t'aime '' in a 15 - minute version for the film Thank God It 's Friday. The Summer -- Moroder rendition was produced by Moroder and Pete Bellotte. Je t'aime has been sampled in many other songs, including : `` A Fair Affair '' by Misty Oldland ; `` Guitar Song '' by Texas on the album The Greatest Hits and released as a single in Belgium in 2001 ; and a version of `` Breathe '' in Kylie Minogue 's 2003 Money Ca n't Buy concert at the Hammersmith Apollo in London. Selected list of recorded versions ( edit ) 1968 -- Serge Gainsbourg & Brigitte Bardot. It was not issued until 1986. When Universal Music made their back catalogue available to purchase online in 2006, this song was the third most popular download. 1969 -- Serge Gainsbourg & Jane Birkin 1969 -- Giorgio Albertazzi and Anna Proclemer Ti amo... ed io di più cover in Italian 1969 -- Sounds Nice featuring Tim Mycroft ( instrumental, entitled `` Love at First Sight '' ). It reached number 18 in the UK and stayed on the chart for 11 weeks. 1970 -- Bourvil and Jacqueline Maillan -- Ça. The first parody, and Bourvil 's last release. 1971 -- Frankie Howerd & June Whitfield as `` Up Je t'aime, '' a `` no sex please, we 're British '' parody ( wife keeps saying `` Je t'aime '', husband wants to get ready for golf ) 1972 -- Hot Butter ( instrumental, as `` Love at First Sight '' ) 1973 -- Abigail. This cover reached the top 10 in Australia - 1973, # 5 Sydney, # 4 Adelaide, # 8 Melbourne. 1975 -- Judge Dread. It reached number 9 in the UK in July 1975 and spent 9 weeks on the chart. 1977 -- Saint Tropez -- the first disco rendition 1978 -- Giorgio Moroder & Donna Summer 1981 -- Einstürzende Neubauten ( as `` Jet 'm '' ) 1984 -- Trafassi as `` Me jam ''. Dutch - language version. 1986 -- Psychic TV, Je T'Aime. It was variously credited to Genesis P - Orridge and The Angels of Light or Psychic TV and Mistress Mix. The 1985 version was a limited edition 12 '' vinyl of 5000 copies, with `` Supermale '' on the B - side. The 1989 version had a B - side called `` Wicked ( Lucifer Mix ) ''. 1986 -- René & Yvette from ' Allo ' Allo. It reached 57 on the UK chart. 1989 - Les Femmes Erotiques ( Italo house cover version ) 1991 - Actors Heiner Lauterbach and Sabine von Maydell, Je T'aime Ich Liebe Dich ( German Cover ) 1992 -- Chayanne & Natalie as `` Extasis '' on his album Provócame. 1993 -- Barry Adamson with Anita Lane on his album The Negro Inside Me 1994 -- Malcolm McLaren on his album Paris. 1996 - 2Defy as `` Je t'aime Moi Non Plus... Forever My Lady '' 1997 -- Cibo Matto with Sean Lennon, `` a cute romp '' that was part of the tribute album Great Jewish Music : Serge Gainsbourg on Tzadik Records. 1997 -- Nick Cave with Anita Lane as `` I Love You ( Nor Do I ) '' on the album Pink Elephants by Mick Harvey. CMJ New Music Monthly called it `` perhaps the worst cover version in history ''. 1998 -- Pet Shop Boys & Sam Taylor - Wood, with some of the lyrics digitally voiced. 1998 -- Bob Downe & Julian Clary 2000 -- Koffi Olomide & Nayanka Bell, an afro - zouk version. 2001 -- Sven Väth featuring Miss Kittin ( electronic version ) 2002 -- Böhse Onkelz as a B - side on the single Keine Amnestie für MTV 2003 -- Brian Molko & Asia Argento ( with the male and female roles inverted 2004 -- The Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain. An `` hilariously deadpan '' version. 2006 -- Cat Power & Karen Elson ( sung in English as `` I Love You, Me Either '' ) 2010 -- Baggalútur ( sung in Icelandic `` Saddur '' ) 2011 - Jason Kouchak on his album Comme d'Habitude 2014 -- M'barka Ben Taleb, an etno funk version See also ( edit ) List of songs banned by the BBC References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 1969 Album on the AMG. Retrieved 15 February 2007 ^ Jump up to : Durand, Mathieu ( February 2009 ). `` Chanson cul ( te ) Je t'aime moi non plus ''. Evene. Retrieved 4 August 2010. ^ Jump up to : Simmons, Sylvie ( 2 February 2001 ). `` The eyes have it ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 August 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 08. ^ Jump up to : Singer, Barnett ( 2006 ). Brigitte Bardot : a biography. McFarland. ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2515 - 6. ^ Jump up to : Walden, Celia ( 13 October 2009 ). `` Jane Birkin interview ''. Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 3 August 2010. Jump up ^ Lloyd, Albertina ( 17 October 2009 ). `` Birkin : Much more than a bag ''. Kidderminster Shuttle. Retrieved 4 August 2010. ^ Jump up to : Zwerin, Mike ( 29 January 2003 ). `` Music 's laureate of the outrageous ''. New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2010. Jump up ^ Sylvie Simmons ( 2 February 2001 ). `` An extract from Serge Gainsbourg : A Fistful of Gitanes by Sylvie Simmons Books ''. London : The Guardian. Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27. Jump up ^ `` je t aime moi non plus gainsbourg birkin ''. Evene.fr. 2009 - 02 - 13. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02. ^ Jump up to : Spencer, Neil ( 22 May 2005 ). `` The 10 most x-rated records ''. Observer Music Monthly. London : Guardian Newspapers. Retrieved 3 August 2010. ^ Jump up to : Cheles, Luciano ; Sponza, Lucio ( 2001 ). The art of persuasion : political communication in Italy from 1945 to the 1990s. Manchester University Press. p. 331. ISBN 0 - 7190 - 4170 - 8. Jump up ^ Solomons, Jason ( 15 August 2004 ). `` ' Serge needed all the love he could get ' ''. The Observer. London. Retrieved 3 August 2010. ^ Jump up to : Chrisafis, Angelique ( 14 April 2006 ). `` Gainsbourg, je t'aime ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 August 2010. Jump up ^ Top Pop Singles ( 8th edition ) by Joel Whitburn Jump up ^ `` Steinberg : Obscenity is Relative ''. Billboard. 7 November 1970. Retrieved 5 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Die ganze Musik im Internet : Charts ''. Musicline.de. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Jane Birkin avec Serge Gainsbourg -- Je t'aime... moi non plus '' ( in Dutch ). Single Top 100. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31. Jump up ^ March 14, 1970 issue of Billboard Magazine ; page 61 ( Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 ). Jump up ^ `` Artist Search for `` jane birkin '' ``. AllMusic. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02. ^ Jump up to : Weaver, Julian ( 14 February 2003 ). `` je t'aime moi non plus : a maintes reprises transcript ''. hypo.io. Resonance FM. Retrieved 4 August 2010. Jump up ^ Larkin, Colin ( 1998 ). The encyclopedia of popular music. Volume 7 ( 3 ed. ). Macmillan. p. 5049. ISBN 0 - 333 - 74134 - X. Jump up ^ Way, Michael ( 5 September 1970 ). `` Paris ''. Billboard. Retrieved 5 August 2010. ^ Jump up to : Spencer, Kristopher ( 2008 ). Film and television scores, 1950 -- 1979 : a critical survey by genre. McFarland. p. 122. ISBN 0 - 7864 - 3682 - 4. ^ Jump up to : A.J. Cervantes ( May 15, 2003 ). `` A.J. Cervantes ''. DiscoMusic.com ( Interview ). Interviewed by Bernard F. Lopez. ^ Jump up to : McGuire, John M. ( May 21, 1978 ). `` A.J. Jr. : Disco King '' ( PDF ). St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Read by Representative Jonathan B. Bingham on May 23, 1978. pp. 15152 -- 3. Jump up ^ Alan Jones ; Jussi Kantonen ( 2000 ). `` Hot Shots ''. Saturday Night Forever : The Story of Disco. Chicago Review Press. p. 93. ISBN 1 - 55652 - 411 - 0. LCCN 00 - 038065. Jump up ^ `` Misty Oldland et Brand New Heavies ''. L'Express ( in French ). 16 June 1994. Retrieved 31 July 2011. Jump up ^ Catroux, Sébastien ( 28 October 2000 ). `` Les tubes de Texas et des inédits ''. Le Parisien. Retrieved 5 August 2010. Jump up ^ McLean, Craig ( 17 November 2003 ). `` A real tour de force ''. Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 5 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Bardot revived as download star ''. BBC News. 17 October 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2010. ^ Jump up to : Warwick, Neil ; Kutner, Jon ; Brown, Tony ( 2004 ). The complete book of the British charts : singles & albums ( 3 ed. ). Omnibus Press. ISBN 1 - 84449 - 058 - 0. Jump up ^ `` Quand Gainsbourg faisait son cinéma... ''. Allocine. Retrieved 5 August 2010. Jump up ^ McFadyen, Warwick ( 18 June 2005 ). `` Strike up the banned ''. The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved 4 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Groups & Solo Artists - Abigail ''. Milesago.com. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02. Jump up ^ Hardy, Phil ; Laing, Dave ( 1976 ). The Encyclopedia of rock. 3. Panther. Jump up ^ `` Trafassi ''. Muziekencyclopedie.nl. Muziek Centrum Nederland. Retrieved 5 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Les Femmes Erotiques - Je T'aime, Moi Non Plus ( CD ) at Discogs ''. Discogs.com. Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Sexo Pop ''. La Nacion ( in Spanish ). Chile. 9 March 2008. Retrieved 5 August 2010. Jump up ^ Robbins, Ira A. ( 1997 ). `` je + t'aime '' The Trouser Press guide to ' 90s rock. Simon & Schuster. p. 463. ISBN 0 - 684 - 81437 - 4. Jump up ^ http://www.2defy.co.uk Jump up ^ Wolk, Douglas ( 7 November 1997 ). `` Sharps & flats ''. Salon. Retrieved 5 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Reviews ''. CMJ New Music Monthly. December 1997. Retrieved 3 August 2010. Jump up ^ Wolk, Douglas ( November 1999 ). `` Singles ''. CMJ New Music Monthly. Retrieved 4 August 2010. Jump up ^ Chelley, Isabelle ( 1 June 2004 ). `` Miss Kittin passe des platines à l'album ''. 20 minutes. Retrieved 5 August 2010. Jump up ^ Dark, Jane ( 6 August 2002 ). `` Fever Pitch : Asia Argento Branches Out in the Family Business ''. Village Voice. Retrieved 4 August 2010. Jump up ^ Youngs, Ian ( 21 June 2003 ). `` Orchestra makes ukulele cult hit ''. BBC News. Retrieved 3 August 2010. Jump up ^ Murphy, John ( May 2006 ). `` Various -- Monsieur Gainsbourg Revisited : A Tribute to Serge Gainsbourg ( Universal ) ''. MusicOMH. Retrieved 3 August 2010. External links ( edit ) Serge Gainsbourg Studio albums Du chant à la une!... N ° 2 L'Étonnant Serge Gainsbourg Serge Gainsbourg N ° 4 Gainsbourg Confidentiel Gainsbourg Percussions Initials B.B. Jane Birkin / Serge Gainsbourg Histoire de Melody Nelson Vu de l'extérieur Rock Around the Bunker L'Homme à tête de chou Aux armes et cætera Mauvaises nouvelles des étoiles Love on the Beat You 're Under Arrest Compilation albums Bonnie and Clyde Live albums Enregistrement public au Théâtre Le Palace Gainsbourg Live Le Zénith de Gainsbourg 1963 Théâtre des Capucines Tribute albums Intoxicated Man Pink Elephants Great Jewish Music : Serge Gainsbourg Monsieur Gainsbourg Revisited Film scores Cannabis Films Je t'aime... moi non plus Équateur Charlotte for Ever Related articles Gainsbourg ( vie héroïque ) Charlotte Gainsbourg Jane Birkin Caroline von Paulus Miss Kittin Discography Studio albums First Album Or I Com BatBox Two Calling from the Stars Mix albums On the Road Radio Caroline Volume 1 A Bugged Out Mix Live albums Live at Sónar Other albums Kittenz and Thee Glitz EPs Champagne Intimités Mixing Me Singles `` 1982 '' `` Frank Sinatra '' `` Rippin Kittin '' `` Stock Exchange '' `` The Beach '' `` Professional Distortion '' `` Requiem for a Hit '' `` Happy Violentine '' `` Grace '' `` 1000 Dreams '' `` Party in My Head '' `` All You Need '' Features singles `` Silver Screen Shower Scene '' `` What Does It Feel Like? '' `` Je t'aime... moi non plus '' `` Madame Hollywood '' Labels NovaMute Nobody 's Bizzness Related topics Felix da Housecat Golden Boy The Hacker Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Je_t%27aime..._moi_non_plus&oldid=847128921 '' Categories : French - language songs 1968 songs 1969 singles 1969 in France 1978 singles Serge Gainsbourg songs Brigitte Bardot songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Switzerland Donna Summer songs Miss Kittin songs Songs written by Serge Gainsbourg Vocal duets Cat Power songs Fontana Records singles Casablanca Records singles Songs about sexuality Obscenity controversies in music Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use British English from December 2012 Use dmy dates from December 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi ไทย 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018, at 04 : 18 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Je t'aime... moi non plus", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Je_t%27aime..._moi_non_plus&amp;oldid=847128921" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "B - side `` Jane B. '' `` 69 Année Érotique '' ( Belgium only ) Released 1969 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1969 Genre Pop, chanson, psychedelic pop Length 4 : 22 Label UK : Fontana, Major Minor, Antic US : Fontana Songwriter ( s ) Serge Gainsbourg Producer ( s ) Jack Baverstock `` Je t'aime... moi non plus '' ( French for `` I love you... neither do I '' ) is a 1967 song written by Serge Gainsbourg for Brigitte Bardot. In 1969, Gainsbourg recorded the most well known version with Jane Birkin. The duet reached number one in the UK, and number two in Ireland, but was banned in several countries due to its overly sexual content. In 1976, Gainsbourg directed Birkin in an erotic film of the same name. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Lyrics and music 3 Reception 4 Commercial success 5 Covers 6 Selected list of recorded versions 7 See also 8 References 9 External links" ], "id": [ "6768710119018076680" ], "short_answers": [ "I love you… neither do" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of countries by Employment rate - wikipedia List of countries by Employment rate This is a list of countries by employment rate, this being the proportion of employed adults in the working age. The definition of `` working age '' varies : Many sources, including the OECD, use 15 -- 64 years old, but the Office for National Statistics of the United Kingdom uses 16 -- 64 years old and EUROSTAT uses 20 -- 64 years old. List ( edit ) Rank Country Employment rate ( % ) Age range Date of information Source Iceland 86.3 15 -- 64 2016 OECD Switzerland 79.6 15 -- 64 2016 OECD Sweden 76.2 15 -- 64 2016 OECD United Kingdom 75.7 16 -- 64 2018 Office for National Statistics New Zealand 75.6 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 6 China 75.1 15 -- 64 OECD 7 Denmark 74.9 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 8 Netherlands 74.8 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 9 Germany 74.7 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 10 Norway 74.4 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 11 Japan 74.3 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 12 Canada 72.6 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 13 Australia 72.4 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 14 Estonia 72.0 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 14 Czech Republic 72.0 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 16 Austria 71.5 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 17 Russia 70.0 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 18 Lithuania 69.4 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 18 United States 69.4 13 -- 64 2016 OECD 20 Finland 69.2 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 21 Latvia 68.7 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 22 Israel 68.6 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 23 Colombia 67.2 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 24 OECD Average 67.0 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 25 Hungary 66.5 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 26 South Korea 66.1 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 27 Slovenia 65.8 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 28 Luxembourg 65.6 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 29 Portugal 65.2 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 30 Slovakia 64.9 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 31 Ireland 64.7 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 32 France 64.6 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 33 Poland 64.5 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 34 Brazil 64.4 15 -- 64 2015 OECD 35 Belgium 62.3 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 36 Chile 62.2 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 37 Mexico 61.0 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 38 Spain 60.5 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 39 Costa Rica 58.7 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 40 Italy 57.2 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 41 Albania 56.2 15 -- 64 2016 ( Q4 ) INSTAT 42 India 53.3 15 -- 64 2012 OECD 43 Greece 52.0 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 44 Turkey 50.6 15 -- 64 2016 OECD 45 Bosnia and Herzegovina 43.0 15 -- 64 2017 Agency of Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina 45 South Africa 43.0 15 -- 64 OECD 47 Kosovo 40.2 15 -- 64 2016 ( Q3 ) Kosovo Agency of Statistics See also ( edit ) List of countries by job security List of countries by unemployment rate Female labor force in the Muslim world References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` LFS by sex and age - indicators ''. OECD. 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Employment and employee types ''. Office for National Statistics. 16 August 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Employment statistics ''. EUROSTAT. June 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Anketa Tremujore e Forcave të Punës, T4 - 2016 ''. INSTAT. 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demography and Social Statistics, Labour Force Survey 2017 '' ( PDF ). Agency of Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 11 July 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Results of `` Labour Force Survey ( LFS ) in Kosovo '', Q3 2016 ``. ask.rks-gov.net. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017. Employment Classifications Casual Contingent Full - time Part - time Self - employed Skilled Independent contractor Temporary Tenure Unskilled Wage labour Hiring Application Background check Business networking Contract Cover letter Curriculum Vitae ( CV ) Drug testing e-recruitment Employment counsellor Executive search Induction programme Job fair Job fraud Job hunting Job interview Labour brokering Overqualification Onboarding Personality - job fit theory Person - environment fit Probation Reference Résumé Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates Underemployment Work - at - home scheme Roles Co-op Employee Employer Internship Job Permanent Permatemp Supervisor Volunteer Worker class Blue - collar Gold - collar Green - collar Grey - collar Pink - collar White - collar Career and training Apprenticeship Avocation Career assessment Career counseling Career development Coaching Creative class Education Continuing education Continuing professional development E-learning Employability Further education Graduate school Induction training Initial Professional Development Knowledge worker Licensure Lifelong learning Practice - based professional learning Professional association Professional certification Professional development Professional school Reflective practice Retraining Vocational education Vocational school Vocational university Mentorship Occupational Outlook Handbook Practice firm Profession Tradesman Vocation Attendance Break Career break Furlough Gap year Leave of absence Long service leave No call, no show Sabbatical Sick leave Time clock Schedules Four - day week Eight - hour day Flextime Overtime Retroactive overtime Shift work Telecommuting Working time Workweek and weekend Wages and salaries Income bracket Income tax Living wage Maximum wage National average salary World Europe Minimum wage Canada Hong Kong Europe United States Progressive wage Singapore Overtime rate Paid time off Performance - related pay Salary Salary cap Working poor Benefits Annual leave Casual Friday Day care Disability insurance Health insurance Life insurance Parental leave Pension Sick leave Take - home vehicle Safety and health Epilepsy and employment Human factors and ergonomics Industrial noise Karōshi Protective clothing Occupational burnout Occupational disease Occupational exposure limit Occupational health psychology Occupational injury Occupational stress Repetitive strain injury Sick building syndrome Work accident Occupational fatality Workers ' compensation Workplace phobia Workplace wellness Equality Affirmative action Equal pay for women Gender pay gap Glass ceiling Infractions Corporate abuse Accounting scandals Corporate behaviour Corporate crime Control fraud Corporate scandals Discrimination Dress code Employee handbook Employee monitoring Evaluation Labour law Sexual harassment Sleeping while on duty Wage theft Whistleblower Workplace bullying Workplace harassment Workplace incivility Willingness Boreout Civil conscription Conscription Dead - end job Extreme careerism Job satisfaction Organizational commitment McJob Refusal of work Slavery Bonded labour Human trafficking Labour camp Penal labour Peonage Truck system Unfree labour Wage slavery Workaholic Work aversion Work ethic Work -- life balance Downshifting ( lifestyle ) Slow living Termination At - will employment Dismissal Banishment room Constructive dismissal Wrongful dismissal Employee exit management Exit interview Layoff Notice period Pink slip Resignation Letter of resignation Restructuring Retirement Mandatory retirement Retirement age Severance package Golden handshake Golden parachute Turnover Unemployment Barriers to Employment Depression Great Depression Long Depression Discouraged worker Frictional unemployment Full employment Graduate unemployment Involuntary unemployment Jobless recovery Phillips curve Recession Great Recession Great Recession job losses List of recessions Recession - proof job Reserve army of labour Types of unemployment Unemployment Convention Unemployment benefits Unemployment extension Unemployment insurance Unemployment rates Employment rates Employment - to - population ratio Structural unemployment Technological unemployment Wage curve Youth unemployment See also templates Aspects of corporations Aspects of jobs Aspects of occupations Aspects of organizations Aspects of workplaces Corporate titles Organized labor Lists of countries by population statistics Global Current population Current population ( United Nations ) ( Sub - ) continents Africa Asia Europe North America Caribbean Oceania South America Intercontinental Americas Arab world Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America Middle East Cities / urban regions National capitals Cities proper Metropolitan areas Urban areas Megacities Megalopolises Past and future Past population ( United Nations estimates ) Past and future population 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1907 1939 2000 2005 Future population Population density Current density Current real density based on food growing capacity Growth indicators Population growth rate Natural increase Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Other demographics Age at first marriage Divorce rate Ethnic and cultural diversity level Immigrant population Linguistic diversity Median age Net migration rate Number of households Sex ratio Urban population Urbanization Health Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza HIV / AIDS adult prevalence rate Infant and under - five mortality rates Life expectancy Percentage suffering from undernourishment Health expenditure covered by government Suicide rate Total health expenditure per capita Body Mass Index ( BMI ) Education and innovation Bloomberg Innovation Index Education Index International Innovation Index Innovation Union Scoreboard Literacy rate Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies Progress in International Reading Literacy Study Student skills Tertiary education attainment Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study Women 's average years in school World Intellectual Property Indicators Economic Development aid given Official Development Assistance received Employment rate Irrigated land area Human Development Index by country inequality - adjusted Human Poverty Index Imports Income equality Job security ( OECD ) Labour force Number of millionaires ( US dollars ) Number of billionaires ( US dollars ) Percentage living in poverty Public sector Sen social welfare function Unemployment rate List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_employment_rate&oldid=852720772 '' Categories : Lists of countries by economic indicator Unemployment Talk About Wikipedia فارسی Français 한국어 Magyar Nederlands தமிழ் ไทย Українська اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018, at 22 : 43 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of countries by employment rate", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_employment_rate&amp;oldid=852720772" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "6359357155745160839" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Lord of the Rings : the Return of the King ( video game ) - wikipedia The Lord of the Rings : the Return of the King ( video game ) Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the 2003 video game. For the novel, see The Return of the King. For the film, see The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King. The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Developer ( s ) EA Redwood Shores Publisher ( s ) EA Games Producer ( s ) Todd Arnold Glen Schofield Designer ( s ) Bret Robbins Chris Tremmel Artist ( s ) Margaret Foley - Mauvais Christian Lorenz Scheurer Platform ( s ) PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube, Windows, Game Boy Advance, Mobile, OS X Release November 3, 2003 ( show ) Windows NA : 3 November 2003 EU : 14 November 2003 PS2 NA : 4 November 2003 EU : 14 November 2003 GBA, GC & Xbox NA : 5 November 2003 EU : 14 November 2003 Mobile NA : 1 December 2003 OS X NA : 10 April 2004 Genre ( s ) Action, hack and slash Mode ( s ) Single player, multiplayer The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King is a 2003 action / hack and slash video game developed by EA Redwood Shores for the PlayStation 2 and Windows. It was ported to the GameCube and Xbox by Hypnos Entertainment, to the Game Boy Advance by Griptonite Games, to mobile by JAMDAT, and to OS X by Beenox. The game was published by Electronic Arts. It is a sequel to the 2002 game The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers. The game is an adaptation of Peter Jackson 's 2002 film The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers and his 2003 film The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King, which was released shortly after the game. As it is not an adaptation of J.R.R. Tolkien 's 1954 novel, The Return of the King, the third volume in his Lord of the Rings trilogy, anything from the novel not specifically mentioned or depicted in the films could not be represented in the game. This is because, at the time, Vivendi Universal Games, in partnership with Tolkien Enterprises, held the rights to the video game adaptations of Tolkien 's literary works, whilst Electronic Arts held the rights to the video game adaptations of the New Line Cinema films. The game is similar to its predecessor in basic gameplay, but differs by adding multiple storylines, more playable characters and increased interaction with environments. A two - player co-op mode is also available for some missions. As with The Two Towers, The Return of the King was developed in close collaboration with the filmmakers, using many of the actual reference photos, drawings, models, props and other assets from the film. The game was met with positive critical reception for its graphics, audio, and gameplay, although its camera positioning and short length were criticized. Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 2.1 Synopsis 3 Development 4 Reception 4.1 Sales and awards 4.2 Peter Jackson reaction 5 References Gameplay ( edit ) Described by the developers as a modern version of Gauntlet, The Return of the King is a hack and slash action game played from a third - person perspective. The game is very similar to its predecessor in basic gameplay. Each character has a quick attack which does minimal damage and can be easily blocked, and a fierce attack, which does more damage, but is slower and leaves the player vulnerable to attack. Only fierce attacks can break enemy shields. Each character also has a ranged attack, a `` killing move '' ( which can be used to instantly kill downed enemies ), a parry ( which can deflect enemy attacks ), a knock back ( which pushes nearby enemies away ), a jump back ( in which the player character jumps back away from the enemy ), a devastating attack ( a charged fierce attack ) and a special ability. Playable characters in the console and PC versions are Gandalf, Aragorn, Legolas, Gimli, Frodo and Sam, with Faramir, Pippin and Merry available as unlockable characters. Playable characters in the GBA version are Aragorn, Legolas, Gimli, Frodo, Gandalf, and Éowyn, with Gollum and Sam available as unlockable characters. Each playable character has their own set of combos and attributes. After the end of each level the player can upgrade their characters ' abilities and combos using experience points. The number of points available to the player depends on the efficiency of their kills. During each level, the player will be continually graded on the skill with which they dispatch enemies ; `` Fair '', `` Good '', `` Excellent '' and `` Perfect. '' The more skill with which the player kills, the more experience they acquire. The player 's skill is measured by an on - screen meter which increases as the player dispatches enemies. To avoid the meter dropping back down, the player must avoid being hit, and kill enemies using a variety of different methods. When a player reaches a Perfect level, all of their attacks increase in strength, and the experience from each kill is doubled. However, Perfect status only lasts for a brief period of time. A new aspect of Return of the King is that at the end of each level, rather than purchasing upgrades for the individual character, the player can also purchase `` Fellowship '' upgrades which apply to every playable character. However, characters will only be able to avail of a particular skill when they have reached the corresponding experience level. A major change from The Two Towers is the interactive nature of the game environments. The player can operate machinery, for example bridges and catapults, to complete objectives, and use environmental objects as weapons, such as spears and cauldrons, to kill enemies. The levels are also twice the size of the largest level from The Two Towers and many are less linear. Unlike The Two Towers, The Return of the King features a co-op mode, allowing two players to play through the game together. The North American PlayStation 2 version also has an online multiplayer mode, with USB headset support, although this was removed from the European version of the game. The Game Boy Advance version is more of a hack and slash RPG, and is played from an isometric three - quarter top - down view. A major gameplay difference in this version is the addition of `` runes '' which players can etch into their weapons, granting them special abilities. The game also features co-op multiplayer through the Game Boy link function, and unlockable content when connected to the GameCube version via the Nintendo GameCube -- Game Boy Advance link cable. Plot ( edit ) Todd Arnold, senior producer of The Return of the King, stated that the game was not intended to re-tell the story of the film, but to allow the player to come as close as possible to experiencing the critical parts of the film for themselves. Levels were designed with this goal in mind, with just enough plot to give context to the player 's actions. Liberties were thus taken with the plot, and critics noted there was little footage which could spoil the film for those who had not seen it. GameSpot 's Greg Kasavin said `` if you did n't know anything about the story of The Return of the King, then the story of the game may be hard to follow, though you 'll still get the gist of it. '' However, he also advised, `` in case you do n't want any aspect of the movie spoiled for you, it 'd be wise to hold off on playing The Return of the King until after you 've seen the movie. '' Synopsis ( edit ) See also : The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers § Plot, and The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King § Plot The game begins during the Battle of the Hornburg at Helm 's Deep, with the Uruk - hai having just penetrated the outer walls. With the defenders falling back to the inner court, Gandalf ( voiced by Ian McKellen ) appears on a hill - top flanked by thousands of Rohirrim. The player takes control of Gandalf as he enters the battle and helps defeat the Uruk - hai and orc army. After this level, the game splits into three separate mission arcs, each with its own individual set of characters. The `` Path of the Wizard '' follows Gandalf, the `` Path of the King '' follows Aragorn ( Chris Edgerly ), Legolas ( Andrew Chaikin ) and Gimli ( John Rhys - Davies ), and the `` Path of the Hobbits '' follows Frodo ( Elijah Wood ) and Sam ( Sean Astin ), although initially only Sam is playable. Screenshot showing Sam delivering a killing blow to an Orc on a bridge. In the top - right of the screen is a counter related to the level 's objective of preventing Frodo from being captured by the Nazgûl. In the bottom - left, the player 's health, experience points, ranged weapon ammunition and the quality of their kill are displayed. The Path of the Wizard continues immediately after the events of the first level. The remains of the Uruk - hai and orc army flee into Fangorn Forest. However, within the forest, the Ents, led by Treebeard, have awoken and joined the fight against Sauron. Gandalf helps the ents as they destroy the rest of the army, and then assists them in bringing down a dam holding back the River Isen. This floods Isengard, trapping Saruman ( Christopher Lee ), who had joined forces with Sauron, in his tower, Orthanc. Gandalf and Pippin ( Billy Boyd ) then head to Minas Tirith, capital of Gondor, leaving Aragorn, Legolas, Gimli and the Rohirrim to follow them. Gandalf has gone ahead of the others because Sauron mistakenly believes that Pippin has the Ring, and Gandalf plans to use this confusion to distract Sauron as Frodo and Sam are led by Gollum ( Andy Serkis ) towards Mount Doom to destroy the Ring. In Minas Tirth, Gandalf helps repulse the enemies from the walls for a time, but eventually, they break through the city 's defenses. Gandalf and the soldiers of Minas Tirith then retreat to a courtyard, where they must defend the fleeing civilians from the enemy. Once the people are safely inside, Gandalf can do little but await the arrival of Aragorn. The Path of the King picks up with Aragorn, Legolas, Gimli and the Rohirrim on the way to Minas Tirith. Before arriving, however, the three companions must walk the Paths of the Dead in an effort to convince the Army of the Dead to join their cause in the War of the Ring. To do so, they must defeat the King of the Dead ( Jarion Monroe ) in combat. After this, the Paths of the Dead start to collapse, and they must escape before the falling rubble crushes them. With the Army of the Dead pledged to aid them, they travel to Minas Tirith and enter the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. Joining the Rohirrim and the soldiers of Minas Tirith, they face orcs, Easterlings, Haradrim and oliphaunts. They must also defend Merry ( Dominic Monaghan ) and Éowyn ( Lorri Holt ), allowing Éowyn the opportunity to defeat the Witch - king of Angmar. As it seems they are about to be overwhelmed, the Army of Dead arrive, destroying the forces of Mordor and saving Minas Tirith. The Path of the Wizard and Path of the King share the same final level, set at the Black Gate of Mordor. In a further effort to distract Sauron from the approach of Frodo and Sam, Gandalf advises that Aragorn and the remaining army marches to the Gates of Mordor as a direct challenge to Sauron, who will send out a vast army to meet them, thus keeping his attention away from Mount Doom. Upon arriving at the Gate, the party are confronted by the Mouth of Sauron ( Roger L. Jackson ), who tells them that Frodo is dead. They kill him and must then face a massive army of orcs, before fighting the remaining Nazgûl. Not believing Frodo to be dead, they plan to fight as long as they can, ultimately sacrificing themselves so as to give Frodo enough time to destroy the Ring. In The Path of the Hobbits, Frodo, Sam and Gollum must first escape from Osgiliath, fighting past orcs to get to the sewers and ensuring that Frodo is not captured by the Nazgûl. However, upon escaping, Gollum decides to betray them and take the Ring back for himself. He tricks Frodo into going on without Sam, but Sam follows them into Shelob 's lair. In the lair, Gollum abandons Frodo, and Sam must fight past spiders and orcs, eventually facing Shelob herself, who has attacked Frodo. Sam defeats Shelob, but upon reaching Frodo, he mistakenly believes him to be dead. About to go to Mount Doom on his own, he hides as a group of orcs arrive, and hears them say that Frodo is alive, but unconscious. They take him with them as Sam follows them to the Tower of Cirith Ungol. As Sam is about to enter the Tower, the orcs begin fighting among themselves, and Sam uses the distraction to rescue Frodo. Together, they head to Mount Doom. However, before Frodo can throw the Ring into the lava below, he is attacked by Gollum, who takes the Ring. In the final level, the player controls Frodo as he fights Gollum on the edge of the precipice. Frodo successfully defeats Gollum, knocking him into the lava and destroying the Ring forever. Development ( edit ) Following the success of the video game tie - in of The Two Towers film, an adaptation of The Return of the King was announced on 25 April 2003. While The Two Towers was released on the three major consoles ( PlayStation 2, GameCube and Xbox ) and the Game Boy Advance, The Return of the King was also set for release on PC. Executive producer Neil Young revealed playable characters would include Gandalf, Aragorn, Legolas, Gimli, Frodo, Sam and two to four unlockable characters. He also stated the characters ' fighting styles would be much more differentiated from one another than they had been in Two Towers, and he explained the game would offer three separate story branches rather than one, but the player would be unable to complete the game or get to the final level by playing through only one branch. Young stated `` there are certain gates that prevent the player from progressing that might break the fiction, but that motivates them to essentially bring a party of characters through the game to its conclusion. '' EA debuted the game at the 2003 E3 event in May, announcing that compared to Two Towers, Return of the King had more playable characters, larger and less linear levels, multiple narrative paths, bigger and more intelligent bosses, interactive environments, and a co-op mode. Footage from the films and parts of Howard Shore 's score would feature, and members of the film 's cast would lend their voices and likenesses to the game. On 15 May, a playable demo was made available for the PS2, featuring the first Minas Tirith level along with a non-playable demo of the co-op gameplay in a customized level specifically designed for E3. EA also revealed they were working on having Gollum as a playable character, although this ultimately did not happen, except in the GBA version. The developers called The Return of the King `` bigger and better '' than The Two Towers. `` In The Two Towers the player would occasionally run into 10 or 15 enemies, '' said lead game designer Chris Tremmel, `` in The Return of the King there are areas where the player faces up to 40 orcs (... ) Fans familiar with The Two Towers will find that the combat experience in The Return of the King feels familiar but much deeper. '' Before creating levels, the developers would initially look at the script and determine what parts from the film to highlight in that particular level, and how to structure that event as a mission. They would then write in - depth level designs out on paper, going into details such as combat setup, special props and enemy types, all the while using the film as their main reference point. They would then create an animatic of the level, working out problems and fine - tuning design concepts. The levels would then be created in the game environment. The game is also graphically improved over The Two Towers. According to Neil Young, `` we 've developed some new lighting techniques to allow the characters to look richer. We are pushing 2x the number of polys & 2x the texture density (... ) we also stream our geometry and textures from the disc so the game has a much higher density of imagery. '' Enemy AI was improved, and developers also spent a lot of time working on the sound of the game, which was THX certified. Above : a scene from The Return of the King film. Below : the same scene in the video game. Producer Glen Schofield stated the biggest challenge the developers were facing was `` just trying to match the breathtaking look and feel of the movies ''. Similarly, Neil Young said `` We wanted to make something that 's authentic and true to the movie. The people on our team really care about making a game that aspires to more than just a sequel, they want to make this equivalent to the movie experience itself. '' EA Redwood Shores worked closely with New Line Cinema to make the games as authentic as possible, using the actual reference photos, drawings, models, props, lighting studies and motion capture data. EA 's partner relations director, Nina Dobner said : Both New Line and the film production company in New Zealand are integrally tied into the entire development process of the game. Right from the conceptual stage down to the final production builds, their input is sought and listened to. We do n't consider New Line a licensor, but more a true partner. As soon as we have the earliest storyboards and bare bones outline for a game, New Line are right at the table with me, giving their feedback. This is also the stage at which we introduce Peter Jackson, Barrie Osborne and the rest of the film production team to the key concepts and get their feedback. From here on, I meet with the actors, the film - makers and New Line on a regular basis to elicit feedback and new ideas as we move forward with the development. We are so deeply tied into the film production that we actually opened our own offices within the 3 foot 6 Weta offices in New Zealand during the pick - up shooting so we could be closer to the action and the assets. Dobner said that during development of the game, she traveled to New Zealand once a month with builds of the game for the filmmakers to play, and on which to give their feedback, and that in total, EA had acquired a quarter of a million different assets from the production. Schofield further pointed out `` we even hired the same stunt doubles from the movie to help us render the most realistic movements in the game. '' Dobner also said `` we want the game to not just look like the films but to be exactly like the films. '' She commented that no details in the game were made up ; `` when we were reproducing Minas Tirith (... ) we felt the team would benefit from being able to see and feel a piece of the actual movie set. Unfortunately, the set had already been dismantled. So, while in New Zealand, I searched the various warehouses to find remnants of the dismantled set. After much work, I returned to San Francisco proudly bearing four bricks from the Minas Tirith set. '' Reception ( edit ) Reception Review scores Publication Score GBA GC PC PS2 Xbox EGM 6.83 / 10 8.33 / 10 Eurogamer 7 / 10 Game Informer 8 / 10 8.25 / 10 8.25 / 10 8.25 / 10 GameSpot 7.5 / 10 8 / 10 8 / 10 8 / 10 8 / 10 GameSpy GameZone 8.3 / 10 9 / 10 7.7 / 10 9.1 / 10 9 / 10 IGN 8 / 10 8.7 / 10 8.7 / 10 8.9 / 10 8.7 / 10 Nintendo Power 4.1 / 5 4.5 / 5 OPM ( US ) OXM ( US ) 8.1 / 10 PC Gamer ( UK ) 85 % PC Gamer ( US ) 58 % Aggregate score Metacritic 77 / 100 84 / 100 78 / 100 85 / 100 84 / 100 Awards Publication Award IGN Wireless Game of the Year ( 2003 ) DICE ( 2004 ) Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design DICE ( 2004 ) Outstanding Achievement in Character Performance : Male ( Elijah Wood ) The Return of the King received `` generally favorably reviews '' across all systems ; the Game Boy Advance version holds an aggregate score of 77 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 13 reviews ; the GameCube version 84 out of 100, based on 23 reviews ; the PC version 78 out of 100, based on 18 reviews ; the PlayStation 2 version 85 out of 100, based on 31 reviews ; and the Xbox version 84 out of 100, based on 31 reviews. As an adaptation, the game was praised by GameZone 's Michael Knutson as `` the best movie to game conversion that has come out in a long time '' and by GameSpy 's Raymond Padilla as setting `` a new standard for video game adaptations of movies. '' The graphics and THX - certified audio were lauded by critics. The game 's animations, scenery, player models, cutscenes, music and voice acting were particularly well received. `` Sound effects used in the game will also blow you away, '' Knutson said, `` Everything from the explosions, swords clashing, hundreds of incoming enemies storming your way, all sounds like it came directly from the movie! '' GameSpot 's Greg Kasavin noted that `` Frame rate issues do affect each version of the game, to varying degrees, and none of the character models for the main characters look all that remarkable, '' but conceded that `` all other aspects of The Return of the King 's graphics are outstanding (... ) The game 's audio is even more effective than the graphics at conveying the intensity of the action. '' Ian McKellen 's narration of the game as Gandalf was also praised. The game 's combat was praised by most critics. Electronic Gaming Monthly 's Crispin Boyer described the game as `` a thrill ride. And not just ' cause Return of the King unleashes larger hordes of foes than last year 's equally slick Two Towers prequel. Many of Return of the King 's levels actually force you to multitask while you hack and slash. '' PC Gamer UK 's Tony Ellis wrote `` combat in RotK is superbly satisfying. Your blows connect with a solid, visceral thud you can almost feel. '' He also noted the variation between levels. Eurogamer 's Kristan Reed praised the `` subtleties of the combat. '' In contrast, Game Informer 's Matthew Kato found the gameplay to be `` repetitious '', writing `` sometimes I got the feeling that I was working harder only to have less fun than in Two Towers. '' The co-op mode was also praised. The Return of the King was criticized for its poor camera placement. `` What 's the use of a new graphics engine and character models when the view is from so far away? '' asked Kato. Reed complained about `` camera switches which reverse the controls, or worse, completely obscure your viewpoint. On just about every mission the camera switching confuses the hell out of you. '' The game 's save function was also criticized. Ellis commented that `` You can only save after completing a level (... ) which is not so good when you 're forced to slog through the same sequences over and over again. '' Critics also complained about the unskippable cut scenes, occasionally unclear objectives and relatively short length. The GBA version also received good reviews. GameZone 's Steve Hopper found it very similar to the GBA version of Two Towers, but wrote `` all in all this is solid action game that I can wholeheartedly recommend for gamers who loved The Two Towers and want more of the same brand of hack and slash action. '' IGN 's Craig Harris wrote `` the enhancements to the gameplay definitely enhance an already solid action game, and it 's also a very recommended two player experience as well. The Return of the King is a nice compliment to a great film, and a decent follow - up to an already enjoyable action title on the handheld. '' GameSpot 's Frank Provo called it `` more satisfying and ultimately more playable '' than Two Towers, and praised the differentiation between the characters, the graphics and the experience system. GameSpy 's Matt Chandronait was less impressed, criticizing the game 's `` technical flaws, '' especially its collision detection. He called it a `` repetitive beat - ' em - up that require ( s ) dozens of hours of devotion to unlock every last item, level, and character. '' Sales and Awards ( edit ) In the United States, the Window version of The Return of the King sold 240,000 copies and earned $5.5 million by August 2006, after its release in November 2003. It was the country 's 86th best - selling computer game during this period. In the United Kingdom, the PlayStation 2 version received a `` Platinum '' sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association ( ELSPA ), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies. The wireless version of Return of the King, developed by JAMDAT, won IGN 's `` Wireless Game of the Year '' award for 2003. At the 2003 Spike Video Game Awards, Return of the King was nominated for two awards ; `` Best Animation '' and `` Best Game Based on a Movie ''. It lost in both categories, to Dead or Alive : Xtreme Beach Volleyball and Enter the Matrix, respectively. The console version won in two categories at the DICE 2004 awards : `` Outstanding Achievement in Character Performance : Male '' ( for Elijah Wood 's voice role as Frodo ) and `` Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design ''. In 2014, IGN included the game in their list of the `` 5 Best Lord of the Rings Video Games. '' Peter Jackson reaction ( edit ) Despite the game 's receiving general critical acclaim and selling well, Peter Jackson, director of the Lord of the Rings film trilogy, stated that the video game tie - in for his next film, King Kong, would not be developed by EA but by Ubisoft. Jackson 's manager claimed that despite EA saying the filmmakers were heavily involved in the making of the game, the developers were not interested in Jackson 's input on the game. Additionally, Jackson had played Beyond Good & Evil, and wanted to work with producer Michel Ancel, who was at Ubisoft. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ''. Eurogamer. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( PC ) ''. GameSpy. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( PlayStation 2 ) ''. GameSpy. Retrieved 7 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( GBA ) ''. GameSpy. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( GameCube ) ''. GameSpy. Retrieved 7 July 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( Xbox ) ''. GameSpy. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( Wireless ) ''. GameSpy. Archived from the original on 25 July 2010. Retrieved 15 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( Mac ) ''. GameSpy. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2015. Jump up ^ Torres, Ricardo ( 9 July 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King GBA Hands - On Impressions ''. GameSpot. Retrieved 7 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Review ( Mobile ) ''. GameSpot. 1 January 2004. Retrieved 7 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Games ''. IGN. 2 December 2002. Retrieved 27 October 2014. ^ Jump up to : Brown, Steve ( August 2003 ). `` Scoop : The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ''. PC Gamer UK : 8 -- 9. Jump up ^ `` Complete Controls ''. The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King PlayStation 2 Instruction Manual. EA Games. 2003. pp. 4 -- 5. Retrieved 22 February 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` EA 2003 : First Look Return of the King ( GBA ) ''. IGN. 8 May 2003. Retrieved 17 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : Carle, Chris ( 9 July 2003 ). `` Lord of the Rings : Return of the King Hands - On ( GBA ) ''. IGN. Retrieved 18 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : Kasavin, Greg ( 3 November 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Review ( Xbox ) ''. GameSpot. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` Completing Your Task ''. The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King PlayStation 2 Instruction Manual. EA Games. 2003. pp. 11 -- 12. Retrieved 22 February 2016. Jump up ^ Torres, Ricardo ( 12 September 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Hands - On ''. GameSpot. Retrieved 19 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : Perry, Douglass C. ; Dunham, Jeremy ( 25 April 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : Return of the King Details and Interview ''. IGN. Retrieved 15 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : Clifford, Sam ( 18 July 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Designer Diary # 3 ''. GameSpot. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` Four EA titles migrate online ''. GameSpot. 12 September 2003. Retrieved 19 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : Reed, Kristan ( 14 November 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : Return of the King Review ( PS2 ) ''. Eurogamer. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ Cook, Brad. `` One Game to Rule Them All : The Return of the King comes to Mac ''. Apple. Archived from the original on 6 March 2010. Retrieved 15 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : Perry, Douglass C. ( 3 November 2003 ). `` Lord of the Rings : Return of the King Review ( PS2 ) ''. IGN. Retrieved 15 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : Boyer, Crispin ( December 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Review ( PS2 ) ''. Electronic Gaming Monthly ( 174 ) : 181. Archived from the original on 5 December 2003. Retrieved 15 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : Ellis, Tony ( December 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Review ( PC ) ''. PC Gamer UK : 102 -- 103. Jump up ^ Calvert, Justin ( 25 April 2003 ). `` The Return of the King announced ''. GameSpot. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ Perry, Douglass C. ( 8 May 2003 ). `` E3 2003 : Return of the King First Look ''. IGN. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ Shoemaker, Brad ( 9 May 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King E3 2003 Preshow Report ''. GameSpot. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ Colayco, Bob ( 15 May 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Impressions ''. GameSpot. Retrieved 17 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : Pettross, Paul ( 18 June 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Designer Diary # 2 ''. GameSpot. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ Perry, Douglass C. ( 15 May 2003 ). `` E3 2003 : LOTR : The Return of the King Hands - On ''. IGN. Retrieved 17 November 2014. Jump up ^ Tremmel, Chris ( 21 August 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Designer Diary # 4 ''. GameSpot. Retrieved 15 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : Schofield, Glen ( 23 May 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Designer Diary # 1 ''. GameSpot. Retrieved 15 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : Perry, Douglass C. ( 19 September 2003 ). `` Return of the King : Hands - On Impressions ''. IGN. Retrieved 19 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : Casamassina, Matt ( October 17, 2003 ). `` Lord of the Rings Friday : Week 1 ''. IGN. Retrieved November 19, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Dobson, Nina ( 28 October 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Designer Diary # 6 ''. GameSpot. Retrieved 15 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( Game Boy Advance ) ''. Metacritic. Retrieved 15 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( GameCube ) ''. Metacritic. Retrieved 15 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( PC ) ''. Metacritic. Retrieved 15 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( PlayStation 2 ) ''. Metacritic. Retrieved 15 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( Xbox ) ''. Metacritic. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings : Return of the King Review ( GBA ) ''. Electronic Gaming Monthly ( 174 ) : 236. December 2003. Jump up ^ Biessener, Adam ( December 2003 ). `` Lord of the Rings : Return of the King Review ( GBA ) ''. Game Informer ( 128 ) : 186. Archived from the original on 7 January 2008. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ Zoss, Jeremy ( December 2003 ). `` Lord of the Rings : Return of the King Review ( GC ) ''. Game Informer ( 128 ) : 156. Archived from the original on 13 March 2005. Retrieved 15 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : Kato, Matthew ( December 2003 ). `` Lord of the Rings : Return of the King Review ( PS2 ) ''. Game Informer ( 128 ) : 130. Archived from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ Reiner, Andrew ( December 2003 ). `` Lord of the Rings : Return of the King Review ( Xbox ) ''. Game Informer ( 128 ) : 173. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ Provo, Frank ( 9 December 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Review ( GBA ) ''. GameSpot. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ Kasavin, Greg ( 3 November 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Review ( GC ) ''. GameSpot. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ Kasavin, Greg ( 3 November 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Review ( PC ) ''. GameSpot. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ Kasavin, Greg ( 3 November 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Review ( PS2 ) ''. GameSpot. Retrieved 15 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : Chandronait, Matt ( 4 December 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Review ( GBA ) ''. GameSpy. Archived from the original on 12 November 2005. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ Padilla, Raymond ( 31 October 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Review ( GC ) ''. GameSpy. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ Rausch, Allen ( 30 October 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Review ( PC ) ''. GameSpy. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ Padilla, Raymond ( 31 October 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Review ( PS2 ) ''. GameSpy. Retrieved 15 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : Padilla, Raymond ( 31 October 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Review ( Xbox ) ''. GameSpy. Retrieved 15 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : Hopper, Steven ( 19 November 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Review ( GBA ) ''. GameZone. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ Bedigian, Louis ( 13 November 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Review ( GC ) ''. GameZone. Archived from the original on 26 September 2008. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ Lafferty, Michael ( 18 November 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Review ( PC ) ''. GameZone. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : Knutson, Michael ( 14 November 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Review ( PS2 ) ''. GameZone. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ Zacarias, Eduardo ( 3 November 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Review ( Xbox ) ''. GameZone. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 15 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : Harris, Craig ( 10 November 2003 ). `` Lord of the Rings : Return of the King Review ( GBA ) ''. IGN. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ Perry, Douglass C. ( 3 November 2014 ). `` Lord of the Rings : Return of the King Review ( GC ) ''. IGN. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ Perry, Doug ( 3 November 2014 ). `` Lord of the Rings : Return of the King Review ( PC ) ''. IGN. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ Perry, Douglass C. ( 3 November 2014 ). `` Lord of the Rings : Return of the King Review ( Xbox ) ''. IGN. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Review ( GC ) ''. Nintendo Power. 175 : 158. January 2004. Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Review ( GBA ) ''. Nintendo Power. 175 : 161. January 2004. Jump up ^ Baker, Chris ( December 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Review ( PS2 ) ''. Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine. Archived from the original on 1 January 2004. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Review ( Xbox ) ''. Official Xbox Magazine : 81. January 2004. Jump up ^ `` Return Of The King Review ( PC ) ''. PC Gamer : 82. January 2004. Jump up ^ Ellis, Tony ( December 2003 ). `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ''. PC Gamer UK : 102 -- 103. ^ Jump up to : Buchanan, Levi ( 31 December 2003 ). `` Best Wireless Games of 2003 ''. IGN. Retrieved 18 November 2014. ^ Jump up to : Casamassina, Matt ( 5 March 2003 ). `` DICE 2004 : The Awards ''. IGN. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ Catucci, Nick ( 9 December 2003 ). `` Precious, Precious Movie License Slogs to Mordor, Torpor ''. The Village Voice. Retrieved 15 November 2014. Jump up ^ Edge Staff ( August 25, 2006 ). `` The Top 100 PC Games of the 21st Century ''. Edge. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ELSPA Sales Awards : Platinum ''. Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association. Archived from the original on 15 May 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2017. Jump up ^ Caoili, Eric ( November 26, 2008 ). `` ELSPA : Wii Fit, Mario Kart Reach Diamond Status In UK ''. Gamasutra. Archived from the original on September 18, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Video Game Awards : The Results ''. MegaGames. 5 December 2003. Retrieved 29 June 2016. Jump up ^ Mahardy, Mike ( 1 October 2014 ). `` The 5 Best and 5 Worst Lord of the Rings video games ''. IGN. Retrieved 18 November 2014. Jump up ^ Thorsen, Tor ( 26 October 2005 ). `` Peter Jackson displeased with Lord of the Rings games ''. GameSpot. Retrieved 15 November 2014. 2000s portal Middle - earth portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol. I ( 1990 ) Vol. I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Visceral Games PGA Tour series Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2000 ( 2000 ) Tiger Woods PGA Tour 07 ( 2006 ) James Bond series 007 : Agent Under Fire ( 2001 ) James Bond 007 : Everything or Nothing ( 2003 ) James Bond 007 : From Russia with Love ( 2005 ) Middle - earth series The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Third Age ( 2004 ) The Godfather series The Godfather ( 2006 ) The Godfather II ( 2009 ) The Sims series MySims ( 2007 ) MySims Kingdom ( 2008 ) The Sims 3 : Ambitions ( 2010 ) Dead Space series Dead Space ( 2008 ) Dead Space : Extraction ( 2009 ) Dead Space 2 ( 2011 ) Dead Space 3 ( 2013 ) Battlefield series Battlefield 3 : End Game ( 2013 ) Battlefield Hardline ( 2015 ) Other games Future Cop : LAPD ( 1998 ) CyberTiger ( 1999 ) NASCAR Rumble ( 2000 ) Road Rash : Jailbreak ( 2000 ) The Simpsons Game ( 2007 ) Dante 's Inferno ( 2010 ) Army of Two : The Devil 's Cartel ( 2013 ) Related articles Electronic Arts Sledgehammer Games Glen Schofield Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King_(video_game)&oldid=829561894 '' Categories : 2003 video games Action video games Beenox games Cooperative video games Electronic Arts games Game Boy Advance games GameCube games Griptonite Games Hack and slash games Hypnos Entertainment games MacOS games Mobile games Multiplayer and single - player video games PlayStation 2 games The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) video games Video game sequels Video games based on films Video games based on films directed by Peter Jackson Video games based on Middle - earth Video games based on New Line Cinema films Video games developed in the United States Video games featuring female protagonists Visceral Games Windows games Xbox games Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2014 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in multiple platform mode Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 March 2018, at 11 : 52. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King_(video_game)&amp;oldid=829561894" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "18359530636138195654" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Conjuring Universe - wikipedia The Conjuring Universe The Conjuring Universe Official logo Starring See below Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Budget Total ( 5 films ) : $103.5 million Box office Total ( 5 films ) : $1.567 billion The Conjuring Universe is a series of American horror films produced by New Line Cinema, The Safran Company, and partially by Evergreen Media Group and Atomic Monster Productions, and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. The films present a dramatization of the real - life cases of Ed and Lorraine Warren, paranormal investigators and authors associated with prominent yet controversial cases of haunting. The main series follows their attempts to assist people who find themselves possessed by demonic spirits, while the spin - off films focus on the origins of some of the entities the Warrens have encountered. Contents 1 Overview 2 Development 3 Films 3.1 Timeline 3.2 The Conjuring series 3.2. 1 The Conjuring ( 2013 ) 3.2. 2 The Conjuring 2 ( 2016 ) 3.2. 3 The Conjuring 3 ( 2020 ) 3.3 Annabelle series 3.3. 1 Annabelle ( 2014 ) 3.3. 2 Annabelle : Creation ( 2017 ) 3.3. 3 Untitled Annabelle film ( 2019 ) 3.4 Other films 3.4. 1 The Nun ( 2018 ) 3.4. 2 The Crooked Man ( TBA ) 4 Recurring cast and characters 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Box office performance 5.3 Critical and public response 6 Lawsuits 7 References 8 External links Overview ( edit ) The franchise currently consists of two films in the main series, The Conjuring ( 2013 ) and The Conjuring 2 ( 2016 ), both directed by James Wan, co-produced by Peter Safran and Rob Cowan, and co-written by Chad Hayes and Carey W. Hayes. The installments revolve around two of the many famous paranormal cases of which the Warrens have been a part, with the first film depicting the case of the Perron family, who are experiencing disturbing events in their newly acquired house in Rhode Island, and the second entry focusing on the controversial case of the Enfield Poltergeist while briefly referring to the events that inspired The Amityville Horror. The franchise also includes Annabelle ( 2014 ), a prequel directed by The Conjuring cinematographer John R. Leonetti and produced by Safran and Wan, which revealed the events of the doll of the same name before the Warrens came into contact with it at the start of the first film. An Annabelle prequel, Annabelle : Creation ( 2017 ), directed by David F. Sandberg shows the events of the origins of the demon - manipulated doll. The Nun, a prequel based on a character introduced in The Conjuring 2, was released in 2018. Additionally another spin - off film from The Conjuring series of films titled The Crooked Man, is in development. A third Annabelle film is in pre-production with franchise writer Gary Dauberman making his directorial debut, from a script he wrote. Producer James Wan has called the story a `` Knightmare at the Museum '', comparing the events to Night at the Museum. A third Conjuring film is also in development with Michael Chaves directing. The two Conjuring films were met with generally positive reviews by both critics and horror fans, earning praise for Wan 's directing and main cast performances, particularly Patrick Wilson and Vera Farmiga 's on - screen chemistry as Ed and Lorraine. Critics also acknowledged the effect the films have had on popular culture as well as in the production of modern horror films. The first entry in the Annabelle film series received more mixed to negative reviews, being considered by many, mainly fans of the first picture, as an inferior film to its forerunner. Annabelle : Creation was met with generally positive reviews. The Nun, on the other hand, received generally mix to negative reviews. The two main films and its three spin - offs have proven themselves to be successful at the box office, having combined earnings of over $1.567 billion worldwide, against a combined budget of $103.5 million, making it the highest - grossing horror franchise in history and one of the most critically acclaimed. Development ( edit ) Development began over 20 years prior to the first film 's debut, when Ed Warren played a tape of Lorraine Warren 's original interview with Carolyn Perron for producer Tony DeRosa - Grund. DeRosa - Grund made a recording of Warren playing back the tape and of their subsequent discussion. At the end of the tape, Warren said to DeRosa - Grund, `` If we ca n't make this into a film I do n't know what we can. '' DeRosa - Grund then described his vision of the film for Ed. DeRosa - Grund wrote the original treatment and titled the project The Conjuring. For nearly 14 years, he tried to get the film made without any success. He originally landed a deal to make the film at Gold Circle Films, the production company behind The Haunting in Connecticut, but a contract could not be finalized and the deal was dropped. DeRosa - Grund allied with producer Peter Safran, and sibling writers Chad and Carey W. Hayes were brought on board to refine the script. Using DeRosa - Grund 's treatment and the Ed Warren tape, the Hayes brothers changed the story 's point of view from the Perron family to that of the Warrens. The brothers interviewed Lorraine many times over the phone to clarify details. By mid-2009, the property became the subject of a six - studio bidding war that landed the film at Summit Entertainment. However, DeRosa - Grund and Summit could not conclude the transaction and the film went into turnaround. DeRosa - Grund reconnected with New Line Cinema, who had lost in the original bidding war, and the studio ultimately picked up the film. On November 11, 2009, a deal was made between New Line and DeRosa - Grund 's Evergreen Media Group. Films ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Producer ( s ) Status The Conjuring series The Conjuring July 19, 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 19 ) James Wan Chad Hayes & Carey W. Hayes Tony DeRosa - Grund, Peter Safran and Rob Cowan Released The Conjuring 2 June 10, 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) Chad Hayes & Carey W. Hayes & James Wan and David Leslie Johnson Chad Hayes & Carey W. Hayes & James Wan Peter Safran, Rob Cowan and James Wan The Conjuring 3 September 11, 2020 ( 2020 - 09 - 11 ) Michael Chaves David Leslie Johnson - McGoldrick Peter Safran and James Wan In development Annabelle series Annabelle October 3, 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 03 ) John R. Leonetti Gary Dauberman Peter Safran and James Wan Released Annabelle : Creation August 11, 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) David F. Sandberg Untitled Annabelle film July 3, 2019 ( 2019 - 07 - 03 ) Gary Dauberman James Wan & Gary Dauberman Filming Other films The Nun September 7, 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 07 ) Corin Hardy Gary Dauberman James Wan & Gary Dauberman Peter Safran and James Wan Released The Crooked Man TBA TBA Mike Van Waes James Wan In development Timeline ( edit ) An official timeline for The Conjuring Universe was released within a featurette for The Nun. The featurette established that all five films, including The Conjuring films, the Annabelle films and The Nun, take place between 1952 and 1977, with The Nun taking place first, followed by Annabelle : Creation, Annabelle, The Conjuring and lastly The Conjuring 2. Although the main story in Annabelle : Creation takes place in 1955, the film itself includes flashback sequences from 1943, which takes place before the events of The Nun. The Conjuring series ( edit ) The Conjuring ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Conjuring In January 2012, Bloody Disgusting confirmed Wan as the director of a film entitled The Warren Files, later retitled The Conjuring, centering on the real life exploits of Ed and Lorraine Warren, a married couple who investigated paranormal events. In his second collaboration with Wan, Patrick Wilson starred alongside Vera Farmiga in the main roles of Ed and Lorraine. Production commenced in Wilmington, North Carolina in February 2012, and scenes were shot in chronological order. The film focused on the Warrens ' 1971 case in which they investigated a witch 's curse at a farmhouse in Harrisville, Rhode Island. The Conjuring was released on July 19, 2013, to positive reviews and critical success, earning $318 million worldwide over a budget of $20 million, and becoming one of the most profitable horror films in history. The Conjuring 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Conjuring 2 In June 2013, it was reported that New Line Cinema was already developing a sequel, with both Farmiga and Wilson signed on to reprise their roles. On October 21, it was announced that Wan would return to direct the sequel and would make his first contribution as a writer in the franchise. Principal photography began in September 2015 in Los Angeles, and concluded in December 2015 in London. The film focused on the Enfield Poltergeist case in London in 1977, while briefly referencing the events that inspired The Amityville Horror. It was released on June 10, 2016, to positive reviews from both critics and audiences ; some agreed that the film was vastly superior to other horror sequels, while others debated whether the film had surpassed its predecessor in quality. Proving to be similarly successful to the first entry in the series, the film became another profitable addition to the franchise, having earned $320.3 million worldwide from a budget of $40 million, and becoming the second highest - grossing horror film of all time, following The Exorcist. The Conjuring 3 ( 2020 ) ( edit ) Regarding a potential third installment in The Conjuring series, Wan stated, `` There could be many more ( Conjuring ) movies because the Warrens have so many stories. '' Screenwriters Chad and Carey Hayes have also expressed interest in working on a story for another sequel. However, Wan stated that he may be unable to direct the film due to his commitments to other projects. He told Collider, `` Assuming we are lucky enough to have a third chapter, there are other filmmakers that I would love to sort of continue on the Conjuring world, if we are lucky enough. '' Wan has also stated that, if a third film was to be made, it would ideally take place in the 1980s. Wan later stated that the sequel could include lycanthropy, saying, `` Maybe we can go and do it like a classic American Werewolf in London style. That would be awesome! The Warrens set against the backdrop of The Hound of Baskerville ( sic ). That would be awesome. '' In May 2017, Safran commented on the unlikelihood that a third installment would be a haunted house film. In June 2017, it was announced a third installment was in development, with The Conjuring 2 co-writer David Leslie Johnson hired to write the screenplay. In August 2017, Wan told Entertainment Weekly that the filmmakers have `` been working hard on The Conjuring 3 '', and that `` we 're in the midst of working on the script, and still hashing ( it ) out. We want to make sure that the script is in a really good place. With how much people have loved the first two ( Conjuring films ), I do n't want to rush in to the third one if possible ''. By September 2018, producer Peter Safran stated that the script was near completion and that production would begin sometime during 2019. In October 2018, after previously directing a film for Atomic Monster Productions, Michael Chaves was announced as the film 's director, by James Wan as his replacement. Wan stated he was impressed while working with Chaves on The Curse of La Llorona, and that the latter will make a great addition to the production team. Wilson and Farmiga will reprise their roles as Ed and Lorraine Warren. The film is scheduled for a September 11, 2020 release. Annabelle series ( edit ) Annabelle ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Annabelle ( film ) A spin - off film, focusing on the origins of the Annabelle doll that was introduced in The Conjuring, was announced shortly after the release of its forerunner, mainly due to the film 's worldwide box office success, and positive reception towards the character. Production began in January 2014 in Los Angeles. The plot focused on John and Mia Form, a married couple expecting a child, whose vintage doll, Annabelle, gets possessed by a vengeful spirit after a cult group breaks into their home and is murdered. The film was directed by The Conjuring cinematographer John R. Leonetti and produced by Safran and Wan, with Gary Dauberman behind the script. The film was released worldwide on October 3, 2014, to major commercial success, becoming the 14th most profitable horror film in North America, despite receiving mixed to negative reviews from critics and fans alike. Many critics found Annabelle to be an inferior film compared to The Conjuring. Annabelle : Creation ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Annabelle : Creation In October 2015, it was confirmed that an Annabelle sequel was in development ; it was later revealed that the film would be a prequel rather than a sequel. Filming began in June 2016 in Los Angeles. The plot of the film centers on a dollmaker and his wife, whose daughter tragically died twelve years earlier, as they decide to open their home to a nun and several girls from a shuttered orphanage ; the dollmaker 's possessed creation Annabelle sets her sights on the children and turns their shelter into a storm of horror. Lights Out director David F. Sandberg replaced Leonetti as director, with Dauberman returning to write the script and Safran and Wan returning to produce. The film was released worldwide on August 11, 2017, to critical and commercial success. Most critics found Annabelle : Creation to be a vast improvement over its predecessor. Untitled Annabelle film ( 2019 ) ( edit ) In April 2018, Warner Bros. announced July 3, 2019, as the release date for an as - yet untitled new film in The Conjuring Universe. Later that month, it was announced that the film will be a third Annabelle film, with Gary Dauberman signed on to write and direct the film in his directorial debut, based on a story treatment written by Dauberman and James Wan. Wan and Peter Safran will co-produce the project. During the 2018 SDCC, Wan and Safran revealed the film 's events would take place after Annabelle and would focus on the doll after she was kept in the glass box in the Warrens ' museum ; Dauberman later confirmed this by stating that the film will take place shortly after the beginning of The Conjuring where the titular character is introduced, but also before many of the events of the franchise 's first installment. Wilson and Farmiga were also announced to reprise their roles as Ed and Lorraine Warren. By September, Michael Burgress was hired as the film 's cinematographer. Later that month, Mckenna Grace and Madison Iseman were cast in the film as Judy Warren, the Warrens ' 10 - year - old daughter, and one of Judy 's teenage babysitters. By October, Katie Sarife had joined the cast. Production commenced in October 2018 in Los Angeles. Other films ( edit ) The Nun ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Nun ( 2018 film ) In June 2016, it was reported that a spin - off film titled The Nun, featuring the `` Demon Nun '' character Valak from The Conjuring 2, was in development with The Conjuring 2 co-scribe David Leslie Johnson writing the script, and Wan and Safran set to produce the project. In February of the following year, it was announced that Corin Hardy had signed on to direct. Gary Dauberman was also reported to have written a new screenplay based on a story treatment from James Wan and Dauberman. In April 2017, it was revealed Demián Bichir had joined the cast in the lead role. That same month, Taissa Farmiga joined the cast of the film, in the titular role. Bonnie Aarons will reprise her role in the film. The plot of the film follows a nun, a priest and a novitiate as they investigate an unholy secret and confront a malevolent force in the form of a demonic nun. Filming began in May 2017 in Bucharest, Romania. On August 12, 2017, Wan discussed a possibility for a Nun sequel and what its storyline may be : `` I do know where potentially, if The Nun works out, where The Nun 2 could lead to and how that ties back to Lorraine 's story that we 've set up with the first two Conjurings and make it all come full circle. '' The film was released on September 7, 2018. The Crooked Man ( tba ) ( edit ) In May 2017, Safran stated that the Crooked Man was being considered by the studio, for a feature film. By June of the same year, it was reported that a spin - off film titled The Crooked Man, featuring the character of the same name from The Conjuring 2, was in development with Mike Van Waes writing the script based on a story treatment by James Wan. Wan and Safran are set to produce the project. Wan later told Entertainment Weekly that The Crooked Man is in the early stages of development and that the intent with the movie is to develope a `` dark fairytale '' sub-genre of horror films. By September 2018, Safran gave an update on the project stating that the script was in progress of being written and that the studio intends to wait until the story is fully developed before production will begin. He further explained that the intention is for each of the different films in the franchise to have its own style. Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) List indicator ( s ) This table lists the main characters that appear in The Conjuring Universe, in alphabetical order by the character 's last name. An empty, dark - grey cell indicates the character was not in the film, or that the character 's official presence has not yet been confirmed. An indicates an appearance through archival footage. A indicates a cameo role. An indicates a role as an older version of the character. A indicates a voice - only role. A indicates a role as a younger version of the character. Characters The Conjuring series Annabelle series Other films The Conjuring ( 2013 ) The Conjuring 2 ( 2016 ) The Conjuring 3 ( 2020 ) Annabelle ( 2014 ) Annabelle : Creation ( 2017 ) Untitled film ( 2019 ) The Nun ( 2018 ) The Crooked Man ( TBA ) Annabelle Appeared Appeared Camilla Amy Tipton Amy Tipton Debbie Morganna Bridgers Morganna Bridgers Demon Joseph Bishara Joseph Bishara Fred Tatasciore Mia Form Annabelle Wallis Annabelle Wallis John Form Ward Horton Ward Horton Father Gordon Steve Coulter Janice `` Annabelle '' Higgins Tree O'Toole Keira Daniels Talitha Bateman Tree O'Toole Pete Higgins Brian Howe Sharon Higgins Kerry O'Malley Carolyn Perron Lili Taylor Lili Taylor Rick Zach Pappas Zach Pappas Maurice `` Frenchie '' Theriault Christof Veillon Jonas Bloquet Christof Veillon Drew Thomas Shannon Kook Valak Demon Nun The Crooked Man Joseph Bishara Robin Atkin Downes Bonnie Aarons Bonnie Aarons Bonnie Aarons Javier Botet TBA Edward `` Ed '' Warren Patrick Wilson Patrick Wilson Patrick Wilson Patrick Wilson Judy Warren Sterling Jerins TBA Mckenna Grace Lorraine Warren Vera Farmiga Vera Farmiga Vera Farmiga Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The franchise has been notable for its profit, with The Conjuring and its follow - up having earned a combined profit of $260 million, according to Deadline, while Annabelle managed to make 40 times its $6.5 million budget. All expenses put together, the franchise has made thus far approximately $545 million in box office profit. Film critic and box office pundit Scott Mendelson of Forbes has called the franchise the `` first successful post -- Marvel Cinematic Universe ''. Box office performance ( edit ) Film Box office gross Box office ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide The Conjuring $137,400,141 $182,094,497 $319,494,638 # 407 # 409 $20 million Annabelle $84,273,813 $172,773,848 $257,047,661 # 867 # 543 $6.5 million The Conjuring 2 $102,470,008 $217,922,810 $320,392,818 # 666 # 406 $40 million Annabelle : Creation $102,092,201 $204,423,683 $306,515,884 # 672 # 433 $15 million The Nun $117,060,762 $246,500,000 $363,560,762 # 549 # 323 $22 million Total $ 7008542983777000000 ♠ 542,983,777 $ 7009102221483800000 ♠ 1,022,214,838 $ 7009156519861500000 ♠ 1,565,198,615 $103.5 million Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Conjuring 86 % ( 211 reviews ) 68 ( 35 reviews ) A - Annabelle 29 % ( 124 reviews ) 37 ( 27 reviews ) The Conjuring 2 79 % ( 231 reviews ) 65 ( 38 reviews ) A - Annabelle : Creation 70 % ( 163 reviews ) 62 ( 29 reviews ) The Nun 26 % ( 153 reviews ) 46 ( 32 reviews ) Average 58 % 56 Lawsuits ( edit ) Norma Sutcliffe and Gerald Helfrich, the current owners of the house on which The Conjuring was based, have sued Wan, Warner Bros. and other producers, on the grounds that their property was being constantly vandalized as a consequence of the film. Entertainment Weekly obtained documents in which the owners affirm various invasions and ratify that they have found numerous objects affiliated with satanic cults. The lawsuit also reveals that the current owners bought the house in 1987 and lived `` in peace '' until 2013. Both owners had been seeking for unspecified damages. When questioned, a spokesperson for Warner Bros. declined to comment on the issue. Gerald Brittle, author of a book about the Warrens called The Demonologist, filed a $900 million lawsuit on March 29, 2017, against Warner Bros., New Line Cinema, James Wan and others, claiming that he had the exclusive rights to the Warrens ' story and that it had been illegally stolen by the studios and producers. The case was scheduled to go to trial on April 16, 2018, with a Warner Bros. spokesperson commenting, `` We 're pleased the Court significantly narrowed the case and look forward to addressing the remaining claims at summary judgment. Mr. Brittle 's claims are not only without merit, but contradict Mr. Brittle 's prior admissions in other failed lawsuits concerning The Conjuring movies ''. However, on December 13, 2017, Warner Bros. settled the lawsuit, revealing that Tony DeRosa - Grund, the producer of the original film, was the `` mastermind '' behind the lawsuit, without Brittle ever having been involved. A spokesperson commented, `` New Line has contended all along that DeRosa - Grund was the mastermind behind the lawsuit, was controlling and directing the lawsuit, and had attempted to enter into secret side deals with Brittle. '' Brittle himself stated, `` Mr. DeRosa - Grund has been controlling this litigation from the start. (... ) Based on a review of text messages between Mr. DeRosa - Grund and my attorney, I understand that he even threatened my attorneys that if they sent information from me without him seeing it first they would be fired. '' Brittle went into further detail in the settlement. This follows repeated failed lawsuits by DeRosa - Grund to Warner Bros. for claims of owed millions of dollars from the franchise, to the point where he was getting into trouble with the courts and reached a settlement with Warner Bros. to never sue them again for anything related to the franchise. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ford, Rebecca ( June 14, 2017 ). `` ' Conjuring 2 ' Spinoff ' The Crooked Man ' in the Works ( Exclusive ) ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Jump up ^ Collis, Clark ( July 19, 2018 ). `` James Wan says third Annabelle film is ' basically A Night at the Museum, with Annabelle! ' ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 23, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Busch, Anita ( June 26, 2017 ). `` ' The Conjuring 3 ' Is Summoned By New Line ; David Leslie Johnson Hired To Script ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 26, 2017. Jump up ^ Couch, Aaron ( October 3, 2018 ). `` ' The Conjuring 3 ' Finds Director With ' Curse of La Llorona ' Filmmaker ( Exclusive ) ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 3, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Conjuring Franchise ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 25, 2016. Jump up ^ Nemiroff, Perri ( June 26, 2013 ). `` From the Set : A Report from Our Trip to The Conjuring ''. Shock Till You Drop. Retrieved June 26, 2013. Jump up ^ `` EVERGREEN MEDIA GROUP page ''. ^ Jump up to : Andreeva, Nellie ( June 21, 2013 ). `` What 's In A Title? ' The Conjuring ' Producer And New Line In Dispute Over TV Rights ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 22, 2013. Jump up ^ Smith, Michael ( July 20, 2013 ). `` James Wan The Conjuring a Remake? ''. Guardian Liberty Voice. Jump up ^ Trumbore, Dave ( June 29, 2013 ). `` Screenwriters Chad and Carey Hayes Talk THE CONJURING, Finding the Film 's Point of View, Real Life Paranormal Incidents and the Appeal of Horror ''. Collider. Retrieved June 29, 2013. Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael ( June 16, 2009 ). `` Summit possesses ' The Conjuring ' ''. Variety. Retrieved June 22, 2013. Jump up ^ Gardner, Eriq ( June 25, 2013 ). `` New Line Claims ' Conjuring ' Partner Committed Trademark Fraud ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 25, 2013. Jump up ^ Dela Paz, Maggie ( August 25, 2018 ). `` The Nun Featurette Goes Into The Conjuring Universe Timeline ''. ComingSoon.net. Retrieved August 26, 2018. Jump up ^ Ashurst, Sam ( June 14, 2018 ). `` A timeline of The Conjuring universe -- including Annabelle and The Nun ''. Digital Spy. Retrieved August 26, 2018. Jump up ^ Burwick, Kevin ( August 25, 2018 ). `` The Nun Preview Explores The Conjuring Universe Timeline ''. MovieWeb. Retrieved August 26, 2018. Jump up ^ Dickson, Evan ( January 20, 2012 ). `` Vera Farmiga And Patrick Wilson in Talks To Do Some ' Conjuring ' For James Wan ''. Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved August 1, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Griffin, Bryant L. ( February 8, 2012 ). `` New Line Cinema Assembles ' The Warren Files ' ''. RabidDoll.com. Retrieved August 1, 2012. Jump up ^ `` New Line Already Developing Sequel to James Wan 's ' The Conjuring ' ''. FirstShowing.net. July 16, 2013. Retrieved July 17, 2013. Jump up ^ `` ( Comic - Con ' 13 ) Vera Farmiga and Patrick Wilson Already Signed For ' The Conjuring ' Sequel! # SDCC ''. Bloody Disgusting. July 20, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2013. Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike ( October 21, 2014 ). `` James Wan Back At New Line For ' The Conjuring 2 ' And Overall Producing Deal ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 21, 2014. Jump up ^ `` The Conjuring 2 Filming Begins! ''. ComingSoon.net. September 21, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2015. Jump up ^ Haynes, Britt ( January 6, 2015 ). `` ' The Conjuring 2 ' Getting a Rewrite From ' The Walking Dead ' and ' Orphan ' Scribe ''. ScreenCrush. Retrieved January 23, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Conjuring 2 Set for June 10, 2016 ''. ComingSoon.net. November 11, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2014. Jump up ^ McNary, Dave ( June 8, 2016 ). `` ' Conjuring 2 ' Director James Wan : ' There Could Be Many More Movies ' ''. Variety. Retrieved June 9, 2016. Jump up ^ Collis, Clark ( June 8, 2016 ). `` James Wan may not have the time to direct The Conjuring 3 ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 9, 2016. Jump up ^ Weintraub, Steve ( June 11, 2016 ). `` James Wan on ' The Conjuring 2, ' Superheroes, and His Guilty Pleasure Movies ''. Collider. Retrieved June 13, 2016. Jump up ^ Tilly, Chris ( June 15, 2016 ). `` James Wan Already Has an Idea For The Conjuring 3 ''. IGN. Retrieved June 16, 2016. Jump up ^ Eisenberg, Eric ( June 12, 2016 ). `` Could The Conjuring 3 Be About Werewolves? Here 's What James Wan Thinks ''. Cinema Blend. Retrieved September 9, 2016. Jump up ^ Squires, John ( May 30, 2017 ). `` Producer Says ' The Conjuring 3 ' Will Be a Very Different Film ''. Bloody Disgusting. Jump up ^ Collins, Clark ( August 7, 2017 ). `` James Wan gives update on The Conjuring 3 ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 8, 2017. Jump up ^ Eisenberg, Eric ( September 10, 2018 ). `` The Conjuring 3 Is Moving Forward, Has A Script ''. CinemaBlend. Retrieved September 11, 2018. Jump up ^ Kit, Borys ( October 3, 2018 ). `` ' The Conjuring 3 ' Finds Director With ' Curse of La Llorona ' Filmmaker ( Exclusive ) ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 3, 2018. Jump up ^ Hemmert, Kylie ( October 4, 2018 ). `` WB Sets Horror Movie Release Dates for September 2020, ' 21 & ' 22 ''. ComingSoon. Retrieved October 4, 2018. Jump up ^ Reilly, Mark ( November 8, 2013 ). `` THE CONJURING Gets a Spin - Off Movie with Annabelle! ''. Schmoes Know. Retrieved February 16, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros Scheduling Spree Continues With ' The Conjuring 2 ', ' Mean Moms ', 2 Others ''. Deadline Hollywood. February 25, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2014. Jump up ^ Gettell, Oliver ( October 3, 2014 ). `` ' Annabelle ' : Horror prequel scares up lackluster reviews ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 16, 2015. Jump up ^ Hall, Jacob ( October 19, 2015 ). `` ' Annabelle 2 ' is on the Way, So Burn Your Doll Collection Now ''. / Film. Jump up ^ Hazelton, John ( June 30, 2016 ). `` New Line 's ' Annabelle 2 ' starts shooting ''. Screen Daily. Jump up ^ Evry, Max ( June 22, 2016 ). `` Annabelle 2 Cast Adds Miranda Otto and Stephanie Sigman ''. ComingSoon.net. Jump up ^ McNary, Dave ( March 22, 2016 ). `` ' Annabelle 2 ' Draws ' Lights Out ' Director David Sandberg ''. Variety. Jump up ^ Stolworthy, Jacob ( July 5, 2017 ). `` Annabelle 2 currently has 100 % on Rotten Tomatoes ''. The Independent. Retrieved August 12, 2017. Jump up ^ Schaefer, Sandy ( April 20, 2018 ). `` New Conjuring Film, Just Mercy & More Set Release Dates ''. Screen Rant. Retrieved April 28, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Evil Comes Home as Production Begins on the Next Terrifying Chapter in New Line Cinema 's Annabelle Series ''. Business Wire. October 17, 2018. Retrieved October 19, 2018. Jump up ^ Kit, Borys ( April 27, 2018 ). `` ' Annabelle : Creation ' Sequel in the Works With Gary Dauberman Directing ( Exclusive ) ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 28, 2018. Jump up ^ Marc, Christopher ( August 2, 2018 ). `` James Wan 's Annabelle 3 Eyeing October Production Start In Los Angeles ''. GWW. Retrieved August 6, 2018. Jump up ^ Eisenberg, Eric ( September 11, 2018 ). `` Annabelle 3 Is Set During A Surprising Point On The Conjuring Timeline ''. CinemaBlend. Retrieved September 12, 2018. Jump up ^ Collis, Clark ( July 19, 2018 ). `` James Wan says third Annabelle film is ' basically A Night at the Museum, with Annabelle! ' ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 23, 2018. Jump up ^ Marc, Christopher ( September 5, 2018 ). `` Annabelle 3 Hires The Curse Of La Llorona Cinematographer Michael Burgress ''. Geeks WorldWide. Retrieved September 5, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Mckenna Grace to star in ' Annabelle 3 ' ''. The Hindu. October 1, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018. Jump up ^ Marc, Christopher ( August 2, 2018 ). `` James Wan 's Annabelle 3 Eyeing October Production Start In Los Angeles ''. GWW. Retrieved August 6, 2018. Jump up ^ Kit, Borys ( June 15, 2016 ). `` ' Conjuring 2 ' Spinoff ' The Nun ' in the Works ( Exclusive ) ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike ( February 2, 2017 ). `` Corin Hardy Takes Vow To Helm ' The Nun, ' New Line 's ' Conjuring ' Spinoff ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 2, 2017. Jump up ^ McNary, Dave ( April 5, 2017 ). `` Demian Bichir to Star in ' Conjuring 2 ' Spinoff ' The Nun ' ''. Variety. Retrieved April 5, 2017. Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike ( April 24, 2017 ). `` Taissa Farmiga Set For New Line 's ' The Nun ' ; Spinoff of Sister Vera 's ' The Conjuring ' ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 24, 2017. Jump up ^ McNary, Dave ( April 26, 2017 ). `` Bonnie Aarons to Return as the Demon Sister in ' The Nun ' ''. Variety. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ Cureton, Sean ( May 1, 2017 ). `` The Conjuring : Nun Spinoff Begins Filming This Week ''. Screen Rant. Jump up ^ Lammers, Timothy ( August 12, 2017 ). `` James Wan Teases The Nun And How A Sequel Would Connect To The Conjuring ''. Screen Rant. Jump up ^ Verhoeven, Beatrice ( February 13, 2018 ). `` The Conjuring Spinoff The Nun Pushed Back From Summer Release Date ''. TheWrap. Retrieved February 14, 2018. Jump up ^ Squires, John ( May 31, 2017 ). `` ' Conjuring 2 ' Universe Producer Talks Potential Crooked Man Spinoff ''. Bloody Disgusting. Jump up ^ Collins, Clark ( August 7, 2017 ). `` James Wan gives update on The Conjuring 3 ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 12, 2017. Jump up ^ Eisenberg, Eric ( September 11, 2018 ). `` The Latest On The Crooked Man Movie And How It Fits In The Conjuring Universe ''. CinemaBlend. Retrieved September 12, 2018. Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike ( March 21, 2014 ). `` 2013 Most Valuable Blockbuster Tournament Tip - Off -- # 1 ' Iron Man 3 ' Vs. # 16 ' The Conjuring ' ; # 8 ' Gravity ' Vs. # 9 ' Man Of Steel ' ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 22, 2015. Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike ( March 24, 2017 ). `` No. 14 ' The Conjuring 2 ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 25, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Annabelle ( 2014 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved June 17, 2016. Jump up ^ Mendelson, Scott ( August 4, 2016 ). `` The DC Comics Movies Are Hurting Warner Bros ''. Forbes. Retrieved April 29, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Conjuring Franchise ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 24, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Conjuring ( 2013 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved June 17, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Conjuring 2 ( 2016 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 24, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Annabelle : Creation ( 2017 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Nun ( 2018 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 9, 2018. Jump up ^ `` The Conjuring ( 2013 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 12, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Conjuring Reviews ''. Metacritic. Retrieved July 18, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` CinemaScore ''. CinemaScore. Retrieved June 22, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Annabelle ( 2014 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 3, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Annabelle Reviews ''. Metacritic. Retrieved February 3, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Conjuring 2 ( 2016 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved August 11, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Conjuring 2 reviews ''. Metacritic. Retrieved June 15, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Annabelle : Creation ( 2017 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved August 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Annabelle : Creation Reviews ''. Metacritic. Retrieved August 15, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Nun ( 2018 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 15, 2018. Jump up ^ `` The Nun ( 2018 ) reviews ''. Metacritic. Retrieved September 12, 2018. Jump up ^ Gettell, Oliver ( October 5, 2015 ). `` Owners of The Conjuring house sue Warner Bros. over trespassing fans ''. Entertainment Weekly. Jump up ^ Cullins, Ashley ( March 31, 2017 ). `` Warner Bros. Facing $900 Million Lawsuit Over ' The Conjuring ' Franchise ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 31, 2017. Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic ( August 29, 2017 ). `` Warner Bros Throws Shade On $1 B ' Conjuring ' Suit ; 2018 Trial Penciled In -- Update ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 29, 2017. Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic ( December 13, 2017 ). `` Warner Bros Settles $1 B ' Conjuring ' Suit ; `` Mastermind '' Producer Unmasked ``. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 14, 2017. Jump up ^ Cullins, Ashley ( December 13, 2017 ). `` Warner Bros. Settles $900 M Lawsuit Over ' The Conjuring ' ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 14, 2017. Jump up ^ Gardner, Eriq ( April 23, 2014 ). `` ' The Conjuring ' Keeps Spooking Up New Lawsuits ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic ( February 7, 2015 ). `` Warner Bros Wins ' Conjuring ' Arbitration, New Lawsuit Reveals ''. Deadline Hollywood. External links ( edit ) The Conjuring on IMDb The Conjuring 2 on IMDb Annabelle on IMDb Annabelle : Creation on IMDb The Nun on IMDb The Nurse on IMDb The Conjuring Universe The Conjuring films The Conjuring ( 2013 ) The Conjuring 2 ( 2016 ) Annabelle films Annabelle ( 2014 ) Annabelle : Creation ( 2017 ) Other films The Nun ( 2018 ) Short films The Nurse ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Conjuring_Universe&oldid=866480710 '' Categories : Media franchises introduced in 2013 American film series Horror films by series Fictional universes New Line Cinema franchises The Conjuring Universe Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar 日本 語 Português Русский 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018, at 16 : 08 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Conjuring Universe", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Conjuring_Universe&amp;oldid=866480710" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "3116922179221663772" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Brandon Jenkins ( musician ) - wikipedia Brandon Jenkins ( musician ) Jump to : navigation, search Brandon Jenkins Birth name Brandon Dean Jenkins Origin Tulsa, Oklahoma U.S.A. Genres Red Dirt Texas Country Years active 1994 -- present Labels Rainy Records Red Dirt Legend Recordings Remorseless Records Explosive Records Thirty Tigers Smith Entertainment E1 Music Associated acts Cross Canadian Ragweed Jason Boland & The Stragglers Stoney LaRue Casey Donahew Band Josh Abbott Band Website brandonjenkins.com Brandon Dean Jenkins ( born June 1969 ) is an American singer - songwriter from Tulsa, Oklahoma, now based in Nashville, Tennessee, who is notable for being part of the Red Dirt music genre. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Background 3 Songwriting 4 Influences 5 Personal life 6 Discography 6.1 Albums 6.2 Contributions 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Jenkins was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, to parents Wilma Jenkins ( née Linthicum ) and Dean Jenkins, a popular Tulsa radio disc jockey on stations KELi ( where he was known as Dean Kelly ) and KMOD - FM. In 1987, Jenkins graduated from Central High School in Tulsa, where he was in the jazz band, sang in the choir, and taught himself guitar. In the 1980s, He attended Oklahoma State University in Stillwater. During his time at OSU, Jenkins made life - long friends with many of his long - term musical collaborators in the Red Dirt Music community, including Cody Canada, Mike McClure, Stoney LaRue, and Bleu Edmondson. Jenkins ' uncle was the Grammy Award - winning bass player, sound engineer, and producer, Gordon Shryock, who was known for his work with J.J. Cale and Leon Russell, as well as Andrae Crouch, Elvis Presley, Natalie Cole, and Dwight Yoakam. Background ( edit ) In the early 1990s, Jenkins got his start recording for the Alabama - based record label, Rainy Records. In 2003, Jenkins moved from Oklahoma to Austin, Texas, where he lived until 2015. In 2005, Jenkins released Down In Flames and got a 3 - year record deal for his Western Soul Records imprint to have his work distributed by Sony / RED. The record came out on the Thirty Tigers label. 2008 's Faster Than a Stone, features Travis Fite and Stoney LaRue. Jenkins ' 2009 album Brothers of the Dirt was a collaboration with many Red Dirt and Texas country scene artists : Cody Canada ( Cross Canadian Ragweed ), Stoney LaRue, Jason Boland and Randy Rogers. The record was his first release on the independent label E1 Entertainment / Red Dirt Music Co. The song, `` Out of Babylon, '' sung by Jenkins and Canada, was a tribute to 9 / 11, while the song, `` Innocent Man, '' is a LaRue and Rogers contribution inspired by the John Grisham novel about Ron Williamson, The Innocent Man : Murder and Injustice in a Small Town. The song, `` Blood for Oil, '' is a protest song that focuses on George W. Bush 's involvement with Iraq War. In 2011, Jenkins released a record he called Project Eleven, which was a digital only 11 - track record released on the 10th anniversary of 9 / 11, with a single released on September 11, 2011. In 2015, Jenkins released the record, Blue Bandana, which was recorded over a period of two days in David Percefull 's Yellow Dog Studios with a full band capturing a live sound in one day and the engineering and mastering done over the next day. The record was released in a digital only format, with a limited number of physical versions available. Also in 2015, Jenkins released Brandon Jenkins @ Radio Recorders, which he recorded for Pride Hutchison and Dale Lawton 's Tulsa - based label, Explosive Records. The record was made in 2006 in the Southern California record studio called Radio Recorders. Because Jenkins ' music was firmly in the Texas country genre, this unique acoustic record was held onto for release, some nine years later. Jenkins recorded 2016 's The Flag, again with long - time collaborator, Dave Percefull. The record was recorded in Wimberley, Texas, in the Texas Hill Country, and features Dony Wynn, Bukka Allen ( son of Terry Allen ) on accordion, and Kim Deschamps on lap steel and dobro. In 2016, Jenkins moved from Austin to Nashville. Jenkins performs constantly, especially in the Texas and Oklahoma regions, although he has toured in Europe. He often plays 150 shows or more a year and has shared the stage with Sunny Sweeney, Zane Williams, Cory Morrow, Deana Carter, Pat Green, Willie Nelson, The Mavericks and Kevin Welch. Songwriting ( edit ) Jenkins ' song `` My Feet Do n't Touch The Ground '' was featured on Pete Anderson 's 2003 A Country West of Nashville album. The song garnered him an Emerging Artists in Music Award. The song was placed 8th on the list of `` The 50 Best Red Dirt Texas Country Songs '' of the Dallas Observer, and helped his career significantly. Fellow Red Dirt artists Bleu Edmondson ( `` Finger On The Trigger '' ) and Stoney LaRue ( `` Feet Do n't Touch The Ground '' ) have recorded and performed songs written by Jenkins. The song, `` Feet Do n't Touch The Ground, '' was praised by KKCN as being one of the top 5 recorded songs by Stoney LaRue, and features on his album Live at Billy Bob 's Texas. His song `` Down in Flames, '' co-written by Stoney LaRue, appears on The Red Dirt Album. One of Jenkins ' notable songs, `` Refinery Blues, '' is a biographical ballad about growing up near the Sand Springs Line, an area where oil refineries abut the Arkansas River tributary of the Mississippi River. The song describes the devastating effect the refineries and their pollutants had on generations of families in the area. In addition to writing hits for several of his fellow `` brothers of the dirt, '' Brandon Jenkins has had songs at the top of the Texas Music Radio Charts. Influences ( edit ) Jenkins cites the influence of the `` Tulsa Sound '' of J.J. Cale and Leon Russell on his songs and has said that the songwriting gives him the most satisfaction. Jenkins also cites the life and music of Woody Guthrie as being an important part of his approach to music and focusing on people and their lives in the Oklahoma region. Personal life ( edit ) Jenkins goes by the tongue - in - cheek, self - appointed nickname, the Red Dirt Legend. He is married to Michele Angelique Jenkins. Jenkins is a supporter of the Red Dirt Relief Fund, a non-profit organization that supports musicians from the Red Dirt family of artists who face financial hardship. Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Title Album details Faded Release date : April 13, 1996 Label : Red Dirt Legend Recordings The Ghost Of Jesse James Release date : August 8, 1999 Label : Red Dirt Legend Recordings Live at the Blue Door Release date : 2000 Label : Red Dirt Legend Recordings Unmended Release date : 2002 Label : Red Dirt Legend Recordings Down In Flames Release date : April 5, 2005 Label : Thirty Tigers VII Release date : 2006 Label : Smith Entertainment Faster Than A Stone Release date : 2008 Label : Smith Entertainment Tough Times Do n't Last Release date : July 2008 ( originally released in February 1994 ) Label : Smith Entertainment Brothers Of The Dirt Release date : 2009 Label : E1 Music Under The Sun Release date : 2011 Label : Smith Entertainment I Stand Alone Release date : May, 2014 Label : Red River Entertainment Blue Bandana Release date : February 16, 2015 Label : Red Dirt Legend Recordings Brandon Jenkins @ Radio Recorders Release date : June 22, 2015 Label : Explosive Records Glass House Sessions Release date : August 12, 2015 Label : Red Dirt Legend Recordings The Flag Release date : April 5, 2016 Label : Red Dirt Legend Recordings Contributions ( edit ) 2003 : Various Artists, A Country West Of Nashville ( Little Dog ) -- `` My Feet Do n't Touch the Ground '' 2006 : Various Artists, Red Dirt Sampler : Volume II. Songs in the Spirit of Woody Guthrie ( CD Baby ) -- `` Refinery Blues, '' also Producer 2006 : Route 66 : Songs of the Mother Road ( CD Baby ) -- `` Headin ' Down That Mother Road '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Songwriter / Composer : Jenkins, Brandon Dean ''. BMI. ^ Jump up to : Little, Tonya ( 21 March 2016 ). `` Brandon Jenkins : Austin to Nashville ''. Red Dirt Nation. ^ Jump up to : Wenger Watson, Julie ( 26 October 2015 ). `` Brandon Jenkins Takes Red Dirt Digital with Blue Bandana ''. No Depression. ^ Jump up to : McDonnell, Brandy ( 23 October 2009 ). `` CD Review : Brandon Jenkins `` Brothers of the Dirt '' ``. The Oklahoman. Jump up ^ `` Tulsa Radio : KTOW AM and FM ''. Tulsa Radio Memories. ^ Jump up to : Braudrick, Nicole L. ( 1 May 1996 ). `` Western Soul : Brandon Jenkins Reinvents His Style ''. Tulsa World. ^ Jump up to : McDonnell, Brandy ( 23 September 2009 ). `` Brandon Jenkins at home with ' Brothers of the Dirt ' ''. The Oklahoman. ^ Jump up to : Boydston, Joshua ( 21 February 2012 ). `` Branded ''. Oklahoma Gazette. ^ Jump up to : McDonnell, Brandy ( 18 December 2015 ). `` Oklahoma native Brandon Jenkins brings red dirt to home state for tonight 's Blue Door show ''. The Oklahoman. Jump up ^ Wooley, John ( 26 February 1989 ). `` Gordon Shryock : Grammy Winner Is Home to Stay ''. Tulsa World. ^ Jump up to : Conner, Thomas ( 2007 ). `` Chapter 6 : Getting Along : Woody Guthrie and Red Dirt Musicians ''. In Joyce, Davis D. Alternative Oklahoma : Contrarian Views of the Sooner State. Norman : University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 89 -- 90, 100, 104 -- 105. ISBN 978 - 0 - 806 - 13819 - 0. OCLC 71222981. Jump up ^ `` Brandon Jenkins Signs Sony / RED Deal - AngryCountry.com '' ( Press release ). Angry Country Magazine. 15 February 2005. Jump up ^ Sudhalter, Michael ( 22 November 2008 ). `` Brandon Jenkins - Faster Than A Stone ''. RoughStock. Jump up ^ Brown, Mark ( 26 November 2008 ). `` Q&A with Brandon Jenkins : Austin transplant Brandon Jenkins channels Tulsa ''. Tulsa World. Jump up ^ Moser, Margaret ( 27 November 2009 ). `` Brandon Jenkins ''. The Austin Chronicle. ^ Jump up to : Woods, Eric ( 27 August 2010 ). `` Red Dirt rebel Brandon Jenkins still churning out chart - toppers ''. Lubbock Avalanche - Journal. Jump up ^ Wooley, John ( 20 November 2015 ). `` Explosive Sounds : Oklahoma native and Texas country artist Brandon Jenkins releases two albums recorded nine years apart ''. Oklahoma Mazagine. Jump up ^ Wooley, John ( 6 September 2001 ). `` Jenkins conquers Europe ; Goodbye to Andy O ''. Tulsa World. Jump up ^ MacNeil, Jason. `` Brandon Jenkins : Biography & History ''. AllMusic. Jump up ^ `` Brandon Jenkins ''. MTV. Retrieved 29 December 2016. Jump up ^ McCarthy, Amy ; Dearmore, Kelly ( 16 February 2015 ). `` The 50 Best Red Dirt Texas Country Songs ''. Dallas Observer. Jump up ^ Stubbs, Tommy ( 24 July 2012 ). `` Top 5 Songs Ever Released By Stoney LaRue ''. KKCN. Jump up ^ Hessman, Jake ( 2010 ). `` The Music ''. The Road Goes On Forever. Bloomington, IN : iUniverse. pp. 272 -- 273. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4502 - 3906 - 6. Jump up ^ `` Texas Music for the Country - Chart : August 13, 2007 ''. 14 August 2007. Archived from the original on 14 August 2007. Jump up ^ Dufour, Florent ( 2002 ). `` Interview : Brandon Jenkins ''. French Association of Country Music ( FACM ) ( in French ). Jump up ^ Poet, J. ( 24 December 2015 ). `` Brandon Jenkins : `` Blue Bandana '' ``. Lone Star Music Magazine. Jump up ^ `` '' Stand '' Song Project benefits RDRF '' ( Press release ). Red Dirt Relief Fund. 1 April 2014. Jump up ^ McDonnell, Brandy ( 25 March 2014 ). `` Red Dirt Rangers and all - star lineup of Oklahoma musicians recording song for Red Dirt Relief Fund ''. The Oklahoman. Jump up ^ Weiss, Neal ( 30 June 2003 ). `` Various Artists - A Country West Of Nashville ''. No Depression ( 46 ). Jump up ^ Wooley, John ( 21 June 2005 ). `` Release of ' Red Dirt Sampler ' to benefit Guthrie festival ''. Tulsa World. External links ( edit ) BrandonJenkins.com Brandon Jenkins on Twitter VIAF : 100774310 LCCN : no2009143427 ISNI : 0000 0000 7121 7240 MusicBrainz : 20cbb7af - 0187 - 4c04 - baa1 - d4d179cb0026 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brandon_Jenkins_(musician)&oldid=805557440 '' Categories : Living people Singers from Oklahoma Singers from Texas American country singers American country singer - songwriters 1969 births Songwriters from Texas Songwriters from Oklahoma Central High School ( Tulsa, Oklahoma ) alumni Oklahoma State University alumni Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contributions Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017, at 04 : 24. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Brandon Jenkins (musician)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Brandon_Jenkins_(musician)&amp;oldid=805557440" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "6939737884804877899" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "40 - yard dash - wikipedia 40 - yard dash Jump to : navigation, search Athletics 40 - yard dash Men 's records World Christian Coleman 4.12 ( 2017 ) Women 's records World Christie Pearce 4.70 The 40 - yard dash is a sprint covering 40 yards ( 36.58 m ). It is primarily run to evaluate the speed and acceleration of American football players by scouts, particularly for the NFL Draft but also for collegiate recruiting. A player 's recorded time can have a heavy impact on his prospects in college or professional football. This was traditionally only true for the `` skill '' positions such as running back, wide receiver, and defensive back, although now a fast 40 - yard dash time is considered important for almost every position. The 40 - yard dash is not an official race in track and field athletics and is not an IAAF - recognized event. The origin of timing football players for 40 yards comes from the average distance of a punt and the time it takes to reach that distance. Punts average around 40 yards in distance from the line of scrimmage, and the hangtime ( time of flight ) averages approximately 4.5 seconds. Therefore, if a coach knows that a player runs 40 yards in 4.5 seconds, he will be able to leave the line of scrimmage when a punt is kicked, and reach the point where the ball comes down just as it arrives. Contents ( hide ) 1 Timing method and track comparisons 2 Records 2.1 Records at the NFL Scouting Combine 3 Average time by position 4 References Timing method and track comparisons ( edit ) In terms of judging a person 's speed, the best method of timing is through lasers which start and stop the times when passed through. A laser start ( from a stationary position ) is more accurate for measuring pure speed as it does not register a runner 's reaction time. However, the method of timing a 40 - yard dash can affect the accuracy by as much 0.5 seconds ( with the manual stopwatch method ). The National Football League ( NFL ) did not begin using partial electronic timing ( started by hand, stopped electronically ) at the NFL Scouting Combine until 1999. For purposes of measurement at the Combine, the run is made along the lower sideline from the 40 yard - line to the end zone, which has built - in rundown space. In track and field races, the runner must react to the starting gun, which takes approximately 0.24 seconds, based on FAT timing. A runner with a reaction time less than. 100 is subject to disqualification as that is deemed too fast of a reaction time. In contrast, for electronically timed 40 - yard dashes, the runner is allowed to start when he wishes, and a timer hand - starts the clock. This aspect means that comparisons with track times are impossible given that a reaction time is not factored in. Furthermore, the use of hand - timing in the 40 - yard dash can considerably alter a runner 's time ; the methods are not comparable to the rigorous electronic timing used in track and field. Jacoby Ford, who ran a 4.28 s in the 2010 NFL Combine, had a collegiate best of 6.51 s in the 60 - meter dash ( outside the top - 40 of the all - time lists ). This highlights the difficulties in comparing track running times to football 40 - yard times due to the different timing methods. Records ( edit ) Auburn 's Bo Jackson claims to have run a 40 - yard dash with a time of 4.13 s. A time of 4.18 run by Jackson within the same week added some support to the legitimacy of the times. Texas Tech 's Jakeem Grant was hand - timed by a New Orleans Saints scout as running a 4.10 in 2016, potentially beating Jackson 's record. Deion Sanders ran a 4.27 - second 40 - yard dash in 1989. In 2013, Carlin Isles recorded a time of 4.22 at a Detroit Lions facility during a workout. In 2017 Olympic sprinter Christian Coleman ran a time of 4.12 seconds on turf in response to claims that NFL players are as fast as Usain Bolt. Records at the NFL Scouting Combine ( edit ) This is a list of the official 40 - yard dash results of 4.30 seconds or better recorded at the NFL Scouting combine since 1999, the first year electronic timing was implemented at the NFL Scouting Combine. Time Name Height Weight Position College Year Draft 4.22 John Ross 5 ft 11 in ( 180 cm ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) Wide receiver Washington 2017 No. 9 overall by Cincinnati Bengals 4.24 Rondel Menendez 5 ft 9 in ( 175 cm ) 192 lb ( 87 kg ) Wide receiver Eastern Kentucky 1999 No. 247 overall by Atlanta Falcons Chris Johnson 5 ft 11 in ( 180 cm ) 192 lb ( 87 kg ) Running back East Carolina 2008 No. 24 overall by Tennessee Titans 4.26 Jerome Mathis 5 ft 11 in ( 180 cm ) 184 lb ( 83 kg ) Wide receiver Hampton 2005 No. 114 overall by Houston Texans Dri Archer 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) 173 lb ( 78 kg ) Running back Kent State 2014 No. 97 overall by Pittsburgh Steelers 4.27 Stanford Routt 6 ft 2 in ( 188 cm ) 193 lb ( 88 kg ) Cornerback Houston 2005 No. 38 overall by Oakland Raiders Marquise Goodwin 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) 181 lb ( 82 kg ) Wide receiver Texas 2013 No. 78 overall by Buffalo Bills 4.28 Champ Bailey 6 ft 0 in ( 183 cm ) 192 lb ( 87 kg ) Cornerback Georgia 1999 No. 7 overall by Washington Redskins Jacoby Ford 5 ft 9 in ( 175 cm ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) Wide receiver Clemson No. 108 overall by Oakland Raiders Jalen Myrick 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) Cornerback Minnesota 2017 No. 222 overall by Jacksonville Jaguars J.J. Nelson 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) 156 lb ( 71 kg ) Wide receiver UAB 2015 No. 159 overall by Arizona Cardinals DeMarcus Van Dyke 6 ft 1 in ( 185 cm ) 187 lb ( 85 kg ) Cornerback Miami 2011 No. 81 overall by Oakland Raiders 4.29 Fabian Washington 5 ft 11 in ( 180 cm ) 188 lb ( 85 kg ) Cornerback Nebraska 2005 No. 23 overall by Oakland Raiders Dominique Rodgers - Cromartie 6 ft 2 in ( 188 cm ) 184 lb ( 83 kg ) Cornerback Tennessee State 2008 No. 16 overall by the Arizona Cardinals Josh Robinson 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) 199 lb ( 90 kg ) Cornerback UCF 2012 No. 66 overall by Minnesota Vikings 4.30 Darrent Williams 5 ft 9 in ( 175 cm ) 176 lb ( 80 kg ) Cornerback Oklahoma State 2005 No. 56 overall by Denver Broncos Tye Hill 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) Cornerback Clemson 2006 No. 15 overall by St. Louis Rams Yamon Figurs 5 ft 11 in ( 180 cm ) 174 lb ( 79 kg ) Wide receiver Kansas State 2007 No. 74 overall by Baltimore Ravens Darrius Heyward - Bey 6 ft 2 in ( 188 cm ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) Wide receiver Maryland 2009 No. 7 overall by Oakland Raiders Average time by position ( edit ) According to a five - year NFL combine report, wide receivers and cornerbacks had the fastest average times at 4.55, followed by running backs at 4.59. The following average times were measured between 2008 and 2012 at the NFL combine. Position Time Wide receiver 4.55 Cornerback 4.55 Running back 4.59 Safety 4.62 Outside linebacker 4.74 Tight end 4.77 Fullback 4.80 Inside linebacker 4.80 Quarterback 4.87 Defensive end 4.88 Defensive tackle 5.13 Center 5.30 Offensive tackle 5.32 Offensive guard 5.36 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MacCambridge, Michael ( 2005 ). America 's Game : The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation ( 1st ed. ). New York : Anchor Books. p. 29. ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 72506 - 7. Intent on building a fast team, ( Paul Brown in the mid-1940s ) began timing players in the 40 - yard dash, rather than the 100, reasoning that the 40 was a more meaningful measure of true football speed, about the distance a player would cover on a punt. Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0345545141 Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1543670-how-are-40-yard-dash-times-recorded Jump up ^ 60 Metres - men - senior - indoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2013 - 05 - 29. Jump up ^ 60 Metres - men - senior - indoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2013 - 05 - 29. Jump up ^ Rothstein, Matthew ( February 29, 2016 ). `` Bo Jackson Talking About His 4.13 40 - Yard - Dash Is A Reminder Of How Superhuman He Was ''. Uproxx.com. Jump up ^ Tanier, Mike ( July 16, 2015 ). `` NFL Urban Legends : Bo Jackson and the Too - Fast - to - Be-True 40 - Yard Dash ''. BleacherReport.com. Jump up ^ Based on Cooney, Frank ( 23 February 2008 ). `` Combine 40 - yard times -- Nothing is official ''. The Sports Xchange., plus updates. Jump up ^ Cooney, Frank ( 24 Feb 2008 ). `` With 40 - yard dash times, nothing 's quite ' official ' ''. USA Today. Jump up ^ Haislop, Tadd ( 11 March 2016 ). `` Texas Tech 's Jakeem Grant clocked at 4.10 in 40 - yard dash ''. SportingNews. Retrieved 12 March 2016. Jump up ^ Hessler, Warner ( 23 April 1989 ). `` NFL General Managers Moan About Another Diluted Draft ''. Daily Press. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions sign rugby player Carlin Isles to practice squad ''. Daily News. New York. 26 Dec 2013. Jump up ^ `` Olympic sprinter shows up John Ross ''. USA Today. Retrieved 26 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` Top Performers 2006 - 2011 ''. 16 July 2011. Jump up ^ Cooney, Frank ( 1 Mar 2011 ). `` Officially, Van Dyke is combine 's fastest player ''. USA Today. Jump up ^ `` John Ross III runs 40 - yard dash in record 4.22 seconds at NFL Combine ''. Sportsnet. March 4, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Jalen Myrick Combine Profile ''. NFL.com. Retrieved March 6, 2017. Jump up ^ `` NFL on Twitter ''. Twitter. February 21, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Darrius Heyward - Bey - WR - Maryland - 2009 NFL Combine Results ''. NFL Combine Results. Jump up ^ Topher Doll ( February 12, 2013 ). `` Some Clarification is in Order : Average Speed by Position ''. MileHighReport.com. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=40-yard_dash&oldid=841472537 '' Categories : National Football League Draft Sprint ( running ) Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018, at 02 : 15. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "40-yard dash", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=40-yard_dash&amp;oldid=841472537" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "3607925427358010996" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "A Kiss to Build a Dream on - Wikipedia A Kiss to Build a Dream on `` A Kiss to Build a Dream On '' is a song composed by Bert Kalmar, Harry Ruby and Oscar Hammerstein II in 1935. It was recorded by Louis Armstrong in 1951. It was also performed by Armstrong as well as by Mickey Rooney with William Demarest, by Sally Forrest, and by Kay Brown ( virtually the entire cast performed part or all of the song ) in the 1951 film `` The Strip, '' and was a sort of recurring theme in the film. The song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1951 but lost out to `` In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening ''. Another popular recording was made by one of the movie 's guest - stars, Monica Lewis, and in early 1952, the version by Hugo Winterhalter and his Orchestra, with vocalist Johnny Parker, made it to the Pop 20 chart in the United States. Sung by Richard Chamberlain, the song gained considerable exposure due to its being on the ' B ' side of his 1962 hit : `` Theme from Dr. Kildare ( Three Stars Will Shine Tonight ) ''. Rod Stewart covered the song in his 2004 album, Stardust : the Great American Songbook 3. Deana Martin recorded A Kiss to Build a Dream On in 2009. The song was released on her album, Volare, in 2009 by Big Fish Records. Bing Crosby recorded it for his album `` Songs I Wish I Had Sung ( The First Time Around ) '' In fiction ( edit ) An instrumental version is heard in the background in the 1950 film Mister 880 at the 21 : 39 mark. The version of Hugo Winterhalter and his Orchestra is played twice in the flashbacks scenes of Mexican 1965 short film Tajimara, the first story included in the feature film Los Bienamados. The song was featured in the soundtrack of the 1993 film Sleepless In Seattle and the 1951 film The Strip. It was played as a background track during Yuri and Ava 's party in the 2005 film Lord of War. It was featured in the introductory sequence of the 1998 video game Fallout 2. It was featured in episode 2 of the 2014 TV series Grantchester. The Bollywood picture Parineeta has a song based on the original tune called Kaisi Paheli Zindagani. It was featured as Jenny 's favorite song in The Cry of the Owl. Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Guitarguy. `` A Kiss to Build a Dream On ''. theguitarguy.com. Retrieved October 20, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Soundtracks for The Cry of the Owl ( 2009 ) ''. IMDB.com. Retrieved January 29, 2010. This 1930s song article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Kiss_to_Build_a_Dream_On&oldid=840999516 '' Categories : Jazz songs Louis Armstrong songs Songs with lyrics by Bert Kalmar Songs with music by Harry Ruby 1935 songs Songs with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II Songs about dreams 1930s song stubs Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018, at 12 : 22 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "A Kiss to Build a Dream On", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=A_Kiss_to_Build_a_Dream_On&amp;oldid=840999516" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "9073225721150206199" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Fuse ( electrical ) - wikipedia Fuse ( electrical ) Jump to : navigation, search For other uses, see Fuse ( disambiguation ). Relevant topics on Electrical Installations Wiring practice by region or country North American practice United Kingdom Practice Regulation of electrical installations BS 7671 UK wiring regulations IEC 60364 IEC international standard Canadian Electrical Code ( CEC ) US National Electrical Code ( NEC ) Cabling and accessories AC power plugs and sockets Cable tray Electrical conduit Mineral - insulated copper - clad cable Multiway switching Steel wire armoured cable Ring circuit Thermoplastic - sheathed cable Switching and protection devices AFCI ELCB Circuit breakers Fuse Residual Current Device ( RCD ) / GFCI ( USA ) Distribution board Consumer unit Electrical switch Earthing system Fuse A miniature time - delay 250 V fuse that will interrupt a 0.3 A current at after 100 s, or a 15 A current in 0.1 s. 32 mm ( 1 1 / 4 `` ) long. Type Passive Working principle Melting of internal conductor due to heat generated by excessive current flow Electronic symbol Electronic symbols for a fuse 200 A Industrial fuse. 80 kA breaking capacity. In electronics and electrical engineering, a fuse is an electrical safety device that operates to provide overcurrent protection of an electrical circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows through it, thereby interrupting the current. It is a sacrificial device ; once a fuse has operated it is an open circuit, and it must be replaced or rewired, depending on type. Fuses have been used as essential safety devices from the early days of electrical engineering. Today there are thousands of different fuse designs which have specific current and voltage ratings, breaking capacity and response times, depending on the application. The time and current operating characteristics of fuses are chosen to provide adequate protection without needless interruption. Wiring regulations usually define a maximum fuse current rating for particular circuits. Short circuits, overloading, mismatched loads, or device failure are the prime reasons for fuse operation. A fuse is an automatic means of removing power from a faulty system ; often abbreviated to ADS ( Automatic Disconnection of Supply ). Circuit breakers can be used as an alternative design solution to fuses, but have significantly different characteristics. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Construction 3 Characteristic parameters 3.1 Rated current I 3.2 Speed 3.3 The I t value 3.4 Breaking capacity 3.5 Rated voltage 4 Voltage drop 5 Temperature derating 6 Markings 7 Packages and materials 8 Dimensions 8.1 Special features 9 Fuse standards 9.1 IEC 60269 fuses 9.2 UL 248 fuses ( North America ) 10 Automotive fuses 11 High voltage fuses 11.1 Expulsion fuses 12 Fuses compared with circuit breakers 13 Fuse boxes 13.1 United Kingdom 13.2 North America 14 Coordination of fuses in series 15 Other circuit protectors 15.1 Resettable fuses 15.2 Thermal fuses 15.3 Cable limiter 16 Unicode symbol 17 See also 18 Notes 19 References 20 External links History ( edit ) Breguet recommended the use of reduced - section conductors to protect telegraph stations from lightning strikes ; by melting, the smaller wires would protect apparatus and wiring inside the building. A variety of wire or foil fusible elements were in use to protect telegraph cables and lighting installations as early as 1864. A fuse was patented by Thomas Edison in 1890 as part of his electric distribution system. Construction ( edit ) 15 amp replacement ' Special Fuse Wire ' ( Israel, 1950s ). A fuse consists of a metal strip or wire fuse element, of small cross-section compared to the circuit conductors, mounted between a pair of electrical terminals, and ( usually ) enclosed by a non-combustible housing. The fuse is arranged in series to carry all the current passing through the protected circuit. The resistance of the element generates heat due to the current flow. The size and construction of the element is ( empirically ) determined so that the heat produced for a normal current does not cause the element to attain a high temperature. If too high a current flows, the element rises to a higher temperature and either directly melts, or else melts a soldered joint within the fuse, opening the circuit. The fuse element is made of zinc, copper, silver, aluminum, or alloys to provide stable and predictable characteristics. The fuse ideally would carry its rated current indefinitely, and melt quickly on a small excess. The element must not be damaged by minor harmless surges of current, and must not oxidize or change its behavior after possibly years of service. The fuse elements may be shaped to increase heating effect. In large fuses, current may be divided between multiple strips of metal. A dual - element fuse may contain a metal strip that melts instantly on a short - circuit, and also contain a low - melting solder joint that responds to long - term overload of low values compared to a short - circuit. Fuse elements may be supported by steel or nichrome wires, so that no strain is placed on the element, but a spring may be included to increase the speed of parting of the element fragments. The fuse element may be surrounded by air, or by materials intended to speed the quenching of the arc. Silica sand or non-conducting liquids may be used. Characteristic parameters ( edit ) Rated current I ( edit ) A maximum current that the fuse can continuously conduct without interrupting the circuit. Speed ( edit ) The speed at which a fuse blows depends on how much current flows through it and the material of which the fuse is made. The operating time is not a fixed interval, but decreases as the current increases. Fuses have different characteristics of operating time compared to current. A standard fuse may require twice its rated current to open in one second, a fast - blow fuse may require twice its rated current to blow in 0.1 seconds, and a slow - blow fuse may require twice its rated current for tens of seconds to blow. Fuse selection depends on the load 's characteristics. Semiconductor devices may use a fast or ultrafast fuse as semiconductor devices heat rapidly when excess current flows. The fastest blowing fuses are designed for the most sensitive electrical equipment, where even a short exposure to an overload current could be very damaging. Normal fast - blow fuses are the most general purpose fuses. The time delay fuse ( also known as anti-surge, or slow - blow ) are designed to allow a current which is above the rated value of the fuse to flow for a short period of time without the fuse blowing. These types of fuse are used on equipment such as motors, which can draw larger than normal currents for up to several seconds while coming up to speed. Manufacturers can provide a plot of current vs time, often plotted on logarithmic scales, to characterize the device and to allow comparison with the characteristics of protective devices upstream and downstream of the fuse. The I t value ( edit ) The I t rating is related to the amount of energy let through by the fuse element when it clears the electrical fault. This term is normally used in short circuit conditions and the values are used to perform co-ordination studies in electrical networks. I t parameters are provided by charts in manufacturer data sheets for each fuse family. For coordination of fuse operation with upstream or downstream devices, both melting I t and clearing I t are specified. The melting I t is proportional to the amount of energy required to begin melting the fuse element. The clearing I t is proportional to the total energy let through by the fuse when clearing a fault. The energy is mainly dependent on current and time for fuses as well as the available fault level and system voltage. Since the I t rating of the fuse is proportional to the energy it lets through, it is a measure of the thermal damage from the heat and magnetic forces that will be produced by a fault. Breaking capacity ( edit ) Main article : Breaking capacity The breaking capacity is the maximum current that can safely be interrupted by the fuse. This should be higher than the prospective short - circuit current. Miniature fuses may have an interrupting rating only 10 times their rated current. Some fuses are designated High Rupture Capacity ( HRC ) and are usually filled with sand or a similar material. Fuses for small, low - voltage, usually residential, wiring systems are commonly rated, in North American practice, to interrupt 10,000 amperes. Fuses for commercial or industrial power systems must have higher interrupting ratings, with some low - voltage current - limiting high interrupting fuses rated for 300,000 amperes. Fuses for high - voltage equipment, up to 115,000 volts, are rated by the total apparent power ( megavolt - amperes, MVA ) of the fault level on the circuit. Rated voltage ( edit ) The voltage rating of the fuse must be equal to or, greater than, what would become the open - circuit voltage. For example, a glass tube fuse rated at 32 volts would not reliably interrupt current from a voltage source of 120 or 230V. If a 32V fuse attempts to interrupt the 120 or 230 V source, an arc may result. Plasma inside the glass tube may continue to conduct current until the current diminishes to the point where the plasma becomes a non-conducting gas. Rated voltage should be higher than the maximum voltage source it would have to disconnect. Connecting fuses in series does not increase the rated voltage of the combination, nor of any one fuse. Medium - voltage fuses rated for a few thousand volts are never used on low voltage circuits, because of their cost and because they can not properly clear the circuit when operating at very low voltages. Voltage drop ( edit ) The manufacturer may specify the voltage drop across the fuse at rated current. There is a direct relationship between a fuse 's cold resistance and its voltage drop value. Once current is applied, resistance and voltage drop of a fuse will constantly grow with the rise of its operating temperature until the fuse finally reaches thermal equilibrium. The voltage drop should be taken into account, particularly when using a fuse in low - voltage applications. Voltage drop often is not significant in more traditional wire type fuses, but can be significant in other technologies such as resettable ( PPTC ) type fuses. Temperature derating ( edit ) Ambient temperature will change a fuse 's operational parameters. A fuse rated for 1 A at 25 ° C may conduct up to 10 % or 20 % more current at − 40 ° C and may open at 80 % of its rated value at 100 ° C. Operating values will vary with each fuse family and are provided in manufacturer data sheets. Markings ( edit ) A sample of the many markings that can be found on a fuse. Most fuses are marked on the body or end caps with markings that indicate their ratings. Surface - mount technology `` chip type '' fuses feature few or no markings, making identification very difficult. Similar appearing fuses may have significantly different properties, identified by their markings. Fuse markings will generally convey the following information, either explicitly as text, or else implicit with the approval agency marking for a particular type : Ampere rating of the fuse. Voltage rating of the fuse. Time - current characteristic ; i.e. fuse speed. Approvals by national and international standards agencies. Manufacturer / part number / series. Interrupting rating ( Breaking capacity ) Packages and materials ( edit ) Various holders for cartridge ferrule fuses Fuses come in a vast array of sizes and styles to serve in many applications, manufactured in standardised package layouts to make them easily interchangeable. Fuse bodies may be made of ceramic, glass, plastic, fiberglass, molded mica laminates, or molded compressed fibre depending on application and voltage class. Cartridge ( ferrule ) fuses have a cylindrical body terminated with metal end caps. Some cartridge fuses are manufactured with end caps of different sizes to prevent accidental insertion of the wrong fuse rating in a holder, giving them a bottle shape. Fuses for low voltage power circuits may have bolted blade or tag terminals which are secured by screws to a fuseholder. Some blade - type terminals are held by spring clips. Blade type fuses often require the use of a special purpose extractor tool to remove them from the fuse holder. Renewable fuses have replaceable fuse elements, allowing the fuse body and terminals to be reused if not damaged after a fuse operation. Fuses designed for soldering to a printed circuit board have radial or axial wire leads. Surface mount fuses have solder pads instead of leads. High - voltage fuses of the expulsion type have fiber or glass - reinforced plastic tubes and an open end, and can have the fuse element replaced. Semi-enclosed fuses are fuse wire carriers in which the fusible wire itself can be replaced. The exact fusing current is not as well controlled as an enclosed fuse, and it is extremely important to use the correct diameter and material when replacing the fuse wire, and for these reasons these fuses are slowly falling from favour. Current ratings of fuse wire ( from Table 53A of BS 7671 : 1992 ) Fuse wire rating ( A ) Cu Wire diameter ( mm ) 0.15 5 0.20 10 0.35 15 0.50 20 0.60 25 0.75 30 0.85 45 1.25 60 1.53 80 1.8 100 2.0 These are still used in consumer units in some parts of the world, but are becoming less common. While glass fuses have the advantage of a fuse element visible for inspection purposes, they have a low breaking capacity ( interrupting rating ), which generally restricts them to applications of 15 A or less at 250 V. Ceramic fuses have the advantage of a higher breaking capacity, facilitating their use in circuits with higher current and voltage. Filling a fuse body with sand provides additional cooling of the arc and increases the breaking capacity of the fuse. Medium - voltage fuses may have liquid - filled envelopes to assist in the extinguishing of the arc. Some types of distribution switchgear use fuse links immersed in the oil that fills the equipment. Fuse packages may include a rejection feature such as a pin, slot, or tab, which prevents interchange of otherwise similar appearing fuses. For example, fuse holders for North American class RK fuses have a pin that prevents installation of similar - appearing class H fuses, which have a much lower breaking capacity and a solid blade terminal that lacks the slot of the RK type. Dimensions ( edit ) Fuses can be built with different sized enclosures to prevent interchange of different ratings of fuse. For example, bottle style fuses distinguish between ratings with different cap diameters. Automotive glass fuses were made in different lengths, to prevent high - rated fuses being installed in a circuit intended for a lower rating. Special features ( edit ) Glass cartridge and plug fuses allow direct inspection of the fusible element. Other fuses have other indication methods including : Indicating pin or striker pin -- extends out of the fuse cap when the element is blown. Indicating disc -- a coloured disc ( flush mounted in the end cap of the fuse ) falls out when the element is blown. Element window -- a small window built into the fuse body to provide visual indication of a blown element. External trip indicator -- similar function to striker pin, but can be externally attached ( using clips ) to a compatible fuse. Some fuses allow a special purpose micro switch or relay unit to be fixed to the fuse body. When the fuse element blows, the indicating pin extends to activate the micro switch or relay, which, in turn, triggers an event. Some fuses for medium - voltage applications use two or three separate barrels and two or three fuse elements in parallel. Fuse standards ( edit ) IEC 60269 fuses ( edit ) Cross section of a screw - type fuse holder with Diazed fuse Main article : IEC 60269 The International Electrotechnical Commission publishes standard 60269 for low - voltage power fuses. The standard is in four volumes, which describe general requirements, fuses for industrial and commercial applications, fuses for residential applications, and fuses to protect semiconductor devices. The IEC standard unifies several national standards, thereby improving the interchangeability of fuses in international trade. All fuses of different technologies tested to meet IEC standards will have similar time - current characteristics, which simplifies design and maintenance. UL 248 fuses ( North America ) ( edit ) In the United States and Canada, low - voltage fuses to 1 kV AC rating are made in accordance with Underwriters Laboratories standard UL 248 or the harmonized Canadian Standards Association standard C22. 2 No. 248. This standard applies to fuses rated 1 kV or less, AC or DC, and with breaking capacity up to 200 kA. These fuses are intended for installations following Canadian Electrical Code, Part I ( CEC ), or the National Electrical Code, NFPA 70 ( NEC ). The standard ampere ratings for fuses ( and circuit breakers ) in USA / Canada are considered 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 1000, 1200, 1600, 2000, 2500, 3000, 4000, 5000, and 6000 amperes. Additional standard ampere ratings for fuses are 1, 3, 6, 10, and 601. UL 248 currently has 19 `` parts ''. UL 248 - 1 sets the general requirements for fuses, while the latter parts are dedicated to specific fuses sizes ( ex : 248 - 8 for Class J, 248 - 10 for Class L ), or for categories of fuses with unique properties ( ex : 248 - 13 for semiconductor fuses, 248 - 19 for photovoltaic fuses ). The general requirements ( 248 - 1 ) apply except as modified by the supplemental part ( 240 - x ). For example, UL 248 - 19 allows photovoltaic fuses to be rated up to 1500 volts, DC, versus 1000 volts under the general requirements. IEC and UL nomenclature varies slightly. IEC standards refer to a `` fuse '' as the assembly of a fuse link and fuse holder. In North American standards, the fuse is the replaceable portion of the assembly, and a fuse link would be a bare metal element for installation in a fuse. Automotive fuses ( edit ) Blade type fuses come in six physical sizes : micro2, micro3, low - profile mini, mini, regular and maxi Main article : Fuse ( automotive ) Automotive fuses are used to protect the wiring and electrical equipment for vehicles. There are several different types of automotive fuses and their usage is dependent upon the specific application, voltage, and current demands of the electrical circuit. Automotive fuses can be mounted in fuse blocks, inline fuse holders, or fuse clips. Some automotive fuses are occasionally used in non-automotive electrical applications. Standards for automotive fuses are published by SAE International ( formerly known as the Society of Automotive Engineers ). Automotive fuses can be classified into four distinct categories : Blade fuses Glass tube or Bosch type Fusible links Fuse limiters Most automotive fuses rated at 32 volts are used on circuits rated 24 volts DC and below. Some vehicles use a dual 12 / 42 V DC electrical system that will require a fuse rated at 58 V DC. High voltage fuses ( edit ) A set of pole - top fusible cutouts with one fuse blown, protecting a transformer - the white tube on the left is hanging down Fuses are used on power systems up to 115,000 volts AC. High - voltage fuses are used to protect instrument transformers used for electricity metering, or for small power transformers where the expense of a circuit breaker is not warranted. A circuit breaker at 115 kV may cost up to five times as much as a set of power fuses, so the resulting saving can be tens of thousands of dollars. In medium - voltage distribution systems, a power fuse may be used to protect a transformer serving 1 -- 3 houses. Pole - mounted distribution transformers are nearly always protected by a fusible cutout, which can have the fuse element replaced using live - line maintenance tools. Medium - voltage fuses are also used to protect motors, capacitor banks and transformers and may be mounted in metal enclosed switchgear, or ( rarely in new designs ) on open switchboards. Expulsion fuses ( edit ) Large power fuses use fusible elements made of silver, copper or tin to provide stable and predictable performance. High voltage expulsion fuses surround the fusible link with gas - evolving substances, such as boric acid. When the fuse blows, heat from the arc causes the boric acid to evolve large volumes of gases. The associated high pressure ( often greater than 100 atmospheres ) and cooling gases rapidly quench the resulting arc. The hot gases are then explosively expelled out of the end ( s ) of the fuse. Such fuses can only be used outdoors. A 115 kV high - voltage fuse in a substation near a hydroelectric power plant Older medium - voltage fuse for a 20 kV network These type of fuses may have an impact pin to operate a switch mechanism, so that all three phases are interrupted if any one fuse blows. High - power fuse means that these fuses can interrupt several kiloamperes. Some manufacturers have tested their fuses for up to 63 kA short - circuit current. Fuses compared with circuit breakers ( edit ) Fuses have the advantages of often being less costly and simpler than a circuit breaker for similar ratings. The blown fuse must be replaced with a new device which is less convenient than simply resetting a breaker and therefore likely to discourage people from ignoring faults. On the other hand, replacing a fuse without isolating the circuit first ( most building wiring designs do not provide individual isolation switches for each fuse ) can be dangerous in itself, particularly if the fault is a short circuit. High rupturing capacity fuses can be rated to safely interrupt up to 300,000 amperes at 600 V AC. Special current - limiting fuses are applied ahead of some molded - case breakers to protect the breakers in low - voltage power circuits with high short - circuit levels. Current - limiting fuses operate so quickly that they limit the total `` let - through '' energy that passes into the circuit, helping to protect downstream equipment from damage. These fuses open in less than one cycle of the AC power frequency ; circuit breakers can not match this speed. Some types of circuit breakers must be maintained on a regular basis to ensure their mechanical operation during an interruption. This is not the case with fuses, which rely on melting processes where no mechanical operation is required for the fuse to operate under fault conditions. In a multi-phase power circuit, if only one fuse opens, the remaining phases will have higher than normal currents, and unbalanced voltages, with possible damage to motors. Fuses only sense overcurrent, or to a degree, over-temperature, and can not usually be used independently with protective relaying to provide more advanced protective functions, for example, ground fault detection. Some manufacturers of medium - voltage distribution fuses combine the overcurrent protection characteristics of the fusible element with the flexibility of relay protection by adding a pyrotechnic device to the fuse operated by external protective relays. Fuse boxes ( edit ) United Kingdom ( edit ) In the UK, older electrical consumer units ( also called fuse boxes ) are fitted either with semi-enclosed ( rewirable ) fuses ( BS 3036 ) or cartridge fuses ( BS 1361 ). ( Fuse wire is commonly supplied to consumers as short lengths of 5 A -, 15 A - and 30 A-rated wire wound on a piece of cardboard. ) Modern consumer units usually contain miniature circuit breakers ( MCBs ) instead of fuses, though cartridge fuses are sometimes still used, as in some applications MCBs are prone to nuisance tripping. Renewable fuses ( rewirable or cartridge ) allow user replacement, but this can be hazardous as it is easy to put a higher - rated or double fuse element ( link or wire ) into the holder ( overfusing ), or simply fitting it with copper wire or even a totally different type of conducting object ( coins, hairpins, paper clips, nails, etc. ) to the existing carrier. One form of fuse box abuse was to put a penny in the socket, which defeated overcurrent protection and resulted in a dangerous condition. Such tampering will not be visible without full inspection of the fuse. Fuse wire was never used in North America for this reason, although renewable fuses continue to be made for distribution boards. UK fuse boxes and rewirable fuses MEM rewirable fuse box with four rewirable fuse holders ( two 30 A and two 15 A ) installed c. 1957 ( cover removed ) MEM rewirable fuse holders ( 30 A and 15 A ) Wylex standard fuse box with eight rewirable fuse holders Fuse wire as sold to UK consumers The Wylex standard consumer unit was very popular in the United Kingdom until the wiring regulations started demanding residual - current devices ( RCDs ) for sockets that could feasibly supply equipment outside the equipotential zone. The design does not allow for fitting of RCDs or RCBOs. Some Wylex standard models were made with an RCD instead of the main switch, but ( for consumer units supplying the entire installation ) this is no longer compliant with the wiring regulations as alarm systems should not be RCD - protected. There are two styles of fuse base that can be screwed into these units : one designed for rewirable fusewire carriers and one designed for cartridge fuse carriers. Over the years MCBs have been made for both styles of base. In both cases, higher rated carriers had wider pins, so a carrier could n't be changed for a higher rated one without also changing the base. Cartridge fuse carriers are also now available for DIN - rail enclosures. North America ( edit ) In North America, fuses were used in buildings wired before 1960. These Edison base fuses would screw into a fuse socket similar to Edison - base incandescent lamps. Ratings were 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 amperes. To prevent installation of fuses with an excessive current rating, later fuse boxes included rejection features in the fuse - holder socket, commonly known as Rejection Base ( Type S fuses ) which have smaller diameters that vary depending on the rating of the fuse. This means that fuses can only be replaced by the preset ( Type S ) fuse rating. This is a North American, tri-national standard ( UL 4248 - 11 ; CAN / CSA - C22. 2 NO. 4248.11 - 07 ( R2012 ) ; and, NMX - J - 009 / 4248 / 11 - ANCE ). Existing Edison fuse boards can easily be converted to only accept Rejection Base ( Type S ) fuses, by screwing - in a tamper - proof adapter. This adapter screws into the existing Edison fuse holder, and has a smaller diameter threaded hole to accept the designated Type S rated fuse. Edison base ( left ) and Type S fuses ( right ) An older fuse box of the type used in North America Some companies manufacture resettable miniature thermal circuit breakers, which screw into a fuse socket. Some installations use these Edison - base circuit breakers. However, any such breaker sold today does have one flaw. It may be installed in a circuit - breaker box with a door. If so, if the door is closed, the door may hold down the breaker 's reset button. While in this state, the breaker is effectively useless : it does not provide any overcurrent protection. In the 1950s, fuses in new residential or industrial construction for branch circuit protection were superseded by low voltage circuit breakers. Coordination of fuses in series ( edit ) Where several fuses are connected in series at the various levels of a power distribution system, it is desirable to blow ( clear ) only the fuse ( or other overcurrent device ) electrically closest to the fault. This process is called `` coordination '' or `` discrimination '' and may require the time - current characteristics of two fuses to be plotted on a common current basis. Fuses are selected so that the minor, branch, fuse disconnects its circuit well before the supplying, major, fuse starts to melt. In this way, only the faulty circuit is interrupted with minimal disturbance to other circuits fed by a common supplying fuse. Where the fuses in a system are of similar types, simple rule - of - thumb ratios between ratings of the fuse closest to the load and the next fuse towards the source can be used. Other circuit protectors ( edit ) Resettable fuses ( edit ) Main article : Resettable fuse So - called self - resetting fuses use a thermoplastic conductive element known as a Polymeric Positive Temperature Coefficient ( or PPTC ) thermistor that impedes the circuit during an overcurrent condition ( by increasing device resistance ). The PPTC thermistor is self - resetting in that when current is removed, the device will cool and revert to low resistance. These devices are often used in aerospace / nuclear applications where replacement is difficult, or on a computer motherboard so that a shorted mouse or keyboard does not cause motherboard damage. Thermal fuses ( edit ) thermal cutoff Main article : Thermal cutoff A thermal fuse is often found in consumer equipment such as coffee makers, hair dryers or transformers powering small consumer electronics devices. They contain a fusible, temperature - sensitive composition which holds a spring contact mechanism normally closed. When the surrounding temperature gets too high, the composition melts and allows the spring contact mechanism to break the circuit. The device can be used to prevent a fire in a hair dryer for example, by cutting off the power supply to the heater elements when the air flow is interrupted ( e.g., the blower motor stops or the air intake becomes accidentally blocked ). Thermal fuses are a ' one shot ', non-resettable device which must be replaced once they have been activated ( blown ). Cable limiter ( edit ) A cable limiter is similar to a fuse but is intended only for protection of low voltage power cables. It is used, for example, in networks where multiple cables may be used in parallel. It is not intended to provide overload protection, but instead protects a cable that is exposed to a short circuit. The characteristics of the limiter are matched to the size of cable so that the limiter clears a fault before the cable insulation is damaged. Unicode symbol ( edit ) The Unicode character for the fuse 's schematic symbol, found in the Miscellaneous Technical block, is U+ 23DB ( ⏛ ). See also ( edit ) Electronics portal Antifuse Power system protection Programmable read - only memory Recloser Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Walter Schossig Introduction to the history of selective protection, PAC Magazine, Summer 2007 pp. 70 -- 74 Jump up ^ Arthur Wright, P. Gordon Newbery Electric fuses 3rd edition, Institution of Electrical Engineers ( IET ), 2004, ISBN 0 - 86341 - 379 - X, pp. 2 -- 10 Jump up ^ edison.rutgers.edu/patents/ -- U.S. Patent Office number 438305 `` Fuse Block '' (. pdf ) Edison writes, `` The passage of an abnormal electric current fuses the safety - catch and breaks the circuit, as will be understood. '' Jump up ^ `` Fuse Element Fatigue '' ( PDF ). Cooper Bussmann. Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 26. Jump up ^ A. Wright, P.G. Newber ( Jan 1, 2004 ). Electric Fuses, 3rd Edition. IET. pp. 124 -- 125. Jump up ^ http://www.cooperindustries.com/content/dam/public/bussmann/Electrical/Resources/solution-center/frequently_asked_questions/BUS_Ele_FAQ_Fuse_Operation_at_100_Percent_Rated_Current.pdf Jump up ^ D.G. Fink, H.W. Beaty, Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers Eleventh Edition, McGraw Hill 1978 ISBN 0 - 07 - 020974 - X pp. 10 -- 116 through 10 - 119 Jump up ^ `` Identify a fuse by its markings ''. Swe - Check. Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 09. Jump up ^ http://lees.mit.edu/public/In_the_News/Electrical+Rebuilder's+Exchange.pdf Jump up ^ `` Fuse Carrier Hager ''. Hager Group website > Products. Hager Group. Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 14. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03. Jump up ^ S7 7A 125V TD Rejection Base Plug Fuse, Elliott Electric Supply, retrieved 2012 - 06 - 28 Jump up ^ `` MB ''. Cooper Bussmann. Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 19. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Mini-Breaker Spec St '' ( PDF ). Connecticut Electric, Inc. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 02 - 11. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 27. Jump up ^ `` NEC Articles 215 through 240 ''. Mike Holt Enterprises, Inc. Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 12. Jump up ^ Frank Kussy, Design Fundamentals for Low - Voltage Distribution and Control, CRC Press, 1986, ISBN 0824775155 page 298 A fuse is a safety device References ( edit ) Richard C. Dorf ( ed. ) The Electrical Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993, ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0185 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electrical fuses. Semiconductor Fuses : Terms and Explanations Fuse - selection checklist Len Lundy, `` The fuse - selection checklist : a quick update '' EDN Magazine 26 Sept 1996 p121 bussmann.com/2/ApplicationTools for the Bussmann manual of fuse selection wiki.diyfaq.org.uk - Fuses vs MCBs How to test if a fuse is blown. ( Requires a multimeter ) ( hide ) Electronic components Semiconductor devices Avalanche diode Transistor Tetrode transistor Pentode transistor Memistor Memristor Bipolar junction transistor ( BJT ) FinFET CMOS MOSFET JFET Field - effect transistor ( FET ) Quantum circuit Constant - current diode ( CLD, CRD ) Darlington transistor DIAC Diode Heterostructure barrier varactor Insulated-gate bipolar transistor ( IGBT ) Integrated circuit ( IC ) Light - emitting diode ( LED ) Photodetector Photodiode PIN diode Schottky diode Silicon controlled rectifier ( SCR ) Thyristor TRIAC Unijunction transistor ( UJT ) Varicap Zener diode Voltage regulators Linear regulator Low - dropout regulator Switching regulator Buck Boost Buck -- boost Split - pi Ćuk SEPIC Charge pump Switched capacitor Vacuum tubes Acorn tube Audion Beam tetrode Barretter Compactron Diode Fleming valve Nonode Nuvistor Pentagrid ( Hexode, Heptode, Octode ) Pentode Photomultiplier Phototube Tetrode Triode Vacuum tubes ( RF ) Backward - wave oscillator ( BWO ) Cavity magnetron Crossed - field amplifier ( CFA ) Gyrotron Inductive output tube ( IOT ) Klystron Maser Sutton tube Traveling - wave tube ( TWT ) Cathode ray tubes Beam deflection tube Charactron Iconoscope Magic eye tube Monoscope Selectron tube Storage tube Trochotron Video camera tube Williams tube Gas - filled tubes Cold cathode Crossatron Dekatron Ignitron Krytron Mercury - arc valve Neon lamp Nixie tube Thyratron Trigatron Voltage - regulator tube Adjustable Potentiometer digital Variable capacitor Varicap Passive Connector audio and video electrical power RF Electrolytic detector Ferrite Fuse resettable Resistor Switch Thermistor Transformer Varistor Wire Wollaston wire Reactive Capacitor types Ceramic resonator Crystal oscillator Inductor Parametron Relay reed relay mercury switch GND : 4179789 - 9 NDL : 00575292 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&oldid=804446817 '' Categories : Electric power systems components Electrical components Electrical wiring Safety equipment Fuses Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017, at 01 : 49. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Fuse (electrical)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&amp;oldid=804446817" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "14969702248974427448" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Glossary of golf - wikipedia Glossary of golf Jump to : navigation, search The following is a glossary of the terminology currently used in the sport of golf. Where words in a sentence are also defined elsewhere in this article, they appear in italics. Old names for clubs can be found at Obsolete golf clubs. Contents 0 -- 9 J O Q U V X Y Z References External links 0 -- 9 ( edit ) 19th hole The clubhouse bar. Ace When a player hits the ball directly from the tee into the hole with one stroke. Also called a hole in one. Address The act of taking a stance and placing the club - head behind the ball. If the ball moves once a player has addressed the ball, there is a one - stroke penalty. Unless it is clear that the act of the player did not cause the ball to move on purpose. If the player addresses the ball and places the head of the club behind it and in doing this causes the ball to move, a one shot penalty does not occur in this case. Aerosol A player who rarely hits the ball in a consistent line. One who sprays the ball. Aggregate Refers to a score made over more than one round of play, or by two or more players playing as partners. Aim Generally, the direction in which your target lies and the direction you intend for your ball to go. Air shot A shot where the player addresses the balls, swings, and completely misses the golf - ball. An air shot is counted as a stroke. See also whiff. Albatross A hole played three strokes under par. Also called a double eagle. Alignment The position of a player 's body relative to the target line of the ball. All square In match play, a match is all square ( tied ) when both players or teams have won the same number of holes. Ambrose A system of team play whereby each player takes a tee shot, after which the most favorable ball position is chosen. All the team 's players then take a shot from this new position, and so on. ( Also known as a Texas Scramble ) Angle of approach The angle at which the club head strikes the ball. This affects the trajectory the ball will travel and spin. Approach shot A shot intended to land the ball on the green. Apron The grass surface on the perimeter of the green that separates it from the surrounding fairway or rough. Also known as frog - hair, or fringe. Artisan A class of membership of a golf club with restricted rights at a low cost. Historically, many British golf clubs had small artisan sections, drawn from the working classes. Typically artisan members had limited playing rights, could not enter the clubhouse, had no vote on the management of the club, played in separate competitions from the main membership and had to perform unpaid maintenance of the course. Often an artisan club was a separate organisation that had negotiated use of a course with a private members club. Some artisan organisations have survived to this day. Attend ( the flag - stick ) When a player holds and removes the flag - stick for another player. Away Describing the golfer whose ball is farthest from the hole. The player who is away should always play first. Back nine The last nine holes of an 18 hole golf course. Playing the back nine is called `` heading in ''. Backspin A backwards spin that occurs when a player strikes the golf - ball. The spin causes the ball to stop quickly or spin backwards after landing on the green. Back - swing The first part of the golf - swing. The back - swing starts with the club - head immediately behind the ball and ends when the club - head travels back behind the player 's head. The term take - away refers to the first part of the back - swing. Ball A small sphere used in playing golf, which is intended to be struck by a player swinging a club. Balls are usually white, covered in dimples, and made of a variety of materials. Ball - marker A token or a small coin used to spot the ball 's position on the green prior to lifting it. Ball - washer A device found on many tees for cleaning golf balls. Banana - ball The result of a severe slice that results in a trajectory in the shape of a banana. This is also referred to as an extreme slice. Bandit See Sandbagger. Bare Lie When the ball lies directly on hard ground without any grass to buoy the ball up, ( i.e. ), where there is no grass creating a gap between ball and the ground. Applicable when practicing off hard mats. Best ball A form of team play using two -, three -, or four - person teams. The team score on each hole is the lowest score obtained by one of the team members. For example, if player A has a 5, player B has a 6, player C has a 4, and player D has a 5, the `` best ball '' and team score is a 4. Biarritz A hole whose green incorporates a deep gulley that effectively splits the putting surface in two. Named after a famous example at La Phare Golf Club in Biarritz, France. BIGGA Is the professional association in the United Kingdom dealing with all matters of golf management from a greens - keeper 's viewpoint. For the U.S. equivalent, see GCSAA. Birdie A hole played in one stroke under par. Bisque A form of handicapping used in private match play games. The higher handicapped player is allowed to choose on which holes they receive their handicap allowance of `` free shots ''. As this is a matter of negotiation between the players involved there are many variations in the number of shots allowed and when ( before the start of the round, before playing a hole, during the play of a hole, after playing a hole ) the claiming of `` free shot '' is allowed. Bisque matches are not recognized by the rules of golf. Bite Some players put a great deal of spin on their approach shots causing the ball to stop immediately when it hits the green. This phenomenon is referred to as biting or checking. Depending on the amount of backspin, the ball may suck backwards. Blade ( i ) A type of iron where the weight is distributed evenly across the back of the club - head as opposed to mainly around the perimeter ( see cavity back ). ( ii ) A type of putter with a striking face considerably wider than the distance from the face to the rear of the club - head. ( iii ) a shot struck `` thinly '' with the bottom of an iron striking high up on the golf ball, causing a low trajectory shot with a lack of control. Blast A bunker shot that sends the ball, and accompanying sand, ( hopefully ) onto the green. Also known as an explosion. Blind A shot that does not allow the golfer to see where the ball will land, such as onto an elevated green from below. Block A shot played severely to the right ; Similar to the push. Bogey A hole played one stroke over par. Borrow See break. Bounce The measurement of the angle from the front edge of a club 's sole to the point that rests on the ground when addressing the ball. In discussing wedges, bounce describes a sole angle where the back edge of the sole is lower than the front edge, keeping them from digging too deep in sand or being stopped by tall grass. Bounce Back Scoring a birdie or better on a hole immediately following a bogey or worse. Also see Reverse Bounce Back. Break The tendency of a putted ball to roll left or right of a straight line. This deviation may be a result of a number of factors or combination of factors including uneven surface, grain of the grass, how firmly the putt is struck or, in extreme circumstances, wind. In the United Kingdom, it is also known as borrow. Bullarding Playing consistently above your regular handicap or regularly failing to achieve in competition play. It is the opposite of sandbagging. Bump and run A low - trajectory shot that is intended to get the ball rolling along the fairway and up onto the green. Similar to a chip shot, but played from a greater distance. Bunker A depression in bare ground that is usually covered with sand. Also called a sand trap. It is considered a hazard under the Rules of Golf. Bunker, Green - side A bunker next to or even in a green. See bunker. Bunker, Fairway A bunker located on or in the fairway. See bunker. Bye A short game played over the remaining holes when the main match finishes early because one player or team has won by a large margin. It serves the joint purpose of adding some competitive meaning to the rest of the holes and also for the losing side to attempt to regain some of the pride lost as a result of their humiliation in the main match. It is usual for the loser of the bye to buy the first drinks in the 19th hole afterwards. In this respect it is an almost direct equivalent to a beer match in cricket. Caddie or Caddy A person, often paid, who carries a player 's clubs and offers advice. Players are responsible for the actions of their caddies. Players can not receive advice from anyone other than their caddie or partner. A Scots form of the French ' Cadet ', meaning an assistant or errand - runner. Calcutta A wager, typically in support of one team to win a tournament. In a Calcutta golfers bid, auction style, on the team ( or golfer ) who they think will win the tournament ( you can bid on your own team or yourself ). All the money raised through the auction goes into an auction pool. At the end of the tournament, those who bet on the winning team ( or golfer ) that won the tournament receives a predetermined payout from the auction pool. Carry How far the ball travels through the air. Contrasted with run. Typically regards a shot over a hazard. For example, `` This shot requires a 200 yard carry to get over that water. '' Cart ( i ) A four - wheeled electrical or gas - powered vehicle for use in transporting players and their equipment from hole to hole. ( ii ) A hand - pulled ( 2 - wheel ) or hand - pushed ( 3 - wheel ) cart for carrying a bag of clubs, also available in powered versions controlled by remote. Casual water Any temporary standing water visible after a player has taken his stance. Snow and ice can also be taken as casual water, as well as water that overflows the banks of existing water hazards. Cavity back Any iron whose design characteristic is such that the weight is distributed primarily around the outer edges of the club - head in order to maximize forgiveness on off - center hits. Chip A short shot ( typically played from very close to and around the green ), that is intended to travel through the air over a very short distance and roll the remainder of the way to the hole. Champions Tour The name used by PGA Tour Champions from 2002 through 2015. Chunk A swing that results in the club - head hitting the ground before the ball, resulting in a large chunk of ground being taken as a divot. Also called a fat shot, or `` chili - dipping ''. Clone Budget brand golf clubs that look similar to, and emulate the characteristics of, more expensive clubs without breaching any patents. Closed face When ( in relation to the target - line ) the club - face is angled toward the player 's body, i.e., angled left for right - handed players. Closed stance When a player 's front foot is set closer to the target - line. Used to draw the ball or to prevent a slice. Club ( i ) An instrument used by a player to hit a golf ball. A player is allowed to carry up to fourteen ( 14 ) clubs during a round of golf. ( ii ) An organized group of golfers, usually owning or managing a golf course. ( iii ) The entirety of a golf facility, including course, club - house, pro-shop, practice areas etc. Club - head The part of a club that used to strike the ball. Club - face The surface of the club - head which is designed to strike the golf ball. Striking the ball with the center of the clubface maximizes distance and accuracy. Clubhouse A building on a golf course providing facilities for golfers, typically including changing rooms, bar, restaurant, offices for club officials and noticeboards with information about local rules, the conditions of the course, upcoming events etc. A clubhouse may incorporate a pro shop and dormie house. The clubhouse is normally located adjacent to the first and final holes of the course. Come - backer A putt required after the previous putt went past the hole. Compress To hit the ball with a slightly downwards angle of attack of the golf club. Compression The measurement for expressing the hardness of a golf ball, normally 90 compression. Harder balls ( 100 compression ) are intended for players with faster swings but may also be useful in windy conditions. Condor A four - under par shot ; for example, a hole - in - one on a par 5. Might also be called `` a triple eagle ''. Count - back A method of determining a winner of a competition in the event of a tie. There are several different methods used, but typically the scores in the last nine, last six, last three and final hole are compared in turn until a winner emerges. Course A designated area of land on which golf is played through a normal succession from hole # 1 to the last hole. Course rating Course rating is a numerical value given to each set of tees at a particular golf course to approximate the number of strokes it should take a scratch golfer to complete the course. Courtesy of the course The waiver of the green fee. Sometimes extended to visiting golfers playing in official competitions, visiting professional golfers and staff of other golf clubs. Cross-handed A putting ( and, occasionally, full - swing ) grip in which the hands are placed in positions opposite that of the conventional grip. For right - handed golfers, a cross-handed grip would place the left hand below the right. Also known as the `` left - hand low '' grip, it has been known to help players combat the yips. Cut ( i ) The reduction in the size of the field during a multiple round stroke play tournament. The cut is usually set so that a fixed number of players, plus anyone tied for that place, or anyone within a certain number of strokes of the lead will participate in the subsequent round ( s ) ( typically 70 and ties ; The Masters is top 50 or those within ten strokes, whichever is greater ). Tournaments may have more than one cut ( PGA Tour events with more than 79 players remaining after the cut will cut to 70 for the final round ; players cut in the second cut will receive FedEx Cup points and money for finishing in their respective position ). ( ii ) A shot similar to a fade, a cut curves from left to right ( for a right - handed player ), but is generally higher in trajectory. Dead TV - broadcaster slang for a shot in which there is no favorable outcome possible. One variation includes, `` Get the body bags! '', which is a favorite of Gary McCord. Dimples The round indentations on a golf ball cover which are scientifically designed to enable the ball to make a steady and true flight. Dimples, by reducing drag, allow a golf ball to stay in the air for a longer flight than would be possible with a smooth ball. Divot ( i ) The chunk of grass and earth displaced during a stroke. ( ii ) The indentation on the green caused by the ball on an approach shot ; more properly called a pitch mark or ball mark. Dog - balls Scoring an ' eight ' on any single golf hole. The origin of the term is in reference to what the number ' eight ' looks like on its side ; also referred to as the `` Snowman. '' Dogleg A hole where the fairway is straight for some distance and then bends to the left or right. These holes are so - named because they resemble the shape of a dog 's leg. Dog licence A match play contest ending with the winner winning by seven holes, with six remaining ( known as 7 and 6 ), after 12 holes in an 18 - hole match or 30 holes in a 36 - hole match. Named because the cost of a dog license in the United Kingdom before decimalisation in 1971 was seven shillings and sixpence ( written 7 / 6, 371⁄2p in new money ), commonly known as seven and six. Dormie or Dormy A situation in match play when a player or team leads by as many holes as there are holes left to play. For example, four up with four holes to play is called `` dormie - four ''. Dormie house A building at a golf club providing overnight accommodation. Double bogey A hole played two strokes over par. Double cross A shot whereby a player intends for a fade and hits a hook, or conversely, intends to play a draw and hits a slice. So called because the player has aimed left ( in the case of a slice ) and compounds this with hitting a hook, which moves left as well. Double eagle A hole played three strokes under par. Also called an Albatross. Downswing A motion involving the body and golf - club used to move the club from the top of the swing to the point of impact. Draw A shot that, for a right - handed golfer, curves to the left ; often played intentionally by skilled golfers. An overdone draw usually becomes a hook. Drive The first shot of each hole, made from an area called the tee box ( see definition below ), usually done with a driver ( a type of golf club ). Duck - hook A severe low hook that barely gets airborne. Duff A horrible shot. Typically, this is a shot where very little or no contact is made between the club - face and golf - ball. Also known as Dub, Flub or Shank. Eagle A hole played in two strokes under par. Even Having a score equal to that of par. Explosion Bunker Shot A bunker shot that sends the ball, and accompanying sand, ( hopefully ) onto the green. Also known as a blast. European Tour One of the world 's leading professional golf tours, along with the PGA Tour. Based in Europe, but also co-sanctions the major championships and World Golf Championships in the United States, along with many other tournaments in Asia, Africa and Australia. Fade A shot that, for a right - handed golfer, curves slightly to the right, and is often played intentionally by skilled golfers. An overdone fade will appear similar to a slice. Fairway The area of the course between the tee and the green that is well - maintained allowing a good lie for the ball Fairway hit ( FH ) A fairway is considered hit if any part of the ball is touching the fairway surface after the tee shot on a par 4 or 5. Percentage of fairways hit is one of many statistics kept by the PGA Tour. Fairway markers Fairway markers indicate the distance from the marker to the center of the green. Some fairway markers give the yardage. Most are color - coded as follows : yellow = 250 yards, blue = 200 yards, white = 150 yards, red = 100 yards ( or meters ). These colors are not standardized and may vary based on the specific course layout. Fat A stroke in which the club makes contact with the turf long before the ball, resulting in a poor contact and significant loss of distance. Ferret Hole out from outside the green. Flag - stick A tall marker, often a metal pole with a flag at the top, used to indicate the position of the hole on a green. Also called the pin. An additional smaller flag, or other marker, is sometimes positioned on the flag - stick to indicate the location of the hole ( front, middle, or back ) on the green. Flier A type of lie where the ball is in the rough and grass is likely to become trapped between the ball and the club - face at the moment of impact. Flier lies often result in `` flier shots '', which have little or no spin ( due to the blades of grass blocking the grooves on the club - face ) and travel much farther than intended. Flop shot A short shot, played with an open stance and an open club - face, designed to travel very high in the air and land softly on the green. The flop shot is useful when players do not have `` much green to work with '', but should only be attempted on the best of lies. Follow Through The final part of a golf swing, after the ball has been hit. Fore A warning shout given when there is a chance that the ball may hit other players or spectators. Fore caddy One employed by a golfer or group of golfers to walk ahead of the players in order to spot the fall of their shots and to find their balls. More commonly used in the days of hand - made feathery balls when the cost of replacing a ball would be greater than the fore caddy 's fee. Today in professional tournaments, ball spotters are normally placed at each hole for the same purpose. Four - ball In match play, a contest between two sides, each consisting of a pair of players, where every individual plays his own ball throughout. On every hole, the lower of the two partner 's scores is matched against the lower of the opposition 's scores. In stroke - play, a four - ball competition is played between several teams each consisting of 2 players, where for every hole the lower of the two partner 's scores counts toward the team 's 18 hole total. The term four - ball is an informal reference to any group of 4 players on the course. Foursomes In match play, a contest between two sides each consisting of a pair of players, where the 2 partners hit alternate shots on one ball. The first player tees off, the second player hits the second shot, the first player hits the third shot, and so on until the ball is holed. Also partners alternate their tee shots, so that one member of each team will always tee - off on the odd holes and the other will tee off on the even holes. In stroke - play, a foursome competition is played between several teams each consisting of a pair of players, where partners play alternate shots until the SINGLE ball is holed. The term foursome is a common reference to any group of 4 players on the course. Frenchie the act of hitting a golf ball that ricochets off a tree back onto the fairway. Fringe The closely mowed area surrounding the green. The grass in between the green and the fairway. Front nine Holes 1 through 9 on a golf course. Funnies Various informal achievements, both positive and negative ; these differ from traditional achievements like birdies or eagles in that the achievements are for unusual things that may happen in the course of a game. Their main use is to add interest to informal match play games as they enable players to win something regardless of the overall outcome of the match. They are frequently associated with gambling because money, usually small stakes, changes hands depending on which funnies occur. GCSAA The American professional association for golf course superintendents. Analogous to BIGGA in the United Kingdom. Gimme Refers to a putt that the other players agree can count automatically without actually being played ( under the tacit assumption that the putt would not have been missed ). `` Gimmes '' are not allowed by the rules in stroke play, but they are often practiced in casual matches. However, in match play, either player may formally concede a stroke, a hole, or the entire match at any time, and this may not be refused or withdrawn. A player in match play will generally concede a tap - in or other short putt by his or her opponent. Goldie Bounce When the ball strikes a tree deep in the rough and bounces out onto the fairway. Golf club ( i ) An implement used by a player to hit a golf ball. A player is allowed to carry up to fourteen ( 14 ) clubs during a round of golf. ( ii ) An organized group of golfers, usually owning or managing a golf course. ( iii ) The entirety of a golf facility, including course, club - house, pro-shop, practice areas etc. Grain The direction in which the grass grows, specifically on the green ( see below ). Depending on the variety of grass used on the green and mowing patterns, grain can significantly influence the speed and movement of a putt. Grand slam Winning all the golf 's major championships in the same calendar year. Before The Masters was founded, the national amateur championships of the U.S and the UK were considered majors along with the two national opens and only Bobby Jones has ever completed a grand slam with these. A `` Career Grand Slam '' is having won each of the majors at least once, not necessarily in the same year. Green The area of specially prepared grass around the hole, where putts are played. Green Fee The charge made for a round of golf by the course management. Greensomes Is a variation of foursomes, where each side consists of 2 players. Both players play one tee - shot each from every tee. A choice is then made as to which is the more favorable of the 2 ball positions, the other ball being picked up. Thereafter the players play alternate shots. So if A 's tee - shot is selected, the playing order from the tee will be A-B-A-B etc until the ball is holed out. If player B 's tee - shot is selected, the playing order will be B-A-B-A etc. The team with the lowest score wins the hole. Green in regulation ( GIR ) A green is considered hit `` in regulation '' if any part of the ball is touching the putting surface while the number of strokes taken is at least two fewer than par ( i.e., by the first stroke on a par 3, the second stroke on a par 4, or the third stroke on a par 5 ). Greens in regulation percentage is one of many statistics kept by the PGA Tour. Grounding the club To place the club - face behind the ball on the ground at address. Grounding the club is prohibited in bunkers or when playing from any marked hazard. Ground under repair ( GUR ) An area of the golf course that is being repaired. A free drop is allowed if the ball lands in an area marked `` GUR ''. Groove ( i ) The crevices on the face of a club that are designed to impart spin on the ball. ( ii ) A well practiced swing that is easily repeatable by the golfer is often described as `` well grooved ''. Golden Ferret Holing out from a ( green - side ) bunker. Good - good When both players in a match agree to concede each other 's putts. Hacker ( i ) People who demonstrate very little or no golf etiquette. ( ii ) A poor golfer who often becomes frustrated or quits. Half In match play, a hole is halved ( or tied ) when both players or teams have played the same number of strokes. In some team events, such as the Ryder Cup and Presidents Cup ( except for singles matches in the latter competition while its overall outcome remains in doubt ), a match that is tied after 18 holes is not continued, and is called `` halved '', with each team receiving half a point. Handicap A number assigned to each player based on his ability and used to adjust each player 's score to provide equality among the players. In simplified terms, a handicap number, based on the slope of a course, is subtracted from the player 's gross score and gives him a net score of par or better half the time. Halfway house or Halfway hut A building, generally between the 9th and 10th holes, providing light snacks and refreshments for golfers during their round. Handsy A player with too much wrist movement in their golf swing or putting stroke, causing inconsistent shots or putts. Hard - pan Hard, usually bare, ground conditions. Generally, hard - pan refers to hard, dry clay, with very little or no grass. Hazard Any bunker or permanent water including any ground marked as part of that water hazard. Special rules apply when playing from a hazard. Heel Where the club - head is attached to the shaft. Hole A circular hole in the ground which is also called `` the cup '', 4.25 inches ( 108 mm ) in diameter. Hole in one Hitting the ball from the tee into the hole, using only one stroke. Hole in one insurance Many tournaments offer large prizes if a player shoots a hole in one on a particular hole. Indemnity insurance is often purchased to cover the cost should anyone make the hole in one. Hole in one insurance is also available for individuals to cover the cost of a round of drinks in the event of their achieving a hole in one. Hook A shot that initially takes a trajectory opposite the side of the golf ball from which the player swings but eventually curves sharply back towards the player. Under normal circumstances, a hook is unintentional ; however, good players can use a hook to their advantage in certain situations. Hooks are often called the `` better player 's miss '', thanks to the fact that many of the game 's greatest players ( Ben Hogan, for instance ) have been plagued by the hook at one time or another in their careers. A shot that follows the same trajectory but to a lesser degree is referred to as a ' draw '. A draw is often intentionally used by above - average players to achieve a certain type of spin. The curved shape ball - flight is the result of sideways spin. A draw / hook travels further than a fade / slice due to the fact that the closed face reduces loft and decreases backspin. A draw often is considered the `` ideal '' flight of the ball and implies that the spin is intentional, whereas a hook is an overly spun `` draw '' which is often a miss or out of control ( unintentional ). Hosel The hollow part of the club - head where the shaft is attached. Hitting the ball off the hosel is known as a shank. Hybrid A type of club, increasingly popular in the 21st century, that in the broadest sense combines the mechanics of a long iron with the more forgiving nature and distance of a fairway wood. Most golfers today carry at least one hybrid. In contention A player with a chance of winning a tournament is said to be `` in contention ''. A player who rises up the leaderboard throughout the course of their final round is said to be `` moving into contention ''. Interlocking grip Grip style where ( for right - handed players ) the pinkie finger of the right hand is hooked around the index finger of the left. Inward nine The back nine holes of a golf course, so named because older links courses were designed to come back `` in '' toward the clubhouse after going `` out '' on the front nine. Iron A club with a flat - faced solid metal head generally numbered from 1 to 9 indicating increasing loft. J ( edit ) Jab A putting stroke that is short, quick, and, often, erratic. Knock - down A type of shot designed to have a very low trajectory, usually employed to combat strong winds. Lag ( i ) A long putt designed to simply get the ball close to the hole. ( ii ) During the downswing, how far the club - head `` lags '' behind the hands prior to release. Lay - up A stroke played with a shorter range club than is possible in order to position the ball in a certain spot. This may be done to ensure a more comfortable next stroke or to avoid a hazard. Lie ( i ) How the ball is resting on the ground, which may add to the difficulty of the next stroke. ( ii ) The angle between the center of the shaft and the sole of the club - head. Line The path the ball is expected to take following a stroke. This is of particular importance on the green, where stepping on another player 's line is considered a breach of etiquette. Links A type of golf course, usually located on coastal sand dunes. Local rule An addition to the rules of golf applying to abnormal conditions that may be found on a particular golf course. Loft The angle between the club 's shaft and the club 's face. Loose impediment A small natural item which is not fixed or growing, solidly embedded, or stuck to the ball, such as a small stone or leaf. Unless found within a hazard players are generally permitted to move them away, but if the ball is moved while doing so, there is a one - stroke penalty. LPGA ( i ) A U.S. - based organization that operates the world 's most significant women 's golf tour. From its inception, it has included female club and touring professionals in its membership -- unlike men 's golf in the U.S., in which club and touring professionals have been represented by different bodies since 1968. ( ii ) Any of several other national organizations, modeled after the U.S. LPGA, supporting women 's professional golf. These bodies may follow the U.S. model, or may be devoted solely to touring pros. Made cut did not finish ( MDF ) On the PGA Tour, the result given to those players who made the cut after the first two rounds, but were subject to a second cut after the third round. The cut line on the PGA Tour is generally the top 70 and ties but if more than 78 players made the cut, the second cut again reduces the field to the top 70 and ties. Second cut golfers earn prize money and FedEx Cup points. Mainstream A term sometimes used by golf media to contrast the primary golf tour, or set of major championships, in a country or region, with senior professional golf. Major ( s ) The most prestigious golf tournaments. In the modern game the Masters Tournament, U.S. Open, The Open Championship and the PGA Championship are considered the men 's major golf championships. The Kraft Nabisco Championship, LPGA Championship, U.S. Women 's Open, Women 's British Open and The Evian Championship are currently considered the women 's major golf championships. Historically, from before the dominance of the professional game in the mid 20th century, the British and U.S. Amateur Championships are also often considered men 's majors. Sometimes, people refer to The Players Championship as `` The Fifth Major ''. Marker ( i ) A small metal or plastic disk used to mark the position of a ball on the green if it has been lifted for cleaning etc ( ii ) A person appointed by the Committee to record a competitor 's score in stroke play. They may be a fellow - competitor. Mashie niblick An obsolete name for an iron club with the loft similar to a modern 7 iron. The term became redundant with the introduction of numbered clubs in the first half of the 20th century. Match play A form of golf play where players or teams compete against each other on a hole - by - hole basis. The total number of strokes does not determine the winner. Instead, the number of holes won determines the winner. It is possible to win in match - play with more strokes than your opponent. Medal play Generally a synonym for stroke play but sometimes used in a more specific sense, referring to the stroke play qualifying rounds preceding a match play stage. Medalist The leader in the Medal play qualifying rounds preceding a match play stage. Member 's bounce Any favorable bounce of the golf ball that improves what initially appeared to be an errant shot. Mid-amateur Term used mainly in the U.S. to describe a competitive `` career amateur '' golfer who has no aspirations of a career on a professional tour, although many mid-amateur golfers will often turn professional after turning 50. Also used to describe the national men 's and women 's competitions that the USGA operates for amateurs 25 and older. Misread A misread is to incorrectly discern the correct line of a putt. Monday qualifier A stroke play golf tournament held on the Monday before a professional golf tournament that awards top finishers entry into the tournament. Motor - caddy A battery - powered device, often with remote control, used to transport a walking golfer 's clubs. Moving day The penultimate day of a four - day tournament, so called because it is the day where competitors try to set themselves up for the final push on the final day. Mud ball A golf ball that has soil or other debris stuck to it which can affect its flight. Under normal rules of golf one is only allowed to clean a ball in play when it is on the putting green. During exceptional conditions this rule may be waived by a local rule ( see Preferred lies ). Mulligan A do - over, or replay of the shot, without counting the shot as a stroke and without assessing any penalties that might apply. It is not allowed by the rules and not practiced in tournaments, but is common in casual rounds in some countries, especially the United States. Nassau A type of wager between golfers that is essentially three separate bets. Money is wagered on the best score in the front 9, back 9, and total 18 holes. Nine - iron A club of the highest loft in the iron family. Used for short - distance shots. No Card ( NC ) If a player does not turn in a scorecard for a round the player is reported as `` NC '' for the round. An exception is if the player is injured and withdraws. O ( edit ) On the charge A player is said to be `` on the charge '' when stringing together birdies to move into contention during the final round of a stroke play tournament. Open face When ( in relation to the target line ) the club - face is angled away from the player 's body, i.e. angled right for right - handed players. Open stance When a player 's front foot is drawn backwards further from the target line. Used to fade the ball or to prevent a hook. Outside agent Any agent not part of the match or, in stroke play, not part of the competitor 's side. Referees, markers, observers, and fore - caddies are outside agents. Wind and water are not outside agents. Outward nine Refers to the first nine holes, so named as links golf courses were set up where the first nine holes went `` out '' away from the clubhouse. Out - of - bounds The area designated as being outside the boundaries of the course. When a shot lands `` O.B. '', the player `` loses stroke and distance '', meaning that he / she must hit another shot from the original spot and is assessed a one - stroke penalty. Out - of - bounds areas are usually indicated by white posts. As an example, if a player 's first shot from the tee comes to rest out of bounds, a one stroke penalty is assessed and the player then plays the third shot from the tee. Overlapping grip See Vardon grip Pace The speed at which a putt must be struck to get to the hole. Pace and break are the two components of green - reading. Par Standard score for a hole ( defined by its length ) or a course ( sum of all the holes ' pars ). Penal A type of golf hole design where the player has little choice in the shots required to make par at the hole. Failure to execute these shots successfully is punished by severe hazards. Compare with Strategic. Perfect round Having scored a birdie or better on all 18 holes of a round. PGA Any Professional Golfers ' Association, for example the Professional Golfers ' Association of America. PGA Tour The organizer of the main male professional golf tours in the United States and North America. PGA Tour Champions A tour for male golfers age 50 and over, held mostly in the U.S., operated by the PGA Tour. Pin Slang for flag - stick. Pin - high Refers to a ball on the green that is positioned along an imaginary horizontal line through the hole and across the width of the green. Pitch A short shot ( typically from within 50 yards or meters ), usually played with a higher lofted club and made using a less than full swing, that is intended to flight the ball toward a target ( usually the hole ) with greater accuracy than a full iron shot. Pitch mark A divot on the green caused when a ball lands. Players must repair their pitch marks, usually with a tee or a divot tool. Play through Permission granted by a slow - moving group of players to a faster - moving group of players to pass them on the course. Plugged lie A bad lie where the ball is at least half - buried. Also known as a `` buried lie '' or in a bunker a `` fried egg ''. Plunk A lie where the ball is on the lip of a lake or other water hazard. Plus handicap A golf handicap less than zero. A ' plus ' handicap golfer must add his handicap to his score. Pop - up A poor tee shot where the top of the club - head strikes under the ball, causing it to go straight up in the air. In addition to being bad shots, pop - ups frequently leave white scuff - marks on the top of the club - head, or dents in persimmon clubs. Also known as `` sky shots ''. Preferred lies A Local rule that allows the ball in play to be lifted, cleaned and moved on the fairway during adverse course conditions. Pre-shot routine The steps an experienced player goes through to get ready for his or her shot. It usually involves taking practice swings and visualizing the intended shot. Pro ( Professional ) A golfer or person who plays or teaches golf for financial reward. They may work as a touring pro in professional competitions or as a teaching pro ( Also called a club pro ). Pro shop A shop at a golf club, run by the club professional, where golf equipment can be purchased. Pull A pull is a shot that unintentionally travels on a trajectory on the same side of the ball from which the player swings. Punch shot A shot played with a very low trajectory, usually to avoid interference from tree branches when a player is hitting from the woods. Similar to the knock - down, it can also be used to avoid high winds. Push A push, or block, is shot that unintentionally travels on a trajectory opposite the side of the ball from which the player swings. In match play, a push occurs when neither competitor wins the hole. Putt A shot played on the green, usually with a putter. Putting green A practice green is a putting surface usually found close to the club house, used to warm up and practice putting. Putter A special golf club with a very low loft that makes the ball roll along the green with top - spin. Q ( edit ) Q - School `` Qualifying School '', the qualifying tournament on several major professional tours, such as the PGA Tour, European Tour, or LPGA Tour. Q - School is a multistage tournament ( four for the PGA Tour, three for the European Tour, two for the LPGA ) that culminates in a week - long tournament in which a specified number of top finishers ( 25 plus ties in the PGA Tour, 30 plus ties in the European Tour, and exactly 20 in the LPGA ) earn their `` Tour Cards '', qualifying them for the following year 's tour. The final tournament is six rounds ( 108 holes ) for men and five rounds ( 90 holes ) for women. The 2012 Q - school for the 2013 PGA Tour season wast the last one, as the rules of qualification for a `` tour card '' have been changed to eliminate Q - school. R&A Since 2004 the governing body of golf throughout the world except the United States and Mexico, where this responsibility rests with the United States Golf Association ( USGA ). It works in collaboration with national amateur and professional golf organizations in over 110 countries. The R&A is a separate organisation from the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews which formerly performed this role. Range Finder A measuring device used to determine one 's relative distance to an object. In golf, they are most commonly used to find out how far a player is from the hole. Redan A hole that has a green which slopes downward and away from the point of entrance, typically the front right portion of the green, inspired by the original Redan hole on the North Berwick West Links, Scotland. Release ( i ) The point in the downswing at which the wrists uncock. A late release ( creating lag ) is one of the keys to a powerful swing. ( ii ) The forward motion of a ball played onto a green after the braking effects of backspin have ceased. Reverse Bounce Back Scoring a bogey or worse on a hole immediately following a birdie or better. See also bounce back. Rough The grass that borders the fairway, usually taller and coarser than the fairway. Rowan Match play A form of singles match play which can be played by 3 or more players. Players begin all playing against one another until one player wins a hole outright posting the best score than all other playing partners on a hole. That player is then 1 up versus all of their combined playing partners who now form a team against the player leading and try to get the match back to all - square. In a 3 player game, after someone goes 1 - up, the match then takes the form of the leading player versus the scores of the other two players. Rub of the Green Occurs when the ball is deflected or stopped by a third party / object, e.g. if a ball is going out of bounds and is deflected in bounds by hitting a spectator or a tree. Run The distance a ball travels once it lands. The two distances of a golf shot are first its `` carry '' and then its `` run. '' Rutter A small headed niblick for hitting the ball from a cart track. Sandbagger A golfer that carries a higher official handicap than his skills indicate, e.g., carries an eight, plays to a two. Sandbaggers usually artificially inflate their handicaps with the intent of winning bets on the course, a practice that most golfers consider cheating. Also known as a bandit. Sand save When a player achieves par by getting up and down from a green - side bunker. Sand save percentage is one of many statistics kept by the PGA Tour. Sand trap See bunker. Golfers with a deep knowledge of the game rarely refer to a bunker as a sand trap. Sand wedge A lofted club designed especially for playing out of a bunker. The modern sand wedge was invented by Gene Sarazen. Although sand wedges were designed for bunker shots, they are actually used for all types of shots within 100 yards ( 90 meters ). Sandy ( or Sandie ) A score of par or better that includes a bunker shot. Sandys are counted as points in some social golf games. If a par or better is achieved after hitting two or three bunker shots on the same hole, the terms double sandy or triple sandy are used, respectively. See Funnies. Scotch foursomes In scotch foursomes teams of 2 players compete against each other. Players alternate hitting the same ball. The first player tees off, the second player hits the second shot, the first player hits the third shot, and so on until the ball is holed. To this point, the definition of ' scotch foursomes ' is the same as that of ordinary ' foursomes ' ; however, players do not alternate hitting tee shots as they would in foursomes. If Player A teed off on the first hole and Player B holed the final putt, Player B would not tee off at the second, meaning that Player A could, in theory, play every tee shot on the round. The team with the lowest score wins the hole. Scramble ( i ) When a player misses the green in regulation, but still makes par or better on a hole. Scrambling percentage is one of many statistics kept by the PGA Tour. ( ii ) A two or four man format, similar to Best Ball, except in a scramble, each player strikes a shot, the best shot is selected, then all players play from that selected position. Scratch golfer A player 's whose handicap equals zero. Senior Describes a competition for older golfers, or individuals who play in such competitions. In men 's professional golf, the standard lower age limit is 50. Some competitions use 45 ( the Legends Tour in women 's golf ) or 55 ( the U.S. Senior Amateur ) as the lower limit. Senior PGA Tour The original name of the tour now known as PGA Tour Champions ; used from 1980 through 2001. Shamble A format, similar to a scramble, where every player hits from the tee, the best tee - shot is selected, and each player holes - out from the selected tee - shot. Shank An erratic shot in which the golf ball is struck by the hosel of the club. On a shank, a player has struck the ball with a part of the club other than the club - face. A shanked shot will scoot a short distance, often out to the right, or might be severely sliced or hooked. `` Shanks '' A condition in which a golfer suddenly can not stop shanking the ball ; novice and experienced golfers can be affected. Shrimp A severe hook, named because it resembles the shape of a shrimp. Shoot your ( my ) age A round of 18 holes where a given player has a score equal to, or less than, a player 's age. For example, an eighty - year - old man who scores an 80 has shot his age. Shoot your ( my ) temperature A round of 18 holes where a given player has a score equal to 98 or 99. Since this is not a good score, it is usually used to deride an opponent. Short game Shots that take place on or near the green. Putting, chipping, pitching, and green - side bunker play are all aspects of the short game. Short side To hit a shot that misses the green to the same side in which the hole is cut. This typically results in a difficult following shot with very little area on the green to land and stop the ball. Sit Telling the ball to drop softly, and not roll after landing. Skin A skins game pits players in a type of match play in which each hole has a set value ( usually in money or points ). The player who wins the hole is said to win the `` skin '', and whatever that skin is worth. Skins games may be more dramatic than standard match play if it is agreed by the players that holes are not halved. Then, when any two players tie on a given hole, the value of that hole is carried over and added to the value of the following hole. The more ties, the greater the value of the skin and the bigger the eventual payoff. Skull To skull the ball means to contact the ball with the leading edge of the iron, often resulting in a low shot that goes further than expected with little to no spin. A skulled shot is almost always due to a mishit by the golfer. The terms `` blade '' and `` thin '' are also used interchangeably with skull. Slice A shot that initially takes a trajectory on the same side of the golf ball from which the player swings but eventually curves sharply back opposite of the player. Under normal circumstances, a slice is unintentional ; however, good players can use a slice to their advantage in certain situations. Slices are often the most common miss for below - average players. A shot that follows the same trajectory but to a lesser degree is referred to as a ' cut ' or ' fade '. A cut or fade is often intentionally used by above - average players to achieve a certain type of spin. The curved shape of the ball - flight is the result of sideways spin. For that reason a `` slice '' does not refer to a putt. Slope rating Slope Rating is a number, from 55 to 155, used to determine the level of difficulty of a golf course for a bogey golfer. An `` average '' course has a slope rating of 113. Snap hook A severe hook that usually goes directly left as well as curving from right to left, for a right - handed golfer. A snap hook is when a severe left to right hook occurs for a left - handed golfer. Snowman To score an eight on a hole is to score a snowman. So - named because an eight ( 8 ) looks similar to the body of a snowman. Society An organized group of golfers, usually not affiliated with any individual golf course. Members are often drawn from the same workplace, profession, alma mater, or other association. Sole The bottom or underside of any type of golf club. It is where the club rests on the ground in playing position. Span Move your marker when in the way of another persons line of putt. Speed The pace of a putt. Proper ' speed ' of a putt will either hole the putt or leave it about 18 inches beyond the cup. Furthermore, the speed of the putt will often determine the amount of curve, or break, in a putt. Sprachle Generally, this refers to playing badly. Sprachle is a Scottish term. Spray To hit the ball with a grossly inconsistent direction, compared to the intended target, in a seemingly random manner. Stableford A points based scoring system. The number of strokes taken on each hole relative to par translates into a set number of points, with the winner being the player who accumulates the highest number of points. Stimpmeter A device used to measure the speed of putting greens. Strategic A type of golf hole design where the player has a choice of shots that can be played to make par on the hole. Generally the choices that have the least chance of entering a hazard are intended to have the least chance of making par. Compare with Penal. Stony An English golf term dating back to the late 1800s which means, a shot that lands close to the flagstick. Stroke play Style of scoring in which the player with the fewest strokes wins. Most professional tournaments are stroke play. Stymie To block another player 's putting path to the hole with one 's own ball. Now an anachronism since the rules of golf permit marking the spot of the ball on the green, thus allowing the other player to putt into the hole without obstruction. Sunday Bag A small and lightweight golf bag. Traditionally caddies were not available on a Sunday, so the golfer would carry their clubs in such a bag. Now often used to carry a small number of clubs or when travelling to play golf when a full size bag would be unnecessary or inconvenient. Sunday Stick or Sabbath Stick A golf club disguised as a walking stick for surreptitious golf on a Sunday in societies with strict observance of the sabbath. Sweet - spot The location on the club - face where the optimal ball - striking results are achieved. The closer the ball is struck to the sweet - spot, the higher the Power transfer ratio will be. Hitting it in the sweet - spot is also referred to as hitting it in the screws. Swing The movement a golf player makes with his / her body and club to hit the ball. A golf swing is made up of a series of complex mechanical body movements. A perfect golf swing is regarded as the `` holy grail '' of the sport, and there are many approaches as to how to achieve `` perfection ''. Although there is only one `` textbook '' golf swing, a perfect golf swing is unique to every individual, and, in fact, it is impossible for a human to perfectly duplicate the textbook golf swing. An abbreviation on a scoreboard for `` Tied '', indicating that a player has the same score as another player. A scoreboard showing a T2 for example means that the player is tied for second place with one or more other players. Tap - in Often called a `` gim me '', a tap - in is a ball that has come to rest very close to the hole, leaving only a very short putt to be played. Often, recreational golfers will `` concede '' tap - ins to each other to save time. Target - line The target line is the straight line from the ball to its intended target. It is also extended backward. Tee A small peg, usually made of wood or plastic, placed in the ground upon which the golf ball may be placed prior to the first stroke on a hole. May also refer to the teeing ground. Teeing ground The area from which you hit your drive or tee shot. The teeing ground for a particular set of tees is two club lengths in depth. The ball must be teed between the markers, called tees, that define the teeing ground 's width, and no further back than its depth. Tees are colored, but there is no standard for colors. The `` teeing ground '' refers to one set of tees. Most courses have at least three sets of tees ; some have more than twice that many. The areas where tee markers are placed are called `` tee boxes ''. Tempo The smooth change of the speed of a player 's swing from first movement, through the ball strike, to the follow - through. Ten - finger grip Grip style with all ten fingers on the club. Also known as the baseball grip. Thin shot Usually, an unintentional, poor shot where the club - head strikes too high on the ball. When taken to an extreme but still at or below the center - line of the ball, it is known `` blading '' the ball. Sometimes, when the ball is lying a certain way around the green, advanced players will intentionally hit a thin shot to achieve certain results. Through line When putting, the imaginary path that a ball would travel on if the putted ball goes past the hole. Usually observed by PGA players and knowledgeable golfers when retrieving or marking a ball around the hole. Through the green The entire area of the golf course, except for the teeing ground of the hole being played, the green of the hole being played and all hazards on the course. Tiger Slam Winning four consecutive major championships but not in a calendar year. Tips The championship tees on a golf course are known as `` the tips ''. Toe The far end of the club - head ( farthest from the hosel ). Topped An errant shot where the club - head strikes on top of the ball, causing the ball to roll or bounce rather than fly. Tree shot A bad shot that has hit the trees ' leaves, branches, and / or trunk and has resulted in a negative situation, i.e., going out of bounds, into a hazard, or leaving the ball much shorter than anticipated. Triple bogey A hole played three strokes over par. Turkey Three consecutive birdies during one round of golf. U ( edit ) Unplayable A player can declare his ball unplayable at any time when it is in play ( other than at a tee ), and can drop the ball either within two club - lengths, or further from the hole in line with the hole and its current position, or where they played his last shot. A penalty of one stroke is applied. A ball declared unplayable within a hazard must be dropped within that hazard. Up and down The situation where a player holes the ball in two strokes starting from off the green. The first stroke, usually a `` pitch '', a `` bunker shot '' or a `` chip '', gets the ball `` up '' onto the green, and the subsequent putt gets the ball `` down '' into the hole. A variation is called `` up and in ''. USGA The governing body of golf for the U.S. and Mexico. Together with The R&A, the USGA produces and interprets the Rules of Golf. USPGA The principal organization for golf professionals in the USA. More commonly called the `` PGA of America ''. V ( edit ) Vardon grip A common grip style in which ( for right - handed players ) the right pinkie finger rests on top of the left index finger. Also known as the overlapping grip, it is named for Harry Vardon, a champion golfer of the early 20th century. Vaulting dormie A possible occurrence in match play when a player or team converts a lead into a victory without passing through dormie, a guaranteed minimum of a tie at the end of regulation play -- for example, converting an 8 - hole lead with nine to play into a 9 - hole lead with eight to play, or converting a 1 - hole lead with two to play into a 2 - hole lead with one to play. Waggle A pre-shot routine where a player adjusts his body, the club, and / or practice swings at the ball. We Are Golf A coalition formed by the Club Managers Association of America, the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America, the National Golf Course Owners Association, and The PGA of America to highlight the economic and social impacts of the game of golf. Wedge A type of golf club ; a subset of iron designed for short range strokes. Of all the categories of clubs, wedges have faces with the highest degrees of loft. Whiff An attempt to strike the ball where the player fails to make contact with the ball. A whiff must be counted as a stroke. Winter green Typically an area of fairway used as a temporary putting green to prevent damage to the normal green during inclement winter weather. On some courses, particularly in Japan, holes are built with two greens with different varieties of grass, one for summer play, the other for winter. Winter rules See Preferred lies Wire - to - wire Leading a tournament after every round ( may or may not include ties ) Wood A type of club where the head is generally ( except for the club - face ) bulbous in shape ; so named because the head was originally made of wood, although almost all are now metal. Of all the categories of clubs, woods have faces with the lowest degrees of loft. Worm burner A shot that is hit remarkably low and sometimes hard. Y ( edit ) Yips A tendency to twitch during the putting stroke. Some top golfers have had their careers greatly affected or even destroyed by the yips ; prominent golfers who battled with the yips for much of their careers include Sam Snead, Ben Hogan, and, more recently, Bernhard Langer. Z ( edit ) Zinger A ball hit high and hard close to the leading edge, causing a low flight and a slight vibratory feel. See also ( edit ) Outline of golf References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Caddie ''. Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper. Retrieved 17 August 2013. Jump up ^ `` Amex Hole in One Insurance ''. Retrieved 19 June 2011. Jump up ^ Kevin Barker. `` Local Rules ''. Rules and Amateur Status. The R&A. Retrieved 21 April 2012. Jump up ^ Harig, Bob ( January 16, 2008 ). `` ' MDF ' designation draws the ire of players at Sony ''. ESPN. Jump up ^ `` SWSPGA Tournament Conduct Code '' ( PDF ). PGA. Jump up ^ Porter, Kyle ( August 9, 2013 ). `` Angel Cabrera withdraws from PGA Championship ''. CBS Sports. Jump up ^ Brent Kelley. `` Golf - Play Through ''. About.com. Retrieved 21 September 2010. Jump up ^ Shona McRae ( December 2010 ). `` Rules in Focus : Preferred Lies ''. R&A. Retrieved 22 April 2012. Jump up ^ http://www.cbssports.com/golf/story/21249908/qschool-hands-out-cards-in-tournaments-final-year Jump up ^ http://www.golfchannel.com/news/golf-instruction/try-the-bladed-wedge-to-save-shots-around-the-green/ Jump up ^ `` The Rules of Golf ( USGA ) ''. www.usga.org. 2007. Jump up ^ `` STRI Advisory Leaflet No. 9 : Winter Play On Golf Greens '' ( PDF ). STRI ( Sports Turf Research Institute ). Retrieved 16 Feb 2015. Jump up ^ Tyler Pringle ( 19 Dec 2013 ). `` Japanese Golf Courses and the Two Green System ''. AmericanGolf.com. Retrieved 16 Feb 2015. External links ( edit ) `` Glossary of Golf Terms and Phrases - PGAProfessional.com ''. `` PGA.com Glossary ''. Golf Overview History Glossary Outline Rules penalties playoffs etiquette Stroke play scoring handicap Match play four - ball alternate shot Golf course links teeing ground hazards Equipment golf clubs golf ball tee Technical Golf stroke mechanics Instruction Drive Golfers Professional golfer tours Male golfers Female golfers Men 's major winners Women 's major winners Senior major winners Olympic medalists Most wins Asian Tour Australasia Tour Challenge Tour European Tour European Senior Tour Japan Golf Tour Ladies European Tour LPGA Tour PGA Tour PGA Tour Champions Sunshine Tour Web.com Tour Majors Men Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Women ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Senior The Tradition Senior PGA Championship U.S. Senior Open Senior Players Championship Senior Open Championship Senior Women 's Senior LPGA Championship U.S. Senior Women 's Open International events Multi-sport event Asian Games Inter-Allied Games Island Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Summer Olympics Summer Universiade Youth Olympic Games Team Curtis Cup EurAsia Cup International Crown Presidents Cup Ryder Cup Solheim Cup Walker Cup Rankings Men Women Amateur Countries Australia China India Ireland Philippines Russia Scotland Thailand United States Venues Driving range Lists of golf courses Canada Hawaii India North Dakota Philippines Portugal United Kingdom links courses designed by Jack Nicklaus Years 1353 -- 1850 1851 -- 1945 1945 -- 99 2000 -- 05 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Governing bodies International Golf Federation The R&A United States Golf Association Professional Golfers ' Association ( Great Britain and Ireland ) Professional Golfers ' Association of America LPGA PGA Tour PGA European Tour American Society of Golf Course Architects World Golf Teachers Federation Variations Beach golf GolfCross Hickory golf Indoor golf Long drive Miniature golf Park golf Pitch and putt Shotgun start Skins game Snow golf Speed golf Urban golf Miscellaneous Awards Architects Caddie Greenskeeper World Golf Hall of Fame British Golf Museum USGA Museum Jack Nicklaus Museum Caddie Hall of Fame Evans Scholars Foundation Media Golf Channel personalities Golf Digest Golf Magazine Golf World Golfweek Links Travel + Leisure Golf Video games Commons WikiProject Portal Glossaries of sports American football Archery Association football Athletics Australian rules football Baseball derived idioms Basketball Board games Bowling Bowls Canadian football Chess chess problems computer chess Climbing Contract bridge Cricket Cue sports Curling Cycling parts Darts Equestrian Australian and New Zealand punting North American horse racing Fencing Figure skating Gaelic games Golf Gymnastics Ice hockey Motorsport Poker Professional wrestling Rowing Rugby league Rugby union Sumo Surfing Table tennis Tennis Trampolining Underwater diving Volleyball Water polo Wing Chun Terms named after people Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_golf&oldid=830653780 '' Categories : Golf terminology Glossaries of sports Wikipedia glossaries Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Latviešu Nederlands Português Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018, at 04 : 15. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Glossary of golf", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_golf&amp;oldid=830653780" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ ". Scramble ( i ) When a player misses the green in regulation, but still makes par or better on a hole. Scrambling percentage is one of many statistics kept by the PGA Tour. ( ii ) A two or four man format, similar to Best Ball, except in a scramble, each player strikes a shot, the best shot is selected, then all players play from that selected position. Scratch golfer A player 's whose handicap equals zero. Senior Describes a competition for older golfers, or individuals who play in such competitions. In men 's professional golf, the standard lower age limit is 50. Some competitions use 45 ( the Legends Tour in women 's golf ) or 55 ( the U.S. Senior Amateur ) as the lower limit. Senior PGA Tour The original name of the tour now known as PGA Tour Champions ; used from 1980 through 2001. Shamble A format, similar to a scramble, where every player hits from the tee, the best tee - shot is selected, and each player holes - out from the selected tee - shot. Shank An erratic shot in which the golf ball is struck by the hosel of the club. On a shank, a player has struck the ball with" ], "id": [ "7349317639723149025" ], "short_answers": [ "50" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Dark Ages ( historiography ) - wikipedia Dark Ages ( historiography ) This article is about the use of the term Dark Ages by historians and lay people. For the period in history that is often referred to as The Dark Ages, see Early Middle Ages. For other uses, see Dark Ages ( disambiguation ). Petrarch, who conceived the idea of a European `` Dark Age ''. From Cycle of Famous Men and Women, Andrea di Bartolo di Bargilla, c. 1450 The `` Dark Ages '' is a historical periodization traditionally referring to the Middle Ages, that asserts that a demographic, cultural, and economic deterioration occurred in Western Europe following the decline of the Roman Empire. The term employs traditional light - versus - darkness imagery to contrast the era 's `` darkness '' ( lack of records ) with earlier and later periods of `` light '' ( abundance of records ). The concept of a `` Dark Age '' originated in the 1330s with the Italian scholar Petrarch, who regarded the post-Roman centuries as `` dark '' compared to the light of classical antiquity. The phrase `` Dark Age '' itself derives from the Latin saeculum obscurum, originally applied by Caesar Baronius in 1602 to a tumultuous period in the 10th and 11th centuries. The concept thus came to characterize the entire Middle Ages as a time of intellectual darkness between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance ; this became especially popular during the 18th - century Age of Enlightenment. As the accomplishments of the era came to be better understood in the 18th and 20th centuries, scholars began restricting the `` Dark Ages '' appellation to the Early Middle Ages ( c. 5th -- 10th century ). The majority of modern scholars avoid the term altogether due to its negative connotations, finding it misleading and inaccurate. The original definition remains in popular use, and popular culture often employs it as a vehicle to depict the Middle Ages as a time of backwardness, extending its pejorative use and expanding its scope. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Petrarch 1.2 Reformation 1.3 Baronius 1.4 Enlightenment 1.5 Romanticism 2 Modern academic use 3 Modern popular use 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Late antiquity, Fall of the Roman Empire, Migration period, and Early Middle Ages See also : Medievalism The term was originally intended to denote an intermediate period between Classical Antiquity and the Modern era. In the 19th century scholars began to recognize the accomplishments of the period, which challenged the image of a time exclusively of darkness and decay. Nowadays the term is not used by scholars to refer to the entire medieval period ; when used, it is generally restricted to the Early Middle Ages. The rise of archaeology in the 20th century has shed light on the period, offering a more nuanced understanding of its achievements. Other terms of periodization have come to the fore : Late Antiquity, the Early Middle Ages, and the Great Migrations, depending on which aspects of culture are being emphasized. Today, on the rare occasions when the term is used by historians, it is intended to be neutral and express the idea that the period often seems ' dark ' from the scarcity of historical record, and artistic and cultural output. Petrarch ( edit ) Triumph of Christianity by Tommaso Laureti ( 1530 -- 1602 ), ceiling painting in the Sala di Constantino, Vatican Palace. Images like this one celebrate the triumph of Christianity over the paganism of Antiquity. The idea of a Dark Age originated with the Tuscan scholar Petrarch in the 1330s. Writing of the past, he said : `` Amidst the errors there shone forth men of genius ; no less keen were their eyes, although they were surrounded by darkness and dense gloom ''. Christian writers, including Petrarch himself, had long used traditional metaphors of ' light versus darkness ' to describe ' good versus evil '. Petrarch was the first to give the metaphor secular meaning by reversing its application. He now saw Classical Antiquity, so long considered a ' dark ' age for its lack of Christianity, in the ' light ' of its cultural achievements, while Petrarch 's own time, allegedly lacking such cultural achievements, was seen as the age of darkness. From his perspective on the Italian peninsula, Petrarch saw the Roman and classical period as an expression of greatness. He spent much of his time travelling through Europe, rediscovering and republishing classic Latin and Greek texts. He wanted to restore the Latin language to its former purity. Renaissance humanists saw the preceding 900 years as a time of stagnation, with history unfolding not along the religious outline of Saint Augustine 's Six Ages of the World, but in cultural ( or secular ) terms through progressive development of classical ideals, literature, and art. Petrarch wrote that history had two periods : the classic period of Greeks and Romans, followed by a time of darkness in which he saw himself living. In around 1343, in the conclusion of his epic Africa, he wrote : `` My fate is to live among varied and confusing storms. But for you perhaps, if as I hope and wish you will live long after me, there will follow a better age. This sleep of forgetfulness will not last forever. When the darkness has been dispersed, our descendants can come again in the former pure radiance. '' In the 15th century, historians Leonardo Bruni and Flavio Biondo developed a three - tier outline of history. They used Petrarch 's two ages, plus a modern, ' better age ', which they believed the world had entered. Later the term ' Middle Ages ' - Latin media tempestas ( 1469 ) or medium aevum ( 1604 ) - was used to describe the period of supposed decline. Reformation ( edit ) During the Reformations of the 16th and 17th centuries, Protestants generally had a similar view to Renaissance Humanists such as Petrarch, but also added an Anti-Catholic perspective. They saw classical antiquity as a golden time, not only because of its Latin literature, but also because it witnessed the beginnings of Christianity. They promoted the idea that the ' Middle Age ' was a time of darkness also because of corruption within the Roman Catholic Church, such as : Popes ruling as kings, veneration of saints ' relics, a celibate priesthood, and institutionalized moral hypocrisy. Baronius ( edit ) In response to the Protestants, Catholics developed a counter-image to depict the High Middle Ages in particular as a period of social and religious harmony, and not ' dark ' at all. The most important Catholic reply to the Magdeburg Centuries was the Annales Ecclesiastici by Cardinal Caesar Baronius. Baronius was a trained historian who produced a work that the Encyclopædia Britannica in 1911 described as `` far surpassing anything before '' and that Acton regarded as `` the greatest history of the Church ever written ''. The Annales covered the first twelve centuries of Christianity to 1198, and was published in twelve volumes between 1588 and 1607. It was in Volume X that Baronius coined the term `` dark age '' for the period between the end of the Carolingian Empire in 888 and the first stirrings of Gregorian Reform under Pope Clement II in 1046 : Volumes of Patrologia Latina per century Century Migne Volume Nos Volumes 7th 80 -- 88 9 8th 89 -- 96 8 9th 97 -- 130 34 10th 131 -- 138 8 11th 139 -- 151 13 12th 152 -- 191 40 13th 192 -- 217 26 `` The new age ( saeculum ) which was beginning, for its harshness and barrenness of good could well be called iron, for its baseness and abounding evil leaden, and moreover for its lack of writers ( inopia scriptorum ) dark ( obscurum ) ''. Significantly, Baronius termed the age ' dark ' because of the paucity of written records. The `` lack of writers '' he referred to may be illustrated by comparing the number of volumes in Migne 's Patrologia Latina containing the work of Latin writers from the 10th century ( the heart of the age he called ' dark ' ) with the number containing the work of writers from the preceding and succeeding centuries. A minority of these writers were historians. Medieval production of manuscripts. The beginning of the Middle Ages was also a period of low activity in copying. Note that this graph is without the realm of Byzantine. There is a sharp drop from 34 volumes in the 9th century to just 8 in the 10th. The 11th century, with 13, evidences a certain recovery, and the 12th century, with 40, surpasses the 9th, something the 13th, with just 26, fails to do. There was indeed a ' dark age ', in Baronius 's sense of a `` lack of writers '', between the Carolingian Renaissance in the 9th century and the beginnings, some time in the 11th, of what has been called the Renaissance of the 12th century. Furthermore, there was an earlier period of `` lack of writers '' during the 7th and 8th centuries. So, in Western Europe, two ' dark ages ' can be identified, separated by the brilliant but brief Carolingian Renaissance. Baronius 's ' dark age ' seems to have struck historians, for it was in the 17th century that the term started to proliferate in various European languages, with his original Latin term saeculum obscurum being reserved for the period he had applied it to. But while some, following Baronius, used ' dark age ' neutrally to refer to a dearth of written records, others used it pejoratively, lapsing into that lack of objectivity that has discredited the term for many modern historians. The first British historian to use the term was most likely Gilbert Burnet, in the form ' darker ages ' which appears several times in his work during the later 17th century. The earliest reference seems to be in the `` Epistle Dedicatory '' to Volume I of The History of the Reformation of the Church of England of 1679, where he writes : `` The design of the reformation was to restore Christianity to what it was at first, and to purge it of those corruptions, with which it was overrun in the later and darker ages. '' He uses it again in the 1682 Volume II, where he dismisses the story of `` St George 's fighting with the dragon '' as `` a legend formed in the darker ages to support the humour of chivalry ''. Burnet was a bishop chronicling how England became Protestant, and his use of the term is invariably pejorative. Enlightenment ( edit ) During the Age of Enlightenment of the 17th and 18th centuries, many critical thinkers saw religion as antithetical to reason. For them the Middle Ages, or `` Age of Faith '', was therefore the opposite of the Age of Reason. Kant and Voltaire were vocal in attacking the Middle Ages as a period of social regress dominated by religion, while Gibbon in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire expressed contempt for the `` rubbish of the Dark Ages ''. Yet just as Petrarch, seeing himself at the cusp of a `` new age '', was criticising the centuries before his own time, so too were Enlightenment writers. Consequently, an evolution had occurred in at least three ways. Petrarch 's original metaphor of light versus dark has expanded over time, implicitly at least. Even if later humanists no longer saw themselves living in a dark age, their times were still not light enough for 18th - century writers who saw themselves as living in the real Age of Enlightenment, while the period to be condemned stretched to include what we now call Early Modern times. Additionally, Petrarch 's metaphor of darkness, which he used mainly to deplore what he saw as a lack of secular achievement, was sharpened to take on a more explicitly anti-religious and anti-clerical meaning. Nevertheless, the term ' Middle Ages ', used by Biondo and other early humanists after Petrarch, was in general use before the 18th century to denote the period before the Renaissance. The earliest recorded use of the English word `` medieval '' was in 1827. The concept of the Dark Ages was also in use, but by the 18th century it tended to be confined to the earlier part of this period. The earliest entry for a capitalized `` Dark Ages '' in the Oxford English Dictionary is a reference in Henry Thomas Buckle 's History of Civilization in England in 1857. Starting and ending dates varied : the Dark Ages were considered by some to start in 410, by others in 476 when there was no longer an emperor in Rome, and to end about 800, at the time of the Carolingian Renaissance under Charlemagne, or alternatively to extend through to the end of the 1st millennium. Romanticism ( edit ) In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Romantics reversed the negative assessment of Enlightenment critics with a vogue for medievalism. The word `` Gothic '' had been a term of opprobrium akin to `` Vandal '' until a few self - confident mid-18th - century English `` Goths '' like Horace Walpole initiated the Gothic Revival in the arts. This stimulated interest in the Middle Ages, which for the following generation began to take on the idyllic image of an `` Age of Faith ''. This, reacting to a world dominated by Enlightenment rationalism, expressed a romantic view of a Golden Age of chivalry. The Middle Ages were seen with nostalgia as a period of social and environmental harmony and spiritual inspiration, in contrast to the excesses of the French Revolution and, most of all, to the environmental and social upheavals and utilitarianism of the developing Industrial Revolution. The Romantics ' view is still represented in modern - day fairs and festivals celebrating the period with ' merrie ' costumes and events. Just as Petrarch had twisted the meaning of light versus darkness, so the Romantics had twisted the judgment of the Enlightenment. However, the period they idealized was largely the High Middle Ages, extending into Early Modern times. In one respect, this negated the religious aspect of Petrarch 's judgment, since these later centuries were those when the power and prestige of the Church were at their height. To many, the scope of the Dark Ages was becoming divorced from this period, denoting mainly the centuries immediately following the fall of Rome. Modern academic use ( edit ) See also : Medieval studies The term was widely used by 19th - century historians. In 1860, in The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, Jacob Burckhardt delineated the contrast between the medieval ' dark ages ' and the more enlightened Renaissance, which had revived the cultural and intellectual achievements of antiquity. However, the early 20th century saw a radical re-evaluation of the Middle Ages, which called into question the terminology of darkness, or at least its more pejorative use. The historian Denys Hay spoke ironically of `` the lively centuries which we call dark ''. More forcefully, a book about the history of German literature published in 2007 describes `` the dark ages '' as `` a popular if ignorant manner of speaking ''. Most modern historians do not use the term `` dark ages '', preferring terms such as Early Middle Ages. But when used by some historians today, the term `` Dark Ages '' is meant to describe the economic, political, and cultural problems of the era. For others, the term Dark Ages is intended to be neutral, expressing the idea that the events of the period seem ' dark ' to us because of the paucity of the historical record. The term is used in this sense ( often in the singular ) to reference the Bronze Age collapse and the subsequent Greek Dark Ages, the dark ages of Cambodia ( c. 1450 - 1863 ), and also a hypothetical Digital Dark Age which would ensue if the electronic documents produced in the current period were to become unreadable at some point in the future. Some Byzantinists have used the term `` Byzantine Dark Ages '' to refer to the period from the earliest Muslim conquests to about 800, because there are no extant historical texts in Greek from this period, and thus the history of the Byzantine Empire and its territories that were conquered by the Muslims is poorly understood and must be reconstructed from other contemporaneous sources, such as religious texts. The term `` dark age '' is not restricted to the discipline of history. Since the archaeological evidence for some periods is abundant and for others scanty, there are also archaeological dark ages. Since the Late Middle Ages significantly overlap with the Renaissance, the term ' Dark Ages ' has become restricted to distinct times and places in medieval Europe. Thus the 5th and 6th centuries in Britain, at the height of the Saxon invasions, have been called `` the darkest of the Dark Ages '', in view of the societal collapse of the period and the consequent lack of historical records. Further south and east, the same was true in the formerly Roman province of Dacia, where history after the Roman withdrawal went unrecorded for centuries as Slavs, Avars, Bulgars, and others struggled for supremacy in the Danube basin, and events there are still disputed. However, at this time the Arab Empire is often considered to have experienced its Golden Age rather than Dark Age ; consequently, usage of the term must also specify a geography. While Petrarch 's concept of a Dark Age corresponded to a mostly Christian period following pre-Christian Rome, today the term mainly applies to the cultures and periods in Europe that were least Christianized, and thus most sparsely covered by chronicles and other contemporary sources, at the time mostly written by Catholic clergy. However, from the later 20th century onwards, other historians became critical even of this nonjudgmental use of the term, for two main reasons. Firstly, it is questionable whether it is ever possible to use the term in a neutral way : scholars may intend this, but ordinary readers may not understand it so. Secondly, 20th - century scholarship had increased understanding of the history and culture of the period, to such an extent that it is no longer really ' dark ' to us. To avoid the value judgment implied by the expression, many historians now avoid it altogether. Modern popular use ( edit ) Medieval artistic illustration of the spherical Earth in a 14th - century copy of L'Image du monde ( c. 1246 ) Science historian David C. Lindberg criticises the public use of ' dark ages ' to describe the entire Middle Ages as `` a time of ignorance, barbarism and superstition '' for which `` blame is most often laid at the feet of the Christian church, which is alleged to have placed religious authority over personal experience and rational activity ''. Historian of science, Edward Grant, writes that `` If revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed in the Age of Reason, they were made possible because of the long medieval tradition that established the use of reason as one of the most important of human activities ''. Furthermore, Lindberg says that, contrary to common belief, `` the late medieval scholar rarely experienced the coercive power of the church and would have regarded himself as free ( particularly in the natural sciences ) to follow reason and observation wherever they led ''. Because of the collapse of the Western Roman Empire due to the Migration Period a lot of classical Greek texts were lost there, but part of these texts survived and they were studied widely in the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate. Around the eleventh and twelfth centuries in the High Middle Ages stronger monarchies emerged ; borders were restored after the invasions of Vikings and Magyars ; technological developments and agricultural innovations were made which increased the food supply and population. And the rejuvenation of science and scholarship in the West was due in large part to the new availability of Latin translations of Aristotle. Another view of the period is reflected by more specific notions such as the 19th - century claim that everyone in the Middle Ages thought the world was flat. In fact, lecturers in medieval universities commonly advanced the idea that the Earth was a sphere. Lindberg and Ronald Numbers write : `` There was scarcely a Christian scholar of the Middle Ages who did not acknowledge ( Earth 's ) sphericity and even know its approximate circumference ''. Other misconceptions such as : `` the Church prohibited autopsies and dissections during the Middle Ages '', `` the rise of Christianity killed off ancient science '', and `` the medieval Christian church suppressed the growth of natural philosophy '', are cited by Numbers as examples of myths that still pass as historical truth, although unsupported by current research. See also ( edit ) Barbarian kingdoms Conflict thesis and Continuity thesis Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Oxford English Dictionary ( 2 ed. ). Oxford, England : Oxford University Press. 1989. a term sometimes applied to the period of the Middle Ages to mark the intellectual darkness characteristic of the time ; often restricted to the early period of the Middle Ages, between the time of the fall of Rome and the appearance of vernacular written documents. ^ Jump up to : `` Dark age '' in Merriam - Webster ^ Jump up to : Mommsen, Theodore ( 1942 ). `` Petrarch 's Conception of the ' Dark Ages ' ''. Speculum. Cambridge MA : Medieval Academy of America. 17 ( 2 ) : 227 -- 228. doi : 10.2307 / 2856364. JSTOR 2856364. Jump up ^ Thompson, Bard ( 1996 ). Humanists and Reformers : A History of the Renaissance and Reformation. Grand Rapids, MI : Erdmans. p. 13. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 6348 - 5. Petrarch was the very first to speak of the Middle Ages as a ' dark age ', one that separated him from the riches and pleasures of classical antiquity and that broke the connection between his own age and the civilization of the Greeks and the Romans. Jump up ^ Dwyer, John C., Church history : twenty centuries of Catholic Christianity, ( 1998 ) p. 155. Baronius, Caesar. Annales Ecclesiastici, Vol. X. Roma, 1602, p. 647 Jump up ^ Mommsen, Theodore ( 1942 ). `` Petrarch 's Conception of the ' Dark Ages ' ''. Speculum. Cambridge MA : Medieval Academy of America. 17 ( 2 ) : 226 -- 227. doi : 10.2307 / 2856364. JSTOR 2856364. Jump up ^ Ker, W.P. ( 1904 ). The dark ages. New York : C. Scribner 's Sons, p. 1. `` The Dark Ages and the Middle Ages -- or the Middle Age -- used to be the same ; two names for the same period. But they have come to be distinguished, and the Dark Ages are now no more than the first part of the Middle Age, while the term mediaeval is often restricted to the later centuries, about 1100 to 1500, the age of chivalry, the time between the first Crusade and the Renaissance. This was not the old view, and it does not agree with the proper meaning of the name. '' Jump up ^ Syed Ziaur Rahman, Were the `` Dark Ages '' Really Dark? In : Grey Matter. The Co-curricular Journal of Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 2003 : 7 - 10. Jump up ^ Snyder, Christopher A. ( 1998 ). An Age of Tyrants : Britain and the Britons A.D. 400 -- 600. University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. xiii -- xiv. ISBN 0 - 271 - 01780 - 5... In explaining his approach to writing the work, Snyder refers to the `` so - called Dark Ages '', noting that `` Historians and archaeologists have never liked the label Dark Ages... there are numerous indicators that these centuries were neither ' dark ' nor ' barbarous ' in comparison with other eras. '' ^ Jump up to : Jordan, Chester William ( 2004 ). Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Supplement 1. Verdun, Kathleen, `` Medievalism '' pp. 389 -- 397. Sections ' Victorian Medievalism ', ' Nineteenth - Century Europe ', ' Medievalism in America 1500 -- 1900 ', ' The 20th Century '. Same volume, Freedman, Paul, `` Medieval Studies '', pp. 383 -- 389. Jump up ^ Raico, Ralph. `` The European Miracle ''. Retrieved 14 August 2011. `` The stereotype of the Middle Ages as ' the Dark Ages ' fostered by Renaissance humanists and Enlightenment philosophes has, of course, long since been abandoned by scholars. '' ^ Jump up to : Franklin, James ( 1982 ). `` The Renaissance Myth ''. Quadrant. 26 ( 11 ) : 51 -- 60. ^ Jump up to : Tainter, Joseph A. ( 1999 ). `` Post Collapse Societies ''. In Barker, Graeme. Companion Encyclopedia of Archaeology. Abingdon, England : Routledge. p. 988. ISBN 0 - 415 - 06448 - 1. Jump up ^ Clark, Kenneth ( 1969 ), Civilisation ( BBC Books ) ^ Jump up to : Mommsen, Theodore ( 1942 ). `` Petrarch 's Conception of the ' Dark Ages ' ''. Speculum. Cambridge MA : Medieval Academy of America. 17 ( 2 ) : 226 -- 242. doi : 10.2307 / 2856364. JSTOR 2856364. Jump up ^ Petrarch ( 1367 ). Apologia cuiusdam anonymi Galli calumnias ( Defence against the calumnies of an anonymous Frenchman ), in Petrarch, Opera Omnia, Basel, 1554, p. 1195. This quotation comes from the English translation of Mommsen 's article, where the source is given in a footnote. Cf. also Marsh, D, ed., ( 2003 ), Invectives, Harvard University Press, p. 457. Jump up ^ Petrarch ( 1343 ). Africa, IX, 451 - 7. This quotation comes from the English translation of Mommsen 's article. Jump up ^ Albrow, Martin, The global age : state and society beyond modernity ( 1997 ), p. 205. Jump up ^ F. Oakley, The medieval experience : foundations of Western cultural singularity ( University of Toronto Press, 1988 ), pp. 1 - 4. Jump up ^ Daileader, Philip ( 2001 ). The High Middle Ages. The Teaching Company. ISBN 1 - 56585 - 827 - 1. `` Catholics living during the Protestant Reformation were not going to take this assault lying down. They, too, turned to the study of the Middle Ages, going back to prove that, far from being a period of religious corruption, the Middle Ages were superior to the era of the Protestant Reformation, because the Middle Ages were free of the religious schisms and religious wars that were plaguing the 16th and 17th centuries. '' Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911 : `` History '' Jump up ^ Lord Acton ( 1906 ). Lectures on Modern History, p. 121. Jump up ^ Baronius 's actual starting - point for the `` dark age '' was 900 ( annus Redemptoris nongentesimus ), but that was an arbitrary rounding off due mainly to his strictly annalistic approach. Later historians, e.g. Marco Porri in his Catholic History of the Church ( Storia della Chiesa ) or the Lutheran Christian Cyclopedia ( `` Saeculum Obscurum '' ), have tended to amend it to the more historically significant date of 888, often rounding it down further to 880. The first weeks of 888 witnessed both the final break - up of the Carolingian Empire and the death of its deposed ruler Charles the Fat. Unlike the end of the Carolingian Empire, however, the end of the Carolingian Renaissance can not be precisely dated, and it was the latter development that was responsible for the `` lack of writers '' that Baronius, as a historian, found so irksome. Jump up ^ Schaff, Philip ( 1882 ). History of the Christian Church, Vol. IV : Mediaeval Christianity, A.D. 570 -- 1073, Ch. XIII, § 138. `` Prevailing Ignorance in the Western Church '' Jump up ^ Baronius, Caesar ( 1602 ). Annales Ecclesiastici, Vol. X. Roma, p. 647. `` Novum incohatur saeculum quod, sua asperitate ac boni sterilitate ferreum, malique exudantis deformitate plumbeum, atque inopia scriptorum, appellari consuevit obscurum. '' Jump up ^ Buringh, Eltjo ; van Zanden, Jan Luiten : `` Charting the `` Rise of the West '' : Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long - Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries ``, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 69, No. 2 ( 2009 ), pp. 409 -- 445 ( 416, table 1 ) Jump up ^ Burnet, Gilbert ( 1679 ). The History of the Reformation of the Church of England, Vol. I. Oxford, 1929, p. ii. Jump up ^ Burnet, Gilbert ( 1682 ). The History of the Reformation of the Church of England, Vol. II. Oxford, 1829, p. 423. Burnet also uses the term in 1682 in The Abridgement of the History of the Reformation of the Church of England ( 2nd Edition, London, 1683, p. 52 ) and in 1687 in Travels through France, Italy, Germany and Switzerland ( London, 1750, p. 257 ). The Oxford English Dictionary erroneously cites the last of these as the earliest recorded use of the term in English. Jump up ^ Bartlett, Robert ( 2001 ). `` Introduction : Perspectives on the Medieval World '', in Medieval Panorama. ISBN 0 - 89236 - 642 - 7. `` Disdain about the medieval past was especially forthright amongst the critical and rationalist thinkers of the Enlightenment. For them the Middle Ages epitomized the barbaric, priest - ridden world they were attempting to transform. '' Jump up ^ Gibbon, Edward ( 1788 ). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 6, Ch. XXXVII, paragraph 619. Jump up ^ Alexander, Michael ( 2007 ). Medievalism : The Middle Ages in Modern England. Yale University Press. Jump up ^ Chandler, Alice K. ( 1971 ). A Dream of Order : The Medieval Ideal in Nineteenth - Century English Literature. University of Nebraska Press, p. 4. Jump up ^ Barber, John ( 2008 ). The Road from Eden : Studies in Christianity and Culture. Palo Alto, CA : Academica Press, p. 148, fn 3. Jump up ^ Hay, Denys ( 1977 ). Annalists and Historians. London : Methuen, p. 50. Jump up ^ Dunphy, Graeme ( 2007 ). `` Literary Transitions, 1300 -- 1500 : From Late Mediaeval to Early Modern '' in : The Camden House History of German Literature vol IV : `` Early Modern German Literature ''. The chapter opens : `` A popular if uninformed manner of speaking refers to the medieval period as `` the dark ages. '' If there is a dark age in the literary history of Germany, however, it is the one that follows : the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, the time between the Middle High German Blütezeit and the full blossoming of the Renaissance. It may be called a dark age, not because literary production waned in these decades, but because nineteenth - century aesthetics and twentieth - century university curricula allowed the achievements of that time to fade into obscurity. '' Jump up ^ Review Article : Travel and Trade in the Dark Ages, Treadgold, Warren, Journal The International History Review Volume 26, 2004 - Issue 1 Jump up ^ Globalisation, Ecological Crisis, and Dark Ages, Sing C. Chew, Journal of Global Society, Volume 16, 2002 - Issue 4 Jump up ^ ' Digital Dark Age ' May Doom Some Data, Science Daily, October 29, 2008. Jump up ^ Lemerle, Paul ( 1986 ). Byzantine Humanism, translated by Helen Lindsay and Ann Moffat. Canberra, pp. 81 -- 82. Jump up ^ Whitby, Michael ( 1992 ). `` Greek historical writing after Procopius '' in Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, ed. Averil Cameron and Lawrence I. Conrad, Princeton, pp. 25 -- 80. Jump up ^ Lemerle, Paul ( 1986 ). Byzantine Humanism, translated by Helen Lindsay and Ann Moffat. Canberra, p. 81 - 84. Jump up ^ Project : Exploring the Early Holocene Occupation of North - Central Anatolia : New Approaches for Studying Archaeological Dark Ages Period of Project : 09 / 2007 - 09 / 2011 Jump up ^ Cannon, John and Griffiths, Ralph ( 2000 ). The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy ( Oxford Illustrated Histories ), 2nd Revised edition. Oxford, England : Oxford University Press, p. 1. The first chapter opens with the sentence : `` In the darkest of the Dark Ages, the fifth and sixth centuries, there were many kings in Britain but no kingdoms. '' Jump up ^ Welch, Martin ( 1993 ). Discovering Anglo - Saxon England. University Park, PA : Penn State Press. Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica `` It is now rarely used by historians because of the value judgment it implies. Though sometimes taken to derive its meaning from the fact that little was then known about the period, the term 's more usual and pejorative sense is of a period of intellectual darkness and barbarity. '' Jump up ^ Kyle Harper ( 2017 ). The Fate of Rome : Climate, Disease, and the End of an Empire ( The Princeton History of the Ancient World ). Princeton University Press. p. 12. These used to be called the Dark Ages. That label is best set aside. It is hopelessly redolent of Renaissance and Enlightenment prejudices. It altogether underestimates the impressive cultural vitality and enduring spiritual legacy of the entire period that has come to be known as `` late antiquity ''. At the same time we do not have to euphemize the realities of imperial disintegration, economic collapse and societal disintegration. Jump up ^ David C. Lindberg, `` The Medieval Church Encounters the Classical Tradition : Saint Augustine, Roger Bacon, and the Handmaiden Metaphor '', in David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers, ed. When Science & Christianity Meet, ( Chicago : University of Chicago Pr., 2003 ), p. 8 Jump up ^ Edward Grant. God and Reason in the Middle Ages, Cambridge 2001, p. 9. Jump up ^ quoted in the essay of Ted Peters about Science and Religion at `` Lindsay Jones ( editor in chief ). Encyclopedia of Religion, Second Edition. Thomson Gale. 2005. p. 8182 '' Jump up ^ Lindberg, D. ( 1992 ) The Beginnings of Western Science Chicago. University of Chicago Press. p. 204. Jump up ^ Historian Jeffrey Burton Russell, in his book Inventing the Flat Earth ``... shows how nineteenth - century anti-Christians invented and spread the falsehood that educated people in the Middle Ages believed that the earth was flat '' Russell 's summary of his book ^ Jump up to : Russell, Jeffey Burton ( 1991 ). Inventing the Flat Earth -- Columbus and Modern Historians. Westport, CT : Praeger. pp. 49 -- 58. ISBN 0 - 275 - 95904 - X. Jump up ^ A recent study of medieval concepts of the sphericity of the Earth notes that `` since the eighth century, no cosmographer worthy of note has called into question the sphericity of the Earth. '' Klaus Anselm Vogel, `` Sphaera terrae - das mittelalterliche Bild der Erde und die kosmographische Revolution '', PhD dissertation, Georg - August - Universität Göttingen, 1995, p. 19 Jump up ^ E. Grant, Planets. Stars, & Orbs : The Medieval Cosmos, 1200 - 1687, ( Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1994 ), pp. 626 - 630. Jump up ^ Lindberg, David C. ; Numbers, Ronald L. ( 1986 ). `` Beyond War and Peace : A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science ''. Church History. Cambridge University Press. 55 ( 3 ) : 338 -- 354. doi : 10.2307 / 3166822. JSTOR 3166822. Jump up ^ Ronald Numbers ( Lecturer ) ( May 11, 2006 ). Myths and Truths in Science and Religion : A historical perspective ( Video Lecture ). University of Cambridge ( Howard Building, Downing College ) : The Faraday Institute for Science and Religion. External links ( edit ) `` Dark Ages '' in Encyclopædia Britannica Online. `` Decline and fall of the Roman myth '' by Terry Jones. `` Why the Middle Ages are called the Dark Ages ''. `` Learning about Dark Ages by Kru Interactive ''. hide European Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Migration Period Decline of the Western Roman Empire Late antiquity Decline of Hellenistic religion Christianization Rise of Islam First Bulgarian Empire Frankish Empire Kingdom of Croatia Anglo - Saxon England Viking Age Carolingian Empire Old Church Slavonic Civitas Schinesghe Kievan Rus ' Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire High Middle Ages Holy Roman Empire Second Bulgarian Empire Georgian Empire Kingdom of Poland Feudalism Great Schism Investiture Controversy Crusades Scholasticism Monasticism Communalism Manorialism Medieval Warm Period Mongol invasion of Europe Late Middle Ages Hundred Years ' War Wars of the Roses Hussite Wars Burgundy House of Habsburg Western Schism Fall of Constantinople Rise of the Ottoman Empire Swiss mercenaries Chivalry Renaissance Humanism Universities Crisis of the Late Middle Ages Little Ice Age Culture Architecture Art Church and State Cuisine Demography Household Literature Medicine Music Philosophy Poetry Science Slavery Technology Warfare See also Dark Ages Disability in the Middle Ages Basic topics list Medievalism Medieval reenactment Medieval studies Neo-medievalism Timeline Global history of same period of time Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dark_Ages_(historiography)&oldid=843298897 '' Categories : Historiography of the Middle Ages Philosophy of history Early Middle Ages Historical eras Urban decay Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Español Esperanto Français Gaeilge Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018, at 06 : 32. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Dark Ages (historiography)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Dark_Ages_(historiography)&amp;oldid=843298897" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "3770914310463754056" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]