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{ "text": "Bohr model - wikipedia Bohr model Jump to : navigation, search Not to be confused with Bohr equation. The cake model of the hydrogen atom ( Z = 1 ) or a hydrogen - like ion ( Z > 1 ), where the negatively - charged electron confined to an atomic shell encircles a small, positively charged atomic nucleus and where an electron jumps between orbits it is accompanied by an emitted or absorbed amount of electromagnetic energy ( hν ). The orbits in which the electron may travel are shown as grey circles ; their radius increases as n, where n is the principal quantum number. The 3 → 2 transition depicted here produces the first line of the Balmer series, and for hydrogen ( Z = 1 ) it results in a photon of wavelength 656 nm ( red light ). In atomic physics, the Rutherford -- Bohr model or Bohr model or Bohr diagram, introduced by Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford in 1913, depicts the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus -- similar to the structure of the Solar System, but with attraction provided by electrostatic forces rather than gravity. After the cubic model ( 1902 ), the plum - pudding model ( 1904 ), the Saturnian model ( 1904 ), and the Rutherford model ( 1911 ) came the Rutherford -- Bohr model or just Bohr model for short ( 1913 ). The improvement to the Rutherford model is mostly a quantum physical interpretation of it. The model 's key success lay in explaining the Rydberg formula for the spectral emission lines of atomic hydrogen. While the Rydberg formula had been known experimentally, it did not gain a theoretical underpinning until the Bohr model was introduced. Not only did the Bohr model explain the reason for the structure of the Rydberg formula, it also provided a justification for its empirical results in terms of fundamental physical constants. The Bohr model is a relatively primitive model of the hydrogen atom, compared to the valence shell atom. As a theory, it can be derived as a first - order approximation of the hydrogen atom using the broader and much more accurate quantum mechanics and thus may be considered to be an obsolete scientific theory. However, because of its simplicity, and its correct results for selected systems ( see below for application ), the Bohr model is still commonly taught to introduce students to quantum mechanics or energy level diagrams before moving on to the more accurate, but more complex, valence shell atom. A related model was originally proposed by Arthur Erich Haas in 1910, but was rejected. The quantum theory of the period between Planck 's discovery of the quantum ( 1900 ) and the advent of a full - blown quantum mechanics ( 1925 ) is often referred to as the old quantum theory. Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Electron energy levels 3 Rydberg formula 4 Shell model of heavier atoms 5 Moseley 's law and calculation of K - alpha X-ray emission lines 6 Shortcomings 7 Refinements 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Primary sources 10 Further reading 11 External links Origin ( edit ) Bohr model showing maximum electrons per shell with shells labeled in X-ray notation In the early 20th century, experiments by Ernest Rutherford established that atoms consisted of a diffuse cloud of negatively charged electrons surrounding a small, dense, positively charged nucleus. Given this experimental data, Rutherford naturally considered a planetary - model atom, the Rutherford model of 1911 -- electrons orbiting a solar nucleus -- however, said planetary - model atom has a technical difficulty. The laws of classical mechanics ( i.e. the Larmor formula ), predict that the electron will release electromagnetic radiation while orbiting a nucleus. Because the electron would lose energy, it would rapidly spiral inwards, collapsing into the nucleus on a timescale of around 16 picoseconds. This atom model is disastrous, because it predicts that all atoms are unstable. Also, as the electron spirals inward, the emission would rapidly increase in frequency as the orbit got smaller and faster. This would produce a continuous smear, in frequency, of electromagnetic radiation. However, late 19th century experiments with electric discharges have shown that atoms will only emit light ( that is, electromagnetic radiation ) at certain discrete frequencies. To overcome this difficulty, Niels Bohr proposed, in 1913, what is now called the Bohr model of the atom. He suggested that electrons could only have certain classical motions : Electrons in atoms orbit the nucleus. The electrons can only orbit stably, without radiating, in certain orbits ( called by Bohr the `` stationary orbits '' ) at a certain discrete set of distances from the nucleus. These orbits are associated with definite energies and are also called energy shells or energy levels. In these orbits, the electron 's acceleration does not result in radiation and energy loss as required by classical electromagnetics. The Bohr model of an atom was based upon Planck 's quantum theory of radiation. Electrons can only gain and lose energy by jumping from one allowed orbit to another, absorbing or emitting electromagnetic radiation with a frequency ν determined by the energy difference of the levels according to the Planck relation : Δ E = E 2 − E 1 = h ν, ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta ( E ) = E_ ( 2 ) - E_ ( 1 ) = h \\ nu \\, ) where h is Planck 's constant. The frequency of the radiation emitted at an orbit of period T is as it would be in classical mechanics ; it is the reciprocal of the classical orbit period : ν = 1 T. ( \\ displaystyle \\ nu = ( 1 \\ over T ) ~ ~. ) : The angular momentum, L, of the orbiting electron is quantised such that : m e v r = n ħ ( \\ displaystyle m_ ( \\ mathrm ( e ) ) vr = n \\ hbar ) where n = 1, 2, 3,... is called the principal quantum number, and ħ = h / 2π. The lowest value of n is 1 ; this gives a smallest possible orbital radius of 0.0529 nm known as the Bohr radius. Once an electron is in this lowest orbit, it can get no closer to the proton. Starting from the angular momentum quantum rule, Bohr was able to calculate the energies of the allowed orbits of the hydrogen atom and other hydrogen - like atoms and ions. Other points are : Like Einstein 's theory of the Photoelectric effect, Bohr 's formula assumes that during a quantum jump a discrete amount of energy is radiated. However, unlike Einstein, Bohr stuck to the classical Maxwell theory of the electromagnetic field. Quantization of the electromagnetic field was explained by the discreteness of the atomic energy levels ; Bohr did not believe in the existence of photons. According to the Maxwell theory the frequency ν of classical radiation is equal to the rotation frequency ν of the electron in its orbit, with harmonics at integer multiples of this frequency. This result is obtained from the Bohr model for jumps between energy levels E and E when k is much smaller than n. These jumps reproduce the frequency of the k - th harmonic of orbit n. For sufficiently large values of n ( so - called Rydberg states ), the two orbits involved in the emission process have nearly the same rotation frequency, so that the classical orbital frequency is not ambiguous. But for small n ( or large k ), the radiation frequency has no unambiguous classical interpretation. This marks the birth of the correspondence principle, requiring quantum theory to agree with the classical theory only in the limit of large quantum numbers. The Bohr - Kramers - Slater theory ( BKS theory ) is a failed attempt to extend the Bohr model, which violates the conservation of energy and momentum in quantum jumps, with the conservation laws only holding on average. Bohr 's condition, that the angular momentum is an integer multiple of ħ was later reinterpreted in 1924 by de Broglie as a standing wave condition : the electron is described by a wave and a whole number of wavelengths must fit along the circumference of the electron 's orbit : n λ = 2 π r. ( \\ displaystyle n \\ lambda = 2 \\ pi r ~. ) Bohr described angular momentum of the electron orbit as 1 / 2h while de Broglie 's wavelength of λ = h / p described h divided by the electron momentum. In 1913, however, Bohr justified his rule by appealing to the correspondence principle, without providing any sort of wave interpretation. In 1913, the wave behavior of matter particles such as the electron ( i.e., matter waves ) was not suspected. In 1925, a new kind of mechanics was proposed, quantum mechanics, in which Bohr 's model of electrons traveling in quantized orbits was extended into a more accurate model of electron motion. The new theory was proposed by Werner Heisenberg. Another form of the same theory, wave mechanics, was discovered by the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger independently, and by different reasoning. Schrödinger employed de Broglie 's matter waves, but sought wave solutions of a three - dimensional wave equation describing electrons that were constrained to move about the nucleus of a hydrogen - like atom, by being trapped by the potential of the positive nuclear charge. Electron energy levels ( edit ) Models depicting electron energy levels in hydrogen, helium, lithium, and neon The Bohr model gives almost exact results only for a system where two charged points orbit each other at speeds much less than that of light. This not only involves one - electron systems such as the hydrogen atom, singly ionized helium, and doubly ionized lithium, but it includes positronium and Rydberg states of any atom where one electron is far away from everything else. It can be used for K - line X-ray transition calculations if other assumptions are added ( see Moseley 's law below ). In high energy physics, it can be used to calculate the masses of heavy quark mesons. Calculation of the orbits requires two assumptions. Classical mechanics The electron is held in a circular orbit by electrostatic attraction. The centripetal force is equal to the Coulomb force. m e v 2 r = Z k e e 2 r 2 ( \\ displaystyle ( m_ ( \\ mathrm ( e ) ) v ^ ( 2 ) \\ over r ) = ( Zk_ ( \\ mathrm ( e ) ) e ^ ( 2 ) \\ over r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) where m is the electron 's mass, e is the charge of the electron, k is Coulomb 's constant and Z is the atom 's atomic number. It is assumed here that the mass of the nucleus is much larger than the electron mass ( which is a good assumption ). This equation determines the electron 's speed at any radius : v = Z k e e 2 m e r. ( \\ displaystyle v = ( \\ sqrt ( Zk_ ( \\ mathrm ( e ) ) e ^ ( 2 ) \\ over m_ ( \\ mathrm ( e ) ) r ) ). ) It also determines the electron 's total energy at any radius : E = − 1 2 m e v 2 ( \\ displaystyle E = - ( 1 \\ over 2 ) m_ ( \\ mathrm ( e ) ) v ^ ( 2 ) ) The total energy is negative and inversely proportional to r. This means that it takes energy to pull the orbiting electron away from the proton. For infinite values of r, the energy is zero, corresponding to a motionless electron infinitely far from the proton. The total energy is half the potential energy, which is also true for noncircular orbits by the virial theorem. A quantum rule The angular momentum L = m vr is an integer multiple of ħ : m e v r = n ħ ( \\ displaystyle m_ ( \\ mathrm ( e ) ) vr = n \\ hbar ) How The Equation Was Derived : If an electron in an atom is moving on an orbit with period T, classically the electromagnetic radiation will repeat itself every orbital period. If the coupling to the electromagnetic field is weak, so that the orbit does n't decay very much in one cycle, the radiation will be emitted in a pattern which repeats every period, so that the Fourier transform will have frequencies which are only multiples of 1 / T. This is the classical radiation law : the frequencies emitted are integer multiples of 1 / T. In quantum mechanics, this emission must be in quanta of light, of frequencies consisting of integer multiples of 1 / T, so that classical mechanics is an approximate description at large quantum numbers. This means that the energy level corresponding to a classical orbit of period 1 / T must have nearby energy levels which differ in energy by h / T, and they should be equally spaced near that level, Δ E n = h T ( E n ). ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta E_ ( n ) = ( h \\ over T ( E_ ( n ) ) ). ) Bohr worried whether the energy spacing 1 / T should be best calculated with the period of the energy state E n ( \\ displaystyle E_ ( n ) ), or E n + 1 ( \\ displaystyle E_ ( n + 1 ) ), or some average -- in hindsight, this model is only the leading semiclassical approximation. Bohr considered circular orbits. Classically, these orbits must decay to smaller circles when photons are emitted. The level spacing between circular orbits can be calculated with the correspondence formula. For a Hydrogen atom, the classical orbits have a period T determined by Kepler 's third law to scale as r. The energy scales as 1 / r, so the level spacing formula amounts to Δ E ∝ 1 r 3 2 ∝ E 3 2. ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta E \\ propto ( 1 \\ over r ^ ( 3 \\ over 2 ) ) \\ propto E ^ ( 3 \\ over 2 ). ) It is possible to determine the energy levels by recursively stepping down orbit by orbit, but there is a shortcut. The angular momentum L of the circular orbit scales as √ r. The energy in terms of the angular momentum is then E ∝ 1 r ∝ 1 L 2 ( \\ displaystyle E \\ propto ( 1 \\ over r ) \\ propto ( 1 \\ over L ^ ( 2 ) ) ). Assuming, with Bohr, that quantized values of L are equally spaced, the spacing between neighboring energies is Δ E ∝ 1 ( L + ħ ) 2 − 1 L 2 ≈ − 2 ħ L 3 ∝ − E 3 2. ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta E \\ propto ( 1 \\ over ( L+ \\ hbar ) ^ ( 2 ) ) - ( 1 \\ over L ^ ( 2 ) ) \\ approx - ( 2 \\ hbar \\ over L ^ ( 3 ) ) \\ propto - E ^ ( 3 \\ over 2 ). ) This is as desired for equally spaced angular momenta. If one kept track of the constants, the spacing would be ħ, so the angular momentum should be an integer multiple of ħ, L = n h 2 π = n ħ. ( \\ displaystyle L = ( nh \\ over 2 \\ pi ) = n \\ hbar ~. ) This is how Bohr arrived at his model. Substituting the expression for the velocity gives an equation for r in terms of n : m e k e Z e 2 m e r r = n ħ ( \\ displaystyle m_ ( \\ text ( e ) ) ( \\ sqrt ( \\ dfrac ( k_ ( \\ text ( e ) ) Ze ^ ( 2 ) ) ( m_ ( \\ text ( e ) ) r ) ) ) r = n \\ hbar ) so that the allowed orbit radius at any n is : r n = n 2 ħ 2 Z k e e 2 m e ( \\ displaystyle r_ ( n ) = ( n ^ ( 2 ) \\ hbar ^ ( 2 ) \\ over Zk_ ( \\ mathrm ( e ) ) e ^ ( 2 ) m_ ( \\ mathrm ( e ) ) ) ) The smallest possible value of r in the hydrogen atom ( Z = 1 ) is called the Bohr radius and is equal to : r 1 = ħ 2 k e e 2 m e ≈ 5.29 × 10 − 11 m ( \\ displaystyle r_ ( 1 ) = ( \\ hbar ^ ( 2 ) \\ over k_ ( \\ mathrm ( e ) ) e ^ ( 2 ) m_ ( \\ mathrm ( e ) ) ) \\ approx 5.29 \\ times 10 ^ ( - 11 ) \\ mathrm ( m ) ) The energy of the n - th level for any atom is determined by the radius and quantum number : E = − Z k e e 2 2 r n = − Z 2 ( k e e 2 ) 2 m e 2 ħ 2 n 2 ≈ − 13.6 Z 2 n 2 e V ( \\ displaystyle E = - ( Zk_ ( \\ mathrm ( e ) ) e ^ ( 2 ) \\ over 2r_ ( n ) ) = - ( Z ^ ( 2 ) ( k_ ( \\ mathrm ( e ) ) e ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) m_ ( \\ mathrm ( e ) ) \\ over 2 \\ hbar ^ ( 2 ) n ^ ( 2 ) ) \\ approx ( - 13.6 Z ^ ( 2 ) \\ over n ^ ( 2 ) ) \\ mathrm ( eV ) ) An electron in the lowest energy level of hydrogen ( n = 1 ) therefore has about 13.6 eV less energy than a motionless electron infinitely far from the nucleus. The next energy level ( n = 2 ) is − 3.4 eV. The third ( n = 3 ) is − 1.51 eV, and so on. For larger values of n, these are also the binding energies of a highly excited atom with one electron in a large circular orbit around the rest of the atom. The hydrogen formula also coincides with the Wallis product. The combination of natural constants in the energy formula is called the Rydberg energy ( R ) : R E = ( k e e 2 ) 2 m e 2 ħ 2 ( \\ displaystyle R_ ( \\ mathrm ( E ) ) = ( ( k_ ( \\ mathrm ( e ) ) e ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) m_ ( \\ mathrm ( e ) ) \\ over 2 \\ hbar ^ ( 2 ) ) ) This expression is clarified by interpreting it in combinations that form more natural units : m e c 2 ( \\ displaystyle \\, m_ ( \\ mathrm ( e ) ) c ^ ( 2 ) ) is the rest mass energy of the electron ( 511 keV ) k e e 2 ħ c = α ≈ 1 137 ( \\ displaystyle \\, ( k_ ( \\ mathrm ( e ) ) e ^ ( 2 ) \\ over \\ hbar c ) = \\ alpha \\ approx ( 1 \\ over 137 ) ) is the fine structure constant R E = 1 2 ( m e c 2 ) α 2 ( \\ displaystyle \\, R_ ( \\ mathrm ( E ) ) = ( 1 \\ over 2 ) ( m_ ( \\ mathrm ( e ) ) c ^ ( 2 ) ) \\ alpha ^ ( 2 ) ) Since this derivation is with the assumption that the nucleus is orbited by one electron, we can generalize this result by letting the nucleus have a charge q = Z e where Z is the atomic number. This will now give us energy levels for hydrogenic atoms, which can serve as a rough order - of - magnitude approximation of the actual energy levels. So for nuclei with Z protons, the energy levels are ( to a rough approximation ) : E n = − Z 2 R E n 2 ( \\ displaystyle E_ ( n ) = - ( Z ^ ( 2 ) R_ ( \\ mathrm ( E ) ) \\ over n ^ ( 2 ) ) ) The actual energy levels can not be solved analytically for more than one electron ( see n - body problem ) because the electrons are not only affected by the nucleus but also interact with each other via the Coulomb Force. When Z = 1 / α ( Z ≈ 137 ), the motion becomes highly relativistic, and Z cancels the α in R ; the orbit energy begins to be comparable to rest energy. Sufficiently large nuclei, if they were stable, would reduce their charge by creating a bound electron from the vacuum, ejecting the positron to infinity. This is the theoretical phenomenon of electromagnetic charge screening which predicts a maximum nuclear charge. Emission of such positrons has been observed in the collisions of heavy ions to create temporary super-heavy nuclei. The Bohr formula properly uses the reduced mass of electron and proton in all situations, instead of the mass of the electron, m red = m e m p m e + m p = m e 1 1 + m e / m p. ( \\ displaystyle m_ ( \\ text ( red ) ) = ( \\ frac ( m_ ( \\ mathrm ( e ) ) m_ ( \\ mathrm ( p ) ) ) ( m_ ( \\ mathrm ( e ) ) + m_ ( \\ mathrm ( p ) ) ) ) = m_ ( \\ mathrm ( e ) ) ~ ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 + m_ ( \\ mathrm ( e ) ) / m_ ( \\ mathrm ( p ) ) ) ) ~. ) However, these numbers are very nearly the same, due to the much larger mass of the proton, about 1836.1 times the mass of the electron, so that the reduced mass in the system is the mass of the electron multiplied by the constant 1836.1 / ( 1 + 1836.1 ) = 0.99946. This fact was historically important in convincing Rutherford of the importance of Bohr 's model, for it explained the fact that the frequencies of lines in the spectra for singly ionized helium do not differ from those of hydrogen by a factor of exactly 4, but rather by 4 times the ratio of the reduced mass for the hydrogen vs. the helium systems, which was much closer to the experimental ratio than exactly 4. For positronium, the formula uses the reduced mass also, but in this case, it is exactly the electron mass divided by 2. For any value of the radius, the electron and the positron are each moving at half the speed around their common center of mass, and each has only one fourth the kinetic energy. The total kinetic energy is half what it would be for a single electron moving around a heavy nucleus. E n = R E 2 n 2 ( \\ displaystyle E_ ( n ) = ( R_ ( \\ mathrm ( E ) ) \\ over 2n ^ ( 2 ) ) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ) ( positronium ) Rydberg formula ( edit ) The Rydberg formula, which was known empirically before Bohr 's formula, is seen in Bohr 's theory as describing the energies of transitions or quantum jumps between orbital energy levels. Bohr 's formula gives the numerical value of the already - known and measured Rydberg 's constant, but in terms of more fundamental constants of nature, including the electron 's charge and Planck 's constant. When the electron gets moved from its original energy level to a higher one, it then jumps back each level until it comes to the original position, which results in a photon being emitted. Using the derived formula for the different energy levels of hydrogen one may determine the wavelengths of light that a hydrogen atom can emit. The energy of a photon emitted by a hydrogen atom is given by the difference of two hydrogen energy levels : E = E i − E f = R E ( 1 n f 2 − 1 n i 2 ) ( \\ displaystyle E = E_ ( i ) - E_ ( f ) = R_ ( \\ mathrm ( E ) ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( n_ ( f ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( n_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) \\, ) where n is the final energy level, and n is the initial energy level. Since the energy of a photon is E = h c λ, ( \\ displaystyle E = ( \\ frac ( hc ) ( \\ lambda ) ), \\, ) the wavelength of the photon given off is given by 1 λ = R ( 1 n f 2 − 1 n i 2 ). ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( \\ lambda ) ) = R \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( n_ ( f ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( n_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ). \\, ) This is known as the Rydberg formula, and the Rydberg constant R is R / hc, or R / 2π in natural units. This formula was known in the nineteenth century to scientists studying spectroscopy, but there was no theoretical explanation for this form or a theoretical prediction for the value of R, until Bohr. In fact, Bohr 's derivation of the Rydberg constant, as well as the concomitant agreement of Bohr 's formula with experimentally observed spectral lines of the Lyman ( n = 1 ), Balmer ( n = 2 ), and Paschen ( n = 3 ) series, and successful theoretical prediction of other lines not yet observed, was one reason that his model was immediately accepted. To apply to atoms with more than one electron, the Rydberg formula can be modified by replacing Z with Z − b or n with n − b where b is constant representing a screening effect due to the inner - shell and other electrons ( see Electron shell and the later discussion of the `` Shell Model of the Atom '' below ). This was established empirically before Bohr presented his model. Shell model of heavier atoms ( edit ) Bohr extended the model of hydrogen to give an approximate model for heavier atoms. This gave a physical picture that reproduced many known atomic properties for the first time. Heavier atoms have more protons in the nucleus, and more electrons to cancel the charge. Bohr 's idea was that each discrete orbit could only hold a certain number of electrons. After that orbit is full, the next level would have to be used. This gives the atom a shell structure, in which each shell corresponds to a Bohr orbit. This model is even more approximate than the model of hydrogen, because it treats the electrons in each shell as non-interacting. But the repulsions of electrons are taken into account somewhat by the phenomenon of screening. The electrons in outer orbits do not only orbit the nucleus, but they also move around the inner electrons, so the effective charge Z that they feel is reduced by the number of the electrons in the inner orbit. For example, the lithium atom has two electrons in the lowest 1s orbit, and these orbit at Z = 2. Each one sees the nuclear charge of Z = 3 minus the screening effect of the other, which crudely reduces the nuclear charge by 1 unit. This means that the innermost electrons orbit at approximately 1 / 4 the Bohr radius. The outermost electron in lithium orbits at roughly Z = 1, since the two inner electrons reduce the nuclear charge by 2. This outer electron should be at nearly one Bohr radius from the nucleus. Because the electrons strongly repel each other, the effective charge description is very approximate ; the effective charge Z does n't usually come out to be an integer. But Moseley 's law experimentally probes the innermost pair of electrons, and shows that they do see a nuclear charge of approximately Z − 1, while the outermost electron in an atom or ion with only one electron in the outermost shell orbits a core with effective charge Z − k where k is the total number of electrons in the inner shells. The shell model was able to qualitatively explain many of the mysterious properties of atoms which became codified in the late 19th century in the periodic table of the elements. One property was the size of atoms, which could be determined approximately by measuring the viscosity of gases and density of pure crystalline solids. Atoms tend to get smaller toward the right in the periodic table, and become much larger at the next line of the table. Atoms to the right of the table tend to gain electrons, while atoms to the left tend to lose them. Every element on the last column of the table is chemically inert ( noble gas ). In the shell model, this phenomenon is explained by shell - filling. Successive atoms become smaller because they are filling orbits of the same size, until the orbit is full, at which point the next atom in the table has a loosely bound outer electron, causing it to expand. The first Bohr orbit is filled when it has two electrons, which explains why helium is inert. The second orbit allows eight electrons, and when it is full the atom is neon, again inert. The third orbital contains eight again, except that in the more correct Sommerfeld treatment ( reproduced in modern quantum mechanics ) there are extra `` d '' electrons. The third orbit may hold an extra 10 d electrons, but these positions are not filled until a few more orbitals from the next level are filled ( filling the n = 3 d orbitals produces the 10 transition elements ). The irregular filling pattern is an effect of interactions between electrons, which are not taken into account in either the Bohr or Sommerfeld models and which are difficult to calculate even in the modern treatment. Moseley 's law and calculation of k - alpha X-ray emission lines ( edit ) Niels Bohr said in 1962, `` You see actually the Rutherford work was not taken seriously. We can not understand today, but it was not taken seriously at all. There was no mention of it any place. The great change came from Moseley. '' In 1913 Henry Moseley found an empirical relationship between the strongest X-ray line emitted by atoms under electron bombardment ( then known as the K - alpha line ), and their atomic number Z. Moseley 's empiric formula was found to be derivable from Rydberg and Bohr 's formula ( Moseley actually mentions only Ernest Rutherford and Antonius Van den Broek in terms of models ). The two additional assumptions that ( 1 ) this X-ray line came from a transition between energy levels with quantum numbers 1 and 2, and ( 2 ), that the atomic number Z when used in the formula for atoms heavier than hydrogen, should be diminished by 1, to ( Z − 1 ). Moseley wrote to Bohr, puzzled about his results, but Bohr was not able to help. At that time, he thought that the postulated innermost `` K '' shell of electrons should have at least four electrons, not the two which would have neatly explained the result. So Moseley published his results without a theoretical explanation. Later, people realized that the effect was caused by charge screening, with an inner shell containing only 2 electrons. In the experiment, one of the innermost electrons in the atom is knocked out, leaving a vacancy in the lowest Bohr orbit, which contains a single remaining electron. This vacancy is then filled by an electron from the next orbit, which has n = 2. But the n = 2 electrons see an effective charge of Z − 1, which is the value appropriate for the charge of the nucleus, when a single electron remains in the lowest Bohr orbit to screen the nuclear charge + Z, and lower it by − 1 ( due to the electron 's negative charge screening the nuclear positive charge ). The energy gained by an electron dropping from the second shell to the first gives Moseley 's law for K - alpha lines, E = h ν = E i − E f = R E ( Z − 1 ) 2 ( 1 1 2 − 1 2 2 ) ( \\ displaystyle E = h \\ nu = E_ ( i ) - E_ ( f ) = R_ ( \\ mathrm ( E ) ) ( Z - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) \\, ) or f = ν = R v ( 3 4 ) ( Z − 1 ) 2 = ( 2.46 × 10 15 Hz ) ( Z − 1 ) 2. ( \\ displaystyle f = \\ nu = R_ ( \\ mathrm ( v ) ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ) \\ right ) ( Z - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( 2.46 \\ times 10 ^ ( 15 ) \\ operatorname ( Hz ) ) ( Z - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ). ) Here, R = R / h is the Rydberg constant, in terms of frequency equal to 3.28 x 10 Hz. For values of Z between 11 and 31 this latter relationship had been empirically derived by Moseley, in a simple ( linear ) plot of the square root of X-ray frequency against atomic number ( however, for silver, Z = 47, the experimentally obtained screening term should be replaced by 0.4 ). Notwithstanding its restricted validity, Moseley 's law not only established the objective meaning of atomic number ( see Henry Moseley for detail ) but, as Bohr noted, it also did more than the Rydberg derivation to establish the validity of the Rutherford / Van den Broek / Bohr nuclear model of the atom, with atomic number ( place on the periodic table ) standing for whole units of nuclear charge. The K - alpha line of Moseley 's time is now known to be a pair of close lines, written as ( Kα and Kα ) in Siegbahn notation. Shortcomings ( edit ) The Bohr model gives an incorrect value L = ħ for the ground state orbital angular momentum : The angular momentum in the true ground state is known to be zero from experiment. Although mental pictures fail somewhat at these levels of scale, an electron in the lowest modern `` orbital '' with no orbital momentum, may be thought of as not to rotate `` around '' the nucleus at all, but merely to go tightly around it in an ellipse with zero area ( this may be pictured as `` back and forth '', without striking or interacting with the nucleus ). This is only reproduced in a more sophisticated semiclassical treatment like Sommerfeld 's. Still, even the most sophisticated semiclassical model fails to explain the fact that the lowest energy state is spherically symmetric -- it does n't point in any particular direction. Nevertheless, in the modern fully quantum treatment in phase space, the proper deformation ( careful full extension ) of the semi-classical result adjusts the angular momentum value to the correct effective one. As a consequence, the physical ground state expression is obtained through a shift of the vanishing quantum angular momentum expression, which corresponds to spherical symmetry. In modern quantum mechanics, the electron in hydrogen is a spherical cloud of probability that grows denser near the nucleus. The rate - constant of probability - decay in hydrogen is equal to the inverse of the Bohr radius, but since Bohr worked with circular orbits, not zero area ellipses, the fact that these two numbers exactly agree is considered a `` coincidence ''. ( However, many such coincidental agreements are found between the semiclassical vs. full quantum mechanical treatment of the atom ; these include identical energy levels in the hydrogen atom and the derivation of a fine structure constant, which arises from the relativistic Bohr -- Sommerfeld model ( see below ) and which happens to be equal to an entirely different concept, in full modern quantum mechanics ). The Bohr model also has difficulty with, or else fails to explain : Much of the spectra of larger atoms. At best, it can make predictions about the K - alpha and some L - alpha X-ray emission spectra for larger atoms, if two additional ad hoc assumptions are made ( see Moseley 's law above ). Emission spectra for atoms with a single outer - shell electron ( atoms in the lithium group ) can also be approximately predicted. Also, if the empiric electron -- nuclear screening factors for many atoms are known, many other spectral lines can be deduced from the information, in similar atoms of differing elements, via the Ritz -- Rydberg combination principles ( see Rydberg formula ). All these techniques essentially make use of Bohr 's Newtonian energy - potential picture of the atom. the relative intensities of spectral lines ; although in some simple cases, Bohr 's formula or modifications of it, was able to provide reasonable estimates ( for example, calculations by Kramers for the Stark effect ). The existence of fine structure and hyperfine structure in spectral lines, which are known to be due to a variety of relativistic and subtle effects, as well as complications from electron spin. The Zeeman effect -- changes in spectral lines due to external magnetic fields ; these are also due to more complicated quantum principles interacting with electron spin and orbital magnetic fields. The model also violates the uncertainty principle in that it considers electrons to have known orbits and locations, two things which can not be measured simultaneously. Doublets and Triplets : Appear in the spectra of some atoms : Very close pairs of lines. Bohr 's model can not say why some energy levels should be very close together. Multi-electron Atoms : do n't have energy levels predicted by the model. It does n't work for ( neutral ) helium. A rotating charge, such as the electron classically orbiting around the nucleus, would constantly lose energy in form of electromagnetic radiation ( via various mechanisms : dipole radiation, Bremsstrahlung,... ). But such radiation is not observed. Refinements ( edit ) Elliptical orbits with the same energy and quantized angular momentum Several enhancements to the Bohr model were proposed, most notably the Sommerfeld model or Bohr -- Sommerfeld model, which suggested that electrons travel in elliptical orbits around a nucleus instead of the Bohr model 's circular orbits. This model supplemented the quantized angular momentum condition of the Bohr model with an additional radial quantization condition, the Wilson -- Sommerfeld quantization condition ∫ 0 T p r d q r = n h ( \\ displaystyle \\ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( T ) p_ ( r ) \\, dq_ ( r ) = nh \\, ) where p is the radial momentum canonically conjugate to the coordinate q which is the radial position and T is one full orbital period. The integral is the action of action - angle coordinates. This condition, suggested by the correspondence principle, is the only one possible, since the quantum numbers are adiabatic invariants. The Bohr -- Sommerfeld model was fundamentally inconsistent and led to many paradoxes. The magnetic quantum number measured the tilt of the orbital plane relative to the xy - plane, and it could only take a few discrete values. This contradicted the obvious fact that an atom could be turned this way and that relative to the coordinates without restriction. The Sommerfeld quantization can be performed in different canonical coordinates and sometimes gives different answers. The incorporation of radiation corrections was difficult, because it required finding action - angle coordinates for a combined radiation / atom system, which is difficult when the radiation is allowed to escape. The whole theory did not extend to non-integrable motions, which meant that many systems could not be treated even in principle. In the end, the model was replaced by the modern quantum mechanical treatment of the hydrogen atom, which was first given by Wolfgang Pauli in 1925, using Heisenberg 's matrix mechanics. The current picture of the hydrogen atom is based on the atomic orbitals of wave mechanics which Erwin Schrödinger developed in 1926. However, this is not to say that the Bohr - Sommerfeld model was without its successes. Calculations based on the Bohr -- Sommerfeld model were able to accurately explain a number of more complex atomic spectral effects. For example, up to first - order perturbations, the Bohr model and quantum mechanics make the same predictions for the spectral line splitting in the Stark effect. At higher - order perturbations, however, the Bohr model and quantum mechanics differ, and measurements of the Stark effect under high field strengths helped confirm the correctness of quantum mechanics over the Bohr model. The prevailing theory behind this difference lies in the shapes of the orbitals of the electrons, which vary according to the energy state of the electron. The Bohr -- Sommerfeld quantization conditions lead to questions in modern mathematics. Consistent semiclassical quantization condition requires a certain type of structure on the phase space, which places topological limitations on the types of symplectic manifolds which can be quantized. In particular, the symplectic form should be the curvature form of a connection of a Hermitian line bundle, which is called a prequantization. See also ( edit ) 1913 in science Balmer 's Constant Basic concepts of quantum mechanics Franck -- Hertz experiment provided early support for the Bohr model. Free - fall atomic model Inert pair effect is adequately explained by means of the Bohr model. Introduction to quantum mechanics Theoretical and experimental justification for the Schrödinger equation References ( edit ) This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lakhtakia, Akhlesh ; Salpeter, Edwin E. ( 1996 ). `` Models and Modelers of Hydrogen ''. American Journal of Physics. 65 ( 9 ) : 933. Bibcode : 1997AmJPh... 65... 933L. doi : 10.1119 / 1.18691. ^ Jump up to : Niels Bohr ( 1913 ). `` On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part I '' ( PDF ). Philosophical Magazine. 26 ( 151 ) : 1 -- 24. doi : 10.1080 / 14786441308634955. Jump up ^ Olsen and McDonald 2005 Jump up ^ `` CK12 -- Chemistry Flexbook Second Edition -- The Bohr Model of the Atom ''. Retrieved 30 September 2014. Jump up ^ Niels Bohr ( 1913 ). `` On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part II Systems Containing Only a Single Nucleus '' ( PDF ). Philosophical Magazine. 26 ( 153 ) : 476 -- 502. doi : 10.1080 / 14786441308634993. Jump up ^ `` Revealing the hidden connection between pi and Bohr 's hydrogen model. '' Physics World ( November 17, 2015 ) Jump up ^ M.A.B. Whitaker ( 1999 ). `` The Bohr -- Moseley synthesis and a simple model for atomic x-ray energies ''. European Journal of Physics. 20 ( 3 ) : 213 -- 220. Bibcode : 1999EJPh... 20... 213W. doi : 10.1088 / 0143 - 0807 / 20 / 3 / 312. Jump up ^ Smith, Brian. `` Quantum Ideas : Week 2 '' Lecture Notes, p. 17. University of Oxford. Retrieved Jan. 23, 2015. Jump up ^ A. Sommerfeld ( 1916 ). `` Zur Quantentheorie der Spektrallinien ''. Annalen der Physik. 51 ( 17 ) : 1. Bibcode : 1916AnP... 356... 1S. doi : 10.1002 / andp. 19163561702. Jump up ^ W. Wilson ( 1915 ). `` The quantum theory of radiation and line spectra ''. Philosophical Magazine. 29 ( 174 ) : 795 -- 802. doi : 10.1080 / 14786440608635362. Primary sources ( edit ) Niels Bohr ( 1913 ). `` On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part I '' ( PDF ). Philosophical Magazine. 26 ( 151 ) : 1 -- 24. doi : 10.1080 / 14786441308634955. Niels Bohr ( 1913 ). `` On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part II Systems Containing Only a Single Nucleus '' ( PDF ). Philosophical Magazine. 26 ( 153 ) : 476 -- 502. doi : 10.1080 / 14786441308634993. Niels Bohr ( 1913 ). `` On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part III Systems containing several nuclei ''. Philosophical Magazine. 26 : 857 -- 875. doi : 10.1080 / 14786441308635031. Niels Bohr ( 1914 ). `` The spectra of helium and hydrogen ''. Nature. 92 ( 2295 ) : 231 -- 232. Bibcode : 1913Natur... 92... 231B. doi : 10.1038 / 092231d0. Niels Bohr ( 1921 ). `` Atomic Structure ''. Nature. 107 ( 2682 ) : 104 -- 107. Bibcode : 1921Natur. 107... 104B. doi : 10.1038 / 107104a0. A. Einstein ( 1917 ). `` Zum Quantensatz von Sommerfeld und Epstein ''. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft. 19 : 82 -- 92. Reprinted in The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, A. Engel translator, ( 1997 ) Princeton University Press, Princeton. 6 p. 434. ( provides an elegant reformulation of the Bohr -- Sommerfeld quantization conditions, as well as an important insight into the quantization of non-integrable ( chaotic ) dynamical systems. ) Further reading ( edit ) Linus Carl Pauling ( 1970 ). `` Chapter 5 - 1 ''. General Chemistry ( 3rd ed. ). San Francisco : W.H. Freeman & Co. Reprint : Linus Pauling ( 1988 ). General Chemistry. New York : Dover Publications. ISBN 0 - 486 - 65622 - 5. George Gamow ( 1985 ). `` Chapter 2 ''. Thirty Years That Shook Physics. Dover Publications. Walter J. Lehmann ( 1972 ). `` Chapter 18 ''. Atomic and Molecular Structure : the development of our concepts. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0 - 471 - 52440 - 9. Paul Tipler and Ralph Llewellyn ( 2002 ). Modern Physics ( 4th ed. ). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4345 - 0. Klaus Hentschel : Elektronenbahnen, Quantensprünge und Spektren, in : Charlotte Bigg & Jochen Hennig ( eds. ) Atombilder. Ikonografien des Atoms in Wissenschaft und Öffentlichkeit des 20. Jahrhunderts, Göttingen : Wallstein - Verlag 2009, pp. 51 -- 61 Steven and Susan Zumdahl ( 2010 ). `` Chapter 7.4 ''. Chemistry ( 8th ed. ). Brooks / Cole. ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 82992 - 8. Helge Kragh ( 2011 ). `` Conceptual objections to the Bohr atomic theory -- do electrons have a `` free will ''? ``. European Physical Journal H. 36 ( 3 ) : 327. Bibcode : 2011EPJH... 36... 327K. doi : 10.1140 / epjh / e2011 - 20031 - x. External links ( edit ) Standing waves in Bohr 's atomic model An interactive simulation to intuitively explain the quantization condition of standing waves in Bohr 's atomic mode Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bohr model. ( hide ) Atomic models Single atoms Dalton model ( Billiard ball model ) Thomson model ( Plum pudding model ) Lewis model ( Cubical atom model ) Nagaoka model ( Saturnian model ) Rutherford model ( Planetary model ) Bohr model ( Rutherford -- Bohr model ) Bohr -- Sommerfeld model ( Refined Bohr model ) Gryziński model ( Free - fall model ) Schrodinger model ( Electron cloud model ) Dirac - Gordon model ( Relativistic atomic model ) Atoms in solids Einstein solid Debye model Drude model Free electron model Nearly free electron model Band structure Density functional theory Atoms in fluids Ideal gas Van der Waals gas Newtonian fluid Bose -- Einstein condensate Scientists Felix Bloch Niels Bohr Satyendra Nath Bose John Dalton Peter Debye Paul Dirac Paul Drude Albert Einstein Walter Gordon Michał Gryziński Irving Langmuir Gilbert N. Lewis Hantaro Nagaoka Isaac Newton Ernest Rutherford Erwin Schrödinger Arnold Sommerfeld J.J. Thomson Johannes Diderik van der Waals Book : Atomic models Category : Atoms Portal : Physics / Chemistry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohr_model&oldid=841494178 '' Categories : Atomic physics Foundational quantum physics Hydrogen physics Niels Bohr 1913 in science Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2007 Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2008 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 54 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018, at 05 : 54. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ ", where the negatively - charged electron confined to an atomic shell encircles a small, positively charged atomic nucleus and where an electron jumps between orbits it is accompanied by an emitted or absorbed amount of electromagnetic energy ( hν ). The orbits in which the electron may travel are shown as grey circles ; their radius increases as n, where n is the principal quantum number. The 3 → 2 transition depicted here produces the first line of the Balmer series, and for hydrogen ( Z = 1 ) it results in a photon of wavelength 656 nm ( red light ). In atomic physics, the Rutherford -- Bohr model or Bohr model or Bohr diagram, introduced by Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford in 1913, depicts the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus -- similar to the structure of the Solar System, but with attraction provided by electrostatic forces rather than gravity. After the cubic model ( 1902 ), the plum - pudding model ( 1904 ), the Saturnian model ( 1904 ), and the Rutherford model ( 1911 ) came the Rutherford -- Bohr model or just Bohr model for short ( 1913 ). The improvement to the Rutherford model is mostly a quantum physical interpretation of it. The model 's key success lay in explaining the Rydberg formula for the spectral emission lines of atomic hydrogen. While" ], "id": [ "13320147589605325959" ], "short_answers": [ "Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Pixie - wikipedia Pixie Jump to : navigation, search For other uses, see Pixie ( disambiguation ). Pixie Pixies playing on the skeleton of a cow, drawn by John D. Batten c. 1894 Grouping Legendary creature Fairy Sprite Country United Kingdom Region Cornwall, Devon Habitat Moor, Forest, Cave, Garden Pixies ( also pixy, pixi, pizkie, piskies and pigsies as they are sometimes known in Cornwall ) are mythical creatures of folklore, considered to be particularly concentrated in the high moorland areas around Devon and Cornwall, suggesting some Celtic origin for the belief and name. Akin to the Irish and Scottish Aos Sí, pixies are believed to inhabit ancient underground ancestor sites such as stone circles, barrows, dolmens, ringforts or menhirs. In traditional regional lore, pixies are generally benign, mischievous, short of stature and attractively childlike ; they are fond of dancing and gather outdoors in huge numbers to dance or sometimes wrestle, through the night, demonstrating parallels with the Cornish plen - an - gwary and Breton Fest Noz ( Cornish : troyl ) folk celebrations originating in the medieval period. In modern times they are usually depicted with pointed ears, and often wearing a green outfit and pointed hat although traditional stories describe them wearing dirty ragged bundles of rags which they happily discard for gifts of new clothes. Sometimes their eyes are described as being pointed upwards at the temple ends. These, however, are Victorian era conventions and not part of the older mythology. In modern use, the term can be synonymous with fairies or sprites. However, in folklore there is a traditional enmity, even war, between the two races. Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and origin 1.1 Cornwall and Devon 1.1. 1 Pixie Day 2 Characteristics 2.1 Literary interpretations 3 Modern fiction 3.1 Comics 3.2 Films 3.3 Literature 3.4 Television 4 See also 5 References Etymology and origin ( edit ) Ängsälvor, painting by Nils Blommér from 1850 showing elves, a mythological race with similarities to pixies The origin of the name pixie is uncertain. Some have speculated that it comes from the Swedish dialectal pyske meaning wee little fairy. Others have disputed this, given there is no plausible case for Nordic dialectal survivals in southwest Britain, claiming instead, in view of the Cornish origin of the piskie, that the term is more probably Celtic in origin, though no clear ancestor of the word is known. The term Pobel Vian ( ' Little People ' ) is often used to refer to them collectively. Very similar analogues exist in closely related Irish ( Aos Sí ), Manx ( Mooinjer veggey ) and Breton ( korrigan ) culture, although their common names are unrelated, even within areas of language survival there is a very high degree of local variation of names. In west Penwith, the area of late survival of the Cornish language, spriggans are distinguished from pixies by their malevolent nature. Closely associated with tin mining in Cornwall are the subterranean ancestral knockers. Pixie mythology is believed to pre-date Christian presence in Britain. In the Christian era they were sometimes said to be the souls of children who had died un-baptised. These children would change their appearance to pixies once their clothing was placed in clay funeral pots used in their earthly lives as toys. By 1869 some were suggesting that the name pixie was a racial remnant of Pictic tribes who used to paint and tattoo their skin blue, an attribute often given to pixies. This suggestion is still met in contemporary writing, but there is no proven connection and the etymological connection is doubtful. Some 19th - century researchers made more general claims about pixie origins, or have connected them with the Puck, ( Cornish Bucca ) a mythological creature sometimes described as a fairy ; the name Puck is also of uncertain origin, Irish Púca, Welsh Pwca. The earliest published version of The Three Little Pigs story is from Dartmoor in 1853 and has three little pixies in place of the pigs. In older Westcountry dialect modern Received Pronunciation letter pairs are sometimes transposed from the older Saxon spelling ( waps for wasp, aks for ask and so on ) resulting in piskies in place of modern piksies ( pixies ) as still commonly found in Devon and Cornwall to modern times. Until the advent of more modern fiction, pixie mythology was localised to Britain. Some have noted similarities to `` northern fairies '', Germanic and Scandinavian elves, or Tomte but pixies are distinguished from them by the myths and stories of Devon and Cornwall. Cornwall and Devon ( edit ) Before the mid-19th century, pixies and fairies were taken seriously in much of Cornwall and Devon. Books devoted to the homely beliefs of the peasantry are filled with incidents of pixie manifestations. Some locales are named for the pixies associated with them. In Devon, near Challacombe, a group of rocks are named after the pixies said to dwell there. At Trevose Head in Cornwall, 600 pixies were said to have gathered dancing and laughing in a circle that had appeared upon the turf until one of their number, named Omfra, lost his laugh. After searching amongst the barrows of the ancient kings of Cornwall on St Breock Downs, he wades through the bottomless Dozmary Pool on Bodmin Moor until his laugh is restored by King Arthur in the form of a Chough. In some areas belief in pixies and fairies as real beings persists. In the legends associated with Dartmoor, pixies ( or piskeys ) are said to disguise themselves as a bundle of rags to lure children into their play. The pixies of Dartmoor are fond of music and dancing and for riding on Dartmoor colts. These pixies are generally said to be helpful to normal humans, sometimes helping needy widows and others with housework. They are not completely benign however, as they have a reputation for misleading travellers ( being `` pixy - led '', the remedy for which is to turn your coat inside out ). The queen of the Cornish pixies is said to be Joan the Wad ( torch ), and she is considered to be good luck or bring good luck. In Devon, pixies are said to be `` invisibly small, and harmless or friendly to man. '' In some of the legends and historical accounts they are presented as having near - human stature. For instance, a member of the Elford family in Tavistock, Devon, successfully hid from Cromwell 's troops in a pixie house. Though the entrance has narrowed with time, the pixie house, a natural cavern on Sheep Tor, is still accessible. At Buckland St. Mary, Somerset, pixies and fairies are said to have battled each other. Here the pixies were victorious and still visit the area, whilst the fairies are said to have left after their loss. By the early 19th century their contact with humans had diminished. In Samuel Drew 's 1824 book Cornwall one finds the observation : `` The age of pixies, like that of chivalry, is gone. There is, perhaps, at present hardly a house they are reputed to visit. Even the fields and lanes which they formerly frequented seem to be nearly forsaken. Their music is rarely heard. '' Pixie day ( edit ) Main article : Pixie Day Pixie Day is an old tradition which takes place annually in the East Devon town of Ottery St. Mary in June. The day commemorates a legend of pixies being banished from the town to local caves known as the `` Pixie 's Parlour ''. The Pixie Day legend originates from the early days of Christianity, when a local bishop decided to build a church in Otteri ( Ottery St. Mary ), and commissioned a set of bells to come from Wales, and to be escorted by monks on their journey. On hearing of this, the pixies were worried, as they knew that once the bells were installed it would be the death knell of their rule over the land. So they cast a spell over the monks to redirect them from the road to Otteri to the road leading them to the cliff 's edge at Sidmouth. Just as the monks were about to fall over the cliff, one of the monks stubbed his toe on a rock and said `` God bless my soul '' and the spell was broken. The bells were then brought to Otteri and installed. However, the pixies ' spell was not completely broken ; each year on a day in June the `` pixies '' come out and capture the town 's bell ringers and imprison them in Pixies ' Parlour to be rescued by the Vicar of Ottery St. Mary. This legend is re-enacted each year by the Cub and Brownie groups of Ottery St. Mary, with a specially constructed Pixies ' Parlour in the Town Square ( the original Pixie 's Parlour can be found along the banks of the River Otter ). Characteristics ( edit ) John Bauer 's illustration of Alfred Smedberg 's The seven wishes in Among pixies and trolls, an anthology of children 's stories John Bauer 's illustration for The Changeling by Helena Nyblom in the anthology Among Pixies and Trolls, 1913, Källa Pixies are variously described in folklore and fiction. They are often described as ill - clothed or naked. In 1890, William Crossing noted a pixie 's preference for bits of finery : `` Indeed, a sort of weakness for finery exists among them, and a piece of ribbon appears to be... highly prized by them. '' Some pixies are said to steal children or to lead travellers astray. This seems to be a cross-over from fairy mythology and not originally attached to pixies ; in 1850, Thomas Keightley observed that much of Devon pixie mythology may have originated from fairy myth. Pixies are said to reward consideration and punish neglect on the part of larger humans, for which Keightley gives examples. By their presence they bring blessings to those who are fond of them. Pixies are drawn to horses, riding them for pleasure and making tangled ringlets in the manes of those horses they ride. They are `` great explorers familiar with the caves of the ocean, the hidden sources of the streams and the recesses of the land. '' Some find pixies to have a human origin or to `` partake of human nature '', in distinction to fairies whose mythology is traced to immaterial and malignant spirit forces. In some discussions pixies are presented as wingless, pygmy - like creatures, however this is probably a later accretion to the mythology. One British scholar stated his belief that `` Pixies were evidently a smaller race, and, from the greater obscurity of the... tales about them, I believe them to have been an earlier race. '' Literary interpretations ( edit ) Many Victorian era poets saw them as magical beings. An example is Samuel Minturn Peck : in his poem The Pixies he writes : ' Tis said their forms are tiny, yet All human ills they can subdue, Or with a wand or amulet Can win a maiden 's heart for you ; And many a blessing know to stew To make to wedlock bright ; Give honour to the dainty crew, The Pixies are abroad tonight. The late 19th century English poet Nora Chesson summarised pixie mythology fairly well in a poem entitled The Pixies. She gathered all the speculations and myths into verse : Have e'er you seen the Pixies, the fold not blest or banned? They walk upon the waters ; they sail upon the land, They make the green grass greener where'er their footsteps fall, The wildest hind in the forest comes at their call. They steal from bolted linneys, they milk the key at grass, The maids are kissed a-milking, and no one hears them pass. They flit from byre to stable and ride unbroken foals, They seek out human lovers to win them souls. The Pixies know no sorrow, the Pixies feel no fear, They take no care for harvest or seedtime of the year ; Age lays no finger on them, the reaper time goes by The Pixies, they who change not, nor grow old or die. The Pixies though they love us, behold us pass away, And are not sad for flowers they gathered yesterday, To - day has crimson foxglove. If purple hose - in - hose withered last night To - morrow will have its rose. She touches on all the essentials, including even more modern accretions. Pixies are `` in - between '', not cursed by God or especially blessed. They do the unexpected, they bless the land, and are forest creatures whom other wild creatures find alluring and non-threatening. They love humans, taking some for mates, and are nearly ageless. They are winged, flitting from place to place. The Pixie Day tradition in Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's hometown of Ottery St Mary in East Devon was the inspiration for his poem Song of the Pixies. The Victorian era writer Mary Elizabeth Whitcombe divided pixies into tribes according to personality and deeds. Anna Eliza Bray suggested that pixies and fairies were distinct species. Modern fiction ( edit ) Comics ( edit ) Several characters in the Marvel Comics universe have been called Pixie. The elf Puck, from the Japanese comic Berserk, is stated in a late chapter to be a piskie. Films ( edit ) In the Disney film, Peter Pan ( 1953 ), Tinker Bell is described as a pixie, although, in the J.M. Barrie play on which the film is based, she is actually a fairy. In the Disney versions she always uses `` pixie dust '', rather than the fairy dust in the play. In Barrie 's original play, Tinker Bell is traditionally staged just as a flying point of light beamed from offstage. Disney continues to use the terms `` pixie '' and `` fairy '' interchangeably for Tinker Bell, and associated spin - offs. Literature ( edit ) Pixies serve as helpers of Santa Claus in L. Frank Baum 's novel The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus ( 1902 ) and his short story A Kidnapped Santa Claus ( 1904 ). They reside in the Forest of Burzee. In Michael Buckley 's The Sisters Grimm novel series, pixies are described as small orange - glowing creatures that resemble fireflies and are controlled by fairies such as Puck by the use of a small wooden flute. Enid Blyton wrote a number of children 's books with pixies as featured characters. One employee of the BBC even criticised : `` Her stories... have n't much literary value. There is rather a lot of the Pink - winky - Doodle - doodle Dum - dumm type of name ( and lots of pixies ) in the original tales. '' In Holly Black and Tony Diterlizzi 's Spiderwick Chronicles, pixies are green - skinned, human - sized fairies with shimmering wings. They have a command of glamour ( enchantment ) and a type of power to charm or seduce others. Holly Black has also written a book called Tithe, in which the main character is a pixie. In Eoin Colfer 's Artemis Fowl series, pixies are one of a number of magical species that have been driven underground by humans and the pollution they have caused on Earth. Opal Koboi is the megalomaniac genius pixie of Artemis Fowl : The Opal Deception. Colfer describes characteristics of pixies as having abnormally childish features and larger heads than other types of Fairies, with large but vulnerable brains ( their cranial mass is thin, which makes them easy to knock out ). They are also prone to headaches and, particularly in the case of Opal Koboi, violent mood swings and temper tantrums. Koboi is the perfect example of their genius turned to madness. Neil Gaiman tells tales of pixies in his novel American Gods. In Kim Harrison 's Rachel Morgan series, Rachel, a witch, works closely with Jenks, a pixie, to track down the missing, save various creatures, retrieve stolen objects, and defend the defenceless, etc. Jenks, his wife, and large family live in, tend, and protect Rachel 's garden. Carrie Jones ' novel series, Need, follows a struggle against malicious pixies in an urban fantasy setting. In Terry Pratchett 's Discworld novels The Wee Free Men and A Hat Full of Sky, a race of kilt - wearing fairies, warriors named the Nac Mac Feegle, call themselves `` Pictsies ''. In J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Gilderoy Lockhart releases a cage of Cornish blue pixies into the classroom, in an inept effort to teach the students how to defeat them in his Defence Against the Dark Arts class. Rowling 's version of pixies are about 8 inches tall, electric blue in colour, and wildly rambunctious tricksters. Television ( edit ) In The Fairly OddParents animated TV series, the pixies are recurring villains who are dull, wear grey suits, speak in monotone voices, wear pointy caps and, unlike the fairies, treat magic like a business. Instead of wands, they carry cellphones. This is due to them being named after pixels. The Head Pixie ( H.P. for short ), and the other male pixies are all voiced by Ben Stein. The female pixies are not seen. In season 2, episode 1 of the BBC crime series The Fall ( `` These Troublesome Disguises '' ), Paul Spector sends his daughter Olivia four dolls ; the accompanying note says they were sent via `` Pixie Post '', and advises her pixies prefer that such correspondence be kept private ``. Pixies also make an appearance in the cartoon TV series Winx Club. In this version, it seems that almost all pixies are females, and while they do use their magic as a carrier based on their talents ( Examples : Chatta for Gossip, Lockette for Portals, Amore for True Love, Tune for Good Manners, Digit for Nano - tech, and Piff for Sweet Dreams ), these pixies are more colourful, more fun - loving, and more voice - variant in spite of having the same toddler - like, high - pitched accent from their natural toy - like size. Also, the Winx Club pixies are friends with fairies. In fact, each pixie bonds at first sight with her fairy of fate ( like `` soul mates '' or `` twin sisters '' ) and helps her any way their talent would allow and that fairy, in turn, protects her pixie. Pixie was one of many enemies of the Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pixies ( fantasy creatures ). Colt pixie Nisse / Tomte Goblin Jinn Leprechaun Peter and the Piskies : Cornish Folk and Fairy Tales Sylph References ( edit ) Jump up ^ R. Totnea : `` Pixies '', Once a Week, 25 May 1867, page 608, notes the prevalence of belief in Pixies in Devon. Jump up ^ `` The Folk - Lore of Devon '', Fraser 's Magazine, December 1875, page 773ff. Jump up ^ Imagined Landscapes : Archaeology, Perception and Folklore in the Study of Medieval Devon, Lucy Franklin, 2006 Jump up ^ English forests and forest trees, historical, legendary, and descriptive, Ingram, Cooke, and co., 1853 Jump up ^ A Peep at the Pixies ; or Legends of the West, Bay A.E., 1853 Jump up ^ E.M. Kirkpatrick, ed. ( 1983 ). Chambers 20th Century Dictionary ( New ed. ). p. 978. Jump up ^ Online Etymology Dictionary. Jump up ^ Traditional Cornish Stories and Rhymes, 1992 edition, Lodenek Press Jump up ^ `` South Coast Sunterings in England '', in : Harpers New Monthly Magazine, ( 1869 ) pp. 29 -- 41. Jump up ^ English Forests and Forest Trees : Historical, Legendary, and Descriptive ( London : Ingram, Cooke, and Company, 1853 ), pp. 189 - 90 Jump up ^ e.g. John Thackray Bunce : Fairy Tales : Their Origin and Meaning 1878, page 133. Jump up ^ traditional Cornish Stories and Rhymes, 1992 edition, Lodenek Press Jump up ^ William Crossing, Tales of the Dartmoor Pixies, 1890, page 6. Jump up ^ Simon Young ( 2016 ). `` Pixy - led in Devon and the South West ''. Report & Transactions of the Devonshire Association. 148 : 311 -- 336. Jump up ^ A Handbook for Travellers in Devon, 1887 edition, page 230. Jump up ^ Katherine Mary Briggs : The Fairies in Tradition and Literature, page 179. Jump up ^ The History of Cornwall From the Earliest Records & Traditions, to the Present Time, 2 vols. 1824. Jump up ^ Robert Hunt : Popular Romances of the West of England, 1881, page 96. Jump up ^ William Crossing : Tales of the Dartmoor Pixies, 1890, page 5. Jump up ^ The Fairy Mythology, 1850, page 299. Jump up ^ Devon Pixies, Once A Week, 23 February 1867, pages 204 -- 5. Jump up ^ C. Spence Bate : `` Grimspound and Its Associated Relics '', Annual Report of the Transactions of the Plymouth Institution, Vol. 5. part 1, 1873 -- 4, page 46. Jump up ^ Ballads and Rondeaus, 1881, page 47. Jump up ^ Nora Chesson : Aquamarines, London, 1902, page 81. Jump up ^ Shed ( editor ) : Complete Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Vol. 7, 1854, page 24. Jump up ^ Bygone Days of Devon and Cornwall, 1874, page 45. Jump up ^ Legends, Superstitions and Sketches of Devonshire, 1844, page 169. Jump up ^ Pavia, Will ( 16 November 2009 ). ``? ''. The Times. Jump up ^ `` Small beer Blyton banned by BBC ''. BBC News. 15 November 2009. Jump up ^ Frost, Vicky ( 13 November 2014 ). `` The Fall recap : season two, episode one -- a masterful and terrifying return ''. The Guardian. Fairies Related articles Changeling Classifications of fairies Fairy fort Fairy godmother Fairy - locks Fairy path Fairy riding Fairy ring Fairy tale Hungry grass Royalty in folklore Áine Alberich Arawn Beira Bodb Derg Brigid Clíodhna The Dagda Donn Dullahan Fairy Queen Finvarra Freyr and Yngvi Freyja Gwyn ap Nudd Gwythyr ap Greidawl Gyre - Carling / Nicnevin Manannán mac Lir Queen of Elphame Saci - pererê Royalty in literature Belphoebe Caelia Elegast Erlking Gloriana Lurline Mab Oberon Titania Fairylands in folklore Alfheim / Elphame Annwn Arcadia ( utopia ) Avalon, Afallach, and Emain Ablach Brú na Bóinne Cnoc Meadha Cnoc na Teamhrach Fortunate Isles Hy Brasil Inis Vitrin Mag Mell Niðavellir Otherworld Rathcroghan Seelie Court Svartálfar and Svartálfaheimr Tír na nÓg Unseelie Court Fairies in culture The Blue Fairy Cottingley Fairies Faerieworlds Faery Wicca Fairy painting The Faerie Queene The Fairly OddParents Rainbow Magic Tinker Bell Fairies in folklore Northern Europe Alp Luachra Anjana Aos Sidhe Arkan Sonney Asrai Banshee Barghest Bean nighe Billy Blind Biróg Bloody Bones Bluecap Bodach Boggart Bogle Brag Brownie Bucca Buggane Bugul Noz Caoineag Cat sìth Cù Sìth Ceffyl Dŵr Clurichaun Coblynau Cyhyraeth Drow Duende Duergar Dullahan Dwarf Each - uisge Elf Enchanted Moura Fear dearg Fear gorta Fenodyree Finfolk Fuath Gancanagh Ghillie Dhu Glaistig Glashtyn Gnome Goblin Green Man Gremlin Grindylow Gwyllion Gwyn ap Nudd Habetrot Haltija The Hedley Kow Heinzelmännchen Hob Hobgoblin Hödekin Hulder Iannic - ann - ôd Imp Jack - o ' - lantern Jack o ' the bowl Jenny Greenteeth Joan the Wad Joint - eater Kabouter Kelpie Kilmoulis Klabautermann Knocker Knucker Kobold Korrigan Leanan sídhe Leprechaun Lorelei Lubber fiend Mare Melusine Mermaid Merrow Mooinjer veggey Morgen Nain Rouge Näkki Nicnevin Nix Ogre Peg Powler Pixie Púca / Pwca Puck Radande Redcap Selkie Seonaidh Shellycoat Sluagh Spriggan Sprite / Water sprite Sylph Tomte Tooth fairy Troll Tuatha Dé Danann Tylwyth Teg Undine Water horse Wight Will - o ' - the - wisp Wirry - cow Yan - gant - y - tan Xana Fairy - like beings in folklore Africa Abatwa Asanbosam Aziza Bultungin Jengu Kishi Mami Wata Obayifo Rompo Tikoloshe Yumboes Oceania Bunyip Manaia Mimis Muldjewangk Patupaiarehe Taniwha Tipua Wandjina Yara - ma - yha - who Yowie Americas Alux Chaneque Curupira Encantado Ishigaq Jogah Menehune Nawao Nimerigar Nûñnë'hï Pukwudgie Saci Squonk Asia Apsara Diwata Kappa Kijimuna Kitsune Kodama Koro - pok - guru Mogwai Orang bunian Puteri Peri Bake - danuki Tengu Tennin Yaksha Yakshini Yōkai Yōsei Europe Greek Dryad Hamadryad Kallikantzaros Lampad Maenad Naiad Nereid Nymph Oceanid Pan Potamides Satyr Silenus Romanic Căpcăun Faun Iele Lares Di Penates Sânziană Spiriduș Squasc Vâlvă Vântoase Zână Zmeu Slavic Bagiennik & Bannik Berehynia Domovoi Karzełek Kikimora Likho Polevik Psotnik Rusalka Vila Vodyanoy Celtic Tuatha Dé Danann Texts Daemonologie ( 1597 ) Treatises on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants ( 1751 ) Goethe 's Faust ( 1832 ) See also Portal List of beings referred to as fairies Culture of Cornwall Cornish : Gonisogeth Kernow Symbols Celtic cross Cornish chough Cornish heath Cornish kilts and tartans Jonathan Trelawny Michael An Gof Saint Piran Saint Piran 's Flag Festivals AberFest Allantide Chewidden Thursday Furry Dance Golowan Guldize Kernewek Lowender Montol Festival Mummer 's Day Nickanan Night Noze looan ' Obby ' Oss Picrous Day St Piran 's Day Tom Bawcock 's Eve Sports Cornish hurling Cornish pilot - gig racing Cornish wrestling Rugby union in Cornwall Cuisine Cornish Cider Cloam oven Clotted cream Cornish cheeses Cornish cream tea Cornish fairings Cornish Gilliflower Hevva cake Hog 's pudding Pasty Saffron bun Stargazy pie Cornish Yarg Arts List of Cornish writers Tristan and Iseult Cornwall Film Festival Tate St Ives St Ives School W.J. 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{ "text": "List of Olympic medalists in figure skating - wikipedia List of Olympic medalists in figure skating Jump to : navigation, search Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir are the most decorated Olympic figure skaters with 3 gold and 2 silver medals. Figure skating has been part of the Olympic Games since 1908 and has been included in 25 Olympic Games. There have been 271 medals ( 91 gold, 90 silver, and 90 bronze ) awarded to figure skaters representing 29 representing NOC countries. Six events have been contested but one, men 's special figures, was discontinued after a single Olympics. Canadian ice dancers Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir are the only figure skaters to win five Olympic medals ( 3 gold, 2 silver ). Swedish figure skater Gillis Grafström ( 3 gold, 1 silver ) and Russian figure skater Evgeni Plushenko ( 2 gold, 2 silver ) each have four medals. Seventeen figure skaters have won three medals. The only skaters with three consecutive titles are Grafström in men 's singles, Sonja Henie ( Norway ) in ladies ' singles, and Irina Rodnina ( Soviet Union ) in pairs. Sixteen figure skaters have earned two golds within the same discipline and five skaters have earned gold in two separate Olympic events. On two occasions, there has been a podium sweep. Russian figure skaters hold the unique record for earning gold medals in all six Olympic figure skating events. Three skaters won Olympic medals in multiple figure skating disciplines. Contents ( hide ) 1 Medalists 1.1 Men 's singles 1.2 Men 's special figures 1.3 Ladies ' singles 1.4 Pairs 1.5 Ice dancing 1.6 Team event 2 Multi-medalists 2.1 Most medals 2.2 Multiple golds 2.3 Multi-medalists by event 2.3. 1 Men 's singles 2.3. 2 Ladies ' singles 2.3. 3 Pairs 2.3. 4 Ice dancing 2.3. 5 Team event 2.4 Multiple events 2.4. 1 Two disciplines 2.4. 2 One discipline plus team event 2.5 Summer and Winter Games 3 Country records 3.1 Winning streak 3.2 Events won 3.3 Podium sweeps 4 Medal totals by country 4.1 Men 's singles 4.2 Men 's special figures 4.3 Ladies ' singles 4.4 Pairs 4.5 Ice dancing 4.6 Team event 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Medalists ( edit ) Men 's singles ( edit ) Ulrich Salchow of Sweden, creator of the Salchow jump, was the first Olympic champion in men 's figure skating. Russian Evgeni Plushenko won the 2006 singles title with a world record score. 2014 Winter Olympics men 's singles medalists, from left to right : Patrick Chan ( silver ), Yuzuru Hanyu ( gold ), and Denis Ten ( bronze ). Games Gold Silver Bronze 1908 London details Ulrich Salchow Sweden Richard Johansson Sweden Per Thorén Sweden 1912 Stockholm not included in the Olympic program 1920 Antwerp details Gillis Grafström Sweden Andreas Krogh Norway Martin Stixrud Norway 1924 Chamonix details Gillis Grafström Sweden Willy Böckl Austria Georges Gautschi Switzerland 1928 St. Moritz details Gillis Grafström Sweden Willy Böckl Austria Robert van Zeebroeck Belgium 1932 Lake Placid details Karl Schäfer Austria Gillis Grafström Sweden Montgomery Wilson Canada 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen details Karl Schäfer Austria Ernst Baier Germany Felix Kaspar Austria 1948 St. Moritz details Dick Button United States Hans Gerschwiler Switzerland Edi Rada Austria 1952 Oslo details Dick Button United States Helmut Seibt Austria James Grogan United States 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo details Hayes Alan Jenkins United States Ronnie Robertson United States David Jenkins United States 1960 Squaw Valley details David Jenkins United States Karol Divín Czechoslovakia Donald Jackson Canada 1964 Innsbruck details Manfred Schnelldorfer United Team of Germany Alain Calmat France Scott Allen United States 1968 Grenoble details Wolfgang Schwarz Austria Timothy Wood United States Patrick Péra France 1972 Sapporo details Ondrej Nepela Czechoslovakia Sergei Chetverukhin Soviet Union Patrick Péra France 1976 Innsbruck details John Curry Great Britain Vladimir Kovalev Soviet Union Toller Cranston Canada 1980 Lake Placid details Robin Cousins Great Britain Jan Hoffmann East Germany Charles Tickner United States 1984 Sarajevo details Scott Hamilton United States Brian Orser Canada Jozef Sabovčík Czechoslovakia 1988 Calgary details Brian Boitano United States Brian Orser Canada Viktor Petrenko Soviet Union 1992 Albertville details Viktor Petrenko Unified Team Paul Wylie United States Petr Barna Czechoslovakia 1994 Lillehammer details Alexei Urmanov Russia Elvis Stojko Canada Philippe Candeloro France 1998 Nagano details Ilia Kulik Russia Elvis Stojko Canada Philippe Candeloro France 2002 Salt Lake City details Alexei Yagudin Russia Evgeni Plushenko Russia Timothy Goebel United States 2006 Torino details Evgeni Plushenko Russia Stéphane Lambiel Switzerland Jeffrey Buttle Canada 2010 Vancouver details Evan Lysacek United States Evgeni Plushenko Russia Daisuke Takahashi Japan 2014 Sochi details Yuzuru Hanyu Japan Patrick Chan Canada Denis Ten Kazakhstan 2018 Pyeongchang details Yuzuru Hanyu Japan Shoma Uno Japan Javier Fernández Spain Men 's special figures ( edit ) Nikolai Panin of Russia, the sole winner of the special figures event Men 's special figures was only included in one Olympic Games before being discontinued. The sole winner of the event was Russian Nikolai Panin, who gave his country its first ever Olympic gold medal. Games Gold Silver Bronze 1908 London details Nikolai Panin Russian Empire Arthur Cumming Great Britain Geoffrey Hall - Say Great Britain Ladies ' singles ( edit ) Norwegian Sonja Henie holds the record of three consecutive victories in the ladies ' individual event ( 1928 -- 1936 ). East Germany 's Katarina Witt won the 1988 ladies ' singles gold medal, becoming the second female figure skater to win back - to - back Olympic titles. Yuna Kim won the ladies ' title in 2010 with world record scores for the short program, free skating and overall total. Games Gold Silver Bronze 1908 London details Madge Syers Great Britain Elsa Rendschmidt Germany Dorothy Greenhough - Smith Great Britain 1920 Antwerp details Magda Julin Sweden Svea Norén Sweden Theresa Weld United States 1924 Chamonix details Herma Szabo Austria Beatrix Loughran United States Ethel Muckelt Great Britain 1928 St. Moritz details Sonja Henie Norway Fritzi Burger Austria Beatrix Loughran United States 1932 Lake Placid details Sonja Henie Norway Fritzi Burger Austria Maribel Vinson United States 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen details Sonja Henie Norway Cecilia Colledge Great Britain Vivi - Anne Hultén Sweden 1948 St. Moritz details Barbara Ann Scott Canada Eva Pawlik Austria Jeannette Altwegg Great Britain 1952 Oslo details Jeannette Altwegg Great Britain Tenley Albright United States Jacqueline du Bief France 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo details Tenley Albright United States Carol Heiss United States Ingrid Wendl Austria 1960 Squaw Valley details Carol Heiss United States Sjoukje Dijkstra Netherlands Barbara Roles United States 1964 Innsbruck details Sjoukje Dijkstra Netherlands Regine Heitzer Austria Petra Burka Canada 1968 Grenoble details Peggy Fleming United States Gabriele Seyfert East Germany Hana Mašková Czechoslovakia 1972 Sapporo details Beatrix Schuba Austria Karen Magnussen Canada Janet Lynn United States 1976 Innsbruck details Dorothy Hamill United States Dianne de Leeuw Netherlands Christine Errath East Germany 1980 Lake Placid details Anett Pötzsch East Germany Linda Fratianne United States Dagmar Lurz West Germany 1984 Sarajevo details Katarina Witt East Germany Rosalynn Sumners United States Kira Ivanova Soviet Union 1988 Calgary details Katarina Witt East Germany Elizabeth Manley Canada Debi Thomas United States 1992 Albertville details Kristi Yamaguchi United States Midori Ito Japan Nancy Kerrigan United States 1994 Lillehammer details Oksana Baiul Ukraine Nancy Kerrigan United States Chen Lu China 1998 Nagano details Tara Lipinski United States Michelle Kwan United States Chen Lu China 2002 Salt Lake City details Sarah Hughes United States Irina Slutskaya Russia Michelle Kwan United States 2006 Torino details Shizuka Arakawa Japan Sasha Cohen United States Irina Slutskaya Russia 2010 Vancouver details Yuna Kim South Korea Mao Asada Japan Joannie Rochette Canada 2014 Sochi details Adelina Sotnikova Russia Yuna Kim South Korea Carolina Kostner Italy 2018 Pyeongchang details Alina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia Evgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia Kaetlyn Osmond Canada Pairs ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1908 London details Anna Hübler and Heinrich Burger ( GER ) Phyllis Johnson and James H. Johnson ( GBR ) Madge Syers and Edgar Syers ( GBR ) 1912 Stockholm not included in the Olympic program 1920 Antwerp details Ludowika Jakobsson / Walter Jakobsson ( FIN ) Alexia Bryn and Yngvar Bryn ( NOR ) Phyllis Johnson and Basil Williams ( GBR ) 1924 Chamonix details Helene Engelmann and Alfred Berger ( AUT ) Ludowika Jakobsson and Walter Jakobsson ( FIN ) Andrée Joly and Pierre Brunet ( FRA ) 1928 St. Moritz details Andrée Joly and Pierre Brunet ( FRA ) Lilly Scholz and Otto Kaiser ( AUT ) Melitta Brunner and Ludwig Wrede ( AUT ) 1932 Lake Placid details Andrée Brunet and Pierre Brunet ( FRA ) Beatrix Loughran and Sherwin Badger ( USA ) Emília Rotter and László Szollás ( HUN ) 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen details Maxi Herber and Ernst Baier ( GER ) Ilse Pausin and Erik Pausin ( AUT ) Emília Rotter and László Szollás ( HUN ) 1948 St. Moritz details Micheline Lannoy and Pierre Baugniet ( BEL ) Andrea Kékesy and Ede Király ( HUN ) Suzanne Morrow and Wallace Diestelmeyer ( CAN ) 1952 Oslo details Ria Falk and Paul Falk ( GER ) Karol Kennedy and Peter Kennedy ( USA ) Marianna Nagy and László Nagy ( HUN ) 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo details Sissy Schwarz and Kurt Oppelt ( AUT ) Frances Dafoe and Norris Bowden ( CAN ) Marianna Nagy and László Nagy ( HUN ) 1960 Squaw Valley details Barbara Wagner and Robert Paul ( CAN ) Marika Kilius and Hans - Jürgen Bäumler ( EUA ) Nancy Ludington and Ronald Ludington ( USA ) 1964 Innsbruck details Ludmila Belousova and Oleg Protopopov ( URS ) Marika Kilius and Hans - Jürgen Bäumler ( EUA ) Debbi Wilkes and Guy Revell ( CAN ) Vivian Joseph and Ronald Joseph ( USA ) 1968 Grenoble details Ludmila Belousova and Oleg Protopopov ( URS ) Tatyana Zhuk and Aleksandr Gorelik ( URS ) Margot Glockshuber and Wolfgang Danne ( FRG ) 1972 Sapporo details Irina Rodnina and Alexei Ulanov ( URS ) Lyudmila Smirnova and Andrei Suraikin ( URS ) Manuela Groß and Uwe Kagelmann ( GDR ) 1976 Innsbruck details Irina Rodnina and Alexander Zaitsev ( URS ) Romy Kermer and Rolf Österreich ( GDR ) Manuela Groß and Uwe Kagelmann ( GDR ) 1980 Lake Placid details Irina Rodnina and Alexander Zaitsev ( URS ) Marina Cherkasova and Sergei Shakhrai ( URS ) Manuela Mager and Uwe Bewersdorf ( GDR ) 1984 Sarajevo details Elena Valova and Oleg Vasiliev ( URS ) Kitty Carruthers and Peter Carruthers ( USA ) Larisa Selezneva and Oleg Makarov ( URS ) 1988 Calgary details Ekaterina Gordeeva and Sergei Grinkov ( URS ) Elena Valova and Oleg Vasiliev ( URS ) Jill Watson and Peter Oppegard ( USA ) 1992 Albertville details Natalia Mishkutenok and Artur Dmitriev ( EUN ) Elena Bechke and Denis Petrov ( EUN ) Isabelle Brasseur and Lloyd Eisler ( CAN ) 1994 Lillehammer details Ekaterina Gordeeva and Sergei Grinkov ( RUS ) Natalia Mishkutenok and Artur Dmitriev ( RUS ) Isabelle Brasseur and Lloyd Eisler ( CAN ) 1998 Nagano details Oksana Kazakova and Artur Dmitriev ( RUS ) Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze ( RUS ) Mandy Wötzel and Ingo Steuer ( GER ) 2002 Salt Lake City details Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze ( RUS ) Jamie Salé and David Pelletier ( CAN ) None awarded Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo ( CHN ) 2006 Torino details Tatiana Totmianina and Maxim Marinin ( RUS ) Zhang Dan and Zhang Hao ( CHN ) Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo ( CHN ) 2010 Vancouver details Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo ( CHN ) Pang Qing and Tong Jian ( CHN ) Aliona Savchenko and Robin Szolkowy ( GER ) 2014 Sochi details Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov ( RUS ) Ksenia Stolbova and Fedor Klimov ( RUS ) Aliona Savchenko and Robin Szolkowy ( GER ) 2018 Pyeongchang details Aliona Savchenko and Bruno Massot ( GER ) Sui Wenjing and Han Cong ( CHN ) Meagan Duhamel and Eric Radford ( CAN ) Ice dancing ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1976 Innsbruck details Lyudmila Pakhomova and Aleksandr Gorshkov ( URS ) Irina Moiseyeva and Andrei Minenkov ( URS ) Colleen O'Connor and James Millns ( USA ) 1980 Lake Placid details Natalia Linichuk and Gennadi Karponossov ( URS ) Krisztina Regőczy and András Sallay ( HUN ) Irina Moiseyeva and Andrei Minenkov ( URS ) 1984 Sarajevo details Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean ( GBR ) Natalia Bestemianova and Andrei Bukin ( URS ) Marina Klimova and Sergei Ponomarenko ( URS ) 1988 Calgary details Natalia Bestemianova and Andrei Bukin ( URS ) Marina Klimova and Sergei Ponomarenko ( URS ) Tracy Wilson and Robert McCall ( CAN ) 1992 Albertville details Marina Klimova and Sergei Ponomarenko ( EUN ) Isabelle Duchesnay and Paul Duchesnay ( FRA ) Maya Usova and Alexander Zhulin ( EUN ) 1994 Lillehammer details Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov ( RUS ) Maya Usova and Alexander Zhulin ( RUS ) Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean ( GBR ) 1998 Nagano details Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov ( RUS ) Anjelika Krylova and Oleg Ovsyannikov ( RUS ) Marina Anissina and Gwendal Peizerat ( FRA ) 2002 Salt Lake City details Marina Anissina and Gwendal Peizerat ( FRA ) Irina Lobacheva and Ilia Averbukh ( RUS ) Barbara Fusar - Poli and Maurizio Margaglio ( ITA ) 2006 Torino details Tatiana Navka and Roman Kostomarov ( RUS ) Tanith Belbin and Benjamin Agosto ( USA ) Elena Grushina and Ruslan Goncharov ( UKR ) 2010 Vancouver details Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir ( CAN ) Meryl Davis and Charlie White ( USA ) Oksana Domnina and Maxim Shabalin ( RUS ) 2014 Sochi details Meryl Davis and Charlie White ( USA ) Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir ( CAN ) Elena Ilinykh and Nikita Katsalapov ( RUS ) 2018 Pyeongchang details Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir ( CAN ) Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron ( FRA ) Maia Shibutani and Alex Shibutani ( USA ) Team event ( edit ) The team event is the newest Olympic figure skating event, first contested in the 2014 Games. It combines the four Olympic figure skating disciplines ( men 's singles, ladies ' singles, pairs, and ice dancing ) into a single event with the team earning the most placement points winning gold. Games Gold Silver Bronze 2014 Sochi details Russia ( RUS ) Evgeni Plushenko Yulia Lipnitskaya Ksenia Stolbova Fedor Klimov Elena Ilinykh Nikita Katsalapov Tatiana Volosozhar Maxim Trankov Ekaterina Bobrova Dmitri Soloviev Canada ( CAN ) Patrick Chan Kevin Reynolds Kaetlyn Osmond Meagan Duhamel Eric Radford Kirsten Moore - Towers Dylan Moscovitch Tessa Virtue Scott Moir United States ( USA ) Jeremy Abbott Jason Brown Ashley Wagner Gracie Gold Marissa Castelli Simon Shnapir Meryl Davis Charlie White 2018 Pyeongchang details Canada ( CAN ) Patrick Chan Kaetlyn Osmond Gabrielle Daleman Meagan Duhamel Eric Radford Tessa Virtue Scott Moir Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) Mikhail Kolyada Evgenia Medvedeva Alina Zagitova Evgenia Tarasova Vladimir Morozov Natalia Zabiiako Alexander Enbert Ekaterina Bobrova Dmitri Soloviev United States ( USA ) Nathan Chen Adam Rippon Bradie Tennell Mirai Nagasu Alexa Scimeca Knierim Chris Knierim Maia Shibutani Alex Shibutani Multi-medalists ( edit ) Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir are the most decorated Olympic figure skaters with 5 medals. Ice dancers Marina Klimova and Sergei Ponomarenko won a bronze medal in 1984, improved to a silver in 1988, and capped their Olympic appearances with a gold in 1992. Russian ice dancing pair Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov won the 1994 and 1998 Olympic titles. Most medals ( edit ) Gillis Grafström earned the most medals in a single event : four medals, three of which gold, in men 's singles. The only other skaters to have earned three golds in a single discipline are Sonja Henie in ladies ' singles and Irina Rodnina in pairs. Counting multiple events, Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir hold the record for the most medals, with a total of five medals including two golds in ice dancing and a team event gold. Evgeni Plushenko earned four medals, including a gold in men 's singles and a team event gold. Figure skaters who won three or more medal at the Olympics are listed below : Athlete Nation Events Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Virtue, Tessa Tessa Virtue / Moir, Scott Scott Moir Canada ( CAN ) ice dancing & team 2010 -- 2018 0 5 Grafström, Gillis Gillis Grafström Sweden ( SWE ) men 's singles 1920 -- 1932 0 Henie, Sonja Sonja Henie Norway ( NOR ) ladies ' singles 1928 -- 1936 0 0 Rodnina, Irina Irina Rodnina Soviet Union ( URS ) pairs 1972 -- 1980 0 0 Plushenko, Evgeni Evgeni Plushenko Russia ( RUS ) men 's singles & team 2002 -- 2014 0 Dmitriev, Artur Artur Dmitriev Unified Team ( EUN ) Russia ( RUS ) pairs 1992 -- 1998 0 Brunet, Andrée Andrée Brunet / Brunet, Pierre Pierre Brunet France ( FRA ) pairs 1924 -- 1932 0 Chan, Patrick Patrick Chan Canada ( CAN ) men 's singles & team 2014 -- 2018 0 Klimova, Marina Marina Klimova / Ponomarenko, Sergei Sergei Ponomarenko Soviet Union ( URS ) Unified Team ( EUN ) ice dancing 1984 -- 1992 Davis, Meryl Meryl Davis / White, Charlie Charlie White United States ( USA ) ice dancing & team 2010 -- 2014 Meagan Duhamel! Meagan Duhamel / Eric Radford! Eric Radford Canada ( CAN ) pairs & team 2014 -- 2018 Kaetlyn Osmond! Kaetlyn Osmond Canada ( CAN ) ladies ' singles & team 2014 -- 2018 Shen Xue! Shen Xue / Zhao Hongbo! Zhao Hongbo China ( CHN ) pairs 2002 -- 2010 0 Savchenko, Aliona Aliona Savchenko Germany ( GER ) pairs 2010 -- 2018 0 Loughran, Beatrix Beatrix Loughran United States ( USA ) ladies ' singles & pairs 1924 -- 1932 0 Multiple golds ( edit ) Swedish Gillis Grafström, is a three - time Olympic figure skating gold medalist in the men 's singles. The only skaters with three consecutive titles are Gillis Grafström in men 's singles, Sonja Henie in ladies ' singles, and Irina Rodnina in pairs. The most consecutive titles in ice dance is two, which has only been achieved by Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov. In addition, one ladies ' singles skater, three men 's singles skaters, and five pairs skaters have earned consecutive titles. Two ice dancers and three pair skaters have earned non-consecutive titles. Five skaters have won Olympic gold medals in multiple events. Evgeni Plushenko won gold in men 's singles in 2006 and team event gold in 2014. Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov were the first skaters to win multiple events at a single Olympics, winning both pairs and team event. Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir matched this feat four years later, earning golds in ice dancing and team event. Athlete Nation Olympics Golds Event ( s ) Grafström, Gillis Gillis Grafström Sweden ( SWE ) 1920 -- 1928 men 's singles Henie, Sonja Sonja Henie Norway ( NOR ) 1928 -- 1936 ladies ' singles Rodnina, Irina Irina Rodnina Soviet Union ( URS ) 1972 -- 1980 pairs Virtue, Tessa Tessa Virtue / Moir, Scott Scott Moir Canada ( CAN ) 2010, 2018 2 in ice dancing ( 2010, 2018 ) 1 in team event ( 2018 ) Schäfer, Karl Karl Schäfer Austria ( AUT ) 1932 -- 1936 men 's singles Button, Dick Dick Button United States ( USA ) 1948 -- 1952 men 's singles Hanyu, Yuzuru Yuzuru Hanyu Japan ( JPN ) 2014 -- 2018 men 's singles Plushenko, Evgeni Evgeni Plushenko Russia ( RUS ) 2006, 2014 1 in men 's singles ( 2006 ) 1 in team event ( 2014 ) Witt, Katarina Katarina Witt East Germany ( GDR ) 1984 -- 1988 ladies ' singles Brunet, Andrée Andrée Brunet / Brunet, Pierre Pierre Brunet France ( FRA ) 1928 -- 1932 pairs Belousova, Ludmila Ludmila Belousova / Protopopov, Oleg Oleg Protopopov Soviet Union ( URS ) 1964 -- 1968 pairs Zaitsev, Alexander Alexander Zaitsev Soviet Union ( URS ) 1976 -- 1980 pairs Gordeeva, Ekaterina Ekaterina Gordeeva / Grinkov, Sergei Sergei Grinkov Soviet Union ( URS ) Russia ( RUS ) 1988, 1994 pairs Dmitriev, Artur Artur Dmitriev Unified Team ( EUN ) Russia ( RUS ) 1992, 1998 pairs Volosozhar, Tatiana Tatiana Volosozhar / Trankov, Maxim Maxim Trankov Russia ( RUS ) 2014 1 in pairs 1 in team event Grishuk, Oksana Oksana Grishuk / Platov, Evgeny Evgeny Platov Russia ( RUS ) 1994 -- 1998 ice dancing Multi-medalists by event ( edit ) Sonja Henie and Karl Schäfer won a combined five Olympic titles. Men 's singles ( edit ) Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Grafström, Gillis Gillis Grafström Sweden ( SWE ) 1920 -- 1932 0 Schäfer, Karl Karl Schäfer Austria ( AUT ) 1932 -- 1936 0 0 Button, Dick Dick Button United States ( USA ) 1948 -- 1952 0 0 Hanyu, Yuzuru Yuzuru Hanyu Japan ( JPN ) 2014 -- 2018 0 0 Plushenko, Evgeni Evgeni Plushenko Russia ( RUS ) 2002 -- 2014 0 Jenkins, David David Jenkins United States ( USA ) 1956 -- 1960 0 Petrenko, Viktor Viktor Petrenko Soviet Union ( URS ) Unified Team ( EUN ) 1988 -- 1992 0 Böckl, Willy Willy Böckl Austria ( AUT ) 1924 -- 1928 0 0 Orser, Brian Brian Orser Canada ( CAN ) 1984 -- 1988 0 0 Stojko, Elvis Elvis Stojko Canada ( CAN ) 1994 -- 1998 0 0 Péra, Patrick Patrick Péra France ( FRA ) 1968 -- 1972 0 0 Candeloro, Philippe Philippe Candeloro France ( FRA ) 1994 -- 1998 0 0 Ladies ' singles ( edit ) Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Henie, Sonja Sonja Henie Norway ( NOR ) 1928 -- 1936 0 0 Witt, Katarina Katarina Witt East Germany ( GDR ) 1984 -- 1988 0 0 Albright, Tenley Tenley Albright United States ( USA ) 1952 -- 1956 0 Heiss, Carol Carol Heiss United States ( USA ) 1956 -- 1960 0 Dijkstra, Sjoukje Sjoukje Dijkstra Netherlands ( NED ) 1960 -- 1964 0 Kim, Yuna Yuna Kim South Korea ( KOR ) 2010 -- 2014 0 Altwegg, Jeannette Jeannette Altwegg Great Britain ( GBR ) 1948 -- 1952 0 Burger, Fritzi Fritzi Burger Austria ( AUT ) 1928 -- 1932 0 0 Loughran, Beatrix Beatrix Loughran United States ( USA ) 1924 -- 1928 0 Kerrigan, Nancy Nancy Kerrigan United States ( USA ) 1992 -- 1994 0 Kwan, Michelle Michelle Kwan United States ( USA ) 1998 -- 2002 0 Slutskaya, Irina Irina Slutskaya Russia ( RUS ) 2002 -- 2006 0 Chen, Lu! Chen Lu China ( CHN ) 1994 -- 1998 0 0 Pairs ( edit ) Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Rodnina, Irina Irina Rodnina Soviet Union ( URS ) 1972 -- 1980 0 0 Dmitriev, Artur Artur Dmitriev Unified Team ( EUN ) Russia ( RUS ) 1992 -- 1998 0 Brunet, Andrée Andrée Brunet / Brunet, Pierre Pierre Brunet France ( FRA ) 1924 -- 1932 0 Belousova, Ludmila Ludmila Belousova / Protopopov, Oleg Oleg Protopopov Soviet Union ( URS ) 1964 -- 1968 0 0 Zaitsev, Alexander Alexander Zaitsev Soviet Union ( URS ) 1976 -- 1980 0 0 Gordeeva, Ekaterina Ekaterina Gordeeva / Grinkov, Sergei Sergei Grinkov Soviet Union ( URS ) Russia ( RUS ) 1988, 1994 0 0 Jakobsson, Ludowika Ludowika Jakobsson / Jakobsson, Walter Walter Jakobsson Finland ( FIN ) 1920 -- 1924 0 Mishkutenok, Natalia Natalia Mishkutenok Unified Team ( EUN ) Russia ( RUS ) 1992 -- 1994 0 Berezhnaya, Elena Elena Berezhnaya / Sikharulidze, Anton Anton Sikharulidze Russia ( RUS ) 1998 -- 2002 0 Shen, Xue! Shen Xue / Zhao, Hongbo! Zhao Hongbo China ( CHN ) 2002 -- 2010 0 Savchenko, Aliona Aliona Savchenko Germany ( GER ) 2010 -- 2018 0 Kilius, Marika Marika Kilius / Bäumler, Hans - Jürgen Hans - Jürgen Bäumler United Team of Germany ( EUA ) 1960 -- 1964 0 0 Johnson, Phyllis Phyllis Johnson Great Britain ( GBR ) 1908 -- 1920 0 Rotter, Emília Emília Rotter / Szollás, László László Szollás Hungary ( HUN ) 1932 -- 1936 0 0 Nagy, Marianna Marianna Nagy / Nagy, László László Nagy Hungary ( HUN ) 1952 -- 1956 0 0 Groß, Manuela Manuela Groß / Kagelmann, Uwe Uwe Kagelmann East Germany ( GDR ) 1972 -- 1976 0 0 Brasseur, Isabelle Isabelle Brasseur / Eisler, Lloyd Lloyd Eisler Canada ( CAN ) 1992 -- 1994 0 0 Szolkowy, Robin Robin Szolkowy Germany ( GER ) 2010 -- 2014 0 0 Ice dancing ( edit ) Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Virtue, Tessa Tessa Virtue / Moir, Scott Scott Moir Canada ( CAN ) 2010 -- 2018 0 Grishuk, Oksana Oksana Grishuk / Platov, Evgeny Evgeny Platov Russia ( RUS ) 1994 -- 1998 0 0 Klimova, Marina Marina Klimova / Ponomarenko, Sergei Sergei Ponomarenko Soviet Union ( URS ) Unified Team ( EUN ) 1984 -- 1992 Bestemianova, Natalia Natalia Bestemianova / Bukin, Andrei Andrei Bukin Soviet Union ( URS ) 1984 -- 1988 0 Davis, Meryl Meryl Davis / White, Charlie Charlie White United States ( USA ) 2010 -- 2014 0 Torvill, Jayne Jayne Torvill / Dean, Christopher Christopher Dean Great Britain ( GBR ) 1984, 1994 0 Anissina, Marina Marina Anissina / Peizerat, Gwendal Gwendal Peizerat France ( FRA ) 1998 -- 2002 0 Usova, Maya Maya Usova / Zhulin, Alexander Alexander Zhulin Unified Team ( EUN ) Russia ( RUS ) 1992 -- 1994 0 Team event ( edit ) Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Bobrova, Ekaterina Ekaterina Bobrova / Soloviev, Dmitri Dmitri Soloviev Russia ( RUS ) Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 2014 -- 2018 0 Chan, Patrick Patrick Chan Osmond, Kaetlyn Kaetlyn Osmond Duhamel, Meagan Meagan Duhamel / Radford, Eric Eric Radford Virtue, Tessa Tessa Virtue / Moir, Scott Scott Moir Canada ( CAN ) 2014 -- 2018 0 Multiple events ( edit ) Only three skaters have won Olympic medals in multiple figure skating disciplines. All other multi-event medalists won medals in their discipline plus the team event ( which, while being a separate event, is not considered its own skating discipline ). Two disciplines ( edit ) In 1908, Madge Syers became the first skater to medal in multiple figure skating disciplines at a single Olympics. The only skater to match this feat was Ernst Baier in 1936. The only other skater to medal in multiple disciplines was Beatrix Loughran who did so at separate Olympics. No skater has won gold medals in multiple disciplines. Athlete Nation Disciplines Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Baier, Ernst Ernst Baier Germany ( GER ) men 's singles pairs 1936 0 0 0 0 Syers, Madge Madge Syers Great Britain ( GBR ) ladies ' singles pairs 1908 0 0 0 0 Loughran, Beatrix Beatrix Loughran United States ( USA ) ladies ' singles pairs 1924 -- 1928 1932 0 0 0 One discipline plus team event ( edit ) The team event was introduced at the 2014 Winter Olympics. It allowed skaters to medal twice while skating one discipline. On 9 February 2014, Evgeni Plushenko became the first skater to win multiple figure skating events. On 12 February 2014, Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov became the first skaters to win multiple events at a single Olympics. Four years later, Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir matched this feat. The below table lists all skaters who have medaled in their own discipline and in the team event. ( Team event medals are indicated by `` T '' in the gold, silver, and bronze columns. ) Athlete Nation Discipline Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Virtue, Tessa Tessa Virtue / Moir, Scott Scott Moir Canada ( CAN ) ice dancing 2010 -- 2018 2 + 1T 1 + 1T 0 5 Plushenko, Evgeni Evgeni Plushenko Russia ( RUS ) men 's singles 2002 -- 2014 1 + 1T 0 Volosozhar, Tatiana Tatiana Volosozhar / Trankov, Maxim Maxim Trankov Russia ( RUS ) pairs 2014 1 + 1T 0 0 Chan, Patrick Patrick Chan Canada ( CAN ) men 's singles 2014 -- 2018 0 + 1T 1 + 1T 0 Davis, Meryl Meryl Davis / White, Charlie Charlie White United States ( USA ) ice dancing 2010 -- 2014 0 + 1T Duhamel, Meagan Meagan Duhamel / Radford, Eric Eric Radford Canada ( CAN ) pairs 2014 -- 2018 0 + 1T 0 + 1T Osmond, Kaetlyn Kaetlyn Osmond Canada ( CAN ) ladies ' singles 2014 -- 2018 0 + 1T 0 + 1T Stolbova, Ksenia Ksenia Stolbova / Klimov, Fedor Fedor Klimov Russia ( RUS ) pairs 2014 0 + 1T 0 Zagitova, Alina Alina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) ladies ' singles 2018 0 + 1T 0 Ilinykh, Elena Elena Ilinykh / Katsalapov, Nikita Nikita Katsalapov Russia ( RUS ) ice dancing 2014 0 + 1T 0 Medvedeva, Evgenia Evgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) ladies ' singles 2018 0 1 + 1T 0 Shibutani, Maia Maia Shibutani / Shibutani, Alex Alex Shibutani United States ( USA ) ice dancing 2018 0 0 1 + 1T Summer and Winter Games ( edit ) Since figure skating was held during the Summer Olympic Games in 1908 and 1920 before being moved to the Winter Olympics Games, three skaters medeled in figure skating in both the Summer and Winter Games. Men 's singles skater Gillis Grafström 's first gold medal was earned at the 1920 Summer Olympics. His other three medals were won at the 1924 -- 1932 Winter Games. Pair skaters Ludowika Jakobsson and Walter Jakobsson also earned gold during the 1920 Summer Olympics. They later medaled at the 1924 Winter Games. Country Records ( edit ) Winning streak ( edit ) From 1964 to 2006, Russian figure skaters -- representing the Soviet Union, the Unified Team, or Russia -- won the gold medal in the pairs event, in what is the longest series of victories for one country in one winter event. Events won ( edit ) Russian figure skaters, counting both Russian Federation ( IOC code RUS ) and Russian Empire ( IOC code RU1 ), hold the unique record for earning gold medals in all six Olympic figure skating events. Since men 's special figures was discontinued, this record can not be matched. Russia ( IOC code RUS ) is the only NOC to have earning gold medals in all five current Olympic figure skating events. Canada has earned gold medals in four of the events ( all except men 's singles ). Great Britain, Unified Team, and United States have earned gold medals in three of the events. Russia and the Unified Team are the only NOCs to have won three events at the same Olympics, at the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 1992 Winter Olympics respectively. No NOC has won more than three figure skating events at a single Olympics. Podium sweeps ( edit ) There has been two podium sweeps in Olympic figure skating history. This is when athletes from one NOC win all three medals in a single event. Games Event NOC Gold Silver Bronze 1908 London Men 's singles Sweden ( SWE ) Ulrich Salchow Richard Johansson Per Thorén 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Men 's singles United States ( USA ) Hayes Alan Jenkins Ronnie Robertson David Jenkins Medal totals by country ( edit ) See also : Figure skating at the Olympic Games § Medal table Men 's singles ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total United States ( USA ) 7 5 15 Sweden ( SWE ) 7 Russia ( RUS ) 6 Austria ( AUT ) 8 5 Japan ( JPN ) 6 Great Britain ( GBR ) 7 Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) 8 Unified Team ( EUN ) United Team of Germany ( EUA ) 10 Canada ( CAN ) 5 9 11 Soviet Union ( URS ) Switzerland ( SUI ) 13 France ( FRA ) 5 14 Norway ( NOR ) 15 East Germany ( GDR ) / Germany ( GER ) 17 Belgium ( BEL ) Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) Spain ( ESP ) Men 's special figures ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Russian Empire ( RU1 ) Great Britain ( GBR ) Ladies ' singles ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total United States ( USA ) 7 8 8 23 East Germany ( GDR ) 5 Norway ( NOR ) Austria ( AUT ) 7 5 Great Britain ( GBR ) 6 6 Canada ( CAN ) 6 7 Japan ( JPN ) Netherlands ( NED ) 9 Russia ( RUS ) Sweden ( SWE ) 11 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) South Korea ( KOR ) 13 Ukraine ( UKR ) 14 / Germany ( GER ) 15 China ( CHN ) 16 Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) France ( FRA ) Italy ( ITA ) Soviet Union ( URS ) West Germany ( FRG ) Pairs ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Soviet Union ( URS ) 7 12 Russia ( RUS ) 5 8 / / Germany ( GER ) 7 Canada ( CAN ) 8 5 Austria ( AUT ) 5 6 France ( FRA ) 7 China ( CHN ) 6 8 Finland ( FIN ) Unified Team ( EUN ) 10 Belgium ( BEL ) 11 United States ( USA ) 6 12 United Team of Germany ( EUA ) 13 Hungary ( HUN ) 5 14 East Germany ( GDR ) 15 Great Britain ( GBR ) 16 Norway ( NOR ) 17 West Germany ( FRG ) Ice dancing ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Russia ( RUS ) 8 Soviet Union ( URS ) 8 Canada ( CAN ) United States ( USA ) 5 5 France ( FRA ) 6 Unified Team ( EUN ) Great Britain ( GBR ) 8 Hungary ( HUN ) 9 Italy ( ITA ) Ukraine ( UKR ) Team event ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Canada ( CAN ) Russia ( RUS ) Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) United States ( USA ) See also ( edit ) Figure skating at the Olympic Games List of Olympic medalists in figure skating by age World Figure Skating Championships Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ At the 1964 Olympics, Marika Kilius / Hans - Jürgen Bäumler, Debbi Wilkes / Guy Revell, and Vivian Joseph / Ronald Joseph pairs placed 2nd, 3rd, and 4th respectively. Two years later, Kilius / Bäumler 's results were invalidated because the pair had signed a professional contract before the Olympics. The silver medals went to Wilkes / Revell and the bronze medals to Joseph / Joseph. However, in 1987, the Germans were re-awarded the silvers after appealing that other pairs had signed similar contracts but were n't exposed and disqualified. After that, the placement of Wilkes / Revell and Joseph / Joseph pairs were unclear for many years. In November 2014, the IOC clarified that since the 1987 decision that both the German and Canadian pairs are the silver medalist and the US pair are the bronze medalist. Jump up ^ No silver medal was awarded in the 2002 Olympic figure skating pairs event, as the Canadians Salé and Pelletier were also given a gold medal, in the aftermath of a judging scandal. ^ Jump up to : Irina Rodnina won three medals in pairs with two different partners. A golds in 1972 with Alexei Ulanov and two golds in 1976 and 1980 with Alexander Zaitsev. ^ Jump up to : Artur Dmitriev won three medals in pairs with two different partners. A gold in 1992 and a silver in 1994 with Natalia Mishkutenok and another gold medal in 1998 with Oksana Kazakova. ^ Jump up to : Aliona Savchenko won three medals in pairs with two different partners. Two bronze medals in 2010 and 2014 with Robin Szolkowy and a gold medal in 2018 with Bruno Massot. Jump up ^ Phyllis Johnson won two medals in pairs with two different partners. A silver medal in 1908 with James H. Johnson and a bronze medal in 1920 with Basil Williams. References ( edit ) General `` Results database ''. Athletes. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved July 23, 2009. ISU -- Olympic Winter Games Figure Skating results : Men Ladies Pairs Ice Dance Specific Jump up ^ Mihoces, Gary ( February 14, 2006 ). `` Record day for Russia 's Plushenko ; Weir second ''. USA Today. Retrieved July 12, 2009. Jump up ^ Windhausen, John D. ( 1976 ). `` Russia 's First Olympic Victor '' ( PDF ). Journal of Sport History. United States of America : North American Society for Sport History. 3 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 44. Retrieved July 15, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Fifty years later, Joseph siblings find redemption ''. IceNetwork.com. November 25, 2014. Jump up ^ Hersh, Philip ( November 25, 2014 ). `` A half - century later, Joseph siblings recognized as Olympic medal - winners ''. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 28, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Sale, Pelletier share gold with Russian pair ''. Salt Lake'02 Winter Games. ESPN. Associated Press. February 15, 2002. Retrieved July 16, 2009. Jump up ^ Kubatko, Justin. `` Figure Skating ''. Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 15, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Factsheet : Records and medals at the Olympic Winter Games '' ( PDF ). Official website of the Olympic Movement. International Olympic Committee. February 2009. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4, 2009. Retrieved July 15, 2009. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Figure skating. List of Olympic medalists in men 's figure skating : photos and autographs Figure skating at the Olympic Games 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 List of medalists List of venues Lists of Olympic medalists Summer sports Archery Athletics men women Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing men women Cycling men women Diving Equestrian Fencing men women Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics men women Handball men women Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing men women Rugby Sailing by discipline by class Shooting Swimming men women Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling freestyle Greco - Roman Winter sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Discontinued sports Baseball Basque pelota Cricket Croquet Jeu de paume Lacrosse Polo Rackets Roque Softball Tug of war Water motorsports Unofficial sports Art competitions Olympic sports Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_figure_skating&oldid=832841041 '' Categories : Lists of Winter Olympic medalists by sport Figure skating - related lists Olympic medalists in figure skating Figure skating at the Olympic Games Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Français Հայերեն Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018, at 08 : 34. 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{ "text": "Massachusetts Bay colony - wikipedia Massachusetts Bay colony Jump to : navigation, search Massachusetts Bay Colony Colony of England 1628 -- 1686 1689 -- 1691 → Flag First Colonial Seal A map depicting various colonial territorial claims related to Massachusetts Capital Salem, Charlestown, Boston History Established Land grant issued, 1628 ; Royal charter issued, 1629 Revocation of royal charter 1684 Dominion of New England established 1686 Dominion dissolved 1689 Royal charter issued for Province of Massachusetts Bay 1691 Disestablished Province of Massachusetts Bay governance begins, 1692 Today part of United States Massachusetts Maine The Massachusetts Bay Colony ( 1628 -- 1691 ) was an English settlement on the east coast of North America in the 17th century around the Massachusetts Bay, the northernmost of the several colonies later reorganized as the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The lands of the settlement were located in central New England in what is now Massachusetts, with initial settlements situated on two natural harbors and surrounding land, about 15.4 miles ( 24.8 km ) apart -- the areas around the present - day cities of Salem and Boston. The territory nominally administered by the colony included much of present - day central New England, including portions of the U.S. states of Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, and Connecticut. Territory claimed but never administered by the colonial government extended as far west as the Pacific Ocean. The earlier Dutch colony of New Netherlands disputed many of these claims, arguing that they held rights to lands beyond Rhode Island up to the western side of Cape Cod and the Plymouth Bay Colony. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was founded by the owners of the Massachusetts Bay Company, which included investors in the failed Dorchester Company that had established a short - lived settlement on Cape Ann in 1623. The colony began in 1628 and was the company 's second attempt at colonization. It was successful, with about 20,000 people migrating to New England in the 1630s. The population was strongly Puritan, and its governance was dominated by a small group of leaders who were strongly influenced by Puritan religious leaders. Its governors were elected, and the electorate were limited to freemen who had been examined for their religious views and formally admitted to the local church. As a consequence, the colonial leadership exhibited intolerance to other religious views, including Anglican, Quaker, and Baptist theologies. The colonists initially had good relationships with the local Indian populations, but frictions developed that ultimately led to the Pequot War ( 1636 -- 38 ) and then to King Philip 's War ( 1675 -- 78 ), after which most of the Indians in southern New England made peace treaties with the colonists ( apart from the Pequot tribe, whose survivors largely merged with the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes after the Pequot War ). The colony was economically successful, engaging in trade with England and the West Indies. A shortage of hard currency in the colony prompted it to establish a mint in 1652. Political differences with England after the English Restoration led to the revocation of the colonial charter in 1684. King James II established the Dominion of New England in 1686 to bring all of the New England colonies under firmer crown control. The dominion collapsed after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 deposed James, and the colony reverted to rule under the revoked charter until the charter for the Province of Massachusetts Bay was issued in 1691, which combined the Massachusetts Bay territories with those of the Plymouth Colony and proprietary holdings on Nantucket and Martha 's Vineyard. Sir William Phips arrived in 1692 bearing the charter and formally took charge of the new province. The political and economic dominance of New England by the modern state of Massachusetts was made possible in part by the early dominance in these spheres by the Massachusetts Bay colonists. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.1. 1 Early settlements 1.1. 2 Plymouth Colony 1.1. 3 Cape Ann settlement 1.2 Legal formation of the colony 1.3 Colonial history 1.4 Revocation of charter 1.5 Unifications and restoration 2 Life 2.1 Marriage and family life 3 Government 3.1 Laws and judiciary 3.2 Notable criminal prosecutions 3.3 New England Confederation 4 Economy and trade 5 Demographics 6 Geography 6.1 Boundaries 6.2 Timeline of settlement 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 9.1 Online primary sources 10 External links History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Early settlements ( edit ) Map depicting tribal distribution in southern New England, circa 1600 ; the political boundaries shown are modern. Prior to the arrival of Europeans on the eastern shore of New England, the area around Massachusetts Bay was the territory of several Algonquian - speaking tribes, including the Massachusett, Nauset, and Wampanoag. The Pennacooks occupied the Merrimack River valley to the north, and the Nipmuc, Pocumtuc, and Mahican occupied the western lands of present - day Massachusetts, although some of those tribes were under tribute to the Mohawks, who were expanding aggressively from present - day upstate New York. The total Indian population in 1620 has been estimated to be 7,000 with the population of New England at 15 -- 18,000. This number was significantly larger as late as 1616 ; in later years, contemporary chroniclers interviewed Indians who described a major pestilence that killed between one - and two - thirds of the population. The land - use patterns of the natives included plots cleared for agricultural purposes, and woodland territories for the hunting of game. Land divisions between the tribes were well understood. During the early 17th century, several European explorers charted the area, including Samuel de Champlain and John Smith. Plans began in 1606 for the first permanent British settlements on the east coast of North America. On April 10, 1606, King James I of England ( James VI of Scotland ) granted a charter forming two joint - stock companies. Neither of these corporations was given a name by this charter, but the territories were named as the `` first Colony '' ( fourth paragraph of charter ) and `` second Colony '' ( fifth paragraph of charter ), over which they were respectively authorized to settle and to govern. Under this charter, the `` first Colony '' and the `` second Colony '' were to be ruled by a `` Council '' composed of 13 individuals in each colony. The charter provided for an additional council of 13 persons to have overarching responsibility for the combined enterprise. No name was given to either the company or council governing the respective colonies ; the council governing the whole was named `` Council of Virginia. '' The `` first Colony '' ranged from the 34th - to 41st - degree latitude north ; the `` second Colony '' ranged from the 38th - to 45th - degree latitude. ( Note that the `` first Colony '' and the `` second Colony '' overlapped. The 1629 charter of Charles I asserted that the second Colony ranged from 40th to 48th degrees north latitude, which reduces the overlap. ) The investors appointed to govern over any settlements in the `` first Colony '' were from London ; the investors appointed to govern over any settlements in the `` second Colony '' were from the `` Town of Plimouth in the County of Devon. '' The London Company proceeded to establish Jamestown. The Plymouth Company under the guidance of Sir Ferdinando Gorges covered the more northern area, including present - day New England, and established the Sagadahoc Colony in 1607 in present - day Maine. The experience proved exceptionally difficult for the 120 settlers, however, and the surviving colonists abandoned the colony after only one year. Gorges noted that `` there was no more speech of settling plantations in those parts '' for a number of years. English ships continued to come to the New England area for fishing and trade with the Indians. Plymouth colony ( edit ) In December 1620, a group of Pilgrims established Plymouth Colony just to the south of Massachusetts Bay, seeking to preserve their cultural identity and attain religious independence. Plymouth 's colonists faced great hardships and earned few profits for their investors, who sold their interests to the settlers in 1627. Edward Winslow and William Bradford, two of its leaders, were likely authors of a work published in England in 1622 called Mourt 's Relation. This book in some ways resembles a promotional tract intended to encourage further migration. There were other short - lived colonial settlements in 1623 and 1624 at present - day Weymouth, Massachusetts ; the Wessagusset Colony of Thomas Weston and an effort by Robert Gorges to establish an overarching colonial structure both failed. Cape Ann settlement ( edit ) In 1623, the Plymouth Council for New England ( successor to the Plymouth Company ) established a small fishing village at Cape Ann under the supervision of the Dorchester Company, with Thomas Gardner as its overseer. This company was originally organized through the efforts of Puritan minister John White ( 1575 -- 1648 ) of Dorchester, in the English county of Dorset. White has been called `` the father of the Massachusetts Colony '' because of his influence in establishing this settlement and despite the fact that he never emigrated. The Cape Ann settlement was not profitable, and the financial backers of the Dorchester Company terminated their support by the end of 1625. Their settlement was abandoned at present - day Gloucester, but a few settlers remained in the area, including Roger Conant, establishing a settlement a little further south, near the village of the Naumkeag tribe. Legal formation of the colony ( edit ) Archbishop William Laud was a favorite advisor of King Charles I and a dedicated Anglican, and he sought to suppress the religious practices of Puritans and other nonconforming beliefs in England. The persecution of many Puritans in the 1620s led them to believe that religious reform would not be possible while Charles was king, and many decided to seek a new life in the New World. John White continued to seek funding for a colony. On 19 March 1627 / 8, the Council for New England issued a land grant to a new group of investors that included a few holdovers from the Dorchester Company. The land grant was for territory between the Charles and Merrimack Rivers, including a three - mile ( 4.8 km ) buffer to the north of the Merrimack and to the south of the Charles, that extended from `` the Atlantick and westerne sea and ocean on the east parte, to the South sea on the west parte. '' The company to whom the grant was sold was styled `` The New England Company for a Plantation in Massachusetts Bay ''. The company elected Matthew Cradock as its first governor, and immediately began organizing provisions and recruiting settlers. The company sent approximately 100 new settlers with provisions to join Conant in 1628, led by Governor 's Assistant John Endecott, one of the grantees. The next year, Naumkeag was renamed Salem and fortified by another 300 settlers, led by Rev. Francis Higginson, one of the first ministers of the settlement. The first winters were difficult, with colonists struggling against starvation and disease, resulting in numerous deaths. The company leaders sought a Royal Charter for the colony because they were concerned about the legality of conflicting land claims given to several companies ( including the New England Company ) for the little - known territories of the New World, and because of the increasing number of Puritans who wanted to join the company. Charles granted the new charter on 4 March 1628 / 9, superseding the land grant and establishing a legal basis for the new English colony at Massachusetts. It was not apparent whether Charles knew that the Company was meant to support the Puritan emigration, and he was likely left to assume that it was purely for business purposes, as was the custom. The charter omitted a significant clause : the location for the annual stockholders ' meeting. Charles dissolved Parliament in 1629, whereupon the company 's directors met to consider the possibility of moving the company 's seat of governance to the colony. This was followed by the Cambridge Agreement later that year, in which a group of investors agreed to emigrate and work to buy out others who would not emigrate. The Massachusetts Bay Colony became the first English chartered colony whose board of governors did not reside in England. This independence helped the settlers to maintain their Puritan religious practices without interference from the king, Archbishop Laud, or the Anglican Church. The charter remained in force for 55 years ; Charles II revoked it in 1684. Parliament had passed legislation collectively called the Navigation Acts which attempted to prevent the colonists from trading with any nation other than England. Colonial resistance to those acts led King Charles to revoke the Massachusetts charter and consolidate all the colonies in New England, New York, and New Jersey into the Dominion of New England. Colonial History ( edit ) A flotilla of ships sailed from England beginning in April 1630, sometimes known as the Winthrop Fleet. The fleet began arriving at Salem in June and carried more than 700 colonists, Governor John Winthrop, and the colonial charter. Winthrop delivered his famous `` City upon a Hill '' sermon either before or during the voyage. Detail of sounding board, Old Ship Church ( 1681 ), Hingham, Massachusetts, the oldest Puritan meetinghouse in Massachusetts For the next ten years, there was a steady exodus of Puritans from England, with about 20,000 people emigrating to Massachusetts and the neighboring colonies during the Great Migration. Many ministers reacted to the repressive religious policies of England, making the trip with their congregations, among whom were John Cotton, Roger Williams, Thomas Hooker, and others. Religious divisions and the need for additional land prompted a number of new settlements that resulted in Connecticut Colony ( by Hooker ) and the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations ( by Williams and others ). Minister John Wheelwright was banished in the wake of the Antinomian Controversy ( like Anne Hutchinson ), and he moved north to found Exeter, New Hampshire. The advent of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms in 1639 brought a halt to major migration, and a significant number of men returned to England to fight in the war. Massachusetts authorities were sympathetic to the Parliamentary cause and had generally positive relationships with the governments of the English Commonwealth and the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell. The colony 's economy began to diversify in the 1640s, as the fur trading, lumber, and fishing industries found markets in Europe and the West Indies, and the colony 's shipbuilding industry developed. The growth of a generation of people who were born in the colony and the rise of a merchant class began to slowly change the political and cultural landscape of the colony, even though its governance continued to be dominated by relatively conservative Puritans. Colonial support for the Commonwealth created tension after the throne was restored to Charles II in 1660. Charles sought to extend royal influence over the colonies, which Massachusetts resisted along with the other colonies. For example, the Massachusetts Bay colony repeatedly refused requests by Charles and his agents to allow the Church of England to become established, and the New England colonies in general resisted the Navigation Acts, laws that restricted colonial trade to England alone. All of the New England colonies were ravaged by King Philip 's War ( 1675 -- 76 ), when the Indians of southern New England rose up against the colonists and were decisively defeated, although at great cost in life to all concerned. The Massachusetts frontier was particularly hard hit, with several communities being abandoned in the Connecticut and Swift River valleys. By the end of the war, most of the Indian population of southern New England made peace treaties with the colonists. Revocation of charter ( edit ) Following the English Restoration in 1660, matters of colonial administration drew the king 's attention. Massachusetts in particular was reluctant to agree that the king had any sort of authority to control its governance. This led to crises in the 1660s and late 1670s in which steps were first planned, and then executed in England to vacate the colonial charter. The Lords of Trade had decided for a variety of reasons to consolidate the New England colonies ; they issued quo warranto writs in 1681 for the charters of several North American colonies, including Massachusetts. The Massachusetts writ was never served for technical reasons, and the charter was not formally vacated until the chancery court issued a scire facias writ formally annulling the charter on June 18, 1684. The proceedings were arranged so that the time had expired for the colonial authorities to defend the charter, before they even learned of the event. Unifications and Restoration ( edit ) From 1686, the colony 's territory was administratively unified by James II of England with the other New England colonies in the Dominion of New England. The dominion was governed by Sir Edmund Andros without any local representation beyond hand - picked councillors, and was extremely unpopular in New England. Massachusetts authorities conspired to have Andros arrested in April 1689 after the 1688 Glorious Revolution in England, and they reestablished government under the forms of the vacated charter. However, dissenters from the Puritan rule argued that the government lacked a proper constitutional foundation, and some of its actions were resisted on that basis. The years from 1689 to 1692 were also difficult ones, since the colony was at the forefront of King William 's War, and its frontier communities were ravaged by attacks organized in New France and conducted by French and Indian raiding parties. King William III issued a charter in 1691, despite efforts by Massachusetts agents to revive the old colonial charter. It was chiefly negotiated by Increase Mather in his role as the colony 's ambassador - extraordinary, unifying Massachusetts Bay with Plymouth Colony, Martha 's Vineyard, Nantucket, and territories that roughly encompass present - day Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia to form the Province of Massachusetts Bay. This new charter additionally extended voting rights to non-Puritans, an outcome that Mather had tried to avoid. Life ( edit ) Part of a series on Puritans Background ( show ) Christianity Protestantism Reformation English Reformation Calvinism Anglicanism Arminianism Arminianism in the Church of England English Dissenters Independents Nonconformism English Presbyterianism Ecclesiastical separatism 17th - century denominations in England Crucial themes ( show ) Definitions of Puritanism Impropriation Puritan Sabbatarianism Millennialism Puritan choir Puritan work ethic Merton thesis History ( show ) under Queen Elizabeth I under King James I under King Charles I Cromwellian era and after in North America England ( show ) Scrooby Congregation Trial of Archbishop Laud Marian exiles Vestments controversy Martin Marprelate Millenary Petition Grand Remonstrance English Civil War English Restoration Act of Uniformity 1662 Great Ejection Westminster Confession of Faith Elizabethan Religious Settlement America ( show ) Providence Island Company Massachusetts Bay Colony Salem witch trials immigration to New England culture in New England Christmas prohibition American exceptionalism Elsewhere ( show ) Troubles at Frankfurt Notable individuals ( show ) Peter Bulkley John Bunyan William Bradford Anne Bradstreet John Cotton Oliver Cromwell John Endecott Jonathan Edwards Anne Hutchinson Cotton Mather Increase Mather James Noyes Thomas Parker Roger Williams John Winthrop Robert Woodford Works ( show ) The Godly Man 's Picture The Pilgrim 's Progress Paradise Lost Foxe 's Book of Martyrs Continuing movements ( show ) Congregational churches ( U.S. ) other Reformed churches Reformed Baptists Nondenominational Protestants Unitarian Universalism Life could be quite difficult in the early years of the colony. Many colonists lived in fairly crude structures, including dugouts, wigwams, and dirt - floor huts made using wattle and daub construction. Construction improved in later years, and houses began to be sheathed in clapboard, with thatch or plank roofs and wooden chimneys. Wealthier individuals would extend their house by adding a leanto on the back, which allowed a larger kitchen ( possibly with a brick or stone chimney including an oven ), additional rooms, and a sleeping loft. These houses were the precursors to what is now called the saltbox style of architecture. Interiors became more elaborate in later years, with plaster walls, wainscoting, and potentially expensive turned woodwork in the most expensive homes. Colonists arriving after the first wave found that the early towns did not have room for them. Seeking land of their own, groups of families would petition the government for land on which to establish a new town ; the government would typically allow the group 's leaders to select the land. These grants were typically about 40 square miles ( 10,000 ha ), and were located sufficiently near other towns to facilitate defense and social support. The group leaders would also be responsible for acquiring native title to the lands that they selected. By this means, the colony expanded into the interior, spawning settlements in adjacent territories as well. The land within a town would be divided by communal agreement, usually allocating by methods that originated in England. Outside a town center, land would be allocated for farming, some of which might be held communally. Farmers with large plots of land might build a house near their properties on the outskirts of the town. A town center that was well laid out would be fairly compact, with a tavern, school, possibly some small shops, and a meeting house that was used for civic and religious functions. The meeting house would be the center of the town 's political and religious life. Church services might be held for several hours on Wednesday and all day Sunday. Puritans did not observe annual holidays, especially Christmas, which they said had pagan roots. Annual town meetings would be held at the meeting house, generally in May, to elect the town 's representatives to the general court and to transact other community business. Towns often had a village green, used for outdoor celebrations and activities such as military exercises of the town 's trainband or militia. Marriage and family life ( edit ) Many of the early colonists who migrated from England came with some or all of their family. It was expected that individuals would marry fairly young and begin producing offspring. Infant mortality rates were comparatively low, as were instances of childhood death. Men who lost their wives often remarried fairly quickly, especially if they had children needing care. Older widows would also sometimes marry for financial security. It was also normal for older widowed parents to live with one of their children. Due to the Puritan perception of marriage as a civil union, divorce did sometimes occur and could be pursued by both genders. Sexual activity was expected to be confined to marriage. Sex outside of marriage was considered fornication if neither partner was married, and adultery if one or both were married to someone else. Fornication was generally punished by fines and pressure to marry ; a woman who gave birth to an illegitimate child could also be fined. Adultery and rape were more serious crimes, and both were punishable by death. Rape, however, required more than one witness, and was therefore rarely prosecuted. Sexual activity between men was called sodomy, and was also punishable by death. Within the marriage, the husband was typically responsible for supplying the family 's financial needs, although it was not uncommon for women to work in the fields and to perform some sort of home labor ( for example, spinning thread or weaving cloth ) to supplement the family income. Women were almost exclusively responsible for seeing to the welfare of the children. Children were baptized at the local meeting house within a week of being born. The mother was usually not present because she was still recovering from the birth, and the child 's name was usually chosen by the father. Names were propagated within the family, and names would be reused when infants died. If an adult died without issue, his ( or her ) name could be carried on when the siblings of the deceased named children in his memory. Most children received some form of schooling, something which the colony 's founders believed to be important for forming a proper relationship with God. Towns were obligated to provide education for their children, which was usually satisfied by hiring a teacher of some sort. The quality of these instructors varied, from minimally educated local people to Harvard - educated ministers. Government ( edit ) The structure of the colonial government changed over the lifetime of the charter. The colonial charter was designed for the management of a corporation, and the needs of the colonial government did not always fit well into this model. The result was that the government began with a corporate organization that included a governor and deputy governor, a general court of its shareholders ( known as `` freemen '' ), and a council of assistants similar to a board of directors. It ended with a governor and deputy governor, a bicameral legislature that included a representative lower house, and a body of freemen, a subset of the colony 's adult inhabitants who were authorized to vote in elections. The council of assistants sat as the upper house of the legislature and served as the judicial court of last appeal. Massachusetts Bay Colony, 300th Anniversary Issue of 1930 The charter granted the general court the authority to elect officers and to make laws for the colony. Its first meeting in America was held in October 1630, but it was attended by only eight freemen. They formed the first council of assistants, and voted ( contrary to the terms of the charter ) that the governor and deputy should be elected by them, from their number. This was modified in the next session of the general court, in which the governor and deputy were to be elected by the general court. An additional 116 settlers were admitted to the general court as freemen in 1631, but most of the governing power, as well as the judicial power, remained with the council of assistants. They also enacted a law specifying that only those men who `` are members of some of the churches '' in the colony were eligible to become freemen and gain the vote. This restriction on the franchise was not liberalized until after the English Restoration. The process by which individuals became members of one of the colony 's churches involved a detailed questioning by the church elders of their beliefs and religious experiences ; as a result, only individuals whose religious views accorded with those of the church leadership were likely to become members and gain the ability to vote in the colony. After a protest over the imposition of taxes by a meeting of the council of assistants, the general court ordered each town to send two representatives, known as deputies, to meet with the court to discuss matters of taxation. Questions of governance and representation arose again in 1634, when several deputies demanded to see the charter, which the assistants had kept hidden from public view. The deputies learned of the provisions that the general court should make all laws, and that all freemen should be members of the general court. They then demanded that the charter be enforced to the letter, which Governor Winthrop pointed out was impractical given the growing number of freemen. The parties reached a compromise, and agreed that the general court would be made up of two deputies elected by each town. The 1634 election resulted in the election of Dudley as governor, and the general court proceeded to reserve for itself a large number of powers, including those of taxation, distribution of land, and the admission of freemen. The transformation was complete : a trading company had become a ( somewhat ) representative democracy. A legal case in 1642 brought about the separation of the council of assistants into an upper house of the general court. The case involved a widow 's lost pig and had been overturned by the general court ; but the assistants had sat in judicial decision on the case and voted as a body to veto the general court 's act. The consequence of the ensuing debate was that the general court voted in 1644 that the council of assistants would sit and deliberate separately from the general court ( they had sat together until then ), the concurrence of both bodies being required for the passage of legislation. Judicial appeals were to be decided by a joint session, since otherwise the assistants would be in the position to veto attempts to overturn their own decisions. A group of emigrants had bought all the Massachusetts Bay Company 's stock and brought the Charter to America in 1630 ; neither the English king nor Parliament nor an English company exerted any influence in Massachusetts Bay Colony. So it was in effect a self - ruling republic for some decades, also practicing separation of powers. Laws and judiciary ( edit ) In 1641, the colony formally adopted the Massachusetts Body of Liberties, written or compiled as its first code of laws by Nathaniel Ward. This document consisted of 100 civil and criminal laws based upon the social sanctions recorded in the Bible. These laws formed the nucleus of colonial legislation until independence, and contained some provisions that were later incorporated into the United States Constitution, such as the ideas of equal protection and double jeopardy. On the other hand, Massachusetts Bay was the first colony to legalize slavery with provision 91 of the Massachusetts Body of Liberties, which developed protections for people who were unable to perform public service. Another law was developed to protect married women, children, and people with mental disabilities from making financial decisions. Colonial law differentiated among types of mental disabilities, classifying them as `` distracted persons, '' `` idiots, '' and `` lunaticks ''. In 1693, `` poor laws '' enabled communities to use the estates of people with disabilities to defer the cost of community support of those individuals. Many of these laws remained until the American Revolution. Many behaviors were frowned upon culturally which modern sensibilities might consider relatively trivial actions, and some led to criminal prosecution. These included sleeping during church services, playing cards, and engaging in any number of activities on the Sabbath. Conversely, there were laws which reflected attitudes that are still endorsed by popular sensibilities in 21st century America, against things such as smoking tobacco, abusing one 's mother - in - law, profane dancing, and pulling hair. Children, newcomers, and people with disabilities were exempt from punishment for such infractions. The colony 's council of assistants sat as the final court of appeal and as the principal court for criminal issues of `` life, limb, or banishment '' and civil issues where the damages exceeded £ 100. Lesser offenses were heard in county courts or by commissioners appointed for hearing minor disputes. The lower courts were also responsible for issuing licenses and for matters such as probate. Juries were authorized to decide questions of both fact and law, although the court was able to decide in the event that a jury failed to reach a decision. Sentences for offenses included fines and corporal punishments such as whipping and sitting in the stocks, with the punishments of banishment from the colony and death by hanging being reserved for the most serious offenses. Evidence was sometimes based on hearsay and superstition. For example, the `` ordeal of touch '' was used in 1646, in which someone accused of murder is forced to touch the dead body ; if blood appears, the accused is deemed guilty. This was used to convict and execute a woman accused of murdering her newborn child. Bodies of individuals hanged for piracy were sometimes gibbeted ( publicly displayed ) on harbor islands visible to seagoing vessels. Notable criminal prosecutions ( edit ) Quaker Mary Dyer led to execution on Boston Common, June 1, 1660 ; by an unknown 19th century artist One of the first people to be executed in the colony was Dorothy Talbye, who was apparently delusional. She was hanged in 1638 for murdering her daughter, as the common law of Massachusetts made no distinction at the time between insanity ( or mental illness ) and criminal behavior. Midwife Margaret Jones was convicted of being a witch and hanged in 1648 after the condition of patients allegedly worsened in her care. The colonial leadership was the most active in New England in the persecution of Quakers. In 1660, one of the most notable instances was English Quaker Mary Dyer who was hanged in Boston for repeatedly defying a law banning Quakers from the colony. Dyer was one of the four executed Quakers known as the Boston martyrs. Executions ceased in 1661 when King Charles II explicitly forbade Massachusetts from executing anyone for professing Quakerism. New England Confederation ( edit ) In 1643, Massachusetts Bay joined Plymouth Colony, Connecticut Colony, and New Haven Colony in the New England Confederation, a loose coalition organized primarily to coordinate military and administrative matters among the Puritan colonies. It was most active in the 1670s during King Philip 's War. ( New Hampshire had not yet been organized as a separate province, and both it and Rhode Island were excluded because they were not Puritan. ) Economy and trade ( edit ) In the early years, the colony was highly dependent on the import of staples from England and was supported by the investments of a number of wealthy immigrants. Certain businesses were quick to thrive, notably shipbuilding, fisheries, and the fur and lumber trades. As early as 1632, ships built in the colony began trading with other colonies, England, and foreign ports in Europe. By 1660, the colony 's merchant fleet was estimated at 200 ships and, by the end of the century, its shipyards were estimated to turn out several hundred ships annually. In the early years, the fleet principally carried fish to destinations from the West Indies to Europe. It was common for a merchant to ship dried fish to Portugal or Spain, pick up wine and oil for transport to England, and then carry finished goods from England or elsewhere back to the colony. This and other patterns of trade became illegal following the introduction of the Navigation Acts in 1651, turning colonial merchants who continued these trading patterns into de facto smugglers. Many colonial authorities were merchants or were politically dependent on them, and they opposed being required by the crown to collect duties imposed by those acts. The fur trade only played a modest role in the colony 's economy because its rivers did not connect its centers well with the Indians who engaged in fur trapping. Timber began to take on an increasingly important role in the economy, especially for naval purposes, after conflicts between England and the Dutch depleted England 's supplies of ship masts. The colony 's economy depended on the success of its trade, in part because its land was not as suitable for agriculture as that of other colonies such as Virginia, where large plantations could be established. The fishery was important enough that those involved in it were exempted from taxation and military service. Larger communities supported craftsmen skilled in providing many of the necessities of 17th century life. Some income - producing activities took place in the home, such as carding, spinning, and weaving of wool and other fibers. Goods were transported to local markets over roads that were sometimes little more than widened Indian trails. Towns were required to maintain their roads, on penalty of fines, and the colony required special town commissions to lay out roads in a more sensible manner in 1639. Bridges were fairly uncommon, since they were expensive to maintain, and fines were imposed on their owners for the loss of life or goods if they failed. Consequently, most river crossings were made by ferry. Notable exceptions were a bridge across the Mystic River constructed in 1638, and another over the Saugus River, whose upkeep costs were subsidized by the colony. The colonial government attempted to regulate the economy in a number of ways. On several occasions, it passed laws regulating wages and prices of economically important goods and services, but most of these initiatives did not last very long. The trades of shoe - making and coopering ( barrel - making ) were authorized to form guilds, making it possible to set price, quality, and expertise levels for their work. The colony set standards governing the use of weights and measures. For example, mill operators were required to weigh grain before and after milling, to ensure that the customer received back what he delivered ( minus the miller 's percentage ). The Puritan dislike of ostentation led the colony to also regulate expenditures on what it perceived as luxury items. Items of personal adornment were frowned upon, such as lace and costly silk outerwear in particular. Attempts to ban these items failed, and the colony resorted to laws restricting their display to those who could demonstrate £ 200 in assets. Demographics ( edit ) Most of the people who arrived during the first 12 years emigrated from two regions of England. Many of the colonists came from the county of Lincolnshire and East Anglia, northeast of London, and a large group also came from Devon, Somerset, and Dorset in the southwest of England. These areas provided the bulk of the migration, although colonists also came from other regions of England. The pattern of migration often centered around specific Nonconformist clergy who sought to leave England under threat from Archbishop Laud, who encouraged their flock to accompany them. One characteristic unique to the New England colonies ( as distinguished from some of the other English colonies ) was that most of the immigrants were emigrating for religious and political reasons, rather than economic ones. The preponderance of the immigrants were well - to - do gentry and skilled craftsmen. They brought with them apprentices and servants, the latter of whom were sometimes in indentured servitude. Few titled nobility emigrated, even though some supported the emigration politically and financially and also acquired land holdings in Massachusetts and other colonies. Merchants also represented a significant proportion of the migrants, often the children of the gentry, and they played an important role in establishing the economy of the colony. With the start of the English Civil War in 1642, emigration came to a comparative standstill, and some colonists even returned to England to fight for the Parliamentary cause. In the following years, most of the immigrants came for economic reasons ; they were merchants, seamen, and skilled craftsmen. Following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, the colony also saw in an influx of French Protestant Huguenots. During the period of the charter colony, small numbers of Scots immigrated, but these were assimilated into the colony. The population of Massachusetts remained largely English in character until the 1840s. Slavery existed but was not widespread within the colony. Some Indians captured in the Pequot War were enslaved, with those posing the greatest threat being transported to the West Indies and exchanged for goods and slaves. Governor John Winthrop owned a few Indian slaves, and Governor Simon Bradstreet owned two black slaves. The Body of Liberties enacted in 1641 included rules governing the treatment and handling of slaves. Bradstreet reported in 1680 that the colony had 100 to 120 slaves, but historian Hugh Thomas documents evidence suggesting that there may have been a somewhat larger number. Geography ( edit ) See also : Geography of Massachusetts The Massachusetts colony was dominated by its rivers and coastline. Major rivers included the Charles and Merrimack, as well as a portion of the Connecticut River, which has been used to transport furs and timbers to Long Island Sound. Cape Ann juts into the Gulf of Maine, providing harbors for fishermen plying the fishing banks to the east, and Boston 's harbor provided secure anchorage for seagoing commercial vessels. Development in Maine was restricted to coastal areas, and large inland areas remained under native control until after King Philip 's War, particularly the uplands in what is now Worcester County. Boundaries ( edit ) See also : Northern boundary of Massachusetts The colonial charter specified that the boundaries were to be from three miles ( 4.8 km ) north of the Merrimack River to three miles south of the southernmost point of the Charles River and thence westward to the `` South Sea '' ( i.e., the Pacific Ocean ). At the time, the course of neither of the rivers was known for any significant length, which eventually led to boundary disputes with the colony 's neighbors. The colony 's claims were large, but the practicalities of the time meant that they never actually controlled any land further west than the Connecticut River valley. The colony also claimed additional lands by conquest and purchase, further extending the territory that it administered. The southeastern boundary with the Plymouth Colony was first surveyed in 1639 and accepted by both colonies in 1640. It is known in Massachusetts as the `` Old Colony Line '', and is still visible as the boundary between Norfolk County to the north and Bristol and Plymouth Counties to the south. The northern boundary was originally thought to be roughly parallel to the latitude of the mouth of the Merrimack River, since the river was assumed to flow primarily west. This was found not to be the case and, in 1652, Governor Endicott sent a survey party to locate the northernmost point on the Merrimack. At the point where the Pemigewasset River, the Merrimack 's principal tributary, meets the Winnipesaukee River local Indians guided the party to the outlet of Lake Winnipesaukee, incorrectly claiming that as the Merrimack 's source. The survey party carved lettering into a rock there ( now called Endicott Rock ), and its latitude was taken to be the colony 's northern boundary. When extended eastward, this line was found to meet the Atlantic near Casco Bay in present - day Maine. Following this discovery, the colonial magistrates began proceedings to bring existing settlements under their authority in southern New Hampshire and Maine. This extension of the colonial claim conflicted with several proprietary grants owned by the heirs of John Mason and Sir Ferdinando Gorges. The Mason heirs pursued their claims in England, and the result was the formation of the Province of New Hampshire in 1679. The current boundary between Massachusetts and New Hampshire was not fixed until 1741. In 1678, the colony purchased the claims of the Gorges heirs, gaining control over the territory between the Piscataqua and Kennebec Rivers. The colony and later the province and state retained control of Maine until it was granted statehood in 1820. The colony performed a survey in 1642 to determine its southern boundary west to the Connecticut River. This line, south of the present boundary, was protested by Connecticut, but stood until the 1690s, when Connecticut performed its own survey. Most of today 's Massachusetts boundaries with its neighbors were fixed in the 18th century. The most significant exception was the eastern boundary with Rhode Island, which required extensive litigation, including Supreme Court rulings, before it was finally resolved in 1862. Lands which had previously belonged to the Pequots to the southwest were divided after the Pequot War in present - day Rhode Island and eastern Connecticut. Claims were disputed in this area for many years, particularly between Connecticut and Rhode Island. Massachusetts administered Block Island and the area around present - day Stonington, Connecticut as part of these spoils of war, and was one of several claimants to land in what was known as Narragansett Country ( roughly Washington County, Rhode Island ). Massachusetts lost all of these territories in the 1660s, when Connecticut and Rhode Island received their royal charters. Timeline of settlement ( edit ) See also : List of municipalities in Massachusetts This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it. Weymouth ( Wessagusset ) -- 1622 as part of Plymouth Colony ; part of Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 Gloucester -- 1623 ( Dorchester Company ) Chelsea -- 1624 Quincy -- 1625 Naumkeag ( later Salem ) -- 1626 ( Dorchester Company ) Beverly -- 1626 ( originally a part of Salem, incorporated separately in 1668 ) Charlestown -- 1628 ( first capital, now part of Boston ) Lynn -- 1629 Saugus -- 1629 Manchester - by - the - Sea ( Jeffery 's Creek ) -- 1629 Marblehead -- 1629 ( Settled as a plantation of Salem, incorporated separately in 1639 ) Boston -- 1630 ( from Shawmut and Trimountaine ) Medford -- 1630 Mystic ( now part of Malden ) -- 1630 Everett -- 1630 ( settlement ) Watertown -- 1630 ( on land now part of Cambridge ) Newtowne ( now Cambridge ) -- 1630 ( near Harvard Square ) Roxbury -- 1630 ( now part of Boston ) Dorchester -- 1630 ( now part of Boston ) Newton -- 1630 Chelmsford -- 1633 Ipswich -- 1633 Milton -- 1634 Attleboro -- 1634 Braintree -- 1634 Agawam -- 1635 ( Settled as Agawam Plantation and originally administered by the Connecticut Colony ; defected to Massachusetts with Springfield in 1640 ) Concord -- 1635 Hingham -- 1635 Newbury -- 1635 Dedham -- 1635 ( Settled as Contentment, renamed Dedham and incorporated in 1636 ) Winthrop -- 1635 Menotomy ( now Arlington, then part of Newtowne ) -- 1635 Scituate -- 1636 ( Founded by the Men of Kent ) Andover -- 1636 ( Split into Andover and North Andover in 1856 ) Springfield -- 1636 ( Settled as Agawam Plantation and originally administered by the Connecticut Colony ; defected to Massachusetts and renamed Springfield in 1640 ) Brookline -- 1638 ( Settled as Muddy River, considered part of Boston until it was renamed Brookline and incorporated in 1705 ) Rowley -- 1638 Salisbury -- 1638 Reading -- 1639 ( Lynn Village, renamed and incorporated as Reading in 1644 ) Sandwich -- 1639 ( First settled in 1637 ) Sudbury -- 1639 Winchester -- 1640 ( Founded as part of Charlestown, incorporated as Waterfield in 1640, incorporated 1850 ) Chicopee -- 1640 ( Settled as Nayasett ) Haverhill -- 1640 Braintree -- 1640 Malden -- 1640 ( Founded as part of Charlestown, incorporated separately in 1649 ) Woburn -- 1640 Methuen -- 1642 ( founded as part of Haverhill, incorporated separately in 1725 ) Longmeadow -- 1644 Andover -- 1646 ( original settlement is now in North Andover ) Framingham -- 1647 Natick -- 1651 Eastham -- 1651 Medfield -- 1651 Billerica -- 1653 ( Founded as Shawshin ) Lancaster -- 1653 Lowell -- 1653 ( Founded as East Chelmsford, was formally incorporated in 1826 ) Northampton - 1654 ( Incorporated in 1653 ) Groton -- 1655 Dunstable -- 1656 Hadley -- 1659 Middleton -- 1659 Holliston -- 1659 Marlborough -- 1660 Westfield -- 1660 West Springfield -- 1660 Milford -- 1662 Mendon -- 1667 Middleborough -- 1669 Worcester -- 1673 See also ( edit ) History of Massachusetts List of colonial governors of Massachusetts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Google phrase : distance Salem, MA to Boston, MA Results : 38 min ( 22.2 mi ) via US - 1 S / 37 min ( 15.2 mi ) via MA - 107 and MA - 1A S / 38 min ( 26.2 mi ) via I - 95 S and I - 93 S Jump up ^ Hart, pp. 1 : 129 -- 131 ^ Jump up to : Hart, p. 1 : 129 Jump up ^ Vaughan, p. 28 Jump up ^ Hart, pp. 1 : 127 -- 128 Jump up ^ The 1606 charter did not assign names to the regional companies or councils, but the April 4, 1629 charter granted by King Charles I erroneously asserted that the 1606 charter had given the name `` Council established at Plymouth in the county of Devon '' to the council governing the `` second Colony. '' Jump up ^ Hart, p. 1 : 5 Jump up ^ Hart, pp. 1 : 16 -- 17 Jump up ^ Thayer, pp. 13 -- 216 Jump up ^ Vaughan, p. 14 Jump up ^ Vaughan, p. 15 Jump up ^ Hart, pp. 1 : 67 -- 70 Jump up ^ Stratton, p. 27 Jump up ^ Heath, pp. xiii -- xv Jump up ^ Labaree, p. 26 Jump up ^ Adams and Nash, pp. 29 -- 34 Jump up ^ Young, Alexander ( 1846 ). Chronicles of the First Planters of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, 1623 -- 1636. Boston : C.C. Little and J. Brown. p. 26. Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 28. Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 23. Jump up ^ Moore, p. 238 Jump up ^ Labaree, pp. 17 -- 19 Jump up ^ Dates in this article are in the Julian calendar, which was then in use in England. The new year in that calendar fell on March 25, so dates between January 1 and March 25 are written with both years to avoid confusion. ^ Jump up to : Morison ( 1981 ), p. 32 Jump up ^ Morison ( 1981 ), p. 31 Jump up ^ Moore, pp. 347 -- 348 Jump up ^ Hubbard ( 1848 ), p. 112 Jump up ^ Labaree, p. 39 Jump up ^ Winthrop et al, p. 35 Jump up ^ MacDonald, p. 22 Jump up ^ Francis, Richard. Judge Sewall 's Apology. p. 41 Jump up ^ Labaree, p. 30 Jump up ^ Bremer ( 2003 ), p. 175 Jump up ^ Labaree, p. 85 Jump up ^ Adams, pp. 181 -- 182 Jump up ^ Hart, p. 1 : 564 Jump up ^ Adams, p. 212 Jump up ^ Hart, p. 1 : 565 Jump up ^ Starkey, pp. 129 -- 131 Jump up ^ Starkey, p. 131 Jump up ^ Labaree, p. 56 Jump up ^ Labaree, pp. 56 -- 58 ^ Jump up to : Labaree, p. 59 Jump up ^ Labaree, pp. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ Labaree, pp. 84 -- 90 Jump up ^ Labaree, p. 51 Jump up ^ Main, p. 29 Jump up ^ Hawke, David ( 2003 ). Everyday Life in Early America. New York : Harper. p. 66. ISBN 0060912510. Jump up ^ Foster, Thomas ( October 1999 ). `` Deficient Husbands : Manhood, Sexual Incapacity, and Male Marital Sexuality in Seventeenth - Century New England ''. The William and Mary Quarterly. 56 : 723 -- 744. doi : 10.2307 / 2674233. Jump up ^ Main, pp. 64 -- 65 ^ Jump up to : Hart, p. 1 : 103 ^ Jump up to : Hart, p. 1 : 105 ^ Jump up to : Hart, p. 1 : 106 Jump up ^ Hart, pp. 1 : 104 -- 105 Jump up ^ Main, p. 47 ^ Jump up to : Hart, p. 1 : 107 Jump up ^ Hart, p. 1 : 108 Jump up ^ Hart, p. 1 : 113 Jump up ^ Hart, p. 1 : 112 Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead ( 1960 ), History of Religion in the United States, Prentice - Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., p. 71 Jump up ^ Bremer ( 2003 ), p. 305 ^ Jump up to : `` Massachusetts Body of Liberties ''. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 21. Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22. ^ Jump up to : Dow, p. 200 ^ Jump up to : Nielsen, K.E. ( 2012 ). A Disability History of the United States. Beacon Press. ISBN 9780807022047. Jump up ^ Wickham, Parnel ( 2001 ). `` Images of Idiocy in Puritan New England ''. Mental Retardation. 39 ( 2 ) : 147. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wickham, Parnel ( April 2001 ). `` Idiocy and the Law in Colonial New England ''. Mental Retardation. 39 ( 2 ) : 104. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ All of these crimes were drawn from the records of Essex County during the colonial period. Dow, pp. 224 -- 225 Jump up ^ Dow, p. 201 Jump up ^ Dow, pp. 200 -- 204 Jump up ^ Dow, p. 202 Jump up ^ Dow, p. 224 Jump up ^ Addison, p. 131 Jump up ^ Guiley, p. 186 Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Bremer ( 2006 ), p. 1 : xli Jump up ^ Labaree, pp. 87 -- 88 Jump up ^ Labaree, pp. 100 -- 105 Jump up ^ West, p. 104 Jump up ^ Hart, p. 1 : 448 Jump up ^ Labaree, p. 90 Jump up ^ Labaree, p. 93 Jump up ^ Labaree, pp. 94 -- 95 Jump up ^ Labaree, p. 92 Jump up ^ Hart, p. 1 : 424 Jump up ^ Hart, p. 1 : 425 Jump up ^ Hart, p. 1 : 431 Jump up ^ Hart, p. 1 : 432 Jump up ^ Hart, pp. 1 : 426 -- 427 Jump up ^ Hart, p. 1 : 427 Jump up ^ Hart, p. 1 : 429 Jump up ^ Hart, pp. 1 : 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ Hart, p. 1 : 55 Jump up ^ Hart, p. 1 : 52 ^ Jump up to : Hart, p. 1 : 54 Jump up ^ Hart, p. 1 : 53 Jump up ^ Hart, pp. 1 : 61 -- 62 Jump up ^ Hart, p. 1 : 63 Jump up ^ Bremer ( 2003 ), p. 273 Jump up ^ Bremer ( 2003 ), p. 314 Jump up ^ Anderson, p. 1 : 211 Jump up ^ Thomas, p. 453 Jump up ^ Thomas, p. 207 Jump up ^ Hubbard ( 2009 ), pp. 14 -- 17 Jump up ^ Winthrop et al, p. 339 Jump up ^ Morison ( 1956 ), p. 156 Jump up ^ Mayo, pp. 221 -- 226 Jump up ^ Hubbard ( 2009 ), pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Fry, pp. 54 -- 65 Jump up ^ Fry, pp. 19 -- 22, 65 Jump up ^ Labaree, p. 87 Jump up ^ Bowen, p. 15 Jump up ^ Bowen, p. 54 Jump up ^ Field, p. 171 Jump up ^ Field, p. 374 Jump up ^ Wheeler, pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Field, pp. 98 -- 101 Jump up ^ Wheeler, p. 11 Jump up ^ Field, p. 107 Jump up ^ Wheeler, p. 15 Jump up ^ Field, pp. 100,107 Jump up ^ 1630 : Information and Much More from Answers.com Archived 2007 - 03 - 26 at the Wayback Machine. Bibliography ( edit ) Adams, Charles Francis ; Nash, Gilbert ( 1905 ). Wessagusset and Weymouth. Weymouth, MA : Weymouth Historical Society. OCLC 1066255. Adams, Brooks. The Emancipation of Massachusetts. Adams, Charles ; Nash, Gilbert ( 1905 ). Wessagusset and Weymouth. Weymouth, MA : Weymouth Historical Society. OCLC 1066255. Addison, Albert Christopher ( 1912 ). The Romantic Story of the Puritan Fathers : And Their Founding of New Boston. L.C. Page & Co. Anderson, Robert Charles ( 1995 ). The Great Migration Begins : Immigrants to New England, 1620 -- 1633. Boston, MA : New England Historic Genealogical Society. ISBN 978 - 0 - 88082 - 120 - 9. OCLC 42469253. Bowen, Clarence Winthrop ( 1882 ). The Boundary Disputes of Connecticut. Boston : James R. Osgood. OCLC 1994357. Bremer, Francis ( 2003 ). John Winthrop : America 's Forgotten Founder. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514913 - 5. OCLC 237802295. Bremer, Francis ; Webster, Tom ( 2006 ). Puritans and Puritanism in Europe and America : a Comprehensive Encyclopedia. ABC - CLIO. ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 678 - 1. Dow, George Francis ( 1967 ) ( 1935 ). Everyday Life in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. New York : Benjamin Blom. Field, Edward ( ed ) ( 1902 ). State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations at the End of the Century : a History. Boston, MA : Mason Publishing. OCLC 14245880. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Fry, William Henry ( 1908 ). New Hampshire as a Royal Province. New York : Columbia University. OCLC 1981065. Guiley, Rosemary ( 2008 ) ( 1999 ). The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft, and Wicca. New York : Facts on File. ISBN 9781438126845. OCLC 435912011. Hart, Albert Bushnell ( ed ) ( 1927 ). Commonwealth History of Massachusetts. New York : The States History Company. OCLC 1543273. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ( five volume history of Massachusetts until the early 20th century ) Hayes, Kevin ( 2008 ). The Oxford Handbook of Early American Literature. Oxford : Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195187274. OCLC 132584511. Heath, Dwight ( ed ) ( 1986 ) ( 1963 ). Mourt 's Relation : A Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth. Cambridge, MA : Applewood Books. ISBN 9780918222848. OCLC 20838253. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Hubbard, Bill ( 2009 ). American Boundaries : the Nation, the States, the Rectangular Survey. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 35591 - 7. OCLC 163625212. Hubbard, William ( 1848 ). A General History of New England. Boston : C.C. Little and J. Brown. Labaree, Benjamin ( 1979 ). Colonial Massachusetts : a History. Millwood, NY : KTO Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 527 - 18714 - 9. OCLC 248194957. MacDonald, William ( 1908 ). Documentary Source Book of American History : 1606 -- 1898. New York : The Macmillan Company. Main, Gloria ( 2001 ). Peoples of a Spacious Land. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674006283. Mayo, Lawrence Shaw ( 1936 ). John Endecott. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press. OCLC 1601746. Moore, Jacob Bailey ( 1851 ). Lives of the Governors of New Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. Boston : C.D. Strong. OCLC 11362972. Morison, Samuel Eliot ( 1956 ). The story of the `` Old Colony '' of New Plymouth, 1620 -- 1692. New York : Knopf. OCLC 174859473. Morison, Samuel Eliot ( 1981 ) ( 1930 ). Builders of the Bay Colony. Boston : Northeastern University Press. ISBN 0 - 930350 - 22 - 7. Nagl, Dominik ( 2013 ). No Part of the Mother Country, but Distinct Dominions - Law, State Formation and Governance in England, Massachusetts and South Carolina, 1630 - 1769. Berlin : LIT. ISBN 978 - 3 - 643 - 11817 - 2. Rogers, Horatio ( 2009 ). Mary Dyer of Rhode Island : The Quaker Martyr That Was Hanged on Boston. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 978 - 1 - 103 - 80124 - 4. Starkey, Marion L. ( 1961 ) ( 1949 ). The Devil in Massachusetts : A Modern Inquiry into the Salem Witch Trials. Garden City, NY : Dolphin. Stratton, Eugene ( 1986 ). Plymouth Colony : Its History & People, 1620 -- 1691. Salt Lake City, UT : Ancestry Publications. ISBN 9780916489137. OCLC 15349442. Thayer, Henry Otis ( 1892 ). The Sagadahoc Colony. Portland : Printed for the Gorges Society. Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 23. Thomas, Hugh ( 1997 ). The Slave Trade : the Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440 -- 1870. New York : Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 81063 - 8. OCLC 36884041. Vaughan, Alden T ( 1995 ). New England Frontier : Puritans and Indians, 1620 -- 1675. Norman, OK : Oklahoma University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2718 - 7. OCLC 299797876. West, Willis ( 1922 ). The Story of American Democracy, Political and Industrial. Boston : Allyn and Bacon. OCLC 2564556. Wheeler, Richard ( 2009 ) ( 1900 ). History of the Town of Stonington, Connecticut. Baltimore, MD : Genealogical Publishing Company. OCLC 30055748. Winthrop, John ; Dunn, Richard ; Savage, James ; Yeandle, Laetitia ( 1996 ). The Journal of John Winthrop, 1630 -- 1649. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 48425 - 2. OCLC 185405449. Online primary sources ( edit ) 500 + volumes of colonial records The Charters and General Laws of the Colony and Province of Massachusetts Bay. Boston : Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 1814. OCLC 19448862. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Massachusetts Bay Company. Massachusetts Secretary of State : The History of the Arms and Great Seal of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Quaqua Society : Massachusetts Bay Colony Buffalo, NY and the Massachusetts Bay colony British Empire Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Historical flags of the British Empire Europe 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) 1708 -- 1757, 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey Since 1666 Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1. Occupied jointly with the United States. 2. In 1931, Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster. See Name of Canada. 3. Gave up self - rule in 1934, but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949. South America 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4. Now a department of Colombia. 5. Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982. Africa 17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century Since 1658 Saint Helena 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope 1807 -- 1808 Madeira 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia 1856 -- 1910 Natal 1862 -- 1906 Lagos 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast 1882 -- 1922 Egypt 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland 1887 -- 1897 Zululand 1890 -- 1962 Uganda 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland 1895 -- 1920 East Africa 1899 -- 1956 Sudan 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria 1900 -- 1910 Orange River 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles 1910 -- 1931 South Africa 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons 1920 -- 1963 Kenya 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia 6. League of Nations mandate. 7. Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. Asia 17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore 1757 -- 1947 Bengal 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang 1786 -- 1946 Penang 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon 1796 -- 1965 Maldives 1811 -- 1816 Java 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton 1819 -- 1826 Malaya 1824 -- 1948 Burma 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements 1839 -- 1967 Aden 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak 1848 -- 1946 Labuan 1858 -- 1947 India 1874 -- 1963 Borneo 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1888 -- 1984 Brunei 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1898 -- 1930 Weihai 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan 1923 -- 1948 Palestine 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Singapore 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) League of Nations mandate. Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1947 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea 9. Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand. 10. Suspended member. 11. Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu. 12. Now the * Solomon Islands. 13. Now * Papua New Guinea. Antarctica and South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) 14. Since 2009 part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. 15. Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ). Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Bay_Colony&oldid=825879172 '' Categories : Colonial Massachusetts Colonial United States ( British ) Dominion of New England English colonization of the Americas Former English colonies History of the Thirteen Colonies Colonial settlements in North America Pre-statehood history of Massachusetts States and territories established in 1628 1628 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies 1691 disestablishments in the Thirteen Colonies States and territories disestablished in 1691 1628 establishments in Massachusetts Politically motivated migrations Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox former subdivision with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Incomplete lists from August 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Massachusetts articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Deutsch Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018, at 23 : 31. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Massachusetts Bay Colony", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Bay_Colony&oldid=825879172" }

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{ "text": "Mark McCormack - wikipedia Mark McCormack For other people named Mark McCormack, see Mark McCormack ( disambiguation ). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mark McCormack Mark Hume McCormack ( 1930 - 11 - 06 ) November 6, 1930 Chicago, Illinois, U.S. May 16, 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 16 ) ( aged 72 ) New York City, New York, U.S. Nationality American Occupation President of IMG Mark Hume McCormack ( November 6, 1930 -- May 16, 2003 ) was an American lawyer, sports agent and writer. He was the founder and chairman of International Management Group, now IMG, an international management organization serving sports figures and celebrities. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life, education 2 Business career 3 Originates rankings for golf and tennis 4 Death 5 Honors 6 Bibliography 7 References 8 External links Early life, education ( edit ) McCormack was the only son of Chicago publisher Ned McCormack. He graduated from the College of William & Mary in 1951. He earned his law degree from Yale Law School, and served in the United States Army. He played varsity golf at William and Mary, and qualified for the 1958 U.S. Open, but missed the cut. Business career ( edit ) After his Army discharge, McCormack worked as an attorney at the Cleveland law firm, Arter & Hadden. In the 1950s he helped organize one - day golf exhibitions for professionals around the United States. In 1960, McCormack founded IMG and signed golfer Arnold Palmer as the company 's first client and later signed Jack Nicklaus and Gary Player. McCormack 's clients eventually included Fran Tarkenton, Björn Borg, Chris Evert, Pete Sampras, Michael Schumacher, Derek Jeter, Charles Barkley and model Kate Moss. He also handled special projects for Margaret Thatcher, Mikhail Gorbachev, Pope John Paul II, and Tiger Woods. McCormack wrote several books, including The Terrible Truth About Lawyers and What They Do n't Teach You at Harvard Business School, which spent 21 consecutive weeks at # 1 on The New York Times Best Seller list. His annual publication The World of Professional Golf, first published in 1967, included an ( unofficial ) world ranking system. In his book What They Do n't Teach You at Harvard Business School, McCormack tells a fictionalized story of a Harvard study in which the three percent of graduates who had clear, written goals earned ten times as much as the 97 percent who did n't have clear, written goals. McCormack and numerous motivational speakers, including Tony Robbins and Brian Tracy, have used various versions of this story in their presentations. Originates rankings for Golf and Tennis ( edit ) The system used to calculate Mark McCormack 's world golf rankings was adapted in 1986 to become the Official World Golf Ranking system, with McCormack chairing the rankings committee made up of representatives from all the major golf tours. McCormack pioneered a similar system for tennis rankings. McCormack met his second wife Betsy Nagelsen - McCormack, a two - time Australian Open doubles champion and a Wimbledon doubles finalist, while she was a business client. They married in 1986. The couple founded the McCormack -- Nagelsen Tennis Center at the College of William & Mary, which houses the ITA Women 's Collegiate Tennis Hall of Fame. Death ( edit ) McCormack died at a New York hospital on May 16, 2003, age 72, from complications after suffering a cardiac event four months earlier that left him in a coma. His second wife, Betsy Nagelsen, their daughter, Maggie, and children from his first marriage to Nancy Breckenridge McCormack, Breck, Todd and Leslie, later shared $750 million, when the family 's shares in IMG were sold. Honors ( edit ) In July 2006 McCormack was selected for induction into the World Golf Hall of Fame in the lifetime achievement category, and he was inducted in October 2006. On January 23, 2008, he was also inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame. He was featured as one of the Forbes 400 Richest Americans in 1995, 1998, 2001. In 1990, he was named the `` Most Powerful Man in Sports '' by Sporting News. The University of Massachusetts at Amherst has also named their Sport Management department after McCormack. The British film Wimbledon ( 2004 ) was dedicated to Mark McCormack by director Richard Loncraine. The Mark H. McCormack Medal is awarded to the leading player in the World Amateur Golf Ranking after the U.S. Amateur and the European Amateur. The Mark H. McCormack Award is awarded to the player who has spent the most weeks at first place in the Official World Golf Ranking during a calendar year. The first 13 of these awards after its inception went to Tiger Woods. Bibliography ( edit ) Arnie : The Evolution of a Legend, New York : Simon & Schuster ( 1967 ) What They Do n't Teach You at Harvard Business School : Notes From A Street - Smart Executive, New York : Bantam, ( 1984 ) The Terrible Truth About Lawyers : How Lawyers Really Work and How to Deal With Them Successfully, Harper Collins, 1987 ( also published in another edition as What They Did n't Teach Me at Yale Law School, Fontana Press 1988 ) What They Still Do n't Teach You at Harvard Business School, New York : Bantam Books, 1989 ( also published in another edition as Success Secrets, HarperCollins, 1989 ) The 110 % Solution, Villard Books, ( 1990 ) Hit the Ground Running : Executive Guide to Insider 's Travel, Orion, 1993 ( published in soft - cover edition as What They Do n't Teach You at Harvard Business School About Executive Travel : Hit the Ground Running, Dove Books, 1996 ) McCormack on Negotiating, Random House ( June 1995 ) McCormack on Selling, Random House Business Books ( June 15, 1995 ) McCormack on Managing, Random House Business Books ( October 1995 ) McCormack on Communicating, Dove Entertainment ( February 1996 ) Getting Results for Dummies : Get Organized, Stay Focused, and Get Things Done!, IDG Books, ( 1999 ) Staying Street Smart in the Internet Age, Penguin Putnam, 2000 ( also published in another edition as What You 'll Never Learn on the Internet, HarperCollins Business, 2001, as well as Never Wrestle with a Pig and Ninety Other Ideas to Build Your Business and Career, Penguin, 2002 ) The World of Professional Golf ( Published annually from 1967, it continues to be published posthumously, the title page indicating that it was founded by Mark McCormack ). The first of the annuals was titled Golf ' 67. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Arnie and Jack : Palmer, Nicklaus, and Golf 's Greatest Rivalry, by Ian O'Connor, 2008 Jump up ^ Axthelm, Pete ( July 19, 1971 ). `` The Third Annual Permanent Retirement of Joe Namath ''. New York Magazine. p. 71. Retrieved January 6, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Writing Down Your Goals -- The Harvard Written Goal Study. Fact or Fiction? ''. Sidsavara.com. November 13, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2015. Jump up ^ `` IMG founder McCormack dies at 72 ''. USA Today. May 16, 2003. Retrieved August 19, 2015. Jump up ^ Nancy Breckenridge McCormack, born June 10, 1933 ; died January 14, 1998, Jefferson, Alabama. Source : Social Security Death Index. Jump up ^ `` Mark Hume McCormack ''. NameBase. Retrieved January 20, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Mark H. McCormack Department of Sport Management ''. Retrieved August 19, 2015. Jump up ^ `` R&A Introduces the Mark H. McCormack Medal ''. Cybergolf. Retrieved August 19, 2015. External links ( edit ) Official website Memorial from College of William and Mary Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Obituary International Tennis Hall of Fame BIBSYS : 90156122 BNF : cb12017843t ( data ) GND : 118016563 ISNI : 0000 0000 8405 9085 LCCN : n84032959 NDL : 00449363 SELIBR : 195181 SUDOC : 028317688 VIAF : 305303735 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_McCormack&oldid=834486873 '' Categories : American male golfers American non-fiction writers American philanthropists American sports agents Golfers from Illinois Illinois lawyers International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees Sportspeople from Chicago William & Mary Tribe men 's golfers World Golf Hall of Fame inductees Yale Law School alumni 1930 births 2003 deaths Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles needing additional references from May 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2012 Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018, at 00 : 14 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Mark McCormack", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Mark_McCormack&oldid=834486873" }

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{ "text": "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series - wikipedia List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Jump to : navigation, search Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Promotional image for Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season two and Agent Carter season one. Based on Characters published by Marvel Comics Starring See below Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 13 ( across 8 series ) No. of episodes 187 Production Executive producer ( s ) Alan Fine Stan Lee Joe Quesada Jim Chory Jeph Loeb Running time 30 minutes ( NW ) 41 -- 65 minutes Production company ( s ) ABC Studios ( ABC & Netflix series ) ABC Signature Studios ( Hulu & Freeform series ) Marvel Television Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Netflix Hulu Release Original network ABC Netflix Hulu Freeform Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) ( ABC series ) 4K ( Ultra HD ) ( Netflix series ) IMAX ( Inh. ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release September 24, 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) The Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) television series are American superhero television shows based on characters that appear in publications by Marvel Comics. The shows have been in production since 2013, and in that time Marvel Television and ABC Studios, along with its production division ABC Signature Studios, have premiered six series, with seven more in various stages of development, across broadcast, streaming, and cable television on ABC, Netflix and Hulu, and Freeform, respectively. The ABC series have averaged around 4 -- 8 million viewers a season, with many of the MCU series receiving strong critical responses. The first series in the universe, Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., began airing on ABC during the 2013 -- 14 television season, and was joined by Marvel 's Agent Carter in the 2014 -- 15 television season. Marvel formed a unique partnership with IMAX Corporation to premiere Marvel 's Inhumans in IMAX theaters in September 2017 before aired on ABC during the 2017 -- 18 television season ; a put pilot for another ABC series, Marvel 's Damage Control, has also been ordered. Netflix 's Marvel series began in 2015 with Marvel 's Daredevil and Marvel 's Jessica Jones, followed by Marvel 's Luke Cage in 2016. Marvel 's Iron Fist and the crossover miniseries Marvel 's The Defenders released in 2017, with Marvel 's The Punisher also scheduled to be released in 2017. Additionally, the MCU will expand to Hulu with Marvel 's Runaways in 2017, and to Freeform with Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger in 2018. Marvel 's New Warriors is also scheduled to air in 2018, despite not having a broadcaster. Starring in the series are Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson, in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and Hayley Atwell as Peggy Carter, in Agent Carter, both reprising their roles from MCU films, while Anson Mount headlines Inhumans as Black Bolt. Daredevil introduces Charlie Cox in the title role of Matt Murdock / Daredevil as well as Jon Bernthal as the Punisher in its second season, who reprises his role as the star of The Punisher. Jessica Jones introduces Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones and Mike Colter as Luke Cage, with the latter also headlining Luke Cage. Finn Jones stars as Danny Rand / Iron Fist in Iron Fist, and joins Cox, Ritter, and Colter for The Defenders. The Runaways cast consists of the titular group, including Rhenzy Feliz as Alex Wilder, and their parents, including Ryan Sands as Geoffrey Wilder. Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph star in Cloak & Dagger as Tandy Bowen / Dagger and Tyrone Johnson / Cloak, respectively, while Milana Vayntrub and Derek Theler lead New Warriors as Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl and Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal, respectively. Contents ( hide ) 1 ABC series 1.1 Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( 2013 -- ) 1.2 Marvel 's Agent Carter ( 2015 -- 16 ) 1.3 Marvel 's Inhumans ( 2017 ) 2 Netflix series 2.1 Marvel 's Daredevil ( 2015 -- ) 2.2 Marvel 's Jessica Jones ( 2015 -- ) 2.3 Marvel 's Luke Cage ( 2016 -- ) 2.4 Marvel 's Iron Fist ( 2017 -- ) 2.5 Marvel 's The Defenders ( 2017 ) 2.6 Marvel 's The Punisher 3 Hulu series 3.1 Marvel 's Runaways 4 Freeform series 4.1 Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger 5 Other series 5.1 Marvel 's New Warriors 6 Recurring cast and characters 6.1 ABC series 6.2 Netflix series 7 Reception 7.1 Ratings 7.2 Critical response 8 Potential projects 8.1 Marvel 's Damage Control 8.2 Other 9 Abandoned projects 10 References ABC series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes First aired Last aired Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 22 September 24, 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) May 13, 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) Jed Whedon, Maurissa Tancharoen, and Jeffrey Bell Released 22 September 23, 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) May 12, 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 22 September 29, 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) May 17, 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 22 September 20, 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) May 16, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 5 22 December 1, 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) TBA Filming Marvel 's Agent Carter 8 January 6, 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) February 24, 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) Tara Butters, Michele Fazekas, and Chris Dingess Released 10 January 19, 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) March 1, 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) Marvel 's Inhumans 8 September 29, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) November 10, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) Scott Buck Jump up ^ A version of the first two episodes debuted in IMAX theaters on September 1, 2017, and ran for two weeks, before their television premiere on ABC on September 29. Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( 2013 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( L to R ) Jed Whedon, Maurissa Tancharoen and Jeffrey Bell serve as the showrunners for Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Phil Coulson assembles a small team of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division ) agents to handle strange new cases. After discovering that Project Centipede and their leader, `` The Clairvoyant '', were affiliated with Hydra, a terrorist organization, Coulson and his team must deal with Hydra members still at large following Hydra 's infiltration of, and the destruction of, S.H.I.E.L.D., while also looking to restore trust from the government and public. In the wake of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's wars with Hydra and the Inhumans, a race of superhumans, Coulson begins a secret mission to protect the world from new threats. After the defeat of the Inhuman Hive and with Hydra destroyed, S.H.I.E.L.D. is made a legitimate organization once again, with Coulson returning to being a field agent, and is tasked with tracking down more enhanced people -- including Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider -- while Agent Leo Fitz and Dr. Holden Radcliffe complete their work on Life Model Decoys. Coulson and members of his team are eventually abducted to deep space, where they must try and save humanity while figuring out how to get home. In August 2012, ABC ordered a pilot for a show called S.H.I.E.L.D., to be written by Joss Whedon, Jed Whedon, and Maurissa Tancharoen, and directed by Joss Whedon. On April 6, 2013, ABC announced that the show would be titled Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and it was officially ordered to series on May 10, 2013. Jed Whedon, Tancharoen and Jeffrey Bell act as the series ' showrunners, while Clark Gregg reprises his role from the films as Phil Coulson. The series was renewed for a second season on May 8, 2014, a third on May 7, 2015, a fourth on March 3, 2016, and a fifth on May 11, 2017. The first season, which premiered on September 24, 2013, aired episodes that directly relate to events in the films Thor : The Dark World and Captain America : The Winter Soldier. The revelation in Captain America : The Winter Soldier that S.H.I.E.L.D. had been infiltrated by Hydra had a huge impact on the series. Regarding the synergy the show had with addressing events from the film, Loeb said, `` It 's an extremely unique experience that does n't exist anywhere else out there in the entertainment business. '' The second season, which premiered on September 23, 2014, introduces Inhumans to the MCU, ahead of their own television series. Additionally, a recurring plot point in the first two seasons involved the body of a member of the Kree race, who play a significant role in Guardians of the Galaxy. The third season, which premiered on September 29, 2015, introduces the concept of the Secret Warriors, with new Inhuman characters inspired by the comic of the same name, as well as Life Model Decoys. The fourth season, which premiered on September 20, 2016, sees Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider introduced to the MCU, and ties to the second season of Agent Carter and Doctor Strange. The fifth season is scheduled to premiere on December 1, 2017. In the first season, Samuel L. Jackson, Cobie Smulders, Maximiliano Hernández, Titus Welliver and Jaimie Alexander all reprise their roles as Nick Fury, Maria Hill, Jasper Sitwell, Felix Blake, and Sif, respectively, from previous MCU films and One - Shots. In the second season, Alexander and Smulders return, while Hayley Atwell, Neal McDonough, Kenneth Choi, and Henry Goodman also reprise their roles as Peggy Carter, Timothy `` Dum Dum '' Dugan, Jim Morita, and List, respectively, from previous MCU films. In the third season, William Sadler reprises his role as Matthew Ellis from the MCU films, and Powers Boothe recurs as his previously unnamed The Avengers character, Gideon Malick. Marvel 's Agent Carter ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : Agent Carter ( TV series ) In 1946, Peggy Carter must balance the routine office work she does for the Strategic Scientific Reserve while secretly assisting Howard Stark, who finds himself framed for supplying deadly weapons to enemies of the United States. Carter is assisted by Stark 's butler, Edwin Jarvis, to find those responsible and dispose of the weapons. Carter eventually moves from New York City to Los Angeles to deal with the threats of the new atomic age in the wake of World War II, gaining new friends, a new home and potential new love. By September 2013, Marvel was developing a series inspired by the Agent Carter One - Shot, featuring Peggy Carter, and in January 2014, the series was confirmed to be in development, with the script for a potential pilot to be written by Captain America : The First Avenger and Captain America : The Winter Soldier writers Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely. On May 8, 2014, ABC officially ordered Marvel 's Agent Carter to series. Tara Butters, Michele Fazekas and Chris Dingess act as showrunners on the series, while Hayley Atwell reprises her role from the films as Peggy Carter. The series was renewed for a second season on May 7, 2015, and was officially canceled by ABC on May 12, 2016. The first season, which premiered on January 6, 2015, introduces the origins of the Black Widow and Winter Soldier programs, which both appear in several MCU films. The second season, which premiered on January 19, 2016, features the Darkforce, which ties to the character Marcus Daniels in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Doctor Strange. In the first season, Dominic Cooper reprise his role of Howard Stark from Captain America : The First Avenger. James D'Arcy portrays Edwin Jarvis, Stark 's butler in the series who eventually serves as inspiration for Tony Stark 's artificial intelligence J.A.R.V.I.S. Costa Ronin portrays a young Anton Vanko, the co-creator of the arc reactor with Stark. Chris Evans appears as Steve Rogers / Captain America via archive footage from The First Avenger. McDonough and Toby Jones reprise their roles as Dugan and Arnim Zola, respectively. In the second season, Cooper returns to reprise his role. Marvel 's Inhumans ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Inhumans ( TV series ) Scott Buck serves as showrunner for both Inhumans on ABC and the first season of Iron Fist on Netflix. After a military coup, the Inhuman Royal Family, led by Black Bolt, escape to Hawaii where they must save themselves and the world. In November 2016, Marvel Television and IMAX Corporation announced Marvel 's Inhumans, to be produced in conjunction with ABC Studios. The series ' first two episodes were filmed entirely on IMAX digital cameras, and premiered on IMAX screens on September 1, 2017, for two weeks. ABC will then broadcast the series weekly starting with the first two episodes on September 29, 2017, with the network airing of the first two episodes featuring exclusive content, outside of the versions screened on IMAX. Select action sequences in the rest of the series were also shot on IMAX. The series was neither intended to be a reworking of the planned film from Marvel Studios, nor a spin - off from Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Ben Sherwood, president of Disney -- ABC Television Group, added that `` We 've worked very carefully with our friends at Marvel Studios -- and this is a critical point -- to make sure that calendar-wise and content-wise we are only enhancing '' the MCU ; the theatrical debut of the series was timed to not interfere with the release of any Marvel Studios films. In December 2016, Scott Buck was announced as showrunner and executive producer for the series. In February 2017, Anson Mount was cast as Black Bolt. Filming began in March 2017 in Hawaii, and concluded in June. Netflix series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes Originally released Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Daredevil 13 April 10, 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) Steven S. DeKnight Released 13 March 18, 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez TBA 2018 ( 2018 ) Erik Oleson Filming Marvel 's Jessica Jones 13 November 20, 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Melissa Rosenberg Released 13 2018 ( 2018 ) Preparing for release Marvel 's Luke Cage 13 September 30, 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 30 ) Cheo Hodari Coker Released 13 2018 ( 2018 ) Filming Marvel 's Iron Fist 13 March 17, 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) Scott Buck Released TBA TBA Raven Metzner In development Marvel 's The Defenders 8 August 18, 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) Marco Ramirez Released Marvel 's The Punisher 13 November 17, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) Steve Lightfoot Preparing for release By October 2013, Marvel was preparing four drama series and a miniseries to present to video on demand services and cable providers, with Netflix, Amazon, and WGN America expressing interest. That November, it was announced that Disney would provide Netflix with live - action series based on Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Iron Fist, and Luke Cage, leading up to a miniseries based on the Defenders. Marvel 's Daredevil ( 2015 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Daredevil ( TV series ) Lawyer - by - day Matt Murdock uses his heightened senses from being blinded as a young boy to fight crime at night on the streets of Hell 's Kitchen as Daredevil, juxtaposed with the rise of crime lord Wilson Fisk. Murdock eventually crosses paths with Frank Castle / Punisher, a vigilante with far deadlier methods, and sees the return of his old girlfriend, Elektra Natchios. In December 2013, Marvel confirmed that Drew Goddard would be the executive producer and showrunner for Daredevil, and would write and direct the first episode, though at the end of May 2014, it was announced that Goddard would no longer be the showrunner for the series, being replaced by Steven S. DeKnight. Goddard, who wrote the first two episodes, remained with the show as an executive producer. It was also revealed that the series would be titled Marvel 's Daredevil. A few days later, Charlie Cox was cast as Daredevil. A second season was ordered on April 21, 2015, with Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez taking over as showrunners from DeKnight, who could not return to the series due to a prior commitment. A third season was ordered in July 2016, with Erik Oleson announced as the new showrunner of the series in October 2017. The first season, which debuted in its entirety on April 10, 2015, features references to The Avengers and the Battle of New York, as well as mentioning Carl `` Crusher '' Creel, who appears on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The insignia for the Iron Fist antagonist Steel Serpent is also seen in the season. The second season, which premiered on March 18, 2016, features the motorcycle gang Dogs of Hell, who appeared on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., along with numerous references to the events of the first season of Jessica Jones. The third season is slated to be released in 2018. In the second season, Jon Bernthal was cast in a leading role as Frank Castle / Punisher, before headlining his own series, while Michelle Hurd and Carrie - Anne Moss reprise their roles of Samantha Reyes and Jeri Hogarth from Jessica Jones. Marvel 's Jessica Jones ( 2015 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Jessica Jones ( TV series ) Melissa Rosenberg is Jessica Jones ' creator and showrunner. Former superhero Jessica Jones, who suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder, opens her own detective agency to help people. In November 2013, Melissa Rosenberg was announced to write and executive produce the series, and the following March, Loeb stated that filming would begin after Daredevil. In December 2014, Krysten Ritter was cast as Jessica Jones in the series, officially titled Marvel 's Jessica Jones. A second season was ordered on January 17, 2016. The first season, which debuted in its entirety on November 20, 2015, features references to the events and characters of The Avengers. The second season is scheduled to debut in 2018. In the first season, Mike Colter was cast as Luke Cage, a recurring role in the series before headlining his own series. Rosario Dawson reprises her Daredevil role of Claire Temple, as does Royce Johnson in his role of Brett Mahoney. Marvel 's Luke Cage ( 2016 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Luke Cage ( TV series ) When a sabotaged experiment gives him super strength and unbreakable skin, Luke Cage becomes a fugitive attempting to rebuild his life in Harlem, and must soon confront his past and fight a battle for the heart of his city. Colter reprises his role as Carl Lucas / Luke Cage in his own series, titled Marvel 's Luke Cage. In March 2014, Loeb stated that the series would begin filming after Iron Fist, being the fourth of the individual series. By March 2015, it was instead slated to be the third of the individual series, beginning production after Jessica Jones. The series was switched with Iron Fist after the positive reception Luke Cage received on Jessica Jones, becoming that series ' breakout star and Marvel wanting to `` follow the momentum ''. Also in March, Cheo Hodari Coker was announced as showrunner and executive producer of the series. A second season was ordered on December 3, 2016. The first season, which premiered on September 30, 2016, features references to The Avengers, the second season of Daredevil, the first season of Jessica Jones, and a flier for Colleen Wing 's martial arts class, and mentions Justin Hammer, Wilson Fisk and Frank Castle. Dawson, Rob Morgan, Rachel Taylor, Stephen Rider, Parisa Fitz - Henley, and Danny Johnson reprise their roles as Claire Temple, Turk Barrett, Trish Walker, Blake Tower, Reva Connors and Ben Donovan in the series, respectively. The second season is scheduled to premiere in 2018. Finn Jones will reprise his role as Danny Rand in the season. Marvel 's Iron Fist ( 2017 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Fist ( TV series ) Danny Rand returns to New York City, after being missing for fifteen years, to reclaim his family company. However, when a threat emerges, Rand must choose between his family 's legacy and his duties as the Iron Fist. In March 2014, Loeb initially stated that the series would begin filming after Jessica Jones as the third of the individual series. By March 2015, it was expected to be the fourth of the individual series, entering production following Luke Cage. The series was switched with Luke Cage after the positive reception Luke Cage received on Jessica Jones, becoming that series ' breakout star and Marvel wanting to `` follow the momentum ''. In April 2015, the title of the series was revealed to be Marvel 's Iron Fist. In December 2015, Marvel announced that Scott Buck would serve as showrunner and executive producer of the series. In February 2016, Finn Jones was cast as Rand. A second season was revealed to be in development in July 2017, with Raven Metzner announced as the new showrunner for the season, replacing Buck. The first season, which premiered on March 17, 2017, makes references to the events of The Avengers, the Hulk, Stark Industries, Jessica Jones, Daredevil, Luke Cage, and Seagate Prison, and mentions the Dogs of Hell biker gang, New York Bulletin editor - in - chief Mitchell Ellison and reporter Karen Page, Roxxon Oil and Midland Circle. Events from the second season of Daredevil are also noted throughout. Moss, Dawson, Wai Ching Ho, Marquis Rodriguez, Tijuana Ricks, and Suzanne H. Smart reprise their roles as Jeri Hogarth, Claire Temple, Gao, Darryl, Thembi Wallace, and Shirley Benson, respectively, in the series. The second season will see Simone Missick reprise her role as Misty Knight. Marvel 's the Defenders ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Defenders ( miniseries ) The superheroes Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, and Iron Fist team - up in New York City. The Defenders sees Cox, Ritter, Colter, and Jones reprise their roles as Matt Murdock / Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, and Danny Rand / Iron Fist, respectively, from the previous television series. In March 2014, Loeb stated that the miniseries, officially titled Marvel 's The Defenders, would begin filming after Iron Fist. In April 2016, Marvel announced that Douglas Petrie and Marco Ramirez would act as showrunners for The Defenders. However, by the start of filming in New York City in October 2016, Petrie had left the series as co-showrunner. Filming concluded in March 2017. The eight - episode event premiered on August 18, 2017. The miniseries also sees many supporting characters from the individual series reprise their roles, including, Deborah Ann Woll, Elden Henson, Scott Glenn, Élodie Yung, Eka Darville, Moss, Taylor, Simone Missick, Jessica Henwick, Dawson, Ho, Ramón Rodríguez, Peter McRobbie, Morgan, Amy Rutberg, Susan Varon, and Nichole Yannetty as Karen Page, Franklin `` Foggy '' Nelson, Stick, Elektra Natchios, Malcolm Ducasse, Jeri Hogarth, Trish Walker, Misty Knight, Colleen Wing, Claire Temple, Gao, Bakuto, Lantom, Turk Barrett, Marci Stahl, Josie and Nicole, respectively. Midland Circle, which was referenced in previous Netflix series, is revealed to be an operation of the Hand, who bought the building to search for the life substance hidden beneath the property. The miniseries also references the events of The Avengers. Marvel 's the Punisher ( edit ) Main article : The Punisher ( TV series ) Frank Castle is haunted and hunted after the murder of his family and becomes a vigilante known in the criminal underworld as `` the Punisher '', who aims to fight crime by any means necessary. By January 2016, ahead of the debut of Bernthal as armed vigilante Frank Castle / Punisher in the second season of Daredevil, Netflix was in `` very early development '' on a spin - off series titled The Punisher, and was looking for a showrunner. The series would be centered on Bernthal as Castle, and was described as a stand - alone series, outside of the series leading up to The Defenders. Loeb implied that Marvel Television had not instigated the development of the spin - off and were focusing on making `` the best 13 episodes of Daredevil season two '' at the time, but did say, `` I 'm never going to discourage a network from looking at one of our characters and encouraging us to do more... If we are lucky enough that through the writing, through the direction, through the actor that people want to see more of that person, terrific. '' In April 2016, Marvel and Netflix ordered The Punisher, along with confirming Bernthal 's involvement and naming Steve Lightfoot as showrunner. Filming began in Brooklyn, New York in October 2016, and concluded in April 2017. The series is set to be released on November 17, 2017. Woll and Morgan reprise their roles as Karen Page and Turk Barrett, respectively. Hulu series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes First aired Last aired Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Runaways 10 November 21, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) TBA Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage Preparing for release Marvel 's Runaways ( edit ) Main article : Runaways ( TV series ) When six teenagers discover their parents are villains, they reluctantly unite to go against them. In August 2016, Marvel announced Marvel 's Runaways had received a pilot order, along with additional scripts, from the streaming service Hulu, based on the team of the same name. The pilot is written by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage, who also serve as executive producers and showrunners of the series. In February 2017, Marvel announced the cast of the Runaways, with Rhenzy Feliz as Alex Wilder, Lyrica Okano as Nico Minoru, Virginia Gardner as Karolina Dean, Ariela Barer as Gert Yorkes, Gregg Sulkin as Chase Stein, and Allegra Acosta as Molly Hernandez. Shortly after, they announced the cast of the Pride, the parents of the Runaways, with Randy Sands as Geoffrey Wilder, Angel Parker as Catherine Wilder, Brittany Ishibashi as Tina Minoru, James Yaegashi as Robert Minoru, Kevin Weisman as Dale Yorkes, Brigid Brannagh as Stacey Yorkes, Annie Wersching as Leslie Dean, Kip Pardue as Frank Dean, James Marsters as Victor Stein, and Ever Carradine as Janet Stein. Hulu ordered the series in May 2017. Filming began in Los Angeles in February 2017. The first season, consisting of 10 episodes, is set to premiere on November 21, 2017. Tina Minoru previously appeared in Doctor Strange, in a minor role as a Master of the Mystic Arts portrayed by Linda Louise Duan. Freeform series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes First aired Last aired Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger 10 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA Joe Pokaski Filming Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger ( edit ) Main article : Cloak & Dagger ( TV series ) Tandy Bowen and Tyrone Johnson, two teenagers from different backgrounds, acquire superpowers while forming a romantic relationship. They soon realize that their powers work better when they are together, `` but their feelings for each other make their already complicated world even more challenging. '' In April 2016, the ABC - owned network Freeform announced a straight - to - series order for Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger, based on the characters of the same name, calling it their `` first venture into the Marvel Cinematic Universe '', and describing the show as a `` superhero love story ''. In January 2017, Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph were cast as Tandy Bowen / Dagger and Tyrone Johnson / Cloak, respectively. Joe Pokaski serves as showrunner for the series. Filming began in New Orleans in February 2017. The first season, consisting of 10 episodes, is set to air in 2018. Roxxon Oil is seen in the series. Other series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes First aired Last aired Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's New Warriors 10 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA Kevin Biegel Pre-production Marvel 's New Warriors ( edit ) Main article : New Warriors ( TV series ) Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl, Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal, Dwayne Taylor / Night Thrasher, Robbie Baldwin / Speedball, Zach Smith / Microbe, and Deborah Fields / Debrii, are superpowered young people with abilities very different from the Avengers, who want to make a positive impact in the world even if they are not quite ready to be heroes. By the end of August 2016, Marvel Television and ABC Studios were developing a half - hour comedy series based on the New Warriors featuring Squirrel Girl, with the series being offered to cable networks and streaming outlets. In April 2017, Freeform announced a straight - to - series order for Marvel 's New Warriors, with Kevin Biegel serving as the series ' showrunner and writing the first script. In July 2017, the cast was revealed with Milana Vayntrub starring as Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl and Derek Theler as Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal. In November 2017, it was announced that the series would no longer air on Freeform and was being shopped to other networks, with Marvel intent on airing the series in 2018. The first season, consisting of 10 episodes, is set to air in 2018, with Biegel serving as showrunner for the series. Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series actors ABC series ( edit ) List indicator ( s ) This table includes recurring, main characters, who have appeared in at least two seasons and as a member of the principal ( `` main '' ) cast for at least one of those. Please see the FAQ for more information. Series seasons, within the network season, are ordered based on their premiere date. A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the season, or that the character 's presence in the season has not yet been announced. An indicates the actor had a recurring role for the season. A indicates the actor made a guest appearance in the season. Character 2013 -- 14 season 2014 -- 15 season 2015 -- 16 season 2016 -- 17 season 2017 -- 18 season Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 1 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 2 Agent Carter season 1 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 3 Agent Carter season 2 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 4 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 5 Lincoln Campbell Luke Mitchell Luke Mitchell Peggy Carter Hayley Atwell Hayley Atwell Hayley Atwell Phil Coulson Clark Gregg Clark Gregg Clark Gregg Leo Fitz Iain De Caestecker Iain De Caestecker Iain De Caestecker Lance Hunter Nick Blood Nick Blood Nick Blood Edwin Jarvis James D'Arcy James D'Arcy Daisy `` Skye '' Johnson Quake Chloe Bennet Chloe Bennet Chloe Bennet Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie Henry Simmons Henry Simmons Henry Simmons Melinda May Ming - Na Wen Ming - Na Wen Ming - Na Wen Bobbi Morse Adrianne Palicki Adrianne Palicki Holden Radcliffe John Hannah John Hannah Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez Natalia Cordova - Buckley Natalia Cordova - Buckley Natalia Cordova - Buckley Jemma Simmons Elizabeth Henstridge Elizabeth Henstridge Elizabeth Henstridge Daniel Sousa Enver Gjokaj Enver Gjokaj Jack Thompson Chad Michael Murray Chad Michael Murray Grant Ward Brett Dalton Brett Dalton Brett Dalton Netflix series ( edit ) List indicator ( s ) This table includes recurring, main characters, who have appeared in at least two series as a member of the principal ( `` main '' ) cast for at least one of those. Please see the FAQ for more information. A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the series, or that the character 's presence in the series has not yet been announced. An indicates the actor had a recurring role in the series. A indicates the actor made a guest appearance in the series. Character Daredevil Jessica Jones Luke Cage Iron Fist The Defenders The Punisher Bakuto Ramón Rodríguez Luke Cage Mike Colter Mike Colter Frank Castle Punisher Jon Bernthal Jon Bernthal Malcolm Ducasse Eka Darville Eka Darville Jeri Hogarth Carrie - Anne Moss Carrie - Anne Moss Carrie - Anne Moss Jessica Jones Krysten Ritter Krysten Ritter Mercedes `` Misty '' Knight Simone Missick Simone Missick Simone Missick Matt Murdock Daredevil Charlie Cox Charlie Cox Elektra Natchios Élodie Yung Élodie Yung Franklin `` Foggy '' Nelson Elden Henson Elden Henson Karen Page Deborah Ann Woll Deborah Ann Woll Danny Rand Iron Fist Finn Jones Finn Jones Stick Scott Glenn Scott Glenn Claire Temple Rosario Dawson Rosario Dawson Rosario Dawson Blake Tower Stephen Rider Stephen Rider Patricia `` Trish '' Walker Rachael Taylor Rachael Taylor Rachael Taylor Colleen Wing Jessica Henwick Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each series, see the `` Reception '' section on each series ' article. Ratings ( edit ) Series Season Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Total viewers ( in millions ) Last aired Total viewers ( in millions ) Average total viewers ( inc. DVR ) ( in millions ) Rank 18 -- 49 rating ( rank ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. September 24, 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) 12.12 May 13, 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 5.45 8.31 43 3.0 ( 20 ) September 23, 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) 5.98 May 12, 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 3.88 7.46 24 2.8 ( 11 ) September 29, 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) 4.90 May 17, 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 3.03 5.52 85 2.0 ( 47 ) September 20, 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 3.44 May 16, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 2.08 4.22 110 1.5 / 6 ( 70 ) Agent Carter January 6, 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) 6.91 February 24, 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 4.02 7.61 29 2.4 ( 29 ) January 19, 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 3.18 March 1, 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) 2.35 4.37 109 1.4 ( 88 ) Critical response ( edit ) Series Season Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 85 % ( 48 reviews ) 74 ( 33 reviews ) 95 % ( 22 reviews ) N / A 100 % ( 13 reviews ) N / A 93 % ( 14 reviews ) N / A Agent Carter 95 % ( 42 reviews ) 72 ( 27 reviews ) 81 % ( 16 reviews ) N / A Daredevil 98 % ( 52 reviews ) 75 ( 22 reviews ) 74 % ( 35 reviews ) 68 ( 13 reviews ) Jessica Jones 92 % ( 63 reviews ) 81 ( 32 reviews ) Luke Cage 95 % ( 56 reviews ) 79 ( 30 reviews ) Iron Fist 17 % ( 58 reviews ) 37 ( 21 reviews ) The Defenders 74 % ( 77 reviews ) 63 ( 30 reviews ) Inhumans 8 % ( 40 reviews ) 27 ( 20 reviews ) The Punisher 71 % ( 31 reviews ) 59 ( 10 reviews ) Runaways 92 % ( 12 reviews ) 71 ( 5 reviews ) With the release of the second season of Daredevil, Brian Lowery of Variety felt the Netflix series `` have already leapfrogged ABC 's forays into the Marvel universe in terms of their appeal, in part by tapping into the avid fan base that supports pay models and does n't need to be spoon - fed plot points. In the process, they have demonstrated that it 's possible to deliver a credible superhero show without a lot of pyrotechnics ''. After the release of the first season of Luke Cage, The Atlantic 's David Sims wrote on the pacing issue of Marvel 's Netflix series, a common complaint to that point, stating, `` After two seasons of Daredevil, one of Jessica Jones, and now one of Luke Cage, the Netflix model feels fundamentally flawed, encouraging the kind of molasses - slow plotting comic books are designed to eschew. The problem is n't that these shows are bad, necessarily... But they all take far too long to get going, by which point many viewers will have already tuned out. '' He felt one of the problems was the fact that Netflix does not rely on viewers tuning into a particular series as broadcast series do each week, but rather subscribers who, if they lose interest, `` can take as long as they want to catch up... as long as they keep paying their subscription fee every month. '' The Netflix series are also afforded the opportunity to explore elements in more detail, with Sims noting `` A lot of this detail ( is ) good, but it could have been considerably compressed -- none of the Marvel Netflix series, so far, would have lost much by being squeezed into 10 episodes, or even 8. If Netflix shaved the 60 - minute running time down quite a bit, it would likely inspire more economical -- and better -- storytelling from its shows. '' Sims concluded by saying, `` What 's most frustrating of all is that Netflix is n't getting rid of this approach anytime soon. Daredevil season three, Jessica Jones season two, Iron Fist, and The Punisher are all on their way, and each will follow the same 13 - episode structure... The only respite may come in the form of The Defenders, a planned crossover series... over the course of just eight episodes. Who knows? The show might even surprise viewers and explain its villain 's motivations within the first hour. Until then, fans will be stuck needlessly giving over entire days to these series, while others are deterred from watching at all. '' In her review for the first season of Iron Fist, Allison Keene of Collider.com spoke more on the pacing of Marvel 's Netflix series, stating, `` By focusing so intently on making these series... much more grounded in a gritty real world than what we typically expect from a superhero show ( like DC 's candy - colored ( Arrowverse ) on The CW ), the problem is that they miss out on the key element : this should be fantastical entertainment. '' With The Defenders, Jeff Jansen of Entertainment Weekly felt many improvements were made to the general complaints the previous seasons received. He said, `` The Defenders is far from perfect. But it 's an enjoyable superhero adventure distinguished by improvements and innovations that I hope Marvel will carry forward. Shorter seasons. More team - ups. Fewer shows. Start the consolidation by letting go of Iron Fist. If Danny Rand must persist, add him to the other shows and let the stronger players carry him. '' Potential projects ( edit ) Marvel 's Damage Control ( edit ) Further information : Damage Control ( comics ) § Live action The show follows the overworked, underpaid, clean up crew of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, who specialize in dealing with the aftermath of superhero conflicts, rescheduling events because of the conflicts, and retrieving lost items. In October 2015, ABC ordered a put pilot for a half - hour live - action comedy series Marvel 's Damage Control, based on the comics construction company of the same name. The series is being developed by Ben Karlin for ABC Studios and Marvel Television, with Karlin also writing the script for the project and serving as executive producer. In January 2016, ABC Entertainment president Paul Lee said Damage Control was `` going to be coming out this season, '' seemingly implying it would air in the 2016 -- 17 television season. Other ( edit ) Marvel has been working with screenwriter John Ridley since mid-April 2015 to craft a new television series, `` reinventing '' an existing Marvel character or property. In January 2016, Ridley confirmed that the project was `` still in development ''. He stated that he was looking to `` bring some of the socially conscious nature '' of Jessica Jones and his series American Crime to the show, while also creating something that is `` straight entertainment ''. A year later, Channing Dungey revealed that Ridley 's project was still progressing, with Ridley working on a rewrite of his script. Ridley added that the rewrite was not because `` anything did n't work the first time around '', but rather trying to make sure the series does something viewers have not necessarily seen before in a superhero television series, hoping it would occupy `` a space that is not currently being filled '' by Marvel. He also stated that he hoped to create the series `` in the near term. '' By August 2017, Dungey was `` not sure '' if Ridley was still working on the project. In January 2016, Lee announced that ABC Studios was developing a second comedy series with Marvel in hope it would air on ABC, while Netflix CCO Ted Sarandos stated that `` all the characters in the universe could also spin out '' into their own series at some point. That May, Dungey said that there were `` a handful of projects in development '', after passing on Most Wanted and canceling Agent Carter, and that Marvel and ABC were looking `` at series that would be beneficial to both brands. '' By November 2017, Disney was developing a Marvel series specifically for release on its new streaming service, which it planned to launch before the end of 2019. Abandoned projects ( edit ) Main article : Most Wanted ( TV pilot ) By April 2015, Marvel was developing a spinoff series of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The series, which was being developed by Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. executive producer Jeffrey Bell and writer Paul Zbyszewski, would be based on storylines occurring at the end of the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and would receive its own pilot rather than a backdoor pilot. Adrianne Palicki and Nick Blood entered into discussions to headline the potential new series as their characters Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter, respectively. By May 7, 2015, when ABC announced their series renewals and cancellations, and new series pickups, the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff was passed on. In August 2015, the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff series received new life as a reworked series, titled Marvel 's Most Wanted, with a pilot order. Bell and Zbyszewski once again developed the series, while also serving as co-writers of the pilot, executive producers, and showrunners, with Jeph Loeb also attached as executive producer. 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Jump up ^ Hibberd, James ( April 9, 2015 ). `` Marvel developing Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff for ABC -- exclusive ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 9, 2015. Retrieved April 9, 2015. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( April 20, 2015 ). `` Adrianne Palick & Nick Blood Eyed To Topline Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Spinoff ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( May 7, 2015 ). `` ' Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Spinoff Not Going Forward At ABC ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on May 8, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Goldberg, Lesley ( August 20, 2015 ). `` Adrianne Palicki, Nick Blood to Star in Marvel Pilot for ABC ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on August 21, 2015. Retrieved August 21, 2015. Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth ( August 20, 2015 ). `` Marvel 's Mockingbird Series Starring Adrianne Palicki Lands ABC Pilot Order ( EXCLUSIVE ) ''. Variety. Archived from the original on August 21, 2015. Retrieved August 21, 2015. Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth ( May 12, 2016 ). `` ' Marvel 's Most Wanted ' Not Going Forward at ABC ''. Variety. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2016. Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher Hulu Runaways Freeform Cloak & Dagger Other Most Wanted New Warriors Other Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Claire Temple Music Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Attraction Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout! Book Portal Live - action television programs based on Marvel Comics TV series Current Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) Daredevil ( since 2015 ) Jessica Jones ( since 2015 ) Luke Cage ( since 2016 ) Legion ( since 2017 ) Iron Fist ( since 2017 ) Inhumans ( since 2017 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Former Spidey Super Stories ( 1974 -- 77 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 1977 -- 79 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 1978 -- 82 ) Spider - Man ( Toei ) ( 1978 -- 79 ) Night Man ( 1997 -- 99 ) Mutant X ( 2001 -- 04 ) Blade : The Series ( 2006 ) Agent Carter ( 2015 -- 16 ) Powers ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Defenders ( 2017 ) Upcoming The Punisher ( 2017 ) Runaways ( 2017 ) Cloak & Dagger ( 2018 ) New Warriors ( 2018 ) Unaired pilot Most Wanted TV films Spider - Man The Incredible Hulk The Return of the Incredible Hulk Dr. Strange Captain America Captain America II : Death Too Soon The Incredible Hulk Returns The Trial of the Incredible Hulk The Death of the Incredible Hulk Power Pack Generation X Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Man - Thing See also Marvel Television List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe_television_series&oldid=810653374 '' Categories : Marvel Cinematic Universe television programs Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2017 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017, at 16 : 25. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe_television_series&oldid=810653374" }

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{ "text": "Tower of London - wikipedia Tower of London Jump to : navigation, search A historic castle on the north bank of the River Thames in central London For other uses, see Tower of London ( disambiguation ). Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 29 '' N 00 ° 04 ′ 34 '' W  /  51.50806 ° N 0.07611 ° W  / 51.50806 ; - 0.07611 Tower of London The Tower of London, seen from the River Thames, with a view of the water-gate called `` Traitors ' Gate '' Location London Borough of Tower Hamlets London, EC3 Area Castle : 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) Tower Liberties : 6 acres ( 2.4 ha ) Height 27 metres ( 89 ft ) Built White Tower : 1078 Inner Ward : 1190s Re-built : 1285 Wharf expansion : 1377 -- 1399 Visitors 2,843,031 ( in 2017 ) Owner Queen Elizabeth II in right of the Crown UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria ii, iv Designated 1988 ( 12th session ) Reference no. 488 Country United Kingdom Region Europe and North America Listed Building -- Grade I Listed Building -- Grade II Location of the castle in central London The Tower of London, officially Her Majesty 's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London, is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London. It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, separated from the eastern edge of the square mile of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill. It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of England. The White Tower, which gives the entire castle its name, was built by William the Conqueror in 1078 and was a resented symbol of oppression, inflicted upon London by the new ruling elite. The castle was used as a prison from 1100 ( Ranulf Flambard ) until 1952 ( Kray twins ), although that was not its primary purpose. A grand palace early in its history, it served as a royal residence. As a whole, the Tower is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat. There were several phases of expansion, mainly under Kings Richard I, Henry III, and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries. The general layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site. The Tower of London has played a prominent role in English history. It was besieged several times, and controlling it has been important to controlling the country. The Tower has served variously as an armoury, a treasury, a menagerie, the home of the Royal Mint, a public record office, and the home of the Crown Jewels of England. From the early 14th century until the reign of Charles II, a procession would be led from the Tower to Westminster Abbey on the coronation of a monarch. In the absence of the monarch, the Constable of the Tower is in charge of the castle. This was a powerful and trusted position in the medieval period. In the late 15th century, the castle was the prison of the Princes in the Tower. Under the Tudors, the Tower became used less as a royal residence, and despite attempts to refortify and repair the castle, its defences lagged behind developments to deal with artillery. The peak period of the castle 's use as a prison was the 16th and 17th centuries, when many figures who had fallen into disgrace, such as Elizabeth I before she became queen, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Elizabeth Throckmorton, were held within its walls. This use has led to the phrase `` sent to the Tower ''. Despite its enduring reputation as a place of torture and death, popularised by 16th - century religious propagandists and 19th - century writers, only seven people were executed within the Tower before the World Wars of the 20th century. Executions were more commonly held on the notorious Tower Hill to the north of the castle, with 112 occurring there over a 400 - year period. In the latter half of the 19th century, institutions such as the Royal Mint moved out of the castle to other locations, leaving many buildings empty. Anthony Salvin and John Taylor took the opportunity to restore the Tower to what was felt to be its medieval appearance, clearing out many of the vacant post-medieval structures. In the First and Second World Wars, the Tower was again used as a prison and witnessed the executions of 12 men for espionage. After the Second World War, damage caused during the Blitz was repaired, and the castle reopened to the public. Today, the Tower of London is one of the country 's most popular tourist attractions. Under the ceremonial charge of the Constable of the Tower, it is cared for by the charity Historic Royal Palaces and is protected as a World Heritage Site. Contents ( hide ) 1 Architecture 1.1 Layout 1.2 White Tower 1.3 Innermost ward 1.4 Inner Ward 1.5 Outer Ward 2 Foundation and early history 3 Expansion 4 Later Medieval Period 5 Changing use 6 Restoration and tourism 7 Crown Jewels 8 Royal Menagerie 9 Ghosts 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Architecture ( edit ) Audio description of the Tower of London by Mike Gatting Layout ( edit ) Plan of the Tower of London The Tower was orientated with its strongest and most impressive defences overlooking Saxon London, which archaeologist Alan Vince suggests was deliberate. It would have visually dominated the surrounding area and stood out to traffic on the River Thames. The castle is made up of three `` wards '', or enclosures. The innermost ward contains the White Tower and is the earliest phase of the castle. Encircling it to the north, east, and west is the inner ward, built during the reign of Richard I ( 1189 -- 1199 ). Finally, there is the outer ward which encompasses the castle and was built under Edward I. Although there were several phases of expansion after William the Conqueror founded the Tower of London, the general layout has remained the same since Edward I completed his rebuild in 1285. The castle encloses an area of almost 12 acres ( 4.9 hectares ) with a further 6 acres ( 2.4 ha ) around the Tower of London constituting the Tower Liberties -- land under the direct influence of the castle and cleared for military reasons. The precursor of the Liberties was laid out in the 13th century when Henry III ordered that a strip of land adjacent to the castle be kept clear. Despite popular fiction, the Tower of London never had a permanent torture chamber, although the basement of the White Tower housed a rack in later periods. Tower Wharf was built on the bank of the Thames under Edward I and was expanded to its current size during the reign of Richard II ( 1377 -- 1399 ). White Tower ( edit ) Main article : White Tower ( Tower of London ) The White Tower is a keep ( also known as a donjon ), which was often the strongest structure in a medieval castle, and contained lodgings suitable for the lord -- in this case, the king or his representative. According to military historian Allen Brown, `` The great tower ( White Tower ) was also, by virtue of its strength, majesty and lordly accommodation, the donjon par excellence ''. As one of the largest keeps in the Christian world, the White Tower has been described as `` the most complete eleventh - century palace in Europe ''. The original entrance to the White Tower was at first - floor level The White Tower, not including its projecting corner towers, measures 36 by 32 metres ( 118 by 105 ft ) at the base, and is 27 m ( 90 ft ) high at the southern battlements. The structure was originally three storeys high, comprising a basement floor, an entrance level, and an upper floor. The entrance, as is usual in Norman keeps, was above ground, in this case on the south face, and accessed via a wooden staircase which could be removed in the event of an attack. It was probably during Henry II 's reign ( 1154 -- 1189 ) that a forebuilding was added to the south side of the tower to provide extra defences to the entrance, but it has not survived. Each floor was divided into three chambers, the largest in the west, a smaller room in the north - east, and the chapel taking up the entrance and upper floors of the south - east. At the western corners of the building are square towers, while to the north - east a round tower houses a spiral staircase. At the south - east corner there is a larger semi-circular projection which accommodates the apse of the chapel. As the building was intended to be a comfortable residence as well as a stronghold, latrines were built into the walls, and four fireplaces provided warmth. The main building material is Kentish rag - stone, although some local mudstone was also used. Caen stone was imported from northern France to provide details in the Tower 's facing, although little of the original material survives as it was replaced with Portland stone in the 17th and 18th centuries. As most of the Tower 's windows were enlarged in the 18th century, only two original -- albeit restored -- examples remain, in the south wall at the gallery level. The tower was terraced into the side of a mound, so the northern side of the basement is partially below ground level. As was typical of most keeps, the bottom floor was an undercroft used for storage. One of the rooms contained a well. Although the layout has remained the same since the tower 's construction, the interior of the basement dates mostly from the 18th century when the floor was lowered and the pre-existing timber vaults were replaced with brick counterparts. The basement is lit through small slits. St John 's Chapel, inside the White Tower The entrance floor was probably intended for the use of the Constable of the Tower, Lieutenant of the Tower of London and other important officials. The south entrance was blocked during the 17th century, and not reopened until 1973. Those heading to the upper floor had to pass through a smaller chamber to the east, also connected to the entrance floor. The crypt of St John 's Chapel occupied the south - east corner and was accessible only from the eastern chamber. There is a recess in the north wall of the crypt ; according to Geoffrey Parnell, Keeper of the Tower History at the Royal Armouries, `` the windowless form and restricted access, suggest that it was designed as a strong - room for safekeeping of royal treasures and important documents ''. The upper floor contained a grand hall in the west and residential chamber in the east -- both originally open to the roof and surrounded by a gallery built into the wall -- and St John 's Chapel in the south - east. The top floor was added in the 15th century, along with the present roof. St John 's Chapel was not part of the White Tower 's original design, as the apsidal projection was built after the basement walls. Due to changes in function and design since the tower 's construction, except for the chapel little is left of the original interior. The chapel 's current bare and unadorned appearance is reminiscent of how it would have been in the Norman period. In the 13th century, during Henry III 's reign, the chapel was decorated with such ornamentation as a gold - painted cross, and stained glass windows that depicted the Virgin Mary and the Holy Trinity. Innermost ward ( edit ) The innermost ward encloses an area immediately south of the White Tower, stretching to what was once the edge of the River Thames. As was the case at other castles, such as the 11th - century Hen Domen, the innermost ward was probably filled with timber buildings from the Tower 's foundation. Exactly when the royal lodgings began to encroach from the White Tower into the innermost ward is uncertain, although it had happened by the 1170s. The lodgings were renovated and elaborated during the 1220s and 1230s, becoming comparable with other palatial residences such as Windsor Castle. Construction of Wakefield and Lanthorn Towers -- located at the corners of the innermost ward 's wall along the river -- began around 1220. They probably served as private residences for the queen and king respectively. The earliest evidence for how the royal chambers were decorated comes from Henry III 's reign : the queen 's chamber was whitewashed, and painted with flowers and imitation stonework. A great hall existed in the south of the ward, between the two towers. It was similar to, although slightly smaller than, that also built by Henry III at Winchester Castle. Near Wakefield Tower was a postern gate which allowed private access to the king 's apartments. The innermost ward was originally surrounded by a protective ditch, which had been filled in by the 1220s. Around this time, a kitchen was built in the ward. Between 1666 and 1676, the innermost ward was transformed and the palace buildings removed. The area around the White Tower was cleared so that anyone approaching would have to cross open ground. The Jewel House was demolished, and the Crown Jewels moved to Martin Tower. Interior of the innermost ward. Right of centre is the 11th - century White Tower ; the structure at the end of the walkway to the left is Wakefield Tower. Beyond that can be seen Traitors ' Gate. Inner ward ( edit ) See also : Church of St Peter ad Vincula The inner ward was created during Richard the Lionheart 's reign, when a moat was dug to the west of the innermost ward, effectively doubling the castle 's size. Henry III created the ward 's east and north walls, and the ward 's dimensions remain to this day. Most of Henry 's work survives, and only two of the nine towers he constructed have been completely rebuilt. Between the Wakefield and Lanthorn Towers, the innermost ward 's wall also serves as a curtain wall for the inner ward. The main entrance to the inner ward would have been through a gatehouse, most likely in the west wall on the site of what is now Beauchamp Tower. The inner ward 's western curtain wall was rebuilt by Edward I. The 13th - century Beauchamp Tower marks the first large - scale use of brick as a building material in Britain, since the 5th - century departure of the Romans. The Beauchamp Tower is one of 13 towers that stud the curtain wall. Clockwise from the south - west corner they are : Bell, Beauchamp, Devereux, Flint, Bowyer, Brick, Martin, Constable, Broad Arrow, Salt, Lanthorn, Wakefield, and the Bloody Tower. While these towers provided positions from which flanking fire could be deployed against a potential enemy, they also contained accommodation. As its name suggests, Bell Tower housed a belfry, its purpose to raise the alarm in the event of an attack. The royal bow - maker, responsible for making longbows, crossbows, catapults, and other siege and hand weapons, had a workshop in the Bowyer Tower. A turret at the top of Lanthorn Tower was used as a beacon by traffic approaching the Tower at night. The south face of the Waterloo Block As a result of Henry 's expansion, St Peter ad Vincula, a Norman chapel which had previously stood outside the Tower, was incorporated into the castle. Henry decorated the chapel by adding glazed windows, and stalls for himself and his queen. It was rebuilt by Edward I at a cost of over £ 300 and again by Henry VIII in 1519 ; the current building dates from this period, although the chapel was refurbished in the 19th century. Immediately west of Wakefield Tower, the Bloody Tower was built at the same time as the inner ward 's curtain wall, and as a water-gate provided access to the castle from the River Thames. It was a simple structure, protected by a portcullis and gate. The Bloody Tower acquired its name in the 16th century, as it was believed to be the site of the murder of the Princes in the Tower. Between 1339 and 1341, a gatehouse was built into the curtain wall between Bell and Salt Towers. During the Tudor period, a range of buildings for the storage of munitions was built along the inside of the north inner ward. The castle buildings were remodelled during the Stuart period, mostly under the auspices of the Office of Ordnance. In 1663 just over £ 4,000 was spent building a new storehouse ( now known as the New Armouries ) in the inner ward. Construction of the Grand Storehouse north of the White Tower began in 1688, on the same site as the dilapidated Tudor range of storehouses ; it was destroyed by fire in 1841. The Waterloo Block, a former barracks in the castellated Gothic Revival style with Domestic Tudor details, was built on the site and remains to this day, housing the Crown Jewels on the ground floor. Outer ward ( edit ) A third ward was created during Edward I 's extension to the Tower, as the narrow enclosure completely surrounded the castle. At the same time a bastion known as Legge 's Mount was built at the castle 's north - west corner. Brass Mount, the bastion in the north - east corner, was a later addition. The three rectangular towers along the east wall 15 metres ( 49 ft ) apart were dismantled in 1843. Although the bastions have often been ascribed to the Tudor period, there is no evidence to support this ; archaeological investigations suggest that Legge 's Mount dates from the reign of Edward I. Blocked battlements ( also known as crenellations ) in the south side of Legge 's Mount are the only surviving medieval battlements at the Tower of London ( the rest are Victorian replacements ). A new 50 - metre ( 160 ft ) moat was dug beyond the castle 's new limits ; it was originally 4.5 metres ( 15 ft ) deeper in the middle than it is today. With the addition of a new curtain wall, the old main entrance to the Tower of London was obscured and made redundant ; a new entrance was created in the south - west corner of the external wall circuit. The complex consisted of an inner and an outer gatehouse and a barbican, which became known as the Lion Tower as it was associated with the animals as part of the Royal Menagerie since at least the 1330s. The Lion Tower itself no longer survives. Edward extended the south side of the Tower of London onto land that had previously been submerged by the River Thames. In this wall, he built St Thomas 's Tower between 1275 and 1279 ; later known as Traitors ' Gate, it replaced the Bloody Tower as the castle 's water-gate. The building is unique in England, and the closest parallel is the now demolished water-gate at the Louvre in Paris. The dock was covered with arrowslits in case of an attack on the castle from the River ; there was also a portcullis at the entrance to control who entered. There were luxurious lodgings on the first floor. Edward also moved the Royal Mint into the Tower ; its exact location early on is unknown, although it was probably in either the outer ward or the Lion Tower. By 1560, the Mint was located in a building in the outer ward near Salt Tower. Between 1348 and 1355, a second water-gate, Cradle Tower, was added east of St Thomas 's Tower for the king 's private use. The Tower of London 's outer curtain wall, with the curtain wall of the inner ward just visible behind. In the centre is Legge 's Mount. Foundation and early History ( edit ) Victorious at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066, the invading Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror, spent the rest of the year securing his holdings, by fortifying key positions. He founded several castles along the way, but took a circuitous route toward London ; only when he reached Canterbury did he turn towards England 's largest city. As the fortified bridge into London was held by Saxon troops, he decided instead to ravage Southwark before continuing his journey around southern England. A series of Norman victories along the route cut the city 's supply lines and in December 1066, isolated and intimidated, its leaders yielded London without a fight. Between 1066 and 1087, William established 36 castles, although references in the Domesday Book indicate that many more were founded by his subordinates. The new ruling elite undertook what has been described as `` the most extensive and concentrated programme of castle - building in the whole history of feudal Europe ''. They were multi-purpose buildings, serving as fortifications ( used as a base of operations in enemy territory ), centres of administration, and residences. William sent an advance party to prepare the city for his entrance, to celebrate his victory and found a castle ; in the words of William 's biographer, William of Poitiers, `` certain fortifications were completed in the city against the restlessness of the huge and brutal populace. For he ( William ) realised that it was of the first importance to overawe the Londoners ''. At the time, London was the largest town in England ; the foundation of Westminster Abbey and the old Palace of Westminster under Edward the Confessor had marked it as a centre of governance, and with a prosperous port it was important for the Normans to establish control over the settlement. The other two castles in London -- Baynard 's Castle and Montfichet 's Castle -- were established at the same time. The fortification that would later become known as the Tower of London was built onto the south - east corner of the Roman town walls, using them as prefabricated defences, with the River Thames providing additional protection from the south. This earliest phase of the castle would have been enclosed by a ditch and defended by a timber palisade, and probably had accommodation suitable for William. The White Tower dates from the late 11th century. Most of the early Norman castles were built from timber, but by the end of the 11th century a few, including the Tower of London, had been renovated or replaced with stone. Work on the White Tower -- which gives the whole castle its name -- is usually considered to have begun in 1078, however the exact date is uncertain. William made Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester, responsible for its construction, although it may not have been completed until after William 's death in 1087. The White Tower is the earliest stone keep in England, and was the strongest point of the early castle. It also contained grand accommodation for the king. At the latest, it was probably finished by 1100 when Bishop Ranulf Flambard was imprisoned there. Flambard was loathed by the English for exacting harsh taxes. Although he is the first recorded prisoner held in the Tower, he was also the first person to escape from it, using a smuggled rope secreted in a butt of wine. He was held in luxury and permitted servants, but on 2 February 1101 he hosted a banquet for his captors. After plying them with drink, when no one was looking he lowered himself from a secluded chamber, and out of the Tower. The escape came as such a surprise that one contemporary chronicler accused the bishop of witchcraft. The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle records that in 1097 King William II ordered a wall to be built around the Tower of London ; it was probably built from stone as a replacement for the timber palisade that arced around the north and west sides of the castle, between the Roman wall and the Thames. The Norman Conquest of London manifested itself not only with a new ruling class, but in the way the city was structured. Land was confiscated and redistributed amongst the Normans, who also brought over hundreds of Jews, for financial reasons. The Jews arrived under the direct protection of the Crown, as a result of which Jewish communities were often found close to castles. The Jews used the Tower as a retreat, when threatened by anti-Jewish violence. The death in 1135 of Henry I left England with a disputed succession ; although the king had persuaded his most powerful barons to swear support for the Empress Matilda, just a few days after Henry 's death Stephen of Blois arrived from France to lay claim to the throne. The importance of the city and its Tower is marked by the speed at which he secured London. The castle, which had not been used as a royal residence for some time, was usually left in the charge of a Constable, a post held at this time by Geoffrey de Mandeville. As the Tower was considered an impregnable fortress in a strategically important position, possession was highly valued. Mandeville exploited this, selling his allegiance to Matilda after Stephen was captured in 1141 at the Battle of Lincoln. Once her support waned, the following year he resold his loyalty to Stephen. Through his role as Constable of the Tower, Mandeville became `` the richest and most powerful man in England ''. When he tried the same ploy again, this time holding secret talks with Matilda, Stephen had him arrested, forced him to cede control of his castles, and replaced him with one of his most loyal supporters. Until then the position had been hereditary, originally held by Geoffrey de Mandeville ( a friend of William the Conqueror 's and ancestor of the Geoffrey that Stephen and Matilda dealt with ), but the position 's authority was such that from then on it remained in the hands of an appointee of the monarch. The position was usually given to someone of great importance, who might not always be at the castle due to other duties. Although the Constable was still responsible for maintaining the castle and its garrison, from an early stage he had a subordinate to help with this duty : the Lieutenant of the Tower. Constables also had civic duties relating to the city. Usually they were given control of the city and were responsible for levying taxes, enforcing the law and maintaining order. The creation in 1191 of the position of Lord Mayor of London removed many of the Constable 's civic powers, and at times led to friction between the two. Expansion ( edit ) The castle probably retained its form as established by 1100 until the reign of Richard I ( 1189 -- 1199 ). The castle was extended under William Longchamp, King Richard 's Lord Chancellor and the man in charge of England while he was on crusade. The Pipe Rolls record £ 2,881 1s 10d spent at the Tower of London between 3 December 1189 and 11 November 1190, from an estimated £ 7,000 spent by Richard on castle building in England. According to the contemporary chronicler Roger of Howden, Longchamp dug a moat around the castle and tried in vain to fill it from the Thames. Longchamp was also Constable of the Tower, and undertook its expansion while preparing for war with King Richard 's younger brother, Prince John, who in Richard 's absence arrived in England to try to seize power. As Longchamp 's main fortress, he made the Tower as strong as possible. The new fortifications were first tested in October 1191, when the Tower was besieged for the first time in its history. Longchamp capitulated to John after just three days, deciding he had more to gain from surrender than prolonging the siege. The Tower of London from The Shard. The River Thames is to the south. The outer curtain walls were erected in the 13th century. John succeeded Richard as king in 1199, but his rule proved unpopular with many of his barons, who in response moved against him. In 1214, while the king was at Windsor Castle, Robert Fitzwalter led an army into London and laid siege to the Tower. Although under - garrisoned, the Tower resisted and the siege was lifted once John signed the Magna Carta. The king reneged on his promises of reform, leading to the outbreak of the First Barons ' War. Even after the Magna Carta was signed, Fitzwalter maintained his control of London. During the war, the Tower 's garrison joined forces with the barons. John was deposed in 1216 and the barons offered the English throne to Prince Louis, the eldest son of the French king. However, after John 's death in October 1216, many began to support the claim of his eldest son, Henry III. War continued between the factions supporting Louis and Henry, with Fitzwalter supporting Louis. Fitzwalter was still in control of London and the Tower, both of which held out until it was clear that Henry III 's supporters would prevail. In the 13th century, Kings Henry III ( 1216 -- 1272 ) and Edward I ( 1272 -- 1307 ) extended the castle, essentially creating it as it stands today. Henry was disconnected from his barons, and a mutual lack of understanding led to unrest and resentment towards his rule. As a result, he was eager to ensure the Tower of London was a formidable fortification ; at the same time Henry was an aesthete and wished to make the castle a comfortable place to live. From 1216 to 1227 nearly £ 10,000 was spent on the Tower of London ; in this period, only the work at Windsor Castle cost more ( £ 15,000 ). Most of the work was focused on the palatial buildings of the innermost ward. The tradition of whitewashing the White Tower ( from which it derives its name ) began in 1240. Beginning around 1238, the castle was expanded to the east, north, and north - west. The work lasted through the reign of Henry III and into that of Edward I, interrupted occasionally by civil unrest. New creations included a new defensive perimeter, studded with towers, while on the west, north, and east sides, where the wall was not defended by the river, a defensive ditch was dug. The eastern extension took the castle beyond the bounds of the old Roman settlement, marked by the city wall which had been incorporated into the castle 's defences. The Tower had long been a symbol of oppression, despised by Londoners, and Henry 's building programme was unpopular. So when the gatehouse collapsed in 1240, the locals celebrated the setback. The expansion caused disruption locally and £ 166 was paid to St Katherine 's Hospital and the prior of Holy Trinity in compensation. Henry III often held court at the Tower of London, and held parliament there on at least two occasions ( 1236 and 1261 ) when he felt that the barons were becoming dangerously unruly. In 1258, the discontented barons, led by Simon de Montfort, forced the King to agree to reforms including the holding of regular parliaments. Relinquishing the Tower of London was among the conditions. Henry III resented losing power and sought permission from the pope to break his oath. With the backing of mercenaries, Henry installed himself in the Tower in 1261. While negotiations continued with the barons, the King ensconced himself in the castle, although no army moved to take it. A truce was agreed with the condition that the King hand over control of the Tower once again. Henry won a significant victory at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, allowing him to regain control of the country and the Tower of London. Cardinal Ottobuon came to England to excommunicate those who were still rebellious ; the act was deeply unpopular and the situation was exacerbated when the cardinal was granted custody of the Tower. Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, marched on London in April 1267 and laid siege to the castle, declaring that custody of the Tower was `` not a post to be trusted in the hands of a foreigner, much less of an ecclesiastic ''. Despite a large army and siege engines, Gilbert de Clare was unable to take the castle. The Earl retreated, allowing the King control of the capital, and the Tower experienced peace for the rest of Henry 's reign. Although he was rarely in London, Edward I undertook an expensive remodelling of the Tower, costing £ 21,000 between 1275 and 1285, over double that spent on the castle during the whole of Henry III 's reign. Edward I was a seasoned castle builder, and used his experience of siege warfare during the crusades to bring innovations to castle building. His programme of castle building in Wales heralded the introduction of the widespread use of arrowslits in castle walls across Europe, drawing on Eastern influences. At the Tower of London, Edward filled in the moat dug by Henry III and built a new curtain wall along its line, creating a new enclosure. A new moat was created in front of the new curtain wall. The western part of Henry III 's curtain wall was rebuilt, with Beauchamp Tower replacing the castle 's old gatehouse. A new entrance was created, with elaborate defences including two gatehouses and a barbican. In an effort to make the castle self - sufficient, Edward I also added two watermills. Six hundred Jews were imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1278, charged with coin clipping. Persecution of the country 's Jewish population under Edward began in 1276 and culminated in 1290 when he issued the Edict of Expulsion, forcing the Jews out of the country. Later medieval period ( edit ) A model of the Tower of London as it appeared after the final period of expansion under Edward I During Edward II 's reign ( 1307 -- 1327 ) there was relatively little activity at the Tower of London. However, it was during this period that the Privy Wardrobe was founded. The institution was based at the Tower and responsible for organising the state 's arms. In 1321, Margaret de Clare, Baroness Badlesmere became the first woman imprisoned in the Tower of London after she refused Queen Isabella admittance to Leeds Castle and ordered her archers to fire upon Isabella, killing six of the royal escort. Generally reserved for high - ranking inmates, the Tower was the most important royal prison in the country. However it was not necessarily very secure, and throughout its history people bribed the guards to help them escape. In 1323 Roger Mortimer, Baron Mortimer, was aided in his escape from the Tower by the Sub-Lieutenant of the Tower who let Mortimer 's men inside. They hacked a hole in his cell wall and Mortimer escaped to a waiting boat. He fled to France where he encountered Edward 's Queen. They began an affair and plotted to overthrow the King. One of Mortimer 's first acts on entering England in 1326 was to capture the Tower and release the prisoners held there. For four years he ruled while Edward III was too young to do so himself ; in 1330, Edward and his supporters captured Mortimer and threw him in the Tower. Under Edward III 's rule ( 1312 -- 1377 ) England experienced renewed success in warfare after his father 's reign had put the realm on the backfoot against the Scots and French. Amongst Edward 's successes were the battles of Crécy and Poitiers where King John II of France was taken prisoner, and the capture of the King David II of Scotland at Neville 's Cross. During this period, the Tower of London held many noble prisoners of war. Edward II had allowed the Tower of London to fall into a state of disrepair, and by the reign of Edward III the castle was an uncomfortable place. The nobility held captive within its walls were unable to engage in activities such as hunting which were permissible at other royal castles used as prisons, for instance Windsor. Edward III ordered that the castle should be renovated. One of the powerful French magnates held in the Tower during the Hundred Years ' War was Charles, Duke of Orléans, the nephew of the King of France. This late 15th - century image is the earliest surviving non-schematic picture of the Tower of London. It shows the White Tower and the water-gate, with Old London Bridge in the background. When Richard II was crowned in 1377, he led a procession from the Tower to Westminster Abbey. This tradition began in at least the early 14th century and lasted until 1660. During the Peasants ' Revolt of 1381 the Tower of London was besieged with the King inside. When Richard rode out to meet with Wat Tyler, the rebel leader, a crowd broke into the castle without meeting resistance and looted the Jewel House. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Simon Sudbury, took refuge in St John 's Chapel, hoping the mob would respect the sanctuary. However, he was taken away and beheaded on Tower Hill. Six years later there was again civil unrest, and Richard spent Christmas in the security of the Tower rather than Windsor as was more usual. When Henry Bolingbroke returned from exile in 1399, Richard was imprisoned in the White Tower. He abdicated and was replaced on the throne by Bolingbroke, who became King Henry IV. In the 15th century, there was little building work at the Tower of London, yet the castle still remained important as a place of refuge. When supporters of the late Richard II attempted a coup, Henry IV found safety in the Tower of London. During this period, the castle also held many distinguished prisoners. The heir to the Scottish throne, later King James I of Scotland, was kidnapped while journeying to France in 1406 and held in the Tower. The reign of Henry V ( 1413 -- 1422 ) renewed England 's fortune in the Hundred Years ' War against France. As a result of Henry 's victories, such as the Battle of Agincourt, many high - status prisoners were held in the Tower of London until they were ransomed. Much of the latter half of the 15th century was occupied by the Wars of the Roses between the claimants to the throne, the houses of Lancaster and York. The castle was once again besieged in 1460, this time by a Yorkist force. The Tower was damaged by artillery fire but only surrendered when Henry VI was captured at the Battle of Northampton. With the help of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick ( nicknamed `` the Kingmaker '' ) Henry recaptured the throne for a short time in 1470. However, Edward IV soon regained control and Henry VI was imprisoned in the Tower of London, where he was probably murdered. During the wars, the Tower was fortified to withstand gunfire, and provided with loopholes for cannons and handguns : an enclosure was created for this purpose to the south of Tower Hill, although it no longer survives. The Two Princes Edward and Richard in the Tower, 1483 by Sir John Everett Millais, 1878 Shortly after the death of Edward IV in 1483, the notorious murder of the Princes in the Tower is traditionally believed to have taken place. The incident is one of the most infamous events associated with the Tower of London. Edward V 's uncle Richard, Duke of Gloucester was declared Lord Protector while the prince was too young to rule. Traditional accounts have held that the 12 - year - old Edward was confined to the Tower of London along with his younger brother Richard. The Duke of Gloucester was proclaimed King Richard III in June. The princes were last seen in public in June 1483 ; it has traditionally been thought that the most likely reason for their disappearance is that they were murdered late in the summer of 1483. Bones thought to belong to them were discovered in 1674 when the 12th - century forebuilding at the entrance to the White Tower was demolished ; however, the reputed level at which the bones were found ( 10 ft or 3 m ) would put the bones at a depth similar to that of the recently discovered Roman graveyard found 12 ft ( 4 m ) underneath the Minories a few hundred yards to the north. Opposition to Richard escalated until he was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 by the Lancastrian Henry Tudor, who ascended to the throne as Henry VII. Changing use ( edit ) The beginning of the Tudor period marked the start of the decline of the Tower of London 's use as a royal residence. As 16th - century chronicler Raphael Holinshed said the Tower became used more as `` an armouries and house of munition, and thereunto a place for the safekeeping of offenders than a palace roiall for a king or queen to sojourne in ''. The Yeoman Warders have been the Royal Bodyguard since at least 1509. During the reign of Henry VIII, the Tower was assessed as needing considerable work on its defences. In 1532, Thomas Cromwell spent £ 3,593 on repairs and imported nearly 3,000 tons of Caen stone for the work. Even so, this was not sufficient to bring the castle up to the standard of contemporary military fortifications which were designed to withstand powerful artillery. Although the defences were repaired, the palace buildings were left in a state of neglect after Henry 's death. Their condition was so poor that they were virtually uninhabitable. From 1547 onwards, the Tower of London was only used as a royal residence when its political and historic symbolism was considered useful, for instance each of Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I briefly stayed at the Tower before their coronations. In the 16th century, the Tower acquired an enduring reputation as a grim, forbidding prison. This had not always been the case. As a royal castle, it was used by the monarch to imprison people for various reasons, however these were usually high - status individuals for short periods rather than common citizenry as there were plenty of prisons elsewhere for such people. Contrary to the popular image of the Tower, prisoners were able to make their life easier by purchasing amenities such as better food or tapestries through the Lieutenant of the Tower. As holding prisoners was originally an incidental role of the Tower -- as would have been the case for any castle -- there was no purpose - built accommodation for prisoners until 1687 when a brick shed, a `` Prison for Soldiers '', was built to the north - west of the White Tower. The Tower 's reputation for torture and imprisonment derives largely from 16th - century religious propagandists and 19th - century romanticists. Although much of the Tower 's reputation is exaggerated, the 16th and 17th centuries marked the castle 's zenith as a prison, with many religious and political undesirables locked away. The Privy Council had to sanction the use of torture, so it was not often used ; between 1540 and 1640, the peak of imprisonment at the Tower, there were 48 recorded cases of the use of torture. The three most common forms used were the infamous rack, the Scavenger 's daughter, and manacles. The rack was introduced to England in 1447 by the Duke of Exeter, the Constable of the Tower ; consequentially it was also known as the Duke of Exeter 's daughter. One of those tortured at the Tower was Guy Fawkes, who was brought there on 6 November 1605 ; after torture he signed a full confession to the Gunpowder Plot. Among those held and executed at the Tower was Anne Boleyn. Although the Yeoman Warders were once the Royal Bodyguard, by the 16th and 17th centuries their main duty had become to look after the prisoners. The Tower was often a safer place than other prisons in London such as the Fleet, where disease was rife. High - status prisoners could live in conditions comparable to those they might expect outside ; one such example was that while Walter Raleigh was held in the Tower his rooms were altered to accommodate his family, including his son who was born there in 1605. Executions were usually carried out on Tower Hill rather than in the Tower of London itself, and 112 people were executed on the hill over 400 years. Before the 20th century, there had been seven executions within the castle on Tower Green ; as was the case with Lady Jane Grey, this was reserved for prisoners for whom public execution was considered dangerous. After Lady Jane Grey 's execution on 12 February 1554, Queen Mary I imprisoned her sister Elizabeth, later Queen Elizabeth I, in the Tower under suspicion of causing rebellion as Sir Thomas Wyatt had led a revolt against Mary in Elizabeth 's name. The cobbled surface of Tower Hill to the north of the Tower of London. Over a period of 400 years, 112 people were executed on the hill. The Office of Ordnance and Armoury Office were founded in the 15th century, taking over the Privy Wardrobe 's duties of looking after the monarch 's arsenal and valuables. As there was no standing army before 1661, the importance of the royal armoury at the Tower of London was that it provided a professional basis for procuring supplies and equipment in times of war. The two bodies were resident at the Tower from at least 1454, and by the 16th century they had moved to a position in the inner ward. The Board of Ordnance ( successor to these Offices ) had its headquarters in the White Tower and used surrounding buildings for storage. In 1855 the Board was abolished ; its successor ( the Military Store Department of the War Office ) was also based there until 1869, after which its headquarters staff were relocated to the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich ( where the recently closed Woolwich Dockyard was converted into a vast ordnance store ). Political tensions between Charles I and Parliament in the second quarter of the 17th century led to an attempt by forces loyal to the King to secure the Tower and its valuable contents, including money and munitions. London 's Trained Bands, a militia force, were moved into the castle in 1640. Plans for defence were drawn up and gun platforms were built, readying the Tower for war. The preparations were never put to the test. In 1642, Charles I attempted to arrest five members of parliament. When this failed he fled the city, and Parliament retaliated by removing Sir John Byron, the Lieutenant of the Tower. The Trained Bands had switched sides, and now supported Parliament ; together with the London citizenry, they blockaded the Tower. With permission from the King, Byron relinquished control of the Tower. Parliament replaced Byron with a man of their own choosing, Sir John Conyers. By the time the English Civil War broke out in November 1642, the Tower of London was already in Parliament 's control. The last monarch to uphold the tradition of taking a procession from the Tower to Westminster to be crowned was Charles II in 1661. At the time, the castle 's accommodation was in such poor condition that he did not stay there the night before his coronation. Under the Stuart kings the Tower 's buildings were remodelled, mostly under the auspices of the Office of Ordnance. Just over £ 4,000 was spent in 1663 on building a new storehouse, now known as the New Armouries in the inner ward. In the 17th century there were plans to enhance the Tower 's defences in the style of the trace italienne, however they were never acted on. Although the facilities for the garrison were improved with the addition of the first purpose - built quarters for soldiers ( the `` Irish Barracks '' ) in 1670, the general accommodations were still in poor condition. An engraving of the Tower of London in 1737 by Samuel and Nathaniel Buck When the Hanoverian dynasty ascended the throne, their situation was uncertain and with a possible Scottish rebellion in mind, the Tower of London was repaired. Gun platforms added under the Stuarts had decayed. The number of guns at the Tower was reduced from 118 to 45, and one contemporary commentator noted that the castle `` would not hold out four and twenty hours against an army prepared for a siege ''. For the most part, the 18th - century work on the defences was spasmodic and piecemeal, although a new gateway in the southern curtain wall permitting access from the wharf to the outer ward was added in 1774. The moat surrounding the castle had become silted over the centuries since it was created despite attempts at clearing it. It was still an integral part of the castle 's defences, so in 1830 the Constable of the Tower, the Duke of Wellington, ordered a large - scale clearance of several feet of silt. However this did not prevent an outbreak of disease in the garrison in 1841 caused by poor water supply, resulting in several deaths. To prevent the festering ditch posing further health problems, it was ordered that the moat should be drained and filled with earth. The work began in 1843 and was mostly complete two years later. The construction of the Waterloo Barracks in the inner ward began in 1845, when the Duke of Wellington laid the foundation stone. The building could accommodate 1,000 men ; at the same time, separate quarters for the officers were built to the north - east of the White Tower. The building is now the headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers. The popularity of the Chartist movement between 1828 and 1858 led to a desire to refortify the Tower of London in the event of civil unrest. It was the last major programme of fortification at the castle. Most of the surviving installations for the use of artillery and firearms date from this period. During the First World War, eleven men were tried in private and shot by firing squad at the Tower for espionage. During the Second World War, the Tower was once again used to hold prisoners of war. One such person was Rudolf Hess, Adolf Hitler 's deputy, albeit just for four days in 1941. He was the last state prisoner to be held at the castle. The last person to be executed at the Tower was German spy Josef Jakobs who was shot on 15 August 1941. The executions for espionage during the wars took place in a prefabricated miniature rifle range which stood in the outer ward and was demolished in 1969. The Second World War also saw the last use of the Tower as a fortification. In the event of a German invasion, the Tower, together with the Royal Mint and nearby warehouses, was to have formed one of three `` keeps '' or complexes of defended buildings which formed the last - ditch defences of the capital. Restoration and tourism ( edit ) A recreation of Edward I 's bedchamber in the river - side St Thomas 's Tower above Traitors ' Gate. The Tower of London has become established as one of the most popular tourist attractions in the country. It has been a tourist attraction since at least the Elizabethan period, when it was one of the sights of London that foreign visitors wrote about. Its most popular attractions were the Royal Menagerie and displays of armour. The Crown Jewels also garner much interest, and have been on public display since 1669. The Tower steadily gained popularity with tourists through the 19th century, despite the opposition of the Duke of Wellington to visitors. Numbers became so high that by 1851 a purpose - built ticket office was erected. By the end of the century, over 500,000 were visiting the castle every year. Over the 18th and 19th centuries, the palatial buildings were slowly adapted for other uses and demolished. Only the Wakefield and St Thomas 's Towers survived. The 18th century marked an increasing interest in England 's medieval past. One of the effects was the emergence of Gothic Revival architecture. In the Tower 's architecture, this was manifest when the New Horse Armoury was built in 1825 against the south face of the White Tower. It featured elements of Gothic Revival architecture such as battlements. Other buildings were remodelled to match the style and the Waterloo Barracks were described as `` castellated Gothic of the 15th century ''. Between 1845 and 1885 institutions such as the Mint which had inhabited the castle for centuries moved to other sites ; many of the post-medieval structures left vacant were demolished. In 1855, the War Office took over responsibility for manufacture and storage of weapons from the Ordnance Office, which was gradually phased out of the castle. At the same time, there was greater interest in the history of the Tower of London. Public interest was partly fuelled by contemporary writers, of whom the work of William Harrison Ainsworth was particularly influential. In The Tower of London : A Historical Romance he created a vivid image of underground torture chambers and devices for extracting confessions that stuck in the public imagination. Harrison also played another role in the Tower 's history, as he suggested that Beauchamp Tower should be opened to the public so they could see the inscriptions of 16th - and 17th - century prisoners. Working on the suggestion, Anthony Salvin refurbished the tower and led a further programme for a comprehensive restoration at the behest of Prince Albert. Salvin was succeeded in the work by John Taylor. When a feature did not meet his expectations of medieval architecture Taylor would ruthlessly remove it ; as a result, several important buildings within the castle were pulled down and in some cases post-medieval internal decoration removed. The main entrance to the Tower of London. Today the castle is a popular tourist attraction. Although only one bomb fell on the Tower of London in the First World War ( it landed harmlessly in the moat ), the Second World War left a greater mark. On 23 September 1940, during the Blitz, high - explosive bombs damaged the castle, destroying several buildings and narrowly missing the White Tower. After the war, the damage was repaired and the Tower of London was reopened to the public. In 1974, there was a bomb explosion in the Mortar Room in the White Tower, leaving one person dead and 35 injured. No one claimed responsibility for the blast, but the police investigated suspicions that the IRA was behind it. In the 21st century, tourism is the Tower 's primary role, the remaining routine military activities, under the Royal Logistic Corps, having wound down in the latter half of the 20th century and moved out of the castle. However, the Tower is still home to the ceremonial regimental headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, and the museum dedicated to it and its predecessor, the Royal Fusiliers. Also, a detachment of the unit providing the Queen 's Guard at Buckingham Palace still mounts a guard at the Tower, and with the Yeomen Warders, takes part in the Ceremony of the Keys each day. On several occasions through the year gun salutes are fired from the Tower by the Honourable Artillery Company, these consist of 62 rounds for royal occasions, and 41 on other occasions. Two of the ravens Since 1990, the Tower of London has been cared for by an independent charity, Historic Royal Palaces, which receives no funding from the Government or the Crown. In 1988, the Tower of London was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites, in recognition of its global importance and to help conserve and protect the site. However, recent developments, such as the construction of skyscrapers nearby, have pushed the Tower towards being added to the United Nations ' Heritage in Danger List. The remains of the medieval palace have been open to the public since 2006. Visitors can explore the chambers restored to their former glory, once used by past kings and queens. Although the position of Constable of the Tower remains the highest position held at the Tower, the responsibility of day - to - day administration is delegated to the Resident Governor. At least six ravens are kept at the Tower at all times, in accordance with the belief that if they are absent, the kingdom will fall. They are under the care of the Yeomen Warders. The earliest known reference to a Tower raven is a picture from 1883. As well as having ceremonial duties, the Yeoman Warders provide guided tours around the Tower. Over 2.8 million people visited the Tower of London in 2017. Crown Jewels ( edit ) See also : Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom and Jewel House The Imperial State Crown ( side view ) The tradition of housing the Crown Jewels in the Tower of London probably dates from the reign of Henry III ( 1216 -- 1272 ). The Jewel House was built specifically to house the royal regalia, including jewels, plate, and symbols of royalty such as the crown, sceptre, and sword. When money needed to be raised, the treasure could be pawned by the monarch. The treasure allowed the monarch independence from the aristocracy, and consequently was closely guarded. A new position for `` keeper of the jewels, armouries and other things '' was created, which was well rewarded ; in the reign of Edward III ( 1327 -- 1377 ) the holder was paid 12d a day. The position grew to include other duties including purchasing royal jewels, gold, and silver, and appointing royal goldsmiths and jewellers. In 1649, during the English Civil War, the contents of the Jewel House were disposed of along with other royal properties, as decreed by Cromwell. Metal items were sent to the Mint to be melted down and re-used, and the crowns were `` totallie broken and defaced ''. When the monarchy was restored in 1660, the only surviving items of the coronation regalia were a 12th - century spoon and three ceremonial swords. ( Some pieces that had been sold were later returned to the Crown. ) Detailed records of old regalia survived, and replacements were made for the coronation of Charles II in 1661 based on drawings from the time of Charles I. For the coronation of Charles II, gems were rented because the treasury could not afford to replace them. In 1669, the Jewel House was demolished and the Crown Jewels moved into Martin Tower ( until 1841 ). They were displayed here for viewing by the paying public. This was exploited two years later when Colonel Thomas Blood attempted to steal them. Blood and his accomplices bound and gagged the Jewel House keeper. Although they laid their hands on the Imperial State Crown, Sceptre and Orb, they were foiled when the keeper 's son turned up unexpectedly and raised the alarm. Since 1994, the Crown Jewels have been on display in the Jewel House in the Waterloo Block. Some of the pieces are used regularly by the Queen. The display includes 23,578 gemstones, the 800 - year - old Coronation Spoon, St. Edward 's Crown ( worn during all crownings at Westminster Abbey ) and the Imperial State Crown. Royal Menagerie ( edit ) Wire animal sculptures at the tower, Kendra Haste There is evidence that King John ( 1166 -- 1216 ) first started keeping wild animals at the Tower. Records of 1210 -- 1212 show payments to lion keepers. The Royal Menagerie is frequently referenced during the reign of Henry III. Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II presented Henry with three leopards, circa 1235, which were kept in the Tower. In 1251, the sheriffs were ordered to pay fourpence a day towards the upkeep of the King 's polar bear, a gift from Haakon IV of Norway in the same year ; the bear attracted a great deal of attention from Londoners when it went fishing in the Thames while tied to the land by a chain. In 1254 or 1255, Henry III received an African elephant from Louis IX of France depicted by Matthew Paris in his Chronica Majora. A wooden structure was built to house the elephant, 12.2 m ( 40 ft ) long by 6.1 m ( 20 ft ) wide. The animal died in 1258, possibly because it was given red wine, but also perhaps because of the cold climate of England. In 1288, Edward I added a lion and a lynx and appointed the first official Keeper of the animals. Edward III added other types of animals, two lions, a leopard and two wildcats. Under subsequent kings, the number of animals grew to include additional cats of various types, jackals, hyenas, and an old brown bear, Max, gifted to Henry VIII by Emperor Maximilian. In 1436, during the time of Henry V, all the lions died and the employment of Keeper William Kerby was terminated. Historical records indicate that a semi-circular structure or barbican was built by Edward I in 1277 ; this area was later named the Lion Tower, to the immediate west of the Middle Tower. Records from 1335 indicate the purchase of a lock and key for the lions and leopards, also suggesting they were located near the western entrance of the Tower. By the 1500s that area was called the Menagerie. Between 1604 and 1606 the Menagerie was extensively refurbished and an exercise yard was created in the moat area beside the Lion Tower. An overhead platform was added for viewing of the lions by the royals, during lion baiting, for example in the time of James I. Reports from 1657 include mention of six lions, increasing to 11 by 1708, in addition to other types of cats, eagles, owls and a jackal. By the 18th century, the menagerie was open to the public ; admission cost three half - pence or the supply of a cat or dog to be fed to the lions. By the end of the century, that had increased to 9 pence. A particularly famous inhabitant was Old Martin, a large grizzly bear given to George III by the Hudson 's Bay Company in 1811. An 1800 inventory also listed a tiger, leopards, a hyena, a large baboon, various types of monkeys, wolves and `` other animals ''. By 1822, however, the collection included only a grizzly bear, an elephant and some birds. Additional animals were then introduced. In 1828 there were over 280 representing at least 60 species as the new keeper Alfred Copps was actively acquiring animals. After the death of George IV in 1830, a decision was made to close down the Menagerie. In 1831, most of the stock was moved to the London Zoo which had opened in 1828. The last of the animals left in 1835, relocated to Regent 's Park. This decision was made after an incident, although sources vary as to the specifics : either a lion was accused of biting a soldier, or a sailor, Ensign Seymour, had been bitten by a monkey. The Menagerie buildings were removed in 1852 but the Keeper of the Royal Menagerie was entitled to use the Lion Tower as a house for life. Consequently, even though the animals had long since left the building, the tower was not demolished until the death of Copps, the last keeper, in 1853. In 1999, physical evidence of lion cages was found, one being 3x3 meters ( 6.5 x10 feet ) in size, very small for a lion that can grow to be 2.5 meters ( approximately 8 feet ) long. In 2008, the skulls of two male Barbary lions ( now extinct in the wild ) from northwest Africa were found in the moat area of the Tower. Radiocarbon tests dated them from 1280 -- 1385 and 1420 -- 1480. During 2011 an exhibition was hosted at the Tower with fine wire sculptures by Kendra Haste. Ghosts ( edit ) Anne Boleyn was beheaded in 1536 for treason against Henry VIII ; her ghost supposedly haunts the Church of St Peter ad Vincula in the Tower, where she is buried, and has been said to walk around the White Tower carrying her head under her arm. This haunting is commemorated in the 1934 comic song `` With Her Head Tucked Underneath Her Arm ''. Other reported ghosts include Henry VI, Lady Jane Grey, Margaret Pole, and the Princes in the Tower. In January 1816, a sentry on guard outside the Jewel House claimed to have witnessed an apparition of a bear advancing towards him, and reportedly died of fright a few days later. In October 1817, a tubular, glowing apparition was claimed to have been seen in the Jewel House by the Keeper of the Crown Jewels, Edmund Lenthal Swifte. He said that the apparition hovered over the shoulder of his wife, leading her to exclaim : `` Oh, Christ! It has seized me! '' Other nameless and formless terrors have been reported, more recently, by night staff at the Tower. See also ( edit ) London portal Criminal justice portal Castles in Great Britain and Ireland List of buildings that survived the Great Fire of London List of castles in England List of Keepers of the Records in the Tower of London List of prisoners of the Tower of London Tower of London in popular culture Zammitello Palace, built in imitation of the Tower of London References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Wakefield Tower was originally called Blundeville Tower. Jump up ^ Flambard, Bishop of Durham, was imprisoned by Henry I `` for the many injustices which Henry himself and the king 's other sons had suffered ''. Footnotes ^ Jump up to : `` ALVA Association of Leading Visitor Attractions ''. www.alva.org.uk. Retrieved 16 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` History ''. Historic Royal Palaces. Retrieved 22 July 2013. 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Jump up ^ Royal Beasts at Tower of London, View London, retrieved 14 April 2011 Jump up ^ Farson 1978, pp. 14 -- 16 ^ Jump up to : Hole 1951, pp. 61 -- 62, 155 Jump up ^ Roud 2009, pp. 60 -- 61 Bibliography Allen Brown, Reginald ( 1976 ) ( 1954 ), Allen Brown 's English Castles, The Boydell Press, ISBN 1 - 84383 - 069 - 8 Allen Brown, Reginald ; Curnow, P ( 1984 ), Tower of London, Greater London : Department of the Environment Official Handbook, Her Majesty 's Stationery Office, ISBN 0 - 11 - 671148 - 5 Bennett, Matthew ( 2001 ), Campaigns of the Norman Conquest, Essential Histories, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1 - 84176 - 228 - 8 Black, Ernest ( 1927 ), `` Torture under English Law '', University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register, University of Pennsylvania, 75 ( 4 ) : 344 -- 348, doi : 10.2307 / 3307506, JSTOR 3307506 Blunt, Wilfred ( 1976 ), The Ark in the Park : The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century, Hamish Hamilton, ISBN 0 - 241 - 89331 - 3 Cathcart King, David James ( 1988 ), The Castle in England and Wales : an Interpretative History, Croom Helm, ISBN 0 - 918400 - 08 - 2 Collinson, Patrick ( 2004 ), `` Elizabeth I ( 1533 -- 1603 ), Queen of England and Ireland '', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press ( subscription required ) Costain, Thomas ( 1958 ), The Three Edwards, Garden City Creighton, Oliver ( 2002 ), Castles and Landscapes, Continuum, ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5896 - 3 Farson, Daniel ( 1978 ), Ghosts in Fact and Fiction, Hamlyn Young Books, ISBN 978 - 0 - 600 - 34053 - 9 Friar, Stephen ( 2003 ), The Sutton Companion to Castles, Sutton Publishing, ISBN 978 - 0 - 7509 - 3994 - 2 Gillingham, John ( 2002 ) ( 1999 ), Richard I, Yale University Press, ISBN 0 - 300 - 09404 - 3 Hole, Christina ( 1951 ), Haunted England : A Survey of English Ghost - Lore ( 3 ed. ), Batsford Horrox, Rosemary ( 2004 ), `` Edward V ( 1470 -- 1483 ), king of England and lord of Ireland '', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press ( subscription required ) Impey, Edward ; Parnell, Geoffrey ( 2000 ), The Tower of London : The Official Illustrated History, Merrell Publishers in association with Historic Royal Palaces, ISBN 1 - 85894 - 106 - 7 Jerome, Fiona ( 2006 ), Tales from the Tower : Secrets and Stories from a Gory and Glorious Past, Think Publishing, ISBN 978 - 1 - 84525 - 026 - 3 Lapper, Ivan ; Parnell, Geoffrey ( 2000 ), The Tower of London : A 2000 - year History, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 170 - 1 Liddiard, Robert ( 2005 ), Castles in Context : Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500, Windgather Press Ltd, ISBN 0 - 9545575 - 2 - 2 Parnell, Geoffrey ( 1993 ), The Tower of London, Batsford, ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 6864 - 9 Plowden, Alison ( 2004 ), `` Grey ( married name Dudley ), Lady Jane ( 1537 -- 1554 ) '', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press ( subscription required ) Roud, Steve ( 2009 ) ( 2008 ), London Lore : The Legends and Traditions of the World 's Most Vibrant City, Arrow Books, ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 951986 - 7 Sax, Boria ( 2007 ), `` How Ravens Came to the Tower of London '' ( PDF ), Society and Animals, 15 ( 3 ) : 269 -- 283, doi : 10.1163 / 156853007X217203, Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Sellers, Leonard ( 1997 ), Shot in the Tower : The Story of the Spies executed in the Tower of London during the First World War, Leo Cooper, ISBN 978 - 1 - 84884 - 026 - 3 Strickland, Agnes ( 1840 ), Lives of the Queens of England from the Norman Conquest. Volume II, II, Henry Colburn Vince, Alan ( 1990 ), Saxon London : An Archaeological Investigation, Seaby, ISBN 1 - 85264 - 019 - 7 Wilson, Derek ( 1998 ) ( 1978 ), The Tower of London : A Thousand Years ( 2nd ed. ), Allison & Busby, ISBN 0 - 7490 - 0332 - 4 Further reading ( edit ) Bennett, Edward Turner ( 1829 ). The Tower Menagerie : Comprising the Natural History of the Animals Contained in that Establishment ; with Anecdotes of their Characters and History. Robert Jennings. Harman, A. ( 1864 ). Sketches of the Tower of London as a Fortress, a Prison, and a Palace. J. Wheeler. Parnell, Geoffrey ( 2009 ). The Tower of London : Past & Present. History Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 5036 - 0. External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Tower of London '' dated 2018 - 05 - 04, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Tower of London ( category ) Wikivoyage has a listing for Tower of London. Official website Further reading recommended by Historic Royal Palaces Bibliography of sources relating to the Tower of London `` Tower of London, The ''. Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed. ). 1911. 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London Windsor Castle Historical ( ǂ = demolished ) ( ¤ = now ruins ) ( § = partly demolished ) Abergeldie Castle, Crathie and Braemar Albany ( London ) Allerton Castle Audley End House Palace of Beaulieu, Borehamǂ Barnwell Manor Beaumont Palace, Oxfordǂ Fort Belvedere, Old Windsor Bentley Priory Berkhamsted Castle ¤ Birch Hall, Windlesham Brantridge Park, Balcombe Bridewell Palace ǂ Brill Palace ¤ Bushy House Cadzow Castle ¤ Caernarfon Castle Cambridge Cottage, Kew Cambridge House Carisbrooke Castle Carlton House ǂ Castle Hill Lodge, Ealingǂ Castlewood House, Egham Wick Chelsea Manor ǂ Chevening Chideock Manor Chiswick House Christ Church, Oxford Claremont, Esher Clarendon Palace ¤ Cliveden, Taplow Coombe Abbey, Combe Fields, Rugby Coppins, Iver Crocker End House, Nettlebed Crosby Hall, London Cumberland Cottage Cumberland House ǂ Cumberland Lodge, Windsor Delnadamph Lodge ǂ Dolphin Square Doune Castle Dover House Dunfermline Palace ¤ Eastwell Park, Kent Edinburgh Castle Eltham Palace Falkland Palace, Fife Frogmore House, Windsor Gloucester House, Weymouth Gloucester House, London ǂ Gloucester Lodge Gunnersbury Park Hanworth Manor ǂ Hatfield House Havering Palace ǂ Ingestre House, Great Haywood Kent House ( Isle of Wight ) Kew House ( Isle of Wight ) Kew Palace § Kingsbourne House King 's House, Winchester ǂ Kings Langley Palace ǂ Lancaster House Leeds Castle, Kent Leicester House, Leicester Square Linlithgow Palace ¤ Marlborough House Montagu House, Blackheath ǂ Castle of Mey, Caithness Nether Lypiatt Manor Nonsuch Palace ǂ Norfolk House ǂ Oak Grove House Oatlands Palace ǂ and Park §, Walton / Weybridge Osborne Cottage Osborne House Palace of Placentia, Greenwichǂ Queen Charlotte 's Cottage, Kew Queen 's House, Greenwich Ranger 's House, Blackheath Ribsden Holt, Windlesham Richmond Palace & White Lodge Romenda Lodge Royal Pavilion, Aldershotǂ Royal Pavilion, Brighton Savile House Savoy Palace ǂ Schomberg House, 77 Pall Mall Somerset House Stirling Castle 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Carlyle 's House Eastbury Manor House Fenton House George Inn Lindsey House restricted Morden Hall Park Osterley Park Rainham Hall Red House Roman Baths Sutton House English Heritage Apsley House Chiswick House Down House Eltham Palace Jewel Tower Kenwood House ( Iveagh Bequest ) London Wall Marble Hill House Ranger 's House ( Wernher Collection ) Winchester Palace The London Museums of Health & Medicine ( selected ) Florence Nightingale Museum Foundling Museum Freud Museum Museum of the Order of St John Old Operating Theatre Museum and Herb Garret Wellcome Collection Other Arsenal Football Club Museum Bank of England Museum Barbican Art Gallery Benjamin Franklin House Bruce Castle Charles Dickens Museum David Zwirner Gallery Dennis Severs ' House Design Museum Dr Johnson 's House Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art Fashion and Textile Museum Flowers Gallery Garden Museum Guildhall Art Gallery Handel & Hendrix in London Hayward Gallery Hogarth 's House Institute of Contemporary Arts Leighton House Museum London Museum of Water & Steam Marlborough Gallery Museum of Brands, Packaging and Advertising Museum of Croydon Museum of Immigration and Diversity Museum of Richmond Orleans House Gallery The Redfern Gallery Royal Academy of Music Museum Saatchi Gallery Serpentine Galleries Sherlock Holmes Museum Two Temple Place Twickenham Museum Whitechapel Gallery White Cube William Morris Gallery Victoria Miro Gallery Category BNF : cb124211409 ( data ) GND : 4302320 - 4 ISNI : 0000 0004 0492 3259 LCCN : sh85136293 NKC : kn20081218009 ULAN : 500302014 VIAF : 128321639 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&oldid=840491506 '' Categories : Tower of London Castles in London Defunct prisons in London Fortifications of London History museums in London Local museums in London Army museums in London Museums in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets Museums on the River Thames National government buildings in London Historic Royal Palaces 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 29 '' N 00 ° 04 ′ 34 '' W  /  51.50806 ° N 0.07611 ° W  / 51.50806 ; - 0.07611 Tower of London The Tower of London, seen from the River Thames, with a view of the water-gate called `` Traitors ' Gate '' Location London Borough of Tower Hamlets London, EC3 Area Castle : 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) Tower Liberties : 6 acres ( 2.4 ha ) Height 27 metres ( 89 ft ) Built White Tower : 1078 Inner Ward : 1190s Re-built : 1285 Wharf expansion : 1377 -- 1399 Visitors 2,843,031 ( in 2017 ) Owner Queen Elizabeth II in right of the Crown UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria ii, iv Designated 1988 ( 12th session ) Reference no. 488 Country United Kingdom Region Europe and North America Listed Building -- Grade" ], "id": [ "642461580544900796" ], "short_answers": [ "1078" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Amsterdam - wikipedia Amsterdam Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the Dutch capital. For other uses, see Amsterdam ( disambiguation ). Amsterdam City and municipality Images, from top down, left to right : Grachtengordel, one of Amsterdam 's canals, Royal Concertgebouw, Rijksmuseum Flag Coat of arms Nickname ( s ) : Mokum, Damsko Motto : Heldhaftig, Vastberaden, Barmhartig ( Valiant, Steadfast, Compassionate ) Location in North Holland Coordinates : 52 ° 22 ′ N 4 ° 54 ′ E  /  52.367 ° N 4.900 ° E  / 52.367 ; 4.900 Coordinates : 52 ° 22 ′ N 4 ° 54 ′ E  /  52.367 ° N 4.900 ° E  / 52.367 ; 4.900 Country Netherlands Province North Holland Boroughs Eight districts ( show ) Centrum Noord West Nieuw - West Zuid Oost Zuidoost Westpoort Government Body Municipal council Mayor Eric van der Burg ( VVD, Acting ) Area Municipality 219.32 km ( 84.68 sq mi ) Land 165.76 km ( 64.00 sq mi ) Water 53.56 km ( 20.68 sq mi ) Randstad 3,043 km ( 1,175 sq mi ) Elevation − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) Population ( municipality & urban, Feb 2017 ( CBS ) ; metro 2014 ( OIS Amsterdam ) ; Randstad, 2011 ) Municipality 851,573 Density 5,135 / km ( 13,300 / sq mi ) Urban 1,351,587 Metro region 2,431,000 Randstad 7,100,000 Demonym ( s ) Amsterdammer, A'dammer Time zone CET ( UTC + 1 ) Summer ( DST ) CEST ( UTC + 2 ) Postcode 1000 -- 1109 Area code 020 GeoTLD. amsterdam Website www.amsterdam.nl Amsterdam ( / ˈæmstərdæm / ; Dutch : ( ɑmstərˈdɑm ) ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous municipality of the Netherlands. Its status as the capital is mandated by the Constitution of the Netherlands, although it is not the seat of the government, which is The Hague. Amsterdam has a population of 851,373 within the city proper, 1,351,587 in the urban area, and 2,410,960 in the Amsterdam metropolitan area. The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country but is not its capital, which is Haarlem. The metropolitan area comprises much of the northern part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe, with a population of approximately 7 million. Amsterdam 's name derives from Amstelredamme, indicative of the city 's origin around a dam in the river Amstel. Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century, Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world during the Dutch Golden Age ( 17th century ), a result of its innovative developments in trade. During that time, the city was the leading centre for finance and diamonds. In the 19th and 20th centuries the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were planned and built. The 17th - century canals of Amsterdam and the 19 -- 20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Since the annexation of municipality Sloten in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam, the oldest historic part of the city lies in Sloten ( 9th century ). As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe, Amsterdam is considered an alpha world city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) study group. The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands. Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there, and seven of the world 's 500 largest companies, including Philips and ING, are based in the city. In 2012, Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) and 12th globally on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer. The city was ranked 3rd in innovation by Australian innovation agency 2thinknow in their Innovation Cities Index 2009. The Amsterdam seaport to this day remains the second in the country, and the fifth largest seaport in Europe. Famous Amsterdam residents include the diarist Anne Frank, artists Rembrandt van Rijn and Vincent van Gogh, and philosopher Baruch Spinoza. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in the world, is located in the city center. Amsterdam 's main attractions, including its historic canals, the Rijksmuseum, the Van Gogh Museum, the Stedelijk Museum, Hermitage Amsterdam, the Anne Frank House, the Amsterdam Museum, its red - light district, and its many cannabis coffee shops draw more than 5 million international visitors annually. It is also the world 's most multicultural city with at least 177 nationalities represented. Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Founding and Middle Ages 2.2 Conflict with Spain 2.3 Centre of the Dutch Golden Age 2.4 Decline and modernisation 2.5 20th century -- present 3 Geography 3.1 Water 3.2 Climate 4 Demographics 4.1 Historical population 4.2 Immigration 4.3 Religions 4.4 Diversity and immigration 5 Cityscape and architecture 5.1 Canals 5.2 Expansion 5.3 Architecture 5.4 Parks and recreational areas 6 Economy 6.1 Port of Amsterdam 6.2 Tourism 6.2. 1 Red light district 6.3 Retail 6.4 Fashion 7 Culture 7.1 Museums 7.2 Music 7.3 Performing arts 7.4 Nightlife 7.5 Festivals 7.6 Sports 8 Government 8.1 City government 8.2 Metropolitan area 8.3 National capital 8.4 Symbols 9 Transport 9.1 Metro, tram, bus 9.2 P + R Locations 9.3 Car 9.4 National rail 9.5 Airport 9.6 Cycling 10 Education 11 Notable people 11.1 Entertainment 11.2 Sport 11.3 Originating from elsewhere 12 Media 13 Housing 14 See also 15 Notes and references 15.1 Literature 15.2 Attribution 16 Further reading 17 External links Etymology ( edit ) See also Other names of Amsterdam After the floods of 1170 and 1173, locals near the river Amstel built a bridge over the river and a dam across it, giving its name to the village : `` Aemstelredamme ''. The earliest recorded use of that name is in a document dated October 27, 1275, which exempted inhabitants of the village from paying bridge tolls to Count Floris V. This allowed the inhabitants of the village of Aemstelredamme to travel freely through the County of Holland, paying no tolls at bridges, locks and dams. The certificate describes the inhabitants as homines manentes apud Amestelledamme ( people residing near Amestelledamme ). By 1327, the name had developed into Aemsterdam. History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Amsterdam and Timeline of Amsterdam Founding and Middle ages ( edit ) The Oude Kerk was consecrated in 1306 Amsterdam is much younger than Dutch cities such as Nijmegen, Rotterdam, and Utrecht. In October 2008, historical geographer Chris de Bont suggested that the land around Amsterdam was being reclaimed as early as the late 10th century. This does not necessarily mean that there was already a settlement then, since reclamation of land may not have been for farming -- it may have been for peat, for use as fuel. Amsterdam was granted city rights in either 1300 or 1306. From the 14th century on, Amsterdam flourished, largely from trade with the Hanseatic League. In 1345, an alleged Eucharistic miracle in the Kalverstraat rendered the city an important place of pilgrimage until the adoption of the Protestant faith. The Miracle devotion went underground but was kept alive. In the 19th century, especially after the jubilee of 1845, the devotion was revitalized and became an important national point of reference for Dutch Catholics. The Stille Omgang -- a silent walk or procession in civil attire -- is the expression of the pilgrimage within the Protestant Netherlands since the late 19th century. In the heyday of the Silent Walk, up to 90,000 pilgrims came to Amsterdam. In the 21st century this has reduced to about 5000. Conflict with Spain ( edit ) A woodcut depicting Amsterdam as of 1544 ; the famous Grachtengordel had not yet been established Courtyard of the Amsterdam Stock Exchange by Emanuel de Witte, 1653 ; the Amsterdam Stock Exchange was the first stock exchange to introduce continuous trade in the early 17th century In the 16th century, the Dutch rebelled against Philip II of Spain and his successors. The main reasons for the uprising were the imposition of new taxes, the tenth penny, and the religious persecution of Protestants by the newly introduced Inquisition. The revolt escalated into the Eighty Years ' War, which ultimately led to Dutch independence. Strongly pushed by Dutch Revolt leader William the Silent, the Dutch Republic became known for its relative religious tolerance. Jews from the Iberian Peninsula, Huguenots from France, prosperous merchants and printers from Flanders, and economic and religious refugees from the Spanish - controlled parts of the Low Countries found safety in Amsterdam. The influx of Flemish printers and the city 's intellectual tolerance made Amsterdam a centre for the European free press. Centre of the Dutch Golden Age ( edit ) The Royal Palace, Nieuwe Kerk, and now demolished weigh house on Dam Square in 1814 The 17th century is considered Amsterdam 's Golden Age, during which it became the wealthiest city in the western world. Ships sailed from Amsterdam to the Baltic Sea, North America, and Africa, as well as present - day Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, and Brazil, forming the basis of a worldwide trading network. Amsterdam 's merchants had the largest share in both the Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company. These companies acquired overseas possessions that later became Dutch colonies. Amsterdam was Europe 's most important point for the shipment of goods and was the leading Financial centre of the western world. In 1602, the Amsterdam office of the international trading Dutch East India Company became the world 's first stock exchange by trading in its own shares. The Bank of Amsterdam started operations in 1609, acting as a full service bank for Dutch merchant bankers and as a reserve bank. Decline and modernisation ( edit ) Amsterdam 's prosperity declined during the 18th and early 19th centuries. The wars of the Dutch Republic with England and France took their toll on Amsterdam. During the Napoleonic Wars, Amsterdam 's significance reached its lowest point, with Holland being absorbed into the French Empire. However, the later establishment of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815 marked a turning point. Vijzelstraat looking towards Muntplein in 1891 The end of the 19th century is sometimes called Amsterdam 's second Golden Age. New museums, a railway station, and the Concertgebouw were built ; in this same time, the Industrial Revolution reached the city. The Amsterdam -- Rhine Canal was dug to give Amsterdam a direct connection to the Rhine, and the North Sea Canal was dug to give the port a shorter connection to the North Sea. Both projects dramatically improved commerce with the rest of Europe and the world. In 1906, Joseph Conrad gave a brief description of Amsterdam as seen from the seaside, in The Mirror of the Sea. 20th century -- present ( edit ) Photochrom of Amsterdam 's Dam Square at the beginning of the 20th century Shortly before the First World War, the city started to expand again, and new suburbs were built. Even though the Netherlands remained neutral in this war, Amsterdam suffered a food shortage, and heating fuel became scarce. The shortages sparked riots in which several people were killed. These riots are known as the Aardappeloproer ( Potato rebellion ). People started looting stores and warehouses in order to get supplies, mainly food. On 1 January 1921, after a flood in 1916, the depleted municipalities of Durgerdam, Holysloot, Zunderdorp and Schellingwoude, all lying north of Amsterdam, were, at their own request, annexed to the city. Between the wars, the city continued to expand, most notably to the west of the Jordaan district in the Frederik Hendrikbuurt and surrounding neighbourhoods. Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940 and took control of the country. Some Amsterdam citizens sheltered Jews, thereby exposing themselves and their families to a high risk of being imprisoned or sent to concentration camps. More than 100,000 Dutch Jews were deported to Nazi concentration camps, of whom some 60,000 lived in Amsterdam. In response, the Dutch Communist Party organised the February strike attended by 300,000 people to protest against the raids. Perhaps the most famous deportee was the young Jewish girl Anne Frank, who died in the Bergen - Belsen concentration camp. At the end of the Second World War, communication with the rest of the country broke down, and food and fuel became scarce. Many citizens travelled to the countryside to forage. Dogs, cats, raw sugar beets, and Tulip bulbs -- cooked to a pulp -- were consumed to stay alive. Most of the trees in Amsterdam were cut down for fuel, and all the wood was taken from the apartments of deported Jews. People celebrating the liberation of Holland at the end of World War II on 8 May 1945. Many new suburbs, such as Osdorp, Slotervaart, Slotermeer and Geuzenveld, were built in the years after the Second World War. These suburbs contained many public parks and wide open spaces, and the new buildings provided improved housing conditions with larger and brighter rooms, gardens, and balconies. Because of the war and other events of the 20th century, almost the entire city centre had fallen into disrepair. As society was changing, politicians and other influential figures made plans to redesign large parts of it. There was an increasing demand for office buildings, and also for new roads, as the automobile became available to most people. A metro started operating in 1977 between the new suburb of Bijlmer and the centre of Amsterdam. Further plans were to build a new highway above the metro to connect the Central Station and city centre with other parts of the city. The required large - scale demolitions began in Amsterdam 's former Jewish neighbourhood. Smaller streets, such as the Jodenbreestraat, were widened and almost all of their houses were demolished. At the peak of the demolition, the Nieuwmarktrellen ( Nieuwmarkt Riots ) broke out ; the rioters expressed their fury about the demolition caused by the restructuring of the city. As a result, the demolition was stopped, and the highway was never built ; only the metro was completed. Only a few streets remained widened. The new city hall was built on the almost completely demolished Waterlooplein. Meanwhile, large private organisations, such as Stadsherstel Amsterdam, were founded with the aim of restoring the entire city centre. Although the success of this struggle is visible today, efforts for further restoration are still ongoing. The entire city centre has reattained its former splendour and, as a whole, is now a protected area. Many of its buildings have become monuments, and in July 2010 the Grachtengordel ( the three concentric canals : Herengracht, Keizersgracht, and Prinsengracht ) was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List. The blue bridge and the Stopera, housing both the modern city hall and the Dutch National Opera In the early years of the 21st century, the Amsterdam city centre has attracted large numbers of tourists : between 2012 and 2015, the annual number of visitors rose from 10 million to 17 million. Real estate prices have surged, and local shops are making way for tourist - oriented ones, making the centre unaffordable for the city 's inhabitants. These developments have evoked comparisons with Venice, a city thought to be overwhelmed by the tourist influx. Construction of a metro line connecting the part of the city north of the river ( or lake ) IJ to the centre was started in 2003. The project is controversial because its cost had exceeded its budget by a factor three by 2008, because of fears of damage to buildings in the centre, and because construction had to be halted and restarted multiple times. Since 2014, renewed focus has been given to urban regeneration and renewal, especially in areas directly bordering the city centre, such as Frederik Hendrikbuurt. This urban renewal and expansion of the traditional centre of the city -- with the construction on artificial islands of the new eastern IJburg neighbourhood -- is part of the Structural Vision Amsterdam 2040 initiative. Geography ( edit ) Topographic map of Amsterdam, 2014 Amsterdam is located in the western Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. The river Amstel ends in the city centre and connects to a large number of canals that eventually terminate in the IJ. Amsterdam is about 2 metres ( 6.6 feet ) below sea level. The surrounding land is flat as it is formed of large polders. A man - made forest, Amsterdamse Bos, is in the southwest. Amsterdam is connected to the North Sea through the long North Sea Canal. Amsterdam is intensely urbanised, as is the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area surrounding the city. Comprising 219.4 square kilometres ( 84.7 square miles ) of land, the city proper has 4,457 inhabitants per km and 2,275 houses per km. Parks and nature reserves make up 12 % of Amsterdam 's land area. Water ( edit ) Reguliersgracht Ice skaters on the Prinsengracht Amsterdam has more than 100 kilometres ( 60 miles ) of canals, most of which are navigable by boat. The three main canals are the Prinsengracht, Herengracht, and Keizersgracht. In the Middle Ages, Amsterdam was surrounded by a moat, called the Singel, which now forms the innermost ring in the city, and makes the city centre a horseshoe shape. The city is also served by a seaport. It has been compared with Venice, due to its division into about 90 islands, which are linked by more than 1,200 bridges. Climate ( edit ) Amsterdam has an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfb ) strongly influenced by its proximity to the North Sea to the west, with prevailing westerly winds. Both winters and summers are considered mild, although winters can get quite cold, while summers are quite warm occasionally. Amsterdam, as well as most of the North Holland province, lies in USDA Hardiness zone 8b. Frosts mainly occur during spells of easterly or northeasterly winds from the inner European continent. Even then, because Amsterdam is surrounded on three sides by large bodies of water, as well as having a significant heat - island effect, nights rarely fall below − 5 ° C ( 23 ° F ), while it could easily be − 12 ° C ( 10 ° F ) in Hilversum, 25 kilometres ( 16 miles ) southeast. Summers are moderately warm with a number of hot days every month. The average daily high in August is 22.1 ° C ( 71.8 ° F ), and 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) or higher is only measured on average on 2.5 days, placing Amsterdam in AHS Heat Zone 2. The record extremes range from − 15.4 ° C ( 4.3 ° F ) to 34.5 ° C ( 94.1 ° F ). Days with more than 1 millimetre ( 0.04 in ) of precipitation are common, on average 133 days per year. Amsterdam 's average annual precipitation is 838 millimetres ( 33 in ), more than what is measured at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport. A large part of this precipitation falls as light rain or brief showers. Cloudy and damp days are common during the cooler months of October through March. ( hide ) Climate data for Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 16.6 ( 61.9 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 28.0 ( 82.4 ) 31.5 ( 88.7 ) 33.2 ( 91.8 ) 33.7 ( 92.7 ) 34.5 ( 94.1 ) 31.0 ( 87.8 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 18.2 ( 64.8 ) 15.5 ( 59.9 ) 34.5 ( 94.1 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 5.8 ( 42.4 ) 6.3 ( 43.3 ) 9.6 ( 49.3 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 17.4 ( 63.3 ) 19.7 ( 67.5 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 22.1 ( 71.8 ) 18.8 ( 65.8 ) 14.5 ( 58.1 ) 9.7 ( 49.5 ) 6.4 ( 43.5 ) 13.82 ( 56.87 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 3.4 ( 38.1 ) 3.5 ( 38.3 ) 6.1 ( 43 ) 9.1 ( 48.4 ) 12.9 ( 55.2 ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) 17.6 ( 63.7 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 14.7 ( 58.5 ) 11.0 ( 51.8 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 4.0 ( 39.2 ) 10.19 ( 50.35 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 0.8 ( 33.4 ) 0.5 ( 32.9 ) 2.6 ( 36.7 ) 4.6 ( 40.3 ) 8.2 ( 46.8 ) 10.8 ( 51.4 ) 13.0 ( 55.4 ) 12.8 ( 55 ) 10.6 ( 51.1 ) 7.5 ( 45.5 ) 4.2 ( 39.6 ) 1.5 ( 34.7 ) 6.43 ( 43.57 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 15.4 ( 4.3 ) − 15.0 ( 5 ) − 11.1 ( 12 ) − 4.7 ( 23.5 ) − 1.1 ( 30 ) 2.3 ( 36.1 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 2.0 ( 35.6 ) − 3.4 ( 25.9 ) − 6.9 ( 19.6 ) − 14.8 ( 5.4 ) − 15.4 ( 4.3 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 66.6 ( 2.622 ) 50.6 ( 1.992 ) 60.6 ( 2.386 ) 40.9 ( 1.61 ) 55.6 ( 2.189 ) 66.0 ( 2.598 ) 76.5 ( 3.012 ) 85.9 ( 3.382 ) 82.4 ( 3.244 ) 89.6 ( 3.528 ) 87.2 ( 3.433 ) 76.3 ( 3.004 ) 838.2 ( 33 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1 mm ) 12 10 11 9 10 10 10 10 12 13 13 13 132 Average snowy days 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 26 Average relative humidity ( % ) 88 86 83 78 76 78 79 80 83 86 89 90 83 Mean monthly sunshine hours 63.2 87.5 126.3 182.7 221.9 205.7 217.0 197.0 139.4 109.1 61.7 50.5 1,662 Source # 1 : Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute ( 1981 -- 2010 normals, snowy days normals for 1971 -- 2000 ) Source # 2 : Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute ( 1971 -- 2000 extremes ) Demographics ( edit ) Historical population ( edit ) Estimated population, 1300 -- 1564 Year Pop. ± % p.a. 1300 1,000 -- 1400 4,700 + 1.56 % 1514 11,000 + 0.75 % Year Pop. ± % p.a. 1546 13,200 + 0.57 % 1557 22,200 + 4.84 % 1564 30,900 + 4.84 % Source : Bureau Monumentenzorg en Archeologie ( 1300 ) Ramaer 1921, pp. 11 -- 12, 181 ( 1400 and 1564 ) Van Dillen 1929, pp. xxv -- xxvi ( 1514, 1546 and 1557 ) Historical population in 10 - year intervals, 1590 -- present Year Pop. ± % 1590 41,362 -- 1600 59,551 + 44.0 % 1610 82,742 + 38.9 % 1620 106,500 + 28.7 % 1630 135,439 + 27.2 % 1640 162,388 + 19.9 % 1650 176,873 + 8.9 % 1660 192,767 + 9.0 % 1670 206,188 + 7.0 % 1680 219,098 + 6.3 % 1690 224,393 + 2.4 % 1700 235,224 + 4.8 % 1710 239,149 + 1.7 % 1720 241,447 + 1.0 % 1730 239,866 − 0.7 % 1740 237,582 − 1.0 % 1750 233,952 − 1.5 % 1760 240,862 + 3.0 % 1770 239,056 − 0.7 % 1780 228,938 − 4.2 % 1790 214,473 − 6.3 % 1800 203,485 − 5.1 % Year Pop. ± % 1810 201,347 − 1.1 % 1820 197,831 − 1.7 % 1830 206,383 + 4.3 % 1840 214,367 + 3.9 % 1850 223,700 + 4.4 % 1860 244,050 + 9.1 % 1870 279,221 + 14.4 % 1880 323,784 + 16.0 % 1890 417,539 + 29.0 % 1900 520,602 + 24.7 % 1910 573,983 + 10.3 % 1920 647,427 + 12.8 % 1930 757,386 + 17.0 % 1940 800,594 + 5.7 % 1950 835,834 + 4.4 % 1960 869,602 + 4.0 % 1970 831,463 − 4.4 % 1980 716,967 − 13.8 % 1990 695,221 − 3.0 % 2000 731,289 + 5.2 % 767,773 + 5.0 % Source : Nusteling 1985, p. 240 ( 1590 -- 1670 ) Van Leeuwen & Oeppen 1993, p. 87 ( 1680 -- 1880 ) Department for Research, Information and Statistics ( 1890 -- present ) Compared to other important towns in the County of Holland, such as Dordrecht, Leiden, Haarlem, Delft and Alkmaar, Amsterdam is a relatively young city. In stark contrast to the relative decline of those other towns, Amsterdam 's population grew in the 15th and 16th centuries, mainly due to the rise of the profitable Baltic maritime trade after the Burgundian victory in the Dutch -- Hanseatic War. Still, the population of Amsterdam and other towns in Holland was only modest compared to the towns and cities of Flanders and Brabant, which comprised the most urbanised area of the Low Countries. This changed when, during the Dutch Revolt, many people from the Southern Netherlands fled to the North, especially after Antwerp fell to Spanish forces in 1585. In thirty years, Amsterdam 's population more than doubled from 41,362 inhabitants in 1590 to 106,500 inhabitants in 1620. During the 1660s, Amsterdam 's population reached 200,000. The city 's growth levelled off and the population stabilised around 240,000 for most of the 18th century. At the turn of the 18th century, Amsterdam was the fourth largest city in Europe, behind Constantinople ( about 700,000 ), London ( 550,000 ) and Paris ( 530,000 ). This was all the more remarkable as Amsterdam was neither the capital city nor the seat of government of the Dutch Republic, which itself was a much smaller state than England, France or the Ottoman Empire. In contrast to those other metropolises, Amsterdam was also surrounded by large towns such as Leiden ( about 67,000 ), Rotterdam ( 45,000 ), Haarlem ( 38,000 ), and Utrecht ( 30,000 ). The city 's population declined in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, dipping under 200,000 in 1820. By the second half of the 19th century, industrialisation spurred renewed growth. Amsterdam 's population hit an all - time high of 872,000 in 1959, before declining in the following decades due to government - sponsored suburbanisation to so - called groeikernen ( growth centres ) such as Purmerend and Almere. Between 1970 and 1980, Amsterdam experienced its sharpest population decline ever, and by 1985 the city had only 675,570 residents. This was soon followed by reurbanisation and gentrification, however, leading to renewed population growth in the 2010s. The municipal department for Research, Information and Statistics expects a new record population to be set in 2020. Immigration ( edit ) City of Amsterdam ( 2017 ) population by country of origin Country / Territory Population Netherlands 401,260 ( 47.49 % ) Morocco 75,758 ( 8.97 % ) Suriname 65,468 ( 7.75 % ) Turkey 43,168 ( 5.11 % ) Indonesia 25,522 ( 3.02 % ) Germany 18,445 ( 2.18 % ) United Kingdom 12,670 ( 1.50 % ) Dutch Caribbean 12,288 ( 1.45 % ) Ghana 12,133 ( 1.44 % ) United States 9,108 ( 1.08 % ) Italy 8,553 ( 1.01 % ) Other 160,574 ( 19.00 % ) In the 16th and 17th century non-Dutch immigrants to Amsterdam were mostly Huguenots, Flemings, Sephardi Jews and Westphalians. Huguenots came after the Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685, while the Flemish Protestants came during the Eighty Years ' War. The Westphalians came to Amsterdam mostly for economic reasons -- their influx continued through the 18th and 19th centuries. Before the Second World War, 10 % of the city population was Jewish. Just twenty per cent of them survived the Shoah. The first mass immigration in the 20th century were by people from Indonesia, who came to Amsterdam after the independence of the Dutch East Indies in the 1940s and 1950s. In the 1960s guest workers from Turkey, Morocco, Italy and Spain emigrated to Amsterdam. After the independence of Suriname in 1975, a large wave of Surinamese settled in Amsterdam, mostly in the Bijlmer area. Other immigrants, including refugees asylum seekers and illegal immigrants, came from Europe, America, Asia, and Africa. In the 1970s and 1980s, many ' old ' Amsterdammers moved to ' new ' cities like Almere and Purmerend, prompted by the third planological bill of the Dutch government. This bill promoted suburbanisation and arranged for new developments in so - called `` groeikernen '', literally cores of growth. Young professionals and artists moved into neighbourhoods de Pijp and the Jordaan abandoned by these Amsterdammers. The non-Western immigrants settled mostly in the social housing projects in Amsterdam - West and the Bijlmer. Today, people of non-Western origin make up approximately one - third of the population of Amsterdam, and more than 50 % of the city ' s children. Segregation along ethnic lines is clearly visible, with people of non-Western origin, considered a separate group by Statistics Netherlands, concentrating in specific neighbourhoods especially in Nieuw - West, Zeeburg, Bijlmer and in certain areas of Amsterdam - Noord. In 2000, Christians formed the largest religious group in the city ( 27 % of the population ). The next largest religion was Islam ( 14 % ), most of whose followers were Sunni. There is a Japanese population resident in Amsterdam. The Japanese School of Amsterdam serves elementary and junior high school students. As of 2014 8 % of the student body of the International School Amsterdam in nearby Amstelveen was Japanese ; this figure was 40 % in 1997. As of 1997 most Japanese children who lived in the Netherlands attended high schools and universities located in Japan. Religions ( edit ) In 1578 the previously Roman Catholic city of Amsterdam joined the revolt against Spanish rule, late in comparison to other major northern Dutch cities. In line with Protestant procedure of that time, all churches were converted to Protestant worship. Calvinism became the dominant religion, and although Catholicism was not forbidden and priests allowed to serve, the Catholic hierarchy was prohibited. This led to the establishment of schuilkerken, covert churches, behind seemingly ordinary canal side house fronts. One example is the current debate centre de Rode Hoed. A large influx of foreigners of many religions came to 17th - century Amsterdam, in particular Sefardic Jews from Spain and Portugal, Huguenots from France, and Protestants from the Southern Netherlands. This led to the establishment of many non-Dutch - speaking religious churches. In 1603, the first notification was made of Jewish religious service. In 1639, the first synagogue was consecrated. The Jews came to call the town Jerusalem of the West, a reference to their sense of belonging there. The Basilica of St. Nicholas As they became established in the city, other Christian denominations used converted Catholic chapels to conduct their own services. The oldest English - language church congregation in the world outside the United Kingdom is found at the Begijnhof. Regular services there are still offered in English under the auspices of the Church of Scotland. The Huguenots accounted for nearly 20 % of Amsterdam 's inhabitants in 1700. Being Calvinists, they soon integrated into the Dutch Reformed Church, though often retaining their own congregations. Some, commonly referred by the moniker ' Walloon ', are recognisable today as they offer occasional services in French. In the second half of the 17th century, Amsterdam experienced an influx of Ashkenazim, Jews from Central and Eastern Europe, which continued into the 19th century. Jews often fled the pogroms in those areas. The first Ashkenazi who arrived in Amsterdam were refugees from the Chmielnicki Uprising in Poland and the Thirty Years ' War. They not only founded their own synagogues, but had a strong influence on the ' Amsterdam dialect ' adding a large Yiddish local vocabulary. Despite an absence of an official Jewish ghetto, most Jews preferred to live in the eastern part of the old medieval heart of the city. The main street of this Jewish neighbourhood was the Jodenbreestraat. The neighbourhood comprised the Waterlooplein and the Nieuwmarkt. Buildings in this neighbourhood fell into disrepair after the Second World War, and a large section of the neighbourhood was demolished during the construction of the subway. This led to riots, and as a result the original plans for large - scale reconstruction were abandoned and the neighbourhood was rebuilt with smaller - scale residence buildings on the basis of its original layout. The Vondelpark is the largest park in Amsterdam. Catholic churches in Amsterdam have been constructed since the restoration of the episcopal hierarchy in 1853. One of the principal architects behind the city 's Catholic churches, Cuypers, was also responsible for the Amsterdam Central Station and the Rijksmuseum, which led to a refusal of Protestant King William III to open ' that monastery '. In 1924, the Roman Catholic Church of the Netherlands hosted the International Eucharistic Congress in Amsterdam, and numerous Catholic prelates visited the city, where festivities were held in churches and stadiums. Catholic processions on the public streets, however, were still forbidden under law at the time. Only in the 20th century was Amsterdam 's relation to Catholicism normalised, but despite its far larger population size, the Catholic clergy chose to place its episcopal see of the city in the nearby provincial town of Haarlem. In recent times, religious demographics in Amsterdam have been changed by immigration from former colonies. Hinduism has been introduced from the Hindu diaspora from Suriname and several distinct branches of Islam have been brought from various parts of the world. Islam is now the largest non-Christian religion in Amsterdam. The large community of Ghanaian and Nigerian immigrants have established African churches, often in parking garages in the Bijlmer area, where many have settled. In addition, a broad array of other religious movements have established congregations, including Hinduism, and Buddhism. Jews make up about 2 % of the city 's total population. Religions in Amsterdam ( 2013 ) Irreligion ( 63.1 % ) Roman Catholic ( 11.1 % ) Protestant Church in the Netherlands ( 5.6 % ) Other Christian denominations ( 6.1 % ) Islam ( 11.3 % ) Hinduism ( 1.2 % ) Buddhism ( 0.9 % ) Judaism ( 0.7 % ) Diversity and immigration ( edit ) Amsterdam experienced an influx of religions and cultures after the Second World War. With 180 different nationalities, Amsterdam is home to one of the widest varieties of nationalities of any city in the world. The proportion of the population of immigrant origin in the city proper is about 50 % and 88 % of the population are Dutch citizens. Amsterdam has been one of the municipalities in the Netherlands which provided immigrants with extensive and free Dutch - language courses, which have benefited many immigrants. Cityscape and architecture ( edit ) See also : List of tallest buildings in Amsterdam View looking southwest from the Amsterdam Public Library Amsterdam fans out south from the Amsterdam Centraal railway station and Damrak, the main street off the station. The oldest area of the town is known as De Wallen ( English : The Quays ). It lies to the east of Damrak and contains the city 's famous red light district. To the south of de Wallen is the old Jewish quarter of Waterlooplein. The medieval and colonial age canals of Amsterdam, known as Grachten, embraces the heart of the city where homes have interesting gables. Beyond the Grachtengordel are the former working class areas of Jordaan and de Pijp. The Museumplein with the city 's major museums, the Vondelpark, a 19th - century park named after the Dutch writer Joost van den Vondel, and the Plantage neighbourhood, with the zoo, are also located outside the Grachtengordel. Several parts of the city and the surrounding urban area are polders. This can be recognised by the suffix - meer which means lake, as in Aalsmeer, Bijlmermeer, Haarlemmermeer, and Watergraafsmeer. Canals ( edit ) Main article : Canals of Amsterdam Panorama of a canal in the Canal District The Amsterdam canal system is the result of conscious city planning. In the early 17th century, when immigration was at a peak, a comprehensive plan was developed that was based on four concentric half - circles of canals with their ends emerging at the IJ bay. Known as the Grachtengordel, three of the canals were mostly for residential development : the Herengracht ( where `` Heren '' refers to Heren Regeerders van de stad Amsterdam ( ruling lords of Amsterdam ), and gracht means canal, so the name can be roughly translated as `` Canal of the lords '' ), Keizersgracht ( Emperor 's Canal ), and Prinsengracht ( Prince 's Canal ). The fourth and outermost canal is the Singelgracht, which is often not mentioned on maps, because it is a collective name for all canals in the outer ring. The Singelgracht should not be confused with the oldest and most inner canal Singel. The canals served for defence, water management and transport. The defences took the form of a moat and earthen dikes, with gates at transit points, but otherwise no masonry superstructures. The original plans have been lost, so historians, such as Ed Taverne, need to speculate on the original intentions : it is thought that the considerations of the layout were purely practical and defensive rather than ornamental. Egelantiersgracht Construction started in 1613 and proceeded from west to east, across the breadth of the layout, like a gigantic windshield wiper as the historian Geert Mak calls it -- and not from the centre outwards, as a popular myth has it. The canal construction in the southern sector was completed by 1656. Subsequently, the construction of residential buildings proceeded slowly. The eastern part of the concentric canal plan, covering the area between the Amstel river and the IJ bay, has never been implemented. In the following centuries, the land was used for parks, senior citizens ' homes, theatres, other public facilities, and waterways without much planning. Bridges over a canal Over the years, several canals have been filled in, becoming streets or squares, such as the Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal and the Spui. Expansion ( edit ) Main article : Expansion of Amsterdam since the 19th century Amsterdam Heritage City View from Lookout After the development of Amsterdam 's canals in the 17th century, the city did not grow beyond its borders for two centuries. During the 19th century, Samuel Sarphati devised a plan based on the grandeur of Paris and London at that time. The plan envisaged the construction of new houses, public buildings and streets just outside the grachtengordel. The main aim of the plan, however, was to improve public health. Although the plan did not expand the city, it did produce some of the largest public buildings to date, like the Paleis voor Volksvlijt. Following Sarphati, Van Niftrik and Kalff designed an entire ring of 19th - century neighbourhoods surrounding the city 's centre, with the city preserving the ownership of all land outside the 17th - century limit, thus firmly controlling development. Most of these neighbourhoods became home to the working class. In response to overcrowding, two plans were designed at the beginning of the 20th century which were very different from anything Amsterdam had ever seen before : Plan Zuid, designed by the architect Berlage, and West. These plans involved the development of new neighbourhoods consisting of housing blocks for all social classes. After the Second World War, large new neighbourhoods were built in the western, southeastern, and northern parts of the city. These new neighbourhoods were built to relieve the city 's shortage of living space and give people affordable houses with modern conveniences. The neighbourhoods consisted mainly of large housing blocks situated among green spaces, connected to wide roads, making the neighbourhoods easily accessible by motor car. The western suburbs which were built in that period are collectively called the Westelijke Tuinsteden. The area to the southeast of the city built during the same period is known as the Bijlmer. Architecture ( edit ) The Westerkerk ( 1631 ), designed by Dutch architect Hendrick de Keyser in the Renaissance style. At 85 m ( 279 ft ) the church 's `` Westertoren '' steeple is the highest in Amsterdam. The canal houses on the right are characteristic of the architectural styles from the Dutch Golden Age. Amsterdam has a rich architectural history. The oldest building in Amsterdam is the Oude Kerk ( Old Church ), at the heart of the Wallen, consecrated in 1306. The oldest wooden building is het Houten Huys at the Begijnhof. It was constructed around 1425 and is one of only two existing wooden buildings. It is also one of the few examples of Gothic architecture in Amsterdam. In the 16th century, wooden buildings were razed and replaced with brick ones. During this period, many buildings were constructed in the architectural style of the Renaissance. Buildings of this period are very recognisable with their stepped gable façades, which is the common Dutch Renaissance style. Amsterdam quickly developed its own Renaissance architecture. These buildings were built according to the principles of the architect Hendrick de Keyser. One of the most striking buildings designed by Hendrick de Keyer is the Westerkerk. In the 17th century baroque architecture became very popular, as it was elsewhere in Europe. This roughly coincided with Amsterdam 's Golden Age. The leading architects of this style in Amsterdam were Jacob van Campen, Philips Vingboons and Daniel Stalpaert. The Scheepvaarthuis, by architects Johan van der Mey, Michel de Klerk, Piet Kramer is characteristic of the architecture of the Amsterdam School. Philip Vingboons designed splendid merchants ' houses throughout the city. A famous building in baroque style in Amsterdam is the Royal Palace on Dam Square. Throughout the 18th century, Amsterdam was heavily influenced by French culture. This is reflected in the architecture of that period. Around 1815, architects broke with the baroque style and started building in different neo-styles. Most Gothic style buildings date from that era and are therefore said to be built in a neo-gothic style. At the end of the 19th century, the Jugendstil or Art Nouveau style became popular and many new buildings were constructed in this architectural style. Since Amsterdam expanded rapidly during this period, new buildings adjacent to the city centre were also built in this style. The houses in the vicinity of the Museum Square in Amsterdam Oud - Zuid are an example of Jugendstil. The last style that was popular in Amsterdam before the modern era was Art Deco. Amsterdam had its own version of the style, which was called the Amsterdamse School. Whole districts were built this style, such as the Rivierenbuurt. A notable feature of the façades of buildings designed in Amsterdamse School is that they are highly decorated and ornate, with oddly shaped windows and doors. The old city centre is the focal point of all the architectural styles before the end of the 19th century. Jugendstil and Georgian are mostly found outside the city 's centre in the neighbourhoods built in the early 20th century, although there are also some striking examples of these styles in the city centre. Most historic buildings in the city centre and nearby are houses, such as the famous merchants ' houses lining the canals. Parks and recreational areas ( edit ) Main articles : List of parks in Amsterdam and List of squares in Amsterdam A : Vondelpark B : Beatrixpark C : Sarphatipark D: Oosterpark E : Park Frankendael F : Rembrandtpark G : Westerpark H : Flevopark I : Amsterdamse Bos J : Amstelpark K : Hortus Botanicus L : Wertheimerpark M : Martin Luther Kingpark N : Sloterpark Amsterdam has many parks, open spaces, and squares throughout the city. Vondelpark, the largest park in the city, is located in the Oud - Zuid borough and is named after the 17th century Amsterdam author, Joost van den Vondel. Yearly, the park has around 10 million visitors. In the park is an open - air theatre, a playground and several horeca facilities. In the Zuid borough, is Beatrixpark, named after Queen Beatrix. Between Amsterdam and Amstelveen is the Amsterdamse Bos ( Amsterdam Forest ), the largest recreational area in Amsterdam. Annually, almost 4.5 million people visit the park, which has a size of 1.000 hectares and is approximately three times the size of Central Park. Amstelpark in the Zuid borough houses the Rieker windmill, which dates to 1636. Other parks include Sarphatipark in the De Pijp neighbourhood, Oosterpark in the Oost borough, and Westerpark in the Westerpark neighbourhood. The city has four beaches, the Nemo Beach, Citybeach `` Het stenen hoofd '' ( Silodam ), Blijburg, and one in Amsterdam - Noord. The city has many open squares ( plein in Dutch ). The namesake of the city as the site of the original dam, Dam Square, is the main town square and has the Royal Palace and National Monument. Museumplein hosts various museums, including the Rijksmuseum, Van Gogh Museum, and Stedelijk Museum. Other squares include Rembrandtplein, Muntplein, Nieuwmarkt, Leidseplein, Spui, and Waterlooplein. Also, near to Amsterdam is the Nekkeveld estate conservation project. Economy ( edit ) Large - scale map of downtown Amsterdam, including sightseeing markers, as of April 2017. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, right, is the oldest stock exchange in the world. Diamond cutter Amsterdam is the financial and business capital of the Netherlands. Amsterdam is ranked fifth best of European cities in which to locate an international business, surpassed by London, Paris, Frankfurt and Barcelona. Many large corporations and banks have their headquarters in Amsterdam, including Akzo Nobel, Heineken International, ING Group, ABN AMRO, TomTom, Delta Lloyd Group, Booking.com and Philips. KPMG International 's global headquarters is located in nearby Amstelveen, where many non-Dutch companies have settled as well, because surrounding communities allow full land ownership, contrary to Amsterdam 's land - lease system. Though many small offices are still located on the old canals, companies are increasingly relocating outside the city centre. The Zuidas ( English : South Axis ) has become the new financial and legal hub. The five largest law firms of the Netherlands, a number of Dutch subsidiaries of large consulting firms like Boston Consulting Group and Accenture, and the World Trade Center Amsterdam are also located in Zuidas. There are three other smaller financial districts in Amsterdam. The first is the area surrounding Amsterdam Sloterdijk railway station, where several newspapers like De Telegraaf have their offices. Also, Deloitte, the Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf ( municipal public transport company ) and the Dutch tax offices ( Belastingdienst ) are located there. The second Financial District is the area surrounding the Amsterdam Arena. The third is the area surrounding Amsterdam Amstel railway station. The tallest building in Amsterdam, the Rembrandt Tower, is situated there, as is the headquarters of Philips. Port of Amsterdam ( edit ) The Port of Amsterdam is the fourth largest port in Europe, the 38th largest port in the world and the second largest port in the Netherlands by metric tons of cargo. In 2014 the Port of Amsterdam had a cargo throughput of 97, 4 million tons of cargo, which was mostly bulk cargo. Amsterdam has the biggest cruise port in the Netherlands with more than 150 cruise ships every year. In 2019 the new lock in IJmuiden will open ; the port will then be able to grow to 125 million tonnes in capacity. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange ( AEX ), now part of Euronext, is the world 's oldest stock exchange and is one of Europe 's largest bourses. It is near Dam Square in the city centre. Together with Eindhoven ( Brainport ) and Rotterdam ( Seaport ), Amsterdam ( Airport ) forms the foundation of the Dutch economy. Tourism ( edit ) Main article : List of tourist attractions in Amsterdam Canal boats, such as this one on Keizersgracht, give tours of the city Spiegelgracht Amsterdam is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe, receiving more than 4.63 million international visitors annually, this is excluding the 16 million day trippers visiting the city every year. The number of visitors has been growing steadily over the past decade. This can be attributed to an increasing number of European visitors. Two - thirds of the hotels are located in the city 's centre. Hotels with 4 or 5 stars contribute 42 % of the total beds available and 41 % of the overnight stays in Amsterdam. The room occupation rate was 78 % in 2006, up from 70 % in 2005. The majority of tourists ( 74 % ) originate from Europe. The largest group of non-European visitors come from the United States, accounting for 14 % of the total. Certain years have a theme in Amsterdam to attract extra tourists. For example, the year 2006 was designated `` Rembrandt 400 '', to celebrate the 400th birthday of Rembrandt van Rijn. Some hotels offer special arrangements or activities during these years. The average number of guests per year staying at the four campsites around the city range from 12,000 to 65,000. The red - light district is a main tourist attraction. Red light district ( edit ) Main article : De Wallen De Wallen, also known as Walletjes or Rosse Buurt, is a designated area for legalised prostitution and is Amsterdam 's largest and most well known red - light district. This neighbourhood has become a famous attraction for tourists. It consists of a network of roads and alleys containing several hundred small, one - room apartments rented by sex workers who offer their services from behind a window or glass door, typically illuminated with red lights. Retail ( edit ) Shops in Amsterdam range from large high end department stores such as De Bijenkorf founded in 1870 to small specialty shops. Amsterdam 's high - end shops are found in the streets P.C. Hooftstraat and Cornelis Schuytstraat, which are located in the vicinity of the Vondelpark. One of Amsterdam 's busiest high streets is the narrow, medieval Kalverstraat in the heart of the city. Other shopping areas include the Negen Straatjes and Haarlemmerdijk and Haarlemmerstraat. Negen Straatjes are nine narrow streets within the Grachtengordel, the concentric canal system of Amsterdam. The Negen Straatjes differ from other shopping districts with the presence of a large diversity of privately owned shops. The Haarlemmerstraat and Haarlemmerdijk were voted best shopping street in the Netherlands in 2011. These streets have as the Negen Straatjes a large diversity of privately owned shops. But as the Negen Straatjes are dominated by fashion stores the Haarlemmerstraat and Haarlemmerdijk offer a very wide variety of all kinds of stores, just to name some specialties : candy and other food related stores, lingerie, sneakers, wedding clothing, interior shops, books, Italian deli 's, racing and mountain bikes, skatewear, etc. The city also features a large number of open - air markets such as the Albert Cuyp Market, Westerstraat - markt, Ten Katemarkt, and Dappermarkt. Some of these markets are held on a daily basis, like the Albert Cuypmarkt and the Dappermarkt. Others, like the Westerstraatmarkt, are held on a weekly basis. Fashion ( edit ) Fashion brands like G - star, Gsus, BlueBlood, PICHICHI, Iris van Herpen, fair trade denim brand MUD Jeans, 10 feet and Warmenhoven & Venderbos, and fashion designers like Mart Visser, Viktor & Rolf, Sheila de Vries, Marlies Dekkers and Frans Molenaar are based in Amsterdam. Modelling agencies Elite Models, Touche models and Tony Jones have opened branches in Amsterdam. Fashion models like Yfke Sturm, Doutzen Kroes and Kim Noorda started their careers in Amsterdam. Amsterdam has its garment centre in the World Fashion Center. Buildings which formerly housed brothels in the red light district have been converted to ateliers for young fashion designers, AKA eagle fuel. Fashion photographers Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin were born in Amsterdam ( Netherland ). Culture ( edit ) The Rijksmuseum houses Rembrandt 's The Night Watch. The Van Gogh Museum houses the world 's largest collection of Van Gogh 's paintings and letters. The Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam is an international museum dedicated to modern and contemporary art and design. During the later part of the 16th - century Amsterdam 's Rederijkerskamer ( Chamber of rhetoric ) organised contests between different Chambers in the reading of poetry and drama. In 1638, Amsterdam opened its first theatre. Ballet performances were given in this theatre as early as 1642. In the 18th century, French theatre became popular. While Amsterdam was under the influence of German music in the 19th century there were few national opera productions ; the Hollandse Opera of Amsterdam was built in 1888 for the specific purpose of promoting Dutch opera. In the 19th century, popular culture was centred on the Nes area in Amsterdam ( mainly vaudeville and music - hall ). The metronome, one of the most important advances in European classical music, was invented here in 1812 by Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel. At the end of this century, the Rijksmuseum and Stedelijk Museum were built. In 1888, the Concertgebouworkest was established. With the 20th century came cinema, radio and television. Though most studios are located in Hilversum and Aalsmeer, Amsterdam 's influence on programming is very strong. Many people who work in the television industry live in Amsterdam. Also, the headquarters of the Dutch SBS Broadcasting Group is located in Amsterdam. Museums ( edit ) The most important museums of Amsterdam are located on the Museumplein ( Museum Square ), located at the southwestern side of the Rijksmuseum. It was created in the last quarter of the 19th century on the grounds of the former World 's fair. The northeastern part of the square is bordered by the very large Rijksmuseum. In front of the Rijksmuseum on the square itself is a long, rectangular pond. This is transformed into an ice rink in winter. The northwestern part of the square is bordered by the Van Gogh Museum, Stedelijk Museum, House of Bols Cocktail & Genever Experience and Coster Diamonds. The southwestern border of the Museum Square is the Van Baerlestraat, which is a major thoroughfare in this part of Amsterdam. The Concertgebouw is situated across this street from the square. To the southeast of the square are situated a number of large houses, one of which contains the American consulate. A parking garage can be found underneath the square, as well as a supermarket. The Museumplein is covered almost entirely with a lawn, except for the northeastern part of the square which is covered with gravel. The current appearance of the square was realised in 1999, when the square was remodelled. The square itself is the most prominent site in Amsterdam for festivals and outdoor concerts, especially in the summer. Plans were made in 2008 to remodel the square again, because many inhabitants of Amsterdam are not happy with its current appearance. Rembrandt monument on Rembrandtplein The Rijksmuseum possesses the largest and most important collection of classical Dutch art. It opened in 1885. Its collection consists of nearly one million objects. The artist most associated with Amsterdam is Rembrandt, whose work, and the work of his pupils, is displayed in the Rijksmuseum. Rembrandt 's masterpiece The Night Watch is one of top pieces of art of the museum. It also houses paintings from artists like Van der Helst, Vermeer, Frans Hals, Ferdinand Bol, Albert Cuyp, Jacob van Ruisdael and Paulus Potter. Aside from paintings, the collection consists of a large variety of decorative art. This ranges from Delftware to giant doll - houses from the 17th century. The architect of the gothic revival building was P.J.H. Cuypers. The museum underwent a 10 - year, 375 million euro renovation starting in 2003. The full collection was reopened to the public on 13 April 2013 and the Rijksmuseum has established itself as the most visited museum in Amsterdam with 2.2 million visitors in 2013. Van Gogh lived in Amsterdam for a short while and there is a museum dedicated to his work. The museum is housed in one of the few modern buildings in this area of Amsterdam. The building was designed by Gerrit Rietveld. This building is where the permanent collection is displayed. A new building was added to the museum in 1999. This building, known as the performance wing, was designed by Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa. Its purpose is to house temporary exhibitions of the museum. Some of Van Gogh 's most famous paintings, like The Potato Eaters and Sunflowers, are in the collection. The Van Gogh museum is the second most visited museum in Amsterdam, with 1.4 million annual visitors. Next to the Van Gogh museum stands the Stedelijk Museum. This is Amsterdam 's most important museum of modern art. The museum is as old as the square it borders and was opened in 1895. The permanent collection consists of works of art from artists like Piet Mondriaan, Karel Appel, and Kazimir Malevich. After renovations lasting several years the museum opened in September 2012 with a new composite extension that has been called ' The Bathtub ' due to its resemblance to one. Amsterdam contains many other museums throughout the city. They range from small museums such as the Verzetsmuseum ( Resistance Museum ), the Anne Frank House, and the Rembrandt House Museum, to the very large, like the Tropenmuseum ( Museum of the Tropics ), Amsterdam Museum ( formerly known as Amsterdam Historical Museum ), Hermitage Amsterdam ( a dependency of the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg ) and the Joods Historisch Museum ( Jewish Historical Museum ). The modern - styled Nemo is dedicated to child - friendly science exhibitions. Music ( edit ) Main article : List of songs about Amsterdam Amsterdam 's musical culture includes a large collection of songs which treat the city nostalgically and lovingly. The 1949 song `` Aan de Amsterdamse grachten '' ( `` On the canals of Amsterdam '' ) was performed and recorded by many artists, including John Kraaijkamp sr. ; the best - known version is probably that by Wim Sonneveld ( 1962 ). In the 1950s Johnny Jordaan rose to fame with `` Geef mij maar Amsterdam '' ( `` I prefer Amsterdam '' ), which praises the city above all others ( explicitly Paris ) ; Jordaan sang especially about his own neighbourhood, the Jordaan ( `` Bij ons in de Jordaan '' ). Colleagues and contemporaries of Johnny include Tante Leen, Zwarte Riek, and Manke Nelis. Other notable Amsterdam songs are `` Amsterdam '' by Jacques Brel ( 1964 ) and `` Deze Stad '' by De Dijk ( 1989 ). A 2011 poll by Amsterdam paper Het Parool found, somewhat surprisingly, that Trio Bier 's `` Oude Wolf '' was voted `` Amsterdams lijflied ''. Notable Amsterdam bands from the modern era include the Osdorp Posse and The Ex. AFAS Live ( formerly known as the Heineken Music Hall ) is a concert hall located near the Amsterdam Arena. Its main purpose is to serve as a podium for pop concerts for big audiences. Many famous international artists have performed there. Two other notable venues, Paradiso and the Melkweg are located near the Leidseplein. Both focus on broad programming, ranging from indie rock to hip hop, R&B, and other popular genres. Other more subcultural music venues are OCCII, OT301, De Nieuwe Anita, Winston Kingdom and Zaal 100. Jazz has a strong following in Amsterdam, with the Bimhuis being the premier venue. In 2012, Ziggo Dome was opened, also near Amsterdam Arena, a state - of - the - art indoor music arena. AFAS Live is also host to many electronic dance music festivals, alongside many other venues. Armin van Buuren and Tiesto, some of the world 's leading Trance DJ 's hail from the Netherlands and perform frequently in Amsterdam. Each year in October, the city hosts the Amsterdam Dance Event ( ADE ) which is one of the leading electronic music conferences and one of the biggest club festivals for electronic music in the world, attracting over 350,000 visitors each year. Another popular dance festival is 5daysoff, which takes place in the venues Paradiso and Melkweg. In summer time there are several big outdoor dance parties in or nearby Amsterdam, such as Awakenings, Dance Valley, Mystery Land, Loveland, A Day at the Park, Welcome to the Future, and Valtifest. The Concertgebouw or Royal Concert Hall houses performances of the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra and other musical events Amsterdam has a world - class symphony orchestra, the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra. Their home is the Concertgebouw, which is across the Van Baerlestraat from the Museum Square. It is considered by critics to be a concert hall with some of the best acoustics in the world. The building contains three halls, Grote Zaal, Kleine Zaal, and Spiegelzaal. Some nine hundred concerts and other events per year take place in the Concertgebouw, for a public of over 700,000, making it one of the most - visited concert halls in the world. The opera house of Amsterdam is situated adjacent to the city hall. Therefore, the two buildings combined are often called the Stopera, ( a word originally coined by protesters against it very construction : Stop the Opera ( - house ) ). This huge modern complex, opened in 1986, lies in the former Jewish neighbourhood at Waterlooplein next to the river Amstel. The Stopera is the homebase of Dutch National Opera, Dutch National Ballet and the Holland Symfonia. Muziekgebouw aan ' t IJ is a concert hall, which is situated in the IJ near the central station. Its concerts perform mostly modern classical music. Located adjacent to it, is the Bimhuis, a concert hall for improvised and Jazz music. Performing arts ( edit ) Amsterdam has three main theatre buildings. The Stadsschouwburg Amsterdam at the Leidseplein is the home base of Toneelgroep Amsterdam. The current building dates from 1894. Most plays are performed in the Grote Zaal ( Great Hall ). The normal programme of events encompasses all sorts of theatrical forms. The Stadsschouwburg is currently being renovated and expanded. The third theatre space, to be operated jointly with next door Melkweg, will open in late 2009 or early 2010. Dutch National Opera and Ballet ( formerly known as Het Muziektheater ), dating from 1986, is the principal opera house and home to Dutch National Opera and Dutch National Ballet. Royal Theatre Carré was built as a permanent circus theatre in 1887 and is currently mainly used for musicals, cabaret performances and pop concerts. The recently re-opened DeLaMar Theater houses the more commercial plays and musicals. Also a new theatre has moved into Amsterdam scene in 2014, joining other established venues. Theater Amsterdam, situated in the west part of Amsterdam, Danzigerkade 5 / Westpoortnummer 2036 1013 AP Amsterdam. It 's a modern building with a panoramic view over the harbour. The theatre is the first ever purpose - built venue to showcase a single play entitled ANNE, the play based on Anne Frank 's life. On the east side of town there is a small theatre in a converted bath house, the Badhuistheater. The theatre often has English programming. The Netherlands has a tradition of cabaret or kleinkunst, which combines music, storytelling, commentary, theatre and comedy. Cabaret dates back to the 1930s and artists like Wim Kan, Wim Sonneveld and Toon Hermans were pioneers of this form of art in the Netherlands. In Amsterdam is the Kleinkunstacademie ( English : Cabaret Academy ). Contemporary popular artists are Youp van ' t Hek, Freek de Jonge, Herman Finkers, Hans Teeuwen, Theo Maassen, Herman van Veen, Najib Amhali, Raoul Heertje, Jörgen Raymann, Brigitte Kaandorp and Comedytrain. The English spoken comedy scene was established with the founding of Boom Chicago in 1993. They have their own theatre at Leidseplein. Nightlife ( edit ) The Magere Brug or `` Skinny Bridge '' over the Amstel River at night Amsterdam is famous for its vibrant and diverse nightlife. Amsterdam has many cafés ( bars ). They range from large and modern to small and cozy. The typical Bruine Kroeg ( brown café ) breathe a more old fashioned atmosphere with dimmed lights, candles, and somewhat older clientele. Most cafés have terraces in summertime. A common sight on the Leidseplein during summer is a square full of terraces packed with people drinking beer or wine. Many restaurants can be found in Amsterdam as well. Since Amsterdam is a multicultural city, a lot of different ethnic restaurants can be found. Restaurants range from being rather luxurious and expensive to being ordinary and affordable. Amsterdam also possesses many discothèques. The two main nightlife areas for tourists are the Leidseplein and the Rembrandtplein. The Paradiso, Melkweg and Sugar Factory are cultural centres, which turn into discothèques on some nights. Examples of discothèques near the Rembrandtplein are the Escape, Air, John Doe and Club Abe. Also noteworthy are Panama, Hotel Arena ( East ), TrouwAmsterdam and Studio 80. Bimhuis located near the Central Station, with its rich programming hosting the best in the field is considered one of the best jazz clubs in the world. The Reguliersdwarsstraat is the main street for the LGBT community and nightlife. Festivals ( edit ) Queen 's Day in Amsterdam in 2010 In 2008, there were 140 festivals and events in Amsterdam. Famous festivals and events in Amsterdam include : Koningsdag ( which was named Koninginnedag until the crowning of king Willem - Alexander in 2013 ) ( King 's Day -- Queen 's Day ) ; the Holland Festival for the performing arts ; the yearly Prinsengrachtconcert ( classical concerto on the Prinsen canal ) in August ; the ' Stille Omgang ' ( a silent Roman Catholic evening procession held every March ) ; Amsterdam Gay Pride ; The Cannabis Cup ; and the Uitmarkt. On Koninginnedag -- that was held each year on 30 April -- hundreds of thousands of people travel to Amsterdam to celebrate with the city 's residents and Koningsdag is held on 27 April. The entire city becomes overcrowded with people buying products from the freemarket, or visiting one of the many music concerts. The yearly Holland Festival attracts international artists and visitors from all over Europe. Amsterdam Gay Pride is a yearly local LGBT parade of boats in Amsterdam 's canals, held on the first Saturday in August. The annual Uitmarkt is a three - day cultural event at the start of the cultural season in late August. It offers previews of many different artists, such as musicians and poets, who perform on podia. Sports ( edit ) AFC Ajax play their home matches at the Amsterdam Arena Amsterdam is home of the Eredivisie football club AFC Ajax. The stadium Johan Cruyff Arena is the home of Ajax. It is located in the south - east of the city next to the new Amsterdam Bijlmer ArenA railway station. Before moving to their current location in 1996, Ajax played their regular matches in De Meer Stadion. In 1928, Amsterdam hosted the Summer Olympics. The Olympic Stadium built for the occasion has been completely restored and is now used for cultural and sporting events, such as the Amsterdam Marathon. In 1920, Amsterdam assisted in hosting some of the sailing events for the Summer Olympics held in neighbouring Antwerp, Belgium by hosting events at Buiten Y. The city holds the Dam to Dam Run, a 16 - kilometre ( 10 mi ) race from Amsterdam to Zaandam, as well as the Amsterdam Marathon. The ice hockey team Amstel Tijgers play in the Jaap Eden ice rink. The team competes in the Dutch ice hockey premier league. Speed skating championships have been held on the 400 - metre lane of this ice rink. Amsterdam holds two American football franchises : the Amsterdam Crusaders and the Amsterdam Panthers. The Amsterdam Pirates baseball team competes in the Dutch Major League. There are three field hockey teams : Amsterdam, Pinoké and Hurley, who play their matches around the Wagener Stadium in the nearby city of Amstelveen. The basketball team MyGuide Amsterdam competes in the Dutch premier division and play their games in the Sporthallen Zuid. There is one rugbyclub in Amsterdam, which also hosts sports training classes such as RTC ( Rugby Talenten Centrum or Rugby Talent Centre ) and the National Rugby stadium. Since 1999 the city of Amsterdam honours the best sportsmen and women at the Amsterdam Sports Awards. Boxer Raymond Joval and field hockey midfielder Carole Thate were the first to receive the awards, in 1999. Government ( edit ) Main article : Government of Amsterdam Eric van der Burg, the acting mayor of Amsterdam since 2017 The city of Amsterdam is a municipality under the Dutch Municipalities Act. It is governed by a directly elected municipal council, a municipal executive board and a mayor. Since 1981, the municipality of Amsterdam has gradually been divided into semi-autonomous boroughs, called stadsdelen or ' districts '. Over time, a total of 15 boroughs were created. In May 2010, under a major reform, the number of Amsterdam boroughs was reduced to eight : Amsterdam - Centrum covering the city centre including the canal belt, Amsterdam - Noord consisting of the neighbourhoods north of the IJ lake, Amsterdam - Oost in the east, Amsterdam - Zuid in the south, Amsterdam - West in the west, Amsterdam Nieuw - West in the far west, Amsterdam Zuidoost in the southeast, and Westpoort covering the Port of Amsterdam area. City government ( edit ) Main articles : Government of Amsterdam and Boroughs of Amsterdam As with all Dutch municipalities, Amsterdam is governed by a directly elected municipal council, a municipal executive board and a mayor ( burgemeester ). The mayor is a member of the municipal executive board, but also has individual responsibilies in maintaining public order. In July 2010, Eberhard van der Laan ( Labour Party ) was appointed mayor of Amsterdam by the national government for a six - year term after being nominated by the Amsterdam municipal council. After the 2014 municipal council elections, a governing majority of D66, VVD and SP was formed -- the first coalition without the Labour Party since World War II. Next to the mayor, the municipal executive board consists of eight wethouders ( ' alderpersons ' ) appointed by the municipal council : four D66 alderpersons, two VVD alderpersons and two SP alderpersons. On 18 September 2017 it was announced by Eberhard van der Laan in an open letter to Amsterdam citizens that Kajsa Ollongren would take up his office as acting Mayor of Amsterdam - with immediate effect due to ill health. Ollongren was succeeded as acting Mayor by Eric van der Burg on 26 October 2017. The boroughs of Amsterdam. Unlike most other Dutch municipalities, Amsterdam is subdivided into eight boroughs, called stadsdelen or ' districts ', a system that was implemented gradually in the 1980s to improve local governance. The boroughs are responsible for many activities that had previously been run by the central city. In 2010, the number of Amsterdam boroughs reached fifteen. Fourteen of those had their own district council ( deelraad ), elected by a popular vote. The fifteenth, Westpoort, covers the harbour of Amsterdam and had very few residents. Therefore, it was governed by the central municipal council. Under the borough system, municipal decisions are made at borough level, except for those affairs pertaining to the whole city such as major infrastructure projects, which are the jurisdiction of the central municipal authorities. In 2010, the borough system was restructured, in which many smaller boroughs merged into larger boroughs. In 2014, under a reform of the Dutch Municipalities Act, the Amsterdam boroughs lost much of their autonomous status, as their district councils were abolished. The municipal council of Amsterdam voted to maintain the borough system by replacing the district councils with smaller, but still directly elected district committees ( bestuurscommissies ). Under a municipal ordinance, the new district committees were granted responsibilities through delegation of regulatory and executive powers by the central municipal council. View of the Stopera ( left ), where the Amsterdam city hall and opera house are located, and the Hermitage Museum ( right ) on the Amstel River. Metropolitan area ( edit ) `` Amsterdam '' is usually understood to refer to the municipality of Amsterdam. Colloquially, some areas within the municipality, such as the town of Durgerdam, may not be considered part of Amsterdam. Statistics Netherlands uses three other definitions of Amsterdam : metropolitan agglomeration Amsterdam ( Grootstedelijke Agglomeratie Amsterdam, not to be confused with Grootstedelijk Gebied Amsterdam, a synonym of Groot Amsterdam ), Greater Amsterdam ( Groot Amsterdam, a COROP region ) and the urban region Amsterdam ( Stadsgewest Amsterdam ). The Amsterdam Department for Research and Statistics uses a fourth conurbation, namely the Stadsregio Amsterdam ( ' City Region of Amsterdam ' ). The city region is similar to Greater Amsterdam but includes the municipalities of Zaanstad and Wormerland. It excludes Graft - De Rijp. The smallest of these areas is the municipality of Amsterdam with a population of 802,938 in 2013. The conurbation had a population of 1,096,042 in 2013. It includes the municipalities of Zaanstad, Wormerland, Oostzaan, Diemen and Amstelveen only, as well as the municipality of Amsterdam. Greater Amsterdam includes 15 municipalities, and had a population of 1,293,208 in 2013. Though much larger in area, the population of this area is only slightly larger, because the definition excludes the relatively populous municipality of Zaanstad. The largest area by population, the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area ( Dutch : Metropoolregio Amsterdam ), has a population of 2, 33 million. It includes for instance Zaanstad, Wormerveer, Muiden, Abcoude, Haarlem, Almere and Lelystad but excludes Graft - De Rijp. Amsterdam is part of the conglomerate metropolitan area Randstad, with a total population of 6,659,300 inhabitants. Of these various metropolitan area configurations, only the Stadsregio Amsterdam ( City Region of Amsterdam ) has a formal governmental status. Its responsibities include regional spatial planning and the metropolitan public transport concessions. National capital ( edit ) Main article : Capital of the Netherlands King Willem - Alexander, Princess Beatrix, and Queen Máxima greeting Amsterdammers from the Royal Palace of Amsterdam during Willem - Alexanders inauguration in 2013 Under the Dutch Constitution, Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands. Since the 1983 constitutional revision, the constitution mentions `` Amsterdam '' and `` capital '' in chapter 2, article 32 : The king 's confirmation by oath and his coronation take place in `` the capital Amsterdam '' ( `` de hoofdstad Amsterdam '' ). Previous versions of the constitution only mentioned `` the city of Amsterdam '' ( `` de stad Amsterdam '' ). For a royal investiture, therefore, the States General of the Netherlands ( the Dutch Parliament ) meets for a ceremonial joint session in Amsterdam. The ceremony traditionally takes place at the Nieuwe Kerk on Dam Square, immediately after the former monarch has signed the act of abdication at the nearby Royal Palace of Amsterdam. Normally, however, the Parliament sits in The Hague, the city which has historically been the seat of the Dutch government, the Dutch monarchy, and the Dutch supreme court. Foreign embassies are also located in The Hague. Symbols ( edit ) Main articles : Coat of arms of Amsterdam and Flag of Amsterdam The coat of arms of Amsterdam is composed of several historical elements. First and centre are three St Andrew 's crosses, aligned in a vertical band on the city 's shield ( although Amsterdam 's patron saint was Saint Nicholas ). These St Andrew 's crosses can also be found on the cityshields of neighbours Amstelveen and Ouder - Amstel. This part of the coat of arms is the basis of the flag of Amsterdam, flown by the city government, but also as civil ensign for ships registered in Amsterdam. Second is the Imperial Crown of Austria. In 1489, out of gratitude for services and loans, Maximilian I awarded Amsterdam the right to adorn its coat of arms with the king 's crown. Then, in 1508, this was replaced with Maximilian 's imperial crown when he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor. In the early years of the 17th century, Maximilian 's crown in Amsterdam 's coat of arms was again replaced, this time with the crown of Emperor Rudolph II, a crown that became the Imperial Crown of Austria. The lions date from the late 16th century, when city and province became part of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. Last came the city 's official motto : Heldhaftig, Vastberaden, Barmhartig ( `` Heroic, Determined, Merciful '' ), bestowed on the city in 1947 by Queen Wilhelmina, in recognition of the city 's bravery during the Second World War. Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport in Amsterdam Metro, tram, bus ( edit ) Main articles : Amsterdam Metro and Trams in Amsterdam A tram on Damrak with Centraal Station in the background The Amsterdam Metro is a mixed subway and above ground commuter rail with various lines Currently, there are sixteen tram routes and four metro routes, with a fifth route to be added when the North / South metro line is completed ( due in 2017 ). All are operated by municipal public transport operator GVB, which also runs the city bus network. Fifth route Four fare - free GVB ferries carry pedestrians and cyclists across the IJ lake to the borough of Amsterdam - Noord, and two fare - charging ferries run east and west along the harbour. There are also privately operated water taxis, a water bus, a boat sharing operation, electric rental boats ( Boaty ) and canal cruises, that transport people along Amsterdam 's waterways. Regional buses, and some suburban buses, are operated by Connexxion and EBS. International coach services are provided by Eurolines from Amsterdam Amstel railway station, IDBUS from Amsterdam Sloterdijk railway station, and Megabus from Zuiderzeeweg in the east of the city. P. + R Locations ( edit ) In order to facilitate easier transport to the center of Amsterdam, the city has various P + R Locations where people can park their car at an affordable price and transfer to one of the numerous public transport lines ( metro / bus / tram / train ). These P + R Locations are : P + R ArenA P + R Bos en Lommer P + R Comeniusstraat ( Amsterdam Lelylaan Station ) P + R Olympisch Stadion P + R RAI Amsterdam P + R Sloterdijk P + R VUMC P + R Zeeburg I P + R Zeeburg II Car ( edit ) Amsterdam was intended in 1932 to be the hub, a kind of Kilometre Zero, of the highway system of the Netherlands, with freeways numbered One to Eight planned to originate from the city. The outbreak of the Second World War and shifting priorities led to the current situation, where only roads A1, A2, and A4 originate from Amsterdam according to the original plan. The A3 road to Rotterdam was cancelled in 1970 in order to conserve the Groene Hart. Road A8, leading north to Zaandam and the A10 Ringroad were opened between 1968 and 1974. Besides the A1, A2, A4 and A8, several freeways, such as the A7 and A6, carry traffic mainly bound for Amsterdam. The A10 ringroad surrounding the city connects Amsterdam with the Dutch national network of freeways. Interchanges on the A10 allow cars to enter the city by transferring to one of the 18 city roads, numbered S101 through to S118. These city roads are regional roads without grade separation, and sometimes without a central reservation. Most are accessible by cyclists. The S100 Centrumring is a smaller ringroad circumnavigating the city 's centre. In the city centre, driving a car is discouraged. Parking fees are expensive, and many streets are closed to cars or are one - way. The local government sponsors carsharing and carpooling initiatives such as Autodelen and Meerijden.nu. National rail ( edit ) Amsterdam Central Station is the city 's main train station Amsterdam is served by ten stations of the Nederlandse Spoorwegen ( Dutch Railways ). Six are intercity stops : Sloterdijk, Zuid, Amstel, Bijlmer ArenA, Lelylaan and Amsterdam Centraal. The stations for local services are : RAI, Holendrecht, Muiderpoort and Science Park. Amsterdam Centraal is also an international railway station. From the station there are regular services to destinations such as Austria, Belarus, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Russia and Switzerland. Among these trains are international trains of the Nederlandse Spoorwegen ( Amsterdam - Berlin ) and the Thalys ( Amsterdam - Brussels - Paris / Lille ), CityNightLine, and InterCityExpress ( Amsterdam -- Cologne -- Frankfurt ). Future line : Highspeed train Amsterdam / London opening April 2018. Airport ( edit ) Amsterdam Airport Schiphol ranks as Europe 's fifth - busiest airport and the world 's 14th - busiest for passenger traffic. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol ( IATA : AMS, ICAO : EHAM ) is less than 20 minutes by train from Amsterdam Centraal railway station and is served by domestic and international intercity trains, such as Thalys and Intercity Brussel. Schiphol is the largest airport in the Netherlands, the third largest in Europe, and the 14th - largest in the world in terms of passengers. It handles over 60 million passengers per year and is the home base of four airlines, KLM, Transavia, Martinair and Arkefly. As of 2014, Schiphol was the fifth busiest airport in the world measured by international passenger numbers. Cycling ( edit ) Main article : Cycling in Amsterdam Amsterdam Police Bicyclist crossing a bridge over Prinsengracht. Amsterdam is one of the most bicycle - friendly large cities in the world and is a centre of bicycle culture with good facilities for cyclists such as bike paths and bike racks, and several guarded bike storage garages ( fietsenstalling ) which can be used for a nominal fee. In 2013, there were about 1,200,000 bicycles in Amsterdam outnumbering the amount of citizens in the city. Theft is widespread -- in 2011, about 83,000 bicycles were stolen in Amsterdam. Bicycles are used by all socio - economic groups because of their convenience, Amsterdam 's small size, the 400 kilometres ( 249 miles ) of bike paths, the flat terrain, and the inconvenience of driving an automobile. Education ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Agnietenkapel Gate at the University of Amsterdam, founded in 1632 as the Athenaeum Illustre Amsterdam has two universities : the University of Amsterdam ( Universiteit van Amsterdam ), and the VU University Amsterdam ( Vrije Universiteit or `` VU '' ). Other institutions for higher education include an art school -- Gerrit Rietveld Academie, a university of applied sciences -- the Hogeschool van Amsterdam, and the Amsterdamse Hogeschool voor de Kunsten. Amsterdam 's International Institute of Social History is one of the world 's largest documentary and research institutions concerning social history, and especially the history of the labour movement. Amsterdam 's Hortus Botanicus, founded in the early 17th century, is one of the oldest botanical gardens in the world, with many old and rare specimens, among them the coffee plant that served as the parent for the entire coffee culture in Central and South America. There are over 200 primary schools in Amsterdam. Some of these primary schools base their teachings on particular pedagogic theories like the various Montessori schools. The biggest Montessori high school in Amsterdam is the Montessori Lyceum Amsterdam. Many schools, however, are based on religion. This used to be primarily Roman Catholicism and various Protestant denominations, but with the influx of Muslim immigrants there has been a rise in the number of Islamic schools. Jewish schools can be found in the southern suburbs of Amsterdam. Amsterdam is noted for having five independent grammar schools ( Dutch : gymnasia ), the Vossius Gymnasium, Barlaeus Gymnasium, St. Ignatius Gymnasium, Het 4e Gymnasium and the Cygnus Gymnasium where a classical curriculum including Latin and classical Greek is taught. Though believed until recently by many to be an anachronistic and elitist concept that would soon die out, the gymnasia have recently experienced a revival, leading to the formation of a fourth and fifth grammar school in which the three aforementioned schools participate. Most secondary schools in Amsterdam offer a variety of different levels of education in the same school. The city also has various colleges ranging from art and design to politics and economics which are mostly also available for students coming from other countries. Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Amsterdam Frits Bolkestein ( born 1933 ), politician Charlene de Carvalho - Heineken ( born 1954 ), businesswoman Paul J. Crutzen ( born 1933 ), atmospheric chemist Willem Drees Sr. ( 1886 -- 1988 ), politician Floris Adriaan van Hall ( 1791 -- 1866 ), Minister of Justice, Prime Minister of the Netherlands Freddy Heineken ( 1923 -- 2002 ), businessman Jaap de Hoop Scheffer ( born 1948 ), politician André Kuipers ( born 1958 ), astronaut Baruch Spinoza ( born 1632 -- 1677 ), philosopher Hans Wiegel ( born 1941 ), politician Entertainment ( edit ) Karel Appel ( 1921 -- 2006 ), painter Jan Akkerman ( born 1946 ), musician Willeke van Ammelrooy ( born 1944 ), actress Willem Breuker ( 1944 -- 2010 ), musician Frans Brüggen ( 1934 -- 2014 ), musician Rudi van Dantzig ( 1933 -- 2012 ), ballet Joop van den Ende ( born 1942 ), film, television and theatric producer Bernard Haitink ( born 1929 ), orchestra conductor John Kraaijkamp, Sr. ( 1925 -- 2011 ), actor, comedian, singer Andre Hazes ( 1951 -- 2004 ), one of the most famous singers in the Netherlands Sport ( edit ) Alistair Overeem ( born 1980 ), mixed martial artist and kickboxer Co Adriaanse ( born 1947 ), football trainer Dennis Bergkamp ( born 1969 ), football player Jan van Beveren ( 1948 -- 2011 ) football goalkeeper and coach Michael Bleekemolen ( born 1949 ) racing driver Daley Blind ( born 1990 ), football player Geraldo Boldewijn ( born 1991 ), American football player Cor Brom ( 1932 -- 2008 ), football player and football trainer Ellie van den Brom ( born 1949 ) long - track speed skater Daniel Sprong ( born 1997 ) hockey player Johan Cruyff ( 1947 -- 2016 ), football player and football trainer Ellen van Dijk ( born 1987 ), cyclist Max Euwe ( 1901 -- 1981 ), Chess Grandmaster, mathematician, author Louis van Gaal ( born 1951 ), football trainer Ruud Gullit ( born 1962 ), football player Bobby Haarms ( 1934 -- 2009 ), football player and football trainer Cor van der Hart ( 1928 -- 2006 ), football player and football trainer Rinus Israël ( born 1942 ), football player and football trainer Nigel de Jong ( born 1984 ), football player Jan Jongbloed ( born 1940 ), football player ( goalkeeper ) Piet Keizer ( 1943 - 2017 ), football player Patrick Kluivert ( born 1976 ), football player Gerrie Knetemann ( 1951 -- 2004 ), cyclist Ada Kok ( born 1947 ), swimmer Ruud Krol ( born 1949 ), football player and football coach Edward Metgod ( born 1959 ), football player ( goalkeeper ) and football trainer John Metgod ( born 1958 ), football player and football trainer Rinus Michels ( 1928 -- 2005 ), football player and football trainer Bennie Muller ( born 1938 ), football player ( 47 caps ) Eddy Pieters Graafland ( born 1934 ), football player ( goalkeeper ) Peter Post ( 1933 -- 2011 ), cyclist Quincy Promes ( born 1992 ), football player Anton Pronk ( born 1941 ), football player ( 19 caps ) Rob Rensenbrink ( born 1947 ), football player Frank Rijkaard ( born 1962 ), football player and football coach Wim Ruska ( born 1940 ), Judoka Ton Sijbrands ( born 1949 ), international draughts player Sjaak Swart ( born 1938 ), football player Marko Vejinovic ( born 1990 ), football player Originating from elsewhere ( edit ) Fanny Blankers - Koen ( 1918 -- 2004 ), athlete Inge de Bruijn ( born 1973 ), swimmer Ryan ten Doeschate ( born 1980 ), cricketer Jan Hein Donner ( 1927 -- 1988 ), chess grandmaster Anne Frank ( 1929 -- 1945 ), diarist and Holocaust victim Theo van Gogh ( 1957 -- 2004 ), film director Carice van Houten ( born 1976 ), actress Søren Lerby ( born 1958 ), football player Satyendra Pakhale ( born 1967 ), designer Rembrandt van Rijn ( 1606 / 7 -- 1669 ), painter Jan van Speyk ( 1802 -- 1831 ), lieutenant - commander Dutch Royal Navy Joop den Uyl ( 1919 -- 1987 ), politics Joost van den Vondel ( 1597 -- 1679 ), poet, playwright Gerardus Vossius ( 1577 -- 1649 ), theologist, historian Vijce ( born 1988 ), fine art photographer Media ( edit ) Amsterdam is a prominent centre for national and international media. Some locally based newspapers include Het Parool, a national daily paper ; De Telegraaf, the largest Dutch daily newspaper ; the daily newspapers Trouw, de Volkskrant and NRC Handelsblad ; De Groene Amsterdammer, a weekly newspaper ; the free newspapers Sp! ts, Metro, and The Holland Times ( printed in English ). Amsterdam is home to the second - largest Dutch commercial TV group SBS Broadcasting Group, consisting of TV - stations SBS 6, Net 5 and Veronica. However, Amsterdam is not considered ' the media city of the Netherlands '. The town of Hilversum, 30 kilometres ( 19 miles ) south - east of Amsterdam, has been crowned with this unofficial title. Hilversum is the principal centre for radio and television broadcasting in the Netherlands. Radio Netherlands, heard worldwide via shortwave radio since the 1920s, is also based there. Hilversum is home to an extensive complex of audio and television studios belonging to the national broadcast production company NOS, as well as to the studios and offices of all the Dutch public broadcasting organisations and many commercial TV production companies. In 2012, the music video of Far East Movement, ' Live My Life ', was filmed in various parts of Amsterdam. Amsterdam is also featured in John Green 's book The Fault in Our Stars, which has also been made into a film, and part of the film takes place in Amsterdam. Housing ( edit ) The housing market is heavily regulated. In Amsterdam, 55 % of existing housing and 30 % of new housing is owned by Housing Associations, which are Government sponsored entities. Squat properties are common throughout Amsterdam, due to property law strongly favouring tenants. A number of these squats have become well known, such as OT301, Paradiso, Vrankrijk ( closed down by city government ), and the Binnenpret, and several are now businesses, such as health clubs and licensed restaurants. See also ( edit ) Netherlands portal Amsterdam portal Amsterdammertje Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Eric van der Burg '' ( in Dutch ). Gemeente Amsterdam. Retrieved 26 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Portfolios : Mayor & Alderpersons ''. Gemeente Amsterdam. Retrieved 18 February 2014. Jump up ^ `` Kerncijfers wijken en buurten '' ( Key figures for neighbourhoods ). CBS Statline ( in Dutch ). CBS. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2014. ^ Jump up to : Anita Bouman -- Eijs ; Thijmen van Bree ; Wouter Jonkhoff ; Olaf Koops ; Walter Manshanden ; Elmer Rietveld ( 17 December 2012 ). De Top 20 van Europese grootstedelijke regio 's 1995 -- 2011 ; Randstad Holland in internationaal perspectief ( Top 20 of European metropolitan regions 1995 -- 2011 ; Randstad Holland compared internationally ) ( PDF ) ( Technical report ) ( in Dutch ). Delft : TNO. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Postcodetool for 1012JS ( Dam Square ) ''. Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland ( in Dutch ). Het Waterschapshuis. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2014. Jump up ^ `` Bevolkingsontwikkeling ; regio per maand '' ( Population growth ; regions per month ). CBS Statline ( in Dutch ). CBS. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` Bevolkingsontwikkeling ; regio per maand '' ( Population growth ; regions per month ). CBS Statline ( in Dutch ). CBS. 26 June 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` CBS Amsterdam Bevolkingsontwikkeling ; regio per maand ''. ^ Jump up to : `` Economische Verkenningen Metropool Regio Amsterdam '' ( PDF ). 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( In addition to the prize for national event city, Queens Day is nominated as the public event of the year. ) Jump up ^ `` Gay Pride in Amsterdam '' ( in Dutch ). Municipality Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 1 June 2008. Retrieved 4 June 2008. Jump up ^ `` Uitmarkt in Amsterdam ''. IAmsterdam. Archived from the original on 31 January 2008. Retrieved 4 June 2008. Jump up ^ `` De Meer ''. Stadiums. AFC Ajax. Archived from the original on 16 November 2008. Retrieved 8 November 2008. Jump up ^ `` Athletics '' ( in Dutch ). Olympisch Stadion Amsterdam. SOSA. Archived from the original on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 8 November 2008. Jump up ^ `` Over Sporthallen Zuid : Referenties ''. Sporthallenzuid.amsterdam.nl. 7 September 2009. Archived from the original on 3 August 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam City Districts ''. Iamsterdam.com. Retrieved 12 August 2014. Jump up ^ Britt Slegers ( 12 June 2014 ). `` Three - party coalition in Amsterdam ''. NL Times. 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Jump up ^ ( in Dutch ) Stedelijk Toelatingsbeleid, Municipality of Amsterdam, 2015. Retrieved on 20 July 2015. Literature ( edit ) Berns, Jan ; Daan, Jo ( 1993 ). Hij zeit wat : de Amsterdamse volkstaal. The Hague : BZZTôH. ISBN 9062917569. Frijhoff, Willem ; Prak, Maarten ( 2005 ), Geschiedenis van Amsterdam. Zelfbewuste stadsstaat 1650 -- 1813, Amsterdam : SUN, ISBN 9058751384 Mak, Geert ( 1994 ), Een kleine geschiedenis van Amsterdam, Amsterdam & Antwerp : Atlas, ISBN 9045019531 Charles Caspers & Peter Jan Margry ( 2017 ), Het Mirakel van Amsterdam. Biografie van een betwiste devotie ( Amsterdam, Prometheus ). Nusteling, Hubert ( 1985 ), Welvaart en werkgelegenheid in Amsterdam 1540 -- 1860. Een relaas over demografie, economie en sociale politiek van een wereldstad, Amsterdam : De Bataafsche Leeuw, ISBN 9067070823 Ramaer, J.C. ( 1921 ), `` Middelpunten der bewoning in Nederland, voorheen en thans '', TAG 2e serie, 38 Van Dillen, J.G. ( 1929 ), Bronnen tot de geschiedenis van het bedrijfsleven en het gildewezen van Amsterdam, The Hague Van Leeuwen, M. ; Oeppen, J.E. ( 1993 ), `` Reconstructing the Demographic Regime of Amsterdam 1681 -- 1920 '', Economic and Social History in the Netherlands, 5 : 61 -- 102 Attribution ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm, Hugh, ed. ( 1911 ). `` Amsterdam ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 ( 11th ed. ). Cambridge University Press. pp. 896 -- 898. Further reading ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of Amsterdam External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAmsterdamat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Tourist information about Amsterdam -- Website of the Netherlands Board of Tourism and Conventions ( in Dutch ) Amsterdam.nl -- Official government site I amsterdam -- Portal for international visitors DutchAmsterdam Visitors Guide Amsterdam City Archives Free Amsterdam audio guide Free English guided walking tour Places adjacent to Amsterdam Zaanstad Oostzaan, Landsmeer Waterland Haarlemmerliede en Spaarnwoude Amsterdam IJmeer / Almere ( FL ) Haarlemmermeer Amstelveen, Ouder - Amstel Diemen Amsterdam - related topics History Timeline Canals Parks Squares Expansion Government People Mayors Tourist attractions Museums Songs Transport Metro Railway stations Trams Cycling Walls Coat of arms Flag Boroughs Centrum Nieuw - West Noord Oost West Westpoort Zuid Zuidoost See also : Category : Amsterdam Neighborhoods of Amsterdam Centrum Binnenstad ( Oude Zijde - Nieuwe Zijde ) Grachtengordel ( Negen Straatjes ) Haarlemmerbuurt Jodenbuurt Jordaan Kadijken Lastage Oostelijke Eilanden ( Czaar Peterbuurt ) Oosterdokseiland Plantage Rapenburg Uilenburg Westelijke Eilanden Weteringschans Nieuw - West Geuzenveld ( De Eendracht ) Nieuw Sloten Oostoever Osdorp ( De Aker - Middelveldsche Akerpolder ) Oud Osdorp Overtoomse Veld Sloten ( village ) Slotermeer Slotervaart Noord Banne Buiksloot Buiksloot Buikslotermeer Floradorp Kadoelen Landelijk Noord ( Durgerdam - Holysloot - Ransdorp - Schellingwoude - Zunderdorp ) Molenwijk Nieuwendam Nieuwendammerdijk en Buiksloterdijk Oostzanerwerf Overhoeks Tuindorp Nieuwendam Tuindorp Oostzaan Oost IJburg ( Haveneiland - Rieteilanden - Steigereiland - Zeeburgereiland ) Indische Buurt Oostelijk Havengebied ( Borneo - eiland - Cruquiuseiland - Java - eiland - KNSM - eiland - Oostelijke Handelskade - Sporenburg ) Oostpoort Oud - Oost ( Dapperbuurt - Oosterparkbuurt - Transvaalbuurt - Weesperzijde ) Watergraafsmeer ( Amsteldorp - Betondorp - Omval - Science Park ) West Admiralenbuurt Bos en Lommer ( Kolenkitbuurt - Landlust ) Chassébuurt Frederik Hendrikbuurt Houthaven Oud - West ( Kinkerbuurt - Overtoombuurt ) Sloterdijk ( village ) Spaarndammerbuurt Staatsliedenbuurt Trompbuurt Waterwijk Westerpark ( non-residential area ) Zeeheldenbuurt Zuid Apollobuurt Buitenveldert Hoofddorppleinbuurt Museumkwartier ( Duivelseiland ) De Pijp ( Oude Pijp - Nieuwe Pijp - Diamantbuurt ) Prinses Irenebuurt Rivierenbuurt Schinkelbuurt Stadionbuurt ( Olympisch Kwartier ) Vondelparkbuurt Willemspark Zuidas Zuidoost Bijlmer Bullewijk Driemond ( village ) Gaasperdam Venserpolder Westpoort Teleport Westelijk Havengebied ( Ruigoord ) Former boroughs : De Baarsjes - Geuzenveld - Slotermeer - Oost - Watergraafsmeer - Oud - West - Oud - Zuid - Slotervaart - Westerpark - Zeeburg - Zuideramstel Municipalities of North Holland Aalsmeer Alkmaar Amstelveen Amsterdam Beemster Bergen Beverwijk Blaricum Bloemendaal Castricum Den Helder Diemen Drechterland Edam - Volendam Enkhuizen Gooise Meren Haarlem Haarlemmerliede en Spaarnwoude Haarlemmermeer Heemskerk Heemstede Heerhugowaard Heiloo Hilversum Hollands Kroon Hoorn Huizen Koggenland Landsmeer Langedijk Laren Medemblik Oostzaan Opmeer Ouder - Amstel Purmerend Schagen Stede Broec Texel Uitgeest Uithoorn Velsen Waterland Weesp Wijdemeren Wormerland Zaanstad Zandvoort See also Netherlands Provinces Municipalities Capital cities of the Kingdom of the Netherlands National capital : Amsterdam ( Seat of government : The Hague ) Constituent countries : Provinces of the Netherlands : Public bodies of the Netherlands : Oranjestad, Aruba Willemstad, Curaçao Amsterdam, Netherlands Philipsburg, Sint Maarten Assen, Drenthe Lelystad, Flevoland Leeuwarden, Friesland Arnhem, Gelderland Groningen, Groningen Maastricht, Limburg ' s - Hertogenbosch, North Brabant Haarlem, North Holland Zwolle, Overijssel The Hague, South Holland Utrecht, Utrecht Middelburg, Zeeland Kralendijk, Bonaire The Bottom, Saba Oranjestad, Sint Eustatius See also : List of cities in the Netherlands by province Capitals of European states and territories Capitals of dependent territories and states whose sovereignty is disputed shown in italics. Western Amsterdam, Netherlands Andorra la Vella, Andorra Bern, Switzerland Brussels, Belgium Douglas, Isle of Man ( UK ) Dublin, Ireland London, United Kingdom Luxembourg, Luxembourg Paris, France Saint Helier, Jersey ( UK ) Saint Peter Port, Guernsey ( UK ) Northern Copenhagen, Denmark Helsinki, Finland Longyearbyen, Svalbard ( Norway ) Mariehamn, Åland Islands ( Finland ) Nuuk, Greenland ( Denmark ) Olonkinbyen, Jan Mayen ( Norway ) Oslo, Norway Reykjavík, Iceland Stockholm, Sweden Tórshavn, Faroe Islands ( Denmark ) Central Berlin, Germany Bratislava, Slovakia Budapest, Hungary Ljubljana, Slovenia Prague, Czech Republic Vaduz, Liechtenstein Vienna, Austria Warsaw, Poland Southern Ankara, Turkey Athens, Greece Belgrade, Serbia Bucharest, Romania Gibraltar, Gibraltar ( UK ) Lisbon, Portugal Madrid, Spain Monaco, Monaco Nicosia, Cyprus North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus Podgorica, Montenegro Pristina, Kosovo Rome, Italy San Marino, San Marino Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Skopje, Macedonia Sofia, Bulgaria Tirana, Albania Valletta, Malta Vatican City, Vatican City Zagreb, Croatia Eastern Astana, Kazakhstan Baku, Azerbaijan Chișinău, Moldova Kiev, Ukraine Minsk, Belarus Moscow, Russia Riga, Latvia Stepanakert, Artsakh Sukhumi, Abkhazia Tallinn, Estonia Tbilisi, Georgia Tiraspol, Transnistria Tskhinvali, South Ossetia Vilnius, Lithuania Yerevan, Armenia Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Also the seat of the European Union, see Institutional seats of the European Union and Brussels and the European Union Transcontinental country Entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe Partially recognised country Capital cities of the member states of the European Union Netherlands : Amsterdam Greece : Athens Germany : Berlin Slovakia : Bratislava Romania : Bucharest Hungary : Budapest Belgium : Brussels Denmark : Copenhagen Ireland : Dublin Finland : Helsinki Portugal : Lisbon Slovenia : Ljubljana United Kingdom : London Luxembourg : Luxembourg Spain : Madrid Cyprus : Nicosia France : Paris Czech Republic : Prague Latvia : Riga Italy : Rome Bulgaria : Sofia Sweden : Stockholm Estonia : Tallinn Malta : Valletta Austria : Vienna Lithuania : Vilnius Poland : Warsaw Croatia : Zagreb Other topics European Capitals of Culture 1985 Athens 1986 Florence Amsterdam 1988 West Berlin Paris 1990 Glasgow 1991 Dublin 1992 Madrid Antwerp Lisbon 1995 Luxembourg City Copenhagen Thessaloniki 1998 Stockholm 1999 Weimar 2000 Reykjavík Bergen Helsinki Brussels Prague Kraków Santiago de Compostela Avignon Bologna Rotterdam Porto 2002 Bruges Salamanca 2003 Graz Plovdiv Genoa Lille 2005 Cork 2006 Patras 2007 Luxembourg City and Greater Region Sibiu 2008 Liverpool Stavanger 2009 Linz Vilnius Ruhr Istanbul Pécs 2011 Turku Tallinn 2012 Maribor Guimarães 2013 Košice Marseille 2014 Umeå Riga 2015 Mons Plzeň 2016 San Sebastián Wrocław 2017 Aarhus Paphos 2018 Valletta Leeuwarden 2019 Plovdiv Matera 2020 Rijeka Galway 2021 Timișoara Elefsina Novi Sad 2022 Kaunas Esch - sur - Alzette Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St. Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : none 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : none 1944 : none 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Venues of the 1928 Summer Olympics Amersfoort Amsterdam Buiten Y Hilversum Krachtsportgebouw Monnikenhuize Old Stadion Olympic Sports Park Swim Stadium Olympic Stadium Schermzaal Sloten Sparta Stadion Het Kasteel Zeeburg Shooting Grounds Zuiderzee Olympic venues in cycling 1896 Marathon ( city ), Neo Phaliron Velodrome 1900 Vélodrome de Vincennes 1904 Francis Field 1908 White City Stadium 1912 Liljeholmen, Mälaren 1920 Antwerp, Vélodrome d'Anvers Zuremborg 1924 Stade de Colombes, Vélodrome de Vincennes 1928 Amsterdam, Olympic Stadium 1932 Los Angeles Avenue, Pacific Coast Highway, Rose Bowl in Pasadena, Vineyard Avenue 1936 Avus Motor Road, BSV 92 Field & Stadium 1948 Herne Hill Velodrome, Windsor Great Park 1952 Käpylä, Maunula, Pakila, Velodrome 1956 Broadmeadows, Velodrome 1960 Olympic Velodrome, Via Cassia, Via Flaminia, Via Cristoforo Colombo, Via di Grottarossa 1964 Hachioji City, Hachioji Velodrome 1968 Agustín Melgar Olympic Velodrome, Satellite Circuit 1972 Bundesautobahn 96, Grünwald, Radstadion 1976 Mount Royal Park, Olympic Velodrome, Quebec Autoroute 40 1980 Krylatskoye Sports Complex Cycling Circuit, Krylatskoye Sports Complex Velodrome, Moscow - Minsk Highway 1984 Artesia Freeway, Olympic Velodrome, Streets of Mission Viejo 1988 Olympic Velodrome, Tongillo Road Course 1992 A-17 highway, Circuit de Barcelona - Catalunya, Sant Sadurní Cycling Circuit, Velòdrom d'Horta Cycling road course, Georgia International Horse Park, Stone Mountain Park Archery Center and Velodrome 2000 Centennial Parklands, Dunc Gray Velodrome, Western Sydney Parklands Athens Olympic Velodrome, Kotzia Square, Parnitha Olympic Mountain Bike Venue, Vouliagmeni Olympic Centre 2008 Laoshan Bicycle Moto Cross ( BMX ) Venue, Laoshan Mountain Bike Course, Laoshan Velodrome, Urban Road Cycling Course 2012 BMX Circuit, Hadleigh Farm, London Velodrome, Hampton Court Palace 2016 Fort Copacabana, Mountain Bike Centre, Olympic BMX Centre, Pontal, Rio Olympic Velodrome 2020 Izu Velodrome, Japan Cycle Sports Center, Tokyo Imperial Palace, Olympic BMX Course 2024 Vélodrome de Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines, Champs - Élysées, Élancourt Hill 2028 VELO Sports Center, Los Angeles Convention Center, Grand Park, Downtown Long Beach, Frank G. Bonelli Regional Park World Book Capitals 2001 : Madrid 2002 : Alexandria 2003 : New Delhi 2004 : Antwerp 2005 : Montreal 2006 : Turin 2007 : Bogotá 2008 : Amsterdam 2009 : Beirut 2010 : Ljubljana 2011 : Buenos Aires 2012 : Yerevan 2013 : Bangkok 2014 : Port Harcourt 2015 : Incheon 2016 : Wrocław 2017 : Conakry 2018 : Athens 2019 : Sharjah Preceded by Herning, Denmark ( 1987 ) World Gymnaestrada host city 1991 Succeeded by Berlin, Germany ( 1995 ) VIAF : 158212776 LCCN : n78095634 GND : 4001783 - 7 BNF : cb119430472 ( data ) NDL : 00628114 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&oldid=812359441 '' Categories : Amsterdam Capitals in Europe Cities in the Netherlands Municipalities of North Holland Olympic cycling venues Populated places established in the 13th century Populated places in North Holland Port cities and towns in the Netherlands Port cities and towns of the North Sea 1928 Summer Olympic venues Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Unfit url All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Articles with Dutch - language external links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from September 2016 Use dmy dates from May 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Acèh Afrikaans Akan Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca Bamanankan বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi - Chewa ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino Лезги ລາວ لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Перем Коми Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Lea faka - Tonga Türkçe Türkmençe Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017, at 12 : 07. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Amsterdam", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&oldid=812359441" }

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{ "text": "Where the Red Fern Grows - wikipedia Where the Red Fern Grows Jump to : navigation, search For the film adaptations, see Where the Red Fern Grows ( 1974 film ) and Where the Red Fern Grows ( 2003 film ). Where the Red Fern Grows First edition hardback cover Author Wilson Rawls Country United States Language English Genre Children 's novel Publisher Doubleday Publication date 1961 Media type Print ( Hardcover ) Pages 245 pp ISBN 0 - 440 - 22814 - X OCLC 39850615 Where the Red Fern Grows is a 1961 children 's novel by Wilson Rawls about a boy who buys and trains two Redbone Coonhound hunting dogs. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Films 3 Background 4 Reception 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 External links Plot summary ( edit ) When leaving work in Idaho 's Snake River Valley, Billy Colman sees a pack of dogs attacking a stray coonhound. He takes the stray home to feed it. Once it has rested, Billy sets it free, knowing that it will return home. The experience reminds Billy of his childhood in the Ozark Mountains of Oklahoma. He wants a dog, and his parents offer to get him a mongrel from a neighbor. He wants two coonhounds, but his parents tell him they can not afford them. Billy finds a magazine ad for a Kentucky kennel which breeds Redbone Coonhounds and sells them for $25 each. He goes to work performing odd jobs and saves the $50 he needs with the help of his grandfather. Since it takes two years to do so, his grandfather writes to see if the kennel will honor the ad. They do, and the price has dropped so the two puppies only cost $40. Billy 's dogs are delivered to the freight depot in Tahlequah. His family does not have transportation, so he finds his own way to get to the depot and walks through the hills. He picks up his puppies, which are a male and a female. He buys a gift for each member of his family with his extra $10 before heading back home. On the way back home, he spends the night in Robber 's Cave in the Sparrow Hawk Mountains. There he builds a fire and plays with the puppies. While trying to sleep, he hears a noise that he realizes is the cry of a mountain lion. In the morning, he continues on. He comes to a sycamore tree and sees the names Dan and Ann carved inside a heart in the bark and decides to name the puppies Old Dan and Little Ann. To train Old Dan and Little Ann, Billy traps a raccoon with the help of his grandfather and uses its pelt to teach them to hunt. During their training, their personalities become apparent : Old Dan is brave and strong, while Little Ann is very intelligent. Both are very loyal to each other and to Billy. On the first night of hunting season, Billy takes Old Dan and Little Ann out for their first hunt. He promises them that if they tree a raccoon, he will do the rest. They tree one in a large sycamore, which Billy had previously nicknamed `` The Big Tree ''. As he tries to call them off, they look at him sadly and he cuts the tree down, which takes him two days and costs him blistered hands. In the end, when he 's about to give up his effort, Billy offers a short prayer for strength to continue. A strong wind starts to blow and the tree falls. Old Dan and Little Ann take the raccoon down. Billy, Old Dan, and Little Ann go hunting almost every night and become well - known in the Ozarks. Billy and his grandfather make a bet with Rubin and Rainie Pritchard that Old Dan and Little Ann can tree the `` ghost coon ''. It leads them on a long, complicated hunt, and Rubin and Rainie want to give up. When they finally have it treed, Billy refuses to kill it. Rubin then orders his dog, Old Blue, to attack Old Dan, who is smaller ; and Rubin starts to beat Billy. Little Ann helps Old Dan, and together they injure Old Blue ; Rubin runs to attack them with an axe, but he trips, falls on it and kills himself. Billy 's grandfather enters him into a championship coon hunt, putting him against experienced hunters and the finest dogs in the country. Before it starts, he enters Little Ann into a conformation contest, where she wins the silver cup. On the fourth night of the hunt, Old Dan and Little Ann tree three raccoons, making it to the final round. The sixth night, they tree one before a blizzard hits. Billy, his father, grandfather, and the judge lose sight of the dogs. When they finally find them, Billy 's grandfather sprains his ankle. They build a fire, and when Billy 's father chops down a tree, three raccoons jump out. Old Dan and Little Ann take two of them down, and chase the third to another tree. In the morning, the hunters find them covered with ice circling the tree. That raccoon wins them the championship, gold cup, and $300 of jackpot money. One night Old Dan and Little Ann tree a mountain lion, and it attacks. Billy enters the fight with his axe, hoping to save his dogs, but they end up having to save him. Eventually, they kill the mountain lion, but Old Dan is badly wounded, and Billy finds his intestines in a bush. He dies late that night. Billy is heartbroken, and Little Ann loses the will to live, stops eating, and dies of grief a few days later on Old Dan 's grave. Billy 's father tries to tell him that it is all for the best, because with the money they received from winning the championship hunt, they can move to town. He goes to visit Old Dan and Little Ann 's graves and finds a giant red fern between them. According to Native American legend, only an angel can plant one. He feels ready to move on knowing that his dogs are always going to be remembered. Films ( edit ) The novel was made into a 1974 film starring Stewart Petersen, James Whitmore, Beverly Garland, and Jack Ging. It was followed by a sequel in 1992, which starred Wilford Brimley, Chad McQueen, Lisa Whelchel, and Karen Carlson. The film was remade in 2003 and starred Joseph Ashton, Dabney Coleman, Ned Beatty and Dave Matthews. Background ( edit ) In a talk given to a group of schoolteachers, Wilson Rawls related how he wrote the first version of the novel ( along with five full novels, and hundreds of short stories and novelettes ) during the years that he worked on construction in Mexico and Idaho. He rolled the manuscripts up and saved them in a trunk at his parents ' home. When he met his fiancée, Sophie, he did not want her to know about his failed dreams of becoming a writer, so about a week before he got married he visited his parents and burned all his manuscripts. He then returned to Idaho and married Sophie. About three months later, he confessed to his wife that he had burned all his manuscripts and had always dreamed of being a writer. She encouraged him to rewrite one of his stories. He quit his job and wrote the novel in just three weeks. He said, `` I had it memorized. '' He would not let her read it until it was finished. He said, `` I finished it on a Friday. I gave it to her Saturday morning and I went to town. I stayed in town all day. I knew she had time to read it. I called her on the phone. I just knew she was going to laugh at that writing... but when I called on the phone, she said, ' You get back out here to the house, I want to talk to you... this is the most wonderful dog and boy story I 've ever heard in my life. ' '' She encouraged him to lengthen the story, because she felt it was too short to be a novel but too long to be a short story. He went to work on lengthening the manuscript. He wrote it longhand with no punctuation. She then typed it up and submitted it to the Saturday Evening Post. The Saturday Evening Post rejected the manuscript in three weeks. Sophie then sent the manuscript to the Ladies ' Home Journal. She believed that a woman editor at the Ladies ' Home Journal would like the story. About four months later, Rawls received a letter from the Ladies ' Home Journal saying that it was the wrong kind of story for their magazine, but they wanted to send it to the Saturday Evening Post. Upon the second submission to the Saturday Evening Post, it was accepted. It was first published in serialization in the Saturday Evening Post in 1961 under the title The Hounds of Youth. Doubleday then accepted the book for publication. Rawls said Doubleday then `` broke my heart. '' They changed the title to Where the Red Fern Grows, and attempted to market it to adult readers. For about six years, it languished on shelves and failed to sell. Doubleday was going to put it out of print, but one agent named Mr. Breinholt from Salt Lake City fought for it and asked for just a few more months to market it. He got Rawls a speaking engagement at the University of Utah to a conference of over 5,000 reading teachers and librarians. Copies of it were made available to them. When they took it back to their schools, the children loved it, and orders began pouring in. Jim Trelease states, `` Each year since then, it has sold more copies than the previous year. '' Reception ( edit ) Although sales of the novel began slowly, by 1974 over 90,000 copies had been sold. In 2001, Publishers Weekly estimated that it had sold 6,754,308 copies. Today Where the Red Fern Grows is required reading in many American schools. One critic said it will please adults as well as children. I remember crying so much through this book, and even today I tear up thinking of Old Dan and Little Ann. I also loaned this to my ( then ) children 's librarian, because the library copy was always out. I even marked the pages, `` Get out tissue here. '' -- DeAnn Okamura I love, love, love this book with all my heart and soul. My fourth grade teacher read it to me eons ago, and I 've read it to two of my three boys. There 's something about weeping together uncontrollably that builds a community of readers... -- Tess Alfonsin There is a statue of Billy and his dogs at the Idaho Falls Public Library. Every year in Tahlequah Oklahoma there is a Red Fern festival. It is listed below in the links. See also ( edit ) List of Where the Red Fern Grows Characters Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Where the Red Fern Grows Discussion Guide Scholastic.com ^ Jump up to : Where the Red Fern Grows ( 1974 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ IMDb : Where the Red Fern Grows : Part Two ^ Jump up to : Wilson Rawls, Dreams Can Come True, audio recording with commentary by Jim Trelease ^ Jump up to : http://www.trelease-on-reading.com/rawls.html Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19740216&id=bMdSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AH4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5192,3528282&hl=en Jump up ^ `` All - Time Bestselling Children 's Books ''. PublishersWeekly.com. Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29. Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19730929&id=3dBSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G38DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6645,6875378&hl=en Jump up ^ `` The Catoosa County News - Google News Archive Search ''. news.google.com. Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29. Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Children 's Novels # 34 : Where the Red Fern Grows by Wilson Rawls ''. School Library Journal. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Wilson Rawls ''. Idaho Falls Public Library. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 10. External links ( edit ) Oracle Think Quest, Education Foundation : Where the Red Fern Grows. SparkNotes : Where the Red Fern Grows. http://www.redfernfestival.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_the_Red_Fern_Grows&oldid=822691217 '' Categories : 1961 American novels American children 's novels American novels adapted into films Novels set in Oklahoma Children 's novels about animals Doubleday ( publisher ) books Ozarks in fiction 1961 children 's books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Кыргызча Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 27 January 2018, at 23 : 05. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Where the Red Fern Grows", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Where_the_Red_Fern_Grows&oldid=822691217" }

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{ "text": "Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom - wikipedia Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom `` Royal Arms '' redirects here. For other uses, see Royal coat of arms. Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom Versions Scottish version of the royal coat of arms Details Armiger Elizabeth II in Right of the United Kingdom Adopted 1837 Crest A golden lion, royally crowned and standing on a royal crown ; gold and ermine mantling Escutcheon Quarterly : 1 and 4 England, 2 Scotland, 3 Ireland ; quarters for England and Scotland are exchanged in Scotland. Supporters A golden lion and a silver unicorn Compartment Tudor rose, Shamrock, and Thistle Motto French : Dieu et mon droit Orders Order of the Garter Earlier versions see below Use On all Acts of Parliament ; the cover of all UK passports ; various government departments ; adapted for the reverse of coins of the pound sterling ( 2008 ) The royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom, or the Royal Arms for short, is the official coat of arms of the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. These arms are used by the Queen in her official capacity as monarch of the United Kingdom. Variants of the Royal Arms are used by other members of the British royal family ; and by the British government in connection with the administration and government of the country. In Scotland, there exists a separate version of the Royal Arms, a variant of which is used by the Scotland Office. The arms in banner form serve as basis for the monarch 's official flag, known as the Royal Standard. In the standard variant used outside of Scotland, the shield is quartered, depicting in the first and fourth quarters the three passant guardant lions of England ; in the second, the rampant lion and double tressure flory - counterflory of Scotland ; and in the third, a harp for Ireland. The crest is a statant guardant lion wearing the St Edward 's Crown, himself on another representation of that crown. The dexter supporter is a likewise crowned English lion ; the sinister, a Scottish unicorn. According to legend a free unicorn was considered a very dangerous beast ; therefore the heraldic unicorn is chained, as were both supporting unicorns in the royal coat of arms of Scotland. In the greenery below, a thistle, Tudor rose and shamrock are depicted, representing Scotland, England and Ireland respectively. This armorial achievement comprises the motto, in French, of English monarchs, Dieu et mon Droit ( God and my Right ), which has descended to the present royal family as well as the Garter circlet which surrounds the shield, inscribed with the Order 's motto, Honi soit qui mal y pense ( Shame on him who thinks evil ). The official blazon of the Royal Arms is : Quarterly, first and fourth Gules three Lions passant gardant in pale Or armed and langued Azure ( for England ), second quarter Or a Lion rampant within a double tressure flory - counter-flory Gules ( for Scotland ), third quarter Azure a Harp Or stringed Argent ( for Ireland ), the whole surrounded by the Garter ; for a Crest, upon the Royal helm the Imperial Crown Proper, thereon a Lion statant gardant Or imperially crowned Proper ; Mantling Or and Ermine ; for Supporters, dexter a Lion rampant gardant Or crowned as the Crest, sinister a Unicorn Argent armed, crined and unguled Proper, gorged with a Coronet Or composed of Crosses patées and Fleurs - de-lis a Chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back also Or. Motto `` Dieu et mon Droit '' in the compartment below the shield, with the Union Rose, Shamrock and Thistle engrafted on the same stem. Contents 1 Uses 1.1 Scotland 1.2 England, Wales and Northern Ireland 2 History 2.1 Kingdoms of England and Scotland 2.2 Union of the Crowns and the Commonwealth 2.3 After the Acts of Union 1707 3 Other variants 3.1 Royal family 3.2 Government 4 Blazon 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Uses ( edit ) The Royal Arms as used by the House of Stuart ( these being of William III and Mary II ( 1688 - 1694 / 1702 ) ) The Royal Arms as shown above may only be used by the Queen herself. They also appear in courtrooms, since the monarch is deemed to be the fount of judicial authority in the United Kingdom and law courts comprise part of the ancient royal court ( thus so named ). Judges are officially Crown representatives, demonstrated by the display of the Royal Arms behind the judge 's bench in all UK courts ( with the exceptions of the magistrates ' court in the City of London, where behind the Justices of the Peace stands a sword upright flanked by the arms of the City and the Crown ). In Northern Ireland, the Royal Arms can not be displayed in courtrooms or on court - house exteriors. There are a few exceptions, with the Royal Arms allowed to be displayed in the courtrooms of the Royal Courts of Justice in Belfast and the courts in Armagh, Banbridge, Downpatrick, Magherafelt, or Omagh. They may be shown on the exterior of court buildings that had them in place prior to the 2002 law. As the United Kingdom is governed in the monarch 's name, the British Government also uses the Royal Arms as a national symbol of the United Kingdom, and, in that capacity, the coat of arms can be seen on several government documents and forms, passports, in the entrance to embassies and consulates, etc. However, when used by the government and not by the monarch personally, the coat of arms is often represented without the helm. This is also the case with the sovereign 's Scottish arms, a version of which is used by the Scotland Office. The Royal Arms have regularly appeared on the coinage produced by the Royal Mint including, for example, from 1663, the Guinea and, from 1983, the British one pound coin. In 2008, a new series of designs for all seven coins of £ 1 and below was unveiled by the Royal Mint, every one of which is drawn from the Royal Arms. The full Royal Arms appear on the one pound coin, and sections appear on each of the other six, such that they can be put together like a puzzle to make another complete representation of the Royal Arms. The monarch grant Royal Warrants to select businesses and tradespeople which supply the Royal Household with goods or services. This entitles those business to display the Royal Arms on their packaging and stationery by way of advertising. It is customary ( but not mandatory ) for churches throughout the United Kingdom whether in the Church of England or the Church of Scotland to display the Royal Arms to show loyalty to the Crown. A banner of the Royal Arms, known as the Royal Standard, is flown from the royal palaces when the monarch is in residence, Windsor Castle and Buckingham Palace being her principal abodes ; and from public buildings only when the monarch is present. This protocol equally applies to the monarch 's principal residences in Scotland ( the Palace of Holyroodhouse and Balmoral Castle ), where the Royal Standard ( Scottish version ) is flown. When the monarch is not in residence the Union Flag, or in Scotland the ancient Royal Standard of Scotland, is flown. The widely sold British newspaper The Times uses the Hanoverian Royal Arms as a logo, whereas its sister publication, The Sunday Times, displays the current Royal Arms. The Royal Arms are also displayed in all courts in British Columbia, as well as in other Canadian provinces such as Ontario, where the judges are appointed by Crown authority. The Royal Arms were also displayed by all Viceroys of Australia as representation of their Crown authority. The Royal Arms were controversially used by former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher as her official letterhead from c. 1997. Scotland ( edit ) At St Michael 's Parish Church, Linlithgow, Scotland : a Scottish version of the royal arms of the Hanoverians as used from 1801 to 1816. See also : Royal coat of arms of Scotland Since the Union of the Crowns in 1603, a separate version of the Royal Arms has been used in Scotland, giving the Scottish elements pride of place. The shield is quartered, depicting in the first and fourth quarters the lion rampant of Scotland ; in the second, the three lions passant guardant of England ; and in the third, the harp of Ireland. The crest atop the Crown of Scotland is a red lion, seated and forward facing, itself wearing the Crown of Scotland and holding the two remaining elements of the Honours of Scotland, namely the Sword of State and the Sceptre of Scotland. This was also the crest used in the Royal Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland. The motto, in Scots, appears above the crest, in the tradition of Scottish heraldry, and is an abbreviated form of the full motto : In My Defens God Me Defend. The supporters change sides and both appear wearing the crowns of their respective Kingdom. The dexter supporter is a crowned and chained unicorn, symbolising Scotland. The sinister supporter is a crowned lion, symbolising England. Between each supporter and the shield is a lance displaying the flag of their respective Kingdom. The coat also features both the motto Nemo me impune lacessit ( No one wounds ( touches ) me with impunity ) and, surrounding the shield, the collar of the Order of the Thistle. On the compartment are a number of thistles, Scotland 's national flower. England, Wales and Northern Ireland ( edit ) The current version of the Royal Arms, displayed in the parish church of Stone, Kent. Unlike the Acts of Union 1707 with Scotland, the Acts of Union 1800 with Ireland did not provide for a separate Irish version of the royal arms. The crest of the Kingdom of Ireland ( on a wreath Or and Azure, a tower triple - towered of the First, from the portal a hart springing Argent attired and unguled Or ) has had little or no official use since the union. When the Irish Free State established its own seals in the 1930s, the `` Fob Seal '' used on letters of credence varied the British arms by having the harp in two quarters. The harp quarter of the Royal Arms represents Ireland on both the English and Scottish versions. Likewise, one English quarter is retained in the Scottish version, and one Scottish quarter is retained in the English version. Thus, England, Scotland and Ireland are represented in all versions of the Royal Arms since they came under one monarch. By contrast, there is no representation at all for Wales in the Royal Arms, as at the Act of Union 1707 Wales was an integral part of the Kingdom of England pursuant to the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 ; thus, it has been argued Wales is represented in the English coat of arms. However the argument is somewhat disengenuous as in 1535 the Welsh Dragon was already part of the Tudor Coat of Arms. Upon the accession of the Tudor monarchs, who were themselves of Welsh descent, a Welsh Dragon was used as a supporter on the Royal Arms. This was dropped by their successors, the Scottish House of Stuart, who replaced the Tudors ' dragon supporter with the Scottish unicorn In the 20th century, the arms of the principality of Wales were added as an inescutcheon to the coat of arms of the Prince of Wales, and a banner of those arms with a green inescutcheon bearing the prince 's crown is flown as his personal standard in Wales. The so - called Prince of Wales 's feathers are a heraldic badge rather than a coat of arms upon a shield, but they are not Welsh in any case. They derive, in fact, from the English Princes of Wales ( who may owe them to an exploit of Edward, the Black Prince at the Battle of Crécy ) and carry the motto Ich dien ( German, `` I Serve '' ). In any event, they do not form part of the Royal Arms, as opposed to the heraldic achievement of the Prince of Wales, who drops them upon his accession as King. History ( edit ) Kingdoms of England and Scotland ( edit ) The current royal arms are a combination of the arms of the former kingdoms that make up the United Kingdom, and can be traced back to the first arms of the kings of England and kings of Scots. Various alterations occurred over the years as the arms of other realms acquired or claimed by the kings were added to the royal arms. The table below tracks the changes in the royal arms from the original arms of King Richard I of England, and William I, King of Scots. Kingdom of England Kingdom of Scotland Arms Dates Details c. 1189 Possible interpretation of the arms shown on King Richard I 's first Great Seal. These are the arms of Plantagenet, of which family Richard was a member. The tinctures and the number of charges shown in this illustration are speculative. 1198 -- 1340 1360 -- 1369 The arms on the second Great Seal of King Richard the Lionheart, used by his successors until 1340 : three golden lions passant gardant, on a red field. 1340 -- 1360 1369 -- 1395 1399 -- 1406 King Edward III quartered the Royal Arms of England with the ancient arms of France, the fleurs - de-lis on a blue field, to signal his claim to the French throne. 1395 -- 1399 King Richard II impaled the Royal Arms of England with the arms attributed to King Edward the Confessor. 1406 -- 1422 King Henry IV updated the French arms to the modern version, three fleurs - de-lis on a blue field. 1422 -- 1461 1470 -- 1471 King Henry VI impaled the French and English arms, using the same arms after his `` readeption ''. ( 3 ) 1461 -- 1470 1471 -- 1554 King Edward IV restored the arms of King Henry IV. 1554 -- 1558 Queen Mary I impaled her arms with those of her husband, King Philip of Spain. Although Queen Mary I 's father, King Henry VIII, assumed the title `` King of Ireland '' and this was further conferred upon King Philip, the arms were not altered to feature the Kingdom of Ireland. 1558 -- 1603 Queen Elizabeth I restored the arms of King Henry IV. Arms Dates Details 12th century -- 1558 A red lion, rampant, on a yellow field within a double royal tressure, flory counter-flory, first used by King William I, and later by his successors, and becoming the heraldic representation of Scotland. 1558 -- 1559 Mary, Queen of Scots, Dauphine of France, impaled with the arms of Francis, Dauphin of France, King consort of Scots. 1559 -- 1560 Mary, Queen of Scots and Queen consort of France. She also for a short time quartered the English arms in France. See Mary, Queen of Scots # Claim to the English throne. 1560 -- 1565 Mary, Queen of Scots and Queen dowager of France. 1565 -- 1603 Upon her ( second ) marriage to Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, in 1565, Mary discontinued the arms of Scotland and France impaled, reverting to those of the Kingdom of Scotland. King James VI was the last monarch of Scotland to use these arms before the Union of the Crowns in 1603. Union of the Crowns and the Commonwealth ( edit ) The Union of the Crowns places England, Ireland and Scotland under one monarch Arms Dates Details 1603 -- 1689 James VI, King of Scots inherited the English and Irish thrones in 1603 ( Union of the Crowns ), and quartered the Royal Arms of England with those of Scotland. For the first time, the Royal Coat of Arms of Ireland was added to represent the Kingdom of Ireland. ( The Scottish version differs in giving the Scottish elements more precedence. ) 1649 -- 1654 These novel arms, already in use by parliamentarians in 1648, were adopted by the Commonwealth of England established in 1649. 1654 -- 1655 The Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland ( the Protectorate ) was created in 1653. St Andrew 's Cross was added to the arms in 1654. 1655 -- 1659 The arms of the Commonwealth from 1655 to 1659. Struck in 1655, the Great Seal included the personal arms of Oliver Cromwell on a shield in the centre. Blazon : Quarterly 1 and 4 Argent a Cross Gules ( England ) 2 Azure a Saltire Argent ( Scotland ) and 3 Azure a Harp Or Stringed Argent ( Ireland ) on an Inescutcheon Sable a Lion Rampant Argent ( Cromwell 's arms ). The supporters were a crowned lion of England and a red dragon of Wales. The Scottish unicorn was removed, as it was associated with the Stuart Monarchy. The motto read PAX QUÆRITUR BELLO ( `` peace is obtained through war '' ). 1659 -- 1660 Following the Protectorate, the 1654 arms were restored. 1603 -- 1689 Charles II restored the Royal Arms following the restoration after the civil wars. 1689 -- 1694 King James II & VII is deposed and replaced with his daughter Mary II and her husband, William III. As King and Queen they impaled their arms : William bore the Royal Arms with an escutcheon of Nassau ( the royal house to which William belonged ) added ( a golden lion rampant on a blue field ), while Mary bore the Royal Arms undifferenced. 1694 -- 1702 After the death of Mary II, William III reigned alone, and used his arms only. 1702 -- 1707 Queen Anne inherited the throne upon the death of King William III & II, and the Royal Arms returned to the 1603 version. After the Acts of Union 1707 ( edit ) At the Union creating Great Britain in 1707, arms were adopted for the new kingdom, and again in 1801 at the Union creating the United Kingdom Arms Dates Details 1707 -- 1714 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coats of arms of Queen Anne of Great Britain. The Acts of Union 1707 created the Kingdom of Great Britain ( 1707 -- 1800 ). The Royal Arms of England and Scotland are impaled ( as for a married couple ) and moved to the first and fourth quarters, France second quarter and Ireland third quarter. 1714 -- 1800 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coats of arms of King George I of Great Britain. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coats of arms of King George II of Great Britain. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coats of arms of King George III of Great Britain. The Elector of Hanover inherited the throne following the death of Queen Anne under the provisions of the Act of Settlement 1701, becoming King George I. The fourth quarter of the arms was changed to reflect the new King 's domains in Hanover ( Brunswick -- Lüneburg, surmounted by the Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire for the Holy Roman office of Archbannerbearer / Archtreasurer ). 1801 -- 1816 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coats of arms of King George III of Great Britain. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. At the same time, King George III abandoned his ancestors ' ancient claim to the French throne ( France had become a republic ). The Royal Arms changed, with England now occupying the first and fourth quarters, Scotland the second, Ireland the third. The Royal Arms used in Scotland has Scotland occupying the first and fourth quarters, England the second, Ireland the third. For the Electorate of Hanover, there is an inescutcheon surmounted by the electoral bonnet. The Arms of Hanover were similar, but lacked the electoral bonnet. 1816 -- 1837 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coats of arms of King George III of Great Britain. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coats of arms of King George IV of the United Kingdom. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coats of arms of King William IV of the United Kingdom. The electoral bonnet was replaced by a crown in 1816, as Hanover had been declared a kingdom two years previous. 1837 -- 1952 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coats of arms of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. The accession of Queen Victoria ended the personal union between the United Kingdom and Hanover, as Salic law prevented a woman from ascending the Hanoverian throne. The escutcheon of Hanover was removed and the Royal Arms remained the same. There was no attempt to alter the Royal Arms to reflect later titles acquired by the British monarch such as Emperor of India. The harp of the Kingdom of Ireland remained despite partition in 1921, to represent Northern Ireland. 1952 -- present The Irish harp was modified to a plain Gaelic harp, rather than a winged female ( as above ), in 1952 in accordance with the personal preference of Queen Elizabeth. The Royal Arms do not incorporate any specific element for Wales, a principality, incorporated into the Kingdom of England under Henry VIII. However, the Prince of Wales places arms for Wales at the centre of his personal arms. Other variants ( edit ) Royal family ( edit ) Members of the British royal family are granted their own personal arms which are based on the Royal Arms. Only children and grandchildren in the male line of the monarch are entitled to arms in this fashion : the arms of children of the monarch are differenced with a three - point label ; grandchildren of the monarch are differenced with a five - point label. An exception is made for the eldest son of the Prince of Wales, who bears a three - point label. Since 1911, the arms of the Prince of Wales also displays an inescutcheon of the ancient arms of the Principality of Wales. Queens consort and the wives of sons of the monarch also have their own personal coat of arms. Typically this will be the arms of their husband impaled with their own personal arms or those of their father, if armigerous. However, the consorts of a Queen regnant are not entitled to use the Royal Arms. Thus Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh has been granted his own personal arms. Currently the following members of the royal family have their own arms based on the Royal Arms : Children and grandchildren of the monarch in the male line Armorial achievement Shield Bearer Difference ( s ) Charles, Prince of Wales, outside Scotland Plain three - point label, augmented by an inescutcheon in honour of the traditional coat of arms of the Principality of Wales. The Prince of Wales 's feathers, the Red Dragon of Wales, Sable fifteen Bezants Or ( the arms of the Duke of Cornwall, his subsidiary title in England ) and his motto Ich dien are also added below the shield and the supporters. In Scotland, his arms as the Duke of Rothesay are displayed rather than those of the Prince of Wales. Prince Charles, Duke of Rothesay ( Prince of Wales ), in Scotland Used in Scotland, the arms of the Duke of Rothesay are those of Clan Stewart of Appin adapted, namely the quartered arms of the Prince and Great Steward of Scotland and Lord of the Isles ( secondary titles of the Duke ) with an inescutcheon as Scottish heir apparent ( the Royal Arms of Scotland with a blue three - point label ). Prince William, Duke of Cambridge Three - point label with a red escallop, alluding to the patrilineal arms of his mother, Diana, Princess of Wales. Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex Five - point label with three red escallops in alternate points. Anne, Princess Royal Three - point label, the points bearing a red cross, a red heart and a red cross. Prince Andrew, Duke of York Three - point label, the centre point bearing a blue anchor. Princess Beatrice of York Five - point label with three bees in alternate points. Princess Eugenie of York Five - point label with three thistles in alternate points. Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex Three - point label, the centre point bearing a Tudor rose. Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester Five - point label, the first, third and fifth points bearing a red cross, the second and fourth points bearing a red lion. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent Five - point label, the first, third and fifth points bearing a blue anchor, the second and fourth points bearing a red cross. Princess Alexandra, The Hon. Lady Ogilvy Five - point label, the first and fifth points bearing a red heart, the second and fourth points bearing a blue anchor, and the third bearing a red cross. Prince Michael of Kent Five - point label, the first, third and fifth points bearing a red cross, the second and fourth points bearing a blue anchor. Consorts Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip 's arms post-1949 comprise four quarters, Denmark, Greece, and Mountbatten, representing his ancestry, and Edinburgh, representing the territorial designation of his dukedom. Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall The arms of the Prince of Wales impaled with those of her father, Major Bruce Shand, crowned with the single - arched Crown of Prince of Wales. Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge The arms of the Duke of Cambridge impaled with those of her father, Michael Middleton, crowned with the coronet of a child of the heir - apparent. Meghan, Duchess of Sussex The arms of the Duke of Sussex impaled with those of her own design, crowned with the coronet of a child of the heir - apparent. Sophie, Countess of Wessex The arms of the Earl of Wessex impaled with those granted in 1999 to her father, Christopher Rhys - Jones, with remainder to his elder brother Theo. The new grant was based on an unregistered 200 - year - old design. The lion alludes to one of the Countess ' ancestors the Welsh knight Elystan Glodrydd, prince of Ferrig. Birgitte, Duchess of Gloucester The arms of the Duke of Gloucester with an escutcheon of pretence granted to her by Royal Warrant on 18 July 1973. Katharine, Duchess of Kent The arms of the Duke of Kent impaled with those of her father, Sir William Arthington Worsley, 4th Baronet. Princess Michael of Kent The arms of Prince Michael of Kent impaled with those of her father, Baron Günther Hubertus von Reibnitz. Government ( edit ) The version used by the British Government. The version used by the Scotland Office. A version used by the British Government on official websites and departmental insignia. Various versions of the Royal Arms are used by Her Majesty 's Government in the United Kingdom, the Parliament of the United Kingdom and courts in some parts of the Commonwealth. HM Government generally uses simplified version of the Royal Arms with a crown replacing the helm and crest, and with no compartment. In relation to Scotland, the Scotland Office and the Advocate General for Scotland use the Scottish version, again without the helm or crest, and the same was used as the day - to - day logo of the Scottish Executive until September 2007, when a rebranding exercise introduced the name Scottish Government, together with a revised logo incorporating the flag of Scotland. The Scottish Government continues to use the Arms on some official documents. The simplified Royal Arms also feature : on all Acts of Parliament ; on the cover of all UK passports ; and as an inescutcheon on the diplomatic flags of British Ambassadors. on all acts of the Anguilla House of Assembly, the Sovereign Base Areas, Pitcairn Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands administrations Various courts in the Commonwealth also continue to use the Royal Arms : The Court of Appeal, Supreme Court and Provincial Court of British Columbia The Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador The Supreme Court of the Yukon Territory The Supreme Court of South Australia The Supreme Court of Victoria Furthermore : A version of the crest of the Royal Arms, as used in Scotland, is used by the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service, the General Register Office for Scotland and the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The crowned shield of the Royal Arms encircled by the Garter is used by the Home Office and by the Parliament of Victoria. The crowned shield of the Royal Arms is used by the Royal Mint. The Royal Arms with the crest but without the helm is used as the rank insignia for Class 1 Warrant Officers in Her Majesty 's Armed Forces. Blazon ( edit ) This table breaks down the official blazons to enable comparison of the differences between the general coat and the coat used in Scotland. Everywhere except Scotland Scotland Quarterly I & IV Gules three lions passant gardant in pale Or armed and langued Azure Or a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure within a double tressure flory - counter-flory of the second II Or a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure within a double tressure flory - counter-flory of the second Gules three lions passant gardant in pale Or armed and langued Azure III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent Surrounded by The Garter circlet The collar of the Order of the Thistle Crest Upon the Royal helm the imperial crown Proper, thereon a lion statant gardant Or imperially crowned Proper Upon the Royal helm the crown of Scotland Proper, thereon a lion sejant affronté Gules armed and langued Azure, Royally crowned Proper holding in his dexter paw a sword and in his sinister a sceptre, both Proper Supporters Dexter a lion rampant gardant Or imperially crowned Proper, sinister a unicorn Argent, armed, crined and unguled Or, gorged with a coronet Or composed of crosses patée and fleurs de lis a chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back also Or Dexter a unicorn Argent Royally crowned Proper, armed, crined and unguled Or, gorged with a coronet Or composed of crosses patée and fleurs de lis a chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back also Or holding the standard of Saint Andrew, sinister a lion rampant gardant Or imperially crowned Proper holding the standard of Saint George Motto Dieu et mon Droit ( French ) In My Defens God Me Defend, abbr. In Defens ( Scots ) Order Motto Garter : Honi soit qui mal y pense ( Old French ) Thistle : Nemo me impune lacessit ( Latin ) Plants on the compartment Roses, thistles and shamrocks ( on the same stem ) Thistles only See also ( edit ) Heraldry portal United Kingdom portal Flag of the United Kingdom Cadency labels of the British royal family List of coats of arms of the House of Plantagenet Of all the former Dominions only three retain elements from the British Coat of Arms : Coat of arms of New Zealand Arms of Canada Coat of arms of Newfoundland and Labrador Ireland uses the medieval arms of Ireland that are incorporated into the British Coat of Arms : Coat of arms of Ireland All other former Dominions have changed their coat of arms with little or no British influence : Coat of arms of Australia Coat of arms of South Africa Emblem of India Emblem of Sri Lanka References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013. Jump up ^ p. 10, Government identity system ( 2012 ). HM Government. `` The Queen is Head of State, and the United Kingdom is governed by Her Majesty 's Government in the name of the Queen. The royal coat of arms is personal to the Queen and... '' ^ Jump up to : Brooke - Little, J.P., FSA ( 1978 ) ( 1950 ). Boutell 's Heraldry ( Revised ed. ). London : Frederick Warne LTD. pp. 205 -- 222. ISBN 0 - 7232 - 2096 - 4. Jump up ^ `` Heraldic Sculptor - Accessed 29 April 2008 ''. Jump up ^ `` Traditions of the courts ''. Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. Retrieved 2 January 2017. Jump up ^ Justice ( Northern Ireland ) Act 2002 ( c. 26 ) 66 Display of Royal Arms at courts Jump up ^ Government identity system HM Government Jump up ^ The New Designs Revealed Archived 4 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Treasures of Britain and Treasures of Ireland ( 1976 ed. ). Drive Publications. p. 677. Retrieved 15 March 2014. Jump up ^ `` Royal Arms in church ''. Intriguing History. Retrieved 31 July 2015. Jump up ^ Welcome Jump up ^ Summers, Michael ; Streeter, Ben ( 24 March 1997 ). `` The strange case of Lady Thatcher and Her Majesty 's coat of arms ''. The Independent. Retrieved 20 July 2017. Jump up ^ Walshe, Joseph ( 26 October 1937 ). `` Memorandum on external seals ''. Documents on Irish Foreign Policy, Vol. V No. 97. Royal Irish Academy. Retrieved 20 September 2011. Jump up ^ The Franco - Scots Coinage of Mary Stuart and Francis II Archived 26 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Scottish Coins ~ Mary ( 1542 - 1567 ) Jump up ^ Petchey, W.J., Massachusetts ( 1967 ). A Short Account of the Armorial Bearings of the Sovereigns of England. London : National Council of Social Service. Jump up ^ Scotland was formally reunited with England by an Ordinance of 12 April 1654 which ordered : `` That the arms of Scotland viz : a Cross commonly called the St Andrew 's Cross be received onto and borne from henceforth in the Arms of this Commonwealth... etc ''. ' April 1654 : An Ordinance for uniting Scotland into one Commonwealth with England. ', Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642 - 1660 ( 1911 ), pp. 871 - 875. URL : http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=56540&strquery=arms Date accessed : 1 January 2011. Jump up ^ Friar, Basic Heraldry ( 1993 ). ^ Jump up to : François Velde 's Heraldica site Jump up ^ Arnaud Bunel 's Héraldique européenne site Jump up ^ British Royal Standards since 1801 David Prothero and Martin Grieve. Retrieved 13 May 2011. ^ Jump up to : College of Arms. `` College of Arms - the coat of arms of TRH Prince William and Prince Henry of Wales ''. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2010. Jump up ^ `` Camilla 's coat of arms unveiled ''. 17 July 2005 -- via news.bbc.co.uk. Jump up ^ `` Coat of Arms of Duchess of Cambridge ''. dukeandduchessofcambridge.org. 14 November 2012. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Jump up ^ `` Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Sussex : Coat of Arms ''. The Royal Family. May 25, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2018. Jump up ^ Sophie 's new coat. BBC News. 19 May 1999. Retrieved 14 November 2010. Jump up ^ Boutell, Charles ; Brooke - Little, John Philip ( 1978 ). Boutell 's Heraldry ( 8th revised ed. ). Frederick Warne. p. 226. ISBN 9780723220961. Jump up ^ GOV.UK, Departments, agencies and public bodies ( 1 ). Retrieved 10 August 2013 Jump up ^ www. gov. scot New Lyon King - of - arms appointed Jump up ^ `` Court of Appeal - Hearing List ''. www.courts.gov.bc.ca. Jump up ^ `` Provincial Court of British Columbia ''. www.provincialcourt.bc.ca. Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court ''. www.yukoncourts.ca. Jump up ^ `` SUPREME COURT ACT 1935 - SECT 15 ''. www.austlii.edu.au. Jump up ^ Victoria, Supreme Court of Victoria, State Government of. `` Home ''. www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au. Jump up ^ `` Parliament of Victoria - Home ''. www.parliament.vic.gov.au. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Royal Arms of the United Kingdom. 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{ "text": "The Killing ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia The Killing ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation, search The Killing Genre Serial drama Crime drama Mystery Based on Forbrydelsen by Søren Sveistrup Developed by Veena Sud Starring Mireille Enos Billy Campbell Joel Kinnaman and others Theme music composer We Fell to Earth Composer ( s ) Frans Bak Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 44 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Veena Sud Mikkel Bondesen Søren Sveistrup Piv Bernth Ingolf Gabold Dawn Prestwich Nicole Yorkin Producer ( s ) Aaron Zelman Jeremy Doner Kristen Campo Location ( s ) Vancouver, British Columbia Running time 42 -- 59 minutes Production company ( s ) Fox Television Studios Fuse Entertainment KMF Films Fabrik Entertainment Release Original network AMC ( 2011 -- 13 ) Netflix ( 2014 ) Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2011 -- 13 ) 1080p ( HD ) ( 2014 ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release April 3, 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 03 ) -- August 1, 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) The Killing is an American crime drama television series that premiered on April 3, 2011, on AMC, based on the Danish television series Forbrydelsen ( The Crime ). The American version was developed by Veena Sud and produced by Fox Television Studios and Fuse Entertainment. Set in Seattle, Washington, the series follows the various murder investigations by homicide detectives Sarah Linden ( Mireille Enos ) and Stephen Holder ( Joel Kinnaman ). AMC announced the series ' cancellation in July 2012, but picked it up for a third season after a renegotiation with Fox Television Studios and Netflix. The Killing was again cancelled by AMC in September 2013, but Netflix announced in November 2013 that it had ordered a fourth season consisting of six episodes to conclude the series. The complete fourth season was released on Netflix on August 1, 2014. Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Series overview 2.1 Season 1 ( 2011 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2012 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2013 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2014 ) 3 Production 3.1 First cancellation and revival 3.2 Second cancellation and revival 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.1. 1 Season 1 4.1. 2 Season 2 4.2 Ratings 4.3 Awards and nominations 5 Distribution 6 Online promotion 7 References 8 External links Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Killing characters Main ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons Mireille Enos Sarah Linden Main Billy Campbell Darren Richmond Main Does not appear Guest Joel Kinnaman Stephen Holder Main Michelle Forbes Mitch Larsen Main Does not appear Brent Sexton Stan Larsen Main Does not appear Kristin Lehman Gwen Eaton Main Does not appear Eric Ladin Jamie Wright Main Does not appear Brendan Sexton III Belko Royce Main Does not appear Jamie Anne Allman Terry Marek Main Does not appear Annie Corley Regi Darnell Main Recurring Guest Liam James Jack Linden Recurring Main Guest Main Elias Koteas James Skinner Does not appear Main Does not appear Hugh Dillon Francis Becker Does not appear Main Does not appear Amy Seimetz Danette Leeds Does not appear Main Guest Bex Taylor - Klaus Bullet Does not appear Main Does not appear Julia Sarah Stone Lyric Does not appear Main Does not appear Max Fowler Twitch Does not appear Main Does not appear Peter Sarsgaard Ray Seward Does not appear Main Does not appear Gregg Henry Carl Reddick Does not appear Recurring Main Tyler Ross Kyle Stansbury Does not appear Main Sterling Beaumon Lincoln Knopf Does not appear Main Levi Meaden AJ Fielding Does not appear Main Joan Allen Margaret Rayne Does not appear Main Recurring ( edit ) Evan Bird as Tom Larsen, Rosie 's brother ( season 1 -- 2 ) Seth Isaac Johnson as Denny Larsen, Rosie 's brother ( season 1 -- 2 ) Tom Butler as Lesley Adams, the mayor ( season 1 -- 2 ) Garry Chalk as Lt. Michael Oakes, the detectives ' boss ( season 1 -- 2 ) Katie Findlay as Rosie Larsen, the teenage girl who was found dead ( season 1 -- 2 ) Brandon Jay McLaren as Bennet Ahmed, a teacher at Rosie 's high school ( season 1 -- 2 ) Ashley Johnson as Amber Ahmed, Bennet Ahmed 's wife ( season 1 -- 2 ) Callum Keith Rennie as Rick Felder, Sarah 's fiancée ( season 1 -- 2 ) Kacey Rohl as Sterling Fitch, Rosie 's best friend ( season 1 -- 2 ) Alan Dale as Senator Eaton, Gwen 's father ( season 1 -- 2 ) Richard Harmon as Jasper Ames, Rosie 's ex-boyfriend ( season 1 -- 2 ) Barclay Hope as Michael Ames, Jasper 's father ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Claudia Ferri as Nicole Jackson, the manager of the Wapi Eagle Casino ( season 1 -- 2 ) Don Thompson as Janek Kovarsky, a figure from Stan Larsen 's shady past ( season 1 -- 2 ) Mark Moses as Lt. Erik Carlson, Linden 's new boss at the police department ( season 2 ) Brian Markinson as Gil Sloane, Holder 's NA sponsor ( season 2 ) Ben Cotton as Pastor Mike, director of Beacon House, the youth homeless shelter ( season 3 ) Aaron Douglas as Evan Henderson, a death row prison guard ( season 3 ) Nicholas Lea as Dale Daniel Shannon, a death row inmate ( season 3 ) Jewel Staite as Caroline Swift, Holder 's girlfriend and a District Attorney ( season 3 -- 4 ) Series overview ( edit ) See also : List of The Killing episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 13 April 3, 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 03 ) June 19, 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) AMC 13 April 1, 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) June 17, 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 17 ) 12 June 2, 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) August 4, 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 04 ) 6 August 1, 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) Netflix Season 1 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Killing ( season 1 ) The first season covers the first two weeks of the investigation of the murder of local teenager Rosie Larsen and has three main storylines : the police investigation into Rosie 's murder, the Larsen family 's attempts to deal with their grief, and the fluctuating electoral fortunes of a political campaign that becomes embroiled in the case. Season 2 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Killing ( season 2 ) The season resumes the investigation into the murder and reveals secrets about the Larsen family as well as a possible conspiracy within the campaign race and the Seattle police department. The Larsen murder case gets closed with the discovery of those involved in it. Season 3 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Killing ( season 3 ) A year after the Rosie Larsen case, Stephen Holder searches for a runaway girl and uncovers a string of murders connected to one of Sarah Linden 's previous murder investigations. Linden, no longer a detective, must return to both a career and a case she had put behind her. Season 4 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Killing ( season 4 ) The fourth season features detectives Sarah Linden and Stephen Holder handling the fallout of their actions from the previous season while investigating the murder of a family whose only survivor is a member of an all - boys military academy. Production ( edit ) The pilot was ordered by AMC in January 2010 and then was picked up for a full series order in August 2010. The series is filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, with some scenes in season two filmed in Coquitlam, British Columbia, at Riverview Hospital. Production began on the pilot episode on December 2, 2010. The pilot is written by series creator and executive producer Veena Sud and is directed by Patty Jenkins. In contrast to the original Danish series, executive producer Veena Sud explained, `` We 're creating our own world. We are using the Danish series as a blueprint, but we are kind of diverging and creating our own world, our world of suspects and, potentially, ultimately who killed Rosie Larsen. '' Sud describes the series as `` slow - burn storytelling in a sense that every moment that we do n't have to prettify or gloss over or make something necessarily easy to digest, that we 're able to go to all sorts of places that are honest, and dark, and beautiful and tragic, in a way that is how a story should be told. '' First cancellation and Revival ( edit ) AMC announced on July 27, 2012 that the series would not be renewed for a third season. However, Fox Television Studios announced that they were attempting to shop the show to other networks. In August 2012, it was revealed that Fox Television Studios was in talks with both DirecTV and Netflix in an attempt to revive the series. In November 2012, it was confirmed that Fox Television Studios was in final negotiations with Netflix to continue the series for a third season. AMC, which had originally canceled the show, was also included in the deal, which would gain the network the privilege of airing the new episodes before being hosted by Netflix, in return for sharing any associated production costs with Netflix. Variety reported on November 30, 2012, that the show would be returning to AMC, planning for a May 2013 debut, with production set to begin months before that. Cast members Mireille Enos and Joel Kinnaman were confirmed to return, with Veena Sud as showrunner and returning writers including executive producers Dawn Prestwich and Nicole Yorkin. On December 12, 2012, it was confirmed that cast members Billy Campbell, Michelle Forbes, and Brent Sexton would not return for the third season. On January 15, 2013, AMC and Fox Television Studios announced that the series had been renewed for a 12 - episode third season. Production started on February 25, 2013, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and ended on June 25, 2013. Second cancellation and Revival ( edit ) AMC ultimately canceled the series after the third season in September 2013. However, in November 2013, two months after its cancellation, Netflix announced it had picked up The Killing for a fourth and final season consisting of six episodes. Cast members Mireille Enos and Joel Kinnaman returned, with Veena Sud as showrunner, and executive producers Dawn Prestwich and Nicole Yorkin returning as writers. Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Reviewers and fans of three seasons of Veena Sud 's U.S. TV series, The Killing, have noted similarities and borrowed elements from David Lynch 's TV series Twin Peaks and the follow - up film Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me, and compared and contrasted Sud and Lynch 's works. Season 1 ( edit ) The series premiere was praised by most critics, Metacritic gave it a score of 84 / 100 based on reviews from 29 critics, indicating `` Universal acclaim ''. Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter gave the series a very positive review, calling it `` excellent, absorbing and addictive. When each episode ends, you long for the next -- a hallmark of great dramas. '' Goodman also praised Mireille Enos 's performance as the lead character Sarah, saying, `` It 's not until you watch Enos play Sarah for a while that it sinks in -- there has n't been a female American character like her probably ever. '' Entertainment Weekly 's Ken Tucker gave it a B+, saying, `` The acting is strikingly good '' and that `` ( s ) ome viewers may find The Killing a little too cold and deliberate, but give it time. Its intensity builds steadily, giving the series unexpected power. '' Alex Strachan of The Vancouver Sun said the series `` is soaked in atmosphere and steeped in the stark realism of Scandinavian crime novelists Henning Mankell and Stieg Larsson '' and that it `` is not as much about a young girl 's murder as it is a psychological study of what happens afterward, how a tight - knit community tries to recover and how a dead child 's mother, father and siblings learn to deal with their pain in their own private ways. '' Matt Roush of TV Guide applauded the series, calling the acting `` tremendous '' and saying that he `` was instantly hooked by the moody atmosphere of this season - long murder mystery set in Seattle. '' He went on to say, `` What really stands out for me, in this age of cookie - cutter procedurals, is how The Killing dramatizes the devastation a violent death has on a family, a community, on the people involved in the investigation. Nothing about this show is routine. '' Subsequent episodes were met with lesser praise by some critics, criticizing the show 's reliance upon increasingly implausible red herrings to drive each episode and the withholding of details about each character 's background, especially Rosie 's, thus making them difficult to relate to or empathize with. The first - season finale was met with negative reviews from some critics. The Los Angeles Times called it `` one of the most frustrating finales in TV history, '' with Alan Sepinwall of HitFix.com calling the end `` insulting. '' Finally, Maureen Ryan of AOL TV said that the finale `` killed off any interest I had in ever watching the show again. '' `` ( The show ) began last spring looking like the smartest, most stylish pilot in years, '' complained Heather Havrilevsky in The New York Times Magazine. `` Fast - forward to the finale, in which we learn that what we 've been watching is actually a 26 - hour - long episode of Law & Order, and we 're only halfway through it. '' Season 2 ( edit ) The early seasonal episodes received generally favorable reviews from critics, with Metacritic giving it a score of 68 / 100 based on reviews from 23 critics. Lori Rackl of the Chicago Sun - Times stated : `` Few television shows are as addictive as this pensive, wonderfully paced suspenser. '' The Washington Post 's Hank Stuever stated : `` My own enjoyment of The Killing begins and ends with the gloom so brilliantly conveyed by its pace and performances. '' Brian Lowry of Variety stated the series remained `` compelling, '' adding that `` the writers... are adept at overcoming the stodgy pace by dangling tantalizing clues near each hour 's end, creating a strong pull to see what transpires next. '' HitFix 's Alan Sepinwall compared this season to the first and called it `` better. '' He added : `` The performances are still good, and now the characterization is a bit better. When you add that to the fine atmosphere... and you view the mystery itself as a kind of necessary evil that allows you to see the parts of the show that do work, then it 's not bad. '' The season finale, `` What I Know, '' received mixed reviews. Sepinwall stated : `` I 'd like to say that season 2 of The Killing was an improvement on season 1, and in some ways, it probably was. The second season certainly did a better job of doing what Veena Sud claimed to be doing last year, in that it took advantage of the extra time to sketch in some of the characters... I honestly feel like any kinder feelings I have for the second season came from the complete lack of investment I had in it. '' Sean McKenna of TV Fanatic rated the finale 4.7 out of 5 stars, but, upon first viewing, `` was n't sure what to feel. I was n't elated. I was n't excited '' but after watching it again was `` sucked into the world, mesmerized not by the victory of our hero cops... but by the gut - wrenching moments that unfolded. '' CraveOnline 's William Bibbiani called the finale `` an odd duck. '' After citing Jamie 's early revelation as `` melodramatic silliness, '' Bibbiani added : `` The rest of the episode gets its job done, with one major, glaring flaw. The characters end up more or less where they need to be, but some nearly ridiculous loose ends remain. '' Brandon Nowalk of The A.V. Club rated this finale a C -, calling it `` so unconvincing, '' adding `` I could n't believe how little all this resolution affected me after The Killing so thrillingly took my grudging engagement for a ride a few weeks ago. This is the same show that delivered Richmond 's hospital nightmare, the hunt for Holder, the anti-Western standoff `` Sayonara, Hiawatha, '' and the crazy train of the last two weeks? No, this is the full - circle episode, the one that takes the show back to its roots. Wah wah. '' Ratings ( edit ) When it premiered, the pilot was AMC 's second - highest original series premiere, following The Walking Dead. The premiere drew 2.7 million viewers and a 2 household rating. The two encores of the premiere episode brought the ratings of the premiere up to a total of 4.6 million total viewers and a 3.7 household rating. The UK premiere on Channel 4 brought in 2.2 million viewers. In the second season, the viewership and ratings dipped to a series low 1.59 million viewers and 0.6 rating with adults aged 18 -- 49. The following table shows viewer numbers, in millions, for the first airings : The Killing : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 2.72 2.72 2.56 2.51 2.25 1.81 1.83 1.98 1.69 1.97 1.98 1.83 2.32 1.80 1.80 1.81 1.65 1.59 1.35 1.34 1.61 1.31 1.31 1.67 1.84 1.45 1.76 1.76 1.47 1.36 1.67 1.37 1.62 1.52 1.35 1.47 1.48 1.48 N / A Source : Nielsen Media Research Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards and nominations for The Killing Year Association Category Nominated work Result 2011 1st Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series The Killing Nominated Best Actress in a Drama Series Mireille Enos Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Michelle Forbes Nominated 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Mireille Enos Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Michelle Forbes Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Patty Jenkins ( Episode : `` Pilot '' ) Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Veena Sud ( Episode : `` Pilot '' ) Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Elizabeth Kling ( Episode : `` Pilot '' ) Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series The Killing Nominated 2012 38th Saturn Awards Best Television Presentation The Killing Nominated Best Actress in Television Mireille Enos Nominated Best Supporting Actor in Television Joel Kinnaman Nominated Best Supporting Actress in Television Michelle Forbes Won 64th Writers Guild of America Awards Best New Series The Killing Nominated 69th Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- TV Series Drama Mireille Enos Nominated Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Dramatic Series Patty Jenkins Won 2013 39th Saturn Awards Best Syndicated Cable Television Series The Killing Nominated Best Actress in Television Mireille Enos Nominated 34th Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series - Supporting Young Actor Seth Isaac Johnson Nominated 2nd Annual Social TV Awards Best Drama Social TV The Killing Story Sync Nominated 2014 Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Sarsgaard Nominated Distribution ( edit ) In March 2013, Netflix closed negotiations with Fox Television Studios with a deal to be the exclusive subscription service for the series ' third season. Netflix streamed the season approximately three months after its finale. It already provides the first two seasons. In November 2013, Netflix announced it picked up the series for a fourth and final season after AMC had canceled it. Online promotion ( edit ) Season - one promotion on AMC 's The Killing website included `` Rosie 's Room '', a virtual simulation of murder victim Rosie Larsen 's bedroom that users could explore in order to learn more about Rosie 's life and search for secrets and clues that could help lead to the discovery of who is responsible for her untimely death. Users could peek inside Rosie 's dresser, look under her bed, listen to her answering machine messages, flip through her vinyl record collection, and explore her laptop computer to access her social networking profile, vlogs, photos, and emails. Season - one promotion also included an interactive application called the `` Suspect Tracker '' whereby users could vote each week for who they think is the prime suspect in the murder investigation and discuss their theories about the case and its suspects with other fans. A personality quiz titled `` How Would You Be Cast in a Crime Thriller? '' telling users what part they would be cast in on The Killing based on their reactions to various crime - related situations was also released prior to season one. AMC 's The Killing website also featured exclusive sneak - peek and behind - the - scenes videos, trivia games, numerous photo galleries, episode and character guides, a blog, and a community forum. For season two 's promotion, AMC 's The Killing website added the `` Rosie Larsen Interactive Case File, '' which gave a glimpse into the suspects, evidence, crime scene photographs, and documents related to the case. Television portal Washington portal Seattle portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hibberd, James ( November 15, 2013 ). `` ' The Killing ' shock : Netflix revives twice - canceled show for FINAL season ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 9, 2014. Jump up ^ Spangler, Todd ( April 24, 2014 ). `` Netflix Announces Premiere Date for ' The Killing ' Final Season ''. Variety. Retrieved April 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( February 12, 2014 ). `` Gregg Henry Upped To Regular On ' The Killing ', Sarah - Jane Potts Joins ' Gracepoint ' ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved February 13, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Killing ' Adds Tyler Ross, Sterling Beaumon & Levi Meaden ''. Deadline.com. February 5, 2014. Retrieved February 6, 2014. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( January 16, 2014 ). `` Joan Allen Joins ' The Killing 's Final Season ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved February 4, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` AMC and Fox Television Studios Partner on `` The Killing '' Season Three ``. The Futon Critic. January 15, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara ( June 26, 2014 ). `` Netflix Releases First Image of Joan Allen from ' The Killing ' '' ( Press release ). TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 27, 2014. Jump up ^ `` AMC Orders Two Pilots, Building on Network 's Original Programming Strategy '' ( Press release ). AMC. January 20, 2010. Retrieved March 1, 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` AMC Picks up Next Original Series -- Untitled Project Formerly Known as The Killing ''. AMC. August 11, 2010. Retrieved March 1, 2011. Jump up ^ Eng, Joyce ( December 2, 2010 ). `` AMC Begins Production on The Killing ''. TV Guide. Retrieved March 1, 2011. Jump up ^ Goldman, Eric ( January 10, 2011 ). `` The Killing Brings Murder to AMC ''. IGN. Retrieved March 1, 2011. Jump up ^ Ng, Philiana ( July 27, 2012 ). `` AMC Cancels ' The Killing ' ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 27, 2012. Jump up ^ Hibberd, James ( July 27, 2012 ). `` ' The Killing ' cancelled by AMC ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 27, 2012. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael ( August 22, 2012 ). `` Exclusive : The Killing Lives? Netflix and DirecTV Each Eye Revival of Axed AMC Drama ''. TVLine. Retrieved August 23, 2012. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( November 8, 2012 ). `` AMC And Netflix Near Deal To Resurrect ' The Killing ' ''. Deadline. Retrieved November 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Levine, Stuart ( November 30, 2012 ). `` Writers back at work on AMC 's ' The Killing ' ''. Variety. Retrieved December 1, 2012. Jump up ^ Levine, Stuart ( December 12, 2012 ). `` Campbell departs ' The Killing ' ''. Variety. Retrieved December 13, 2012. Jump up ^ `` BCFC Film List - TV Series - The Killing Season 3 ''. British Columbia Film Commission. Retrieved March 9, 2013. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( September 10, 2013 ). `` ' The Killing ' Cancelled By AMC After Season 3 ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved September 10, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Ausiello, Michael ( November 15, 2013 ). `` The Killing Lives! Netflix Orders 6 - Episode Final Season of AMC 's Cancelled Drama ''. TVLine. Retrieved November 15, 2013. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( November 15, 2013 ). `` ' The Killing ' Cheats Death A Second Time With 6 - Episode Final Season On Netflix ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved November 28, 2013. Jump up ^ Dyess - Nugent, Phil ( June 2, 2013 ). `` The Killing : The Jungle '' / That You Fear The Most ``. The A.V. Club. Retrieved July 24, 2013. Jump up ^ Dyess - Nugent, Phil ( June 9, 2013 ). `` The Killing : Seventeen ''. The A.V. Club. Retrieved July 24, 2013. Jump up ^ Lyons, Margaret ( April 25, 2011 ). `` How The Killing Channeled Twin Peaks Last Night ''. Vulture. Retrieved July 24, 2013. Jump up ^ `` AMC 's ' The Killing ' : A ' Twin Peaks ' for a new generation? The network 's dark thriller is drawing comparisons to David Lynch 's show -- and getting rave reviews. What makes it so good? ''. The Week. April 4, 2011. Retrieved July 24, 2013. Jump up ^ Patterson, Troy ( April 1, 2011 ). `` The Killing : A new crime show has some of that Twin Peaks flair ''. Slate. Retrieved July 24, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Can ' The Killing ' Make a Comeback? ''. The New York Times. March 18, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2013. Jump up ^ Lewit, Meghan ( June 21, 2011 ). `` From ' Twin Peaks ' to ' The Killing, ' the Problem of Noir on TV ''. The Atlantic. Retrieved July 24, 2013. Jump up ^ Bianculli, David ( May 31, 2011 ). `` ' The Killing ' : ' Twin Peaks ' Meets ' 24 ' On AMC ''. NPR. Retrieved July 24, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Season 1 ''. Metacritic. Retrieved April 8, 2011. Jump up ^ Goodman, Tim ( March 27, 2011 ). `` The Killing : TV Review ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 27, 2011. Jump up ^ Tucker, Ken ( March 25, 2011 ). `` The Killing ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 28, 2011. Jump up ^ Strachan, Alex ( March 25, 2011 ). `` AMC 's The Killing a taut psychological study ''. The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved March 28, 2011. Jump up ^ Roush, Matt ( March 21, 2011 ). `` Ask Matt : SNL, Castle, Fringe, Glee, Being Human and More! ''. TV Guide. Retrieved March 28, 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Killing ''. The A.V. Club. Retrieved May 29, 2011. Jump up ^ Zoller Seitz, Matt ( May 23, 2011 ). `` How `` The Killing '' killed itself ``. Salon.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011. Jump up ^ VanDerWerff, Todd ( June 20, 2011 ). `` ' The Killing ' recap : One of the most frustrating finales in TV history ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 20, 2011. Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan ( June 19, 2011 ). `` ' The Killing ' -- ' Orpheus Descending ' : Reviewing the season finale ''. HitFix. Retrieved June 20, 2011. Jump up ^ Ryan, Maureen ( June 19, 2011 ). `` ' The Killing ' Season 1 Finale Recap ''. AOL TV. Retrieved June 20, 2011. Jump up ^ Havrilevsky, Heather ( December 16, 2011 ). `` ' Clues That Lead to More Clues That Add Up to Nothing ' ''. The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved December 18, 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Season 2 Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More ''. Metacritic. April 3, 2011. Retrieved June 24, 2012. Jump up ^ Rackl, Lori ( May 2, 2012 ). `` ' The Killing ' promises answers, finally ''. Chicago Sun - Times. Retrieved June 24, 2012. Jump up ^ Stuever, Hank ( March 30, 2012 ). `` ' The Killing 's ' second season : Not guilty as charged ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved June 24, 2012. Jump up ^ Lowry, Brian ( March 23, 2012 ). `` Variety Reviews - The Killing ''. Variety. Retrieved June 24, 2012. Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan ( March 30, 2012 ). `` Review : AMC 's ' The Killing ' returns, slightly improved, for season 2 ''. HitFix. Retrieved June 24, 2012. Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan ( June 17, 2012 ). `` Season finale review : ' The Killing ' -- ' What I Know ' : Who done it? ''. HitFix. Retrieved June 24, 2012. Jump up ^ McKenna, Sean ( June 18, 2012 ). `` The Killing Season Finale Review : Who Killed Rosie? ''. TVFanatic.com. Retrieved June 18, 2012. Jump up ^ Bibbiani, William ( June 18, 2012 ). `` THE KILLING 2.13 ' What I Know ' ''. CraveOnline. Retrieved June 19, 2012. Jump up ^ Norwalk, Brandon ( June 18, 2012 ). `` What I Know ''. The A.V. Club. Retrieved June 18, 2012. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley ( April 4, 2011 ). `` AMC 's ' The Killing ' Premieres Strong ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 4, 2011. Jump up ^ Laughlin, Andrew ( July 8, 2011 ). `` ' The Killing ' debuts with 2.2 m on Channel 4 ''. Digital Spy. Retrieved July 9, 2011. Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda ( April 24, 2012 ). `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones, ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men, ' ' Veep, ' ' The Client List ' & More ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 24, 2012. Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Season Two Ratings ''. TV Series Finale. June 20, 2012. Retrieved July 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Season Three Ratings ''. TV Series Finale. August 6, 2013. Retrieved July 27, 2017. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael ( June 6, 2011 ). `` Mad Men, Fringe, Good Wife, Modern Family, Community, Justified Lead Critics Choice Kudos ''. TVLine. Retrieved June 7, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Emmy Nominations 2011 : Full List ''. The Hollywood Reporter. July 14, 2011. Retrieved July 14, 2011. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Matt ( February 29, 2012 ). `` Saturn Award Nominations Announced ; HUGO and HARRY POTTER Lead with 10 Nominations Each ''. Collider. Retrieved March 2, 2012. Jump up ^ `` 2012 Writers Guild Awards Television, News, Radio, Promotional Writing, and Graphic Animation Nominees Announced '' ( Press release ). Writers Guild of America. December 7, 2011. Retrieved December 7, 2011. Jump up ^ Hibberd, James ( December 15, 2011 ). `` Golden Globe TV nominations list : ' Homeland, ' ' Game of Thrones, ' ' American Horror Story ' ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 15, 2011. Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kate ( January 29, 2012 ). `` The Artist and Curb Your Enthusiasm Win Top Prizes at Directors Guild Awards ''. TV Guide. Retrieved January 30, 2012. Jump up ^ Truitt, Brian ( February 20, 2013 ). `` ' The Hobbit ' leads Saturn Awards with nine nominations ''. USA Today. Retrieved April 1, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 34th Annual Young Artist Awards ''. Young Artist Awards. Retrieved March 31, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The 2nd Annual Social TV Awards ''. Social TV Awards. Retrieved July 31, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Broadcast TV Journalists Association Unveils Critics ' Choice Television Awards Nominees ''. Deadline.com. May 28, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2014. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( March 14, 2013 ). `` Netflix Pacts For ' The Killing ' Season 3 ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved March 14, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Rosie 's Room ''. AMC. Retrieved July 25, 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Suspect Tracker ''. AMC. Retrieved July 25, 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Crime Thriller Quiz ''. AMC. Retrieved July 25, 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Rosie Larsen Case File ''. AMC. Retrieved April 2, 2012. 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{ "text": "Cardiac muscle - wikipedia Cardiac muscle Jump to : navigation, search Cardiac muscle Details Part of Myocardium of the heart Identifiers Latin Textus muscularis striatus cardiacus TH H2. 00.05. 2.02001, H2. 00.05. 2.00004 FMA 14068 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Cardiac muscle ( heart muscle ) is one of the three major types of muscle, the others being skeletal and smooth muscle. It is an involuntary, striated muscle that is found in the walls of the heart. This muscle tissue is known as myocardium, and forms a thick middle layer between the outer layer of the heart wall ( the epicardium ) and the inner layer ( the endocardium ). Myocardium is composed of individual heart muscle cells ( cardiomyocytes ) joined together by intercalated disks, encased by collagen fibres and other substances forming the extracellular matrix. Cardiac muscle contracts in a similar manner to skeletal muscle, albeit with some important differences. An electrical stimulation in the form of an action potential triggers the release of calcium from the cell 's internal calcium store, the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The rise in calcium causes the cell 's myofilaments to slide past each other in a process called excitation contraction coupling. Diseases of heart muscle are of major importance. These include conditions caused by a restricted blood supply to the muscle including angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and other heart muscle disease known as cardiomyopathies. Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Gross anatomy 1.2 Histology 1.2. 1 Cardiac muscle cells 1.2. 1.1 T - tubules 1.2. 1.2 Intercalated discs 1.2. 2 Fibroblasts 1.2. 3 Extracellular matrix 2 Physiology 2.1 Regeneration 2.2 Differences between atria and ventricles 3 Clinical significance 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) Gross anatomy ( edit ) Main article : Heart § Structure 3D rendering showing thick myocardium within heart wall. Cardiac muscle Cardiac muscle tissue or myocardium forms the bulk of the heart. The heart wall is a three layered structure with a thick layer of myocardium sandwiched between the inner endocardium and the outer epicardium ( also known as the visceral pericardium ). The inner endocardium lines the cardiac chambers, covers the cardiac valves, and joins with the endothelium that lines the blood vessels that connect to the heart. On the outer aspect of the myocardium is the epicardium which forms part of the pericardium, the sack that surrounds, protects, and lubricates the heart. Within the myocardium there are several sheets of cardiac muscle cells or cardiomyocytes. The sheets of muscle that wrap around the left ventricle closest to the endocardium are oriented perpendicularly to those closest to the epicardium. When these sheets contract in a coordinated manner they allow the ventricle to squeeze in several direction simultaneously -- longitudinally ( becoming shorter from apex to base ), radially ( becoming narrower from side to side ), and with a twisting motion ( similar to wringing out a damp cloth ) to squeeze out the maximum amount of blood with each heartbeat. Histology ( edit ) When looked at microscopically, cardiac muscle can be likened to the wall of a house. Most of the wall is taken up by bricks, which in cardiac muscle are individual cardiac muscle cells or cardiomyocytes. The mortar which surrounds the bricks is known as the extracellular matrix, produced by supporting cells known as fibroblasts. In the same way that the walls of a house contain electrical wires and plumbing, cardiac muscle also contains specialised cells for conducting electrical signals rapidly ( the cardiac conduction system ), and blood vessels to bring nutrients to the muscle cells and take away waste products ( the coronary arteries, veins and capillary network ). Cardiac muscle cells ( edit ) Main article : Cardiac muscle cells Cardiac muscle cells or cardiomyocytes are the contracting cells which allow the heart to pump. Each cardiomyocyte needs to contract in coordination with its neighbouring cells to efficiently pump blood from the heart, and if this coordination breaks down then -- despite individual cells contracting -- the heart may not pump at all, such as may occur during abnormal heart rhythms such as ventricular fibrillation. Viewed through a microscope, cardiac muscle cells are roughly rectangular, measuring 100 -- 150μm by 30 -- 40μm. Individual cardiac muscle cells are joined together at their ends by intercalated disks to form long fibres. Each cell contains myofibrils, specialised protein fibres that slide past each other. These are organised into sarcomeres, the fundamental contractile units of muscle cells. The regular organisation of myofibrils into sarcomeres gives cardiac muscle cells a striped or striated appearance when looked at through a microscope, similar to skeletal muscle. These striations are caused by lighter I bands composed mainly of a protein called actin, and darker A bands composed mainly of myosin. Cardiomyocytes contain T - tubules, pouches of membrane that run from the surface to the cell 's interior which help to which improve the efficiency of contraction. The majority of these cells contain only one nucleus ( although they may have as many as four ), unlike skeletal muscle cells which typically contain many nuclei. Cardiac muscle cells contain many mitochondria which provide the energy needed for the cell in the form of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ), making them highly resistant to fatigue. T - tubules ( edit ) Main article : T - tubules T - tubules are microscopic tubes that run from the cell surface to deep within the cell. They are continuous with the cell membrane, are composed of the same phospholipid bilayer, and are open at the cell surface to the fluid that surrounds the cell ( the extracellular fluid ). T - tubules in cardiac muscle are bigger and wider than those in skeletal muscle, but fewer in number. In the centre of the cell they join together, running into and along the cell as a transverse - axial network. Inside the cell they lie close to the cell 's internal calcium store, the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Here, a single tubule pairs with part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum called a terminal cisterna in a combination known as a diad. The functions of T - tubules include rapidly transmitting electrical impulses known as action potentials from the cell surface to the cell 's core, and helping to regulate the concentration of calcium within the cell in a process known as excitation - contraction coupling. Intercalated discs ( edit ) Main article : Intercalated disc Intercalated discs are part of the cardiac muscle sarcolemma and they contain gap junctions and desmosomes. The cardiac syncytium is a network of cardiomyocytes connected to each other by intercalated discs that enable the rapid transmission of electrical impulses through the network, enabling the syncytium to act in a coordinated contraction of the myocardium. There is an atrial syncytium and a ventricular syncytium that are connected by cardiac connection fibres. Electrical resistance through intercalated discs is very low, thus allowing free diffusion of ions. The ease of ion movement along cardiac muscle fibers axes is such that action potentials are able to travel from one cardiac muscle cell to the next, facing only slight resistance. Each syncytium obeys the all or none law. Intercalated discs are complex adhering structures that connect the single cardiomyocytes to an electrochemical syncytium ( in contrast to the skeletal muscle, which becomes a multicellular syncytium during mammalian embryonic development ). The discs are responsible mainly for force transmission during muscle contraction. Intercalated discs consist of three different types of cell - cell junctions : the actin filament anchoring adherens junctions, the intermediate filament anchoring desmosomes, and gap junctions. They allow action potentials to spread between cardiac cells by permitting the passage of ions between cells, producing depolarization of the heart muscle. However, novel molecular biological and comprehensive studies unequivocally showed that intercalated discs consist for the most part of mixed - type adhering junctions named area composita ( pl. areae compositae ) representing an amalgamation of typical desmosomal and fascia adhaerens proteins ( in contrast to various epithelia ). The authors discuss the high importance of these findings for the understanding of inherited cardiomyopathies ( such as arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy ). Under light microscopy, intercalated discs appear as thin, typically dark - staining lines dividing adjacent cardiac muscle cells. The intercalated discs run perpendicular to the direction of muscle fibers. Under electron microscopy, an intercalated disc 's path appears more complex. At low magnification, this may appear as a convoluted electron dense structure overlying the location of the obscured Z - line. At high magnification, the intercalated disc 's path appears even more convoluted, with both longitudinal and transverse areas appearing in longitudinal section. Fibroblasts ( edit ) Main article : Fibroblasts Cardiac fibroblasts are vital supporting cells within cardiac muscle. They are unable to provide forceful contractions like cardiomyocytes, but instead are largely responsible for creating and maintaining the extracellular matrix which forms the mortar in which cardiomyocyte bricks are embedded. Fibroblasts play a crucial role in responding to injury, such as a myocardial infarction. Following injury, fibroblasts can become activated and turn into myofibroblasts -- cells which exhibit behaviour somewhere between a fibroblast ( generating extracellular matrix ) and a smooth muscle cell ( ability to contract ). In this capacity, fibroblasts can repair an injury by creating collagen while gently contracting to pull the edges of the injured area together. Fibroblasts are smaller but more numerous than cardiomyocytes, and several fibroblasts can be attached to a cardiomyocyte at once. When attached to a cardiomyocyte they can influence the electrical currents passing across the muscle cell 's surface membrane, and in the context are referred to as being electrically coupled. Other potential roles for fibroblasts include electrical insulation of the cardiac conduction system, and the ability to transform into other cell types including cardiomyocytes and adipocytes. Extracellular matrix ( edit ) Main article : Extracellular matrix Continuing the analogy of heart muscle as being like a wall, the extracellular matrix is the mortar which surrounds the cardiomyocyte and fibroblasts bricks. The matrix is composed of proteins such as collagen and elastin along with polysaccharides ( sugar chains ) known as glycosaminoglycans. Together, these substances give support and strength to the muscle cells, create elasticity in cardiac muscle, and keep the muscle cells hydrated by binding water molecules. The matrix in immediate contact with the muscle cells is referred to as the basement membrane, mainly composed of type IV collagen and laminin. Cardiomyocytes are linked to the basement membrane via specialised glycoproteins called integrins. Physiology ( edit ) Play media An isolated cardiac muscle cell, beating Main article : Excitation - contraction coupling The physiology of cardiac muscle shares many similarities with that of skeletal muscle. The primary function of both muscle types is to contract, and in both cases a contraction begins with a characteristic flow of ions across the cell membrane known as an action potential. The action potential subsequently triggers muscle contraction by increasing the concentration of calcium within the cytosol. However, the mechanism by which calcium concentrations within the cytosol rise differ between skeletal and cardiac muscle. In cardiac muscle, the action potential comprises an inward flow of both sodium and calcium ions. The flow of sodium ions is rapid but very short - lived, while the flow of calcium is sustained and gives the plateau phase characteristic of cardiac muscle action potentials. The comparatively small flow of calcium through the L - type calcium channels triggers a much larger release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in a phenomenon known as calcium - induced calcium release. In contrast, in skeletal muscle, minimal calcium flows into the cell during action potential and instead the sarcoplasmic reticulum in these cells is directly coupled to the surface membrane. This difference can be illustrated by the observation that cardiac muscle fibres require calcium to be present in the solution surrounding the cell in order to contract, while skeletal muscle fibres will contract without extracellular calcium. During contraction of a cardiac muscle cell, the long protein myofilaments oriented along the length of the slide over each other in what is known as the sliding filament hypothesis. There are two kinds of myofilaments, thick filaments composed of the protein myosin, and thin filaments composed of the proteins actin, troponin and tropomyosin. As the thick and thin filaments slide past each other the cell becomes shorter and fatter. In a mechanism known as crossbridge cycling, calcium ions bind to the protein troponin, which along with tropomyosin then uncover key binding sites on actin. Myosin, in the thick filament, can then bind to actin, pulling the thick filaments along the thin filaments. When the concentration of calcium within the cell falls, troponin and tropomyosin once again cover the binding sites on actin, causing the cell to relax. Regeneration ( edit ) Dog cardiac muscle ( 400X ) Until recently, it was commonly believed that cardiac muscle cells could not be regenerated. However, a study reported in the April 3, 2009 issue of Science contradicts that belief. Olaf Bergmann and his colleagues at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm tested samples of heart muscle from people born before 1955 who had very little cardiac muscle around their heart, many showing with disabilities from this abnormality. By using DNA samples from many hearts, the researchers estimated that a 4 - year - old renews about 20 % of heart muscle cells per year, and about 69 percent of the heart muscle cells of a 50 - year - old were generated after he or she was born. One way that cardiomyocyte regeneration occurs is through the division of pre-existing cardiomyocytes during the normal aging process. The division process of pre-existing cardiomyocytes has also been shown to increase in areas adjacent to sites of myocardial injury. In addition, certain growth factors promote the self - renewal of endogenous cardiomyocytes and cardiac stem cells. For example, insulin - like growth factor 1, hepatocyte growth factor, and high - mobility group protein B1 increase cardiac stem cell migration to the affected area, as well as the proliferation and survival of these cells. Some members of the fibroblast growth factor family also induce cell - cycle re-entry of small cardiomyocytes. Vascular endothelial growth factor also plays an important role in the recruitment of native cardiac cells to an infarct site in addition to its angiogenic effect. Based on the natural role of stem cells in cardiomyocyte regeneration, researchers and clinicians are increasingly interested in using these cells to induce regeneration of damaged tissue. Various stem cell lineages have been shown to be able to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, including bone marrow stem cells. For example, in one study, researchers transplanted bone marrow cells, which included a population of stem cells, adjacent to an infarct site in a mouse model. Nine days after surgery, the researchers found a new band of regenerating myocardium. However, this regeneration was not observed when the injected population of cells was devoid of stem cells, which strongly suggests that it was the stem cell population that contributed to the myocardium regeneration. Other clinical trials have shown that autologous bone marrow cell transplants delivered via the infarct - related artery decreases the infarct area compared to patients not given the cell therapy. Differences between atria and ventricles ( edit ) Cardiac muscle forms both the atria and the ventricles of the heart. Although this muscle tissue is very similar between cardiac chambers, some differences exist. The myocardium found in the ventricles is thick to allow forceful contractions, while the myocardium in the atria is much thinner. The individual myocytes that make up the myocardium also differ between cardiac chambers. Ventricular cardiomyocytes are longer and wider, with a denser T - tubule network. Although the fundamental mechanisms of calcium handling are similar between ventricular and atrial cardiomyocytes, the calcium transient is smaller and decays more rapidly in atrial myocytes, with a corresponding increase in calcium buffering capacity. The complement of ion channels differs between chambers, leading to longer action potential durations and effective refractory periods in the ventricles. Certain ion currents such as I are highly specific to atrial cardiomyocytes, making them a potential target for treatments for atrial fibrillation. Clinical significance ( edit ) Diseases affecting cardiac muscle are of immense clinical significance, and are the leading cause of death in developed nations. The most common condition affecting cardiac muscle is ischaemic heart disease, in which the blood supply to the heart is reduced. In ischaemic heart disease, the coronary arteries become narrowed by atherosclerosis. If these narrowings gradually become severe enough to partially restrict blood flow, the syndrome of angina pectoris may occur. This typically causes chest pain during exertion that is relieved by rest. If a coronary artery suddenly becomes very narrowed or completed blocked, interrupting or severely reducing blood flow, a myocardial infarction or heart attack occurs. If the occlusion is not relieved promptly by medication, percutaneous coronary intervention, or surgery, then a region of heart muscle may become permanently scarred and damaged. Heart muscle may become damaged despite a normal blood supply. The heart muscle may become inflamed in a condition called myocarditis, most commonly by viruses but sometimes by the body 's own immune system. Heart muscle can also be damaged by drugs such as alcohol, long standing high blood pressure or hypertension, or persistent abnormal heart racing. Specific diseases of heart muscle called cardiomyopathies can cause heart muscle to become abnormally thick ( hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ), abnormally large ( dilated cardiomyopathy ), or abnormally stiff ( restrictive cardiomyopathy ). Some of these conditions are caused by genetic mutations and can be inherited. Many of these conditions, if severe enough, can damage the heart so much that the pumping function of the heart is reduced. If the heart is no longer able to pump enough blood to meet the body 's needs, this is described as heart failure. See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cardiac muscle. This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology. Frank -- Starling law of the heart Regional function of the heart Nebulette References ( edit ) Jump up ^ S., Sinnatamby, Chummy ( 2006 ). Last 's anatomy : regional and applied. Last, R.J. ( Raymond Jack ). ( 11th ed. ). Edinburgh : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 10032 - 1. OCLC 61692701. Jump up ^ Stöhr, Eric J. ; Shave, Rob E. ; Baggish, Aaron L. ; Weiner, Rory B. ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ). `` Left ventricular twist mechanics in the context of normal physiology and cardiovascular disease : a review of studies using speckle tracking echocardiography ''. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 311 ( 3 ) : H633 -- 644. doi : 10.1152 / ajpheart. 00104.2016. ISSN 1522 - 1539. PMID 27402663. ^ Jump up to : ( Pathologist ), Stevens, Alan ( 1997 ). Human histology. Lowe, J.S. ( James Steven ), Stevens, Alan ( Pathologist ). ( 2nd ed. ). London : Mosby. ISBN 0723424853. OCLC 35652355. Jump up ^ The ESC textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Camm, A. John., Lüscher, Thomas F. ( Thomas Felix ), Serruys, P.W., European Society of Cardiology. ( 2nd ed. ). Oxford : Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 9780199566990. OCLC 321015206. ^ Jump up to : M., Bers, D. ( 2001 ). Excitation - contraction coupling and cardiac contractile force ( 2nd ed. ). Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0792371585. OCLC 47659382. Jump up ^ Hong, TingTing ; Shaw, Robin M. ( January 2017 ). `` Cardiac T - Tubule Microanatomy and Function ''. Physiological Reviews. 97 ( 1 ) : 227 -- 252. doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00037.2015. ISSN 1522 - 1210. PMID 27881552. Jump up ^ Jahangir Moini ; Professor of Allied Health Everest University Indialantic Florida Jahangir Moini ( 4 April 2011 ). Anatomy and Physiology for Health Professionals. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 213 --. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4496 - 3414 - 8. Jump up ^ Khurana ( 1 January 2005 ). Textbook Of Medical Physiology. Elsevier India. p. 247. ISBN 978 - 81 - 8147 - 850 - 4. Jump up ^ Franke WW, Borrmann CM, Grund C, Pieperhoff S ( February 2006 ). `` The area composita of adhering junctions connecting heart muscle cells of vertebrates. I. Molecular definition in intercalated disks of cardiomyocytes by immunoelectron microscopy of desmosomal proteins ''. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 85 ( 2 ) : 69 -- 82. doi : 10.1016 / j. ejcb. 2005.11. 003. PMID 16406610. Jump up ^ Goossens S, Janssens B, Bonné S, et al. ( June 2007 ). `` A unique and specific interaction between alphaT - catenin and plakophilin - 2 in the area composita, the mixed - type junctional structure of cardiac intercalated discs ''. J. Cell Sci. 120 ( Pt 12 ) : 2126 -- 36. doi : 10.1242 / jcs. 004713. PMID 17535849. Jump up ^ Pieperhoff S, Barth M, Rickelt S, Franke WW ( 2010 ). Mahoney MG, Müller EJ, Koch PJ, eds. `` Desmosomes and Desmosomal Cadherin Function in Skin and Heart Diseases - Advancements in Basic and Clinical Research ''. Dermatol Res Pract. 2010 : 1. doi : 10.1155 / 2010 / 725647. PMC 2946574. PMID 20885972. Jump up ^ Histology image : 22501loa from Vaughan, Deborah ( 2002 ). A Learning System in Histology : CD - ROM and Guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0195151732. ^ Jump up to : Ivey, Malina J. ; Tallquist, Michelle D. ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ). `` Defining the Cardiac Fibroblast ''. Circulation Journal : Official Journal of the Japanese Circulation Society. 80 ( 11 ) : 2269 -- 2276. doi : 10.1253 / circj. CJ - 16 - 1003. ISSN 1347 - 4820. PMC 5588900. PMID 27746422. Jump up ^ Rohr, Stephan ( June 2009 ). `` Myofibroblasts in diseased hearts : new players in cardiac arrhythmias? ''. Heart Rhythm. 6 ( 6 ) : 848 -- 856. doi : 10.1016 / j. hrthm. 2009.02. 038. ISSN 1556 - 3871. PMID 19467515. Jump up ^ Horn, Margaux A. ; Trafford, Andrew W. ( April 2016 ). `` Aging and the cardiac collagen matrix : Novel mediators of fibrotic remodelling ''. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 93 : 175 -- 185. doi : 10.1016 / j. yjmcc. 2015.11. 005. ISSN 1095 - 8584. PMC 4945757. PMID 26578393. Jump up ^ Bergmann O, Bhardwaj RD, Bernard S, et al. ( April 2009 ). `` Evidence for cardiomyocyte renewal in humans ''. Science. 324 ( 5923 ) : 98 -- 102. doi : 10.1126 / science. 1164680. PMC 2991140. PMID 19342590. Jump up ^ Senyo SE, Steinhauser ML, Pizzimenti CL, Yang VK, Cai L, Wang M, Wu TD, Guerguin - Kern JL, Lechene CP, Lee RT ( January 2013 ). `` Mammalian heart renewal by pre-existing cardiomyocytes ''. Nature. 493 ( 7432 ) : 433 -- 6. doi : 10.1038 / nature11682. PMC 3548046. PMID 23222518. Jump up ^ Germani A, Di Rocco G, Limana F, Martelli F, Capogrossi MC ( March 2007 ). `` Molecular mechanisms of cardiomyocyte regenerate and therapeutic outlook ''. Trends Mol Med. 13 ( 3 ) : 125 -- 33. doi : 10.1016 / j. molmed. 2007.01. 002. PMID 17257896. Jump up ^ Orlic D, Kajstura J, Chimenti S, Jakoniuk I, Anderson SM, Li B, Pickel K, McKay R, Nadal - Ginard B, Bodine DM, Anversa P ( April 2001 ). `` Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium ''. Nature. 410 ( 6829 ) : 701 -- 5. doi : 10.1038 / 35070587. PMID 11287958. Jump up ^ Orlic D, Hill JM, Arai AE ( December 2002 ). `` Stem cells for myocardial regeneration ''. Circ Res. 91 ( 12 ) : 1092 -- 102. doi : 10.1161 / 01. RES. 0000046045.00846. B0. PMID 12480809. Jump up ^ Walden, A.P. ; Dibb, K.M. ; Trafford, A.W. ( April 2009 ). `` Differences in intracellular calcium homeostasis between atrial and ventricular myocytes ''. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 46 ( 4 ) : 463 -- 473. doi : 10.1016 / j. yjmcc. 2008.11. 003. ISSN 1095 - 8584. PMID 19059414. Jump up ^ Ravens, Ursula ; Wettwer, Erich ( 2011 - 03 - 01 ). `` Ultra-rapid delayed rectifier channels : molecular basis and therapeutic implications ''. Cardiovascular Research. 89 ( 4 ) : 776 -- 785. doi : 10.1093 / cvr / cvq398. ISSN 1755 - 3245. PMID 21159668. Jump up ^ Lozano, Rafael ; Naghavi, Mohsen ; Foreman, Kyle ; Lim, Stephen ; Shibuya, Kenji ; Aboyans, Victor ; Abraham, Jerry ; Adair, Timothy ; Aggarwal, Rakesh ( 2012 - 12 - 15 ). `` Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 ''. Lancet. 380 ( 9859 ) : 2095 -- 2128. doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 12 ) 61728 - 0. ISSN 1474 - 547X. PMID 23245604. External links ( edit ) Cardiac muscle histology Muscular system Tissue Muscle tissue Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Fascia Superficial Deep Visceral Fascial compartment Tendon / Aponeurosis Shape Fusiform Pennate muscle Unipennate Bipennate Other Anatomical terms of muscle Origin Insertion List of muscles of the human body Composite muscle Muscle tissue Smooth muscle Calmodulin Vascular smooth muscle Striated muscle Skeletal muscle Costamere / DAPC Membrane / extracellular DAP : Sarcoglycan SGCA SGCB SGCD SGCE SGCG SGCZ Dystroglycan Sarcospan Laminin, alpha 2 Intracellular Dystrophin Dystrobrevin Syntrophin B1 B2 G1 G2 Syncoilin Dysbindin Synemin / desmuslin related : NOS1 Caveolin 3 Sarcomere / ( a, i, and h bands ; z and m lines ) Myofilament thin filament / actin thick filament / myosin elastic filament / titin nebulin Tropomyosin Troponin Connective tissue Epimysium Fascicle Perimysium Endomysium Connective tissue in skeletal muscle General Neuromuscular junction Motor unit Muscle spindle Excitation -- contraction coupling Sliding filament mechanism Cardiac muscle Myocardium Intercalated disc Nebulette Both Fiber Muscle fiber intrafusal extrafusal Myofibril Microfilament / Myofilament Sarcomere Cells Myoblast / Myocyte Myosatellite cell Other Desmin Sarcoplasm Sarcolemma T - tubule Sarcoplasmic reticulum Other / ungrouped Myotilin Telethonin Dysferlin Fukutin Fukutin - related protein ( hide ) Anatomy of the heart General Surface base apex sulci coronary interatrial anterior interventricular posterior interventricular borders right left Internal atria interatrial septum pectinate muscles terminal sulcus ventricles interventricular septum trabeculae carneae chordae tendineae papillary muscle valves cusps atrioventricular septum cardiac skeleton intervenous tubercle Chambers Right heart ( venae cavae, coronary sinus ) → right atrium ( atrial appendage, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of inferior vena cava, valve of coronary sinus ) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle ( infundibulum, moderator band / septomarginal trabecula ) → pulmonary valve → ( pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation ) Left heart ( pulmonary veins ) → left atrium ( atrial appendage ) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve ( aortic sinus ) → ( aorta and systemic circulation ) Layers Endocardium heart valves Myocardium Conduction system cardiac pacemaker SA node Bachmann 's bundle AV node bundle of His bundle branches Purkinje fibers Pericardial cavity pericardial sinus Pericardium fibrous pericardium sternopericardial ligaments serous pericardium epicardium / visceral layer fold of left vena cava Blood supply Circulatory system Coronary circulation Coronary arteries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_muscle&oldid=816643477 '' Categories : Cardiac anatomy Muscular system Cardiac electrophysiology Muscle tissue Histology Hidden categories : Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Kiswahili 日本 語 Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017, at 18 : 21. 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{ "text": "List of the Mortal Instruments characters - wikipedia List of the Mortal Instruments characters Jump to : navigation, search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be written from a fan 's point of view, rather than a neutral point of view. Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality, and to make it neutral in tone. 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( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of the main characters from The Mortal Instruments series by Cassandra Clare, including the novels City of Bones, City of Ashes, City of Glass, City of Fallen Angels, City of Lost Souls, and City of Heavenly Fire Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 TV Series 1.2 Clary Fray 1.3 Jace Wayland 1.4 Simon Lewis 1.5 Luke Garroway 1.6 Isabelle Lightwood 1.7 Alec Lightwood 1.8 Magnus Bane 1.9 Maia Roberts 1.10 Jocelyn Fairchild / Morgenstern 1.11 Valentine Morgenstern 1.12 Jonathan Morgenstern 2 Secondary characters 2.1 Alaric 2.2 Amatis Graymark 2.3 Catarina Loss 2.4 Emma Carstairs 2.5 Hodge Starkweather 2.6 Imogen Herondale 2.7 Lilith 2.8 Consul Malachi 2.9 Maryse Lightwood 2.10 Maureen Brown 2.11 Max Lightwood 2.12 Raphael Santiago 2.13 Robert Lightwood 2.14 Tessa Gray / Herondale / Carstairs 2.15 Brother Zachariah / Jem Carstairs 3 References 4 See also Main characters ( edit ) TV series ( edit ) The following is a list of series regulars who have appeared in one or more of the series ' three seasons. The characters are listed in the order they were first credited in the series. Key = Main cast ( actor receives `` Starring '' credit that season ) = Recurring cast ( actor appears in two or more episodes that season ) = Guest cast ( actor appears in only one episode that season ) Character Actor Seasons Clary Fray Katherine McNamara Main Jace Herondale Dominic Sherwood Main Simon Lewis Alberto Rosende Main Alec Lightwood Matthew Daddario Main Isabelle Lightwood Emeraude Toubia Main Luke Garroway Isaiah Mustafa Main Magnus Bane Harry Shum Jr. Main Maia Roberts Alisha Wainwright Recurring Main Recurring cast Valentine Morgenstern Alan Van Sprang Recurring Raphael Santiago David Castro Recurring Jocelyn Fray Maxim Roy Recurring Maryse Lightwood Nicola Correia - Damude Recurring TBA Robert Lightwood Paulino Nunes Recurring Guest TBA Hodge Starkweather Jon Cor Recurring Guest Meliorn Jade Hassouné Recurring Guest TBA Camille Belcourt Kaitlyn Leeb Recurring Guest TBA Max Lightwood Jack Fulton Recurring TBA Elaine Lewis Christina Cox Recurring TBA Rebecca Lewis Holly Deveaux Guest Recurring TBA Lydia Brandwell Stephanie Bennett Recurring TBA Jonathan Morgenstern Will Tudor Recurring Sebastian Verlac Guest Clary Fray ( edit ) Clary Fray The Mortal Instruments character Shadowhunters character Clary, as portrayed by Katherine McNamara in the TV series. First appearance Novels : City of Bones ( 2007 ) Film : The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones ( 2013 ) Television : `` The Mortal Cup '' ( 1.01 ) Last appearance Novels : Lord of Shadows ( 2017 ) Created by Cassandra Clare Portrayed by Lily Collins ( film ) Katherine McNamara ( television ) Information Full name Clarissa Adele Fairchild - Morgenstern Nickname ( s ) Clary Mary Morgenstern Biscuit Species Shadowhunter Gender Female Occupation Co-head of the New York Institute ( novels ) Family General : Valentine Morgenstern ( father ) Jocelyn Fray ( mother ) Only in television : Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern ( brother ) Only in print : Sebastian Morgenstern ( brother ) Luke Garroway ( stepfather ) Significant other ( s ) Jace Harondale ( boyfriend ) Simon Lewis ( ex-boyfriend ) Relatives Only in print : Valentina Graymark ( illusionary sister ) Seraphina Morgenstern ( paternal grandmother ) Granville Fairchild II ( maternal grandfather ) Adele Fairchild ( maternal grandmother ) ( 1991 - 08 - 21 ) August 21, 1991 ( age 26 ) Manhattan, New York, U.S. Residence The New York Institute Park Slope, Brooklyn ( former ) Abilities Art Use of heavenly weapons Nephilim physiology Runic magic Angelic blood empowerment The Sight Clarissa `` Clary '' Adele Fray / Fairchild / Morgenstern is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the Mortal Instruments series. While at a New York City nightclub, the Pandemonium, she is stunned to observe a group of teenagers with apparent supernatural abilities : Jace, Isabelle, and Alec. She sees them attack a demon and soon realizes she is the only person able to see them. After the battle, Clary is introduced to the group of teens, who identify themselves as Shadowhunters, a race of humans who are physically enhanced with angel blood, who secretly protect humanity from demons. When her mother Jocelyn goes missing, Clary learns that the event is connected to the conflict between the Shadowhunters and their enemies. She then enters the Shadowhunter fold, using her newly revealed mystical abilities to assist the group while attempting to find her mother. In the process, she falls in love with fellow Shadowhunter Jace / Jonathan Herondale. Clary learns that Valentine Morgenstern, the main antagonist of the series, is her biological father and her mother 's ex-husband. At the end of City of Bones, Valentine tells them that Clary and Jace are siblings -- which, they discover later in the series, is a lie. In the second book of the series, City of Ashes, Clary dates her best friend Simon, who has for a long time had a crush on her, in order to forget Jace during the torturous time of believing him to be her brother. She is told by the Seelie Queen that she has the ability to create runes that do n't exist ; but they do exist, which later enables her to destroy Valentine 's ship using the `` Open '' rune. In the end of the second novel, Clary finds that an old friend of her mother, Madeleine, knows how to wake her mother, who has been in a magical coma since the first book. In City of Glass, it is discovered that Jocelyn had taken a potion, made by a warlock named Ragnor Fell, to induce a comatose state and prevent her from being interrogated by Valentine. Before she dies, Madeleine tells Clary she needs to find Fell, who will help her cure her mother. Clary uses a magic portal to convey herself and Luke to Idris, and falls into Lake Lyn and drinks some of the water by accident ; this causes her to hallucinate and then to become lucid, because the lake 's water is poisonous to Shadowhunters. Luke then takes her to his sister Amatis for healing. During her stay in Alicante, Clary ventures to find Ragnor Fell, who will be able to help her with the potion. She is escorted there by Sebastian Verlac, whom she recently met, in an attempt to make contact with Fell. Instead she finds Magnus Bane. He tells her of Ragnor 's death and how he was called as a replacement, and requests that she find him the Book of White in return for his help. She returns to Alicante, where Sebastian kisses her. She rejects him after having feelings of `` wrong '' while he kissed her, and they continue back to Alicante. She then learns that something called the Book of White has been hidden in Wayland Manor, and travels with Jace to retrieve it. Inside the Manor, they find the angel Ithuriel tied up and left for dead in the basement. He gives both Shadowhunters visions of Valentine experimenting on his children with demon blood in an attempt to make a stronger warrior. They escape from Wayland Manor, after freeing Ithuriel so that he can finally die ; the two then share a moment of passionate romance. They return to Alicante to see it burning from the first assault on the city, and after things are in order, Clary meets with the others and they go to free Simon who was taken to a Conclave prison called The Guard. They return to see the Clave, and Clary uses her rune ability to create a binding rune, enabling Shadowhunters and Downworlders to share powers. All those of age go to the battle on Brocelind Plains, and Clary has to give Simon the Mark of Cain so that the vampires will join the fight. At last, Magnus wakes Clary 's mother Jocelyn, who informs Clary that Jace is not her brother. In fact, Sebastian ( the real Jonathan Morgenstern ) is her brother. It is soon revealed that Sebastian is a spy for Valentine and that he tried to seduce Clary into teaming up with him. Clary then tries to locate Jace to help him. She runs into Valentine, who ties her down in order to complete his summoning of the Angel by using her blood. Then, when Jace arrives to rescue her, Valentine forces her to watch as he fatally stabs Jace in the chest. Upon summoning the angel, Clary changes the marks on Valentine 's summoning circle, giving her the ability to control the Angel, and after Valentine is slain, she wishes to have Jace back. After Jace is brought back to life, the two get together, now that they know that their love for each other is n't incestuous. In the fourth book, City of Fallen Angels, Clary and Jace are happily in love. But soon, Jace starts to behave strangely and avoids her, leading Clary to assume he wants to break up with her. In truth, he has been influenced by Lilith, who sent him dreams in which he kills or hurts Clary, because when he was raised from the dead by Raziel, all of his protections placed on him at birth were stripped away, leaving him vulnerable to demonic influence. During the party, when Lucian 's pack celebrated his engagement with Clary 's mother Jocelyn, she is kidnapped by a fully possessed Jace and taken to Lilith. There, she learns her brother Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern / Sebastian Verlac is going to be raised from the dead by Simon, and she was brought just to make him do that. Using Jace 's affection for her ( which remains undiminished because his possession has no effect on that part of him ), she cuts the rune which enabled Lilith to control him. Seeing his chance, Simon destroys Lilith with his Mark of Cain. After Lilith 's destruction, Isabelle and Alec appear on the scene, but Jace shoos them away since he does n't want to be consoled as he feels terrible for hurting Clary, in spite of the fact that he was n't himself. Alec then shoves Clary back to the room as they get into the elevator, feeling that only she can help him. Clary and Jace reaffirm their love after she convinces him he is not a horrible person. The last words Clary says to him before going down are, `` I 'll be back. Five minutes, '' and they share a kiss before she leaves and comes back to find him gone, unaware his rune has healed and he is possessed once again. In the fifth book of the series, City of Lost Souls, Clary has realized that Jace has gone away with Sebastian Verlac ( Jonathan Morgenstern ). The Clave was alarmed by the sudden disappearance of Jonathan and Jace and started to search for any signs of them, after two weeks of repeating the same statement about what happened at the rooftop, before Clary left him with Sebastian, alive by Simon 's blood. But other problems come to the Clave and it has to set aside the search for Jonathan. Clary is outraged by the news. Using the bell given to her by Kaelie Whitewillow, a waitress and subject of the Queen 's, she goes to the Seelie Queen 's palace where she has to beg for help due to the limited resources. The Seelie Queen has requested that Clary be allowed to steal the faerie rings kept inside the Institute. Clary steals the rings but does n't give them to the Queen because of the appearance of Jace and Sebastian at the library, all healthy looking and safe. Afterward, Clary accepts their offer of coming to them. When the plan of Sebastian was finally revealed to her, she could n't believe what could happen. At the enchantment ceremony, she was surprised when Amatis was turned into a dark Shadowhunter by the blood of Lilith. At the same time, Magnus, Alec, Maryse, Isabelle, and Simon arrived, with Glorious in hand. When Glorious was handed to her, she struck Jace, the mark of Lilith burning, making him cry out in pain. In the epilogue, she was concerned why she could n't visit Jace because of her thoughts telling her she almost killed Jace, but reassured by Isabelle she did n't do anything to make Jace mad. She visited Jace, but she almost thought she was n't going to be allowed to go in due to Brother Zachariah. By the consent of Brother Zachariah, she entered, hugging Jace and reaffirming their relationship. Finally in City of Heavenly Fire, Sebastian has taken many shadowhunters and turned them into his endarkened. The remaining shadowhunters retreat to Idris for safety. Sebastian offers to leave them alone if he is given Clary and Jace. Before the Clave can make a decision Clary, Jace, Simon, Isabelle and Alec sneak off to Edom, the demon realm Sebastian is hiding in ; he has Jocelyn, Luke, Magnus and Raphael prisoner. After spending days trying to find him they come upon his castle, a dark version of Alicante. Sebastian offers Clary a place next to him, in exchange for leaving everyone she knows and all of the Shadowhunters alone. She accepts it, knowing that she has to keep everyone safe. When Sebastian is momentarily distracted she stabs him with the Morgenstern blade, containing heavenly fire. He is returned to the brother that she could have had, before he then dies. The group manage to escape after Simon gives up his immortality and memories of the Shadow World. Months later Clary talks to him but he does n't remember her. At her mother and Luke 's wedding, Simon tell her he remembers her. She and Jace are happy, as the others ; they are coping with all the losses of the dark war. After all that Jace finally finds out what Sebastian did to Clary. Physical appearance Clary is 5'2 '' with curly red hair, green eyes, pale skin, and freckles. She is said to look like her mother, who is described as beautiful and small. Clary sometimes doubts the fact that she is as beautiful as her mother, believing herself to be a duller version of her mother, with less defined features. She is rather small and thin. She is described by Jace many times throughout the series as `` delicate ''. She is portrayed by Lily Collins in the film adaptation of the book and Katherine McNamara in the television series. Family She is the daughter of Valentine Morgenstern and Jocelyn Fairchild, step daughter of Lucian Graymark. She is also the sister to Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern. She gained her ability to create runes when Valentine fed her mother angel blood while she was in the womb. Appearances in books City of Bones ( 2007 ) City of Ashes ( 2008 ) City of Glass ( 2009 ) City of Fallen Angels ( 2011 ) City of Lost Souls ( 2012 ) City of Heavenly Fire ( 2014 ) Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy ( 2015 ) Lady Midnight ( 2016 ) `` Lord of Shadows '' ( 2017 ) Jace Wayland ( edit ) Jace Herondale The Mortal Instruments character Shadowhunters character First appearance Novels : City of Bones ( 2007 ) Film : The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones ( 2013 ) Television : `` The Mortal Cup '' ( 1.01 ) Last appearance Novels : Lord of Shadows ( 2017 ) Created by Cassandra Clare Portrayed by Jamie Campbell Bower ( film ) Dominic Sherwood ( television ) Information Full name Jonathan Christopher Herondale Nickname ( s ) Jace Jace Morgenstern Jace Wayland Species Shadowhunter Gender Male Occupation Co-head of the New York Institute ( novels ) Family General : Imogen Herondale ( maternal grandmother ) Significant other ( s ) Clary Fray ( girlfriend ) Residence The New York Institute Abilities Use of heavenly weapons Nephilim physiology Runic magic Angelic blood empowerment The Sight Jace Wayland / Morgenstern / Lightwood / Herondale is a Shadowhunter living at the New York Institute with his adopted family. Jace 's legal name changes throughout the series, from Jace Wayland ( when his father is thought to be Michael Wayland ), to Jonathan Morgenstern ( Valentine 's son ), to Jace Lightwood for the family that has taken him in, to Jace Herondale ( when his true father is revealed to be Stephen Herondale ). His mother was the young Celiné Herondale, a member of Valentine 's inner circle with Stephen Herondale, his father. The nickname `` Jace '' was given to him by Maryse Lightwood after his ( fake ) initials J.C. ( Jonathan Christopher, because no one but Valentine and Jocelyn knew Jace was not his real son ), when he first began living with Maryse Lightwood and her family, because of his dislike for his name. Jace was given the blood of an angel named Ithuriel by Valentine when Celiné was pregnant with him. This gave him enhanced abilities, even compared to regular Shadowhunters ( Shadowhunters hunt demons that come into this world through portals from their own worlds ), such as the ability to jump from extreme heights and survive, run faster than any other Shadowhunter, and move with a stealth close to that of the Silent Brothers. For most of the books, Jace 's sarcastic, cold remarks and behavior hide his tortured and angry soul. In City of Ashes, his strong `` bad - boy '' personality makes Maryse Lightwood ( his adopted mother ) somewhat scared of him, worried that he is too much like Valentine, who was believed to be his real father until the assumption was proven false in City of Glass. Jace and Clary fall in love in City of Bones, making Clary the only girl Jace has developed real genuine feelings for, but after they find out they are `` siblings '', each attempts to get over the other by dating other people. He is naturally overprotective and caring for her, although Clary does not see this due to her internal suffering. At the end of the third novel, City of Glass, Jocelyn contradicts Valentine 's avowal that Jace and Clary are siblings, telling Clary that Jace is actually the son of Celine and Stephen Herondale. The truth frees Jace and Clary from the torture of having seemingly incestuous feelings for each other, allowing them to accept their mutual feelings and become a `` real '' couple. Physical appearance Jace has fine, wavy dark golden - blond hair and dark gold eyes. He has a slim, muscular build, and is about 5'11 ``. His face is described as being pretty and angular, and Clary often refers to him as beautiful and leonine, with a narrow mouth. His eyes were much lighter in City of Bones, City of Ashes, and City of Glass ; Clary describes his eyes and hair as darker in City of Fallen Angels. His eyes are brown with flecks of gold that lighten and darken with his moods. Like all other Shadowhunters, he is covered in thin, pale scars from years of applying various magical runes with a stele for battle and healing purposes, as well as permanent runes. It is said that Jace is seventeen years old, though that was assuming he was Valentine ( or Michael Wayland 's ) son, and his real age is between a few years younger than Jonathan Christopher and a year or so older than Clary. Jace is also left - handed ( like Valentine ). He has often said ( and tried to prove ) that the only trait he got from his father was his attitude. He is described to be extremely good looking. Jace is portrayed by Jamie Campbell Bower in the film adaptation of the book and Dominic Sherwood in the television series. Family In City of Bones, Jace lives with his adoptive family, the Lightwoods, and is seen as the brother of the Lightwood children. Later, he is told that he is the son of Valentine and Jocelyn Morgenstern, and not Michael Wayland as he had been told. At this time, he is also told that Clary Fray is his sister. In the end it is revealed that he is actually Stephen Herondale and Celine Herondale 's son and that Clary is not related to him. He and Clary have a conversation at the end of City of Glass in which he confesses that he does n't know who he is, referring to his last name. Clary confirms that he is a Lightwood, and Jace accepts that, correcting people throughout City of Fallen Angels when they referred to him as `` Jace Herondale ''. At the end of City of Heavenly Fire, Jace chooses to take on the Herondale name. Jace is also related to Will Herondale former leader of the London Institute and husband of Warlock Tessa Grey. Jace 's romantic interests Clary Fray : Jace begins to fall in love with Clary in City of Bones, growing close to her. Isabelle and Alec later say that they noticed a change in Jace 's behavior after he started getting close to Clary. In City of Glass, Isabelle tells Clary that before Jace met her, he was apathetic and only half - alive as if in a long - time sleep, but that after his first encounter with her, Jace `` woke up '' and `` started living ''. Isabelle further claims that she has never seen him act the way he does with Clary and states that Jace will never get over her. Throughout the series, Jace continuously loves Clary even after he believes they are siblings, to the extent that he is willing to commit incest with her and have a secret relationship. He has been with a couple of girls ( though it being stated as more as just hooking up ) and tries to start a relationship with Aline Penhallow in a failed attempt to get over Clary. Clary and Jace reunite at the end of the third book after discovering they are not siblings. Fighting Demons : Since Jace Herondale is the best Shadowhunter of his age, fighting demons is a hobby that he loves. He also loves showing off his skills while doing this activity. He fights with his siblings and Clary to protect the Institute, Idris, his family, Clary, himself, and many other people and places. He protects many people and saved many others while doing his job of being a Shadowhunter. Jace is extremely skilled because he is Shadowhunter and because of his past with Valentine, his parents and because he has more angel blood than other shadowhunters with the exception of Clary. Himself : As Jace says in the book that he loves himself and he turns himself down to keep it interesting when Clary says he does n't get rejected. Appearances in books City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy The Bane Chronicles ( mentioned ) Lady Midnight A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Simon Lewis ( edit ) Simon Lewis is Clary 's best friend. He accompanies Clary in her adventures, despite being human for the first book, and most of the second book, falling helplessly in love with Isabelle Lightwood ( his girlfriend ). He is portrayed by Robert Sheehan in the film and by Alberto Rosende in the television series. Family His family is said to be devoutly Jewish. Not much is said about Simon 's family. It is mentioned that his father died when he was very young due to a heart attack. His mother, Elaine Lewis, becomes a more prominent character in City of Fallen Angels when she discovers that Simon is a vampire and kicks him out of the house. Upon leaving, he puts her in a trance, hoping to talk to her at a later date. He also has a sister named Rebecca who is a few years older than he is. In City of Lost Souls, he admits to his sister that he is a vampire despite his fear of her shutting him out like his mother. Rebecca accepts him, and the two stay in contact. Elaine Lewis is portrayed by Christina Cox, and Rebecca is portrayed by Holly Deveaux in the television series. Character development In City of Bones, he is kidnapped by vampires after being turned into a rat and brought to their lair in the abandoned Hotel Dumort. Later, in City of Ashes, he begins to feel some side effects as a result of biting Raphael, the temporary head vampire while he was a rat. Because he is human and does n't know the correct way to become a vampire, he begins to fear he may be turning into a monster. When he can not reconcile his feelings for Clary, he returns to the hotel -- putting himself in great danger -- to ask them if he is becoming one of them. Unfortunately, the vampires attack, and Raphael saves him from immediate death by bringing him back to the Institute, where Clary is staying. Faced with the choice of letting Simon die or making him a vampire, Clary and Jace decide to let him be reborn as a vampire. In City of Ashes, he becomes a `` Daylighter '' after being drained of most of his blood on Valentine 's ship by Valentine so he can complete his Conversion on Maellartach, The Soul - Sword. Jace finds Simon on the brink of death and allows him to drink his blood to revive him. The large quantity of Angel blood in Jace 's body then allows Simon to stand in high sun with no risk of burning, unlike all other vampires who can not. After Max Lightwood 's death, Isabelle ( Max 's older sister ) becomes distraught, blaming herself for not listening to him and for not being there for her little brother. She refused to see anyone, finally allowing Simon to come in. Simon comforts Isabelle, trying to convince her that Max 's death was n't her fault, and ends up sleeping next to her, much to his surprise, although they do nothing sexual. Towards the end of the third novel, Raphael demands Simon 's death in exchange for his clan 's assistance for the war ; Raphael believes Simon 's Daylighter powers make him too dangerous to remain alive. In order to protect him, Clary draws the Mark of Cain on Simon, which prevents him from being harmed by anyone and also curses him, marking him as a wanderer for eternity. In City of Fallen Angels, a conflicted Simon tries casually dating both Isabelle and Maia. When the girls find out, they both leave him, and he is alone once more. However, by the end of the book it is clear that a deepening relationship is forming between Simon and Isabelle. In City of Lost Souls, Simon loses his Mark of Cain to the Angel Raziel in exchange for the sword `` Glorious '' to save Jace by separating him and Sebastian. Throughout the book, Simon and Isabelle 's relationship progresses to the point where she trusts him enough to let him bite her when he is hungry. They spend nights together, much to Alec 's horror. However, they still do n't consider themselves dating for neither has confessed that they want to. Simon thinks he will just be dumped like the rest of Isabelle 's boyfriends while Isabelle has trouble revealing her feelings and thinks Simon should make the first move. In City of Heavenly Fire, Simon admits his love to Isabelle. Throughout the book, Simon follows Clary and Jace -- along with Isabelle and Alec -- into the demon realm Edom to defeat Sebastian and find Magnus, Raphael, Luke and Jocelyn. In the demon realm, he saves Isabelle after she is bitten by a demon. Soon after, he tells Isabelle he loves her. As a result, they finally make their relationship official. At the end, after defeating Sebastian, they have no possible way of getting out. Magnus calls on his father, Asmodeus, who asks to help them get out of Edom since Sebastian closed all possible ways for them to get out. In return, Asmodeus wants Magnus ' immortal life -- if Magnus does this, he will die. None of them want Magnus to sacrifice his life, so Simon steps forward. Because Simon has only just become a vampire, his years will not catch up to him and he will return a mundane. But to spice up the deal, Asmodeus also says he must take away all of Simon 's memory of the Shadow world and of Clary. Everything he will remember will be a normal life, a life without Clary, or Jace, or Alec, or Magnus and Isabelle. This devastated them all, but Simon gave it willingly to save his friends and the person he loves. In the Epilogue, Clary tries to see if Simon remembers her, but he does n't and just thinks she 's a crazy girl with tattoos. Except, he does give her his band flyer thinking she might be hitting on him. She walks away with it. Clary gives Izzy the flyer and walks away. The flyer says the band 's name, `` The Mortal Instruments ''. With this sliver of hope, Izzy and Magnus go to Simon and tell him what has happened. Simon is given the choice for Magnus to prep him to Ascend and become a Shadowhunter so that Asmodeus can not touch him and he can regain all of his memory. Simon agrees and receives some of his memory back. He then reunites with Clary, Izzy, and the rest of the clan at Jocelyn and Luke 's wedding. Love interests Isabelle Lightwood Maia Roberts Clary Fray Appearances in books City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Luke Garroway ( edit ) Luke Garroway, whose birth name is Lucian Graymark, is Jocelyn Fray 's best friend who later becomes her husband and stepfather to Clary Fray. He is a werewolf who was a Shadowhunter and member of The Circle which was run by Valentine Morgenstern. In his early life, Lucian was raised in Idris with his mother and older sister Amatis. Later, his mother left to join the Iron Sisters, leaving Luke to be raised by his sister. When Luke was young he met Jocelyn Fairchild ( Jocelyn Fray ) and they were later sent to Alicante to train and attend school. When they arrived at Alicante, Luke was n't the best in school and often contemplated quitting, until Valentine Morgenstern offered to tutor him. Lycanthropy Before Luke turned into a Werewolf, he was a Shadowhunter. Valentine had invited Luke to go hunting to help clean out the werewolves ' nests that had killed Valentine 's father. While they were scouting out the nests, a werewolf bit Luke. After he was bitten, Luke was n't sure if the bite was enough to infect him with Lycanthropy. At one point, he went seeking aid from his sister Amatis for help and shelter and was sent away. He, along with Jocelyn and Valentine had kept quiet in following weeks while they awaited for the full moon. To his dismay, he did Change after the attack. Valentine then took him to the forest and gave Luke his father 's dagger and told him to be honorable and kill himself. Valentine then led everyone to believe that Luke was dead. Instead Luke sought out the werewolf that had Turned him to kill him and himself in the process. When Luke finally found him, he turned out to be the leader of a pack in Brocelind Forest. Luke had fought and killed him. By werewolf law, Luke had become the new pack leader and accepted the position and began his new life. Physical appearance Luke has blue eyes and brown, uneven hair with ragged - looking clothes. He is tall, with squared shoulders and wears glasses. His favorite shirts to wear are flannel shirts. He is portrayed by Aidan Turner in the film adaptation of the book, and Isaiah Mustafa in the television series. Luke 's Love Interests Jocelyn Fray ( Fairchild ) was Luke 's main love interest throughout The Mortal Instruments series. Luke has known Jocelyn since they were kids and had developed feelings for her but never acted on it because Jocelyn loved Valentine at the time. After Jocelyn and Valentine were married, his friendship with Jocelyn continued but after Valentine 's darkness became evident, Jocelyn would only confide in him. When he was turned into a werewolf and was believed to be dead, she searched for him believing that he was still alive. After the Uprising Luke had offered Jocelyn to marry him but she refused and when they parted ways Luke could n't forget her and went looking for her. When he finally found her in New York, he chose to leave his life as a Werewolf behind to live a mundane life, all whilst harbouring a deep love for her. Even though it took Luke many years, he finally told Jocelyn how he feels after she awoke from her coma. A few weeks later, the two became engaged and were married after the Dark War. Appearances in books City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Isabelle Lightwood ( edit ) Isabelle `` Izzy '' Sophia Lightwood is a Shadowhunter and lives in the New York Institute. She is rebellious and very beautiful. Her cooking is often made fun of by Jace and Alec. She is known to be dangerous and often carries weapons in her tall boots that are never less than seven inches. Her signature weapon is an electrum whip with which she is quite skilled. She dresses well, as shown when she gave Clary to wear clothes that she picked for Magnus 's party. Despite this seemingly shallow and girlish side of her personality, she is shown to take responsibility for situations, shouldering the blame for her brother Max 's death, despite having been struck unconscious at the time. She is comforted by Simon, and ends up sleeping ( in a literal, non-sexual sense ) with him. She begins to casually date Simon -- who is also dating Maia at the same time -- and then later upon finding out about Maia, breaks up with him. After this and seeing how she is genuinely hurt by it, begins to slowly realize that she may actually be in love with Simon, but refuses to admit it. Isabelle obviously cares for Jace and Alec, and is fiercely protective of both of them. Because of this, she is constantly torn over the fact that her brother is struggling with his sexuality and when Jace is heartbroken over Clary during their supposedly sibling relationship. In City of Glass, she yells at Clary for only thinking of herself and not realizing how much pain Jace is in due to how much he really loves her. Physical appearance Isabelle is very beautiful and tall. She has very dark brown eyes with hints of gold that initially appear to be black. She is curvaceous and has long black hair that is described as `` black as spilt ink '' by Clary. She dresses stylishly, often with high heels. However, she despised her height and hated towering over everyone and wished to be small and delicate like Clary. She is portrayed by Jemima West in the film adaptation of the book, and Emeraude Toubia in the television series. Family Isabelle is the middle child in the Lightwood family. Her parents are Maryse and Robert Lightwood, who were once in the Circle with Valentine until the Uprising. Her older brother is Alec and her younger brother was Max, who died at the hand of Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern. Jace is her adoptive brother. Her parents run the Institute in New York. Isabelle 's love interests Simon Lewis : Simon is obviously smitten with her when they first meet, but she never treats him as anything more than a `` mundane '' until after his transformation into vampirism. As a vampire, he gets deeper into their world and they become friends. They spend the night together ( non-sexually ) when Simon attempts to comfort Isabelle after Max 's death which she blamed herself for. Isabelle is shown to be jealous of Maia, who also liked Simon. Isabelle 's feelings for Simon deepen later into the series, though she refuses to admit that she may be in love with him. In City of Lost Souls, she eventually admits that she thinks about Simon all the time and `` nothing like this has ever happened to ( her ) before ''. However, she struggles with her feelings and telling Simon how she feels about him, believing that the guy should make the first move ( contradicting with Simon 's personality who, as stated by Clary, thinks that if a girl does nothing to indicate any romantic feelings must mean that she does n't like him ). Meliorn : Meliorn is a knight of the Seelie Court and later the Seelie representative on the Council. In City of Heavenly Fire he is found out to be half - human half - faerie and is killed by Alec. He and Isabelle had a brief fling and the Seelie Queen hearing about this had him pass on a message to request an audience with Clary, Isabelle, Jace, Alec and Simon. Appearances in books City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Alec Lightwood ( edit ) Alexander `` Alec '' Gideon Lightwood lives in the New York Institute with his siblings. He is the oldest of the Lightwoods and is quieter than both Isabelle, his brother Max, and Jace, his best friend and adoptive brother. Alec is 18, making him legally an ' adult, ' which gives him permission to attend Clave meetings. He was jealous of Clary, at first, upon meeting her due to knowing how Jace felt about her, and Alec himself was in love with Jace. Later, when he realizes that Jace will never return his feelings, he starts to date and falls in love with Magnus Bane ( a warlock who is immortal and nearly 400 years old ), though his strong brotherly love for Jace remains. Alec is mostly soft - spoken and serious. He tries his best to act wisely and is not as reckless as Jace. Later in the story, it is revealed early on that he had never killed a demon, which changes in the middle of City of Bones. He shows himself to be extremely caring about the ones he loves and is willing to do anything to protect them. Among the whole group, Alec is the most intelligent. For much of the series, Alec denies his homosexuality and attraction to males ( particularly Jace ), which results in him lashing out at people. When he finally accepts himself, he becomes a more relaxed person and comes out as gay to the whole Clave and everyone there, including his family and parents, by publicly passionately kissing Magnus. Clary notes at the end of the fourth novel that Alec had become more generous with himself, allowing him to be more generous with others. Alec, as seen in City of Fallen Angels, can also become extremely jealous, getting angry at Magnus when he discovers Magnus ' long dating history and relationship with Camille, a vampire woman. Alec becomes a much more central character in City of Lost Souls and is one of the book 's narrators. He, along with Clary, leads the search for Jace, while also dealing with Camille. Physical appearance Alec is said to have a thin, wiry build and like his mother, has black hair, luminous blue eyes, and impressive height. He is also very pale. Alec is described as being very handsome as well, but unlike his sister, he tries to downplay his looks by wearing worn out sweaters and damaged clothing. It is mentioned by Camille Belcourt that he bears a strong resemblance to William Herondale from The Infernal Devices. He was portrayed by Kevin Zegers in the film adaptation of the book, and Matthew Daddario in the television series. Family Alec is the oldest child of the Lightwood family, and the first son of Maryse and Robert Lightwood. Isabelle and Max Lightwood are his younger siblings, and Jace is his adoptive brother and Parabatai. Alec 's love interests Jace Herondale : Alec is gay, and for the most part of the series, he remains convinced that he 's always been in love with Jace. In City of Glass, however, Jace tells him that Alec thought he was in love with him because Jace was `` safe, '' and an excuse not to take risks and try going out with someone else, namely, Magnus Bane. Magnus Bane : Alec 's husband, a bisexual warlock. Magnus had always shown interest in Alec throughout the books, openly flirting with him upon meeting him in the first novel of the series and flirtatiously telling Alec to `` call him '' after winking at him. This eventually resulting in Alec starting a secret relationship with him by the end of the novel. After Jace 's challenge, Alec kisses Magnus in front of all the Shadowhunters in front of the Clave when they were choosing partners for the battle in City of Glass and revealed his association to him and his sexuality. Also, when Clary cast a Rune that made her look like the person the onlooker loved the most, it is implied that Alec saw Magnus. Later, his mother accepts the fact that he is gay ( although his father does not completely comes to terms with it ) and in the book City of Fallen Angels, he and Magnus are on a vacation around the world, going to places like Paris, India, and other parts of Europe. They are called back when Magnus is needed to interrogate Camille. Alec is shocked at Magnus ' long dating history and becomes worried about their future together because of Magnus ' immortality and his mortality. He begins to speculate that the reason Magnus wanted the Book of White was to make Alec immortal, so they could stay together forever ( although it is later revealed in the series that Magnus had actually wanted it so that he could take away his immortality and become mortal in order to be with Alec ). He worries that Magnus will move on soon, and that he is just another lover for him in a long line. However, Magnus tells him he is not trivial, and that he is n't ready to lose Alec any time soon and ca n't imagine a future without him. They agree to wait and hope for the best. In City of Lost Souls, Alec is offered the power to shorten Magnus ' lifespan by Camille, allowing them to grow old together. Alec does n't reveal the offer to Magnus and briefly considers it. Despite the fact that he ultimately refuses Camille 's offer, realizing he would n't be able to go through with it, Magnus breaks up with Alec because he did not share the fact that he 'd been talking to Camille and considered shortening his life at all. Magnus confesses that while he still loves him, they are through as a couple. Magnus shares one final kiss with Alec before walking away from a tearful and heartbroken Alec. In final novel, City of Heavenly Fire, Alec keeps calling Magnus after their tragic break up, but keeps hanging up whenever Magnus answers the call, resulting in Jace breaking his phone to get him to stop. A little later in the book, Alec and Magnus briefly speak and kiss when Magnus comes to say goodbye to Alec before the Lightwoods and the Institute 's Shadowhunters leave for Idris to be protected from Sebastian 's attacks. Magnus later follows Alec to Idris as the warlocks ' representative for the Clave 's meetings ; before he can speak to Alec, however, he is tricked into capture at a dinner hosted by the faeries. Alec, along with his friends, travel to Edom / hell to save Magnus and defeat Sebastian. By the end of the novel, after an emotional, tumultuous reunion in Edom, they are back together, for Magnus had time to think while broken up. Magnus presents a journal full of stories from his past that shaped who he is in present - day ( later revealed to be `` The Bane Chronicles '', the story collection written by Clare and various co-writers to accompany Clare 's novels ) ; he wrote these stories for Alec during their time apart, when he learned that he can not truly be in a loving relationship without sharing who he is. He asks Alec for another chance, and Alec agrees. At Jocelyn and Luke 's wedding in the Epilogue, it is revealed that Alec and Magnus have come to peace with their immortality - mortality conflict, and are now living together in Magnus ' Brooklyn loft. As of Lady Midnight, Magnus and Alec are married and have two sons - Max Lightwood - Bane, a blue skinned warlock named for Max Lightwood, and Rafael Lightwood - Bane, an orphaned Shadowhunter named for Raphael Santiago. Appearances in books City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire Lady Midnight Lord of Shadows Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy The Bane Chronicles A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Magnus Bane ( edit ) Magnus Bane is the High Warlock of Brooklyn. He is the warlock who tampered the mind of Clary Fray after being asked to help erase her early memories by her mother. He first meets the other Shadowhunters at one of his Downworlder parties. He later has Clarissa ( Clary ) retrieve the Book of White for him in City of Glass, and agrees to help revive her mother with it. In the book City of Heavenly Fire, he admits to Alec that he is almost 400 years old, although he often lies about his age ( For instance, in `` The Bane Chronicles '' he claims to be under 300 years old, to which his friends Catarina Loss and Ragnor Fell laugh, obviously aware of the lie, and in `` City of Glass '' he claims to be 800 ). Physical appearance Magnus Bane is described as being of Asian descent because his mother was Indonesian. He is also said to be long and lean, but not skinny, with lightly muscled arms and an inch taller than Alec. He has brown skin and black hair that is usually spiked, colorful, and glittery. He wears all kinds of make - up, such as glitter around his eyes and lipstick. ( He is also described as having more makeup than Isabelle Lightwood in City of Glass. ) He likes to flaunt his bisexuality by wearing rainbow leather pants and other flashy accessories ( such as a blue sparkly headband ). Isabelle once said he was a `` sexy, sexy, warlock '' whereas Simon Lewis countered that Magnus `` looks like a gay Sonic the Hedgehog '' and dressed, `` like the child catcher from Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. '' He is also described as having gold - green cat eyes ( his warlock mark ), and no belly button. He is portrayed by Godfrey Gao in the film adaptation of the book, and Harry Shum Jr. in the television series. Family Magnus ' parents feared him even when he was a child. It is revealed that his mother was tricked into sleeping with a demon and when she realized what he was, hanged herself in a barn. His mother was half Dutch and half Indonesian, explaining Magnus ' Asian features. His step - father was later driven into an attempt to drown him, and Magnus burned him where he stood. He was then brought up by the Silent Brothers of Madrid, who also came up with his name. Cassandra Clare revealed in her Twitter that Magnus was born on what was once the Dutch East Indies. Camille does state in City of Lost Souls that his father is a Prince of Hell and is implied to be a high ranking demon. Whenever asked who his father is, Magnus always avoids the question or changes the subject. In City of Heavenly Fire, his father is revealed to be the Greater Demon Asmodeus. Magnus 's love interests Alec Lightwood ( boyfriend in City of Ashes, until their break up in City of Lost Souls. The two reconcile and get back together in City of Heavenly Fire. ) Magnus and Alec meet during one of his parties and Magnus openly flirts with him, eventually starting a secret relationship with him ( since Alec was not ready to come out as gay yet ) later on in the novel. The couple 's relationship later become public when Alec passionately kisses Magnus in front of the Clave before a war was to start in City of Glass. The two soon have trouble when officially facing the fact that Alec was mortal and would soon age and die, whereas Magnus, who was immortal, never would. This, along with Magnus ' sexual history, causes heavy complications in their relationship. The two later break up during the epilogue of City of Lost Souls due to the fact that Alec had been visiting Camille Belcourt behind Magnus ' back, seemingly because he wanted to turn Magnus mortal. Though it is later revealed that the actual reason he had gone to see Camille was to find out about Magnus ' past since the warlock himself would not tell him anything, Magnus does find this out, accepting the cover story as the truth. The two part with one final kiss before Magnus reluctantly walks away, leaving a heartbroken Alec behind. ( In The Infernal Devices we learn that Magnus has a thing for boys with dark hair and blue eyes. ) In City of Heavenly Fire Alec tries to get back together with Magnus but Magnus refuses to talk to him and answer his texts. When all the Shadowhunters are told to go to Idris, Magnus goes to the Institute to say goodbye to Alec. Magnus makes clear that he has forgiven Alec but could not have a relationship with him. They eventually get back together at the end of City of Heavenly Fire. As of Lady Midnight, Magnus and Alec subsequently get married and have two sons - Max Lightwood - Bane, a blue skinned warlock named for Max Lightwood, and Rafael Lightwood - Bane, an orphaned Shadowhunter named for the vampire Raphael Santiago. The `` ship '' name for Magnus and Alec 's relationship is `` Malec ''. Lady Camille Belcourt ( The Infernal Devices ) is one of Magnus ' former lovers. Their relationship and history is one of Magnus ' main plot lines in The Infernal Devices, having been lovers before they get into a fight resulting in them severing ties. The two meet again approximately a century after Clockwork Prince in City of Fallen Angels, when she is captured and refuses to talk to anyone else but Magnus. This results in Magnus returning home, having been on a vacation with Alec at the time, and sees her for the first time in over a century. She attempts to make amends with Magnus, saying that he must have known they would see each other again due to their immortality, but Magnus remains bitter about her abrupt departure from his life. She begins to cause complications in his relationship with Alec, bringing up the topic over his immortality, and how since Alec was mortal, he would eventually die and leave Magnus behind. However, Magnus firmly states that while she `` can give him the past, Alec is his future '' and leaves. She then begins to meet with Alec in private in City of Lost Souls ; Alec seeks information about Magnus ' past since the warlock himself refuses to tell him anything. During a later meeting, Camille informs Alec that unless he wants to use dark magic or become a vampire, there was no way to make him immortal. She goes on to tell Alec however, that if he really wants to be with Magnus, he would need to make Magnus a mortal, which she claims to be able to do. While Alec briefly considers it, he ultimately refuses, unwilling to shorten Magnus ' life. Despite this, she tells him to meet her at an abandoned subway station one last time, to tell her his final decision. When Alec shows up at that meeting, ready to tell Camille he truthfully did not want to change Magnus, he instead finds Magnus there, who was informed by Camille about the arrangement. He tells Alec that Camille told him everything about the two 's private meetings, and taunted him that Alec was going to show up to accept her offer. He tells Alec that he did n't want to believe Camille, but when Alec showed up, he could n't not believe her. This leads to the couple breaking up. Woolsey Scott ( The Infernal Devices ). After leaving Camille, Magnus stayed with Woolsey for some time. Magnus and Woolsey are not so much a romantic relationship but one of circumstance and housing as well as physical satisfaction. Imasu Morales ( revealed in The Bane Chronicles : What Really Happened in Peru ). Magnus met and fell in love with Imasu in 1890, when he visited in the city of Puno, in Peru, with Catarina and Ragnor. To develop their relationship further he engaged himself in learning how to play the musical instrument, called charango, which he failed at. They had a rather short vacation romance. During the span of their relationship, Magnus never got around to telling Imasu about magic and his demonic origin. Magnus had even considered offering that he and Imasu live together, before Imasu broke up with him. Imasu felt that Magnus was too ephemeral. At this, Magnus laughed and told him that he was `` the most permanent person '' he would ever meet. They never spoke to each other again after that. Etta ( revealed in The Bane Chronicles : Saving Raphael Santiago ). Magnus met Etta around 1938 at a club, where he asked her for a dance. According to her, by the end of the song, she had fallen for him. The two began seeing each other, their relationship fairly serious, and Etta had learned what he really was -- a warlock -- and knew of the Shadow World. It also became a tradition for the couple to dance in his room late at night when Magnus is unable to join her and dance with her at her club. However, particularly by 1953, Etta slowly realized that she might want a family. When asked if she would want immortality, Etta said no, and insisted that while she would want more time with him, she is unwilling to stop time for herself to do so. Eventually, Etta did leave him. She did, however, remain a very well remembered and cherished loved one of Magnus, and was the last person Magnus truly loved for half a century, until Alec Lightwood. Kitty ( revealed in The Bane Chronicles : What Really Happened in Peru ). Kitty was a mundane who had a fling with Magnus in 1962. Presumably Latina, Kitty met Magnus at Cuzco in Peru. Kitty was a con artist, and together, the couple went on a magical crime spree the summer they were together. Axel von Ferson ( revealed in The Bane Chronicles : The Runaway Queen ). Magnus met Axel in Paris in 1791 when the count first met him, hoping to utilize his magic to help the royal family in perish escape the country. Magnus was instantly attracted to the man, who had his favorite physical combination -- black hair and blue eyes. After rescuing the queen, Marie Antoinette, Axel and his men found them. While Axel said that his good deeds will be remembered, Magnus said that he only cared if he remembered. Then impulsively, Axel kissed him before departing. A few weeks later, Magnus, guilt stricken by the deaths of his loyal and kindhearted servants, received a letter from Axel 's sister, who asked for his help to stop her brother from attempting to save the king and queen, who got caught. Magnus decided that mundane life was fleeting and chose not to involve himself any further. Appearances in books City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire The Bane Chronicles Tales from the Shadowhunter Academy Clockwork Angel Clockwork Prince Clockwork Princess Lady Midnight Lord of Shadows A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Maia Roberts ( edit ) Maia Roberts is a biracial teenager born and raised in a New Jersey suburban neighborhood. Her brother, Daniel, was beautiful and abusive, though her parents never believed her, even when he broke her arm. This treatment leads to Maia hating and fearing beautiful boys, even after her brother was killed in a hit - and - run. In tenth - eleventh grade, Maia met Jordan Kyle and they began dating. However, during their relationship, he soon began to become controlling and abusive and she broke up with him. He became enraged at her break up with him and, in werewolf form, attacked her on her way home from a party. ( She was a mundane and did not know that he was a werewolf or anything about the Shadow World. ) Jordan vanished shortly afterward, and Maia soon turned into a werewolf on the next full moon. She ran away from home and joined the wolf - pack in New York and became good friends with Luke, the leader of the pack. She became associated with the Shadowhunters and develops a crush on Simon, and in City of Glass gets into a competition with Isabelle for his attention. In City of Ashes, Maia leaves Luke 's apartment to apologize to Simon for her vicious reaction ( after she was attacked ) and realized he was a vampire. On her way over to him, she is attacked by Agramon, the Demon of Fear which she interprets as her older brother Daniel who violently abused her when he was still alive. Valentine then abducts her to drain her completely of blood so he can complete his spell. Simon is kidnapped as well shortly after for his vampire blood. It is learned that lycanthropes are negatively affected by all kinds of silver when Valentine sprinkles silver dust on her and she screams in pain. At the beginning of City of Fallen Angels, Maia and Simon are casually dating, while Simon, not to her or Isabelle 's knowledge, ends up also casually dating Isabelle. The truth of Simon 's actions comes out just as Maia runs into her ex-boyfriend Jordan Kyle. Jordan, who had recently become acquainted with Simon, was the one who turned Maia into a werewolf. However, Jordan 's actions were not what they seemed to be, as he had just become a new werewolf when he bit her and therefore unable to control his actions. Maia is understandably angry to have him back in her life due to his abusiveness during their relationship and him turning her into a werewolf, but when she learns the truth behind what Jordan did, she understands and even seems to forgive him when realizing he is genuinely regretful of his past actions towards her. Towards the end of the book, after she and Jordan have helped Isabelle and Alec look for Simon, she and Jordan kiss and eventually reaffirm their relationship. Physical appearance Maia is described as having curly, brown and gold hair ( her eyelashes are described as the color of toast ), light brown skin and amber - brown eyes. She is also described as having a heart - shaped face and rather curvy figure when Clary notes, `` No girl should have that great of a body. '' She is portrayed by Alisha Wainwright in the television series. Family Not much is said about Maia 's mother or father, however her older brother Daniel is mentioned. Daniel was said to be an attractive boy, but a very abusive brother to Maia, It is said that he gave her bruises where they would n't be seen, breaking her arm, etc. He died when he was hit by a car while at a young age, but Maia still felt afraid of him for many more years after. Maia 's love interests Jordan Kyle : Maia is dating him as of City of Lost Souls. They had dated back in high school, but when Jordan was turned into a werewolf he would, in result of the side effects on his body, constantly yell at her and became abusive towards her often slapping and hitting her, unaware of what he was doing to her. Not knowing the cause of his sudden abusiveness, she broke it off with him, even kissing another guy to prove this to him. Angered by this and it being the first full moon since he had been bit, Jordan turned into a werewolf for the first time and attacked and bit her during his angered emotions, which were much stronger due to the full moon, as she left a party. Maia was never able to forgive him for what he did to her until she met him again in City of Fallen Angels after he had been to rehab ; truly regretful of his actions towards her and how he had treated her in the past and still very much in love with her. Jordan even felt that he did not deserve a second chance with her on account of how badly he had treated her, feeling unworthy of her and that she deserved better than him. The two, however, slowly begin to grow back together over time, eventually resulting in sharing several kisses ( and leading them to eventually sleep together on several different occasions ) and soon reaffirming their relationship on a clean slate. In City of Heavenly Fire, he was murdered by Jonathan `` Sebastian '' Morgernstern. Simon Lewis : Maia had a crush on Simon upon meeting him and soon began to date him, though never seriously and more as a fling. She broke up with him when she found out that he was also seeing Isabelle, although Simon did n't think things were serious between him and Maia as things never became exclusive. This in which Maia eventually agrees on, saying it was n't `` technically cheating '' since she and Simon never made their relationship official. The two eventually mend their friendship back together and remain good friends. Bat Velasquez : Maia had dated him for a some time after she became a werewolf. Bat was also a part of Luke 's pack. When Maia decides that she still needed space and was n't ready for a new relationship after her recent break up with Jordan Kyle, he accepts this and dates a witch. It was mentioned in City of Heavenly Fire that he really did n't like the witch. It was also shown in the ending of City of Heavenly Fire that when Bat and Maia were walking along the side of the lake in Luke 's farm that Bat held Maia 's hand which Maia did n't seem to mind. Appearances City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Jocelyn Fairchild / Morgenstern ( edit ) Jocelyn Morgenstern / Fairchild / Fray / Garroway / Graymark is Clary 's mother and a former Shadowhunter. Jocelyn grew up in Idris with Luke, Valentine, and the other Circle members. She was married to Valentine at the age of 19, though she says she married him because she loved him, she later realized that he was torturing innocent people. She fled Idris when she found out she was pregnant with Clary, so he could not do harm to her daughter like he did on Jonathan ( Sebastian ), her first - born son. Later it is said that Luke tracked her down and Clary, being around the age of 3 - 5 at the time though it does not specify, opened the door to him. He then stayed in their lives and him and Jocelyn lived their lives in New York, also taking a large part in raising Clary, until Jocelyn is located by Valentine. She takes a potion, putting herself in a coma to protect her secrets and remains unconscious until she is revived by Magnus Bane in City of Glass. She is also a Shadowhunter warrior. In City of Glass, after Valentine was killed by the angel Raziel, Lucian Graymark ( Luke ) finally declared his love for her, telling her he 's been in love with her for over 20 years. After he walks out the door, initially believing she did not return his feelings, she soon runs after him to tell she loves him too. It is then later revealed in City of Fallen Angels that they are engaged to be married and also are `` disgustingly in love '' as described by Clary. Later in City of Lost Souls, after Luke is wounded by Sebastian and in critical condition, Jocelyn says to him how she regrets failing to have noticed his feelings for her back when they were younger and wishes he would have told her how he felt about her so she would have married `` the right guy '' instead of Valentine. Hence, so things would have been `` different '' and could have turned out better than they were currently. However, Luke does n't have any regrets saying how if things had been any different, `` they '' would n't have Clary, making Jocelyn happy since he said `` as though he was sure Clary was his own daughter ''. Physical appearance Jocelyn is described of being elegant and beautiful. She has long red hair that is usually in a twist, and still carries the scars of her Shadowhunting days. Clary is often said to look almost identical to her. Jocelyns hair is also a darker red than Clary 's. She is portrayed by Lena Headey in the film adaptation of the book, and Maxim Roy in the television series. Family Jocelyn has two children, Jonathan Christopher and Clarissa Adele. Her parents were killed in a fire set by Valentine Morgenstern, in which she also believed that Jonathan had been killed. She is engaged to Lucian Graymark ( Luke ) as of City of Lost Souls and they were married in City of Heavenly Fire as the majority of the epilogue takes place at the wedding reception. Jocelyn 's love interests Valentine Morgenstern : ( ex-husband ) Valentine used to be very nice to other shadowhunters and would take them under his wing. But, later the followers would figure out that Valentine did this to build a group to rid the world of downworlders. Before Jocelyn knew this plan, she married Valentine, being the only one who could cheer him up on bad days. Valentine was abusive and a psychopath. Although they had a son and a daughter together, one of the results was not what she looked for. Luke Garroway / Lucian Graymark : ( love interest - fiancé ) Ever since Jocelyn and Luke met, they have been close and then Valentine came along and ruined Luke 's chances. When Valentine disappeared, Luke had his chances again. He met up with Jocelyn and helped with Clary and helped Clary grow up. Finally, Luke admits his feelings to Jocelyn and is happy with his new wife ( Jocelyn ). Clary Fray ( Fairchild ) : Clary is Jocelyn 's daughter whom she loves very dearly and takes care of as well as she can, with the help of Luke. Sebastian / Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern : After the cruelty in him was murdered by Clary, he became the son Jocelyn was hoping for, causing her to love him, but he did n't last long, for the good in him was not abundant enough for him to survive ; but it was enough time for him to apologize for Valentine 's doing that made him the person that he was. Appearances in books City of Bones City of Ashes ( mentioned ) City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Valentine Morgenstern ( edit ) Valentine Morgenstern is the main antagonist of the first half of the series, and is the former husband of Jocelyn Fairchild. This also makes him biological father to Clarissa Morgenstern and Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern ( also known as Sebastian ). In his youth he was a very skilled Shadowhunter from a rich family in Alicante. His best friend was Lucian Graymark while they were in school, among other Shadowhunters including Maryse Lightwood ( née Trueblood ), Robert Lightwood, Hodge Starkweather, Stephen Herondale and Michael Wayland. Upon the death of his father, Valentine fell in love with Jocelyn Fairchild, and together he and his group of young Shadowhunters formed the infamous group known as the Circle. With him leading the Circle, they had intended to share the gift of the Nephilim with the rest of humanity by using the Mortal Cup. Valentine and Jocelyn married and all was well until his ideas for the Circle became more radical, as Valentine wanted to kill all Downworlders. He infects his son with Demon blood and is betrayed by his former best friend, Lucian Graymark, and his wife at the Uprising of the Accords. Upon fleeing the battle, Valentine is assumed to be dead and goes into hiding with his son and Jace Herondale. Years later, when City of Bones begins, Valentine finds Jocelyn and wants her to reveal where the Mortal Cup is located. He kidnaps her, but is unable to extract information from her due to her self - induced comatose state. He eventually secures the Mortal Cup, and the Mortal Sword and goes to the Mortal Mirror to summon the Angel Raziel. His arrogance, however, as well as his torturing of the angel Ithuriel, Raziel 's brother, causes the angel to slay him. During the series, it is also revealed he faked his death and took on the name of Michael Wayland, raising Jace Herondale as Jace Wayland. Physical appearance Valentine is said to be tall and very handsome. He is broad shouldered and has light blond, almost silver hair. He also has black eyes. Though in the movie he has dark brown hair and blue eyes. He is portrayed by Jonathan Rhys Meyers in the film adaptation of the book, and Alan van Sprang in the television series. Family Valentine is the former husband of Jocelyn Fairchild, with whom he had two children ( Clarissa `` Clary '' Adele Morgenstern and Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern ). Clarissa realizes that she is Valentine 's daughter in the first book, City of Bones, but being raised by Jocelyn her whole life is void of Valentine 's influence. His son however, was tutored by him to be a very talented Shadowhunter and ruthless killer. He later becomes Valentine 's spy, taking the name Sebastian Verlac. Valentine also adopts Jace Herondale as his son, training him as well as Jonathan, making him as skilled a Shadowhunter as Jonathan. Valentine also experimented on his children. Hoping to make a stronger and better Shadowhunter, he infused Jonathan with demon blood while in Jocelyn 's womb. However, a side effect of the blood was that it would `` burn out his ( Jonathan 's ) humanity as poison burns the life from blood. '' This gave him a son capable of incredible feats, but with little to no compassion or ability to love. The experimentation on Jonathan led to Jocelyn feeling sick and very depressed. To make her feel better he gave her powdered Angel blood, not knowing that she was carrying a second child ( Clary ), infusing Clary with Angel blood in the same way that Jonathan was with Demon blood. With Jace, upon the failure of Jonathan to show any compassion, he gave Angel blood to Jace 's mother ( Celiné Herondale ), hoping to create a stronger warrior, without the side effects Jonathan suffered from the use Demon blood. In the end, Valentine trained Jace, but was forced to abandon him when he was 10 years old, making Valentine the only father Jace has known. It is also thought that of the two boys, the angel and the demon, that Valentine loved Jace more than his own son. Valentine 's Love Interests Jocelyn Fairchild / Fray / Morgenstern / Graymark / Garroway : Lucian Graymark : When Valentine and Lucian ( Luke ) were once parabatai, they shared a brotherly love. Though no longer parabatai, they hate each other to the ends of the earth. Appearances in books City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City Of Lost Souls City of Fallen Angels ( mentioned ) City of Heavenly Fire ( mentioned ) A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Jonathan Morgenstern ( edit ) Sebastian Verlac / Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern / Sebastian Morgenstern is the true blood related son of Valentine Morgenstern and Jocelyn Fairchild, making him the brother of Clary Fray. His real name is Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern, but he went by Sebastian Verlac ( cousin of the Penhallows ) in City of Glass. He is very sadistic in nature, as a result of having been experimented on by his father with the blood of the Greater Demon Lilith, which robbed him of his humanity. He first appears in City of Glass as Sebastian Verlac, charming his way into the lives of the Lightwoods. He takes Clary to see Ragnor Fell, and kisses her, disgusting her. Upon Clary 's return with Jace to Alicante, it is discovered that Max Lightwood had seen someone climbing the demon warding towers. Sebastian was the person climbing the towers, and it was his blood that was used to bring down the wards. During the first attack on Alicante, he also kills Max Lightwood and severely injures Isabelle Lightwood. He is eventually tracked down and killed by Jace, before the summoning of Raziel by Valentine, but his body is never recovered. He is taken by his `` mother '', Lilith, and taken to safety. She uses Jace as leverage and tries to bring him back from the dead. In City of Fallen Angels he is awoken, and uses a rune put on Jace to control him. He becomes the main antagonist in City of Lost Souls, using Lilith 's bond to alter Jace 's memories to believe they are on the same side and plans on raising and army of demons and Dark Shadowhunters to destroy the world. Clary infiltrates his inner circle through Jace and they both continually mistrust each other but are forced to work together when they are attacked by enemy demons. Eventually Clary learns the truth of his plans and they engage in a bloody battle. Unable to kill him because it will kill Jace too, she gives up but successfully destroys their base of operations with one of her runes. After a dark ritual, he uses the Infernal Cup to create more Dark Shadowhunters and almost turns Clary but is quickly stopped by the arrival of the Lightwoods and their allies. Before he manages to escape, Clary is forced to stab Jace with the angelic sword Glorious, severing his bond with Sebastian and causing the latter horrible pain. At the end of the book he sends a message to Maryse Lightwood : severed angel wings with a single piece of paper saying ́ ́ I am coming. ́ ́ In City of Heavenly Fire, Sebastian is attacking institutes around the world and turning Shadowhunters into Endarkened. He then goes and attacks the Citadel, and kills many Shadowhunters but is forced to flee when Jace loses control of his Heavenly Fire. Sebastian then later visits Clary and tries to convince her to leave with him, offering her mercy but she refuses. Once again Jace and Sebastian fight but Sebastian proves that he can not be hurt by anything other than the Heavenly Fire after he stabs himself and then leaves unharmed. Sebastian offers to leave all of the Shadowhunters in Alicante alone, and return Jocelyn, Luke, Magnus, Raphael and Meliorn, whom he has kidnapped, if the Clave turn over Clary and Jace to him. Clary, Jace, Simon, Alec and Isabelle all travel by portal to the Seelie court and travel through to Edom, where Sebastian is hiding. Sebastian is well aware of this and plans for them. When they arrive Sebastian defeats them all and forces Clary by his side. When he is unaware, Clary stabs him with a sword that contains the Heavenly Fire, burning away all of the demon blood in him. He dies surrounded by Clary, Jocelyn and Jace. Clary mourns for the brother that she could have had. Clary later spreads Sebastians ashes over Lake Lyn. Physical appearance He is said to be the spitting image of Valentine. He has naturally white / silver hair, is very buff, and has deep black eyes. He dyes his hair black in City of Glass while he is impersonating Sebastian Verlac. He is portrayed by Will Tudor in the television series. Family Jonathan is the birth child of Jocelyn Morgenstern ( née Fairchild ) and Valentine Morgenstern. He was experimented on by Valentine while Jocelyn was pregnant with him. When he was born, Jocelyn knew that something was wrong with the child and had to try very hard to be around him. He is Clary 's brother, and has an unusual sexual attraction to her, freely kissing her in City of Glass and almost forcing himself on her in City of Lost Souls with Clary having to fight him off, repulsed by his actions. The Demoness Lilith also claims that Jonathan is her `` son '' due to the fact that it is her demon blood that flows through his veins. Love interests Clary Fray / Morgenstern / Fairchild : It is revealed in City of Glass that Sebastian / Jonathan has an interest in Clary. Though Clary tries to push him away, he does not leave her alone. In City of Lost Souls Sebastian tries to rape Clary, and she almost kills him because of it, but does not because of the bond he and Jace Herondale shared at the time. The Seelie Queen : In City of Heavenly Fire Sebastian and the Seelie Queen become a pair for war purposes. The Seelie Court was helping Sebastian, so he hooked up with the Seelie Queen in hopes of getting closer to her. Appearances in books City of Bones ( mentioned ) City of Ashes ( mentioned ) City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy ( mentioned ) A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Secondary characters ( edit ) Alaric ( edit ) Alaric was a werewolf and served as Third hand ( soon second when Gretel died ) to Luke in his werewolf pack. He later dies in the battle at Renwick 's in City of Bones. Amatis Graymark ( edit ) Amatis Graymark is Luke 's sister who resides in Alicante. She cared for Luke after their mother became an Iron Sister, married Stephen Herondale, and later joined Valentine 's Circle. However, when Luke was bitten by a werewolf, Amatis sent him away in disgust, in spite of their close relationship. Even after this, Valentine decided that Amatis was unfit to be Stephen 's wife for having a Downworlder brother, and told Stephen to leave Amatis for Céline Montclaire ( Jace 's biological mother ), devastating Amatis. Amatis later became regretful of her decision to banish her brother, who became distrustful of her. In City of Glass, Luke took refuge in Amatis ' residence due to Clary 's wounds caused by Lake Lyn, despite Amatis ' resistance. Amatis then helps the Shadowhunters in the battle of Brocelind Plain and mends her relationship with Luke afterwards. In City of Fallen Angels, Jonathan Morgenstern kidnaps Amatis and turns her into an Endarkened Shadowhunter by having her drink from the Infernal Cup, becoming Jonathan 's faithful lieutenant from then on. With the Infernal Cup 's destruction at the end of the series, Amatis too dies along with all other Endarkened Shadowhunters, only managing to give Luke one last loving look. Catarina Loss ( edit ) Catarina Loss is a warlock and an old friend of Magnus Bane, Ragnor Fell, and Tessa Gray. She has blue skin which she covers up using glamour rather frequently due to her choice to work at Beth Israel Hospital, a hospital for the mundanes. She helps Magnus craft an antidote to wake Jocelyn from her coma and is entrusted with the Book of the White. Catarina continues to help the Shadowhunters against Jonathan and his army of Endarkened Shadowhunters and at the end of the series, attends Jocelyn and Luke 's wedding, where she hints that the Fair Folk is possibly planning revenge against the Shadowhunters for the disadvantaging terms applied to them for their betrayal during the war. She also begins teaching history at the Shadowhunter Academy in Alicante. Emma Carstairs ( edit ) Emma Carstairs is a young Shadowhunter of the Los Angeles Institute who appears in City of Heavenly Fire. She is also the main protagonist of The Dark Artifices series ( which takes place five years after The Mortal Instruments ). Her parents are both killed during the height of the war against Jonathan and his army of Endarkened Shadowhunters ; though they are not the true suspects, the Clave decides to put the blame on them. Emma is also interrogated by the Clave using the Mortal Sword which impacts her greatly and prompts Clary to comfort her. Though the Clave mumbles on sending Emma to her relatives, Emma decides to live with her parabatai, Julian Blackthorn, and his family back in Los Angeles. She has a crush on Jace Herondale. Hodge Starkweather ( edit ) Hodge Starkweather was a member of the Circle, a tutor to the Lightwood children. He was bound to the New York Institute due to not leaving the Circle before the Uprising but he was still loyal to Valentine and tricked Clary into giving him The Mortal Cup so he could give to Valentine in order to be freed of his curse which happened. He fled afterwards with Clary in pursuit and cornered him. Hodge was about to kill her but was attacked by Luke in his werewolf form and somehow found the strength to escape. He reappears again in City of Glass where he was imprisoned by the Clave in the cell next to the one Simon Lewis was in. After Simon was rescued by Clary, Jace and Alec, Hodge revealed where the Mortal Mirror was and nearly revealed to Jace that Valentine was n't his real father but was killed by Jonathan Morgenstern before he could. He is played by Jared Harris in the movie, and Jon Cor in the television series. Imogen Herondale ( edit ) Imogen Herondale ( née Whitelaw ) is the Inquisitor up to City of Ashes and the paternal grandmother of Jace Herondale through her son, Stephen Herondale. Ever since Stephen 's death at the hands of Valentine and her husband 's immediate death after hearing the news, Imogen becomes a cold - hearted woman who seeks vengeance against Valentine and anyone who has connections with him, such as the former members of his Circle which includes the Lightwoods. She is also certain that Jace, whom she believes is Valentine 's son, is a spy of his father. In City of Ashes, though, Imogen realizes that Jace is actually her grandson after looking at his birthmark ( a sign of the Herondales ) and sacrifices herself to protect Jace from a poison attack. Before she dies, Imogen tells Jace how his real father, Stephen, would be proud of him if he were still alive. Lilith ( edit ) Lilith is a Greater Demon, the first woman made by God and is said to have been Adam 's first wife. However, she was disobedient so she was cast into Hell. Also Sebastian / Jonathan 's creator because it was her blood that Valentine had used. And she was an unknown demon that almost killed God and the Devil. In the book, The City of Fallen Angels, it is said that Lilith considers Sebastian her son because it is her blood that flows through his veins. She is then killed by attacking Simon when he still had the Mark of Cain. Consul malachi ( edit ) Malachi was a Shadowhunter Consul for almost two decades before his death. He secretly worked with Valentine Morgenstern and planned to destroy all of the Clave. Consequently, he was an enemy. He is killed in City of Glass by Hugo after he tries to hurt Clary. Maryse Lightwood ( edit ) Maryse Lightwood ( née Trueblood ) is the wife of Robert Lightwood, mother of Alec, Isabelle, and Max, and the adoptive mother of Jace Herondale, being the one who gave him his nickname that he preferred over his `` real '' name, Jonathan. She is also one of the heads of the New York Institute. Maryse had a brother who decided to leave the Shadowhunter world in favor of marrying a mundane, making her an outcast in her peers, though she still honored him by naming her youngest son, Max, after him. Like her husband, Maryse was a part of Valentine 's Circle and was the more attracted of the two, up until the Uprising which sentenced her and Robert to lead the New York Institute as punishment for conspiring with Valentine. Her marriage with Robert is never the same ever since the Uprising, with Robert even thinking of leaving the family several times. Maryse becomes especially grief - stricken after Max 's death at the hands of Sebastian in City of Glass. At the end of The Mortal Instruments series, Maryse and Robert announce that they are no longer together, though the two say that they will continue to care and love each other. Maureen brown ( edit ) Maureen Brown is a 14 - year - old girl who tells everyone she is Simon 's girlfriend and is the friend of the cousin of Simon 's friend Eric. In City of Fallen Angels Simon drinks her blood, but Camille turns her into a vampire and she starts working for a Lilith after killing multiple mundanes. In the epilogue of City of Lost Souls, Alec goes to kill Camille though discovers that Maureen has already killed her and is now head of the New York vampire clan. Maureen, as leader of the clan, allowed the members to kill conspicuously while sending for some of them to capture Simon, who later escaped to Idris with Raphael. It appears she was mentally tormented by Lilith and Camille before turning into a vampire which resulted in her corrupted state. Eventually Lily, one of the second - in - commands of the clan, conspired with Maia Roberts, the new leader of the New York werewolf pack, to kill Maureen to stop her reckless actions ; while most the members were happy with her, some saw the error of her ways as a problem to their kind. Maia agreed to join Maureen 's cause against the Shadowhunters to make her drink her blood and seal the deal. Her blood, however, was spiked with holy water and Maureen turned to dust, but not before being able mutter her last word, `` Mama ''. Lily then took leadership of the clan. Max Lightwood ( edit ) Maxwell `` Max '' Joseph Lightwood is the second son of Robert and Maryse and the younger brother of Alec and Isabelle. He is 9 years old and is described as hating the fact that he is still young, which prevents him from joining in the matters for adults. In City of Glass, Max is murdered by Sebastian, who strikes him with his hammer. His death greatly impacts his sister, who blames herself for not being there to save him. Raphael Santiago ( edit ) Raphael Santiago used to be the head of the New York vampire clan at the Hotel Dumort. He became a vampire sometime in the 1950s after being bitten by a vampire at the hotel when he tried to drive out the vampires who lived there. He is said to have been asexual. He died in the last installment of The Mortal Instruments : City Of Heavenly Fire. Robert Lightwood ( edit ) Robert Lightwood is one of the heads of the New York Institute, later the Inquisitor, husband of Maryse, father of Alec, Isabelle, and Max, as well as the adoptive father of Jace Herondale. He was a part of Valentine 's Circle until the Uprising, after which he and his family were banished to New York. His parabatai was Michael Wayland, but they drifted apart because of Robert 's contempt for the latter 's love for him, later breaking up completely after Robert 's banishment to the point that Robert did not know that Michael had been murdered with his identity being taken up by Valentine. Robert 's marriage with Maryse has been strained since their banishment and Robert once even considered to leave the family for Annamarie Highsmith if not for Max 's birth ; this fact is played up by Isabelle after Max 's death, who accuses her father of being happy with Max 's death now that his `` burden '' is released. Robert also seems to be the one in his family least pleased when Alec comes out of the closet, even questioning him about what drove him to become gay. At the end of The Mortal Instruments series, Robert has ended his marriage with Maryse, though the two say that they will continue to love each other. He also tells Alec that his disapproval of the latter 's sexuality was because of his previous experience with Michael Wayland. Tessa Gray / Herondale / Carstairs ( edit ) Theresa `` Tessa '' Gray is a half - demon half - Shadowhunter warlock who is descended from the Starkweather family and the ancestor of the Herondale family. She is the main protagonist of The Infernal Devices series, a distant prequel series of The Mortal Instruments series set during the Victorian era London. Though she does not appear until the last book, Tessa figures in the series ' backstory, not only by her descendants but also as the one who performed the Shadowhunter ritual on Clary when she was younger ; Clary even notes several times before their formal meeting that Tessa is familiar to her in some way. She was married to Will Herondale until his mortal death 60 years post-marriage, after which Tessa became a recluse living in the Spiral Labyrinth. When Brother Zachariah is cured by Jace 's heavenly fire, he reverts to Tessa 's old lover, Jem Carstairs, now a mortal and dispelled of any needs of his yin fen medication to which he had needed to live. The two happily marry sometime after Jocelyn and Luke 's wedding, attended by new and old friends -- Will Herondale and Jessamine Lovelace 's ghosts. Brother Zachariah / Jem Carstairs ( edit ) Zachariah is a Silent Brother who becomes the one most contacted by the Clave to solve cases regarding the New York Institute in 2007 after the Silent Brothers ' massacre by Valentine. He used to be Jem Carstairs, a main character of The Infernal Devices series, who was turned into a Silent Brother to save his life as he laid dying due to running out of the yin fen medication required to sustain his life, in the process breaking his parabatai link with Will Herondale and separating him from his fiancée, Tessa Gray. He and Tessa together performed the Shadowhunter protection ritual on Clary when she was younger, which also erased her knowledge about the Shadow World for a time. When he finds out that Jace is a descendant of Will, Zachariah becomes fiercely protective of him, especially when he is put under Jonathan Morgenstern 's spell and infused with the heavenly fire. In City of Heavenly Fire, Zachariah 's attempt to save Jace infuses him with the heavenly fire, which burns out his yin fen and turns him back into a mortal Jem Carstairs again. During the war he finds Emma Carstairs a descendant of His family and fiercely protects her during the war. After the war, Jem reunites with Tessa and marries her a year after Jocelyn and Luke 's wedding. He also begins to keep an eye on his distant relative, Emma Carstairs, in Los Angeles and Jace Herondale. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cassandra Clare ( @ cassieclare ) ( July 16, 2015 ). `` August 23 '' ( Tweet ). Retrieved August 5, 2017 -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ City of Heavenly Fire ( book ) See also ( edit ) City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire ( hide ) The Shadowhunter Chronicles by Cassandra Clare The Mortal Instruments City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire The Infernal Devices Clockwork Angel Clockwork Prince Clockwork Princess The Dark Artifices Lady Midnight Lord of Shadows Companion books The Shadowhunter 's Codex The Bane Chronicles Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy Related articles Characters The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones soundtrack `` Almost Is Never Enough '' `` Heart by Heart '' Shadowhunters episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Mortal_Instruments_characters&oldid=801990160 '' Categories : Lists of literary characters Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with a promotional tone from November 2016 All articles with a promotional tone Wikipedia articles needing style editing from November 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles needing cleanup from November 2011 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from November 2011 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from November 2011 Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017, at 07 : 59. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of The Mortal Instruments characters", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Mortal_Instruments_characters&oldid=801990160" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "14485074146712650480" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Ride Along ( film ) - wikipedia Ride Along ( film ) Ride Along Theatrical release poster Directed by Tim Story Produced by Ice Cube Matt Alvarez Will Packer Larry Brezner Screenplay by Greg Coolidge Jason Mantzoukas Phil Hay Matt Manfredi Story by Greg Coolidge Starring Ice Cube Kevin Hart John Leguizamo Bruce McGill Tika Sumpter Laurence Fishburne Gary Owen Jacob Latimore Jay Pharoah Benjamin Flores, Jr. David Banner Music by Christopher Lennertz Cinematography Larry Blanford Edited by Craig Alpert Production company Relativity Media Cube Vision Rainforest Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date January 17, 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 17 ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $25 million Box office $154.5 million Ride Along is a 2014 American buddy cop comedy film directed by Tim Story and starring Ice Cube, Kevin Hart, John Leguizamo, Bryan Callen, Tika Sumpter and Laurence Fishburne. Greg Coolidge, Jason Mantzoukas, Phil Hay, and Matt Manfredi wrote the screenplay based on a story originally from Coolidge. The film follows Ben Barber ( Hart ), a high school security guard who must prove to his girlfriend 's brother, James Payton ( Ice Cube ), that he is worthy of marrying her. James, a police officer out to catch a Serbian smugglers ' boss, takes Ben on a ride along to prove himself. Principal photography began on October 31, 2012 in Atlanta and ended on December 19, 2012. The film was produced by Relativity Media, Cube Vision Productions and Rainforest Films, and distributed by Universal Pictures. Following two premieres in Atlanta and Los Angeles, the film was released worldwide on January 17, 2014. Despite negative reviews, the film earned a worldwide total of more than $153 million against a budget of $25 million. The film broke the record for highest domestic opening weekend gross in the month of January, taking in $41.5 million, a record broken again a year later when American Sniper had its wide release. A sequel, Ride Along 2, was released on January 15, 2016. Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 3.3 Music 4 Promotion and release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 Sequels 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) James Payton is a detective, on an undercover operation where fake passports are being smuggled into Atlanta by a man named `` Omar ''. After a shootout with the smugglers, and a car chase that leaves one injured, the lieutenant leading the case ask James to drop the case on `` Omar '', something James does n't do. Ben Barber, a fast - talking, jumpy high school security guard who plays video games on his spare time, applies for the Atlanta City Police Academy. When he gets in, he decides to ask James for his blessings to marry his sister Angela. James then says Ben has to be worthy of Angela, making him go on a `` ride along '' to prove it. After picking up Ben and taking him to the police station, James tells dispatch to give him all the 1 - 26 's that are called into the station. James makes Ben take care of all the 1 - 26 's. James then arrives at the park to question an informant Runflat, about a connection of Serbia and `` Omar ''. He finds out that a shipment will come in later that day. After leaving the park, James takes Ben to the local shooting range where he finds out that Zastava M92 's have been given to the store, Ben realizes he has a clue for James. When a 1 - 26 is called in, Ben and James are called to the Sweet Auburn Curb Market where a drunk man named Crazy Cody is being disorderly. Ben tries to subdue him but is unable to, so James arrests him. Ben asks to be taken home before he receives a call from Angela. He tells her about his stressful day, before Angela says that James plays poker with a guy named Crazy Cody, along with telling him that 1 - 26 's are a code for annoying situations for new - comers as a joke. He then goes into the police station and sees Cody laughing with James and his partners Santiago and Miggs. Upset at James, Ben refuses to go home and instead takes a 1 - 26 call to respond to a disturbance at a strip club, where two men get into a mexican standoff with James and Ben, which Ben thinks it 's another joke call, so he fools around. James subdues the men, and the two are then tipped off about a gun deal involving Omar 's men. Ben then confronts James about the 1 - 26 's. James receives a call from Santiago in the car, when he finds out that Runflat had turned himself in, Ben says how Runflat 's brother in the park said that Runflat had just got out of prison. James then contradicts, saying that Runflat had n't been in prison for over two years, leading to another clue. The men go to talk Runflat 's other brother, J, trying to find out the location of the gun deal, during the confrontation, Ben accidentally shoots J, who subsequently reveals that the deal will take place at an old abandoned warehouse at 9 PM. James decides to infiltrate the warehouse with Santiago and Miggs, after leaving Ben behind in the car. James is then betrayed by Santiago and Miggs, who turn out to be crooked cops working for Omar. James is then tied up, just when Ben witnesses. Santiago not only mocks James, but also criticizes him for his unsociable, egocentric personality. As the deal begins, Ben enters pretending to be Omar ( since no one has ever actually seen the real Omar ). Having successfully fooled the crooks, Ben then wreaks havoc at the deal, and right as Ben is about to leave with James, the real Omar appears. A shootout ensues, and many of Omar 's men are killed. Ben reveals his sharp reflexes and extensive knowledge of battle ( a result of his video game experience ). James and Ben take the money meant for the deal and escape right before the warehouse blows up because of Ben 's grenade that hit a box of explosives and destroys James 's car. Unbeknownst to them, Santiago, Miggs and Omar all escape. Santiago and Miggs arrive at Angela 's apartment and tie her up. As she was playing one of Ben 's video games, Ben 's fellow players hear the confrontation ensuing between Angela, Miggs and Santiago from Ben 's headset. At the hospital after being shot in the leg, Ben receives a call from the fellow player, and tells James that there 's something going on at the apartment. After seeing some dirty cops arrive at the hospital, James takes Ben and leaves to go to the apartment, along with Omar 's money. James then injures Miggs, before getting into a fight with Santiago. As Santiago is about to shoot James, Angela knocks him out with a frying pan. Ben gets knocked out by Omar in a fight, before Omar takes the bag of money and Angela, and leaves the apartment. James follows Omar and Angela and confronts them. Right as Omar is about to shoot James, Ben slides over a car and kicks him, and James shoots Omar twice, injuring him. Police arrest Omar, Miggs and Santiago, and James finally gives Ben his blessing. In a mid-credits scene Ben and Angela are engaged, and Ben is weeks away from graduating from the police academy. At a barbecue at James ' house Ben blows up the barbecue grill and is sent flying back into the bushes, killing the neighbor 's dog. Cast ( edit ) Ice Cube stars as James Payton and Kevin Hart stars as Ben Barber in the film. Ice Cube as James Payton, a detective on an undercover operation in Atlanta to catch a smuggler boss named Omar. Despite being a loving and protective older brother to his sister, he is rough around the edges and is disapproving of Ben. Cube joined the film in November 2009, to both star and produce. Kevin Hart as Benjamin `` Ben '' Barber, a fast - talking high school security guard who applies for the Atlanta City Police Academy. He loves his girlfriend and is willing to do whatever it takes to convince her brother that he is the right guy. He goes on a ride along with Payton to prove himself worthy of Payton 's sister, Angela. Hart joined the cast in July 2012. Tika Sumpter as Angela Payton, James 's sister and Ben 's girlfriend, for whom Ben has to prove himself worthy. Sumpter joined the film in October 2012. John Leguizamo as Santiago, a detective and Miggs ' partner. Leguizamo joined the film in October 2012. Bryan Callen as Miggs, a detective and Santiago 's partner. Callen joined the film in October 2012. Laurence Fishburne as Omar, a boss of Serbian smugglers, who has never been seen by anyone, and is considered as a ghost. Fishburne was cast in December 2012. Bruce McGill as Lt. Brooks, a lieutenant in the Atlanta Police department, and boss of Payton, Santiago, and Miggs. Additional cast includes Gary Owen as Crazy Cody, Jay Pharoah as Runflat, David Banner as Pawnshop Jay, Dragoș Bucur as Marko, Gary Weeks as Dr. Cowan, Jacob Latimore as Ramone and Benjamin Flores, Jr. as Morris, Runflat 's brother. Production ( edit ) On November 29, 2009, The Hollywood Reporter announced that comedian Jason Mantzoukas had been hired to write cop - buddy comedy film Ride Along for New Line Cinema, originally written by Greg Coolidge, with Ice Cube set to star in and produce the film along with Matt Alvarez, through Cube 's film company, Cube Vision Productions. On July 11, 2012, Universal Pictures acquired the distribution rights to the film from New Line, with production starting in October, Tim Story was set to direct the film, rewritten by Matt Manfredi and Phil Hay, and produced by Will Packer and Larry Brezner. On October 31, the studio announced the film would be released on January 17, 2014. Casting ( edit ) Ice Cube joined the cast on November 29, 2009, to play the lead role, Detective James ; the story was then about a rogue cop who tries to break off his sister 's engagement to an upper - crust white psychiatrist by inviting his future brother - in - law on a ride - along. Kevin Hart joined the cast on July 11, 2012 to play Ben, a high school security guard, with his character changed from white to black. On October 16, John Leguizamo joined the cast of the film to play an undercover cop. On October 30, Tika Sumpter, Bryan Callen, and Jay Pharoah joined the cast ; Sumpter plays Angela, Ben 's fiancee and James ' sister, while Callen plays an undercover cop, and Pharaoh plays a street informant. On November 9, Backstage posted that the film 's director was looking for adult extras of all ethnicities for the background in the film. On November 16, Bruce McGill joined the cast of the film to play a hard - nosed lieutenant. On December 7, Gary Owen also joined the cast, followed by Laurence Fishburne. Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on October 31, 2012 in Atlanta, and crews were filming some scenes at Underground Atlanta on October 31 and November 1. On October 31, CBS Atlanta posted the news that Atlanta police are warning residents that there would be a simulated gun battle inside the mall area during the filming on Thursday, November 1. It was a 35 - day shoot, which wrapped up filming on December 19 in Atlanta. Music ( edit ) On April 29, 2013, Christopher Lennertz was hired to score the film. Lennertz previously collaborated with Story on the 2012 comedy Think Like A Man. The soundtrack was released digitally on January 14, 2014 by Back Lot Music, while a CD version was released on January 28 by Varèse Sarabande. Ride Along ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by Christopher Lennertz Released January 28, 2014 Recorded 2014 Genre Score Length 43 : 39 Label Back Lot Music Christopher Lennertz film scores chronology Thanks for Sharing ( 2013 ) Thanks for Sharing 2013 Ride Along ( 2014 ) Think Like a Man Too ( 2014 ) Think Like a Man Too 2014 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating All music composed by Christopher Lennertz ( Tracks 1 -- 21 ). Ride Along ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No. Title Length 1. `` Ride Along '' 0 : 32 2. `` Serbian Negotiations '' 1 : 18 3. `` Car Chase '' 2 : 08 4. `` Ben 's First Ride Along '' 0 : 55 5. `` Police Academy Acceptance '' 0 : 46 6. `` Stranger Danger '' 3 : 11 7. `` Ben 's Goodbyes '' 1 : 27 8. `` Crazy Cody '' 2 : 51 9. `` Ben Overhears The Prank '' 2 : 11 10. `` Strip Club Drama '' 3 : 06 11. `` Interrogating Jay '' 1 : 35 12. `` Drive To Warehouse '' 0 : 51 13. `` Warehouse Pt. 1 '' 4 : 24 14. `` Warehouse Pt. 2 '' 4 : 05 15. `` Warehouse Pt. 3 '' 1 : 52 16. `` Ben To Hospital '' 1 : 34 17. `` Shootout '' 3 : 19 18. `` Omar At Angela 's / James Was Wrong '' 1 : 49 19. `` Angela Held Hostage '' 1 : 47 20. `` Apartment Fight '' 1 : 44 21. `` Omar Shot '' 2 : 14 Total length : 43 : 39 Promotion and release ( edit ) A teaser trailer and an image were released on July 1, 2013. On September 26, studio revealed the first teaser poster featuring Cube and Hart. On November 5, eight new images from the set and the poster were revealed. A second trailer of the film was revealed from studio on November 7. On December 19, Universal released a full length trailer for the film. On the night of January 6, 2014, the film 's first premiere was held at Atlantic Station in Atlanta. On January 13, the Los Angeles premiere was held at TCL Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, California. Following the two premieres, the film was released worldwide on January 17, 2014. Box Office ( edit ) The film 's 3 - day opening weekend gross was $41,516,170, at 2,663 US and Canadian theaters ( an average $15,590 per theater gross ), giving Ride Along the then - record for highest domestic opening weekend gross in the month of January, ahead of 2008 's Cloverfield. For the 4 - day record - breaking MLK weekend, the film grossed $48,626,380. The film held the number one spot at the US box office for three weeks, grossing $21 million and $12 million in its second and third weekends. The North American domestic gross was $134,202,565, with the international gross being $19,059,619, bringing the worldwide total to $153,262,184. Home Media ( edit ) Ride Along was released on DVD and Blu - ray on April 15, 2014. This release included an alternate ending, a gag reel, deleted scenes, a behind - the - scenes documentary and a feature commentary of the film by Story. In the United States, the film has grossed $13.5 million from DVD sales and $8.7 million from Blu - ray sales, making a total of $22.2 million. Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Ride Along received generally negative reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 18 %, based on 121 reviews, with a rating average of 4.2 / 10. The site 's consensus states : `` Kevin Hart 's livewire presence gives Ride Along a shot of necessary energy, but it is n't enough to rescue this would - be comedy from the buddy - cop doldrums. '' Metacritic assigns the film a score of 41 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating `` mixed or average reviews ''. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale. British critic Mark Kermode gave the film one out of five stars, describing it as `` an action - comedy short on both action and comedy. '' Scott Foundas of Variety called the film `` a lazy and listless buddy - cop action - comedy that fades from memory as quickly as its generic title. '' Entertainment Weekly ′ s film critic Chris Nashawaty gave the film a `` C + '' grade. '' Accolades ( edit ) The film received several award nominations, a 2014 BET Award for Best Actor for Kevin Hart, and two 2014 MTV Movie Awards nominations, Best On - Screen Duo for Ice Cube and Hart, and Best Comedic Performance for Hart. On April 13, 2014, after the best - screen - duo award went to Vin Diesel and Paul Walker for Fast & Furious 6, Ice Cube joked to USA Today that they were robbed. Awards and nominations Award Nominees Result Ref ( s ) BET Awards Best Actor Kevin Hart Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best On - Screen Duo Ice Cube and Kevin Hart Nominated Best Comedic Performance Kevin Hart Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Comedy Ride Along Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Comedy Ice Cube Nominated Kevin Hart Won Choice Movie : Chemistry Ice Cube and Kevin Hart Nominated Choice Movie : Hissy Fit Kevin Hart Nominated Sequels ( edit ) Main article : Ride Along 2 On April 23, 2013, the studio announced that there would be a sequel to the film. On February 18, 2014, it was announced that after the success of the first Ride Along film, Universal was moving forward with the sequel, which Tim Story would return to direct. Ice Cube and Kevin Hart reprised their roles, with Will Packer producing, and Phil Hay and Matt Manfredi on board again as screenwriters. Ride Along 2 started filming on July 7, 2014 ; filming locations included Miami, Florida and Atlanta, Georgia. Universal released the film on January 15, 2016. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` RIDE ALONG ( 12A ) ''. Universal Pictures. British Board of Film Classification. January 21, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Ride Along ''. Box Office Mojo. April 17, 2014. Retrieved November 28, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Andreeva, Nellie ( November 29, 2009 ). `` Ice Cube film, Fox comedy on scribe 's plate ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 13, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr, Mike ( July 11, 2012 ). `` ' Ride Along ' Detours To Universal As Kevin Hart And Ice Cube Vehicle ''. Deadline. Retrieved January 13, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Sneider, Jeff ( October 30, 2012 ). `` Bryan Callen and Jay Pharoah join ' Ride Along ' ''. variety.com. Retrieved January 13, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Kroll, Justin ( October 16, 2012 ). `` John Leguizamo in talks for U 's ' Ride Along ' ''. variety.com. Retrieved January 13, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Morales, Wilson ( December 7, 2012 ). `` Laurence Fishburne added to ' Ride Along ', his 3rd film with Ice Cube ''. blackfilm.com. Retrieved July 19, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Kit, Borys ( November 16, 2012 ). `` Bruce McGill Joins Ice Cube and Kevin Hart in ' Ride Along ' ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 14, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Kroll, Justin ( December 7, 2012 ). `` Owen along for ' Ride ' with U ''. variety.com. Retrieved January 13, 2014. ^ Jump up to : McClintock, Pamela ( October 31, 2012 ). `` Ice Cube and Kevin Hart 's ' Ride Along ' to Open Over Mlk Weekend in 2014 ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 13, 2014. Jump up ^ Lehman, Daniel ( November 9, 2012 ). `` Casting Extras to ' Ride Along ' with Kevin Hart and Ice Cube in Atlanta ''. Backstage. Retrieved January 14, 2014. Jump up ^ Brett, Jennifer ( October 30, 2012 ). `` Ice Cube movie `` Ride Along '' filming at Underground Atlanta ``. ajc.com. Archived from the original on January 15, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2014. Jump up ^ Connell, Jocelyn ( October 31, 2012 ). `` Police : Simulated gun battle at Underground Atlanta as crews film movie ''. cbsatlanta.com. Retrieved January 14, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Kevin Hart And Ice Cube Movie ' Ride Along ' Is Finished!! They Wrapped up Filming in Atlanta Today!! ''. hiphopnews24-7.com. December 19, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Christopher Lennertz to Score Tim Story 's ' Ride Along ' ''. filmmusicreporter.com. April 29, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Ride Along ' Soundtrack Details ''. filmmusicreporter.com. January 7, 2014. Retrieved July 19, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ride Along ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) at AllMusic.com ''. allmusic.com. Retrieved July 20, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Check Out the Trailer for Ride Along, Starring Kevin Hart and Ice Cube ''. ComingSoon.net. July 1, 2013. Retrieved January 14, 2014. Jump up ^ Dimako, Peter ( September 26, 2013 ). `` First Ride Along Poster with Kevin Hart and Ice Cube ''. upcoming-movies.com. Retrieved January 14, 2014. Jump up ^ Orange, B. Alan ( November 5, 2013 ). `` Ride Along Poster ''. MovieWeb. Retrieved January 14, 2014. Jump up ^ Anderton, Ethan ( November 7, 2013 ). `` Kevin Hart Wo n't Stop Screaming in Second ' Ride Along ' Trailer ''. firstshowing.net. Retrieved January 14, 2014. Jump up ^ `` The Second Full - Length Trailer for Ice Cube & Kevin Hart 's Ride Along ''. comingsoon.net. December 19, 2013. Retrieved January 14, 2014. Jump up ^ Ramsess, Akili - Casundria ( January 6, 2014 ). `` Ice Cube & Kevin Hart Pop Up In `` Ride Along '' Atlanta Premiere ``. atlnightspots.com. Retrieved January 14, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Kevin Hart attends the ' Ride Along ' Los Angeles premiere held at TCL... ''. Yahoo. January 13, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Top January Opening Weekends at the Box Office ''. boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved July 19, 2014. Jump up ^ Busch, Anita ( January 21, 2014 ). `` BOX OFFICE FINAL : ' Ride Along ' A $48 M Phenom Breaks Records -- Highest MLK Holiday Opener Ever ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 19, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 17 - 20, 2014 ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Box Office by Weekends ''. boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved July 19, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ride Along Blu - ray ''. Blu-ray.com. Retrieved February 19, 2014. Jump up ^ Gallagher, Brian ( February 20, 2014 ). `` ' Ride Along ' Blu - ray and DVD Release April 15, 2014 ''. movieweb.com. Retrieved July 20, 2014. Jump up ^ `` '' Ride Along '' - Video Sales ``. The Numbers. Retrieved July 20, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ride Along ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved October 26, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ride Along ''. Metacritic. Retrieved July 20, 2014. Jump up ^ Subers, Ray ( January 19, 2014 ). `` Weekend Report : ' Ride Along ' Cruises to January Record ''. boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved July 20, 2014. Jump up ^ Kermode, Mark ( March 2, 2014 ). `` Ride Along review -- an action - comedy, but nobody 's laughing ''. The Guardian. Retrieved July 20, 2014. Jump up ^ Foundas, Scott ( January 15, 2014 ). `` Film Review : ' Ride Along ' ''. Variety. Retrieved July 20, 2014. Jump up ^ Nashawaty, Chris ( January 27, 2014 ). `` Ride Along ( 2014 ) ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 20, 2014. Jump up ^ `` BET Awards 2014 - Best Actor Nominations ''. bet.com. Retrieved July 20, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Best On - Screen Duo 2014 MTV Movie Awards ''. mtv.com. Retrieved July 20, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Best Comedic Performance 2014 MTV Movie Awards ''. mtv.com. Retrieved July 20, 2014. Jump up ^ Alexander, Bryan ( April 14, 2014 ). `` Ice Cube : ' Ride Along ' was ' robbed ' at MTV awards ''. USA Today. Retrieved July 20, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Beyonce & Jay Z Lead 2014 BET Awards ''. Billboard. 2014 - 01 - 26. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14. Jump up ^ `` '' BET Awards '' 2014 Nominations Announced ``. Online.wsj.com. 2002 - 10 - 03. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Beyonce and Jay Z Lead 2014 BET Awards Nominations ''. Variety. May 14, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2014. Jump up ^ `` 2014 MTV Movie Awards : Here Are The Real Winners And Losers ''. MTV.com. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014. Jump up ^ Nordyke, Kimberly ( August 10, 2014 ). `` Teen Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 17, 2014. Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike ( April 23, 2013 ). `` Sequels On Tap For ' The Heat ' And ' Ride Along ' ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 19, 2014. Jump up ^ Ford, Rebecca ( February 18, 2014 ). `` ' Ride Along 2 ' Moving Forward With Kevin Hart, Ice Cube in Talks to Return ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 19, 2014. Jump up ^ Busch, Anita ( February 18, 2014 ). `` ' Ride Along 2 ′ Gets Rolling : Tim Story To Direct, Will Packer To Produce With Deals Closing For Kevin Hart and Ice Cube ''. deadline.com. Retrieved February 19, 2014. Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin ( March 13, 2014 ). `` ' Ride Along 2 ′ to Bow on Martin Luther King Weekend 2016 ''. variety.com. Retrieved March 14, 2014. External links ( edit ) Official website Ride Along on IMDb Ride Along at Box Office Mojo Ride Along at Rotten Tomatoes Ride Along at Metacritic Films directed by Tim Story One of Us Tripped ( 1997 ) The Firing Squad ( 1999 ) Barbershop ( 2002 ) Taxi ( 2004 ) Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer ( 2007 ) Hurricane Season ( 2010 ) Kevin Hart : Laugh at My Pain ( 2011 ; with Leslie Small ) Think Like a Man ( 2012 ) Ride Along ( 2014 ) Think Like a Man Too ( 2014 ) Ride Along 2 ( 2016 ) Kevin Hart : What Now? ( 2016 ) Shaft ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ride_Along_(film)&oldid=856476404 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s action films 2010s buddy films 2010s comedy films American action comedy films American buddy cop films American films Buddy comedy films Films directed by Tim Story Films produced by Ice Cube Films produced by Will Packer Films set in Atlanta Films shot in Atlanta Police comedy films Rainforest Films films Relativity Media films Universal Pictures films Cube Vision films Films scored by Christopher Lennertz African - American films Buddy cop films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2014 Film articles using image size parameter Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018, at 14 : 09 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Ride Along (film)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Ride_Along_(film)&oldid=856476404" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "in Atlanta to catch a smuggler boss named Omar. Despite being a loving and protective older brother to his sister, he is rough around the edges and is disapproving of Ben. Cube joined the film in November 2009, to both star and produce. Kevin Hart as Benjamin `` Ben '' Barber, a fast - talking high school security guard who applies for the Atlanta City Police Academy. He loves his girlfriend and is willing to do whatever it takes to convince her brother that he is the right guy. He goes on a ride along with Payton to prove himself worthy of Payton 's sister, Angela. Hart joined the cast in July 2012. Tika Sumpter as Angela Payton, James 's sister and Ben 's girlfriend, for whom Ben has to prove himself worthy. Sumpter joined the film in October 2012. John Leguizamo as Santiago, a detective and Miggs ' partner. Leguizamo joined the film in October 2012. Bryan Callen as Miggs, a detective and Santiago 's partner. Callen joined the film in October 2012. Laurence Fishburne as Omar, a boss of Serbian smugglers, who has never been seen by anyone, and is considered as a ghost. Fishburne was cast in December 2012. Bruce McGill as Lt. Brooks, a lieutenant in the Atlanta Police department, and boss of Payton" ], "id": [ "1880453177248246095" ], "short_answers": [ "Tika Sumpter" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of Yu Yu Hakusho films - wikipedia List of Yu Yu Hakusho films Jump to : navigation, search There are two feature films based on the manga and anime series Yu Yu Hakusho by Yoshihiro Togashi. The films were produced by Studio Pierrot and released in Japan theatrically, the first Yu Yu Hakusho : The Movie in 1993 and the second Yu Yu Hakusho : Chapter of Underworld 's Carnage - Bonds of Fire in 1994. Before Funimation Entertainment acquired the rights to the anime in 2001, the films were dubbed and released in North America by two other companies. The first by Anime Works and the second by US Manga Corps, both released in 1998. However, the first film and the OVAs ( Eizou Hakusho I and II ) have since been acquired by Funimation and they produced a new English dub of the film using their original cast from the anime. These were released together as Yu Yu Hakusho : The Movie & Eizou Hakusho on December 13, 2011. Contents ( hide ) 1 Yu Yu Hakusho : The Movie 1.1 Plot 1.2 Reception 2 Yu Yu Hakusho the Movie : Poltergeist Report 2.1 Plot 2.2 Reception 3 References 4 External links Yu Yu Hakusho : the Movie ( edit ) Yu Yu Hakusho : The Movie Cover of the original North American DVD release by Anime Works. Japanese 幽 ☆ 遊 ☆ 白書 Hepburn Yū Yū Hakusho Directed by Noriyuki Abe Produced by Ken Hagino Written by Yukiyoshi Ohashi Starring Nozomu Sasaki Megumi Ogata Nobuyuki Hiyama Sanae Miyuki Shigeru Chiba Music by Yusuke Honma Production company Studio Pierrot Distributed by Toei Release date July 10, 1993 ( 1993 - 07 - 10 ) Running time 30 minutes Country Japan Language Japanese Yu Yu Hakusho : The Movie, also known as The Golden Seal, is a 30 - minute film that was released theatrically in Japan on July 10, 1993 at the seasonal Toei Anime Fair. The movie was directed by Noriyuki Abe. The movie was English dubbed by Anime Works and Animaze and released on VHS on June 9, 1998 and on a single DVD with Ninku : The Movie on January 30, 2001. Funimation Entertainment later released the film to DVD, along with the Eizou Hakusho OVAs, on December 13, 2011 as Yu Yu Hakusho : The Movie & Eizou Hakusho, featuring a new English dub with their original voice cast from the anime. Like the television series, it features the songs `` Smile Bomb '' and `` Sayonara Bye Bye '' by Matsuko Mawatari ( Sarah White and Stephanie Nadolny in the FUNimation English version ) for its opening and closing credits respectively. Plot ( edit ) While vacationing, Koenma is kidnapped by a pair of demons known as Koashura and Garuga, who demand the possession of Lord Enma 's coveted `` Golden Seal ''. Botan finds Yusuke Urameshi and Kazuma Kuwabara on their summer vacation as well, and asks for their assistance in Koenma 's rescue. Reception ( edit ) According to Martin Ouelette of Protoculture Addicts, the movie did little to satisfy fans of the YuYu Hakusho series during its original release due to its short running time. Reviewing the Funimation release, Carl Kimlinger of Anime News Network gave the subtitled version a `` B+, '' the English dub a straight `` B, '' and called the story disposable stating the film is more focused on `` having fun with its theatrical budget. '' Yu Yu Hakusho the Movie : Poltergeist Report ( edit ) Yu Yu Hakusho the Movie : Poltergeist Report Cover of the North American DVD release by US Manga Corps. Japanese 幽 ☆ 遊 ☆ 白書 冥界 死闘 篇 炎 の 絆 Hepburn Yū Yū Hakusho : Meikai Shitō Hen -- Honō no Kizuna Directed by Masakatsu Iijima Produced by Haruo Sai Ken Hagino Naoharu Honokidani Written by Hiroshi Hashimoto Sukehiro Tomita Yukiyoshi Ohashi Starring Nozomu Sasaki Megumi Ogata Nobuyuki Hiyama Sanae Miyuki Shigeru Chiba Music by Yusuke Honma Production company Studio Pierrot Movic Distributed by Toho Release date April 9, 1994 ( 1994 - 04 - 09 ) Running time 95 minutes Country Japan Language Japanese Yu Yu Hakusho the Movie : Poltergeist Report, known in Japan as Yū Yū Hakusho : Meikai Shitō Hen - Honō no Kizuna ( 幽 遊 白書 : 冥界 死闘 篇 ・ 炎 の 絆, lit. Yū Yū Hakusho : Chapter of Underworld 's Carnage - Bonds of Fire ), is the second of the films based on the series. The 95 minutes long film was released in theaters in Japan on April 9, 1994. The film was later dubbed into English by Central Park Media and Skypilot Entertainment and was released on VHS on March 3, 1998 and DVD on October 8, 2002. A DVD reprint was later issued by Central Park Media on January 31, 2006. The film features the ending theme `` Sayonara wa Iwanai '' composed by JILL and sung by Personz. Plot ( edit ) The story begins in the Spirit World, where the River Styx is overflowing, due to a tsunami. As Koenma looks out his window he can tell this is no ordinary storm. The floodwaters continue to rise, and just before they become too much for Koenma he gives a mysterious item to Botan, and tells her to give it to Yusuke Urameshi, but Botan gets hurt badly and barely makes it to Yusuke. Botan is too weak to give Yusuke the item. Throughout most of the movie she 's unconscious and is unable to do anything, while a great evil is surfacing. The storm was apparently caused by the forces of the Netherworld, which was banished into cold space ages ago. To restore balance in the now flooded Spirit world, Yusuke and the others must track down five spots on Earth that contain a large amount of spiritual energy. However, their simple plans get turned upside down when the ruler of the Netherworld, Yakumo, and his three henchmen decide to use the same energy for evil. So, the race begins to save the Spirit World, and now the Human World as well. Reception ( edit ) Reviewing the 2002 DVD release, Allen Divers of Anime News Network gave the subtitled version a `` B '' and the dubbed version a `` C. '' He noted that the film has all the action, drama and comedy that makes the TV series great, but with higher animation and artwork due to a theatrical budget. Divers stated that the dub was well - done and close to the original Japanese, but said it was disappointing that a different English voice cast from the TV series was used. The VHS version was the 31st - best selling video during its release week in North America. It fell to number 37 the following week and rose to number 34 the third week. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Anime Series Acquired ''. Anime News Network. January 11, 2001. Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 16. ^ Jump up to : `` Yu Yu Hakusho : The Movie & Eizou Hakusho ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved January 15, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho : Eizou Hakusho OVA ''. Amazon.com. Retrieved September 10, 2011. Jump up ^ Camp, Brian ; Davis, Julie ( 2007 ). Anime Classics Zettai! : 100 Must - See Japanese Animation Masterpieces. Stone Bridge Press. p. 403. ISBN 978 - 1 - 933330 - 22 - 8. ^ Jump up to : `` studio ぴえろ 作品 年 表 ( 劇場 作品 ) '' ( Studio Pierrot Works Chronology ( Theater Works ) ) ( in Japanese ). Studio Pierrot. Archived from the original on December 13, 2009. Retrieved January 3, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Animexpress : Yû Yû Hakusho ''. Animerica. Viz Media. 6 ( 2 ) : 19. February 1998. Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Ninku / Yu Yu Hakusho ( 2002 ) ''. Amazon.com. Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 16. Jump up ^ Ouellette, Martin ( April 1998 ). `` Spotlight : Yu Yu Hakusho ''. Protoculture Addicts. No. 49. Protoculture Inc. p. 34. Jump up ^ Kimlinger, Carl ( January 9, 2012 ). `` Yu Yu Hakusho : The Movie & Eizou Hakusho ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06. Jump up ^ Galbraith, Stuart ( 2008 ). The Toho Studios Story : A History and Complete Filmography. Scarecrow Press. p. 386. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6004 - 9. Jump up ^ `` NEW ON VIDEO ''. Dayton Daily News. Dayton, Ohio. February 26, 1998. p. 20. Retrieved December 30, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho - The Movie - Poltergeist Report ( 2002 ) ''. Amazon.com. Retrieved November 16, 2008. Jump up ^ `` `` YU YU HAKUSHO : THE MOVIE -- THE POLTERGEIST REPORT '' TO BE PRICED AT ONLY $9.95 SRP '' ( Press release ). New York, NY : Central Park Media. November 22, 2005. Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 16. Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18. Jump up ^ Divers, Allen ( October 23, 2003 ). `` Yu Yu Hakusho : The Movie DVD - Review - Anime News Network ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28. Jump up ^ `` Top Video Sales ''. Billboard. e5 Global Media. March 28, 1998. p. 52. Jump up ^ `` Top Video Sales ''. Billboard. e5 Global Media. April 4, 1998. p. 63. Jump up ^ `` Top Video Sales ''. Billboard. e5 Global Media. April 11, 1998. p. 82. External links ( edit ) YuYu Hakusho : The Movie ( film ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia YuYu Hakusho the Movie : Poltergeist Report ( film ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia YuYu Hakusho : The Movie on IMDb YuYu Hakusho the Movie : Poltergeist Report on IMDb Yu Yu Hakusho by Yoshihiro Togashi Media Characters Chapters Episodes Season 1 Films Other media Music Sai - Kyou Best Selection Album `` Hohoemi no Bakudan '' `` Unbalance na Kiss o Shite '' `` Taiyō ga Mata Kagayaku Toki '' Games Video games Spirit Detective Dark Tournament Tournament Tactics J - Stars Victory VS Trading Card Game Category Works of Pierrot Television series The Wonderful Adventures of Nils ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Miss Machiko ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Urusei Yatsura ( 1981 -- 1984 ) The Mysterious Cities of Gold ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Mrs. Pepper Pot ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Chikkun Takkun ( 1984 ) Persia, the Magic Fairy ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Star Musketeer Bismarck / Saber Rider and the Star Sheriffs ( 1984 -- 1985 / 1987 -- 1988 ) Magical Emi, the Magic Star ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Ninja Senshi Tobikage ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Pastel Yumi, the Magic Idol ( 1986 ) Anmitsu Hime : From Amakara Castle ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Ganbare, Kickers! ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Kimagure Orange Road ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Norakuro - kun ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Osomatsu - kun ( 1988 -- 1989 ) The Burning Wild Man ( 1988 ) Magical Hat ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Heisei Genius Bakabon ( 1990 ) Eight Factor ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Musashi, the Samurai Lord ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Clown Monkey Patch ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Tasuke, the Samurai Cop ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Chiisana Obake Acchi, Kocchi, Socchi ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Chokkaku, the Stubborn Samurai Boy ( 1991 ) Marude Dameo ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Cho Tsushin Boy Mao ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Yu Yu Hakusho ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Shima Shima Tora no Shimajirō ( 1993 -- 2008 ) Chō Kuse ni Narisō ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Tottemo! Luckyman ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Eight Factor ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Ninku ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Fushigi Yûgi ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Crush Cyborg ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Midori no Makibaō ( 1996 -- 1997 ) First Human Gon ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Baby & Me ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Victory Captain ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Hyper Police ( 1997 ) Clamp School Detectives ( 1997 ) Flame of Recca ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Takoyaki Mantoman ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Fancy Lala ( 1998 ) Neo Ranga ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Shogun Recuts ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Shaorin ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Dokkiri Doctor ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Yoiko ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Mio the Cashier ( 1999 ) Microman, The Little Giant ( 1999 ) Shogun Recuts ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Power Stone ( 1999 ) I 'm Gonna Be An Angel! ( 1999 ) Cho Omo Hatsumei Idol ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Great Teacher Onizuka ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Rerere no Tensai Bakabon ( 1999 -- 2000 ) OH! Super Milk Chan ( 2000 ) Gensomaden Saiyuki ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Ceres, Celestial Legend ( 2000 ) Super Legend Web ( 2000 ) Ghost Stories ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Super Gals! Kotobuki Ran ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Kaze no Yojimbo ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Hikaru no Go ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Kogepan ( 2001 ) Tokyo Underground ( 2002 ) Mythical Jigsaw ( 2002 ) Tokyo Mew Mew ( 2002 -- 2003 ) The Twelve Kingdoms ( 2002 -- 2003 ) PiNMeN ( 2002 ) Eight Factor ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Naruto ( 2002 -- 2007 ) E 's Otherwise ( 2003 ) Detective School Q ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Saiyuki ReLoad ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Hikaru no Go : New Year Special ( 2004 ) Saiyuki ReLoad GunLock ( 2004 ) Midori Days ( 2004 ) Gachi e Hohoemi ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Bleach ( 2004 -- 2012 ) Emma - A Victorian Romance ( 2005 ) Sugar Sugar Rune ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Naruto : Shippuden ( 2007 -- 2017 ) Blue Dragon ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Chess the Champion ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Blue Dragon : Trials of the Seven Shadows ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Hakken Taiken Daisuki! Shimajirō ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Hanasakeru Seishōnen ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Tegami Bachi ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Yumeiro Patissiere ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Shimajirō Hesoka ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Tegami Bachi Reverse ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Yumeiro Patissiere SP Professional ( 2010 ) Beelzebub ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Level E ( 2011 ) Naruto : Rock Lee & His Ninja Pals ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Shirokuma Cafe ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Kingdom ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Gaist Crusher ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Baby Steps ( 2014 -- 2015 ) The World Is Still Beautiful ( 2014 ) Sabagebu! ( 2014 ) Tokyo Ghoul ( 2014 ) Yona of the Dawn ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Tokyo Ghoul √ A ( 2015 ) Re-Kan! ( 2015 ) Mr. Osomatsu ( 2015 -- present ) Divine Gate ( 2016 ) Twin Star Exorcists ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Onigiri ( 2016 ) The Morose Mononokean ( 2016 ) Puzzle & Dragons X ( 2016 -- present ) Tsukiuta. THE ANIMATION ( 2016 ) Soul Buster ( 2016 ) ĒlDLIVE ( 2017 ) Boruto : Naruto Next Generations ( 2017 -- present ) Convenience Store Boy Friends ( 2017 ) Black Clover ( 2017 ) Dynamic Chord ( 2017 ) Sanrio Boys ( 2018 ) OVAs Dallos ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel : Eien no Once More ( 1984 ) Area 88 ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel : Lovely Serenade ( 1985 ) Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel : Long Goodbye ( 1985 ) Cosmo Police Justy ( 1985 ) Fire Tripper ( 1985 ) Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel Song Special 2 : Curtain Call ( 1986 ) Baribari Legend ( 1986 ) Maris the Chojo ( 1986 ) Magical Emi, the Magic Star : Finale! Finale! ( 1986 ) Magical Emi, the Magic Star : Semishigure ( 1986 ) Laughing Target ( 1987 ) Lily C.A.T. ( 1987 ) Persia, the Magic Fairy : Merry - go - Round ( 1987 ) Salamander ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Kimagure Orange Road ( 1989 -- 1991 ) The Burning Wild Man ( 1989 ) Gosenzo - sama Banbanzai! ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Baoh ( 1989 ) Shakotan Boogie ( 1991 -- 1992 ) The Abashiri Family ( 1991 ) Mermaid 's Forest ( 1991 ) Here Is Greenwood ( 1991 -- 1993 ) Eternal Filena ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Kyō Kara Ore Wa!! ( 1993 -- 1996 ) Eizo Hakusho ( 1994 ) Key the Metal Idol ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Eizo Hakusho II ( 1995 -- 1996 ) My Dear Marie ( 1996 ) Sonic the Hedgehog ( 1996 ) Fushigi Yûgi 1 ( 1996 ) Fushigi Yûgi 2 ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Eight Clouds Rising ( 1997 ) Harbor Light Story Fashion Lala Yori ( 1998 ) Tokimeki Memorial ( 1999 ) Microman vs. Gorgon ( 1999 ) Fushigi Yûgi Eikoden ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Gensomaden Saiyuki : Kibou no Zaika ( 2002 ) From I `` s ( 2002 -- 2003 ) I `` s Pure ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Saiyuki Reload : Burial ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Naisho no Tsubomi ( 2008 ) Tegami Bachi : Hikari to Ao no Gensou Yawa ( 2008 ) Tegami Bachi Academy ( 2010 ) Yumeiro Patissiere : Mune Kyun Tropical Island! ( 2010 ) Beelzebub ( 2010 ) Yona of the Dawn ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Tokyo Ghoul : JACK ( 2015 ) Tokyo Ghoul : PINTO ( 2015 ) Films Urusei Yatsura : Only You ( 1983 ) Urusei Yatsura 2 : Beautiful Dreamer ( 1984 ) Kimagure Orange Road : Shonen Jump Special ( 1985 ) Aitsu to Lullaby : Suiyobi no Cinderella ( 1987 ) Kimagure Orange Road : I Want to Return to That Day ( 1988 ) Osomatsu - kun : Suika no Hoshi Kara Konnichiwa zansu! ( 1989 ) Like the Clouds, Like the Wind ( 1990 ) MAROKO ( 1990 ) Yu Yu Hakusho : The Movie ( 1993 ) Yu Yu Hakusho the Movie : Poltergeist Report ( 1994 ) Ninku : Knife no Bohyō ( 1994 ) Ninku : The Movie ( 1995 ) Shin Kimagure Orange Road : Summer 's Beginning ( 1996 ) Hunter × Hunter - Jump Super Anime Tour 98 ( 1998 ) Gensomaden Saiyuki Requiem : A Requiem for The One Not Chosen ( 2001 ) Naruto the Movie : Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow ( 2004 ) Naruto the Movie : Legend of the Stone of Gelel ( 2005 ) Naruto the Movie : Guardians of the Crescent Moon Kingdom ( 2006 ) Bleach : Memories of Nobody ( 2006 ) Naruto Shippuden the Movie ( 2007 ) Bleach : The DiamondDust Rebellion ( 2007 ) Naruto Shippuden the Movie : Bonds ( 2008 ) Bleach : Fade to Black ( 2008 ) Naruto Shippuden the Movie : The Will of Fire ( 2009 ) Naruto Shippuden the Movie : The Lost Tower ( 2010 ) Bleach : Hell Verse ( 2010 ) Legend of the Millennium Dragon ( 2011 ) Naruto the Movie : Blood Prison ( 2011 ) Road to Ninja : Naruto the Movie ( 2012 ) The Last : Naruto the Movie ( 2014 ) Boruto : Naruto the Movie ( 2015 ) Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Yu_Yu_Hakusho_films&oldid=798770398 '' Categories : 1993 films Japanese - language films 1994 films YuYu Hakusho 1993 anime films Animated films based on manga Funimation Lists of anime films 1994 anime films Pierrot ( company ) Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017, at 18 : 45. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of Yu Yu Hakusho films", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Yu_Yu_Hakusho_films&oldid=798770398" }

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{ "text": "Eccrine sweat gland - wikipedia Eccrine sweat gland Jump to : navigation, search Eccrine sweat gland A sectional view of the skin ( magnified ), with eccrine glands highlighted. Details Precursor Ectoderm System Integumentary Nerve Cholinergic sympathetic nerves Identifiers Latin Glandula sudorifera merocrina ; Glandula sudorifera eccrina MeSH A10. 336.899. 480 TH H3. 12.00. 3.03009 FMA 59154 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Eccrine glands ( / ˈɛkrən /, / ˈɛˌkraɪn /, or / ˈɛˌkrin / ; from ekkrinein `` secrete '' ; sometimes called merocrine glands ) are the major sweat glands of the human body, found in virtually all skin, with the highest density in palms and soles, then on the head, but much less on the trunk and the extremities. In lower mammals, they are relatively sparse, being found mainly on hairless areas such as foot pads. They reach their peak of development in humans, where they may number 200 -- 400 / cm2 of skin surface. They produce a clear, odorless substance, consisting primarily of water. Eccrine glands are composed of an intraepidermal spiral duct, the `` acrosyringium '' ; a dermal duct, consisting of a straight and coiled portion ; and a secretory tubule, coiled deep in the dermis or hypodermis. The eccrine gland opens out through the sweat pore. The coiled portion is formed by two concentric layer of columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells. The epithelial cells are interposed by the myoepithelial cells. Myoepithelial cells support the secretory epithelial cells. The duct of eccrine gland is formed by two layers of cuboidal epithelial cells. Eccrine glands are active in thermoregulation by providing cooling from water evaporation of sweat secreted by the glands on the body surface and emotional induced sweating ( anxiety, fear, stress, and pain ). The white sediment in otherwise colorless eccrine secretions is caused by evaporation that increases the concentration of salts. The odour from sweat is due to bacterial activity on the secretions of the apocrine sweat glands, a distinctly different type of sweat gland found in human skin. Eccrine glands are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system, primarily by cholinergic fibers whose discharge is altered primarily by changes in deep body temperature ( core temperature ), but by adrenergic fibers as well. The glands on palms and soles do not respond to temperature but secrete at times of emotional stress. Secretion ( edit ) The secretion of eccrine glands is a sterile, dilute electrolyte solution with primary components of bicarbonate, potassium, and sodium chloride ( NaCl ), and other minor components such as glucose, pyruvate, lactate, cytokines, immunoglobulins, antimicrobial peptides ( e.g., dermcidin ), and many others. Relative to the plasma and extracellular fluid, the concentration of Na ions is much lower in sweat ( ~ 40 mM in sweat versus ~ 150 mM in plasma and extracellular fluid ). Initially, within the eccrine glands, sweat has a high concentration of Na ions. The Na ions are re-absorbed into the tissue via the epithelial sodium channels ( ENaC ) that are located on the apical membrane of the cells that form the eccrine gland ducts ( see Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 of the reference ). This re-uptake of Na ions reduces the loss of Na during the process of perspiration. Patients with the systemic pseudohypoaldosteronism syndrome who carry mutations in the ENaC subunit genes have salty sweat as they can not reabsorb the salt in sweat. In these patients, Na ion concentrations can greatly increase ( up to 180 mmol / L ). In people who have hyperhidrosis, the sweat glands ( eccrine glands in particular ) overreact to stimuli and are just generally overactive, producing more sweat than normal. Similarly, cystic fibrosis patients also produce salty sweat. But in these cases, the problem is in the CFTR chloride transporter that is also located on the apical membrane of eccrine gland ducts. Dermcidin is a newly isolated antimicrobial peptide produced by the eccrine sweat glands. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Neas, John F. `` Development of the Integumentary System ''. In Martini, Frederic H. ; Timmons, Michael J. ; Tallitsch, Bob. Embryology Atlas ( 4th ed. ). Benjamin Cumings. Retrieved 17 December 2012. Jump up ^ Krstic, Radivoj V. ( 18 March 2004 ). Human Microscopic Anatomy : An Atlas for Students of Medicine and Biology. Springer. p. 464. ISBN 9783540536666. Jump up ^ `` eccrine ''. The New Oxford American Dictionary ( 2 ed. ). 2005. ISBN 9780195170771. Jump up ^ James, William ; Berger, Timothy ; Elston, Dirk ( 2005 ). Andrews ' Diseases of the Skin : Clinical Dermatology ( 10th ed. ). Saunders. pp. 6 -- 7. ISBN 0 - 7216 - 2921 - 0. ^ Jump up to : Bolognia, J., Jorizzo, J., & Schaffer, J. ( 2012 ). Dermatology ( 3rd ed., pp. 539 - 544 ). ( Philadelphia ) : Elsevier Saunders. ^ Jump up to : Wilke, K. ; Martin, A. ; Terstegen, L. ; Biel, S.S. ( June 2007 ). `` A short history of sweat gland biology '' ( pdf ). International Journal of Cosmetic Science. 29 ( 3 ) : 169 -- 179. ISSN 1468 - 2494. PMID 18489347. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 2494.2007. 00387. x. Jump up ^ Cui, Chang - Yi ; Schlessinger, David ( 2015 ). `` Eccrine sweat gland development and sweat secretion ''. Experimental Dermatology. 24 ( 9 ) : 644 -- 650. ISSN 0906 - 6705. doi : 10.1111 / exd. 12773. ^ Jump up to : Hanukoglu I, Boggula VR, Vaknine H, Sharma S, Kleyman T, Hanukoglu A ( January 2017 ). `` Expression of epithelial sodium channel ( ENaC ) and CFTR in the human epidermis and epidermal appendages ''. Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 147 ( 6 ) : 733 -- 748. PMID 28130590. doi : 10.1007 / s00418 - 016 - 1535 - 3. Jump up ^ Sokolov, VE ; Shabadash, SA ; Zelikina, TI ( 1980 ). `` Innervation of eccrine sweat glands ''. Biology Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 7 ( 5 ) : 331 -- 46. PMID 7317512. ^ Jump up to : Hanukoglu A ( Nov 1991 ). `` Type I pseudohypoaldosteronism includes two clinically and genetically distinct entities with either renal or multiple target organ defects ''. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 73 ( 5 ) : 936 -- 44. PMID 1939532. doi : 10.1210 / jcem - 73 - 5 - 936. Jump up ^ Hanukoglu I, Hanukoglu A ( Jan 2016 ). `` Epithelial sodium channel ( ENaC ) family : Phylogeny, structure - function, tissue distribution, and associated inherited diseases. ''. Gene. 579 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 132. PMC 4756657. PMID 26772908. doi : 10.1016 / j. gene. 2015.12. 061. Jump up ^ Edelheit, Oded ; Hanukoglu, Israel ; Shriki, Yafit ; Tfilin, Matanel ; Dascal, Nathan ; Gillis, David ; Hanukoglu, Aaron ( 2010 ). `` Truncated beta epithelial sodium channel ( ENaC ) subunits responsible for multi-system pseudohypoaldosteronism ( PHA ) support partial activity of ENaC ''. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 119 ( 1 - 2 ) : 84 -- 88. PMID 20064610. doi : 10.1016 / j. jsbmb. 2010.01. 002. Jump up ^ Niyonsaba, F ; Suzuki, A ; Ushio, H ; Nagaoka, I ; Ogawa, H ; Okumura, K ( 2009 ). `` The human antimicrobial peptide dermcidin activates normal human keratinocytes ''. The British journal of dermatology. 160 ( 2 ) : 243 -- 9. PMID 19014393. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2133.2008. 08925. x. External links ( edit ) Skin and related structures Skin Epidermis Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Basal keratinocyte Lamina lucida Lamina densa Dermis Papillary Dermal papillae Reticular Subcutaneous tissue Panniculus / Pannus ( Panniculus adiposus Panniculus carnosus ) Membranous layer Loose connective tissue Superficial fascia Adnexa Skin glands Sweat glands : Apocrine sweat gland Eccrine sweat gland Sebaceous Hair Root sheath Outer root sheath Inner root sheath Henle 's layer Huxley 's layer Hair shaft Cuticle Cortex Medulla Bulb with matrix cells Hair follicle Muscle Arrector pili muscle Pilosebaceous unit Hair sebaceous gland Nail Nail matrix Nail plate Lunula Eponychium Paronychium Hyponychium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eccrine_sweat_gland&oldid=785965614 '' Categories : Skin anatomy Talk About Wikipedia Català Italiano 日本 語 Polski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2017, at 13 : 27. About Wikipedia", "title": "Eccrine sweat gland", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Eccrine_sweat_gland&oldid=785965614" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "TH H3. 12.00. 3.03009 FMA 59154 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Eccrine glands ( / ˈɛkrən /, / ˈɛˌkraɪn /, or / ˈɛˌkrin / ; from ekkrinein `` secrete '' ; sometimes called merocrine glands ) are the major sweat glands of the human body, found in virtually all skin, with the highest density in palms and soles, then on the head, but much less on the trunk and the extremities. In lower mammals, they are relatively sparse, being found mainly on hairless areas such as foot pads. They reach their peak of development in humans, where they may number 200 -- 400 / cm2 of skin surface. They produce a clear, odorless substance, consisting primarily of water. Eccrine glands are composed of an intraepidermal spiral duct, the `` acrosyringium '' ; a dermal duct, consisting of a straight and coiled portion ; and a secretory tubule, coiled deep in the dermis or hypodermis. The eccrine gland opens out through the sweat pore. The coiled portion is formed by two concentric layer of columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells. The epithelial cells are interposed by the myoepithelial cells. Myoepithelial cells support the secretory epithelial cells. The duct of eccrine gland is formed by two layers of cuboidal epithelial cells. Eccrine glands are active in thermoregulation by providing cooling from water" ], "id": [ "5653450400085857333" ], "short_answers": [ "may number 200–400/cm² of skin surface" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "And you thought there is Never a girl online? - Wikipedia And you thought there is Never a girl online? And You Thought There Is Never a Girl Online? First light novel volume cover featuring the character Ako Tamaki ネトゲ の 嫁 は 女の子 じゃ ない と 思っ た? ( Netoge no Yome wa Onna no Ko Janai to Omotta? ) Genre Comedy, Romance Light novel Written by Shibai Kineko Illustrated by Hisasi Published by ASCII Media Works Demographic Male Imprint Dengeki Bunko Original run July 2013 -- present Volumes 15 ( List of volumes ) Manga Written by Shibai Kineko Illustrated by Kazui Ishigami Published by ASCII Media Works Demographic Seinen Magazine Dengeki G 's Comic Original run August 30, 2014 -- present Volumes 4 ( List of volumes ) Anime television series Directed by Shinsuke Yanagi Produced by Kei Fukura Takao Kiyose Written by Tatsuya Takahashi Music by Maiko Iuchi Studio Project No. 9 Licensed by Madman Entertainment Funimation MVM Entertainment Original network AT - X, Tokyo MX, BS11, SUN Original run April 7, 2016 -- June 23, 2016 Episodes 12 ( List of episodes ) Anime and Manga portal And You Thought There Is Never a Girl Online? ( Japanese : ネトゲ の 嫁 は 女の子 じゃ ない と 思っ た?, Hepburn : Netoge no Yome wa Onna no Ko Janai to Omotta?, lit. `` You Thought Your Online Game Wife Was n't A Girl? '' ) is a Japanese light novel series, written by Shibai Kineko and illustrated by Hisasi. ASCII Media Works have published nine volumes since 2013 under their Dengeki Bunko imprint. A manga adaptation with art by Kazui Ishigami began serialization in ASCII Media Works ' seinen manga magazine Dengeki G 's Comic from August 30, 2014, and has been collected in two tankōbon volumes. An anime television series adaptation by Project No. 9 aired from April 7, 2016 to June 23, 2016. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Media 3.1 Light novel 3.2 Manga 3.3 Anime 3.3. 1 Episode list 4 Works cited 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Teenager Hideki Nishimura plays a massively multiplayer online role - playing game called Legendary Age ( LA ), but one day he proposes online to a girl who tells him she is really a man, so he swears off online marriages. Two years later, he has been involved with a guild and eventually accepts an in - game marriage offer from his persistent guildmate, Ako. When the guild has their first - ever real - life meeting, Hideki is shocked to discover that his teammates are not only all girl gamers, but they also attend his school. The story follows their adventures as they form a school club to play the game while Hideki tries to help Ako, who is infatuated with Hideki as his game character, try to separate fantasy from reality. Characters ( edit ) Hideki Nishimura ( 西村 英 騎, Nishimura Hideki ) Voiced by : Toshiyuki Toyonaga ( Japanese ) ; Dallas Reid ( English ) The viewpoint character of the light novels, Hideki is a first - year high school student who plays Legendary Age ( LA ), under the name Rusian ( ルシアン, Rushian ), a male knight. He distrusts girls online after having been rejected by a girl who told him that she was actually a guy in real life. Outside of LA, he is an otaku. Ako Tamaki ( 玉置 亜子, Tamaki Ako ) Voiced by : Rina Hidaka ( Japanese ) ; Trina Nishimura ( English ) The cover girl of the series, Ako is Hideki 's schoolmate who goes by the game name Ako ( アコ ), a female cleric, in LA. She is Hideki 's in - game wife as a result of her repeated in - game proposals to him and his reluctant acceptance. In real life, she attends the same school as Hideki, but is often absent due to her heavy addiction to the online game. She is shy and a loner at school, but is extremely happy to meet Rusian in real life. She has a hard time distinguishing between the gaming world and reality, casually calling her guild mates by their character names at school, and going into psychotic trances in reactions to non-gaming `` normies '', saying that they should die. Akane Segawa ( 瀬川 茜, Segawa Akane ) Voiced by : Inori Minase ( Japanese ) ; Jad Saxton ( English ) A petite twin - tailed blonde classmate, she despises otakus and scolds Hideki whenever he acts like one or tries to interact with her. However, she is actually a gamer herself under the moniker Schwein ( シュ ヴァイン, Shuvain ), a male knight ( sword dancer ). Her character name is German for pig, which she did not know until Kyo informs her offline, much to her chagrin. Although she is popular at school, she has turned down many boys so she can have more gaming time. Kyō Goshoin ( 御 聖 院 杏, Goshōin Kyō ) Voiced by : M A O ( Japanese ) ; Mallorie Rodak ( English ) The student council president at Hideki 's school and the leader of the Alley Cats guild in LA. She has long dark hair and goes under the character name Apricot ( アプリコット, Apurikotto ), a male mage at the beginning of the series. Her guild mates call her Master. She comes from a wealthy family ; her father is on the school board, and her family has several companies. She often uses in - game purchases to boost her game attributes, but does not depend on her family 's money but on her personal investments to fund it. Outside of the guild, she does not have any friends as her family does not give her much chance to socialize. She sponsors the creation of the school 's game club. Nanako Akiyama ( 秋山 奈々子, Akiyama Nanako ) Voiced by : Hitomi Ōwada ( Japanese ) ; Tia Ballard ( English ) Akane 's friend who discovers she plays online games, and agrees to keep it a secret. Shortly afterwards, she begins playing LA under the character name Sette ( セッテ ), who is a summoner. She has pink hair in the anime. Yui Saito ( 斉藤 結衣, Saitō Yui ) Voiced by : Yoshino Nanjō ( Japanese ) ; Monica Rial ( English ) Hideki 's teacher who watches over him and the girls, and becomes their club 's advisor. She gives him advice on how to interact with girls and balance his gaming life. It is later revealed that she was the LA player Nekohime ( 猫 姫 ), a catgirl who rejected Hideki 's in - game proposal two years prior, stating that she was actually a guy. She has a large fan following in LA. Media ( edit ) The first light novel volume was published on July 10, 2013 by ASCII Media Works under their Dengeki Bunko imprint. As of February 2017, thirteen volumes have been published. Light novel ( edit ) No. Japanese release date Japanese ISBN July 10, 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 891799 - 5 October 10, 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 866030 - 3 February 8, 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 866332 - 8 May 10, 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 866572 - 8 5 August 9, 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 866780 - 7 6 December 10, 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 869090 - 4 7 April 10, 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 865065 - 6 8 August 8, 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 865340 - 4 9 December 10, 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 865587 - 3 10 April 9, 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 865914 - 7 11 June 10, 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 865956 - 7 12 October 8, 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 892452 - 8 13 February 10, 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 892664 - 5 Manga ( edit ) No. Japanese release date Japanese ISBN March 10, 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 869365 - 3 October 10, 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 865470 - 8 April 9, 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 865918 - 5 June 10, 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 865919 - 2 Anime ( edit ) An anime television series adaptation by Project No. 9 ran from April 7 to June 23, 2016 on AT - X. The opening theme is `` 1st Love Story '' by Luce Twinke Wink ☆, and the ending theme is `` Zero Ichi Kiseki '' ( ゼロイチ キセキ, lit. `` Zero One Miracle '' ) by Yoshino Nanjō. Universal Pictures originally announced that they would release the series in the UK, however, it was later revealed that MVM Entertainment would release the series within the region. Episode list ( edit ) No. Official English title Original Japanese title Original air date `` And you thought there is never a girl online? '' `` Netoge no Yome wa Onnanoko Janai to Omotta? '' ( ネトゲ の 嫁 は 女の子 じゃ ない と 思っ た? ) April 7, 2016 In the MMORPG Legendary Age, Hideki Nishimura ( in - game name Rusian ) receives a marriage proposal from his guild mate Ako who has been persistently asking him. Along with players Schwein and Apricot, they are members of the Alley Cats guild. In the real world, Hideki is a high school student who openly expresses otaku behavior amongst his friends, leading to regular disapproval by classmate Akane Segawa. In game, Rusian ultimately accepts Ako 's proposal, and reveals to his guild mates that his hesitation stemmed from his previously proposing to a female character named Nekohime, only for the latter to turn him down and confess to be a cross-player ( a guy playing a girl ). Apricot organizes a real life meeting of the guild members. While Hideki is shocked that Ako is actually a real girl named Ako Tamaki, even more surprising are Apricot and Schwein 's real identities, which are student council president Kyo Goshoin and Akane respectively. The members formally introduce their real life selves and share their common dislike for `` normies '' ( non-gamers ), Hideki is still in disbelief at Ako 's true beauty in contrast to her 2D appearance. `` I thought we could n't play net games at school? '' `` Gakkō ja Netoge wa Dekinai to Omotta? '' ( 学校 じゃ ネトゲ は できない と 思っ た? ) April 14, 2016 Hideki apologizes for assuming his guild mates were all guys, and they all look forward to seeing each other at school, although Akane and Hideki agree to keep their real life apart from their game life and interact like they usually do at school. On LA, Hideki begins to picture Schwein and Apricot as their real - life girl counterparts. The next day, Ako visits but casually calls Hideki Rusian and declares that she is his wife, catching the other students ' attention. Hideki and Akane pull Ako aside and try several ways to explain that their school life and game life are supposed to be separate, but Ako perceives this as their not wanting to be her friend. Kyo organizes a Net Game club and recruits Hideki, Akane, and Ako. The club 's purpose is to enable Ako to play with her guild mates under the same building to demonstrate the coexistence of her real and gaming friends. Later that day, Rusian surprisingly meets Nekohime in the game. `` I thought net games and reality were different? '' `` Netoge to Riaru wa Chigau to Omotta? '' ( ネトゲ と リアル は 違う と 思っ た? ) April 21, 2016 Homeroom teacher Saito tells Hideki that Ako has been attending school more and opening up a little thanks to him, and tasks him to watch over her. As the Net Game Club finishes another gaming session, Akane dotes on how the club 's activities have blurred the distinction between fantasy and reality for Ako even more. The club has a limited time to find a faculty advisor or be disbanded. After Rusian consults Nekohime for advice, Hideki tries his luck to reassure Ako of the distinction, only to later have an overly jealous Ako stalk Rusian in the game talking to Nekohime. Ako stops going to school again, but later appears at the guild hub telling players that she is going to have an offline meeting with an unknown stranger. Akane and Kyo confront Hideki to try and stop Ako as Hideki admits that spending time with the real Ako has made him develop feelings for her outside the game. Hideki runs to the contact place to persuade Ako to not meet the person but then Saito shows up. Hideki discovers Saito is actually Nekohime. Kyo recruits Saito to be the club 's new advisor. `` I thought her secret was n't going to get out? '' `` Ano Ko no Himitsu ga Barenai to Omotta? '' ( あの 子 の 秘密 が バレ ない と 思っ た? ) April 28, 2016 As Hideki notices Ako 's usual behavior getting worse and the club members sympathizing with her, Ms. Saito proposes to shut down the club and to quit gaming for the remaining school term, to which Kyo threatens her again with her Nekohime accent. Shortly after under Kyo 's persuasion, the players try their luck with Legendary Age 's mystery box feature, to which Ako 's pulls yield underwhelming luck. After Hideki cheers her up with popsicles, Ako is in distress the following day as rumors about her and Hideki 's relationship begin to surface and starts becoming a center of attention to other girls. As Hideki seeks advice from his fellow players about it, Akane 's friend Nanako Akiyama walks inside the club room, and Akane becomes shaken as Nanako questions her about the club and why she 's there. Frantically covering up for herself, Akane is left in despair after shoving her friend out the door. Meanwhile in the game, as they are waiting for Schwein and Master, Rusian and Ako explore the sights and briefly crosses paths with Nekohime and her crazy fanatic guild. After saving a newbie player named Sette, she learns the basics of the game from Rusian while triggering Ako 's jealousy. As Akane is in high spirits the next day for having Nanako keep her gaming secret, Alley Cats prepares for another quest as Sette finds Rusian and runs into his guild. 5 `` I thought reincarnating would give me my big chance? '' `` Tensei Sureba Wanchan Aru to Omotta? '' ( 転生 すれ ば ワン チャン ある と 思っ た? ) May 5, 2016 As Rusian explains to the guild that Sette is a fresh player, Schwein offers to teach her, to which she playfully declines. The next day, as Ako suggests that the club should play a different game, Kyo 's searches result in them playing the FPS game Ultra Force, using Ako 's hatred of normies to snipe targets with exceptional skill. After an all - night Ultra Force gaming session, a sleep - deprived Hideki finds Ako exhibiting behavior similar to the game, while Nanako questions them on their whereabouts within Legendary Age. Hideki and the others soon realize her identity as Sette within the game, and while a dazed Akane rocks back and forth, a frustrated Ako storms off after Nanako clarifies her in - game marriage as her perception of a way to take Hideki away from her. After no signs of communication with Ako in the real world, Hideki decides to talk to Ako in the game, revealing her intention of maxing out her level and reincarnating as a different character. Completely devoted to playing Legendary Age, Ako has blocked the in - game chat as well, leaving Hideki to bring back Ako on his own. Deciding to confront Ako at her house, Ako 's mom gives Hideki the key to her room, where he helps her to max out her character. Staying at her house overnight, Rusian and Ako confront their fellow players in the morning with Hideki intending to drop out of school like Ako, and while Ako goes against it, he states that the players will miss her as much as they do him. Knowing how she really feels and empathizing with her struggle with reality, Hideki convinces Ako to come back to school again, standing by her side all the way. 6 `` I thought if I declared my love, I was sure to succeed '' `` Kokuhaku Shitara Seikō Kakutei Da to Omotta? '' ( 告白 したら 成功 確定 だ と 思っ た? ) May 12, 2016 As Rusian shares a story about Yuyun, a crossplay - marrying player he met during his solo playing days, he struggles to get his feelings of affection across to Ako outside the game. As Nanako tries to help Ako adjust to real - life conventions, the group helps Sette with a job promotion quest, and is now a Summoner able to call upon pets as supporting party members. Despite the easygoing attitude of the group, Nanako mentions the final exams coming up, leading Kyo to announce a temporary suspension of club activities until exams are over. When Hideki questions Ako about her previous test scores which are all below passing, Hideki and the other guild members pull through to help her study within the game, to which everyone passes, including Ako. While an exhausted Ako logs off to rest, Rusian has an honest conversation with Schwein and Master about how to confess to Ako, to which none of them have any real love experience to say much. Nevertheless, they still think of ways for Hideki to confess, and as Hideki and Ako have an afternoon stroll while talking about the upcoming training camp, they have a stop at the park, where their methods are revealed as extremely vague and lackluster. Despite this, Hideki gathers his courage and asks Ako to be his girlfriend, and much to his shock, she declines the proposal. After Kyo and Akane do a comical dance to console Hideki, Akane calls up Ako revealing that her in - game wife mentality was the reason for her decline. 7 `` I thought if I went to the beach, I would become a normie? '' `` Umi ni Ittara Riajū ni Nareru to Omotta? '' ( 海 に 行っ たら リア 充 に なれる と 思っ た? ) May 19, 2016 Alley Cats summer vacation training camp has finally started and Kyo has a few surprises to help Ako better understand the real world whilst helping connect her and Hideki 's relationship. After enjoying Kyo 's private beach and villa for a couple hours, Ms. Saito gets angered that the group is n't using the most of their `` youth '' and demands they all hangout together for the rest of the day. Night falls and Kyo sets up a special line of fireworks where Hideki then pronounces his love to Ako on the villa steps, but even with Ako accepting and pronouncing hers, she still sees their relationship as husband and wife. To no avail, Kyo sees the vacation as a failure and thus sets up another at Hotel Flores, a hotel that is collaborating with Legendary Age. The group then spends most the day going on `` code quests '' that give the player items when they purchase stuff from different areas in the hotel. Around midday Hideki returns to his hotel room and starts up Legendary Age with Ako where she then invites Hideki ( Rusian ) to her room via the game. As Hideki randomly logs out and logs back in, Ako suggests that they should engage in couples chat, yet something does n't seem right about the newly logged in Rusian. 8 `` I thought I was giving up being a net game husband? '' `` Netoge no dan'na o Akirameru to Omotta? '' ( ネトゲ の 旦那 を 諦める と 思っ た? ) May 26, 2016 Hideki suddenly becomes logged out of his Legendary Age account, and after failing to log back in multiple times, realizes a hacker has taken over his account and is chatting with Ako. Rushing to her room to warn Ako of the impostor posing as Rusian, Hideki takes a look at their couples chat box in which the hacked Rusian made very sexually aggressive advances on her, much to Ako 's horror. As she apologizes for briefly mistaking the hacked Rusian for the real one, Kyo and the others drop by to assess the damage done to Hideki 's account. Despite regaining access to his account, his character Rusian has been terminated, and while Ako grieves over his disappearance, the group resolves to do what they can to help. While Akane and Kyo scour the game 's shops and auction houses for Rusian 's sold items, Hideki consults the guild leader Black Magician under a backup character named Peroshiki to help him find his items, to which he agrees to. As Nekohime drums up help from her guild mates, Master and Peroshiki come across a merchant under the name Rontan selling some of Rusian 's items at ridiculously high prices. Taking note of Rontan as a prime suspect, members of Nekohime 's Elite Guard manage to recover Rusian 's wedding ring as a monster drop item, much to Ako 's delight. As Hideki and Kyo have a talk at school about how fragile Ako 's ties to Hideki are, Kyo assures him that the tone of the chat box brought Ako back to her senses, reinvigorating Hideki. At the guild hub, the Black Magician sends the Alley Cats a URL of a hacking blog under Lon, an experienced hacker and RMTer ( Real Money Trader ), who recently bragged about Hideki 's account hack. Hatching a sinister plot to catch the hacker, the group ( excluding Ako ) go through hours of unknown activity over the computer. Coming to Hideki 's house to check on him, Ako realizes the deletion of Rusian has also annulled their marriage, much to her shock. Putting his plan into motion, Hideki makes an RMT with the hacker who is under the name Shoko, which catches the attention of admin Game Master Nyack. Also accused of hacking Rontan and several other characters, Shoko confronts Peroshiki who gave away his IP address on the trading board Hideki and the others made three days ago, working nonstop to authenticate several years worth of posts. While Peroshiki faces a three - day suspension for an attempted RMT, GM Nyack restores Rusian 's character, and he and Ako soon reinstate their marriage. 9 `` I thought if we stayed over, we would get along better? '' `` Otomari shitara Nakayoku nareru to Omotta? '' ( お 泊まり したら 仲良く なれる と 思っ た? ) June 2, 2016 It 's an all - girls slumber party at Kyo 's extravagant mansion as they gather to finish their summer break homework, especially Ako who has n't made any progress with it. Cut off from contact with Hideki as well, the other girls take this as an opportunity for Ako to socialize without having him there, much to her chagrin. As the girls are led by a maid into Kyo 's room, Ako struggles to stay focused and gets up for a bathroom trip. Distrusted by the others into believing she 'll run away, Nanako walks with her, and the pair soon become caught up exploring the mansion due to Ako 's curiosity. Stumbling upon a study with a hidden room behind the bookshelf, they become chased by the maid after discovering a secret book chronicling Kyo 's `` growth '' and the lost pair calls out to the others from the courtyard. While they decide to carry out the remainder of their work from there, Ako 's minimal progress draws the attention of a frustrated Akane. After going through dinner and bath time, Nanako asks Ako about Hideki 's preferences in girls, to which not even she does n't know. With cellphone in hand, Ako prepares to contact him as the others realize the troubling situation, where her video chat will leave the girls in full view of their naked bodies. While Ako leads the girls on a chase, Nanako manages to calm the dilemma as Ako throws her the cellphone only for her to turn it off. As the girls get settled in a single bed, Nanako also questions Ako about the views of her wife mentality, where she gives a scenario in how husbands and wives in the game and in real life have certain bonuses. Perceiving Ako as unfaithful, the girls quickly log into Legendary Age to confront Rusian about his views on Ako 's mentality. 10 `` I thought we would do our best at the culture festival? '' `` Bunkasai nara Ganbaru to Omotta? '' ( 文化 祭 なら 頑張る と 思っ た? ) June 9, 2016 Nearing the end of summer vacation, Rusian tells Ako another story about a burdened healer he met during solo play, hoping that Ako will see their marriage from a more realistic standpoint. Back at school again, Akane drags Hideki into the halls, lamenting on her sullied reputation as a normal high schooler. Finding no trace of Ako yet, Hideki calls her only to realize that she has been completely oblivious of her first day at school, expecting the group to be playing the game. As the group meets in the club room once again, they are confronted by Ms. Saito in regards to the upcoming culture festival, to which they must present their club contributions to the other students. Taking advantage of Legendary Age 's recent Siege Warfare update, a PvP battle among other guilds held once every week, Kyo suggests that their guild should participate in representing Maegasaki High, as victors will have a banner hoisted on top of their castle for the week in commemoration. After some rounds of practice sparring, Kyo finds herself in a bit of trouble after realizing Apricot 's mage role is not suited for PvP. Participating in the next siege battle against a guild known as the Cleaning Crew, Alley Cats witnesses another guild storming in only to be demolished in under ten seconds, much to their surprise. After being party wiped twice for their first attempt and an altercation between another guild, Master gets into even more trouble after realizing the prohibited use of premium items in Siege Warfare. Witnessing Nekohime 's Elite Guard siege the castle only to lose it moments later, the Alley Cats group mocks Nekohime, much to her chagrin. While Ako gets into some trouble at school after being put in charge of her class ' maid cafe, Master enlists some reinforcements in the game in the form of mercenary guild Wallenstein. 11 `` I thought we could win by delegating to others? '' `` Taninmakase de Kateru to Omotta? '' ( 他人 任せ で 勝てる と 思っ た? ) June 16, 2016 Master and Wallenstein 's leader Bats make a formal alliance to help Alley Cats win their siege battle. Evaluating the guild members one by one, Bats gives Alley Cats a vague strategy rundown assuring that his guild can handle the dirty work, with Akane and Nanako capitalizing on his pretentious attitude. Arriving at Fort Cantor with defending guild Emperor Sword on guard, Bats instructs Ako and Sette to run across opposite sides of the castle, spreading out their stationary guards. As Rusian and Schwein charge the defending line, Alley Cats soon witness Wallenstein 's true power as they eliminate the entire defending party with little effort, instructing the others to take cover. Once the carnage begins to clear, Ako and Sette runs inside and regroups with the others, where Fort Cantor becomes captured in the name of Alley Cats. While Wallenstein takes their leave, the group feels unsatisfied with their easy victory feeling somewhat unaccomplished. However, once their moment of reprieve is up, Bats instantly dissolves the alliance and stages a takeover on the castle, single - handedly killing every guild member except for a grief - stricken Ako. While real world Ako procures maid outfits from Kyo 's maids for her class ' maid cafe, more problems arise as she neglects shift duties and serving manuals a week before the cultural festival, to which Hideki helps her classmates become notified. On the matter of taking revenge on Wallenstein, Hideki forms alliances with Nekohime 's Elite Guard as well as the Dark Magician 's guild TMW. With only one more siege battle before the culture festival, will their combined efforts be enough to take down Wallenstein? 12 `` My net game wife is a girl online '' `` Netoge no yome wa on'nanoko nandesu yo! '' ( ネトゲ の 嫁 は 女の子 なん です よ! ) June 23, 2016 With only one chance to take back Fort Cantor from Wallenstein, Kyo explains her plan to the others of taking and defending the castle until time runs out. Rallying the alliance party composed of members from Nekohime 's Elite Guard, Yuyun witnesses the guild Emperor Sword retake Fort Cantor as the alliance party Alley Cat Princess Elite Guard makes their move. Destroying the front gate using the gi, Sette provides a distraction to the first wave of defending guards by taking advantage of the chat window, allowing Schwein to kill them in one fell swoop. Exploiting the opening, the alliance makes quick work of the remaining members before arriving inside and placing the Alley Cats siege crystal. Tasked with defending the castle for 20 minutes, the alliance demolishes Emperor Sword 's invading army using a well - executed Meteor spell performed by Master. With 10 minutes remaining, Wallenstein makes their return, quickly eliminating Kyo 's stationary line and Rusian 's secondary defense. Arriving in the courtyard, Schwein 's forces are shot down by their archer, until Schwein teleports in with her finishing move and kills her. Arriving inside the castle, the surprises keep coming as Sette gets herself killed to disable Wallenstein 's abilities, and additional forces from Nekohime 's guild conduct an ambush on the remaining members, killing their mage and healer. As Rusian stalls out Wallenstein 's knight, Bats arrives to Master, the lone defender of the crystal. Despite being the only thing standing in his way, Bats becomes increasingly irritated as his attacks have no effect on her. Calling upon his knight to inflict Master with a stun skill, Ako takes the stun as Bats slices her down. With Rusian stalling the knight and Master still immune to Bats ' attacks, the group manages to hold out until Alley Cats is declared the lords of Fort Cantor. Using a Drop of Yggdrasil per hit to nullify all of her damage, Master tells Bats that despite the huge monetary loss, doing it for the sake of her friends is what made it worthwhile. Admitting defeat and giving respects to Alley Cats, Wallenstein gallantly takes their leave. At the culture festival, the Net Game Club shows off their screenshot of their most recent victory, and Ako 's maid cafe becomes a big success. During cleanup, Hideki promises Ako an in - game reward for staying strong during the culture festival, and while mere moments away from kissing each other, the rest of group comes in to talk about Legendary Age 's Player Housing update. While Hideki tries to clear up the misunderstanding, Ako exclaims her in - game reward is similar to a real life one, to which Hideki shouts that the game and reality are separate, much to her frustration. Works cited ( edit ) ^ `` LN '' is shortened form for `` light novel '' and refers to a volume of the And You Thought There Is Never a Girl Online? light novels. ^ `` Ch. '' is shortened form for `` Chapter '' and refers to a chapter number of the And You Thought There Is Never a Girl Online? manga. ^ `` Ep. '' is shortened form for `` Episode '' and refers to an episode number of the And You Thought There Is Never a Girl Online? anime. Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the first few episodes, Akane 's in - game character Schwein is voiced by Masaya Matsukaze in the Japanese dub, and by Josh Grelle in the English dub. Jump up ^ In the first few episodes, Kyo 's in - game character Apricot is voiced by Wataru Hatano in the Japanese dub, and by J. Michael Tatum in the English dub. Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Netoge no Yome wa Onna no Ko ja nai to Omotta? TV Anime 's Cast Revealed ''. Anime News Network. August 21, 2015. Retrieved August 21, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Moore, Lauren ( May 13, 2016 ). `` Broadcast Dub Cast Announcement : And you thought there is never a girl online? ''. Funimation. Retrieved May 13, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Character -- Hideki Nishimura ''. Netoge no Yome official anime website ( in Japanese ). Retrieved August 9, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Character -- Ako Tamaki ''. Netoge no Yome official anime website ( in Japanese ). Retrieved August 9, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Character -- Akane Segawa ''. Netoge no Yome official anime website ( in Japanese ). Retrieved August 9, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Character -- Kyoh Goshoin ''. Netoge no Yome official anime website ( in Japanese ). Retrieved August 9, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Funimation Previews ' And you thought there is never a girl online? ' Anime 's Broadcast Dub ''. animenewsnetwork.com. Retrieved August 9, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Character -- Nanako Akiyama ''. Netoge no Yome official anime website ( in Japanese ). Retrieved August 9, 2016. Jump up ^ Martin, Theron ( May 19, 2016 ). `` And you thought there is never a girl online? ‒ Episode 7 ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved August 10, 2016. Jad Saxton is a perfect fit as Akane, Trina Nishimura hits the right marks as Ako, and who else could be Nekohime but Monica Rial? Jump up ^ `` Character -- Yui Saito ''. Netoge no Yome official anime website ( in Japanese ). Retrieved August 9, 2016. Jump up ^ ネトゲ の 嫁 は 女の子 じゃ ない と 思っ た? ( in Japanese ). Dengeki Bunko. Retrieved March 25, 2016. Jump up ^ ネトゲ の 嫁 は 女の子 じゃ ない と 思っ た? Lv. 2 ( in Japanese ). Dengeki Bunko. Retrieved March 25, 2016. Jump up ^ ネトゲ の 嫁 は 女の子 じゃ ない と 思っ た? Lv. 3 ( in Japanese ). Dengeki Bunko. Retrieved March 25, 2016. Jump up ^ ネトゲ の 嫁 は 女の子 じゃ ない と 思っ た? Lv. 4 ( in Japanese ). Dengeki Bunko. Retrieved March 25, 2016. Jump up ^ ネトゲ の 嫁 は 女の子 じゃ ない と 思っ た? Lv. 5 ( in Japanese ). Dengeki Bunko. Retrieved March 25, 2016. Jump up ^ ネトゲ の 嫁 は 女の子 じゃ ない と 思っ た? Lv. 6 ( in Japanese ). Dengeki Bunko. Retrieved March 25, 2016. Jump up ^ ネトゲ の 嫁 は 女の子 じゃ ない と 思っ た? Lv. 7 ( in Japanese ). Dengeki Bunko. Retrieved March 25, 2016. Jump up ^ ネトゲ の 嫁 は 女の子 じゃ ない と 思っ た? Lv. 8 ( in Japanese ). Dengeki Bunko. Retrieved March 25, 2016. Jump up ^ ネトゲ の 嫁 は 女の子 じゃ ない と 思っ た? Lv. 9 ( in Japanese ). Dengeki Bunko. Retrieved March 25, 2016. Jump up ^ ネトゲ の 嫁 は 女の子 じゃ ない と 思っ た? Lv. 10 ( in Japanese ). Dengeki Bunko. Retrieved March 25, 2016. Jump up ^ ネトゲ の 嫁 は 女の子 じゃ ない と 思っ た? Lv. 11 ( in Japanese ). Dengeki Bunko. Retrieved August 9, 2016. Jump up ^ ネトゲ の 嫁 は 女の子 じゃ ない と 思っ た? Lv. 12 ( in Japanese ). Dengeki Bunko. Retrieved August 9, 2016. Jump up ^ ネトゲ の 嫁 は 女の子 じゃ ない と 思っ た? Lv. 13 ( in Japanese ). Dengeki Bunko. Retrieved March 24, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ネトゲ の 嫁 は 女の子 じゃ ない と 思っ た? Lv. 1 電撃 文庫 公式 サイト ''. dengekibunko.jp. Retrieved August 10, 2016. Jump up ^ `` ネトゲ の 嫁 は 女の子 じゃ ない と 思っ た? Lv. 2 電撃 文庫 公式 サイト ''. dengekibunko.jp. Retrieved August 10, 2016. Jump up ^ `` ネトゲ の 嫁 は 女の子 じゃ ない と 思っ た? Lv. 3 電撃 文庫 公式 サイト ''. dengekibunko.jp. Retrieved August 10, 2016. Jump up ^ `` ネトゲ の 嫁 は 女の子 じゃ ない と 思っ た? Lv. 4 電撃 文庫 公式 サイト ''. dengekibunko.jp. Retrieved August 10, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Netoge no Yome wa Onna no Ko ja nai to Omotta? Light Novels Get TV Anime Adaptation ''. Anime News Network. August 7, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Netoge no Yome wa Onna no Ko ja nai to Omotta? Anime Reveals More Cast, Staff, Spring Premiere ''. Anime News Network. December 9, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Yoshino Nanjou Performs ' And you thought there is Never a girl online? ' Anime 's Ending Theme ''. Anime News Network. March 13, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Universal Pictures Release Schedule ''. Anime News Network. May 26, 2017. Retrieved May 26, 2017. Jump up ^ `` MVM Entertainment Reveals Their Summer 2018 Release Slate ''. Anime UK News. May 24, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2018. Jump up ^ `` STORY '' ( in Japanese ). Retrieved March 4, 2016. External links ( edit ) Official website at Dengeki Bunko ( in Japanese ) Anime official website ( in Japanese ) And You Thought There Is Never a Girl Online? at Funimation And You Thought There Is Never a Girl Online? ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia hide Works by Project No. 9 Television series Ro - Kyu - Bu! ( 2011 ) Ro - Kyu - Bu! SS ( 2013 ) Recently, My Sister Is Unusual ( 2014 ) Momo Kyun Sword ( 2014 ) Girls Beyond the Wasteland ( 2016 ) And You Thought There Is Never a Girl Online? ( 2016 ) Kenka Banchō Otome : Girl Beats Boys ( 2017 ) Chronos Ruler ( 2017 ) Angel 's 3Piece! ( 2017 ) The Ryuo 's Work is Never Done! ( 2018 ) 100 Sleeping Princes and the Kingdom of Dreams ( 2018 ) Pastel Memories ( TBA ) OVAs Recently, My Sister Is Unusual ( 2014 ) Girls Beyond the Wasteland ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=And_You_Thought_There_Is_Never_a_Girl_Online%3F&oldid=847505346 '' Categories : Manga series 2014 manga 2016 anime television series 2013 Japanese novels Anime and manga based on light novels ASCII Media Works manga Kadokawa Dwango franchises Dengeki Bunko Funimation Light novels NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan Project No. 9 Romantic comedy anime and manga Seinen manga Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Use mdy dates from August 2016 Articles containing Japanese - language text Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Русский Tagalog Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 June 2018, at 20 : 48 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "And You Thought There Is Never a Girl Online?", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=And_You_Thought_There_Is_Never_a_Girl_Online%3F&oldid=847505346" }

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{ "text": "Dance in the Vampire Bund - Wikipedia Dance in the Vampire Bund Jump to : navigation, search Dance in the Vampire Bund The cover of the first volume, featuring Mina Țepeș. ダンス イン ザ ヴァンパイア バンド ( Dansu in za Vanpaia Bando ) Genre Supernatural, Action, Drama Manga Written by Nozomu Tamaki Published by Media Factory English publisher Seven Seas Entertainment Demographic Seinen Magazine Monthly Comic Flapper Original run December 5, 2005 -- September 5, 2012 Volumes 14 ( List of volumes ) Manga Dive in the Vampire Bund Written by Nozomu Tamaki Published by Media Factory English publisher Seven Seas Entertainment Demographic Seinen Original run 2009 -- 2013 Volumes 2 ( List of volumes ) Anime television series Directed by Akiyuki Shinbo Masahiro Sonoda Written by Hiroyuki Yoshino Music by Akio Dobashi Studio Shaft Licensed by Madman Entertainment Funimation Manga Entertainment Original network AT - X, CTC, tvk, TVS, TVA, Tokyo MX, SUN Original run January 7, 2010 -- April 1, 2010 Episodes 12 ( List of episodes ) Manga Dance in the Vampire Bund : The Memories of Sledgehammer Written by Nozomu Tamaki Published by Media Factory English publisher Seven Seas Entertainment Demographic Seinen Magazine Monthly Comic Flapper Original run November 5, 2012 -- November 5, 2013 Volumes 3 ( List of volumes ) Manga Dance in the Vampire Bund II : Scarlet Order Written by Nozomu Tamaki Published by Media Factory English publisher Seven Seas Entertainment Demographic Seinen Magazine Monthly Comic Flapper Original run December 5, 2013 -- April 4, 2015 Volumes 4 ( List of volumes ) Manga Dance in the Vampire Bund A.S.O. Written by Nozomu Tamaki Published by TO Books Magazine Comic Corona Original run May 28, 2018 -- present Anime and Manga portal Dance in the Vampire Bund ( Japanese : ダンス イン ザ ヴァンパイア バンド, Hepburn : Dansu in za Vanpaia Bando ) is a supernatural drama manga series written and illustrated by Nozomu Tamaki ( 環 望, Tamaki Nozomu ). The manga was serialized in Media Factory 's seinen manga magazine Monthly Comic Flapper between 2005 and 2012, and is licensed for publication in English by Seven Seas Entertainment. Three sequels, Dive in the Vampire Bund, Dance in the Vampire Bund : The Memories of Sledgehammer, and Dance in the Vampire Bund II : Scarlet Order, were published between 2009 and 2015. A fourth sequel, Dance in the Vampire Bund A.S.O., launched in May 2018. All three series, as well as two dōjinshi collections, have been licensed by Seven Seas Entertainment. The plot follows the emergence of vampires into the human world and explores how fear on both sides changes the world 's status quo as they come into conflict with those who desire peace. A 12 - episode anime television series, produced by Shaft, was aired in 2010. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 The Bund 2 Media 2.1 Manga 2.2 Anime 2.2. 1 Censorship 3 Reception 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) See also : List of Dance in the Vampire Bund characters The story revolves around Mina Țepeș, Princess - Ruler of all vampires, and her werewolf protector Akira Kaburagi Regendorf. Like other vampires, Mina has been in hiding with her people for many years. Seeking to end centuries of isolation, Mina gains permission to create a special district for vampires called `` The Bund '' off the coast of Tokyo, Japan by paying off the entire national debt of the Japanese government with her family 's vast wealth. Following a discussion show where known vampire movie actor Seiichi Hirai ( who was revealed to be an actual vampire ) is killed by her during his rampage, Mina reveals to the world the existence of vampires while mentioning her desire for both races to live together as they are residing on `` The Bund. '' However, tensions run high as fearful humans and extremist vampire factions begin to interfere with Mina 's wish for peace with the human world. This causes Mina and Akira to defend `` The Bund '' from these attackers. The Bund ( edit ) The Bund ( also known as Tokyo Landfill # 0 ) is a special man - made island district that floats in Tokyo Bay off the coast of Tokyo. Mina had it built to serve as a colony for the Vampires and Werewolves. While Vampires are the primary civilians living in the Bund, Mina 's Werewolf guards called the Beowulf also live there full - time for her protection. Humans of great significance ( either politically or through personal relationship to Mina ) are allowed to visit the Bund. The only connection from the mainland to the Bund is through a single underground tunnel. The Bund has no bridges or major ports. There is also an underground city in the Bund that is inhabited by the Fangless ( vampires who ripped out their own fangs ) as a way for them to live freely and without persecution. Media ( edit ) Manga ( edit ) See also : List of Dance in the Vampire Bund volumes Written and illustrated by Nozomu Tamaki, Dance in the Vampire Bund began serialization in the January 2006 issue of Media Factory 's Monthly Comic Flapper magazine on December 5, 2005, and it concluded with the October 2012 issue on September 5, 2012. The series was collected into fourteen tankōbon volumes between June 2006 and October 2012. Seven Seas Entertainment announced their license to the series at Anime Expo 2007. TO Books began publishing a two - in one omnibus reprint of the series in June 2018. The reprint includes color pages and new short short stories featuring Mina. The two - volume Dive in the Vampire Bund ( ダイブ イン ザ ヴァンパイア バンド, Daibu in za Vanpaia Bando ) spin - off was published in Japan between January 2010 and March 2013. Seven Seas licensed it in October 2010. A mini-series titled Dance in the Vampire Bund : The Memories of Sledgehammer ( ダンス イン ザ ヴァンパイア バンド スレッジ ・ ハマー の 追憶, Dansu in za Vanpaia Bando : Surejji Hamā no Tsuioku ) began serialization in the December 2012 issue of Comic Flapper on November 5, 2012. It ended on November 5, 2013, and was compiled into three volumes between March and December 2013. The mini-series was also licensed by Seven Seas, who announced the series in October 2013. Tamaki was originally scheduled to launch a second series of the main manga in spring 2013, but it was delayed. He began publishing Dance in the Vampire Bund II : Scarlet Order ( スカーレット オーダー ダンス イン ザ ヴァンパイア バンド 2, Sukāretto Ōdā - Dansu in za Vanpaia Bando 2 ) in the January 2014 issue of Comic Flapper on December 5, 2013. The series ended on April 4, 2015, and was published as four volumes between April 2014 and April 2015. In June 2014, Seven Seas announced that they had acquired the rights to the sequel. On March 9, 2018, Tamaki announced via Twitter that he would be starting a new manga in the series, titled Dance in the Vampire Bund A.S.O. ( ダンス イン ザ ヴァンパイア バンド A.S.O, Dansu in za Vanpaia Bando A.S.O. ), and that the series would be a continuation of Dance in the Vampire Bund II : Scarlet Order. The series launched on TO Books Nico Nico Seiga - based online magazine Comic Corona on May 28, 2018. Seven Seas also published two dōjinshi collections, Dance in the Vampire Bund : Forgotten Tales and Dance in the Vampire Bund : Secret Chronicles, which Tamaki had previously released only at Comiket. Anime ( edit ) Main article : List of Dance in the Vampire Bund episodes An anime television series adaptation was announced in the August 2009 issue of Monthly Comic Flapper on July 4, 2009. The series was directed by Akiyuki Shinbo and Masahiro Sonoda, and written by Hiroyuki Yoshino, with animation by the studio Shaft. Naoyuki Konno provided character designs for the anime, and Akio Dobashi composed the series ' music. A promotional video for the series was shown at the 76th Comiket in October 2009. The 12 - episode series premiered on January 7, 2010, and was broadcast on AT - X, Chiba TV, tvk, TVS, Tokyo MX, TV Aichi, and Sun TV. A compilation episode aired on February 25, 2010, pushing back the broadcast of the series beginning with episode 8, and causing episode 12 to be run in a different timeslot, where it replaced a rerun of He Is My Master. The series is licensed by Funimation in the United States and by Madman Entertainment in Australia and New Zealand. Manga Entertainment announced its license to the series at the London MCM Expo on May 28, 2011. Censorship ( edit ) Initially, Funimation announced that the U.S. release would be released in an edited format, because of `` controversial elements which, when taken out of context, could be objectionable to some audiences, '' and which Funimation considered `` inappropriate for U.S. viewing and (... ) not essential to the storyline '' ( nudity involving Princess Mina, who has the outward appearance of a child ). Another title, Strike Witches, was released unedited, despite containing some similar elements. After negative fan reaction to edited DVD and Blu - ray releases, Funimation released another statement on March 10, 2010, stating that the company expected to release the show unedited based on the first seven episodes, but would make a final decision once the company had seen the final five episodes to ensure that they complied with U.S. law. Funimation later confirmed that the DVD and Blu - ray release would be unedited. It was released on June 14, 2011. In July 2011, Manga Entertainment, who had acquired the series for distribution in the United Kingdom, announced that an uncut version of the series had been passed by the BBFC with a `` 15 '' rating. This version was released on October 24, 2011. In June 2015, it was announced that the anime was one of 38 anime and manga titles that had been blacklisted by the Chinese Ministry of Culture, making the distribution of it in any form illegal. Reception ( edit ) A number of volumes in the series have made it onto the New York Times Manga Best Sellers list : Volume seven was on the list for one week, appearing at seventh place. Volume eight was on the list for two weeks, at second and ninth place. Volume nine was on the list for two weeks, at eighth and seventh place. Volume ten was on the list for two weeks, at third and tenth place. Volume eleven was on the list for one week, at second place. Volume twelve was on the list for one week at sixth place. Volume thirteen was on the list for two weeks, at first and ninth place. Volume fourteen was on the list for one week, at second place. Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Short for `` Age of Scarlet Order ''. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dance In The Vampire Bund TV Anime 's Promo Streamed ''. Anime News Network. September 4, 2009. Retrieved April 5, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Dance in the Vampire Bund Manga to End in Japan ''. Anime News Network. August 3, 2012. Retrieved March 20, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Funimation Addresses Dance in the Vampire Bund Edits ( Updated ) ''. Anime News Network. March 5, 2010. Retrieved August 19, 2014. Jump up ^ Dialog from `` Episode 4 - Interview With the Vampire ''. ' Bund? ' '... a coastal area of Shanghai ' Jump up ^ `` Dance in the Vampire Bund ''. Seven Seas Entertainment. Retrieved March 20, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Dance in the Vampire Bund Manga Returns in Mini-Series, Part II ''. Anime News Network. September 5, 2012. Retrieved March 20, 2016. Jump up ^ ダンス イン ザ ヴァンパイア バンド 1 ( Dance in the Vampire Bund 1 ). Media Factory ( in Japanese ). Retrieved March 20, 2016. Jump up ^ ダンス イン ザ ヴァンパイア バンド 14 ( Dance in the Vampire Bund 14 ). Media Factory ( in Japanese ). Retrieved March 20, 2016. Jump up ^ Koulikov, Mikhail ( June 5, 2007 ). `` New License Roundup - Anime Expo 2007 ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved March 20, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Mateo, Alex ( March 9, 2018 ). `` Dance in the Vampire Bund to Return in New Manga Sequel ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved March 9, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 愛蔵 版 ダンス イン ザ ヴァンパイア バンド 1 ''. Amazon.co.jp ( in Japanese ). Retrieved May 17, 2018. Jump up ^ ダイブ イン ザ ヴァンパイア バンド ( Dive in the Vampire Bund ). Media Factory ( in Japanese ). Retrieved March 20, 2016. Jump up ^ ダイブ イン ザ ヴァンパイア バンド 2 ( Dive in the Vampire Bund 2 ). Media Factory ( in Japanese ). Retrieved March 20, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Seven Seas Adds Dive in the Vampire Bund Manga ''. Anime News Network. October 6, 2010. Retrieved March 20, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Nozomu Tamaki Ends Dance in the Vampire Bund : Sledge Hammer Manga, Starts Part II ''. Anime News Network. November 5, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2016. Jump up ^ ダンス イン ザ ヴァンパイア バンド スレッジ ・ ハマー の 追憶 1 ( Dance in the Vampire Bund : The Memories of Sledgehammer 1 ). Media Factory ( in Japanese ). Retrieved March 20, 2016. Jump up ^ ダンス イン ザ ヴァンパイア バンド スレッジ ・ ハマー の 追憶 3 ( Dance in the Vampire Bund : The Memories of Sledgehammer 3 ). Media Factory ( in Japanese ). Retrieved March 20, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Seven Seas Prints Dance in the Vampire Bund : The Memories of Sledgehammer Manga ''. Anime News Network. October 8, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Dance in the Vampire Bund II : Scarlet Order Manga Ends ''. Anime News Network. April 5, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2016. Jump up ^ スカーレット オーダー 1 ダンス イン ザ ヴァンパイア バンド 2 ( Dance in the Vampire Bund II : Scarlet Order 1 ). Media Factory ( in Japanese ). Retrieved March 20, 2016. Jump up ^ スカーレット オーダー 4 ダンス イン ザ ヴァンパイア バンド 2 ( Dance in the Vampire Bund II : Scarlet Order 4 ). Media Factory ( in Japanese ). Retrieved March 20, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Seven Seas Adds Vampire Bund 2, Clay Lord, Evergreen, Nurse Hitomi 's Monster Infirmary ''. Anime News Network. June 16, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Dance in the Vampire Bund at TO Books ''. TO Books ( in Japanese ). Retrieved May 20, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 「 ダンス イン ザ ヴァンパイア バンド 」 新 章 開幕 、 ミナ 姫 & アキラ が 帰還 ''. Natalie ( in Japanese ). May 28, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Seven Seas to Release Dance in the Vampire Bund Dōjinshi Collections ''. Anime News Network. January 27, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Dance in the Vampire Bund Manga Gets TV Anime Green - Lit ''. Anime News Network. July 3, 2009. Retrieved April 5, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Twin Spica Sci - Fi Coming - of - Age Manga Ends in Japan ''. Anime News Network. August 7, 2009. Retrieved April 5, 2009. Jump up ^ Martin, Theron ( July 11, 2011 ). `` Dance in the Vampire Bund DVD / Blu - Ray Complete Series ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved April 20, 2016. ^ Jump up to : ダンス イン ザ ヴァンパイア バンド - コミックス 情報 ( Dance in the Vampire Bund - Comic information ). Monthly Comic Flapper ( in Japanese ). Retrieved April 5, 2016. Jump up ^ Kimlinger, Carl ( May 10, 2010 ). `` Dance in the Vampire Bund Episodes 1 - 12 Streaming ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved April 20, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Funimation Adds Baka & Test, Dance in the Vampire Bund ''. Anime News Network. March 4, 2010. Retrieved March 5, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Dance in the Vampire Bund Special Edition Compilation Airs ''. Anime News Network. February 16, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Madman Announces Dance in the Vampire Bund, Other Titles ''. Anime News Network. May 20, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2016. Jump up ^ `` MCM Expo Anime Licenses ''. Anime News Network. May 28, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Funimation Comments Further on Vampire Bund Edits ''. Anime News Network. March 10, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Funimation to Release Unedited Vampire Bund in June ''. Anime News Network. March 17, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Manga UK Updates ''. Anime News Network. July 30, 2011. Retrieved April 19, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Dance in the Vampire Bund Released Monday ''. Anime News Network. October 24, 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2016. Jump up ^ `` China Blacklists Attack on Titan, Death Note, 36 More Anime / Manga ''. Anime News Network. June 9, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers - Manga ''. The New York Times. June 13, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers - Manga ''. The New York Times. October 17, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2016. `` Best Sellers - Manga ''. The New York Times. October 24, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers - Manga ''. The New York Times. December 26, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2016. `` Best Sellers - Manga ''. The New York Times. January 2, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers - Manga ''. The New York Times. July 24, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2016. `` Best Sellers - Manga ''. The New York Times. July 31, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers - Manga ''. The New York Times. January 29, 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers - Manga ''. The New York Times. June 24, 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers - Manga ''. The New York Times. October 21, 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2016. `` Best Sellers - Manga ''. The New York Times. October 28, 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers - Manga ''. The New York Times. May 26, 2013. Retrieved April 18, 2016. External links ( edit ) Official Dance in the Vampire Bund anime website ( in Japanese ) Official Dance in the Vampire Bund A.S.O. website ( in Japanese ) Dance in the Vampire Bund at Seven Seas Entertainment Dance in the Vampire Bund at Funimation Dance in the Vampire Bund ( manga ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Dance in the Vampire Bund on IMDb Monthly Comic Flapper Titles 7 Billion Needles Brave 10 Candy Boy Chio 's School Road Dance in the Vampire Bund Fantastic Children Girls und Panzer Guin Saga Kage Kara Mamoru! Kamisama Kazoku Kuma Miko : Girl Meets Bear Locke the Superman Lord Marksman and Vanadis Math Girls My Neighbor Seki Najica Blitz Tactics Nijū Mensō no Musume Overman King Gainer Space Adventure Cobra : Magic Doll Togari Shiro The Rising of the Shield Hero Tono to Issho Translucent Twin Spica Vamos Lá! Shaft Akiyuki Shinbo Mitsutoshi Kubota Shin Ōnuma Tatsuya Oishi Yukihiro Miyamoto Television series 1995 -- 2005 Juuni Senshi Bakuretsu Eto Ranger ( 1995 - 1996 ) Dotto! Koni - chan ( 2000 - 2001 ) Mahoromatic : Automatic Maiden ( 2001 - 2002 ) Cyborg 009 : The Cyborg Soldier ( 2001 ) G - On Riders ( 2002 ) Mahoromatic : Something More Beautiful ( 2002 - 2003 ) Popotan ( 2003 ) Mahoromatic : Summer, Special ( 2003 ) This Ugly yet Beautiful World ( 2004 ) Tsukuyomi : Moon Phase ( 2004 - 2005 ) He Is My Master ( 2005 ) Pani Poni Dash! ( 2005 ) 2006 -- 2010 Rec ( 2006 ) Negima!? ( 2006 - 2007 ) Hidamari Sketch ( 2007 ) Sayonara, Zetsubou - Sensei ( 2007 ) Ef : A Tale of Memories. ( 2007 ) Hidamari Sketch Special ( 2007 ) ( Zoku ) Sayonara, Zetsubou - Sensei ( 2008 ) Hidamari Sketch × 365 ( 2008 ) Ef : A Tale of Melodies. ( 2008 ) Maria Holic ( 2009 ) Natsu no Arashi! ( 2009 ) Monogatari Series First Season ( 2009 - 2012 ) ( Zan ) Sayonara, Zetsubou - Sensei ( 2009 ) Natsu no Arashi! Akinai - chū ( 2009 ) Hidamari Sketch × 365 Special ( 2009 ) Mahoromatic : I 'm Home, Special ( 2009 ) Dance in the Vampire Bund ( 2010 ) Hidamari Sketch × Hoshimittsu ( 2010 ) Arakawa Under the Bridge ( 2010 ) Arakawa Under the Bridge x Bridge ( 2010 ) And Yet the Town Moves ( 2010 ) Hidamari Sketch × Hoshimittsu Special ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Puella Magi Madoka Magica ( 2011 ) Maria Holic : Alive ( 2011 ) Ground Control to Psychoelectric Girl ( 2011 ) Hidamari Sketch × SP ( 2011 ) Hidamari Sketch × Honeycomb ( 2012 ) Sasami-san@Ganbaranai ( 2013 ) Monogatari Series Second Season ( 2013 - 2014 ) Nisekoi ( 2014 ) Mekakucity Actors ( 2014 ) Monogatari Series Final Season ( 2014 - present ) Gourmet Girl Graffiti ( 2015 ) Nisekoi : ( 2015 ) March Comes in Like a Lion ( 2016 - 2018 ) Fate / Extra Last Encore ( 2018 ) Films Kino 's Journey : Country of Illness - For You - ( 2007 ) Mahō Sensei Negima! 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{ "text": "Largest organisms - Wikipedia Largest organisms See also : Megafauna and Largest prehistoric animals Although it appears to be multiple trees, Pando is a clonal colony of an individual quaking aspen with an interconnected root system. It is widely held to be the world 's most massive single organism. The largest organisms found on Earth can be determined according to various aspects of an organism 's size, such as : mass, volume, area, length, height, or even genome size. Some organisms group together to form a superorganism ( such as ants or bees ), but such are not classed as single large organisms. The Great Barrier Reef is the world 's largest structure composed of living entities, stretching 2,000 km ( 1,200 mi ), but contains many organisms of many types of species. This article lists the largest species for various types of organisms, and mostly considers extant species. The organism sizes listed are frequently considered `` outsized '' and are not in the normal size range for the respective group. If considered singular entities, the largest organisms are clonal colonies which can spread over large areas. Pando, a clonal colony of the quaking aspen tree, is widely considered to be the largest such organism by mass. Even if such colonies are excluded, trees retain their dominance of this listing, with the giant sequoia being the most massive tree. In 2006 a huge clonal colony of Posidonia oceanica was discovered south of the island of Ibiza. At 8 kilometres ( 5 mi ) across, and estimated at around 100,000 years old, it may be one of the largest and oldest clonal colonies on Earth. Among animals, the largest species are all marine mammals, specifically whales. The blue whale is believed to be the largest animal to have ever lived. The largest land animal classification is also dominated by mammals, with the African bush elephant being the most massive of these. Contents 1 Plants 1.1 Green algae 2 Animals 2.1 Tunicates ( Tunicata ) 2.2 Thaliacea 2.3 Cephalochordate ( Leptocardii ) 2.4 Vertebrates 2.4. 1 Mammals ( Mammalia ) 2.4. 2 Stem - mammals ( Synapsida ) 2.4. 3 Reptiles ( Reptilia ) 2.4. 4 Dinosaurs ( Dinosauria ) 2.4. 5 Birds ( Aves ) 2.4. 6 Amphibians ( Amphibia ) 2.4. 7 Fish 2.5 Invertebrates 2.5. 1 Sponges ( Porifera ) 2.5. 2 Cnidarians ( Cnidaria ) 2.5. 3 Flatworms ( Platyhelminthes ) 2.5. 4 Roundworms ( Nematoda ) 2.5. 5 Segmented worms ( Annelida ) 2.5. 6 Echinoderms ( Echinodermata ) 2.5. 7 Ribbon worms ( Nemertea ) 2.5. 8 Mollusks ( Mollusca ) 2.5. 9 Velvet worms ( Onychophora ) 2.5. 10 Arthropods ( Arthropoda ) 2.5. 10.1 Arachnids ( Arachnida ) 2.5. 10.2 Crustaceans ( Crustacea ) 2.5. 10.3 Horseshoe crabs ( Merostomata ) 2.5. 10.4 Sea spiders ( Pycnogonida ) 2.5. 10.5 Trilobites ( Trilobita ) 2.5. 10.6 Myriapods ( Myriapoda ) 2.5. 10.7 Insects ( Insecta ) 3 Fungi 4 Protists 4.1 Amoebozoans ( Amoebozoa ) 4.2 Euglenozoans ( Euglenozoa ) 4.3 Rhizarians ( Rhizaria ) 4.4 Alveolates ( Alveolata ) 4.5 Stramenopiles ( Stramenopila ) 5 Bacteria 6 Viruses 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plants ( edit ) Main article : List of largest plants The largest single - stem tree by wood volume and mass is the giant sequoia ( Sequoiadendron giganteum ), native to Sierra Nevada and California ; it typically grows to a height of 70 -- 85 m ( 230 -- 280 ft ) and 5 -- 7 m ( 16 -- 23 ft ) in diameter. Multiple - stem trees such as banyan can be enormous. Thimmamma Marrimanu in India spreads over 1.0 ha ( 2.5 acres ). The largest organism in the world, according to mass, is the aspen tree whose colonies of clones can grow up to five miles long. The largest such colony is Pando, in the Fishlake National Forest in Utah. Another form of flowering plant that rivals Pando as the largest organism on earth in breadth, if not mass, is the giant marine plant, Posidonia oceanica, discovered in the Mediterranean near the Balearic Islands, Spain. Its length is about 8 km ( 5 mi ). It may also be the oldest living organism in the world, with an estimated age of 100,000 years. Green algae ( edit ) Green algae are photosynthetic unicellular and multicellular protists that are related to land plants. The thallus of the unicellular mermaid 's wineglass, Acetabularia, can grow to several inches ( perhaps 0.1 to 0.2 m ) in length. The fronds of the similarly unicellular, and invasive Caulerpa taxifolia can grow up to a foot ( 0.3 m ) long. Animals ( edit ) A member of the order Cetacea, the blue whale ( Balaenoptera musculus ), is thought to be the largest animal ever to have lived. The maximum recorded weight was 190 metric tonnes for a specimen measuring 27.6 metres ( 91 ft ), whereas longer ones, up to 33.6 metres ( 110 ft ), have been recorded but not weighed. The African bush elephant ( Loxodonta africana ), of the order Proboscidea, is the largest living land animal. A native of various open habitats in sub-Saharan Africa, this elephant is commonly born weighing about 100 kilograms ( 220 lb ). The largest elephant ever recorded was shot in Angola in 1974. It was a male measuring 10.67 metres ( 35.0 ft ) from trunk to tail and 4.17 metres ( 13.7 ft ) lying on its side in a projected line from the highest point of the shoulder to the base of the forefoot, indicating a standing shoulder height of 3.96 metres ( 13.0 ft ). This male had an computed weight of 12.25 tonnes. Table of heaviest living animals The heaviest living animals are all cetaceans, and thus also the largest living mammals. Since no scale can accommodate the whole body of a large whale, most whales have been weighed by parts. Rank Animal Average mass ( tonnes ) Maximum mass ( tonnes ) Average total length ( m ( ft ) ) Illustration Blue whale 110 190 24 ( 79 ) North Pacific right whale 60 120 15.5 ( 51 ) Southern right whale 58 110 15.25 ( 50 ) Fin whale 57 120 19.5 ( 64 ) 5 Bowhead whale 54.5 120 15 ( 49 ) 6 North Atlantic right whale 54 110 15 ( 49 ) 7 Sperm whale 31.25 57 13.25 ( 43.5 ) 8 Humpback whale 29 48 13.5 ( 44 ) 9 Sei whale 22.5 45 14.8 ( 49 ) 10 Gray whale 19.5 45 13.5 ( 44 ) Infographic showing the size of marine megafauna. The blue whale is the heaviest animal ever known to have existed. Table of heaviest terrestrial animals The following is a list of the heaviest wild land animals, which are all mammals. The African elephant is now listed as two species, the African bush elephant and the African forest elephant, as they are now generally considered to be two separate species. Rank Animal Average mass ( tonnes ) Maximum mass ( tonnes ) Average total length ( m ( ft ) ) African bush elephant 4.9 12.25 6 ( 19.7 ) Asian elephant 4.15 8.15 6.8 ( 22.3 ) African forest elephant 2.7 6.0 6.2 ( 20.3 ) White rhinoceros 4.5 4.4 ( 14.4 ) 5 Indian rhinoceros 1.9 4.0 4.2 ( 13.8 ) 6 Hippopotamus 1.8 4.5 4 ( 13.1 ) 7 Javan rhinoceros 1.75 2.3 3.8 ( 12.5 ) 8 Black rhinoceros 1.1 2.9 4 ( 13.1 ) 9 Giraffe 1.0 5.15 ( 16.9 ) 10 Gaur 0.95 1.5 3.8 ( 12.5 ) Tunicates ( tunicata ) ( edit ) The largest tunicates are Synoicum pulmonaria, found at depths of 20 and 40 metres ( 66 and 131 ft ), and are up to 14 centimetres ( 6 in ) in diameter. It is also present in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, around the coasts of Greenland and Newfoundland, but is less common here than in the east, and occurs only at depths between 10 and 13 metres ( 33 and 43 ft ). Entergonas ( Enterogona ) The largest entergonas Synoicum pulmonaria it is usually found at depths between about 20 and 40 metres ( 66 and 131 ft ) and can grow to over a metre ( yard ) in length. It is also present in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, around the coasts of Greenland and Newfoundland, but is less common here than in the east, and occurs only at depths between 10 and 13 metres ( 33 and 43 ft ). Pleurogonas ( Pleurogona ) The largest pleurogonas : Pyura pachydermatina. In colour it is off - white or a garish shade of reddish - purple. The stalk is two thirds to three quarters the length of the whole animal which helps distinguish it from certain invasive tunicates not native to New Zealand such as Styela clava and Pyura stolonifera. It is one of the largest species of tunicates and can grow to over a metre ( yard ) in length. Aspiraculates ( Aspiraculata ) The largest aspiraculates : Oligotrema large and surrounded by six large lobes ; the cloacal syphon is small. They live exclusively in deep water and range in size from less than one inch ( 2 cm ) to 2.4 inches ( 6 cm ). Thaliacea ( edit ) The Pyrosoma atlanticum the largest thaliacean The largest thaliacean : Pyrosoma atlanticum is cylindrical and can grow up to 60 cm ( 2 ft ) long and 4 -- 6 cm wide. The constituent zooids form a rigid tube, which may be pale pink, yellowish, or bluish. One end of the tube is narrower and is closed, while the other is open and has a strong diaphragm. The outer surface or test is gelatinised and dimpled with backward - pointing, blunt processes. The individual zooids are up to 8.5 mm ( 0.3 in ) long and have a broad, rounded branchial sac with gill slits. Along the side of the branchial sac runs the endostyle, which produces mucus filters. Water is moved through the gill slits into the centre of the cylinder by cilia pulsating rhythmically. Plankton and other food particles are caught in mucus filters in the processes as the colony is propelled through the water. P. atlanticum is bioluminescent and can generate a brilliant blue - green light when stimulated. Doliolida ( Doliolida ) The largest doliolida : Doliolida The doliolid body is small, typically 1 -- 2 cm long, and barrel - shaped ; it features two wide siphons, one at the front and the other at the back end, and eight or nine circular muscle strands reminiscent of barrel bands. Like all tunicates, they are filter feeders. They are free - floating ; the same forced flow of water through their bodies with which they gather plankton is used for propulsion - not unlike a tiny ramjet engine. Doliolids are capable of quick movement. They have a complicated lifecycle consisting of sexual and asexual generations. They are nearly exclusively tropical animals, although a few species can be found as far to the north as northern California. Salps ( Salpida ) The largest salps : Cyclosalpa bakeri 15cm ( 6ins ) long. There are openings at the anterior and posterior ends of the cylinder which can be opened or closed as needed. The bodies have seven transverse bands of muscle interspersed by white, translucent patches. A stolon grows from near the endostyle ( an elongated glandular structure producing mucus for trapping food particles ). The stolon is a ribbon - like organ on which a batch of aggregate forms of the animal are produced by budding. The aggregate is the second, colonial form of the salp and is also gelatinous, transparent and flabby. It takes the shape of a radial whorl of individuals up to about 20cm ( 4in ) in diameter. It is formed of approximately 12 zooids linked side by side in a shape that resembles a crown. are largest thetyses : Thetys vagina Individuals can reach up to 30 cm ( 12 in ) long. Larvaceans ( Larvacea ) The largest larvaceans : Appendicularia 1 cm ( 0.39 in ) in body length ( excluding the tail ). Cephalochordate ( leptocardii ) ( edit ) The largest lancelets : European lancelet ( Branchiostoma lanceolatum ) `` primitive fish ''. It can grow up to 6 cm ( 2.5 in ) long. Vertebrates ( edit ) Mammals ( mammalia ) ( edit ) Main article : List of largest mammals Size of Paraceratherium ( dark grey ) compared to a human and other rhinos The blue whale is the largest mammal. The largest land mammal extant today is the African bush elephant. The largest extinct land mammal known was once considered to be Paraceratherium orgosensis, a rhinoceros relative thought to have stood up to 4.8 m ( 15.7 ft ) tall, measured over 7.4 m ( 24.3 ft ) long and may have weighed about 17 tonnes. More recent estimates suggest that Paraceratherium was surpassed by the proboscidean Palaeoloxodon namadicus at about 22 tonnes. Stem - mammals ( synapsida ) ( edit ) A comparison of a human to Cotylorhynchus, the largest of the non-mammal synapsids. The Permian era Cotylorhynchus, from what is now the southern United States, probably was the largest of all synapsids ( most of which became extinct 250 million years ago ), at 6 m ( 20 ft ) and 2 tonnes. The largest carnivorous synapsid was Anteosaurus from what is now South Africa during Middle Permian era. Anteosaurus was 5 -- 6 m ( 16 -- 20 ft ) long, and weighed about 500 -- 600 kg ( 1,100 -- 1,300 lb ). Pelycosauria The largest pelycosaur was the pre-mentioned Cotylorhynchus, and the largest predatory pelycosaurus was Dimetrodon grandis from what is now North America, with a length of 3.1 m ( 10 ft ) and weight of 250 kg ( 550 lb ). Therapsida Moschops was the largest non-mammalian therapsid, with a weight of 700 to 1,000 kg ( 1,500 to 2,200 lb ), and a length of about 5 m ( 16 ft ). The largest carnivorous therapsid was the aforementioned Anteosaurus. Reptiles ( reptilia ) ( edit ) Main article : List of largest reptiles The saltwater crocodile is the largest living reptile. The largest living reptile, a representative of the order Crocodilia, is the saltwater crocodile ( Crocodylus porosus ) of Southern Asia and Australia, with adult males being typically 3.9 -- 5.5 m ( 13 -- 18 ft ) long. The largest confirmed saltwater crocodile on record was 6.32 m ( 20.7 ft ) long, and weighed about 1,360 kg ( 3,000 lb ). Unconfirmed reports of much larger crocodiles exist, but examinations of incomplete remains have never suggested a length greater than 7 m ( 23 ft ). Also, a living specimen estimated at 7 m ( 23 ft ) and 2,000 kg ( 4,400 lb ) has been accepted by the Guinness Book of World Records. However, due to the difficulty of trapping and measuring a very large living crocodile, the accuracy of these dimensions has yet to be verified. A specimen named Lolong caught alive in the Philippines in 2011 ( died February 2013 ) was found to have measured 6.17 m ( 20.2 ft ) in length. The Komodo dragon ( Varanus komodoensis ), also known as the `` Komodo monitor '', is a large species of lizard found in the Indonesian islands of Komodo, Rinca, Flores, Gili Motang, and Padar. A member of the monitor lizard family ( Varanidae ), it is the largest living species of lizard, growing to a maximum length of 3 metres ( 9.8 feet ) in rare cases and weighing up to approximately 70 kilograms ( 150 pounds ). Table of heaviest living reptiles The following is a list of the heaviest living reptile species ranked by average weight, which is dominated by the crocodilians. Unlike mammals, birds, or fish, the mass of large reptiles is frequently poorly documented and many are subject to conjecture and estimation. Rank Animal Average mass ( kg ( lb ) ) Maximum mass ( kg ( lb ) ) Average total length ( m ( ft ) ) Saltwater crocodile 450 ( 990 ) 2,000 ( 4,400 ) 4.5 ( 14.8 ) Nile crocodile 410 ( 900 ) 1,090 ( 2,400 ) 4.2 ( 13.8 ) Orinoco crocodile 380 ( 840 ) 1,100 ( 2,400 ) 4.1 ( 13.5 ) Leatherback sea turtle 364 ( 800 ) 932 ( 2,050 ) 2.0 ( 6.6 ) 5 Black caiman 350 ( 770 ) 1,100 ( 2,400 ) 3.9 ( 12.8 ) 6 American crocodile 335 ( 739 ) 1,000 ( 2,200 ) 4.0 ( 13.1 ) 7 Gharial 250 ( 550 ) 977 ( 2,150 ) 4.5 ( 14.8 ) 8 American alligator 240 ( 530 ) 1,000 ( 2,200 ) 3.4 ( 11.2 ) 9 Mugger crocodile 225 ( 495 ) 700 ( 1,500 ) 3.3 ( 10.8 ) 10 Tomistoma 210 ( 460 ) 500 ( 1,100 ) 4.0 ( 13.1 ) 11 Aldabra giant tortoise 205 ( 450 ) 360 ( 790 ) 1.4 ( 4.6 ) 12 Loggerhead sea turtle 200 ( 441 ) 545 ( 1202 ) 0.95 ( 3.2 ) 13 Green sea turtle 190 ( 418.9 ) 395 ( 870.8 ) 1.12 ( 3.67 ) 14 Slender - snouted crocodile 180 ( 400 ) 325 ( 720 ) 3.3 ( 10.8 ) 15 Galapagos tortoise 175 ( 390 ) 400 ( 880 ) 1.5 ( 4.9 ) Dinosaurs ( Dinosauria ) ( edit ) Main article : Dinosaur size See also : Largest prehistoric animals A human and the largest known dinosaurs of the five major clades. Each grid section represents 1 square meter. Sauropoda ( Argentinosaurus huinculensis ) Ornithopoda ( Shantungosaurus giganteus ) Theropoda ( Spinosaurus aegyptiacus ) Thyreophora ( Stegosaurus ungulatus ) Marginocephalia ( Triceratops prorsus ) Now extinct, except for birds, which are theropods. Sauropods ( Sauropoda ) The largest dinosaurs, and the largest animals to ever live on land, were the plant - eating, long - necked Sauropoda. The tallest and heaviest sauropod known from a complete skeleton is a specimen of an immature Giraffatitan discovered in Tanzania between 1907 and 1912, now mounted in the Museum für Naturkunde of Berlin. It is 12 m ( 39 ft ) tall and weighed 23.3 -- 39.5 tonnes. The longest is a 25 m ( 82 ft ) long specimen of Diplodocus discovered in Wyoming, and mounted in Pittsburgh 's Carnegie Natural History Museum in 1907. A Patagotitan specimen found in Argentina in 2014 is estimated to have been 40 m ( 130 ft ) long and 20 m ( 66 ft ) tall, with a weight of 77 tonnes. There were larger sauropods, but they are known only from a few bones. The current record - holders include Argentinosaurus, which may have weighed 73 tonnes ; Supersaurus which might have reached 34 m ( 112 ft ) in length and Sauroposeidon which might have been 18 m ( 59 ft ) tall. Two other such sauropods include Bruhathkayosaurus and Amphicoelias fragillimus. Both are known only from fragments. Bruhathkayosaurus might have been between 40 -- 44 m ( 131 -- 144 ft ) in length and 175 -- 220 tonnes in weight according to some estimates. A. fragillimus might have been approximately 58 m long and 122.4 metric tons in weight. Theropods ( Theropoda ) The largest theropod known from a nearly complete skeleton is the biggest and most complete Tyrannosaurus rex specimen, nicknamed `` Sue '', which was discovered in South Dakota in 1990 and now mounted in the Field Museum of Chicago at a total length of 12.3 m ( 40 ft ). Body mass estimates have reached over 9,500 kg, though other figures, such as Hartman 's 2013 estimate of 8,400 kg, have been lower. Another giant theropod is the semi-aquatic Spinosaurus aegyptiacus from the mid-Cretaceous of North Africa. Size estimates have been fluctuating far more over the years, with length estimates ranging from 12.6 to 18 m and mass estimates from 7 to 20.9 t. Recent findings favour a length exceeding 15 m and a body mass of 7.5 tons. Other contenders known from partial skeletons include Giganotosaurus carolinii ( est. 12.2 -- 13.2 m and 6 - 13.8 tonnes ) and Carcharodontosaurus saharicus ( est. 12 - 13.3 m and 6.2 - 15.1 tonnes ). The largest extant theropod is the Ostrich ( see birds, below ). Armored dinosaurs ( Thyreophora ) The largest thyreophorans were Ankylosaurus and Stegosaurus, from the Late Cretaceous and Late Jurassic periods ( respectively ) of what is now North America, both measuring up to 9 m ( 30 ft ) in length and estimated to weigh up to 6 tonnes. Ornithopods ( Ornithopoda ) The largest ornithopods, were the hadrosaurids Shantungosaurus, a late Cretaceous dinosaur found in the Shandong Peninsula of China, and Magnapaulia from the late Cretaceous of North America. Both species are known from fragmentary remains but are estimated to have reached over 15 m ( 49 ft ) in length and were likely the heaviest non-sauropod dinosaurs, estimated at over 23 tonnes. Ceratopsians ( Ceratopsia ) The largest ceratopsians were Triceratops and its ancestor Eotriceratops from the late Cretaceous of North America. Both estimated to have reached about 9 m ( 30 ft ) in length and weighed 12 tonnes. Birds ( aves ) ( edit ) Main article : List of largest birds The common ostrich is the largest living bird. The largest living bird, a member of the Struthioniformes, is the common ostrich ( Struthio camelus ), from the plains of Africa and Arabia. A large male ostrich can reach a height of 2.8 m ( 9.2 ft ) and weigh over 156 kg ( 344 lb ). A mass of 200 kg ( 440 lb ) has been cited for the common ostrich but no wild ostriches of this weight have been verified. Eggs laid by the ostrich can weigh 1.4 kg ( 3.1 lb ) and are the largest eggs in the world today. The Eurasian black vulture is the biggest of the living birds of prey The largest bird in the fossil record may be the extinct elephant birds ( Aepyornis ) of Madagascar, which were related to the ostrich. They exceeded 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) in height and 500 kg ( 1,100 lb ). The last of the elephant birds became extinct about 300 years ago. Of almost exactly the same upper proportions as the largest elephant birds was Dromornis stirtoni of Australia, part of a 26,000 - year - old group called mihirungs of the family Dromornithidae. The largest carnivorous bird was Brontornis, an extinct flightless bird from South America which reached a weight of 350 to 400 kg ( 770 to 880 lb ) and a height of about 2.8 m ( 9 ft 2 in ). The tallest carnivorous bird was Kelenken, which could reach 3 to 3.2 meters in height and 220 to 250 kilograms. The tallest bird ever was the giant moa ( Dinornis maximus ), part of the moa family of New Zealand that went extinct around 1500 AD. This particular species of moa stood up to 3.7 m ( 12 ft ) tall, but weighed about half as much as a large elephant bird or mihirung due to its comparatively slender frame. The heaviest bird ever capable of flight was Argentavis magnificens, the largest member of the now extinct family Teratornithidae, found in Miocene - aged fossil beds of Argentina, with a wingspan up to 5.5 m ( 18 ft ), a length of up to 1.25 m ( 4.1 ft ), a height on the ground of up to 1.75 m ( 5.7 ft ) and a body weight of at least 71 kg ( 157 lb ). Pelagornis sandersi is thought to have had an even larger wingspan of about 6.1 -- 7.4 m ( 20 -- 24 ft ), but is only about 22 -- 40 kg ( 49 -- 88 lb ), half the mass of the former. Table of heaviest living birds The following is a list of the heaviest living bird species ranked by average weight. These species are almost all flightless, which allows for these particular birds to have denser bones and heavier bodies. Flightless birds comprise less than 2 % of all living bird species. Rank Animal Average mass ( kg ( lb ) ) Maximum mass ( kg ( lb ) ) Average total length ( cm ( ft ) ) Common ostrich 104 ( 230 ) 156.8 ( 346 ) 210 ( 6.9 ) Somali ostrich 90 ( 200 ) 130 ( 287 ) 200 ( 6.6 ) Southern cassowary 45 ( 99 ) 85 ( 190 ) 155 ( 5.1 ) Northern cassowary 44 ( 97 ) 75 ( 170 ) 149 ( 4.9 ) 5 Emu 33 ( 73 ) 70 ( 150 ) 153 ( 5 ) 6 Emperor penguin 31.5 ( 69 ) 46 ( 100 ) 114 ( 3.7 ) 7 Greater rhea 23 ( 51 ) 40 ( 88 ) 134 ( 4.4 ) 8 Dwarf cassowary 19.7 ( 43 ) 34 ( 75 ) 105 ( 3.4 ) 9 Lesser rhea 19.6 ( 43 ) 28.6 ( 63 ) 96 ( 3.2 ) 10 King penguin 13.6 ( 30 ) 20 ( 44 ) 92 ( 3 ) 11 Domesticated turkey 13.5 ( 29.8 ) 39 ( 86 ) 100 - 124.9 ( 3.3 -- 4.1 ) 12 Kori bustard 11.4 ( 25.1 ) 20 ( 44.1 ) 150 ( 5 ) 13 Great bustard 10.6 ( 23.4 ) 21 ( 46 ) 115 ( 3.8 ) 14 Andean condor 8.1 - 14.9 ( 18 - 33 ) 14.9 ( 33 ) 100 - 130 ( 3.3 - 4.3 ) 15 Dalmatian Pelican 7.25 -- 15 ( 16.0 -- 33.1 ) 15 ( 33.1 ) 183 ( 6 ) Amphibians ( amphibia ) ( edit ) A giant salamander, the largest living amphibian. The largest living amphibian is the Chinese giant salamander ( Andrias davidianus ). The maximum size of this nearly human - sized river - dweller is 64 kg ( 141 lb ) and almost 1.83 m ( 6.0 ft ). Before amniotes became the dominant tetrapods, several giant amphibian proto - tetrapods existed and were certainly the dominant animals in their ecosystems. The largest known was the crocodile - like Prionosuchus, which reached a length of 9 m ( 30 ft ). Frogs ( Anura ) The largest member of the largest order of amphibians is the African Goliath frog ( Conraua goliath ). The maximum size this species is verified to attain is a weight of 3.8 kg ( 8.4 lb ) and a snout - to - vent length of 39 cm ( 15 in ). The largest of the toads, the cane toad ( Rhinella marina ), is also the second largest member of the frog order. This infamous, often invasive species can grow to maximum mass of 2.65 kg ( 5.8 lb ) and measure a maximum of 33 cm ( 13 in ) from snout - to - vent. Rivaling the previous two species, the African bullfrog ( Pyxicephalus adspersus ) can range up to a weight of 2 kg ( 4.4 lb ) and 25.5 cm ( 10.0 in ) from snout to vent. Another large frog is the largest frog in North America, the American bullfrog, which can reach weights of up to 0.8 kg ( 1.8 lb ) and snout - to - vent - length ( SVL ) of 20 cm ( 7.9 in ). However, the toad Beelzebufo ampinga, found in fossil from the Cretaceous era in what is now Madagascar, could grow to be 41 cm ( 16 in ) long and weigh up to 4.5 kg ( 9.9 lb ), making it the largest frog ever known. The largest tree frog is the Australasian white - lipped tree frog ( Litoria infrafrenata ), the females of which can reach a length of 14 cm ( 5.5 in ) from snout to vent and can weigh up to 115 g ( 4.1 oz ). The family Leptodactylidae, one of the most diverse anuran families, also has some very large members. The largest is the Surinam horned frog ( Ceratophrys cornuta ), which can reach 20 cm ( 7.9 in ) in length from snout to vent and weigh up to 0.48 kg ( 1.1 lb ). While not quite as large as Ceratophrys cornuta, Leptodactylus pentadactylus is often heavier ; it can reach 18.5 cm ( 7.3 in ) long and weigh 0.60 kilograms ( 1.3 pounds ). The largest dendrobatid is the Colombian golden poison frog ( Phyllobates terribilis ), which can attain a length of 6 cm ( 2.4 in ) and nearly 28.3 g ( 1.00 oz ). Most frogs are classified under the suborder Neobatrachia, although nearly 200 species are part of the Mesobatrachia suborder, or ancient frogs. The largest of these are the little - known Brachytarsophrys or Karin Hills frogs, of South Asia, which can grow to a maximum snout - to - vent length of 17 cm ( 6.7 in ) and a maximum weight of 0.54 kg ( 1.2 lb ). The massive and destructive cane toad ranks as the largest toad in the world Caecilians ( Gymnophiona ) The largest of the worm - like caecilians is the Colombian Thompson 's caecilian ( Caecilia thompsoni ), which reaches a length of 1.5 m ( 4.9 ft ), a width of about 4.6 cm ( 1.8 in ) and can weigh up to about 1 kg ( 2.2 lb ). Salamanders ( Urodela ) Besides the previously mentioned Chinese giant salamander, the closely related Japanese giant salamander ( Andrias japonicus ) is also sometimes cited as the largest living amphibian, but salamanders of a greater size than 1.53 m ( 5.0 ft ) and 36 kg ( 79 lb ) have never been verified for this species. Another giant of the amphibian world is the North American Hellbender ( Cryptobranchus alleganiensis ), which can measure up to 0.76 m ( 2.5 ft ). The largest of the newts is the Iberian ribbed newt ( Pleurodeles waltl ), which can grow up to 30 cm ( 12 in ) in length. Fish ( edit ) Main article : List of largest fish Invertebrates ( edit ) Sponges ( porifera ) ( edit ) Despite its inert appearance, the heavyweight Xestospongia muta is indeed an animal The largest known species of sea sponge is the giant barrel sponge, Xestospongia muta. These massively built sponges can reach 2.4 m ( 8 ft ) in height and can be of about the same number of feet across at the thickest part of the `` body ''. Some of these creatures have been estimated to be over 2,400 years of age. Calcareous sponges ( Calcarea ) The largest known of these small, inconspicuous sponges is probably the species Pericharax heteroraphis, attaining a height of 30 cm ( 0.98 ft ). Most calcareous sponges do not exceed 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) tall. Hexactinellid sponges ( Hexactinellida ) A relatively common species, Rhabdocalyptus dawsoni, can reach a height of 1 m ( 3.3 ft ) once they are of a very old age. This is the maximum size recorded for a hexactinellid sponge. Cnidarians ( cnidaria ) ( edit ) The lion 's mane jellyfish, one of the longest extant animals The lion 's mane jellyfish ( Cyanea capillata ) is the largest cnidaria species, of the class Scyphozoa. The largest known specimen of this giant, found washed up on the shore of Massachusetts Bay in 1870, had a bell diameter of 2.5 m ( 8.2 ft ), a weight of 150 kg ( 330 lb ). The tentacles of this specimens were as long as 37 m ( 121 ft ) and were projected to have a tentacular spread of about 75 m ( 246 ft ) making it one of the longest extant animals. Corals and sea - anemones ( Anthozoa ) The largest individual species are the sea - anemones of the genus Discoma, which can attain a mouth disc diameter of 60 cm ( 2.0 ft ). Longer, but much less massive overall, are the anemones of the genus Ceriantharia, at up to 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) tall. Communities of coral can be truly massive, a single colony of the genus Porites can be over 10 m ( 33 ft ), but the actual individual organisms are quite small. Lion 's mane jellyfish The largest known species of jellyfish is the `` lion 's mane jellyfish ''. The largest of its kind was found in 1870 in Massachusetts Bay with a recorded bell size of 2.3 metres ( 7 feet 7 inches ) and a tentacle length of 37 metres ( 121 feet ). Hydrozoans ( Hydrozoa ) The colonial siphonophore Praya dubia can attain lengths of 40 -- 50 m ( 130 -- 160 ft ). The Portuguese man o ' war 's ( Physalia physalis ) tentacles can attain a length of up to 50 m ( 160 ft ). Flatworms ( platyhelminthes ) ( edit ) Monogenean flatworms ( Monogenea ) The largest known members of this group of very small parasites are among the genus of capsalids, Listrocephalos, reaching a length of 2 cm ( 0.79 in ). Flukes ( Trematoda ) The largest known species of fluke is Fasciolopsis buski, which most often attacks humans and livestock. One of these flukes can be up to 7.5 cm ( 3.0 in ) long and 2 cm ( 0.79 in ) thick. Tapeworms ( Cestoda ) The largest known species of tapeworm is the whale tapeworm, Polygonoporus giganticus, which can grow to over 30 m ( 98 ft ). Roundworms ( nematoda ) ( edit ) The largest roundworm, Placentonema gigantissima, is a parasite found in the placentas of sperm whales which can reach up to 9 m ( 30 ft ) in length. Segmented worms ( annelida ) ( edit ) The largest of the segmented worms ( commonly called earthworms ) is the African giant earthworm ( Microchaetus rappi ). Although it averages about 1.36 m ( 4.5 ft ) in length, this huge worm can reach a length of as much as 6.7 m ( 22 ft ) and can weigh over 1.5 kg ( 3.3 lb ). Only the giant Gippsland earthworm, Megascolides australis, and a few giant polychaetes, including the notorious Eunice aphroditois, reach nearly comparable sizes, reaching 4 and 3.6 m ( 13 and 12 ft ), respectively. Echinoderms ( echinodermata ) ( edit ) With up to 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) long, the sea cucumber Synapta maculata is the longest known echinoderm. The largest species of echinoderm in terms of bulk is probably the starfish species Thromidia gigas, of the class Asteroidea, which reaches a weight of over 6 kg ( 13 lb ), but it might be beaten by some giant sea cucumbers such as Thelenota anax. However, at a maximum span of 63 cm ( 25 in ), Thromidia gigas is quite a bit shorter than some other echinoderms. The longest echinoderm known is the conspicuous sea cucumber Synapta maculata, with a slender body that can extend up to 3 m ( 9.8 ft ). In comparison, the biggest sea star is the brisingid sea star Midgardia xandaros, reaching a span of 1.4 m ( 4.6 ft ), despite being quite slender. Evasterias echinosoma is another giant echinoderm and can measure up to 1 m ( 3.3 ft ) across and weigh 5.1 kg ( 11 lb ). Crinoids ( Crinoidea ) The largest species of crinoid is the unstalked feather - star Heliometra glacialis, reaching a total width of 78 cm ( 31 in ) and an individual arm length of 35 cm ( 14 in ). A width of 91.4 cm ( 36.0 in ) was claimed for one unstalked feather - star but is not confirmed. The genus Metacrinus has a stalk span of 61 cm ( 24 in ) but, due to its bulk and multiple arms, it is heavier than Heliometra. In the past, crinoids grew much larger, and stalk lengths up to 40 m ( 130 ft ) have been found in the fossil record. Sea urchins and allies ( Echinoidea ) The largest sea urchin is the species Sperosoma giganteum from the deep northwest Pacific Ocean, which can reach a shell width of about 30 cm ( 12 in ). Another deep sea species Hygrosoma hoplacantha is only slightly smaller. The largest species found along the North America coast is the Pacific red sea urchin ( Mesocentrotus franciscanus ) where the shell can reach 19 cm ( 7.5 in ). If the spines enter into count, the biggest species may be a Diadematidae like Diadema setosum, with a test up to 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) only, but its spines can reach up to 30 cm ( 12 in ) in length. Sea cucumbers ( Holothuroidea ) The bulkiest species of sea cucumber are Stichopus variegatus and Thelenota anax, weighing several pounds, being about 21 cm ( 8.3 in ) in diameter, and reaching a length of 1 m ( 3.3 ft ) when fully extended. Synapta maculata can reach an extended length of 3 m ( 9.8 ft ), but is extremely slender ( 3 - 5cm ) and weigh much less than Stichopodids. Brittle stars ( Ophiuroidea ) The largest known specimen of brittle star is the basket star Astrotoma agassizii. This species can grow to have a span of 1 m ( 3.3 ft ). Sometimes, Gorgonocephalus stimpsoni is considered the largest but the maximum this species is can measure 70 cm ( 28 in ) and a disk diameter of about 14.3 cm ( 5.6 in ). Outside from euryalids, the biggest ophiurid brittle star may be Ophiopsammus maculata ( 6 - 7 inches ). Sea stars ( Asteroidea ) The heaviest sea star is Thromidia gigas from the Indo - Pacific, which can surpass 6 kg ( 13 lb ) in weight, but only has a diameter of about 65 cm ( 2.13 ft ). Despite its relatively small disk and weight, the long slender arms of Midgardia xandaros from the Gulf of California makes it the sea star with the largest diameter at about 1.4 m ( 4.5 ft ). Mithrodia clavigera may also become wider than 1 m ( 39 in ) in some cases, with stout arms. Ribbon worms ( nemertea ) ( edit ) The largest nemertean is the bootlace worm, Lineus longissimus. A specimen found washed ashore on a beach in St. Andrews, Scotland in 1864 was recorded at a length of 55 m ( 180 ft ). Mollusks ( Mollusca ) ( edit ) A 7 m ( 23 ft ) giant squid, the second largest of all invertebrates, encased in ice in the Melbourne Aquarium. Both the largest mollusks and the largest of all invertebrates ( in terms of mass ) are the largest squids. The colossal squid ( Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni ) is projected to be the largest invertebrate. Current estimates put its maximum size at 12 to 14 m ( 39 to 46 ft ) long and 750 kg ( 1,650 lb ), based on analysis of smaller specimens. In 2007, authorities in New Zealand announced the capture of the largest known colossal squid specimen. It was initially thought to be 10 m ( 33 ft ) and 450 kg ( 990 lb ). It was later measured at 4.2 m ( 14 ft ) long and 495 kg ( 1,091 lb ) in weight. The mantle was 2.5 m ( 8.2 ft ) long when measured. The giant squid ( Architeuthis dux ) was previously thought to be the largest squid, and while it is less massive and has a smaller mantle than the colossal squid, it may exceed the colossal squid in overall length including tentacles. One giant squid specimen that washed ashore in 1878 in Newfoundland reportedly measured 18 m ( 59 ft ) in total length ( from the tip of the mantle to the end of the long tentacles ), head and body length 6.1 m ( 20 ft ), 4.6 m ( 15 ft ) in diameter at the thickest part of mantle, and weighed about 900 kg ( 2,000 lb ). This specimen is still often cited as the largest invertebrate that has ever been examined. However, no animals approaching this size have been scientifically documented and, according to giant squid expert Steve O'Shea, such lengths were likely achieved by greatly stretching the two tentacles like elastic bands. Aplacophorans ( Aplacophora ) The largest known of these worm - like, shell-less mollusks are represented in the genus Epimenia, which can reach 30 cm ( 12 in ) long. Most aplacophorans are less than 5 cm ( 2.0 in ) long. Chitons ( Polyplacophora ) The largest of the chitons is the gumboot chiton, Cryptochiton stelleri, which can reach a length of 33 cm ( 13 in ) and weigh over 2 kg ( 4.4 lb ). The mouth of a mostly hidden giant clam, the largest bivalve Bivalves ( Bivalvia ) The largest of the bivalve mollusks is the giant clam, Tridacna gigas. Although even larger sizes have been reported for this passive animal, the top verified size was for a specimen from the Great Barrier Reef. This creature weighed 270 kg ( 600 lb ), had an axial length of 1.14 m ( 3.7 ft ) and depth of 0.75 m ( 2.5 ft ). The largest bivalve ever was Platyceramus platinus, a Cretaceous giant that reached an axial length of up to 3 m ( nearly 10 ft ). Gastropods ( Gastropoda ) The `` largest '' of this most diverse and successful mollusk class of slugs and snails can be defined in various ways. The living gastropod species that has the largest ( longest ) shell is Syrinx aruanus with a maximum shell length of 0.91 m ( 3.0 ft ), a weight of 18 kg ( 40 lb ) and a width of 96 cm ( 38 in ). Another giant species is Melo amphora, which in a 1974 specimen from West Australia, measured 0.71 m ( 2.3 ft ) long, had a maximum girth of 0.97 m ( 3.2 ft ) and weighed 16 kg ( 35 lb ). The largest shell-less gastropod is the giant black sea hare ( Aplysia vaccaria ) at 0.99 m ( 3.2 ft ) in length and almost 14 kg ( 31 lb ) in weight. The largest of the land snails is the giant African snail ( Achatina achatina ) at up to 1 kg ( 2.2 lb ) and 35 cm ( 14 in ) long. Cephalopods ( Cephalopoda ) ( See Cephalopod size. ) While generally much smaller than the giant Architeuthis and Mesonychoteuthis, the largest of the octopuses, the giant Pacific octopus ( Enteroctopus dofleini ), can grow to be very large. The largest confirmed weight of a giant octopus is 74 kg ( 163 lb ), with a 7 m ( 23 ft ) arm span ( with the tentacles fully extended ) and a head - to - tentacle - tip length of 3.9 m ( 13 ft ). Specimens have been reported up to 125 kg ( 276 lb ) but are unverified. Velvet worms ( Onychophora ) ( edit ) Solórzano 's velvet worm ( Peripatus solorzanoi ) is the largest velvet worm known. An adult female was recorded to have a body length of 22 cm ( approximately 8.7 in ). Arthropods ( Arthropoda ) ( edit ) Japanese spider crab. The largest arthropod known to have existed is the eurypterid ( sea scorpion ) Jaekelopterus, reaching up to 2.5 m ( 8.2 ft ) in body length, followed by the millipede relative Arthropleura at around 2.1 m ( 6.9 ft ) in length. Among living arthropods, the Japanese spider crab ( Macrocheira kaempferi ) is the largest in overall size, the record specimen, caught in 1921, had an extended arm span of 3.8 m ( 12 ft ) and weighed about 19 kg ( 42 lb ). The heaviest is the American lobster ( Homarus americanus ), the largest verified specimen, caught in 1977 off of Nova Scotia weighed 20 kg ( 44 lb ) and its body length was 1.1 m ( 3.6 ft ). The largest land arthropod and the largest land invertebrate is the coconut crab ( Birgus latro ), up to 40 cm ( 1.3 ft ) long and weighing up to 4 kg ( 8.8 lb ) on average. Its legs may span 1 m ( 3.3 ft ). Arachnids ( arachnida ) ( edit ) Both spiders and scorpions include contenders for the largest arachnids. Giant huntsman spider Spiders ( Araneae ) The largest species of arachnid by length is probably the giant huntsman spider ( Heteropoda maxima ) of Laos, which in 2008 replaced the Goliath birdeater ( Theraphosa blondi ) of northern South America as the largest known spider by leg - span. However the most massive arachnids, of comparable dimensions and possibly even greater mass, are the Chaco golden knee, Grammostola pulchripes, and the Brazilian salmon pink, Lasiodora parahybana. The huntsman spider may span up to 29 cm ( 11 in ) across the legs, while in the New World `` tarantulas '' like Theraphosa can range up to 26 cm ( 10 in ). In Grammostola, Theraphosa and Lasiodora, the weight is projected to be up to at least 150 g ( 5.3 oz ) and body length is up to 10 cm ( 3.9 in ). Scorpions ( Scorpiones ) The largest of the scorpions is the species Heterometrus swammerdami of the Indian subcontinent, which have a maximum length of 29.2 cm ( 11.5 in ) and weigh around 60 g ( 2.1 oz ). Another extremely large scorpion is the African emperor scorpion ( Pandinus imperator ), which can weigh 57 g ( 2.0 oz ) but is not known to exceed a length of 23 cm ( 9.1 in ). However, they were dwarfed by Pulmonoscorpius kirktonensis, a giant extinct species of scorpion from Scotland, at an estimated length of 0.7 m ( 2.3 ft ) and weight of 15 kg ( 33 lb ), and the aquatic Brontoscorpio, at up to 1 m ( 3.3 ft ) and a similar weight. Pseudoscorpions ( Pseudoscorpiones ) The largest pseudoscorpion is Garypus titanius, from Ascension island, which can be 12 mm ( 0.47 in ) long. Crustaceans ( crustacea ) ( edit ) The largest crustaceans are crab Tasmanian giant crab ( ' ' Pseudocarcinus gigas ) 13 kilograms ( 29 lb ) and a carapace width of up to 46 centimetres ( 18 in ). It is the only species in the genus Pseudocarcinus. Males reach more than twice the size of females. It has a white shell with claws that are splashed in red. The females ' shells change colour when they are producing eggs. Lysiosquillina maculata At a length of up to 40 cm, L. maculata is the largest mantis shrimp in the world. L. maculata may be distinguished from its congener L. sulcata by the greater number of teeth on the last segment of its raptorial claw, and by the colouration of the uropodal endopod, the distal half of which is dark in L. maculata but not in L. sulcata. There is a small artisanal fishery for this species. are largest shrimps Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish ( Astacopsis gouldi ) 5 kilograms ( 11 lb ) in weight and over 80 centimetres ( 31 in ) long have been known in the past, but now, even individuals over 2 kilograms ( 4.4 lb ) are rare. The species is only found in Tasmanian rivers flowing north into the Bass Strait below 400 metres ( 1,300 ft ) above sea level, and is listed as an endangered species on the IUCN Red List. Branchiopods ( Branchiopoda ) The largest of these primarily freshwater crustaceans is probably Branchinecta gigas, which can reach a length 10 cm ( 3.9 in ). Barnacles and allies ( Maxillopoda ) The largest species is a copepod ( Pennella balaenopterae ), known exclusively as a parasite from the backs of fin whales ( Balaenoptera physalus ). The maximum size attained is 32 cm ( about 13 in ). The largest of the barnacles is the giant acorn barnacle, Balanus nubilis, reaching 7 cm ( 2.8 in ) in diameter and 12.7 cm ( 5.0 in ) high. Ostracods ( Ostracoda ) The largest living representative of these small and little - known but numerous crustaceans is the species Gigantocypris australis females of which reaching a maximum length of 3 cm ( 1.2 in ). Amphipods, isopods, and allies ( Peracarida ) Giant isopod The largest species is the giant isopod ( Bathynomus pergiganteus ), which can reach a length of 45 cm ( 18 inches ) and a weight of 1.7 kg ( 3.7 lb ). Remipedes ( Remipedia ) The largest of these cave - dwelling crustaceans is the species Godzillius robustus, at up to 4.5 cm ( 1.8 in ). Horseshoe crabs ( merostomata ) ( edit ) The four modern horseshoe crabs are of roughly the same sizes, with females measuring up to 60 cm ( 2.0 ft ) in length and 5 kg ( 11 lb ) in weight. Sea spiders ( pycnogonida ) ( edit ) The largest of the sea spiders is the deep - sea species Colossendeis colossea, attaining a leg span of nearly 60 cm ( 2.0 ft ). Trilobites ( trilobita ) ( edit ) Some of these extinct marine arthropods exceeded 60 cm ( 24 in ) in length. A nearly complete specimen of Isotelus rex from Manitoba attained a length over 70 cm ( 28 in ), and an Ogyginus forteyi from Portugal was almost as long. Fragments of trilobites suggest even larger record sizes. An isolated pygidium of Hungioides bohemicus implies that the full animal was 90 cm ( 35 in ) long. Myriapods ( myriapoda ) ( edit ) Centipedes ( Chilopoda ) Scolopendra gigantea The biggest of the centipedes is Scolopendra gigantea of the neotropics, reaching a length of 33 cm ( 13 in ). Millipedes ( Diplopoda ) Two species of millipede both reach a very large size : Archispirostreptus gigas of East Africa and Scaphistostreptus seychellarum, endemic to the Seychelles islands. Both of these species can slightly exceed a length of 28 cm ( 11 in ) and measure over 2 cm ( 0.79 in ) in diameter. The largest ever known was the Arthropleura, a gigantic prehistoric specimen that reached nearly 6.2 feet. Insects ( insecta ) ( edit ) Goliath beetle Insects, a class of Arthropoda, are easily the most numerous class of organisms, with over one million identified species, and probably many undescribed species. The heaviest insect is almost certainly a species of beetle, which incidentally is the most species - rich order of organisms. Although heavyweight giant wetas ( Deinacrida heteracantha ) are known, the elephant beetles of Central and South America, ( Megasoma elephas ) and ( M. actaeon ), the Titan beetle ( Titanus giganteus ) of the neotropical rainforests or the Goliath beetles, ( Goliathus goliatus ) and ( G. regius ), of Africa 's rainforests are thought to reach a higher weight. The most frequently crowned are the Goliath beetles, the top known size of which is at least 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) and 11.5 cm ( 4.5 in ). The elephant beetles and titan beetle can reach greater lengths than the Goliath, at up to 13.1 and 15.2 cm ( 5.2 and 6.0 in ), respectively, but this is in part thanks to their rather large horns. The Goliath beetle 's wingspan can range up to 25 cm ( 9.8 in ). Some moths and butterflies have much larger areas than the heaviest beetles, but weigh a fraction as much. The longest insects are the stick insects, see below. Representatives of the extinct dragonfly - like order Protodonata such as the Carboniferous Meganeura monyi of what is now France and the Permian Meganeuropsis permiana of what is now North America are the largest insect species yet known to have existed. These creatures had a wingspan of some 75 cm ( 30 in ) and a mass of over 1 pound ( 450 g ), making them about the size of a crow. Cockroaches and termites ( Blattodea ) Giant burrowing cockroach The largest cockroach is the Australian giant burrowing cockroach ( Macropanesthia rhinoceros ). This species can attain a length of 8.3 cm ( 3.3 in ) and a weight of 36 g ( 1.3 oz ). The giant cockroach ( Blaberus giganteus ) of the neotropics reaches comparable lengths although is not as massive as the burrowing species. The termites, traditionally classified in their own order ( Isoptera ), have recently been re-considered to belong in Blattodea. The largest of the termites is the African species Macrotermes bellicosus. The queen of this species can attain a length of 14 cm ( 5.5 in ) and breadth of 5.5 cm ( 2.2 in ) across the abdomen ; other adults, on the other hand, are about a third of the size. Beetles ( Coleoptera ) The beetles are the largest order of organisms on earth, with about 400,000 species so far identified. The most massive species are the Goliathus, Megasoma and Titanus beetles already mentioned. Another fairly large species is the Hercules beetle ( Dynastes hercules ) of the neotropic rainforests with a maximum overall length of at least 19 cm ( 7.5 in ) including the extremely long pronotal horn. The weight in this species does not exceed 16.5 g ( 0.58 oz ). The longest overall beetle is a species of longhorn beetle, Batocera wallacei, from New Guinea, which can attain a length of 26.6 cm ( 10.5 in ), about 19 cm ( 7.5 in ) of which is comprised by the long antennae. Earwigs ( Dermaptera ) The largest of the earwigs is the Saint Helena giant earwig ( Labidura herculeana ), endemic to the island of its name, which is up to 8 cm ( 3.1 in ) in length. True flies ( Diptera ) Gauromydas heros, the largest fly The largest species of this order, which includes the common housefly, is the neotropical species Gauromydas heros, which can reach a length of 6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) and a wingspan of 10 cm ( 3.9 in ). Species of crane fly, the largest of which is Holorusia brobdignagius, can attain a length of 23 cm ( 9.1 in ) but are extremely slender and much lighter in weight than Gauromydas. Mayflies ( Ephemeroptera ) The largest mayflies are members of the genus Proboscidoplocia from Madagascar. These insects can reach a length of 7 cm ( 2.8 in ). True bugs ( Hemiptera ) Giant water bug walking over land The largest species of this diverse order is usually listed as the giant water bug in the genus Lethocerus, with L. maximus from the Neotropics being the absolutely largest. They can surpass 12 cm ( 4.7 in ) in length, with some suggesting that the maximum size is 15 cm ( 5.9 in ). It is more slender and less heavy than most other insects of this size ( principally the huge beetles ). The largest cicada is Megapomponia imperatoria, which has a head - body length of about 7 cm ( 2.8 in ) and a wingspan of 18 -- 20 cm ( 7 -- 8 in ). The cicadas of the genus Tacua can also grow to comparably large sizes. The largest type of aphid is the giant oak aphid ( Stomaphis quercus ), which can reach an overall length of 2 cm ( 0.79 in ). The biggest species of leafhopper is Ledromorpha planirostris, which can reach a length of 2.8 cm ( 1.1 in ). Megachile pluto, the largest bee. Ants and allies ( Hymenoptera ) The largest of the ants, and the heaviest species of the order, are the females of the African Dorylus helvolus, reaching a length of 5.1 cm ( 2.0 in ) and a weight of 8.5 g ( 0.30 oz ). The ant that averages the largest for the mean size within the whole colony is a ponerine ant, Dinoponera gigantea, from South America, averaging up to 3.3 cm ( 1.3 in ) from the mandibles to the end of abdomen. Workers of the bulldog ant ( Myrmecia brevinoda ) of Australia are up to 3.7 cm ( 1.5 in ) in total length, although much of this is from their extremely large mandibles. The largest of the bee species, also in the order Hymenoptera, is Megachile pluto of Indonesia, the females of which can be 3.8 cm ( 1.5 in ) long, with a 6.3 cm ( 2.5 in ) wingspan. Nearly as large, the carpenter bees can range up to 2.53 cm ( 1.00 in ). The largest wasp is probably the so - called tarantula hawk species Pepsis pulszkyi of South America, at up to 6.8 cm ( 2.7 in ) long and 11.6 cm ( 4.6 in ) wingspan, although many other Pepsis approach a similar size. The giant scarab - hunting wasp Megascolia procer may rival the largest tarantula hawks in weight and wingspan, though its body is not as long. Moths and allies ( Lepidoptera ) Queen Alexandra 's birdwing. The Hercules moth ( Coscinocera hercules ), in the family Saturniidae, is endemic to New Guinea and northern Australia, and its wings have the largest documented surface area ( 300 square centimeters ) of any living insect, and a maximum wingspan which is confirmed to 28 cm ( 11 in ) while unconfirmed specimens have spanned up to 35.5 cm ( 14.0 in ). The largest species overall is often claimed to be either the Queen Alexandra 's birdwing ( Ornithoptera alexandrae ), a butterfly from Papua New Guinea, or the Atlas moth ( Attacus atlas ), a moth from Southeast Asia. Both of these species can reach a length of 8 cm ( 3.1 in ), a wingspan of 28 cm ( 11 in ) and a weight of 12 g ( 0.42 oz ). One Atlas moth allegedly had a wingspan of 30 cm ( 12 in ) but this measurement was not verified. The larvae in the previous species can weigh up to 58 and 54 g ( 2.0 and 1.9 oz ), respectively. However, there are no reported measurements of surface area that would exceed the Hercules moth, and the white witch ( Thysania agrippina ) of Central and South America, has the largest recorded wingspan of the order, and indeed of any living insect, though the white witch is exceeded in surface area by the Hercules moth. The verified record - sized Thysania spanned 30.8 cm ( 12.1 in ) across the wings, although specimens have been reported to 36 cm ( 14 in ). The heaviest mature moths have been cited in the giant carpenter moth ( Xyleutes boisduvali ) of Australia, which has weighed up to 20 g ( 0.71 oz ) although the species does not surpass 25.5 cm ( 10.0 in ) in wingspan. Mantises ( Mantodea ) The largest species of this order is Toxodera denticulata from Java, which has been measured up to 20 cm ( 7.9 in ) in overall length. However, an undescribed species from the Cameroon jungle is allegedly much larger than any other mantis and may rival the larger stick insects for the longest living insect. Among widespread mantis species, the largest is the Chinese mantis ( Tenodera aridifolia ). The females of this species can attain a length of up to 10.6 cm ( 4.2 in ). Alderflies and allies ( Megaloptera ) This relatively small insect order includes some rather large species, many of which are noticeable for their elongated, imposing mandibles. The dobsonflies reach the greatest sizes of the order and can range up to 12.5 cm ( 4.9 in ) in length. Net - winged insects ( Neuroptera ) Blue eyes lacewing These flying insects reach their largest size in Palparellus voeltzkowi, which can have a wingspan over 16 cm ( 6.3 in ). The largest lacewing is the `` blue eyes lacewing '' ( Nymphes myrmeleonides ) of Australia, which can measure up to 4 cm ( 1.6 in ) in length and span 11 cm ( 4.3 in ) across the wings. Some forms of this ancient order could grow extremely large during the Jurassic Era and may have ranked among the largest insects ever. Dragonflies ( Odonata ) The largest living species of dragonfly is Megaloprepus caerulatus of the neotropics, attaining a size of as much as 19 cm ( 7.5 in ) across the wings and a body length of over 12 cm ( 4.7 in ). Spanning up to 17.6 cm ( 6.9 in ) and measuring up to 11.8 cm ( 4.6 in ) long, Tetracanthagyna plagiata of Southeast Asia is bulkier and heavier than Megaloprepus at up to 7 g ( 0.25 oz ). The largest species of dragonfly ever is the extinct aforementioned Meganeura, although it is not certain to be included in the modern dragonfly order. Grasshoppers and allies ( Orthoptera ) Giant weta The largest of this widespread, varied complex of insects are the giant wetas of New Zealand, which is now split among 12 species. The largest of these is the Little Barrier Island giant weta ( Deinacrida heteracantha ), the largest specimen was weighed at 71.3 g ( 2.52 oz ), one of the largest insects weights ever known. These heavyweight insects can be over 9 cm ( 3.5 in ) long. The largest grasshopper species is often considered to be the Australian giant grasshopper ( Valanga irregularis ), which ranges up to 9 cm ( 3.5 in ) in length. The American eastern lubber grasshopper ( Romalea guttata ) can allegedly range up to 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) in length. However, the greatest grasshopper sizes known, to 12 cm ( 4.7 in ), have been cited in the South American giant grasshopper ( Tropidacris violaceus ). The longest members of this order ( although much lighter than the giant wetas ) is the katydid Macrolyristes corporalis of Southeast Asia which can range up to 21.5 cm ( 8.5 in ) with its long legs extended and can have a wingspan of 20 cm ( 7.9 in ). Stick insects ( Phasmatodea ) The longest known stick insect, and indeed the longest insect ever known, is Phobaeticus chani of the Bornean rainforests, with one specimen held in the Natural History Museum in London measuring 56.7 cm ( 22.3 in ) in total length. This measurement is, however, with the front legs fully extended. The body alone still measures 35.7 cm ( 14.1 in ). The species with the second longest body is Phobaeticus kirbyi, also of Borneo, which measures up to 32.8 cm ( 12.9 in ), while the overall length ( from the hind to the front legs ) is up to 54.6 cm ( 21.5 in ). The second longest insect in terms of total length is Phobaeticus serratipes of Malaysia and Singapore, measuring up to 55.5 cm ( 21.9 in ). Another extremely long stick insect is Pharnacia maxima, which measured 51 cm ( 20 in ) with its legs extended. The spiny stick insect ( Heteropteryx dilatata ) of Malaysia does not reach the extreme lengths of its cousins, the body reaching up to 16 cm ( 6.3 in ) long, but it is much bulkier. The largest Heteropteryx weighed about 65 g ( 2.3 oz ) and was 3.5 cm ( 1.4 in ) wide across the thickest part of the body. Lice ( Phthiraptera ) These insects, which live parasitically on other animals, are as a rule quite small. The largest known species is the hog louse, Haematopinus suis, a sucking louse that lives on large livestock like pigs and cattle. It can range up to 6 mm ( 0.24 in ) in length. Stoneflies ( Plecoptera ) Pteronarcys californica The largest species of stonefly is Pteronarcys californica of western North America, a species favored by fishermen as lures. This species can attain a length of 5 cm ( 2.0 in ) and a wingspan of over 9.5 cm ( 3.7 in ). Booklice ( Psocoptera ) The largest of this order of very small insects are the barklice of the genus Psocus, the top size of which is about 1 cm. Fleas ( Siphonaptera ) The largest species of flea is Hystrichopsylla schefferi. This parasite is known exclusively from the fur of the mountain beaver ( Aplodontia rufa ) and can reach a length of 1.2 cm ( 0.47 in ). Silverfishes and allies ( Thysanura ) These strange - looking insects, known to feed on human household objects, can range up to 4.3 cm ( 1.7 in ) in length. A 350 million year old form was known to grow quite large, at up to 6 cm ( 2.4 in ). Thrips ( Thysanoptera ) Members of the genus Phasmothrips are the largest kinds of thrips. The maximum size these species attain is approximately 1.3 cm ( 0.51 in ) in length. Caddisflies ( Trichoptera ) The largest of the small, moth - like caddisflies is Eubasilissa maclachlani. This species can range up to 7 cm ( 2.8 in ) across the wings. Fungi ( edit ) Armillaria ostoyae The largest living fungus may be a honey fungus of the species Armillaria ostoyae. A mushroom of this type in the Malheur National Forest in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon, U.S. was found to be the largest fungal colony in the world, spanning 8.9 km ( 2,200 acres ) of area. This organism is estimated to be 2,400 years old. The fungus was written about in the April 2003 issue of the Canadian Journal of Forest Research. While an accurate estimate has not been made, the total weight of the colony may be as much as 605 tons. If this colony is considered a single organism, then it is the largest known organism in the world by area, and rivals the aspen grove `` Pando '' as the known organism with the highest living biomass. It is not known, however, whether it is a single organism with all parts of the mycelium connected. In Armillaria ostoyae, each individual mushroom ( the fruiting body, similar to a flower on a plant ) has only a 5 cm ( 2.0 in ) stipe, and a pileus up to 12.5 cm ( 4.9 in ) across. There are many other fungi which produce a larger individual size mushroom. The largest known fruiting body of a fungus is a specimen of Phellinus ellipsoideus ( formerly Fomitiporia ellipsoidea ) found on Hainan Island. The fruiting body masses up to 500 kg ( 1,100 lb ). Until P. ellipsoideus replaced it, the largest individual fruit body came from Rigidoporus ulmarius. R. ulmarius can grow up to 284 kg ( 626 lb ), 1.66 m ( 5.4 ft ) tall, 1.46 m ( 4.8 ft ) across, and has a circumference of up to 4.9 m ( 16 ft ). Protists ( edit ) Macrocystis pyrifera, the largest species of giant kelp ( Note : the group Protista is not used in current taxonomy. ) Amoebozoans ( amoebozoa ) ( edit ) Among the organisms that are not multicellular, the largest are the slime moulds, such as Physarum polycephalum, some of which can reach a diameter over 30 cm ( 12 in ). These organisms are unicellular, but they are multinucleate. Euglenozoans ( euglenozoa ) ( edit ) Some euglenophytes, such as certain species of Euglena, reach lengths of 400 μm. Rhizarians ( rhizaria ) ( edit ) The largest species traditionally considered protozoa are giant amoeboids like foraminiferans. One such species, the xenophyophore Syringammina fragilissima, can attain a size of 20 cm ( 7.9 in ). Alveolates ( alveolata ) ( edit ) The largest ciliates, such as Spirostomum, can attain a length over 4 mm ( 0.16 in ). Stramenopiles ( stramenopila ) ( edit ) The largest stramenopiles are giant kelp from the northwestern Pacific. The floating stem of Macrocystis pyrifera can grow to a height of over 45 m ( 148 ft ). Macrocystis also qualifies as the largest brown alga, the largest chromist, and the largest protist generally. Bacteria ( edit ) A microscopic view of Thiomargarita namibiensis, a rare bacterium visible to the naked eye The largest known species of bacterium is Thiomargarita namibiensis, which grows to 0.75 mm ( 0.030 in ) in diameter, making it visible to the naked eye and a thousand times the size of more typical bacteria. Cyanobacteria One of the largest `` blue green algae '' is Lyngbya, whose filamentous cells can be 50 μm wide. Viruses ( edit ) Pithovirus sibericum -- the largest virus The largest virus on record so far is the Pithovirus sibericum with the length of 1.5 micrometres, comparable to the typical size of a bacterium and large enough to be seen in light microscopes. It was discovered in March 2014 in a soil sample collected from a riverbank in Siberia. Prior to this discovery, the largest virus was the peculiar virus genus Pandoravirus, which have a size of approximately 1 micrometer and whose genome contains 1,900,000 to 2,500,000 base pairs of DNA. Both these viruses infect amoebas specifically. See also ( edit ) Charismatic megafauna Deep - sea gigantism Genome size Human timeline Island gigantism Largest body part Largest prehistoric animals List of longest - living organisms Lists of organisms by population List of world 's longest vines Megafauna Nature timeline Smallest organisms Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Motorcycle land - speed record Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mihai, Andrei ( 9 February 2015 ). `` The Heaviest Living Organism in the World ''. 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TreeHugger April 28, 2015 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Largest_organisms&oldid=856656343 '' Categories : Organism size Lists of largest organisms Animals by adaptation Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from July 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2010 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Español فارسی Bahasa Indonesia नेपाली Русский Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018, at 19 : 23 ( UTC ). 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{ "text": "Stanley Cup - Wikipedia Stanley Cup This article is about the National Hockey League championship trophy. For other uses, see Stanley Cup ( disambiguation ). See also : List of Stanley Cup champions, Stanley Cup winning players, and Stanley Cup playoffs Stanley Cup Sport Ice hockey Given for Playoff champion of the National Hockey League History First award 1893 Most recent Washington Capitals The Stanley Cup ( French : La Coupe Stanley ) is the championship trophy awarded annually to the National Hockey League ( NHL ) playoff winner. It is the oldest existing trophy to be awarded to a professional sports franchise, and the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) considers it to be one of the `` most important championships available to the sport ''. Originally commissioned in 1892 as the Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup, the trophy is named after Lord Stanley of Preston, then -- Governor General of Canada, who donated it as an award to Canada 's top - ranking amateur ice hockey club, which the entire Stanley family supported, with the sons and daughters playing and promoting the game. The first Cup was awarded in 1893 to Montreal HC, and subsequent winners from 1893 to 1914 were determined by challenge games and league play. Professional teams first became eligible to challenge for the Stanley Cup in 1906. In 1915, the two professional ice hockey organizations, the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) and the Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ), reached a gentlemen 's agreement in which their respective champions would face each other annually for the Stanley Cup. After a series of league mergers and folds, it was established as the de facto championship trophy of the NHL in 1926 and then the de jure NHL championship prize in 1947. There are actually three Stanley Cups : the original bowl of the `` Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup '', the authenticated `` Presentation Cup '', and the spelling corrected `` Permanent Cup '' on display at the Hockey Hall of Fame. The NHL has maintained effective control over both the trophy itself and its associated trademarks. Nevertheless, the NHL does not actually own the trophy, but instead uses it by agreement with the two Canadian Trustees of the Cup. The NHL has registered trademarks associated with the name and likeness of the Stanley Cup, although the league 's right to outright own trademarks associated with a trophy it does not own has been disputed by some legal experts. The original bowl was made of silver and is 18.5 centimetres ( 7.28 inches ) in height and 29 centimetres ( 11.42 inches ) in diameter. The current Stanley Cup, topped with a copy of the original bowl, is made of a silver and nickel alloy ; it has a height of 89.54 centimetres ( 35.25 inches ) and weighs 15.5 kilograms ( 34.5 lb ). Unlike the trophies awarded by the other major professional sports leagues of North America, a new Stanley Cup is not made each year. Originally, the winners kept it until a new champion was crowned. Currently, winning teams get the Stanley Cup during the summer and a limited number of days during the season. It is unusual among trophies to include winning members ' names. Every year since 1924, a select portion of the winning players, coaches, management, and club staff names are engraved on its bands. However, there is not enough room to include all the players and non-players, so some names must be omitted. Between 1924 and 1940, a new band was added almost every year the trophy was awarded, earning the nickname `` Stovepipe Cup '' due to the unnatural height of all the bands. In 1947 the cup size was reduced, but not all the large rings were the same size. In 1958 the modern one - piece Cup was designed with a five - band barrel which could contain 13 winning teams per band. To prevent the Stanley Cup from growing, when the bottom band is full, the oldest band is removed and preserved in the Hockey Hall of Fame, and a new blank band added to the bottom. It has been referred to as The Cup, Lord Stanley 's Cup, The Holy Grail, or facetiously ( chiefly by sportswriters ) as Lord Stanley 's Mug. The Stanley Cup is surrounded by numerous legends and traditions, the oldest of which is the celebratory drinking of champagne out of the cup by the winning team. Since the 1914 -- 15 season, the Cup has been won a combined 101 times by 18 active NHL teams and five defunct teams. It was not awarded in 1919 because of a Spanish flu epidemic, and in 2005, as a consequence of the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout. During the challenge cup era from 1893 to 1914, the Cup was held by nine different teams. The Montreal Canadiens have won the Cup a record 24 times and are the most recent Canadian - based team to win the cup, having won it in 1993, while the Detroit Red Wings have won the Cup 11 times, the most of any United States - based NHL team, most recently in 2008. Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Challenge Cup era 1.3 Organized interleague competition 1.4 NHL takes over 1.5 125th anniversary 2 Engraving 2.1 Name inscriptions 2.2 Engraving errors 3 Traditions and anecdotes 3.1 Original, authenticated, and replica versions 3.2 As a morale booster 4 Trustees 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Bibliography 7 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) The Lord Stanley of Preston After the Lord Stanley of Preston was appointed by Queen Victoria as Governor General of Canada on June 11, 1888, he and his family became highly enthusiastic about ice hockey. Stanley was first exposed to the game at Montreal 's 1889 Winter Carnival, where he saw the Montreal Victorias play the Montreal Hockey Club. The Montreal Gazette reported that he `` expressed his great delight with the game of hockey and the expertise of the players ''. During that time, organized ice hockey in Canada was still in its infancy and only Montreal and Ottawa had anything resembling leagues. Stanley 's entire family became active in ice hockey. Two of his sons, Arthur and Algernon, formed a new team called the Ottawa Rideau Hall Rebels. Arthur also played a key role in the formation of what later became known as the Ontario Hockey Association ( OHA ), and became the founder of ice hockey in Great Britain. Arthur and Algernon persuaded their father to donate a trophy to be `` an outward and visible sign of the hockey championship ''. Stanley sent the following message to the victory celebration held on March 18, 1892, at Ottawa 's Russell House Hotel for the three - time champion Ottawa Hockey Club : I have for some time been thinking that it would be a good thing if there were a challenge cup which should be held from year to year by the champion hockey team in the Dominion ( of Canada ). There does not appear to be any such outward sign of a championship at present, and considering the general interest which matches now elicit, and the importance of having the game played fairly and under rules generally recognized, I am willing to give a cup which shall be held from year to year by the winning team. I am not quite certain that the present regulations governing the arrangement of matches give entire satisfaction, and it would be worth considering whether they could not be arranged so that each team would play once at home and once at the place where their opponents hail from. Soon afterwards, Stanley purchased what is frequently described as a decorative punch bowl, but which silver expert John Culme identified as a rose bowl, made in Sheffield, England, and sold by London silversmith G.R. Collis and Company ( now Boodle and Dunthorne Jewellers ), for ten guineas, equal to ten and a half pounds sterling, US $48.67, which is equal to $1,326 in 2017 dollars. He had the words `` Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup '' engraved on one side of the outside rim, and `` From Stanley of Preston '' on the other side. Originally, Stanley intended that the Cup should be awarded to the top amateur hockey team in Canada, to be decided by the acceptance of a challenge from another team. He made five preliminary regulations : The winners shall return the Cup in good order when required by the trustees so that it may be handed over to any other team which may win it. Each winning team, at its own expense, may have the club name and year engraved on a silver ring fitted on the Cup. The Cup shall remain a challenge cup, and should not become the property of one team, even if won more than once. The trustees shall maintain absolute authority in all situations or disputes over the winner of the Cup. If one of the existing trustees resigns or drops out, the remaining trustee shall nominate a substitute. The first Stanley Cup Champions were the Montreal Hockey Club ( affiliated with the Montreal Amateur Athletic Association ). Stanley appointed Sheriff John Sweetland and Philip D. Ross ( who went on to serve an unsurpassed 56 years ) as trustees of the Cup. Sweetland and Ross first presented the trophy in 1893 to the Montreal Amateur Athletic Association on behalf of the affiliated Montreal Hockey Club, the champions of the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada ( AHAC ), since they `` defeated all comers during the late season, including the champions of the Ontario Association '' ( Ottawa ). Sweetland and Ross also believed that the AHAC was the top league, and as first - place finishers in the AHAC, Montreal was the best team in Canada. Naturally, the Ottawas were upset by the decision because there had been no challenge games scheduled and because the trustees failed to convey the rules on how the Cup was to be awarded prior to the start of the season. As a result, the Cup trustees issued more specific rules on how the trophy should be defended and awarded : The Cup is automatically awarded to the team that wins the title of the previous Cup champion 's league, without the need for any other special extra contest. Challengers for the Cup must be from senior hockey associations, and must have won their league championship. Challengers will be recognized in the order in which their request is received. The challenge games ( where the Cup could change leagues ) are to be decided either in a one - game affair, a two - game total goals affair, or a best of three series, to the benefit of both teams involved. All matches are to take place on the home ice of the champions, although specific dates and times have to be approved by the trustees. Ticket receipts from the challenge games are to be split equally between both teams. If the two competing clubs can not agree to a referee, the trustees will appoint one, and the two teams shall cover the expenses equally. If the two competing clubs can not agree on other officials, the referee will appoint them, and the two clubs shall also pay the expenses equally A league could not challenge for the Cup twice in one season. Stanley never saw a Stanley Cup championship game, nor did he ever present the Cup. Although his term as Governor General ended in September 1893, he was forced to return to England on July 15. In April of that year, his elder brother Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby died, and Stanley succeeded him as the 16th Earl of Derby. Challenge Cup era ( edit ) Main article : List of Stanley Cup Challenge Games During the challenge cup period, none of the leagues that played for the trophy had a formal playoff system to decide their respective champions ; whichever team finished in first place after the regular season won the league title. However, in 1894, four teams out of the five - team AHAC tied for the championship with records of 5 -- 3 -- 0. The AHAC had no tie - breaking system. After extensive negotiations and Quebec 's withdrawal from the championship competition, it was decided that a three - team tournament would take place in Montreal, with the Ottawa team receiving a bye to the final because they were the only road team. On March 17, in the first ever Stanley Cup playoff game, the Montreal Hockey Club ( Montreal HC ) defeated the Montreal Victorias, 3 -- 2. Five days later, in the first Stanley Cup Final game, Montreal HC beat the Ottawa Hockey Club 3 -- 1. The first Stanley Cup In 1895, Queen 's University was the first official challenger for the Cup, although it was controversial. The Montreal Victorias had won the league title and thus the Stanley Cup, but the challenge match was between the previous year 's champion, Montreal HC, and the university squad. The trustees decided that if the Montreal HC won the challenge match, the Victorias would become the Stanley Cup champions. The Montreal HC won the match 5 -- 1 and their cross-town rivals were crowned the champions. The first successful challenge to the Cup came the next year by the Winnipeg Victorias, the champions of the Manitoba Hockey League. On February 14, 1896, the Winnipeg squad defeated the champions 2 -- 0 and became the first team outside the AHAC to win the Cup. As the prestige of winning the Cup grew, so did the need to attract top players. Only nine months after winning the Cup, in March 1906, the Montreal Wanderers pushed through a resolution at the annual meeting of the Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association ( ECAHA ) to allow professional players to play alongside amateurs. Because the ECAHA was the top hockey league in Canada at the time, the Cup trustees agreed to open the challenges to professional teams. The first professional competition came one month later during the Wanderers ' two - game, total goals challenge series, which they won 17 goals to 5. The smallest municipality to produce a Stanley Cup champion team is Kenora, Ontario ; the town had a population of about 4,000 when the Kenora Thistles captured the Cup in January 1907. Aided by future Hall of Famers Art Ross and `` Bad '' Joe Hall, the Thistles defeated the Montreal Wanderers in a two - game, total goals challenge series. The Thistles successfully defended the Cup once, against a team from Brandon, Manitoba. In March 1907, the Wanderers challenged the Thistles to a rematch. Despite an improved lineup, the Thistles lost the Cup to Montreal. In 1908, the Allan Cup was introduced as the trophy for Canada 's amateurs, and the Stanley Cup started to become a symbol of professional hockey supremacy. In that same year, the first all - professional team, the Toronto Trolley Leaguers from the newly created Ontario Professional Hockey League ( OPHL ), competed for the Cup. One year later, the Montreal HC and the Montreal Victorias, the two remaining amateur teams, left the ECAHA, and the ECAHA dropped `` Amateur '' from their name to become a professional league. In 1910, the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) was formed. The NHA soon proved it was the best in Canada, as it kept the Cup for the next four years. Prior to 1912, challenges could take place at any time, given the appropriate rink conditions, and it was common for teams to defend the Cup numerous times during the year. In 1912, Cup trustees declared that it was to be defended only at the end of the champion team 's regular season. Organized interleague competition ( edit ) In 1914, the Victoria Aristocrats from the Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) challenged the NHA and Cup champion Toronto Blueshirts. A controversy erupted when a letter arrived from the Stanley Cup trustees on March 17, that the trustees would not let the Stanley Cup travel west, as they did not consider Victoria a proper challenger because they had not formally notified the trustees. However, on March 18, Trustee William Foran stated that it was a misunderstanding. PCHA president Frank Patrick had not filed a challenge, because he had expected Emmett Quinn of the NHA to make all of the arrangements in his role as hockey commissioner, whereas the trustees thought they were being deliberately ignored. In any case, all arrangements had been ironed out and the Victoria challenge was accepted. Several days later, trustee Foran wrote to NHA president Quinn that the trustees are `` perfectly satisfied to allow the representatives of the three pro leagues ( NHA, PCHA, and Maritime ) to make all arrangements each season as to the series of matches to be played for the Cup ''. One year later, when the Maritime league folded, the NHA and the PCHA concluded a gentlemen 's agreement in which their respective champions would face each other for the Cup, similar to baseball 's World Series, which is played between the American League and National League champions. Under the new proposal, the Stanley Cup Final series alternated between the East and the West each year, with alternating games played according to NHA and PCHA rules. The PCHA 's Vancouver Millionaires won the 1915 series three games to none in a best - of - five series. Prior to organized ice hockey expanding to any serious extent outside Canada, the concept that the Stanley Cup champion ought to be recognized as the world champion was already firmly established - Stanley Cup winners were claiming the title of world champions by no later than the turn of the century. After the Portland Rosebuds, an American - based team, joined the PCHA in 1914, the trustees promptly issued a formal statement that the Cup was no longer for the best team in Canada, but now for the best team in the world. Ice hockey in Europe was still in its infancy at this time, so it was without much controversy that winners of the Stanley Cup continued styling themselves as the world champions just like in baseball. Two years later, the Rosebuds became the first American team to play in the Stanley Cup Final. In 1917, the Seattle Metropolitans became the first American team to win the Cup. After that season, the NHA dissolved, and the National Hockey League ( NHL ) took its place. In 1919, the Spanish influenza epidemic forced the Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans to cancel their series, marking the first time the Stanley Cup was not awarded. The series was tied at 2 -- 2 -- 1, but the final game was never played because Montreal Manager George Kennedy and players Joe Hall, Billy Coutu, Jack McDonald, and Newsy Lalonde were hospitalized with influenza. Hall died four days after the cancelled game, and the series was abandoned. The format for the Stanley Cup Final changed in 1922, with the creation of the Western Canada Hockey League ( WCHL ). Three leagues competed for the Cup : two league champions faced each other for the right to challenge the third champion in the final series. This lasted three seasons as the PCHA and the WCHL later merged to form the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) in 1925. After winning in the 1924 -- 25 season, the Victoria Cougars became the last team outside the NHL to win the Stanley Cup. NHL takes over ( edit ) See also : Stanley Cup playoffs and Stanley Cup Finals After winning the Cup, players traditionally skate around holding the trophy above their heads, as Pavel Datsyuk of the Detroit Red Wings does here when the Red Wings captured their 11th cup in 2008 The WHL folded in 1926 and was quickly replaced by the Prairie Hockey League. However, in the meantime, the NHL ( which had entered the U.S. only two years before ) bought up the contracts of most of the WHL 's players and largely used them to stock the rosters of three new U.S. teams. In what would turn out to be its most significant expansion of its pre-Original Six era, the Chicago Blackhawks, Detroit Red Wings and New York Rangers joined the NHL. With the NHL now firmly established in the largest markets of the Northeastern United States, and with the Western teams having been stripped of their best players, the PHL was deemed to be a `` minor league '' unworthy of challenging the NHL for hockey supremacy. The PHL lasted only two seasons. Over the next two decades, other leagues and clubs occasionally issued challenges, but none were accepted by the Cup 's trustees. Since 1926, no non-NHL team has played for the Cup, leading it to become the de facto championship trophy of the NHL. In addition, with no major professional hockey league left to challenge it, the NHL began calling its league champions the world champions, notwithstanding the lack of any interleague championship. In doing so, the NHL copied a policy that had been adopted by the then still - fledgling National Football League from its start in 1920 ( and which the National Basketball Association also asserted upon its founding in 1946 ). Finally in 1947, the NHL reached an agreement with trustee. J. Cooper Smeaton to grant control of the Cup to the NHL, allowing the league to reject challenges from other leagues that may have wished to play for the Cup : The Trustees hereby delegate to the League full authority to determine and amend from time to time the conditions for competition of the Stanley Cup, including the qualifications of challengers, the appointment of officials, the apportionment and distribution of all gate receipts, provided always that the winners of this trophy shall be the acknowledged World 's Professional Hockey Champions. The Trustees agree that during the currency of this agreement they will not acknowledge or accept any challenge for the Stanley Cup unless such a challenge is in conformity with the condition specified in paragraph one ( 1 ) thereof. The League undertakes the responsibility for the care and safe custody of the Stanley Cup including all necessary repairs and alterations to the cup and sub-structure as may be required from time to time, and further undertakes to ensure the Stanley Cup for its full insurable value. The League hereby acknowledges itself to be bound to the Trustees in the sum of One Thousand Dollars, which bond is conditioned upon the safe return of the Stanley Cup to the Trustees in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, and it is agreed that the League shall have the right to return the trophy to the Trustees at any time. This agreement shall remain in force so long as the League continues to be the world 's leading professional hockey league as determined by its playing caliber and in the event of dissolution or other termination of the National Hockey League, the Stanley Cup shall revert to the custody of the trustees. In the event of default in the appointment of a new trustee by the surviving trustee, the `` Trustees '' hereby delegate and appoint the Governors of the International Hockey Hall of Fame in Kingston, Ontario, to name two Canadian trustees to carry on under the terms of the original trust, and in conformity with this Agreement. And it is further mutually agreed that any disputes arising as to the interpretation of this Agreement or the facts upon which such interpretation is made, shall be settled by an Arbitration Board of three, one member to be appointed by each of the parties, and the third to be selected by the two appointees. The decision of the Arbitration Board shall be final. This agreement was amended on November 22, 1961, substituting the Governors of the International Hockey Hall of Fame in Kingston, Ontario with the Committee of the Hockey Hall of Fame in Toronto, Ontario as the group to name the two Canadian trustees, if need be. In the 1970s, the World Hockey Association sought to challenge for the Cup. By this time, all Cup Trustees were longtime NHL loyalists, and under the direction of NHL President Clarence Campbell the WHA 's challenge for the Cup was blocked. However, notwithstanding the aforementioned legal obligation, the NHL ( considering not only the WHA 's presence but also the rising caliber of European ice hockey leagues ) quietly stopped calling its champions the world champions. Nevertheless, the NHL came under pressure to allow its champion to play the WHA champion. Eventually, following the establishment of the Canada Cup as the first best - on - best international hockey tournament, NHL President Clarence Campbell ( who was a vocal opponent of the tournament ) made public overtures to establish a true world professional championship in ice hockey, `` just like the World Series ''. Under Campbell 's proposal, the NHL champion would have played the WHA champion for the right to face the European champion. In the end, Campbell 's proposal went nowhere -- eventually, the NHL resolved the WHA challenge by agreeing to merge with its rival, by which time the older league had quietly withdrawn its support for the idea. Neither the NHL nor any other professional hockey league makes a claim to its champions being the world champions. The Cup was awarded every year until 2005, when a labour dispute between the NHL 's owners and the NHL Players Association ( the union that represents the players ) led to the cancellation of the 2004 -- 05 season. As a result, no Cup champion was crowned for the first time since the flu pandemic in 1919. The lockout was controversial among many fans, who questioned whether the NHL had exclusive control over the Cup. A website known as freestanley.com ( since closed ) was launched, asking fans to write to the Cup trustees and urge them to return to the original Challenge Cup format. Adrienne Clarkson, then Governor General of Canada, alternately proposed that the Cup be presented to the top women 's hockey team in lieu of the NHL season. This idea was so unpopular that the Clarkson Cup was created instead. Meanwhile, a group in Ontario, also known as the `` Wednesday Nighters '', filed an application with the Ontario Superior Court, claiming that the Cup trustees had overstepped their bounds in signing the 1947 agreement with the NHL, and therefore must award the trophy regardless of the lockout. On February 7, 2006, a settlement was reached in which the trophy could be awarded to non-NHL teams should the league not operate for a season. The dispute lasted so long that, by the time it was settled, the NHL had resumed operating for the 2005 -- 06 season, and the Stanley Cup went unclaimed for the 2004 -- 05 season. Furthermore, when another NHL lockout commenced in 2012 the Trustees stated that the 2006 agreement did not oblige them to award the Cup in the event of a lost season, and that they were likely to reject any non-NHL challenges for the Cup in the event the 2012 -- 13 season were cancelled, which it was not. In 2007, the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) formalized the `` Triple Gold Club '', the group of players and coaches who have won an Olympic Games gold medal, a World Championship gold medal, and the Stanley Cup. The term had first entered popular use following the 2002 Winter Olympics, which saw the addition of the first Canadian members. 125th anniversary ( edit ) Lord Stanley 's Gift Monument In March 2017, to commemorate the Stanley Cup 's 125th anniversary, the original Cup and the current Stanley Cup were the focus of a four - day tour of Ottawa, including a stop at Rideau Hall. The Royal Canadian Mint announced the production of two commemorative coins to mark the anniversary. The first is a roll of Canadian quarters with an image of the Stanley Cup, the word Stanley Cup in English and Coupe Stanley in French with two ice hockey players and 125 years ( English ) / Ans ( French ) on the obverse and an effigy of Elizabeth II on the back made using plated steel. The second coin was designed to be a replica of the Stanley Cup on the obverse and an effigy of Elizabeth II, Stanley Cup in English and Coupe Stanley in French and 50 dollars above the effigy. It was made using 99.9 % silver. In October 2017, the Lord Stanley 's Gift Monument, commemorating the donation of the Stanley Cup was erected in Ottawa at Sparks Street and Elgin Street, near the location of the dinner party announcing the Cup at the Russell House, which has since been demolished. Engraving ( edit ) See also : Chronology of Stanley Cup engravings A close - up view of the engraving for the 2001 champion Colorado Avalanche Like the Grey Cup, awarded to the winner of the Canadian Football League, the Stanley Cup is engraved with the names of the winning players, coaches, management, and club staff. However, this was not always the case : one of Lord Stanley 's original conditions was that each team could, at their own expense, add a ring to the Cup to commemorate their victory. Initially, there was only one base ring, which was attached to the bottom of the original bowl by the Montreal Hockey Club. Clubs engraved their team names, usually in the form `` TEAM NAME '' `` YEAR WON '', on that one ring until it was full in 1902. With no more room to engrave their names ( and unwilling to pay for a second band ), teams left their mark on the bowl itself. The 1907 Montreal Wanderers became the first club to record their name on the bowl 's interior surface, and the first champion to record the names of 20 members of their team. In 1908, for reasons unknown, the Wanderers, despite having turned aside four challengers, did not record their names on the Cup. The next year, the Ottawa Senators added a second band onto the Cup. Despite the new room, the 1910 Wanderers and the 1911 Senators did not put their names on the Cup. The 1915 Vancouver Millionaires became the second team to engrave players ' names, this time inside the bowl along its sides. The 1918 Millionaires eventually filled the band added by the 1909 Senators. The 1915 Ottawa Senators, the 1916 Portland Rosebuds and the 1918 Vancouver Millionaires all engraved their names on the trophy even though they did not officially win it under the new PCHA - NHA system. They had won the title of only the previous champion 's league and would have been crowned as Cup champions under the old challenge rules. The winners in 1918, 1920 to 1923 did not put their winning team name on it. Syl Apps, with the `` Stovepipe Cup '' before it was redesigned, in the 1940s The Stanley Cup acknowledges the cancelled 2004 -- 05 season with the words, `` 2004 -- 05 Season Not Played '' due to the lockout. No further engraving occurred until 1924, when the Canadiens added a new band to the Cup. Since then, engraving the team and its players has been an unbroken annual tradition. Originally, a new band was added each year, causing the trophy to grow in size. The `` Stovepipe Cup '', as it was nicknamed because of its resemblance to the exhaust pipe of a stove, became unwieldy, so it was redesigned in 1948 as a two - piece cigar - shaped trophy with a removable bowl and collar. This Cup also properly honoured those teams that did not engrave their names on the Cup. Also included was the 1918 -- 19 no decision between the Montreal Canadiens and Seattle Metropolitans. Since 1958, the Cup has undergone several minor alterations. The original collar and bowl were too brittle, and were replaced in 1963 and 1969, respectively. The modern one - piece Cup design was introduced in 1958, when the old barrel was replaced with a five - band barrel, each of which could contain 13 winning teams. Although the bands were originally designed to fill up during the Cup 's centennial year, the names of the 1965 Montreal Canadiens were engraved over a larger area than allotted and thus there are 12 teams on that band instead of 13. When the bands were all filled in 1991, the top band of the large barrel was preserved in the Hockey Hall of Fame, and a new blank band was added to the bottom so the Stanley Cup would not grow further. Another new band was scheduled to be added to the bottom of the cup following the 2004 -- 05 season, but was not added because of the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout. After the 2005 -- 06 champion Carolina Hurricanes were crowned, and the new bottom ring was finally added ( along with the retiring of the band listing the 1940 -- 41 to 1952 -- 53 champions ), the cancelled season was acknowledged with the words `` 2004 -- 05 Season Not Played ''. Following the crowning of the 2017 -- 18 champions, the Washington Capitals, the band listing the 1953 -- 54 to 1964 -- 65 winners is scheduled to be retired, and a new band that will list the 2017 -- 18 to 2029 -- 30 champions will then be added to the bottom of the cup. Currently, the Cup stands at 89.5 centimetres ( 351⁄4 inches ) tall and weighs 151⁄2 kilograms ( 341⁄2 lb ). Name inscriptions ( edit ) Currently, to qualify for automatic engraving, a player : Must have played, or have dressed as the backup goaltender, for at least half of the championship team 's regular season games. OR : Must have played, or have dressed as the backup goaltender, for at least one game of the Stanley Cup Finals for the championship team, AND : Must be on the roster when the team wins the Stanley Cup. However, since 1994 teams have been permitted to petition the NHL Commissioner, to be considered on a case - by - case basis, to engrave a player 's name on the cup if the player was unavailable to play due to `` extenuating circumstances ''. For example, the Detroit Red Wings received special permission from the NHL to inscribe the name of Vladimir Konstantinov, whose career ended after a car accident on June 13, 1997, on the Stanley Cup after Detroit defended their title in 1998. With the Montreal Canadiens having won by far the most Cup championships of any team, the list of the players who have been engraved on the Cup the most often is dominated by Montreal players. Henri Richard of the Canadiens, with his name engraved eleven times, played on more Stanley Cup champions than any other player. He is followed by Jean Beliveau and Yvan Cournoyer of the Canadiens with ten championships, Claude Provost of the Canadiens with nine, and three players tied with eight : Red Kelly ( four with the Red Wings, four with the Leafs, the most for any player who was not a member of the Canadiens ) and Canadiens players Jacques Lemaire, Maurice Richard. Beliveau 's name appears on the Cup more than any other individual, ten times as a player and seven times as management for a total of seventeen times. Fifteen women have had their names engraved on the Stanley Cup. The first woman to have her name engraved on the Stanley Cup is Marguerite Norris, who won the Cup as the President of the Detroit Red Wings in 1954 and 1955. The only Canadian woman to have her name engraved on the Stanley Cup is Sonia Scurfield ( born in Hafford, Saskatchewan ) who won the Cup as a co-owner of the Calgary Flames in 1989. In 2001, Charlotte Grahame, the Colorado Avalanche 's Senior Director of Hockey Administration, had her name engraved on the trophy. Her son John later had his name engraved as a member of the Tampa Bay Lightning in 2004. Engraving errors ( edit ) Basil Pocklington, father of Peter, the owner of the Edmonton Oilers, is scratched out in the 1984 engraving. ( top right corner ) There are several misspellings and illegitimate names on the Cup. Many of them have never been corrected. Examples include : Pat McReavy 's name is misspelled `` McCeavy '' as a member of the 1941 Boston Bruins on the second cup created during the 1957 -- 58 season. McReavy 's name was often misspelled as `` McCreavy '' on team pictures of the Boston Bruins. When the Replica Cup was created in 1992 -- 93, the misspelling was not corrected. Dickie Moore, who won the Cup six times, had his name spelled differently five times ( D. Moore, Richard Moore, R. Moore, Dickie Moore, Rich Moore ). Glenn Hall 's name was misspelled as `` Glin '' in 1951 -- 52. Alex Delvecchio 's name was misspelled as `` Belvecchio '' in 1954. Bob Gainey was spelled `` Gainy '' when he was a player for Montreal in the 1970s. Ted Kennedy was spelled `` Kennedyy '' in the 1940s. Toronto Maple Leafs was spelled `` Leaes '' in 1963. Boston Bruins was spelled `` BQSTQN '' in 1972. New York Islanders was spelled `` Ilanders '' in 1981. Justin Williams the Conn Smythe Trophy winner of the 2014 Los Angeles Kings was spelled `` JUSTIN WILLIVIS ''. One name was later scratched out : Peter Pocklington, a former Edmonton Oilers owner, put his father 's name, Basil, on the Stanley Cup in 1984 ; today, there is a series of `` X '' s over Basil 's name. In 1996, Colorado Avalanche 's Adam Deadmarsh 's last name was spelled `` Deadmarch ''. It was later corrected, marking the first correction on the Cup. Similar corrections were made in 2002, 2006 and 2010 for the names of Detroit Red Wings goalie Manny Legace ( `` Lagace '' ), Carolina Hurricanes forward Eric Staal ( `` Staaal '' ) and Chicago Blackhawks forward Kris Versteeg ( `` Vertseeg '' ). Traditions and anecdotes ( edit ) July 13, 2006 : Wounded United States Marines pose with Carolina Hurricanes star Glen Wesley ( in orange shirt ) and the Stanley Cup Main article : Traditions and anecdotes associated with the Stanley Cup There are many traditions associated with the Stanley Cup. One of the oldest, started by the 1896 Winnipeg Victorias, dictates that the winning team drink champagne from the top bowl after their victory. The Cup is also traditionally presented on the ice to the captain of the winning team after the series - winning game ; each member of the victorious club carries the trophy around the rink. However, this has not always been the case ; prior to the 1930s, the Cup was not awarded immediately after the victory. The first time that the Cup was awarded on the ice may have been to the 1932 Toronto Maple Leafs, but the practice did not become a tradition until the 1950s. Ted Lindsay of the 1950 Cup champion Detroit Red Wings became the first captain, upon receiving the Cup, to hoist it overhead and skate around the rink. According to Lindsay, he did so to allow the fans to have a better view of the Cup. Since then, it has been a tradition for each member of the winning team, beginning with the captain, to take a lap around the ice with the trophy hoisted above his head. The tradition of the captain first hoisting the Cup has been `` breached '' a few times. In 1993 after the Montreal Canadiens defeated the Los Angeles Kings, Guy Carbonneau handed the Cup to Denis Savard, as Savard had been the player that many fans had urged the Canadiens to draft back in 1980. The second was involving Joe Sakic and Ray Bourque when the Colorado Avalanche won the Cup in 2001, as the seventh and deciding game of the finals was the last of Bourque 's 22 - year NHL career, having never been on a cup - winning team until that time ( until being traded to the Avalanche on March 6, 2000, Bourque had played only for the Boston Bruins ). When Sakic received the trophy, he did not hoist it, but instead immediately handed it to Bourque ; Sakic then became the second player on the team to hoist the trophy. The Stanley Cup championship team is allotted 100 days during off - season to pass around the Cup including the team 's parade, days with sponsors and a day or so with each player and member of the team 's staff. It is always accompanied by at least one representative from the Hockey Hall of Fame. Although many players have unofficially spent a day in personal possession of the Cup, in 1994 the New York Rangers started a tradition wherein each member of the Cup - winning team is allowed to retain the Cup for a day. Victors of the Cup have used it to baptize their children. Three players ( the New York Islanders ' Clark Gillies, the Anaheim Ducks ' Sean O'Donnell, and the Pittsburgh Penguins ' Nick Bonino ) even allowed their dogs to eat out of the Cup. Original, authenticated, and replica versions ( edit ) The original Stanley Cup in the bank vault at the Hockey Hall of Fame in Toronto, Ontario There are technically three versions of the `` Stanley Cup '' : the original 1892 bowl or Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup, the 1963 authenticated `` Presentation Cup '', and the 1993 `` Permanent Cup '' at the Hall of Fame. The original 1892 Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup, purchased and donated by Lord Stanley, was physically awarded to the Champions until 1970, and is now displayed in the Vault Room at the Hockey Hall of Fame in Toronto, Ontario. The authenticated version or `` Presentation Cup '' was created in 1963 by Montreal silversmith Carl Petersen. NHL president Clarence Campbell felt that the original bowl was becoming too thin and fragile, and thus requested a duplicate trophy as a replacement. The Presentation Cup is authenticated by the seal of the Hockey Hall of Fame on the bottom, which can be seen when winning players lift the Cup over their heads, and it is the one currently awarded to the champions of the playoffs and used for promotions. This version was made in secret, and its production was revealed only three years later. The replicated `` Permanent Cup '', was created in 1993 by Montreal silversmith Louise St. Jacques to be used as a stand - in at the Hockey Hall of Fame whenever the Presentation Cup is not available for display. There are very few differences between the authenticated version and the Hockey Hall of Fame version. The surest way to identify one version from the other is to check the engraving for the 1984 Stanley Cup winning Edmonton Oilers. The authenticated version has x 's engraved over Basil Pocklington 's name whereas his name is completely missing from the Hall of Fame version. As a morale booster ( edit ) The Stanley Cup has served as a valuable morale booster for both American and Canadian troops, as well as their NATO allies. In 2004, the Cup was displayed at MacDill Air Force Base, located near Tampa, Florida. The visit gave both American troops and a visiting Canadian unit the thrill of seeing the trophy at close hand. The event was later touted by officials at MacDill as `` a huge morale booster for our troops ''. In 2006, the Cup toured Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, where wounded Marines were given the opportunity to view and be photographed with the Cup. In 2007, the Stanley Cup made its first trip into a combat zone. During the trip to Kandahar, Afghanistan from May 2 to 6, organized by the NHL, the Hockey Hall of Fame, the NHL Alumni and the Canadian Department of National Defence, the Cup was put on display for Canadian and other NATO troops. It briefly endured a rocket attack on May 3, but emerged unscathed. The Stanley Cup did a second tour in Afghanistan as part of a `` Team Canada visit '' in March 2008. In the spring of 2010 the Stanley Cup made its fourth trip to Afghanistan, accompanied by ex-players. On June 27, 2010, Chicago Blackhawks defenceman Brent Sopel paid tribute to his friend, former Toronto Maple Leafs general manager Brian Burke and Burke 's late son, Brendan, by accompanying the Cup to the 2010 Chicago Gay Pride Parade. In 2018, the Cup was used to improve the spirits of those who were affected by either of two significantly tragic events which claimed the lives of multiple individuals, the Humboldt Broncos ' bus crash on April 6, and the Capital Gazette shooting on June 28. For the former, the Stanley Cup was brought to the hospital where the crash survivors were recuperating on April 15, and for the latter, the it was presented to Capital Gazette employees at their temporary office on July 3. Chandler Stephenson of the 2018 champion, the Washington Capitals, has also planned to show the Stanley Cup to the Broncos again for his day with the trophy. Trustees ( edit ) The regulations set down by Lord Stanley call for two Trustees, who had the sole, joint right to govern the Cup and the conditions of its awarding until 1947, when they ceded control to the NHL. While the original regulations allow for a Trustee to resign, to date, all Cup Trustees have served until their deaths. In the event of a vacancy, the remaining trustee names the replacement for the deceased or resigned Trustee. To date, nine men have served as Trustees of the Stanley Cup : Trustee Year of Appointment Served until Sheriff John Sweetland 1893 1907 P.D. Ross 1893 1949 William Foran 1907 1945 Cooper Smeaton 1946 1978 Mervyn `` Red '' Dutton 1950 Clarence Campbell 1979 1984 Justice Willard Estey 1984 2002 Brian O'Neill current Ian `` Scotty '' Morrison 2002 current See also ( edit ) Ice hockey portal Sport in Canada portal Book : Stanley Cup Book : Stanley Cup finals Avco World Trophy, awarded to the champion of the defunct World Hockey Association Lord Derby Cup, the emblem of France 's premier rugby league knockout competition, named after Frederick Stanley 's son Edward List of awards presented by the Governor General of Canada List of awards named after Governors General of Canada List of NHL franchise post-season appearance streaks List of NHL franchise post-season droughts List of Stanley Cup challenge games List of Stanley Cup champions References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Podnieks, Andrew ( March 25, 2008 ). `` Triple Gold Goalies... not ''. International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved June 12, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Lord Stanley ( of Preston ) ''. Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved June 10, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup will stay put, even if NHL season is cancelled ''. National Post. Archived from the original on February 8, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` If the NHL wo n't use it, can Canada have the Stanley Cup back? ''. Ctvnews.ca. September 14, 2012. Retrieved September 20, 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Stanley Cup Engraving Facts, Firsts, and Faux Pas ''. Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved May 25, 2008. Jump up ^ `` The Stanley Cup coming soon to a living room near you? ''. CNW Group. 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2007. ^ Jump up to : Podnieks 2004, p. 3. Jump up ^ `` Hockey Hall of Fame : Stanley Cup Journals 01 ''. Retrieved May 13, 2008. Jump up ^ `` 22 Things You Might Not Know About the Stanley Cup ''. 2017 - 05 - 29. Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 23. ^ Jump up to : Diamond 1992, p. 10. ^ Jump up to : Diamond, Zweig & Duplacey 2003, p. 11. ^ Jump up to : `` Ottawa Journal article of dinner at Backcheck web site ''. Library and Archives Canada. Archived from the original on March 21, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2007. ^ Jump up to : `` The Stanley Cup ''. National Hockey League. Archived from the original on July 2, 2009. Retrieved July 11, 2006. Jump up ^ Potter, Mitch ( May 24, 2008 ). `` Cup runneth over with cousins ''. Toronto Star. Retrieved June 10, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Unraveling the mystery of Stanley ''. National Hockey League. Archived from the original on June 18, 2009. Retrieved July 11, 2006. Jump up ^ Zweig 2012, p. 15. Jump up ^ Diamond 1992, p. 14. ^ Jump up to : Podnieks 2004, p. 4. Jump up ^ Diamond, Zweig & Duplacey 2003, pp. 17 -- 18. ^ Jump up to : Podnieks 2004, p. 5. Jump up ^ Podnieks 2004, p. 20. Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Montreal AAA 1893 -- 94 ''. Hockey Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Montreal Victorias 1894 -- 95 ''. Hockey Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on March 7, 2008. Retrieved July 11, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Winnipeg Victorias 1895 -- 96Feb ''. Hockey Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2006. ^ Jump up to : Diamond, Zweig & Duplacey 2003, p. 19. Jump up ^ Podnieks 2004, p. 37. Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Kenora Thistles 1906 -- 07Jan ''. Hockey Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on November 23, 2005. Retrieved July 24, 2006. Jump up ^ Diamond 1992, p. 38. Jump up ^ Diamond, Zweig & Duplacey 2003, p. 24. Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Quebec Bulldogs 1911 -- 12 ''. Hockey Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on June 10, 2008. Retrieved July 11, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Contest May Not Be for the Mug, After All is Said ''. Saskatoon Phoenix. March 18, 1914. p. 8. Jump up ^ `` A Tempest in a Teapot ''. Montreal Daily Mail. March 19, 1914. p. 9. Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Muddle Cleared Up ''. The Globe and Mail. March 19, 1914. Jump up ^ `` Three Pro Leagues as to Stanley Cup ''. Toronto World. March 25, 1914. p. 8. ^ Jump up to : Diamond, Zweig & Duplacey 2003, p. 20. Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Vancouver Millionaires 1914 -- 15 ''. Hockey Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on April 9, 2006. Retrieved July 11, 2006. Jump up ^ Diamond 1992, p. 46. Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Seattle Metropolitans 1916 -- 17 ''. Hockey Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2006. Jump up ^ Podnieks 2004, p. 51. Jump up ^ Diamond 1992, pp. 51 -- 52. Jump up ^ Diamond, Zweig & Duplacey 2003, pp. 20 -- 21. ^ Jump up to : Diamond, Zweig & Duplacey 2003, p. 21. Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Victoria Cougars 1924 -- 25 ''. Hockey Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2006. ^ Jump up to : Kreiser, John ( March 18, 2013 ). `` Stanley Cup timeline, from 1892 to today ''. National Hockey League. Retrieved June 21, 2016. Jump up ^ Diamond, Zweig & Duplacey 2003, p. 40. ^ Jump up to : `` Court : Non-NHL teams could vie for Cup ''. TSN. February 7, 2006. Archived from the original on December 16, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2006. Jump up ^ Morrissey, Bob ( October 27, 1976 ). `` Canada Cup ' wasteful ' says Clarence Campbell ''. The Gazette. Montreal. p. 35. Retrieved July 16, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Lockout Reminds Lowe of Gretzky Deal ''. TSN. February 16, 2005. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Amateurs taking NHL to court to play for Cup ''. ESPN. April 13, 2005. Retrieved October 13, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Winner of three - team tourney to get Victoria Cup ''. ESPN. Associated Press. May 8, 2007. Retrieved February 9, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Triple Gold Club expands to 22 ''. International Ice Hockey Federation. June 5, 2008. Archived from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2009. Jump up ^ `` PR & Media Activities ''. International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved February 8, 2009. Jump up ^ Barnes, Don ( February 25, 2002 ). `` Welcome to the Triple Gold Club : Blake, Sakic, Shanahan : New members to elite club : Olympics, worlds, Stanley Cup ''. National Post. Jump up ^ Scanlan, Wayne ( February 24, 2002 ). `` Triple Gold Club awaits Canadian trio ''. Edmonton Journal. Jump up ^ Buffery, Steve ( December 26, 2001 ). `` Skating a fine line ''. Toronto Sun. Retrieved February 9, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup returns to Rideau Hall for 125th anniversary celebration ''. CBC News. March 16, 2017. Retrieved July 25, 2018. Jump up ^ Royal Canadian Mint Helps Canadians Celebrate the 125th Anniversary of the Stanley Cup ® with a New 25 - Cent Circulation Coin Jump up ^ `` Invitation : Monument Unveiling ''. lordstanleysgift.com. October 18, 2017. Retrieved November 13, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Podnieks 2004, p. 12. Jump up ^ Diamond, Zweig & Duplacey 2003, p. 8. Jump up ^ Podnieks 2004, p. 13. ^ Jump up to : Podnieks 2004, p. 9. ^ Jump up to : Podnieks 2004, p. 14. Jump up ^ `` Strike Up The Bands : The Stanley Cup is Stripped of a Ring ; Cancelled 2004 -- 05 Season Recognized ''. Hockey Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on August 20, 2007. Retrieved February 19, 2007. Jump up ^ Golen, Jimmy ( April 4, 2018 ). `` Stanley Cup saying goodbye to names of some of NHL 's legends to make room for more players ''. Toronto Star. Associated Press. Retrieved April 4, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` NHL.com -- Stanley Cup Fun Facts ''. National Hockey League. Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved June 21, 2011. Jump up ^ Conner 2002, pp. 113 -- 114. Jump up ^ Jonathon Jackson ( May 16, 2008 ). `` Europe no place for a small - town hockey player in 1938 ''. Owen Sound Sun - Times. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved May 18, 2008. Jump up ^ Jahns, Adam L. ( September 28, 2010 ). `` Versteeg or Vertseeg? Blackhawks have names engraved on Stanley Cup ''. Chicago Sun - Times. Archived from the original on October 1, 2010. Retrieved September 29, 2010. ^ Jump up to : Podnieks 2004, p. 8. Jump up ^ `` Ray, meet Stanley : Finally! Bourque gets hands on the Cup ''. Sports Illustrated. June 10, 2001. Retrieved July 25, 2006. Jump up ^ Kendra Stanley - Mills ( August 11, 2009 ). `` Pritchard, Stanley Cup have spanned the globe ''. MLive.com. Retrieved June 30, 2010. Jump up ^ Wolf, Buck ( 2002 ). `` Strange Misadventures of the Stanley Cup ''. ABC. Retrieved April 16, 2007. Jump up ^ Shea, Kevin ( 2007 ). `` Stanley Cup Journal ''. Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved June 23, 2007. ^ Jump up to : Podnieks 2003, p. 33. ^ Jump up to : Adami, Hugh ( July 1, 2006 ). `` Stanley 's secret leaks out 43 years later ''. Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved November 3, 2007. Jump up ^ Yorio, Kara ( June 7, 2004 ). `` Seeing is believing ''. The Sporting News. Jump up ^ Shea, Kevin ( 2007 ). `` Stanley Cup Journal, 2007 ''. The Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved March 19, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Hillier takes Stanley Cup, former NHLers to Afghanistan ''. CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. May 2, 2007. Retrieved March 19, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup arrives in Kandahar as MacKay wraps low - profile visit ''. CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. March 19, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008. Jump up ^ Fisher, Matthew ( March 19, 2008 ). `` Stanley Cup, former NHLers visit troops in Afghanistan ''. CanWest News Service. Archived from the original on May 27, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Headed To Afghanistan ''. WPXI. March 12, 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2013. Jump up ^ Littke, Jim ( June 25, 2010 ). `` Sports ' most macho trophy shows new kind of pride ''. National Hockey League. Associated Press. Retrieved April 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Zwirz, Elizabeth ( April 15, 2018 ). `` Injured Humboldt Broncos get visit from Stanley Cup ''. Fox News Channel. Archived from the original on April 17, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2018. Jump up ^ Wagner, Bill ( July 3, 2018 ). `` Stanley Cup visits the temporary Capital Gazette office ''. Capital Gazette. Retrieved July 6, 2018. Jump up ^ Allen, Scott ( July 3, 2018 ). `` The Stanley Cup visited the Capital Gazette 's temporary office in Annapolis ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved July 6, 2018. Jump up ^ Regan, J.J. ( June 14, 2018 ). `` Chander Stephenson will spend his day with the Stanley Cup in Humboldt ''. NBC Sports. Retrieved June 16, 2018. Bibliography ( edit ) Batten, Jack ( 2004 ). The Leafs. Key Porter Books. ISBN 1 - 55263 - 205 - 9. Coleman, Charles ( 1966 ). Trail of the Stanley Cup. National Hockey League. ISBN 0 - 8403 - 2941 - 5. Conner, Floyd ( 2002 ). Hockey 's Most Wanted : The Top 10 Book of Wicked Slapshots, Bruising Goons, and on Ice Oddities. United States : Potomac Books Inc. ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 364 - 0. Diamond, Dan, ed. ( 1992 ). The Official National Hockey League Stanley Cup Centennial Book. Firefly Books. ISBN 1 - 895565 - 15 - 4. Diamond, Dan ; Zweig, Eric ; Duplacey, James ( 2003 ). The Ultimate Prize : The Stanley Cup. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0 - 7407 - 3830 - 5. Mole, Rich ( 2004 ). Great Stanley Cup Victories : Glorious Moments in Hockey. Altitude Pub. Canada. ISBN 1 - 55153 - 797 - 4. Podnieks, Andrew ( 2003 ). The goal : Bobby Orr and the most famous goal in Stanley Cup history. Triumph Books. ISBN 1 - 57243 - 570 - 4. Podnieks, Andrew ; Hockey Hall of Fame ( 2004 ). Lord Stanley 's Cup. Triumph Books. ISBN 1 - 55168 - 261 - 3. Shea, Kevin ; Wilson, John Jason ( 2006 ). Lord Stanley : The Man Behind the Cup. Fenn Publishing. ISBN 978 - 1 - 55168 - 281 - 5. Zweig, Eric ( 2012 ). Stanley Cup : 120 years of hockey supremacy. Firefly Books. ISBN 978 - 1 - 77085 - 104 - 7. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stanley Cup. Official website The Canadian Encyclopedia, The Stanley Cup NHL awards and trophies Team Stanley Cup Prince of Wales Clarence S. Campbell Presidents ' Trophy Individual Adams Art Ross Calder Conn Smythe Hart Jennings King Clancy Lady Byng Lindsay Masterton Messier Norris Rocket Richard Selke Vezina Defunct Crozier O'Brien Cup NHL Foundation Plus / Minus Man of the Year Award Conacher Award National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures Portal 2018 -- 19 season Stanley Cup Finals Stanley Cup awarded on challenge basis 1893 -- 1914, by prearranged inter-league competitions 1915 -- 1926, to NHL champion since 1927 1890s -- 1900s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s -- 1920s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s -- 1940s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s -- 2000s 1993 2001 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 See also Stanley Cup Stanley Cup ring Champions Players Challenge games Conference Finals Championship seasons Engravings Traditions and anecdotes Conn Smythe Trophy Broadcasters Television ratings Overtime winners Game seven Officials Book : Stanley Cup Finals Category : Stanley Cup Finals Portal : Ice hockey Triple Gold Club Components Stanley Cup champions Ice Hockey World Championships medalists Ice hockey at the Olympic Games medalists Players Patrice Bergeron Rob Blake Sidney Crosby Pavel Datsyuk Viacheslav Fetisov Peter Forsberg Alexei Gusarov Jaromír Jágr Tomas Jonsson Valeri Kamensky Niklas Kronwall Igor Larionov Nicklas Lidström Håkan Loob Vladimir Malakhov Fredrik Modin Alexander Mogilny Mats Näslund Scott Niedermayer Corey Perry Chris Pronger Joe Sakic Mikael Samuelsson Brendan Shanahan Jiří Šlégr Eric Staal Jonathan Toews Henrik Zetterberg Coaches Mike Babcock Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Cup&oldid=855177522 '' Categories : Stanley Cup Awards established in 1893 Canadian ice hockey trophies and awards American ice hockey trophies and awards National Hockey League trophies and awards Stanley family 1893 establishments in Canada Sports trophies and awards Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Featured articles Use mdy dates from July 2018 Use Canadian English from June 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Interlingue Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018, at 13 : 16 ( UTC ). 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{ "text": "Musical notation - wikipedia Musical notation Jump to : navigation, search This article is about a notation for music. For the `` musical '' notation in mathematics, see Musical isomorphism. `` Music markup '' redirects here. For the XML application, see Music Markup Language. Hand - written musical notation by J.S. Bach ( 1685 -- 1750 ). This is the beginning of the Prelude from the Suite for Lute in G minor BWV 995 ( transcription of Cello Suite No. 5, BWV 1011 ). Music notation or musical notation is any system used to visually represent aurally perceived music played with instruments or sung by the human voice through the use of written, printed, or otherwise - produced symbols. Types and methods of notation have varied between cultures and throughout history, and much information about ancient music notation is fragmentary. Even in the same time period, such as in the 2010s, different styles of music and different cultures use different music notation methods ; for example, for professional classical music performers, sheet music using staves and noteheads is the most common way of notating music, but for professional country music session musicians, the Nashville Number System is the main method. The symbols used include ancient symbols and modern symbols made upon any media such as symbols cut into stone, made in clay tablets, made using a pen on papyrus or parchment or manuscript paper ; printed using a printing press ( ca. 1400s ), a computer printer ( ca. 1980s ) or other printing or modern copying technology. Although many ancient cultures used symbols to represent melodies and rhythms, none of them were particularly comprehensive, and this has limited today 's understanding of their music. The seeds of what would eventually become modern western notation were sown in medieval Europe, starting with the Catholic church 's goal for ecclesiastical uniformity. The church began notating plainchant melodies so that the same chants could be used throughout the church. Music notation developed in the Renaissance and Baroque music eras. The introduction of figured bass ( or `` throughbass '' ) notation in the Baroque era marked the beginning of the first compositions based around chord progressions ( a key method for popular music songwriters in the 20th and 21st century ). In the classical period ( 1750 -- 1820 ) and the Romantic music era ( 1820 -- 1900 ), notation continued to develop as new musical instrument technologies were developed. In the contemporary classical music of the 20th and 21st century, music notation has continued to develop, with the introduction of graphical notation by some modern composers and the use, since the 1980s, of computer - based scorewriter programs for notating music. Music notation has been adapted to many kinds of music, including classical music, popular music, and traditional music. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ancient Near East 1.2 Ancient Greece 1.3 Byzantine Empire 1.4 13th - century Near East 1.5 Early Europe 2 Modern staff notation 2.1 Specialized notation conventions 3 In various countries 3.1 Korea 3.2 India 3.3 Russia 3.4 China 3.5 Japan 3.6 Indonesia 4 Other systems and practices 4.1 Pitch bracket notation 4.2 Cipher notation 4.3 Solfège 4.4 Letter notation 4.5 Tablature 4.6 Klavar notation 4.7 Piano - roll - based notations 4.8 Chromatic staff notations 4.9 Graphic notation 4.10 Simplified music notation 4.11 Modified Stave Notation 4.12 Parsons code 4.13 Braille music 4.14 Integer notation 4.15 Rap notation 5 Music notation on computer 6 Perspectives of musical notation in composition and musical performance 7 Patents 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Ancient near East ( edit ) Further information : Music of Mesopotamia and Hurrian songs A drawing of one side of the tablet on which the Hymn to Nikkal is inscribed The earliest form of musical notation can be found in a cuneiform tablet that was created at Nippur, in Sumer ( today 's Iraq ), in about 2000 BC. The tablet represents fragmentary instructions for performing music, that the music was composed in harmonies of thirds, and that it was written using a diatonic scale. A tablet from about 1250 BC shows a more developed form of notation. Although the interpretation of the notation system is still controversial, it is clear that the notation indicates the names of strings on a lyre, the tuning of which is described in other tablets. Although they are fragmentary, these tablets represent the earliest notated melodies found anywhere in the world. A photograph of the original stone at Delphi containing the second of the two Delphic Hymns to Apollo. The music notation is the line of occasional symbols above the main, uninterrupted line of Greek lettering. Ancient Greece ( edit ) Further information : Musical system of ancient Greece Ancient Greek musical notation was in use from at least the 6th century BC until approximately the 4th century AD ; several complete compositions and fragments of compositions using this notation survive. The notation consists of symbols placed above text syllables. An example of a complete composition is the Seikilos epitaph, which has been variously dated between the 2nd century BC to the 1st century AD. Three hymns by Mesomedes of Crete exist in manuscript. The Delphic Hymns, dated to the 2nd century BC, also use this notation, but they are not completely preserved. Ancient Greek notation appears to have fallen out of use around the time of the Decline of the Roman Empire. Byzantine Empire ( edit ) Further information : Byzantine music Byzantine music notation style in a Romanian anastasimatarion, a `` Book of Hymns at the Lord 's Resurrection '', 1823 Byzantine music has mainly survived as music for court ceremonies, including vocal religious music. It is not known if it is based on the monodic modal singing and instrumental music of Ancient Greece. Greek theoretical categories played a key role to understand and transmit Byzantine music, especially the tradition of Damascus had a strong impact on the pre-Islamic Near East comparable to Persian music and its music theoretical transfer in Sanskrit. Unlike Western notation Byzantine neumes always indicate modal steps in relation to a clef or modal key ( modal signatures which had been in use since papyrus fragments dating back to the 6th century ). Originally this key or the incipit of a common melody was enough to indicate a certain melodic model given within the echos, despite ekphonetic notation further early melodic notation developed not earlier than between the 9th and the 10th century. Like the Greek alphabet notational signs are ordered left to right ( though the direction could be adapted like in certain Syriac manuscripts ), the question of rhythm was entirely based on cheironomia, well - known melodical phrases given by gestures of the choirleaders which existed once as part of an oral tradition. Today the main difference between Western and Eastern neumes is that Eastern notation symbols are differential rather than absolute, i.e. they indicate pitch steps ( rising, falling or at the same step ), and the musicians know to deduce correctly, from the score and the note they are singing presently, which correct interval is meant. These step symbols themselves, or better `` phonic neumes '', resemble brush strokes and are colloquially called gántzoi ( `` hooks '' ) in Modern Greek. Notes as pitch classes or modal keys ( usually memorised by modal signatures ) are represented in written form only between these neumes ( in manuscripts usually written in red ink ). In modern notation they simply serve as an optional reminder and modal and tempo directions have been added, if necessary. In Papadic notation medial signatures usually meant a temporary change into another echos. The so - called `` great signs '' were once related to cheironomic signs, according to modern interpretations they are understood as embellishments and microtonal attractions ( pitch changes smaller than a semitone ), both essential in Byzantine chant. Chrysanthos ' Kanonion with a comparison between Ancient Greek tetraphonia ( column 1 ), Western Solfeggio, the Papadic Parallage ( ascending : column 3 and 4 ; descending : column 5 and 6 ) according to the trochos system, and his heptaphonic parallage according to the New Method ( syllables in the fore - last and martyriai in the last column ) ( 1832, p. 33 ) Since Chrysanthos of Madytos there are seven standard note names used for `` solfège '' ( parallagē ) pá, vú, g á, d ē, ké, zō, nē, while the older practice still used the four enechemata or intonation formulas of the four echoi given by the modal signatures, the authentic or `` kyrioi '' in ascending direction, and the plagal or `` plagioi '' in descending direction ( Papadic Octoechos ). With exception of vú and zō they do roughly correspond to Western solmization syllables as re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, do. Byzantine music uses the eight natural, non-tempered scales whose elements were identified by Ēkhoi, `` sounds '', exclusively, and therefore the absolute pitch of each note may slightly vary each time, depending on the particular Ēkhos used. Byzantine notation is still used in many Orthodox Churches. Sometimes cantors also use transcriptions into Western or Kievan staff notation while adding non-notatable embellishment material from memory and `` sliding '' into the natural scales from experience, but even concerning modern neume editions since the reform of Chrysanthos a lot of details are only known from an oral tradition related to traditional masters and their experience. 13th - century near East ( edit ) In 1252, Safi al - Din al - Urmawi developed a form of musical notation, where rhythms were represented by geometric representation. Many subsequent scholars of rhythm have sought to develop graphical geometrical notations. For example, a similar geometric system was published in 1987 by Kjell Gustafson, whose method represents a rhythm as a two - dimensional graph. Early Europe ( edit ) Main article : Neume Music notation from an early 14th - century English Missal Scholar and music theorist Isidore of Seville, writing in the early 7th century, considered that `` unless sounds are held by the memory of man, they perish, because they can not be written down. '' By the middle of the 9th century, however, a form of neumatic notation began to develop in monasteries in Europe as a mnemonic device for Gregorian chant, using symbols known as neumes ; the earliest surviving musical notation of this type is in the Musica disciplina of Aurelian of Réôme, from about 850. There are scattered survivals from the Iberian Peninsula before this time, of a type of notation known as Visigothic neumes, but its few surviving fragments have not yet been deciphered. The problem with this notation was that it only showed melodic contours and consequently the music could not be read by someone who did not know the music already. Early music notation Notation had developed far enough to notate melody, but there was still no system for notating rhythm. A mid-13th - century treatise, De Mensurabili Musica, explains a set of six rhythmic modes that were in use at the time, although it is not clear how they were formed. These rhythmic modes were all in triple time and rather limited rhythm in chant to six different repeating patterns. This was a flaw seen by German music theorist Franco of Cologne and summarised as part of his treatise Ars cantus mensurabilis ( the art of measured chant, or mensural notation ). He suggested that individual notes could have their own rhythms represented by the shape of the note. Not until the 14th century did something like the present system of fixed note lengths arise. The use of regular measures ( bars ) became commonplace by the end of the 17th century. The founder of what is now considered the standard music stave was Guido d'Arezzo, an Italian Benedictine monk who lived from about 991 until after 1033. He taught the use of solmization syllables based on a hymn to Saint John the Baptist, which begins Ut Queant Laxis and was written by the Lombard historian Paul the Deacon. The first stanza is : Ut queant laxis resonare fibris, Mira gestorum famuli tuorum, Solve polluti labii reatum, Sancte Iohannes. Guido used the first syllable of each line, Ut, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, and Si, to read notated music in terms of hexachords ; they were not note names, and each could, depending on context, be applied to any note. In the 17th century, Ut was changed in most countries except France to the easily singable, `` open '' syllable Do, said to have been taken from the name of the Italian theorist Giovanni Battista Doni, but rather Do have been taken from the word `` Dominus '' in Latin with the meaning `` the Lord '' Modern staff notation ( edit ) Main article : List of musical symbols An example of modern musical notation : Prelude, Op. 28, No. 7, by Frédéric Chopin Play ( help info ) Catholic monks developed the first forms of modern European musical notation in order to standardize liturgy throughout the worldwide Church, and an enormous body of religious music has been composed for it through the ages. This led directly to the emergence and development of European classical music, and its many derivatives. The Baroque style, which encompassed music, art, and architecture, was particularly encouraged by the post-Reformation Catholic Church as such forms offered a means of religious expression that was stirring and emotional, intended to stimulate religious fervor. Modern music notation is now used by musicians of many different genres throughout the world. The staff acts as a framework upon which pitches are indicated by placing round notes on the staff lines or between the lines. The pitch of the round musical notes can be modified by accidentals. The duration ( note length ) is shown with different note values, which can be indicated by the note being just a circle ( a whole note ) or using stems to indicate quarter notes and other subdivisions, and additional symbols such as dots and ties which lengthen the duration of a note. Notation is read from left to right, which makes setting music for right - to - left scripts difficult. A staff ( or stave, in British English ) of written music generally begins with a clef, which indicates the position of one particular note on the staff. The treble clef or G clef was originally a letter G and it identifies the second line up on the five line staff as the note G above middle C. The bass clef or F clef shows the position of the note F below middle C. While the treble and bass clef are the most widely used clefs, other clefs are used, such as the alto clef ( used for viola music ) and the tenor clef ( used for some cello and double bass music ). Notes representing a pitch outside of the scope of the five line staff can be represented using ledger lines, which provide a single note with additional lines and spaces. Some instruments use mainly one clef, such as violin and flute, which use treble clef and double bass and tuba, which use bass clef. Some instruments regularly use both clefs, such as piano and pipe organ. Following the clef, the key signature on a staff indicates the key of the piece or song by specifying that certain notes are flat or sharp throughout the piece, unless otherwise indicated with accidentals added before certain notes. When a sharp is placed before a note, this makes that note one semitone higher. When a flat is placed before a note, this makes that note one semitone lower. Double sharps and double flats are less common, but they are used. A double sharp is placed before a note to make it two semitones higher. A double flat is placed before a note to make it two semitones lower. A natural sign placed before a note renders that note in its `` natural '' form, which means that any sharps or flats applying to that note from the key signature or from accidentals are cancelled. Sometimes a courtesy accidental is used in music where it is not technically required, to remind the musician of what pitch the key signature requires. Following the key signature is the time signature. The time signature typically consists of two numbers, with one of the most common being `` 4 / 4 ''. The top `` 4 '' indicates that there are four beats per measure ( also called bar ). The bottom `` 4 '' indicates that each of those beats are quarter notes. Measures divide the piece into groups of beats, and the time signatures specify those groupings. `` 4 / 4 '' is used so often that it is also called `` common time '', and it may be indicated with a `` C '' rather than numbers. Other common time signatures are `` 3 / 4 '' ( three beats per bar, with each beat being a quarter note ) ; `` 2 / 4 '' ( two beats per bar, with each beat being a quarter note ) ; `` 6 / 8 '' ( six beats per bar, with each beat being an eighth note ) and `` 12 / 8 '' ( twelve beats per bar, with each beat being an eighth note ; in practice, the eighth notes are typically put into four groups of three eighth notes. `` 12 / 8 '' is a compound time type of time signature ). Many other time signatures exist, such as `` 3 / 8 '', `` 5 / 8 '', `` 5 / 4 '', `` 7 / 4 '', `` 9 / 8 '', and so on. Many short classical music pieces from the classical era and songs from traditional music and popular music are in one time signature for much or all of the piece. Music from the Romantic music era and later, particularly contemporary classical music and rock music genres such as progressive rock and the hardcore punk subgenre mathcore are among the genres which use mixed meter ; that is, songs or pieces change from one meter to another ( e.g., a song could alternate between bars of `` 5 / 4 '' and `` 7 / 8 '' ). Directions to the player regarding matters such as tempo ( e.g., Allegro, Andante, Largo, etc. ), dynamics ( loudness and softness ) appear above or below the staff. Terms indicating the musical expression or `` feel '' to a song or piece are indicated at the beginning of the piece and at any points where the mood changes ( e.g., `` Slow March '', `` Fast Swing '', `` Medium Blues '', etc. ) For vocal music, lyrics are written near the pitches of the melody. For short pauses ( breaths ), retakes ( retakes are indicated with a ' mark ) are added. In music for ensembles, a `` score '' shows music for all players together, with the staves for the different instruments and / or voices stacked vertically. The conductor uses the score while she leads an orchestra, concert band, choir or other large ensemble. Individual performers in an ensemble play from `` parts '' which contain only the music played by an individual musician. A score can be constructed from a complete set of parts and vice versa. The process was laborious and time consuming when parts were hand - copied from the score, but since the development of scorewriter computer software in the 1980s, a score stored electronically can have parts automatically prepared by the program and quickly and inexpensively printed out using a computer printer. Specialized notation conventions ( edit ) A lead sheet A chord chart. Play ( help info ) Percussion notation conventions are varied because of the wide range of percussion instruments. Percussion instruments are generally grouped into two categories : pitched ( e.g., glockenspiel or tubular bells ) and non-pitched ( e.g., bass drum and snare drum ). The notation of non-pitched percussion instruments is less standardized. Pitched instruments use standard Western classical notation for the pitches and rhythms. In general, notation for unpitched percussion uses the five line staff, with different lines and spaces representing different drum kit instruments. Standard Western rhythmic notation is used to indicate the rhythm. Figured bass notation originated in Baroque basso continuo parts. It is also used extensively in accordion notation. The bass notes of the music are conventionally notated, along with numbers and other signs that determine which chords the harpsichordist, organist or lutenist should improvise. It does not, however, specify the exact pitches of the harmony, leaving that for the performer to improvise. A lead sheet specifies only the melody, lyrics and harmony, using one staff with chord symbols placed above and lyrics below. It is used to capture the essential elements of a popular song without specifying how the song should be arranged or performed. A chord chart or `` chart '' contains little or no melodic information at all but provides detailed harmonic information about the chord progression. Some chord charts also contain rhythmic information, indicated using slash notation for full beats and rhythmic notation for rhythms. This is the most common kind of written music used by professional session musicians playing jazz or other forms of popular music and is intended primarily for the rhythm section ( usually containing piano, guitar, bass and drums ). Simpler chord charts for songs may contain only the chord changes, placed above the lyrics where they occur. Such charts depend on prior knowledge of the melody, and are used as reminders in performance or informal group singing. Some chord charts intended for rhythm section accompanists contain only the chord progression. The shape note system is found in some church hymnals, sheet music, and song books, especially in the Southern United States. Instead of the customary elliptical note head, note heads of various shapes are used to show the position of the note on the major scale. Sacred Harp is one of the most popular tune books using shape notes. In various countries ( edit ) Korea ( edit ) Jeongganbo musical notation system Jeongganbo is a unique traditional musical notation system created during the time of Sejong the Great that was the first East Asian system to represent rhythm, pitch, and time. Among various kinds of Korean traditional music, Jeong - gan - bo targets a particular genre, Jeong - ak ( 정악, 正 樂 ). Jeong - gan - bo tells the pitch by writing the pitch 's name down in a box called ' jeong - gan ' ( this is where the name comes from ). One jeong - gan is one beat each, and it can be split into two, three or more to hold half beats and quarter beats, and more. This makes it easy for the reader to figure out the beat. Also, there are lots of markings indicating things such as ornaments. Most of these were later created by Ki - su Kim. India ( edit ) Main article : Swaralipi Indian music, early 20th century. The Indian scholar and musical theorist Pingala ( c. 200 BC ), in his Chanda Sutra, used marks indicating long and short syllables to indicate meters in Sanskrit poetry. In the notation of Indian rāga, a solfege - like system called sargam is used. As in Western solfege, there are names for the seven basic pitches of a major scale ( Shadja, Rishabh, Gandhar, Madhyam, Pancham, Dhaivat and Nishad, usually shortened Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni ). The tonic of any scale is named Sa, and the dominant Pa. Sa is fixed in any scale, and Pa is fixed at a fifth above it ( a Pythagorean fifth rather than an equal - tempered fifth ). These two notes are known as achala swar ( ' fixed notes ' ). Each of the other five notes, Re, Ga, Ma, Dha and Ni, can take a ' regular ' ( shuddha ) pitch, which is equivalent to its pitch in a standard major scale ( thus, shuddha Re, the second degree of the scale, is a whole - step higher than Sa ), or an altered pitch, either a half - step above or half - step below the shuddha pitch. Re, Ga, Dha and Ni all have altered partners that are a half - step lower ( Komal - `` flat '' ) ( thus, komal Re is a half - step higher than Sa ). Ma has an altered partner that is a half - step higher ( teevra - `` sharp '' ) ( thus, tivra Ma is an augmented fourth above Sa ). Re, Ga, Ma, Dha and Ni are called vikrut swar ( ' movable notes ' ). In the written system of Indian notation devised by Ravi Shankar, the pitches are represented by Western letters. Capital letters are used for the achala swar, and for the higher variety of all the vikrut swar. Lowercase letters are used for the lower variety of the vikrut swar. Other systems exist for non-twelve - tone equal temperament and non-Western music, such as the Indian Swaralipi. Russia ( edit ) Further information : Znamenny chant An example of Znamenny notation with so - called `` red marks '', Russia, 1884. `` Thy Cross we honour, oh Lord, and Thy holy Resurrection we praise. '' A hand - drawn lubok featuring ' hook and banner notation '. Znamenny Chant is a singing tradition used in the Russian Orthodox Church which uses a `` hook and banner '' notation. Znamenny Chant is unison, melismatic liturgical singing that has its own specific notation, called the stolp notation. The symbols used in the stolp notation are called kryuki ( Russian : крюки, ' hooks ' ) or znamena ( Russian : знамёна, ' signs ' ). Often the names of the signs are used to refer to the stolp notation. Znamenny melodies are part of a system, consisting of Eight Modes ( intonation structures ; called glasy ) ; the melodies are characterized by fluency and well - balancedness. ( Kholopov 2003, 192 ) There exist several types of Znamenny Chant : the so - called Stolpovoy, Malyj ( Little ) and Bolshoy ( Great ) Znamenny Chant. Ruthenian Chant ( Prostopinije ) is sometimes considered a sub-division of the Znamenny Chant tradition, with the Muscovite Chant ( Znamenny Chant proper ) being the second branch of the same musical continuum. Znamenny Chants are not written with notes ( the so - called linear notation ), but with special signs, called Znamëna ( Russian for `` marks '', `` banners '' ) or Kryuki ( `` hooks '' ), as some shapes of these signs resemble hooks. Each sign may include the following components : a large black hook or a black stroke, several smaller black ' points ' and ' commas ' and lines near the hook or crossing the hook. Some signs may mean only one note, some 2 to 4 notes, and some a whole melody of more than 10 notes with a complicated rhythmic structure. The stolp notation was developed in Kievan Rus ' as an East Slavic refinement of the Byzantine neumatic musical notation. The most notable feature of this notation system is that it records transitions of the melody, rather than notes. The signs also represent a mood and a gradation of how this part of melody is to be sung ( tempo, strength, devotion, meekness, etc. ) Every sign has its own name and also features as a spiritual symbol. For example, there is a specific sign, called `` little dove '' ( Russian : голубчик ( golubchik ) ), which represents two rising sounds, but which is also a symbol of the Holy Ghost. Gradually the system became more and more complicated. This system was also ambiguous, so that almost no one, except the most trained and educated singers, could sing an unknown melody at sight. The signs only helped to reproduce the melody, not coding it in an unambiguous way. ( See Byzantine Empire ) China ( edit ) Main article : Chinese musical notation Chinese Guqin notation, 1425 The earliest known examples of text referring to music in China are inscriptions on musical instruments found in the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng ( d. 433 B.C. ). Sets of 41 chimestones and 65 bells bore lengthy inscriptions concerning pitches, scales, and transposition. The bells still sound the pitches that their inscriptions refer to. Although no notated musical compositions were found, the inscriptions indicate that the system was sufficiently advanced to allow for musical notation. Two systems of pitch nomenclature existed, one for relative pitch and one for absolute pitch. For relative pitch, a solmization system was used. Gongche notation used Chinese characters for the names of the scale. Japan ( edit ) Further information : Shakuhachi musical notation and Kunkunshi Tempyō Biwa Fu 天平 琵琶 譜 ( circa 738 AD ), musical notation for Biwa. ( Shōsōin, at Nara, Japan ) Japanese music is highly diversified, and therefore requires various systems of notation. In Japanese shakuhachi music, for example, glissandos and timbres are often more significant than distinct pitches, whereas taiko notation focuses on discrete strokes. Ryukyuan sanshin music uses kunkunshi, a notation system of kanji with each character corresponding to a finger position on a particular string. Indonesia ( edit ) Main article : Gamelan notation Notation plays a relatively minor role in the oral traditions of Indonesia. However, in Java and Bali, several systems were devised beginning at the end of the 19th century, initially for archival purposes. Today the most widespread are cipher notations ( `` not angka '' in the broadest sense ) in which the pitches are represented with some subset of the numbers 1 to 7, with 1 corresponding to either highest note of a particular octave, as in Sundanese gamelan, or lowest, as in the kepatihan notation of Javanese gamelan. Notes in the ranges outside the central octave are represented with one or more dots above or below the each number. For the most part, these cipher notations are mainly used to notate the skeletal melody ( the balungan ) and vocal parts ( gerongan ), although transcriptions of the elaborating instrument variations are sometimes used for analysis and teaching. Drum parts are notated with a system of symbols largely based on letters representing the vocables used to learn and remember drumming patterns ; these symbols are typically laid out in a grid underneath the skeletal melody for a specific or generic piece. The symbols used for drum notation ( as well as the vocables represented ) are highly variable from place to place and performer to performer. In addition to these current systems, two older notations used a kind of staff : the Solonese script could capture the flexible rhythms of the pesinden with a squiggle on a horizontal staff, while in Yogyakarta a ladder - like vertical staff allowed notation of the balungan by dots and also included important drum strokes. In Bali, there are a few books published of Gamelan gender wayang pieces, employing alphabetical notation in the old Balinese script. Composers and scholars both Indonesian and foreign have also mapped the slendro and pelog tuning systems of gamelan onto the western staff, with and without various symbols for microtones. The Dutch composer Ton de Leeuw also invented a three line staff for his composition Gending. However, these systems do not enjoy widespread use. In the second half of the twentieth century, Indonesian musicians and scholars extended cipher notation to other oral traditions, and a diatonic scale cipher notation has become common for notating western - related genres ( church hymns, popular songs, and so forth ). Unlike the cipher notation for gamelan music, which uses a `` fixed Do '' ( that is, 1 always corresponds to the same pitch, within the natural variability of gamelan tuning ), Indonesian diatonic cipher notation is `` moveable - Do '' notation, so scores must indicate which pitch corresponds to the number 1 ( for example, `` 1 = C '' ). A short melody in slendro notated using the Surakarta method. The same notated using the Yogyakarta method or ' chequered notation '. The same notated using Kepatihan notation. The same approximated using Western notation. Play ( help info ) Other systems and practices ( edit ) Pitch bracket notation ( edit ) In pitch bracket notation music is written with melody lines and pitch brackets. Melody lines are like staff lines except they can change pitch by writing pitch brackets on them. Pitch brackets add or subtract scale steps to the melody line. The shape of the bracket ( i.e. angle bracket ), determines the number of scale steps to add. The direction of the bracket, opening or closing, determines whether to add or subtract scale steps. As a result of the mathematical nature of pitch bracket notation, arithmetic and algebra can be directly applied to the notation. Musical variations can be mathematically generated from their themes. Cipher notation ( edit ) Main article : Numbered musical notation Cipher notation systems assigning Arabic numerals to the major scale degrees have been used at least since the Iberian organ tablatures of the 16th - century and include such exotic adaptations as Siffernotskrift. The one most widely in use today is the Chinese Jianpu, discussed in the main article. Numerals can of course also be assigned to different scale systems, as in the Javanese kepatihan notation described above. Solfège ( edit ) Main article : Solfège Solfège is a way of assigning syllables to names of the musical scale. In order, they are today : Do Re Mi Fa Sol La Ti Do ' ( for the octave ). The classic variation is : Do Re Mi Fa Sol La Si Do '. The first Western system of functional names for the musical notes was introduced by Guido of Arezzo ( c. 991 -- after 1033 ), using the beginning syllables of the first six musical lines of the Latin hymn Ut queant laxis. The original sequence was Ut Re Mi Fa Sol La, where each verse started a scale note higher. `` Ut '' later became `` Do ''. The equivalent syllables used in Indian music are : Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni. See also : solfège, sargam, Kodály hand signs. Tonic sol - fa is a type of notation using the initial letters of solfège. Letter notation ( edit ) Main article : Letter notation The notes of the 12 - tone scale can be written by their letter names A -- G, possibly with a trailing sharp or flat symbol, such as A ♯ or B ♭. Tablature ( edit ) Main article : Tablature Tablature was first used in the Middle Ages for organ music and later in the Renaissance for lute music. In most lute tablatures, a staff is used, but instead of pitch values, the lines of the staff represent the strings of the instrument. The frets to finger are written on each line, indicated by letters or numbers. Rhythm is written separately with one or another variation of standard note values indicating the duration of the fastest moving part. Few seem to have remarked on the fact that tablature combines in one notation system both the physical and technical requirements of play ( the lines and symbols on them and in relation to each other representing the actual performance actions ) with the unfolding of the music itself ( the lines of tablature taken horizontally represent the actual temporal unfolding of the music ). In later periods, lute and guitar music was written with standard notation. Tablature caught interest again in the late 20th century for popular guitar music and other fretted instruments, being easy to transcribe and share over the internet in ASCII format. Websites like OLGA have archives of text - based popular music tablature. Klavar notation ( edit ) Main article : Klavarskribo Klavarskribo ( sometimes shortened to klavar ) is a music notation system that was introduced in 1931 by the Dutchman Cornelis Pot. The name means `` keyboard writing '' in Esperanto. It differs from conventional music notation in a number of ways and is intended to be easily readable. Many klavar readers are from the Netherlands. Piano - roll - based notations ( edit ) Some chromatic systems have been created taking advantage of the layout of black and white keys of the standard piano keyboard. The `` staff '' is most widely referred to as `` piano roll '', created by extending the black and white piano keys. Chromatic staff notations ( edit ) Over the past three centuries, hundreds of music notation systems have been proposed as alternatives to traditional western music notation. Many of these systems seek to improve upon traditional notation by using a `` chromatic staff '' in which each of the 12 pitch classes has its own unique place on the staff. Examples are the Ailler - Brennink notation, Jacques - Daniel Rochat 's Dodeka system, Tom Reed 's Twinline notation, Russell Ambrose 's Ambrose Piano Tabs, Paul Morris ' Clairnote, John Keller 's Express Stave, and José A. Sotorrio 's Bilinear Music Notation. These notation systems do not require the use of standard key signatures, accidentals, or clef signs. They also represent interval relationships more consistently and accurately than traditional notation. The Music Notation Project ( formerly known as the Music Notation Modernization Association ) has a website with information on many of these notation systems. Graphic notation ( edit ) Main article : Graphic notation ( music ) The term ' graphic notation ' refers to the contemporary use of non-traditional symbols and text to convey information about the performance of a piece of music. Practitioners include Christian Wolff, Earle Brown, Anthony Braxton, John Cage, Morton Feldman, Krzysztof Penderecki, Cornelius Cardew, and Roger Reynolds. See Notations, edited by John Cage and Alison Knowles, ISBN 0 - 685 - 14864 - 5. Simplified music notation ( edit ) Main article : Simplified music notation Simplified Music Notation is an alternative form of musical notation designed to make sight - reading easier. It is based on classical staff notation, but incorporates sharps and flats into the shape of the note heads. Notes such as double sharps and double flats are written at the pitch they are actually played at, but preceded by symbols called history signs that show they have been transposed. Modified stave notation ( edit ) Main article : Modified Stave Notation Modified Stave Notation ( MSN ) is an alternative way of notating music for people who can not easily read ordinary musical notation even if it is enlarged. Parsons code ( edit ) Main article : Parsons code Parsons code is used to encode music so that it can be easily searched. Braille music ( edit ) Main article : Braille music Braille music is a complete, well developed, and internationally accepted musical notation system that has symbols and notational conventions quite independent of print music notation. It is linear in nature, similar to a printed language and different from the two - dimensional nature of standard printed music notation. To a degree Braille music resembles musical markup languages such as MusicXML or NIFF. Integer notation ( edit ) In integer notation, or the integer model of pitch, all pitch classes and intervals between pitch classes are designated using the numbers 0 through 11. Rap notation ( edit ) The standard form of rap notation is the `` flow diagram '', where rappers line up their lyrics underneath `` beat numbers ''. Hip - hop scholars also make use of the same flow diagrams that rappers use : the books How to Rap and How to Rap 2 extensively use the diagrams to explain rap 's triplets, flams, rests, rhyme schemes, runs of rhyme, and breaking rhyme patterns, among other techniques. Similar systems are used by musicologists Adam Krims in his book Rap Music and the Poetics of Identity and Kyle Adams in his work on rap 's flow. As rap revolves around a strong 4 / 4 beat, with certain syllables aligned to the beat, all the notational systems have a similar structure : they all have four beat numbers at the top of the diagram, so that syllables can be written in - line with the beat. Music notation on computer ( edit ) Main article : Scorewriter Many computer programs have been developed for creating music notation ( called scorewriters or music notation software ). Music may also be stored in various digital file formats for purposes other than graphic notation output. Perspectives of musical notation in composition and musical performance ( edit ) According to Philip Tagg and Richard Middleton, musicology and to a degree European - influenced musical practice suffer from a ' notational centricity ', a methodology slanted by the characteristics of notation. Patents ( edit ) Recent US 6987220 on a new color based musical notation scheme In some countries, new musical notations can be patented. In the United States, for example, about 90 patents have been issued for new notation systems. The earliest patent, U.S. Patent 1,383 was published in 1839. See also ( edit ) List of musical symbols of modern notation. Jewish Torah Trope Cantillation Colored music notation Eye movement in music reading Guido of Arezzo, inventor of modern musical notation History of music publishing List of scorewriters Mensural notation Modal notation Music engraving, drawing music notation for the purpose of mechanical reproduction Music OCR, the application of optical character recognition to interpret sheet music Neume ( plainchant notation ) Pitch class Rastrum, a five - pointed writing implement used to draw parallel staff lines across a blank piece of sheet music Scorewriter Semasiography Sheet music Time unit box system, a notation system useful for polyrhythms Tongan music notation, a subset of standard music notation Tonnetz Znamenny chant Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Giorgio Buccellati, `` Hurrian Music '', associate editor and webmaster Federico A. Buccellati Urkesh website ( n.p. : IIMAS, 2003 ). Jump up ^ Kilmer & Civil 1986,. Jump up ^ Kilmer 1965,. Jump up ^ West 1994, 161 -- 63. Jump up ^ West 1994, 161. Jump up ^ Today we can only the study the evolution of notation within Greek monastic chant books like those of the sticherarion and the heirmologion, while there is no authentic asmatikon and kontakarion of the Constantinopolitan cathedral rite. The earliest books which have survived, are in Slavonic translation which already show an own notation system ( see Russia ) used in Novgorod and Macedonia during the 12th century. Jump up ^ See Maria Alexandru ( 2000 ) for a historical discussion of the great signs and their modern interpretations. Jump up ^ Chrysanthos ( 1832 ) made a difference between his monosyllabic and the traditional polysyllabic parallage. Jump up ^ Toussaint 2004, 3 Jump up ^ Isidore of Seville 2006, 95. Jump up ^ Zapke 2007, Jump up ^ Christensen 2002, 628. Jump up ^ Otten 1910. Jump up ^ McNaught 1893, 43. Jump up ^ Hall, Neitz, and Battani 2003, p. 100. Jump up ^ Murray 1994, p. 45 Jump up ^ Gnanadesikan, Amalia E. The Writing Revolution : Cuneiform to the Internet. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444359855. Retrieved 20 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Gukak ''. The DONG - A ILBO. dongA.com. Retrieved 20 September 2016. Jump up ^ Bagley 2004. ^ Jump up to : Lindsay 1992, 43 -- 45. Jump up ^ Apel 1961, xxiii and 22. Jump up ^ olga.net Archived 24 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ dodeka.info Jump up ^ ambrosepianotabs.com Jump up ^ clairnote.org Jump up ^ musicnotation.org Jump up ^ musicmarkup.info Jump up ^ emusician.com Archived 1 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Edwards 2009, 67. Jump up ^ Edwards 2013, 53. Jump up ^ Krims 2001, 59 -- 60. Jump up ^ Adams 2009. ^ Jump up to : Edwards 2009, 69. Jump up ^ Tagg 1979, 28 -- 32 ; Middleton 1990, 104 -- 6. References ( edit ) Adams, Kyle ( 2009 ). `` On the Metrical Techniques of Flow in Rap Music ''. Music Theory Online 5, no. 9 ( October ) ( accessed 4 April 2014 ). Alexandru, Maria ( 2000 ). Studie über die ' großen Zeichen ' der byzantinischen musikalischen Notation unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Periode vom Ende des 12. bis Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts. Universität Kopenhagen. Apel, Willi ( 1961 ). The Notation of Polyphonic Music, 900 -- 1600, 5th edition, revised and with commentary. Publications of the Mediaeval Academy of America, no. 38. Cambridge, Mass. : Mediaeval Academy of America. Bagley, Robert ( 2004 ). `` The Prehistory of Chinese Music Theory ''. Elsley Zeitlyn Lecture on Chinese Archaeology and Culture. ( Tuesday 26 October ) British Academy 's Autumn 2004 Lecture Programme. London : British Academy. Abstract. Accessed 30 May 2010. Christensen, Thomas ( 2002 ). The Cambridge History of Western Music Theory. Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press. Chrysanthos of Madytos ( 1832 ). Θεωρητικὸν μέγα τῆς Μουσικῆς. Triest : Michele Weis. Retrieved 11 April 2012. Edwards, Paul ( 2009 ). How to Rap : The Art & Science of the Hip - Hop MC, with a foreword by Kool G. Rap. Chicago : Chicago Review Press. Edwards, Paul ( 2013 ). How to Rap 2 : Advanced Flow and Delivery Techniques, foreword by Gift of Gab. Chicago : Chicago Review Press. Hall, John ; Mary Jo Neitz ; Marshall Battani ( 2003 ). Sociology on Culture. London : Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 28484 - 4. Isidore of Seville ( 2006 ). The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville, translated with introduction and notes by Stephen A. Barney, W.J. Lewis, J.A. Beach, and Oliver Berghof, with the collaboration of Muriel Hall. Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83749 - 1 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 511 - 21969 - 6 ( ebook ) ( accessed 8 September 2012 ). Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn ( 1965 ). `` The Strings of Musical Instruments : Their Names, Numbers, and Significance '', in Studies in Honor of Benno Landsberger on His Seventy - fifth Birthday, April 21, 1965, Assyriological Studies 16, edited by Hans G. Güterbock and Thorkild Jacobsen, 261 -- 68. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn, and Miguel Civil ( 1986 ). `` Old Babylonian Musical Instructions Relating to Hymnody ''. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 38, no. 1 : 94 -- 98. Krims, Adam ( 2001 ). Rap Music And The Poetics Of Identity. Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press. Lindsay, Jennifer ( 1992 ). Javanese Gamelan. Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 588582 - 1. McNaught, W.G. ( 1893 ). `` The History and Uses of the Sol - fa Syllables ''. Proceedings of the Musical Association 19 ( January ) : 35 -- 51. ISSN 0958 - 8442 ( accessed 23 April 2010 ). Murray, Chris ( 1994 ). Dictionary of the Arts. New York : Facts on File. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 3205 - 1. Otten, J. ( 1910 ). `` Guido of Arezzo ''. The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York : Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved May 30, 2010 from New Advent. Paolo, Tortiglione ( 2012 ). Semiography and Semiology of Contemporary Music. Milan : Rugginenti. ISBN 978 - 88 - 7665 - 616 - 3 Schneider, Albrecht ( 1987 ). `` Musik, Sound, Sprache, Schrift : Transkription und Notation in der Vergleichenden Musikwissenschaft und Musikethnologie ''. Zeitschrift für Semiotik 9, nos. 3 -- 4 : 317 -- 43. Sotorrio, José A. ( 1997 ). Bilinear Music Notation : A New Notation System for the Modern Musician. Spectral Music. ISBN 978 - 0 - 9548498 - 2 - 5. Tagg, Philip ( 1979 ). Kojak -- 50 Seconds of Television Music : Toward the Analysis of Affect in Popular Music. Skrifter från Musikvetenskapliga Institutionen, Göteborg 2. Göteborg : Musikvetenskapliga Institutionen, Göteborgs Universitet. ISBN 91 - 7222 - 235 - 2 ( Rev. translation of `` Kojak -- 50 sekunders tv - musik '' ) Touma, Habib Hassan ( 1996 ). The Music of the Arabs, new expanded edition, translated by Laurie Schwartz. With accompanying CD recording. Portland, Oregon : Amadeus Press. ISBN 0 - 931340 - 88 - 8 Toussaint, Godfried ( 2004 ). A Comparison of Rhythmic Similarity Measures ( PDF ). Technical Report SOCS - TR - 2004.6. Montréal : School of Computer Science, McGill University. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 February 2013. West, M ( artin ). L ( itchfield ). ( 1994 ). `` The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts ''. Music & Letters 75, no. 2. ( May ) : 161 -- 179 Williams, Charles Francis Abdy ( 1903 ). `` The Story of Notation. '' New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons. Zapke, Susana ( ed. ) ( 2007 ). Hispania Vetus : Musical - Liturgical Manuscripts from Visigothic Origins to the Franco - Roman Transition ( 9th -- 12th Centuries ), with a foreword by Anscario M Mundó. Bilbao : Fundación BBVA. ISBN 978 - 84 - 96515 - 50 - 5 Further reading ( edit ) Hall, Rachael ( 2005 ). Math for Poets and Drummers. Saint Joseph 's University. Gayou, Évelyne. `` Transcrire les musiques électroacoustiques. '' eContact! 12.4 -- Perspectives on the Electroacoustic Work / Perspectives sur l'œuvre électroacoustique ( August 2010 ). Montréal : CEC. ( in French ) Gould, Elaine ( 2011 ). `` Behind Bars -- The Definitive Guide to Music Notation ''. London : Faber Music. Karakayali, Nedim ( 2010 ). `` Two Assemblages of Cultural Transmission : Musicians, Political Actors and Educational Techniques in the Ottoman Empire and Western Europe ''. Journal of Historical Sociology 23, no. 3 : 343 -- 71. Lieberman, David ( 2006 ). Game Enhanced Music Manuscript. In GRAPHITE ' 06 : Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques in Australasia and South East Asia, Kuala Lumpur ( Malaysia ), 29 November -- 2 December 2006, edited by Y Tina Lee, Siti Mariyam Shamsuddin, Diego Gutierrez, and Norhaida Mohd Suaib, 245 -- 50. New York : ACM Press. ISBN 1 - 59593 - 564 - 9 Middleton, Richard ( 1990 / 2002 ). Studying Popular Music. Philadelphia : Open University Press. ISBN 0 - 335 - 15275 - 9. Read, Gardner ( 1978 ). Modern Rhythmic Notation. Victor Gollance Ltd. Read, Gardner ( 1987 ). Source Book of Proposed Music Notation Reforms. Greenwood Press. Reisenweaver, Anna ( 2012 ). `` Guido of Arezzo and His Influence on Music Learning '', Musical Offerings : Vol. 3 : No. 1, Article 4. Available at http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/musicalofferings/vol3/iss1/4. Savas, Savas I. ( 1965 ). Byzantine Music in Theory and Practice ( PDF ). Boston : Hercules. ISBN 0 - 916586 - 24 - 3. Retrieved 27 January 2013. Stone, Kurt ( 1980 ). Music Notation in the Twentieth Century : A Practical Guidebook. W.W. Norton & Company. Strayer, Hope R. ( 2013 ) `` From Neumes to Notes : The Evolution of Music Notation, '' Musical Offerings : Vol. 4 : No. 1, Article 1. Available at : http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/musicalofferings/vol4/iss1/1 External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Music : Music Notation Systems Wikimedia Commons has media related to Musical notation. Byzantine Music Notation. Contains a Guide to Byzantine Music Notation ( neumes ). CCARH -- Center for Computer Assisted Research in the Humanities Information on Stanford University Course on music representation. Links page shows examples of different notations. Music Markup Language. XML - based language for music notation. Synopsis of Musical Notation Encyclopedias ( An index from topics of CWN into the books of Gould, Vinci, Wanske, Stone and Read. ) Byrd, Don. `` Extremes of Conventional Musical Notation. '' Gehrkens, Karl Wilson Music Notation and Terminology. Project Gutenberg. Gilbert, Nina. `` Glossary of U.S. and British English musical terms. '' Posted 17 June 1998 ; updated 7 September 2000. Pitch Bracket Notation. Introduction to pitch bracket notation. 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{ "text": "List of cities and towns in California - wikipedia List of cities and towns in California Jump to : navigation, search Location of California in the United States California is a state located in the Western United States. It is the most populous state and the third largest by area after Alaska and Texas. According to the 2010 United States Census, California has 37,253,956 inhabitants and 155,779.22 square miles ( 403,466.3 km ) of land. California has been inhabited by numerous Native American peoples since antiquity. The Spanish, the Russians, and other Europeans began exploring and colonizing the area in the 16th and 17th centuries, with the Spanish establishing its first California mission at what is now San Diego in 1769. After the Mexican Cession of 1848, the California Gold Rush brought worldwide attention to the area. The growth of the movie industry in Los Angeles and Hollywood, high tech in San Francisco and Silicon Valley, tourism, agriculture, and other areas in the ensuing decades fueled the creation of a $1.85 trillion economy, the ninth - largest in the world. California is divided into 58 counties and contains 482 municipalities. One, San Francisco, is a consolidated city - county. California law makes no distinction between `` city '' and `` town '', and municipalities may use either term in their official names. According to the 2010 Census, 30,908,614 of California 's 37,253,956 residents lived in urban areas, accounting for 82.97 % of the population. The first municipality to incorporate was Sacramento on February 27, 1850, while the most recent was Jurupa Valley on July 1, 2011. Eight cities were incorporated before the state 's September 9, 1850, admission to the Union. The largest municipality by population and land area is Los Angeles with 3,792,621 residents and 468.67 square miles ( 1,213.8 km ). The smallest by population is Vernon with 112 people, while the smallest by land area is Amador City at 0.31 square miles ( 0.80 km ). Contents ( hide ) 1 Cities and towns 2 See also 3 References Cities and towns ( edit ) Skyline of Los Angeles Balboa Park in San Diego Skyline of San Jose Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco Skyline of Fresno California State Capitol in Sacramento Aerial view of the Port of Long Beach Lake Merritt in Oakland Truxton Tower in Bakersfield Disneyland in Anaheim County seat Name Type County Population ( 2010 ) Land area Incorporated sq mi km Adelanto City San Bernardino 31,765 56.01 145.1 000000001970 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22, 1970 Agoura Hills City Los Angeles 20,330 7.79 20.2 000000001982 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8, 1982 Alameda City Alameda 73,812 10.61 27.5 000000001854 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19, 1854 Albany City Alameda 18,539 1.79 4.6 000000001908 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22, 1908 Alhambra City Los Angeles 83,089 7.63 19.8 000000001903 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11, 1903 Aliso Viejo City Orange 47,823 7.47 19.3 000000002001 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1, 2001 Alturas City Modoc 2,827 2.43 6.3 000000001901 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16, 1901 Amador City City Amador 185 0.31 0.80 000000001915 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2, 1915 American Canyon City Napa 19,454 4.84 12.5 000000001992 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1, 1992 Anaheim City Orange 336,265 49.84 129.1 000000001876 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18, 1876 Anderson City Shasta 9,932 6.37 16.5 000000001956 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16, 1956 Angels Camp City Calaveras 3,836 3.63 9.4 000000001912 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16, 1912 Antioch City Contra Costa 102,372 28.35 73.4 000000001872 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6, 1872 Apple Valley Town San Bernardino 69,135 73.19 189.6 000000001988 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28, 1988 Arcadia City Los Angeles 56,364 10.93 28.3 000000001903 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5, 1903 Arcata City Humboldt 17,231 9.10 23.6 000000001858 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2, 1858 Arroyo Grande City San Luis Obispo 17,252 5.84 15.1 000000001911 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10, 1911 Artesia City Los Angeles 16,522 1.62 4.2 000000001959 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29, 1959 Arvin City Kern 19,304 4.82 12.5 000000001960 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21, 1960 Atascadero City San Luis Obispo 28,310 25.64 66.4 000000001979 - 07 - 02 - 0000 July 2, 1979 Atherton Town San Mateo 6,914 5.02 13.0 000000001923 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12, 1923 Atwater City Merced 28,168 6.09 15.8 000000001922 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16, 1922 Auburn City Placer 13,330 7.14 18.5 000000001888 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2, 1888 Avalon City Los Angeles 3,728 2.94 7.6 000000001913 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26, 1913 Avenal City Kings 15,505 19.42 50.3 000000001979 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11, 1979 Azusa City Los Angeles 46,361 9.66 25.0 000000001898 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29, 1898 Bakersfield City Kern 347,483 142.16 368.2 000000001898 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11, 1898 Baldwin Park City Los Angeles 75,390 6.63 17.2 000000001956 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25, 1956 Banning City Riverside 29,603 23.10 59.8 000000001913 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6, 1913 Barstow City San Bernardino 22,639 41.38 107.2 000000001947 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30, 1947 Beaumont City Riverside 36,877 30.91 80.1 000000001912 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18, 1912 Bell City Los Angeles 35,477 2.50 6.5 000000001927 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7, 1927 Bell Gardens City Los Angeles 42,072 2.46 6.4 000000001961 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1, 1961 Bellflower City Los Angeles 76,616 6.12 15.9 000000001957 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3, 1957 Belmont City San Mateo 25,835 4.62 12.0 000000001926 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29, 1926 Belvedere City Marin 2,068 0.52 1.3 000000001896 - 12 - 24 - 0000 December 24, 1896 Benicia City Solano 26,997 12.93 33.5 000000001850 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27, 1850 Berkeley City Alameda 112,580 10.47 27.1 000000001878 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4, 1878 Beverly Hills City Los Angeles 34,109 5.71 14.8 000000001914 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28, 1914 Big Bear Lake City San Bernardino 5,019 6.35 16.4 000000001980 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28, 1980 Biggs City Butte 1,707 0.64 1.7 000000001903 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26, 1903 Bishop City Inyo 3,879 1.86 4.8 000000001903 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6, 1903 Blue Lake City Humboldt 1,253 0.59 1.5 000000001910 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23, 1910 Blythe City Riverside 20,817 26.19 67.8 000000001916 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21, 1916 Bradbury City Los Angeles 1,048 1.96 5.1 000000001957 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26, 1957 Brawley City Imperial 24,953 7.68 19.9 000000001908 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6, 1908 Brea City Orange 39,282 12.08 31.3 000000001917 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23, 1917 Brentwood City Contra Costa 51,481 14.79 38.3 000000001948 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21, 1948 Brisbane City San Mateo 4,282 3.10 8.0 000000001961 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27, 1961 Buellton City Santa Barbara 4,828 1.58 4.1 000000001992 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1, 1992 Buena Park City Orange 80,530 10.52 27.2 000000001953 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27, 1953 Burbank City Los Angeles 103,340 17.34 44.9 000000001911 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8, 1911 Burlingame City San Mateo 28,806 4.41 11.4 000000001908 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6, 1908 Calabasas City Los Angeles 23,058 12.90 33.4 000000001991 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5, 1991 Calexico City Imperial 38,572 8.39 21.7 000000001908 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16, 1908 California City City Kern 14,120 203.52 527.1 000000001965 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10, 1965 Calimesa City Riverside 7,879 14.85 38.5 000000001990 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1, 1990 Calipatria City Imperial 7,705 3.72 9.6 000000001919 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28, 1919 Calistoga City Napa 5,155 2.60 6.7 000000001886 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6, 1886 Camarillo City Ventura 65,201 19.53 50.6 000000001964 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28, 1964 Campbell City Santa Clara 39,349 5.80 15.0 000000001952 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28, 1952 Canyon Lake City Riverside 10,561 3.93 10.2 000000001990 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1, 1990 Capitola City Santa Cruz 9,918 1.59 4.1 000000001949 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11, 1949 Carlsbad City San Diego 105,328 37.72 97.7 000000001952 - 07 - 16 - 0000 July 16, 1952 Carmel - by - the - Sea City Monterey 3,722 1.08 2.8 000000001916 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31, 1916 Carpinteria City Santa Barbara 13,040 2.59 6.7 000000001965 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28, 1965 Carson City Los Angeles 91,714 18.72 48.5 000000001968 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20, 1968 Cathedral City City Riverside 51,200 21.50 55.7 000000001981 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16, 1981 Ceres City Stanislaus 45,417 8.01 20.7 000000001918 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25, 1918 Cerritos City Los Angeles 49,041 8.73 22.6 000000001956 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24, 1956 Chico City Butte 86,187 32.92 85.3 000000001872 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8, 1872 Chino City San Bernardino 77,983 29.64 76.8 000000001910 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28, 1910 Chino Hills City San Bernardino 74,799 44.68 115.7 000000001991 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1, 1991 Chowchilla City Madera 18,720 7.66 19.8 000000001923 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7, 1923 Chula Vista City San Diego 243,916 49.63 128.5 000000001911 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28, 1911 Citrus Heights City Sacramento 83,301 14.23 36.9 000000001997 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1, 1997 Claremont City Los Angeles 34,926 13.35 34.6 000000001907 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3, 1907 Clayton City Contra Costa 10,897 3.84 9.9 000000001964 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18, 1964 Clearlake City Lake 15,250 10.13 26.2 000000001980 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14, 1980 Cloverdale City Sonoma 8,618 2.65 6.9 000000001872 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28, 1872 Clovis City Fresno 95,631 23.28 60.3 000000001912 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27, 1912 Coachella City Riverside 40,704 28.95 75.0 000000001946 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13, 1946 Coalinga City Fresno 13,380 6.12 15.9 000000001906 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3, 1906 Colfax City Placer 1,963 1.41 3.7 000000001910 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23, 1910 Colma Town San Mateo 1,792 1.91 4.9 000000001924 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5, 1924 Colton City San Bernardino 52,154 15.32 39.7 000000001887 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11, 1887 Colusa City Colusa 5,971 1.83 4.7 000000001868 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16, 1868 Commerce City Los Angeles 12,823 6.54 16.9 000000001960 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28, 1960 Compton City Los Angeles 96,455 10.01 25.9 000000001888 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11, 1888 Concord City Contra Costa 122,067 30.55 79.1 000000001905 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9, 1905 Corcoran City Kings 24,813 7.47 19.3 000000001914 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11, 1914 Corning City Tehama 7,663 3.55 9.2 000000001907 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6, 1907 Corona City Riverside 152,374 38.83 100.6 000000001896 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13, 1896 Coronado City San Diego 24,697 7.93 20.5 000000001890 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11, 1890 Corte Madera Town Marin 9,253 3.16 8.2 000000001916 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10, 1916 Costa Mesa City Orange 109,960 15.65 40.5 000000001953 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29, 1953 Cotati City Sonoma 7,265 1.88 4.9 000000001963 - 07 - 16 - 0000 July 16, 1963 Covina City Los Angeles 47,796 7.03 18.2 000000001901 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14, 1901 Crescent City City Del Norte 7,643 1.96 5.1 000000001854 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13, 1854 Cudahy City Los Angeles 23,805 1.18 3.1 000000001960 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10, 1960 Culver City City Los Angeles 38,883 5.11 13.2 000000001917 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7, 1917 Cupertino City Santa Clara 58,302 11.26 29.2 000000001955 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10, 1955 Cypress City Orange 47,802 6.58 17.0 000000001956 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24, 1956 Daly City City San Mateo 101,123 7.66 19.8 000000001911 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22, 1911 Dana Point City Orange 33,351 6.50 16.8 000000001989 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1, 1989 Danville Town Contra Costa 42,039 18.03 46.7 000000001982 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1, 1982 Davis City Yolo 65,622 9.89 25.6 000000001917 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28, 1917 Del Mar City San Diego 4,161 1.71 4.4 000000001959 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15, 1959 Del Rey Oaks City Monterey 1,624 0.48 1.2 000000001953 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3, 1953 Delano City Kern 53,041 14.30 37.0 000000001915 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13, 1915 Desert Hot Springs City Riverside 25,938 23.62 61.2 000000001963 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25, 1963 Diamond Bar City Los Angeles 55,544 14.88 38.5 000000001989 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18, 1989 Dinuba City Tulare 21,453 6.47 16.8 000000001906 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6, 1906 Dixon City Solano 18,351 7.00 18.1 000000001878 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30, 1878 Dorris City Siskiyou 939 0.70 1.8 000000001908 - 12 - 23 - 0000 December 23, 1908 Dos Palos City Merced 4,950 1.35 3.5 000000001935 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24, 1935 Downey City Los Angeles 111,772 12.41 32.1 000000001956 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17, 1956 Duarte City Los Angeles 21,321 6.69 17.3 000000001957 - 08 - 22 - 0000 August 22, 1957 Dublin City Alameda 46,036 14.91 38.6 000000001982 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1, 1982 Dunsmuir City Siskiyou 1,650 1.70 4.4 000000001909 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7, 1909 East Palo Alto City San Mateo 28,155 2.51 6.5 000000001983 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1, 1983 Eastvale City Riverside 53,670 13.1 34 000000002010 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1, 2010 El Cajon City San Diego 99,478 14.43 37.4 000000001912 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12, 1912 El Centro City Imperial 42,598 11.08 28.7 000000001908 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16, 1908 El Cerrito City Contra Costa 23,549 3.69 9.6 000000001917 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23, 1917 El Monte City Los Angeles 113,475 9.56 24.8 000000001912 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18, 1912 El Segundo City Los Angeles 16,654 5.46 14.1 000000001917 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18, 1917 Elk Grove City Sacramento 153,015 42.19 109.3 000000002000 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1, 2000 Emeryville City Alameda 10,080 1.25 3.2 000000001896 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8, 1896 Encinitas City San Diego 59,518 18.81 48.7 000000001986 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1, 1986 Escalon City San Joaquin 7,132 2.30 6.0 000000001957 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12, 1957 Escondido City San Diego 143,911 36.81 95.3 000000001888 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8, 1888 Etna City Siskiyou 737 0.76 2.0 000000001878 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13, 1878 Eureka City Humboldt 27,191 9.38 24.3 000000001856 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18, 1856 Exeter City Tulare 10,334 2.46 6.4 000000001911 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2, 1911 Fairfax Town Marin 7,441 2.20 5.7 000000001931 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2, 1931 Fairfield City Solano 105,321 37.39 96.8 000000001903 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12, 1903 Farmersville City Tulare 10,588 2.26 5.9 000000001960 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5, 1960 Ferndale City Humboldt 1,371 1.03 2.7 000000001893 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28, 1893 Fillmore City Ventura 15,002 3.36 8.7 000000001914 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10, 1914 Firebaugh City Fresno 7,549 3.46 9.0 000000001914 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17, 1914 Folsom City Sacramento 72,203 21.95 56.9 000000001946 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20, 1946 Fontana City San Bernardino 196,069 42.43 109.9 000000001952 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25, 1952 Fort Bragg City Mendocino 7,273 2.75 7.1 000000001889 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5, 1889 Fort Jones City Siskiyou 839 0.60 1.6 000000001872 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16, 1872 Fortuna City Humboldt 11,926 4.85 12.6 000000001906 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20, 1906 Foster City City San Mateo 30,567 3.76 9.7 000000001971 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27, 1971 Fountain Valley City Orange 55,313 9.02 23.4 000000001957 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13, 1957 Fowler City Fresno 5,570 2.53 6.6 000000001908 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15, 1908 Fremont City Alameda 214,089 77.46 200.6 000000001956 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23, 1956 Fresno City Fresno 494,665 111.96 290.0 000000001885 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12, 1885 Fullerton City Orange 135,161 22.35 57.9 000000001904 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15, 1904 Galt City Sacramento 23,647 5.93 15.4 000000001946 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16, 1946 Garden Grove City Orange 170,883 17.94 46.5 000000001956 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18, 1956 Gardena City Los Angeles 58,829 5.83 15.1 000000001930 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11, 1930 Gilroy City Santa Clara 48,821 16.15 41.8 000000001870 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12, 1870 Glendale City Los Angeles 191,719 30.45 78.9 000000001906 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15, 1906 Glendora City Los Angeles 50,073 19.39 50.2 000000001911 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13, 1911 Goleta City Santa Barbara 29,888 7.90 20.5 000000002002 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1, 2002 Gonzales City Monterey 8,187 1.92 5.0 000000001947 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14, 1947 Grand Terrace City San Bernardino 12,040 3.50 9.1 000000001978 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30, 1978 Grass Valley City Nevada 12,860 4.74 12.3 000000001893 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13, 1893 Greenfield City Monterey 16,330 2.14 5.5 000000001947 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7, 1947 Gridley City Butte 6,584 2.07 5.4 000000001905 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23, 1905 Grover Beach City San Luis Obispo 13,156 2.31 6.0 000000001959 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21, 1959 Guadalupe City Santa Barbara 7,080 1.31 3.4 000000001946 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3, 1946 Gustine City Merced 5,520 1.55 4.0 000000001915 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11, 1915 Half Moon Bay City San Mateo 11,324 6.42 16.6 000000001959 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15, 1959 Hanford City Kings 53,967 16.59 43.0 000000001891 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12, 1891 Hawaiian Gardens City Los Angeles 14,254 0.95 2.5 000000001964 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9, 1964 Hawthorne City Los Angeles 84,293 6.08 15.7 000000001922 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12, 1922 Hayward City Alameda 144,186 45.32 117.4 000000001876 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11, 1876 Healdsburg City Sonoma 11,254 4.46 11.6 000000001867 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20, 1867 Hemet City Riverside 78,657 27.85 72.1 000000001910 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20, 1910 Hercules City Contra Costa 24,060 6.21 16.1 000000001900 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15, 1900 Hermosa Beach City Los Angeles 19,506 1.43 3.7 000000001907 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14, 1907 Hesperia City San Bernardino 90,173 73.10 189.3 000000001988 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1, 1988 Hidden Hills City Los Angeles 1,856 1.69 4.4 000000001961 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19, 1961 Highland City San Bernardino 53,104 18.76 48.6 000000001987 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24, 1987 Hillsborough Town San Mateo 10,825 6.19 16.0 000000001910 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5, 1910 Hollister City San Benito 34,928 7.29 18.9 000000001872 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26, 1872 Holtville City Imperial 5,939 1.15 3.0 000000001908 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1, 1908 Hughson City Stanislaus 6,640 1.82 4.7 000000001972 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9, 1972 Huntington Beach City Orange 189,992 26.75 69.3 000000001909 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17, 1909 Huntington Park City Los Angeles 58,114 3.01 7.8 000000001906 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1, 1906 Huron City Fresno 6,754 1.59 4.1 000000001951 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3, 1951 Imperial City Imperial 14,758 5.86 15.2 000000001904 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12, 1904 Imperial Beach City San Diego 26,324 4.16 10.8 000000001956 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18, 1956 Indian Wells City Riverside 4,958 14.32 37.1 000000001967 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14, 1967 Indio City Riverside 76,036 29.18 75.6 000000001930 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16, 1930 Industry City Los Angeles 219 11.78 30.5 000000001957 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18, 1957 Inglewood City Los Angeles 109,673 9.07 23.5 000000001908 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7, 1908 Ione City Amador 7,918 4.76 12.3 000000001953 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23, 1953 Irvine City Orange 212,375 66.11 171.2 000000001971 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28, 1971 Irwindale City Los Angeles 1,422 8.83 22.9 000000001957 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6, 1957 Isleton City Sacramento 804 0.44 1.1 000000001923 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14, 1923 Jackson City Amador 4,651 3.73 9.7 000000001905 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5, 1905 Jurupa Valley City Riverside 95,004 43.7 113 000000002011 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1, 2011 Kerman City Fresno 13,544 3.23 8.4 000000001946 - 07 - 02 - 0000 July 2, 1946 King City City Monterey 12,874 3.84 9.9 000000001911 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9, 1911 Kingsburg City Fresno 11,382 2.83 7.3 000000001908 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29, 1908 La Cañada Flintridge City Los Angeles 20,246 8.63 22.4 000000001976 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30, 1976 La Habra City Orange 60,239 7.37 19.1 000000001925 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20, 1925 La Habra Heights City Los Angeles 5,325 6.16 16.0 000000001978 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4, 1978 La Mesa City San Diego 57,065 9.08 23.5 000000001912 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16, 1912 La Mirada City Los Angeles 48,527 7.84 20.3 000000001960 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23, 1960 La Palma City Orange 15,568 1.81 4.7 000000001955 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26, 1955 La Puente City Los Angeles 39,816 3.48 9.0 000000001956 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1, 1956 La Quinta City Riverside 37,467 35.12 91.0 000000001982 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1, 1982 La Verne City Los Angeles 31,063 8.43 21.8 000000001906 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20, 1906 Lafayette City Contra Costa 23,893 15.22 39.4 000000001968 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29, 1968 Laguna Beach City Orange 22,723 8.85 22.9 000000001927 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29, 1927 Laguna Hills City Orange 30,344 6.67 17.3 000000001991 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20, 1991 Laguna Niguel City Orange 62,979 14.83 38.4 000000001989 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1, 1989 Laguna Woods City Orange 16,192 3.12 8.1 000000001999 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24, 1999 Lake Elsinore City Riverside 51,821 36.21 93.8 000000001888 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9, 1888 Lake Forest City Orange 77,264 17.82 46.2 000000001991 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20, 1991 Lakeport City Lake 4,753 3.06 7.9 000000001888 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30, 1888 Lakewood City Los Angeles 80,048 9.41 24.4 000000001954 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16, 1954 Lancaster City Los Angeles 156,633 94.28 244.2 000000001977 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22, 1977 Larkspur City Marin 11,926 3.03 7.8 000000001908 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1, 1908 Lathrop City San Joaquin 18,023 21.93 56.8 000000001989 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1, 1989 Lawndale City Los Angeles 32,769 1.97 5.1 000000001959 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28, 1959 Lemon Grove City San Diego 25,320 3.88 10.0 000000001977 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1, 1977 Lemoore City Kings 24,531 8.52 22.1 000000001900 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4, 1900 Lincoln City Placer 42,819 20.11 52.1 000000001890 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7, 1890 Lindsay City Tulare 11,768 2.61 6.8 000000001910 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28, 1910 Live Oak City Sutter 8,392 1.87 4.8 000000001947 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22, 1947 Livermore City Alameda 80,968 25.17 65.2 000000001876 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1, 1876 Livingston City Merced 13,058 3.72 9.6 000000001922 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11, 1922 Lodi City San Joaquin 62,134 13.61 35.2 000000001906 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6, 1906 Loma Linda City San Bernardino 23,261 7.52 19.5 000000001970 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29, 1970 Lomita City Los Angeles 20,256 1.91 4.9 000000001964 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30, 1964 Lompoc City Santa Barbara 42,434 11.60 30.0 000000001888 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13, 1888 Long Beach City Los Angeles 462,257 50.29 130.3 000000001897 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13, 1897 Loomis Town Placer 6,430 7.27 18.8 000000001984 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17, 1984 Los Alamitos City Orange 11,449 4.05 10.5 000000001960 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1, 1960 Los Altos City Santa Clara 28,976 6.49 16.8 000000001952 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1, 1952 Los Altos Hills Town Santa Clara 7,922 8.80 22.8 000000001956 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27, 1956 Los Angeles City Los Angeles 3,792,621 468.67 1,213.8 000000001850 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4, 1850 Los Banos City Merced 35,972 9.99 25.9 000000001907 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8, 1907 Los Gatos Town Santa Clara 29,413 11.08 28.7 000000001887 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10, 1887 Loyalton City Sierra 769 0.36 0.93 000000001901 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21, 1901 Lynwood City Los Angeles 69,772 4.84 12.5 000000001921 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21, 1921 Madera City Madera 61,416 15.79 40.9 000000001907 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27, 1907 Malibu City Los Angeles 12,645 19.78 51.2 000000001991 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28, 1991 Mammoth Lakes Town Mono 8,234 24.87 64.4 000000001984 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20, 1984 Manhattan Beach City Los Angeles 35,135 3.94 10.2 000000001912 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12, 1912 Manteca City San Joaquin 67,096 17.73 45.9 000000001918 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5, 1918 Maricopa City Kern 1,154 1.50 3.9 000000001911 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25, 1911 Marina City Monterey 19,718 8.88 23.0 000000001975 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13, 1975 Martinez City Contra Costa 35,824 12.13 31.4 000000001876 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1, 1876 Marysville City Yuba 12,072 3.46 9.0 000000001851 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5, 1851 Maywood City Los Angeles 27,395 1.18 3.1 000000001924 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2, 1924 McFarland City Kern 12,707 2.67 6.9 000000001957 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18, 1957 Mendota City Fresno 11,014 3.28 8.5 000000001942 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17, 1942 Menifee City Riverside 77,519 46.47 120.4 000000002008 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1, 2008 Menlo Park City San Mateo 32,026 9.79 25.4 000000001927 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23, 1927 Merced City Merced 78,958 23.32 60.4 000000001889 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1, 1889 Mill Valley City Marin 13,903 4.76 12.3 000000001900 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1, 1900 Millbrae City San Mateo 21,532 3.25 8.4 000000001948 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14, 1948 Milpitas City Santa Clara 66,790 13.59 35.2 000000001954 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26, 1954 Mission Viejo City Orange 93,305 17.74 45.9 000000001988 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31, 1988 Modesto City Stanislaus 201,165 36.87 95.5 000000001884 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6, 1884 Monrovia City Los Angeles 36,590 13.60 35.2 000000001887 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15, 1887 Montague City Siskiyou 1,443 1.78 4.6 000000001909 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28, 1909 Montclair City San Bernardino 36,664 5.52 14.3 000000001956 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25, 1956 Monte Sereno City Santa Clara 3,341 1.62 4.2 000000001957 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14, 1957 Montebello City Los Angeles 62,500 8.33 21.6 000000001920 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16, 1920 Monterey City Monterey 27,810 8.47 21.9 000000001890 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14, 1890 Monterey Park City Los Angeles 60,269 7.67 19.9 000000001916 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29, 1916 Moorpark City Ventura 34,421 12.58 32.6 000000001983 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1, 1983 Moraga Town Contra Costa 16,016 9.43 24.4 000000001974 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13, 1974 Moreno Valley City Riverside 193,365 51.27 132.8 000000001984 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3, 1984 Morgan Hill City Santa Clara 37,882 12.88 33.4 000000001906 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10, 1906 Morro Bay City San Luis Obispo 10,234 5.30 13.7 000000001964 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17, 1964 Mount Shasta City Siskiyou 3,394 3.77 9.8 000000001905 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31, 1905 Mountain View City Santa Clara 74,066 12.00 31.1 000000001902 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7, 1902 Murrieta City Riverside 103,466 33.58 87.0 000000001991 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1, 1991 Napa City Napa 76,915 17.84 46.2 000000001872 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23, 1872 National City City San Diego 58,582 7.28 18.9 000000001887 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17, 1887 Needles City San Bernardino 4,844 30.81 79.8 000000001913 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30, 1913 Nevada City City Nevada 3,068 2.19 5.7 000000001856 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19, 1856 Newark City Alameda 42,573 13.87 35.9 000000001955 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22, 1955 Newman City Stanislaus 10,224 2.10 5.4 000000001908 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10, 1908 Newport Beach City Orange 85,186 23.80 61.6 000000001906 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1, 1906 Norco City Riverside 27,063 13.96 36.2 000000001964 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28, 1964 Norwalk City Los Angeles 105,549 9.71 25.1 000000001957 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26, 1957 Novato City Marin 51,904 27.44 71.1 000000001960 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20, 1960 Oakdale City Stanislaus 20,675 6.04 15.6 000000001906 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24, 1906 Oakland City Alameda 390,724 55.79 144.5 000000001852 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4, 1852 Oakley City Contra Costa 35,432 15.85 41.1 000000001999 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1, 1999 Oceanside City San Diego 167,086 41.23 106.8 000000001888 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3, 1888 Ojai City Ventura 7,461 4.39 11.4 000000001921 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5, 1921 Ontario City San Bernardino 163,924 49.94 129.3 000000001891 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10, 1891 Orange City Orange 134,616 24.80 64.2 000000001888 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6, 1888 Orange Cove City Fresno 9,078 1.91 4.9 000000001948 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20, 1948 Orinda City Contra Costa 17,643 12.68 32.8 000000001985 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1, 1985 Orland City Glenn 7,291 2.97 7.7 000000001909 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11, 1909 Oroville City Butte 15,546 12.99 33.6 000000001906 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3, 1906 Oxnard City Ventura 197,899 26.89 69.6 000000001903 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30, 1903 Pacific Grove City Monterey 15,041 2.86 7.4 000000001889 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5, 1889 Pacifica City San Mateo 37,234 12.66 32.8 000000001957 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22, 1957 Palm Desert City Riverside 48,445 26.81 69.4 000000001973 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26, 1973 Palm Springs City Riverside 44,552 94.12 243.8 000000001938 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20, 1938 Palmdale City Los Angeles 152,750 105.96 274.4 000000001962 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24, 1962 Palo Alto City Santa Clara 64,403 23.88 61.8 000000001894 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23, 1894 Palos Verdes Estates City Los Angeles 13,438 4.77 12.4 000000001939 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20, 1939 Paradise Town Butte 26,218 18.31 47.4 000000001979 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27, 1979 Paramount City Los Angeles 54,098 4.73 12.3 000000001957 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30, 1957 Parlier City Fresno 14,494 2.19 5.7 000000001921 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15, 1921 Pasadena City Los Angeles 137,122 22.97 59.5 000000001886 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19, 1886 Paso Robles City San Luis Obispo 29,793 19.12 49.5 000000001889 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11, 1889 Patterson City Stanislaus 20,413 5.95 15.4 000000001919 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22, 1919 Perris City Riverside 68,386 31.39 81.3 000000001911 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26, 1911 Petaluma City Sonoma 57,941 14.38 37.2 000000001858 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12, 1858 Pico Rivera City Los Angeles 62,942 8.30 21.5 000000001958 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29, 1958 Piedmont City Alameda 10,667 1.68 4.4 000000001907 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31, 1907 Pinole City Contra Costa 18,390 5.32 13.8 000000001903 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25, 1903 Pismo Beach City San Luis Obispo 7,655 3.60 9.3 000000001946 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25, 1946 Pittsburg City Contra Costa 63,264 17.22 44.6 000000001903 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25, 1903 Placentia City Orange 50,533 6.57 17.0 000000001926 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2, 1926 Placerville City El Dorado 10,389 5.81 15.0 000000001854 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13, 1854 Pleasant Hill City Contra Costa 33,152 7.07 18.3 000000001961 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14, 1961 Pleasanton City Alameda 70,285 24.11 62.4 000000001894 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18, 1894 Plymouth City Amador 1,005 0.93 2.4 000000001917 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8, 1917 Point Arena City Mendocino 449 1.35 3.5 000000001908 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11, 1908 Pomona City Los Angeles 149,058 22.95 59.4 000000001888 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6, 1888 Port Hueneme City Ventura 21,723 4.45 11.5 000000001948 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24, 1948 Porterville City Tulare 54,165 17.61 45.6 000000001902 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7, 1902 Portola City Plumas 2,104 5.41 14.0 000000001946 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16, 1946 Portola Valley Town San Mateo 4,353 9.09 23.5 000000001964 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14, 1964 Poway City San Diego 47,811 39.08 101.2 000000001980 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1, 1980 Rancho Cordova City Sacramento 64,776 33.51 86.8 000000002003 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1, 2003 Rancho Cucamonga City San Bernardino 165,269 39.85 103.2 000000001977 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30, 1977 Rancho Mirage City Riverside 17,218 24.45 63.3 000000001973 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3, 1973 Rancho Palos Verdes City Los Angeles 41,643 13.46 34.9 000000001973 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7, 1973 Rancho Santa Margarita City Orange 47,853 12.96 33.6 000000002000 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1, 2000 Red Bluff City Tehama 14,076 7.56 19.6 000000001876 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31, 1876 Redding City Shasta 89,861 59.65 154.5 000000001887 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4, 1887 Redlands City San Bernardino 68,747 36.13 93.6 000000001888 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3, 1888 Redondo Beach City Los Angeles 66,747 6.20 16.1 000000001892 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29, 1892 Redwood City City San Mateo 76,815 19.42 50.3 000000001867 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11, 1867 Reedley City Fresno 24,194 5.08 13.2 000000001913 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18, 1913 Rialto City San Bernardino 99,171 22.35 57.9 000000001911 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17, 1911 Richmond City Contra Costa 103,701 30.07 77.9 000000001905 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7, 1905 Ridgecrest City Kern 27,616 20.77 53.8 000000001963 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29, 1963 Rio Dell City Humboldt 3,368 2.28 5.9 000000001965 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23, 1965 Rio Vista City Solano 7,360 6.69 17.3 000000001894 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6, 1894 Ripon City San Joaquin 14,297 5.30 13.7 000000001945 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27, 1945 Riverbank City Stanislaus 22,678 4.09 10.6 000000001922 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23, 1922 Riverside City Riverside 303,871 81.14 210.2 000000001883 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11, 1883 Rocklin City Placer 56,974 19.54 50.6 000000001893 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24, 1893 Rohnert Park City Sonoma 40,971 7.00 18.1 000000001962 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28, 1962 Rolling Hills City Los Angeles 1,860 2.99 7.7 000000001957 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24, 1957 Rolling Hills Estates City Los Angeles 8,067 3.57 9.2 000000001957 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18, 1957 Rosemead City Los Angeles 53,764 5.16 13.4 000000001959 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4, 1959 Roseville City Placer 118,788 36.22 93.8 000000001909 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10, 1909 Ross Town Marin 2,415 1.56 4.0 000000001908 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21, 1908 Sacramento City Sacramento 466,488 97.92 253.6 000000001850 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27, 1850 St. Helena City Napa 5,814 4.99 12.9 000000001876 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24, 1876 Salinas City Monterey 150,441 23.18 60.0 000000001874 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4, 1874 San Anselmo Town Marin 12,336 2.68 6.9 000000001907 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9, 1907 San Bernardino City San Bernardino 209,924 59.20 153.3 000000001869 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10, 1869 San Bruno City San Mateo 41,114 5.48 14.2 000000001914 - 12 - 23 - 0000 December 23, 1914 San Carlos City San Mateo 28,406 5.54 14.3 000000001925 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8, 1925 San Clemente City Orange 63,522 18.71 48.5 000000001928 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28, 1928 San Diego City San Diego 1,301,617 325.19 842.2 000000001850 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27, 1850 San Dimas City Los Angeles 33,371 15.04 39.0 000000001960 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4, 1960 San Fernando City Los Angeles 23,645 2.37 6.1 000000001911 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31, 1911 San Francisco City and county San Francisco 805,235 46.87 121.4 000000001850 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15, 1850 San Gabriel City Los Angeles 39,718 4.14 10.7 000000001913 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24, 1913 San Jacinto City Riverside 44,199 25.72 66.6 000000001888 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20, 1888 San Joaquin City Fresno 4,001 1.15 3.0 000000001920 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14, 1920 San Jose City Santa Clara 945,942 176.53 457.2 000000001850 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27, 1850 San Juan Bautista City San Benito 1,862 0.71 1.8 000000001896 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4, 1896 San Juan Capistrano City Orange 34,593 14.12 36.6 000000001961 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19, 1961 San Leandro City Alameda 84,950 13.34 34.6 000000001872 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21, 1872 San Luis Obispo City San Luis Obispo 45,119 12.78 33.1 000000001856 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16, 1856 San Marcos City San Diego 83,781 24.37 63.1 000000001963 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28, 1963 San Marino City Los Angeles 13,147 3.77 9.8 000000001913 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25, 1913 San Mateo City San Mateo 97,207 12.13 31.4 000000001894 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4, 1894 San Pablo City Contra Costa 29,139 2.63 6.8 000000001948 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27, 1948 San Rafael City Marin 57,713 16.47 42.7 000000001874 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18, 1874 San Ramon City Contra Costa 72,148 18.06 46.8 000000001983 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1, 1983 Sand City City Monterey 334 0.56 1.5 000000001960 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31, 1960 Sanger City Fresno 24,270 5.52 14.3 000000001911 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9, 1911 Santa Ana City Orange 324,528 27.27 70.6 000000001886 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1, 1886 Santa Barbara City Santa Barbara 88,410 19.47 50.4 000000001850 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9, 1850 Santa Clara City Santa Clara 116,468 18.41 47.7 000000001852 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5, 1852 Santa Clarita City Los Angeles 176,320 52.72 136.5 000000001987 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15, 1987 Santa Cruz City Santa Cruz 59,946 12.74 33.0 000000001866 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31, 1866 Santa Fe Springs City Los Angeles 16,223 8.87 23.0 000000001957 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15, 1957 Santa Maria City Santa Barbara 99,553 22.76 58.9 000000001905 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12, 1905 Santa Monica City Los Angeles 89,736 8.41 21.8 000000001886 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30, 1886 Santa Paula City Ventura 29,321 4.59 11.9 000000001902 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22, 1902 Santa Rosa City Sonoma 167,815 41.29 106.9 000000001868 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26, 1868 Santee City San Diego 53,413 16.24 42.1 000000001980 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1, 1980 Saratoga City Santa Clara 29,926 12.38 32.1 000000001956 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22, 1956 Sausalito City Marin 7,061 1.77 4.6 000000001893 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4, 1893 Scotts Valley City Santa Cruz 11,580 4.59 11.9 000000001966 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2, 1966 Seal Beach City Orange 24,168 11.29 29.2 000000001915 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27, 1915 Seaside City Monterey 33,025 9.24 23.9 000000001954 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13, 1954 Sebastopol City Sonoma 7,379 1.85 4.8 000000001902 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13, 1902 Selma City Fresno 23,219 5.14 13.3 000000001893 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15, 1893 Shafter City Kern 16,988 27.94 72.4 000000001938 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20, 1938 Shasta Lake City Shasta 10,164 10.92 28.3 000000001993 - 07 - 02 - 0000 July 2, 1993 Sierra Madre City Los Angeles 10,917 2.95 7.6 000000001907 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2, 1907 Signal Hill City Los Angeles 11,016 2.19 5.7 000000001924 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22, 1924 Simi Valley City Ventura 124,237 41.48 107.4 000000001969 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10, 1969 Solana Beach City San Diego 12,867 3.52 9.1 000000001986 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1, 1986 Soledad City Monterey 25,738 4.41 11.4 000000001921 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9, 1921 Solvang City Santa Barbara 5,245 2.43 6.3 000000001985 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1, 1985 Sonoma City Sonoma 10,648 2.74 7.1 000000001883 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3, 1883 Sonora City Tuolumne 4,903 3.06 7.9 000000001851 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1, 1851 South El Monte City Los Angeles 20,116 2.84 7.4 000000001958 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30, 1958 South Gate City Los Angeles 94,396 7.24 18.8 000000001923 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20, 1923 South Lake Tahoe City El Dorado 21,403 10.16 26.3 000000001965 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30, 1965 South Pasadena City Los Angeles 25,619 3.41 8.8 000000001888 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2, 1888 South San Francisco City San Mateo 63,632 9.14 23.7 000000001908 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19, 1908 Stanton City Orange 38,186 3.15 8.2 000000001956 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4, 1956 Stockton City San Joaquin 291,707 61.67 159.7 000000001850 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23, 1850 Suisun City City Solano 28,111 4.11 10.6 000000001868 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9, 1868 Sunnyvale City Santa Clara 140,081 21.99 57.0 000000001912 - 12 - 24 - 0000 December 24, 1912 Susanville City Lassen 17,947 7.93 20.5 000000001900 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24, 1900 Sutter Creek City Amador 2,501 2.56 6.6 000000001913 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11, 1913 Taft City Kern 9,327 15.11 39.1 000000001910 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7, 1910 Tehachapi City Kern 14,414 9.87 25.6 000000001909 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13, 1909 Tehama City Tehama 418 0.79 2.0 000000001906 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5, 1906 Temecula City Riverside 100,097 30.15 78.1 000000001989 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1, 1989 Temple City City Los Angeles 35,558 4.01 10.4 000000001960 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25, 1960 Thousand Oaks City Ventura 126,683 55.03 142.5 000000001964 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7, 1964 Tiburon Town Marin 8,962 4.43 11.5 000000001964 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23, 1964 Torrance City Los Angeles 145,538 20.48 53.0 000000001921 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21, 1921 Tracy City San Joaquin 82,922 22.00 57.0 000000001910 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22, 1910 Trinidad City Humboldt 367 0.48 1.2 000000001870 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7, 1870 Truckee Town Nevada 16,180 32.32 83.7 000000001993 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23, 1993 Tulare City Tulare 59,278 20.93 54.2 000000001888 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5, 1888 Tulelake City Siskiyou 1,010 0.41 1.1 000000001937 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1, 1937 Turlock City Stanislaus 68,549 16.93 43.8 000000001908 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15, 1908 Tustin City Orange 75,540 11.08 28.7 000000001927 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21, 1927 Twentynine Palms City San Bernardino 25,048 59.14 153.2 000000001987 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23, 1987 Ukiah City Mendocino 16,075 4.67 12.1 000000001876 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8, 1876 Union City City Alameda 69,516 19.47 50.4 000000001959 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26, 1959 Upland City San Bernardino 73,732 15.62 40.5 000000001906 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15, 1906 Vacaville City Solano 92,428 28.37 73.5 000000001892 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9, 1892 Vallejo City Solano 115,942 30.67 79.4 000000001868 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30, 1868 Ventura City Ventura 106,433 21.65 56.1 000000001866 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2, 1866 Vernon City Los Angeles 112 4.97 12.9 000000001905 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22, 1905 Victorville City San Bernardino 115,903 73.18 189.5 000000001962 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21, 1962 Villa Park City Orange 5,812 2.08 5.4 000000001962 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11, 1962 Visalia City Tulare 124,442 36.25 93.9 000000001874 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27, 1874 Vista City San Diego 93,834 18.68 48.4 000000001963 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28, 1963 Walnut City Los Angeles 29,172 8.99 23.3 000000001959 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19, 1959 Walnut Creek City Contra Costa 64,173 19.76 51.2 000000001914 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21, 1914 Wasco City Kern 25,545 9.43 24.4 000000001945 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22, 1945 Waterford City Stanislaus 8,456 2.33 6.0 000000001969 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7, 1969 Watsonville City Santa Cruz 51,199 6.69 17.3 000000001868 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30, 1868 Weed City Siskiyou 2,967 4.79 12.4 000000001961 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25, 1961 West Covina City Los Angeles 106,098 16.04 41.5 000000001923 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17, 1923 West Hollywood City Los Angeles 34,399 1.89 4.9 000000001984 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29, 1984 West Sacramento City Yolo 48,744 21.43 55.5 000000001987 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1, 1987 Westlake Village City Los Angeles 8,270 5.19 13.4 000000001981 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11, 1981 Westminster City Orange 89,701 10.05 26.0 000000001957 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27, 1957 Westmorland City Imperial 2,225 0.59 1.5 000000001934 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30, 1934 Wheatland City Yuba 3,456 1.48 3.8 000000001874 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23, 1874 Whittier City Los Angeles 85,331 14.65 37.9 000000001898 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25, 1898 Wildomar City Riverside 32,176 23.69 61.4 000000002008 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1, 2008 Williams City Colusa 5,123 5.44 14.1 000000001920 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17, 1920 Willits City Mendocino 4,888 2.80 7.3 000000001888 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19, 1888 Willows City Glenn 6,166 2.85 7.4 000000001886 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16, 1886 Windsor Town Sonoma 26,801 7.27 18.8 000000001992 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1, 1992 Winters City Yolo 6,624 2.91 7.5 000000001898 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9, 1898 Woodlake City Tulare 7,279 2.25 5.8 000000001941 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23, 1941 Woodland City Yolo 55,468 15.30 39.6 000000001871 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22, 1871 Woodside Town San Mateo 5,287 11.73 30.4 000000001956 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16, 1956 Yorba Linda City Orange 64,234 19.48 50.5 000000001967 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2, 1967 Yountville Town Napa 2,933 1.53 4.0 000000001965 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4, 1965 Yreka City Siskiyou 7,765 9.98 25.8 000000001857 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21, 1857 Yuba City City Sutter 64,925 14.58 37.8 000000001908 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23, 1908 Yucaipa City San Bernardino 51,367 27.89 72.2 000000001989 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27, 1989 Yucca Valley Town San Bernardino 20,700 40.02 103.7 000000001991 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27, 1991 See also ( edit ) California portal Largest cities in Southern California List of cities and towns in the San Francisco Bay Area List of communities in California List of counties in California List of largest California cities by population References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` GCT - PH1 -- Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density : 2010 -- State -- Place and ( in selected states ) County Subdivision ''. 2010 United States Census. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 16, 2012. Jump up ^ `` San Diego Presidio ''. National Historic Landmarks Program. National Park Service. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2012. Jump up ^ `` 2010 California Economy Rankings '' ( PDF ). California Governor 's Office of Business and Economic Development. Retrieved June 13, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Learn About Cities ''. League of California Cities. Retrieved June 13, 2012. Jump up ^ California Government Code Sections 34502 and 56722. ^ Jump up to : `` California Cities by Incorporation Date ''. California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original ( Word ) on February 21, 2013. Retrieved June 13, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Census 2010 : Table 3A -- Total Population by Race ( Hispanic exclusive ) and Hispanic or Latino : 2010 ''. California Department of Finance. Archived from the original ( Excel ) on November 24, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Corrections to 2010 Census Population and Housing Units Counts in the State of California '' ( PDF ). California Department of Finance. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 16, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` City of Eastvale '' ( PDF ). Riverside County Transportation and Land Management Agency. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 14, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` City of Jurupa Valley '' ( PDF ). Riverside County Transportation and Land Management Agency. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 14, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2012. Jump up ^ Long, Percy V. ( 1911 ). `` Consolidated City and County Government of San Francisco ''. Proceedings of the American Political Science Association ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ). 8 ( Eighth Annual Meeting ) : 109 -- 121. doi : 10.2307 / 3038399. JSTOR 3038399. 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{ "text": "List of Major League Baseball 100 win seasons - wikipedia List of Major League Baseball 100 win seasons Over the course of 127 seasons ( from 1892 through 2018 ), 105 teams have won 100 or more games in a single Major League Baseball season. While this makes the feat a relatively common occurrence, the 100 - win threshold remains the hallmark of the best teams in a given season. While there have been 23 seasons with two or more 100 - win teams, only seven seasons have seen three teams finish above the 100 - win threshold in the same season. 1942 : St. Louis Cardinals, NL ( 106 -- 48 ) (. 688 ) Brooklyn Dodgers, NL ( 104 -- 50 ) (. 675 ) New York Yankees, AL ( 103 -- 51 ) (. 669 ) 1977 : Kansas City Royals, AL ( 102 -- 60 ) (. 630 ) Philadelphia Phillies, NL ( 101 -- 61 ) (. 623 ) New York Yankees, AL ( 100 -- 62 ) (. 617 ) 1998 : New York Yankees, AL ( 114 -- 48 ) (. 704 ) Atlanta Braves, NL ( 106 -- 56 ) (. 654 ) Houston Astros, NL ( 102 -- 60 ) (. 630 ) 2002 : New York Yankees, AL ( 103 -- 58 ) (. 640 ) Oakland Athletics, AL ( 103 -- 59 ) (. 636 ) Atlanta Braves, NL ( 101 -- 59 ) (. 631 ) 2003 : New York Yankees, AL ( 101 -- 61 ) (. 623 ) Atlanta Braves, NL ( 101 -- 61 ) (. 623 ) San Francisco Giants, NL ( 100 -- 61 ) (. 621 ) 2017 : Los Angeles Dodgers, NL ( 104 -- 58 ) (. 642 ) Cleveland Indians, AL ( 102 -- 60 ) (. 630 ) Houston Astros, AL ( 101 -- 61 ) (. 623 ) 2018 : Boston Red Sox, AL ( 108 -- 54 ) (. 667 ) Houston Astros, AL ( 103 -- 59 ) (. 636 ) New York Yankees, AL ( 100 -- 62 ) (. 617 ) As of 2018, there have never been four 100 - win Major League teams in a single season. In the 2018 season, there were more than two 100 - win teams in the same league for the first time when the Boston Red Sox, Houston Astros, and New York Yankees ( all from the American League ) each won 100 games. There were no 100 - win teams in the National League that season. On eight occasions, the level of high - quality competition within a league or division has resulted in a team winning 100 games but still failing to qualify for postseason play. Six of these eight seasons occurred before the start of the two - division league structure and expanded playoff format introduced in 1969. None have occurred since the first year under the Divisional Series format in 1995. With the Divisional Series and Wild Card format in place today, it is extremely unlikely for a team with a 100 - win regular season to fail to qualify for at least a Wild Card berth. The following teams missed the postseason in spite of winning 100 games during the regular season : 1909 Chicago Cubs ( 104 -- 49 ) (. 680 ) : Finished 2nd in NL 1915 Detroit Tigers ( 100 -- 54 ) (. 649 ) : Finished 2nd in AL 1942 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 104 -- 50 ) (. 675 ) : Finished 2nd in NL 1954 New York Yankees ( 103 -- 51 ) (. 669 ) : Finished 2nd in AL 1961 Detroit Tigers ( 101 -- 61 ) (. 623 ) : Finished 2nd in AL 1962 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 102 -- 63 ) (. 618 ) : Finished 2nd in NL 1980 Baltimore Orioles ( 100 -- 62 ) (. 617 ) : Finished 2nd in AL East 1993 San Francisco Giants ( 103 -- 59 ) (. 636 ) : Finished 2nd in NL West Listed below are the Major League Baseball teams which had seasons of 100 or more wins. Contents 1 Season records 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Season records ( edit ) Season Franchise League Wins Losses % Manager Finish 1892 Boston Beaneaters NL 102 48. 680 Frank Selee Won National League 1898 Boston Beaneaters NL 102 47. 685 Frank Selee Won National League 1899 Brooklyn Superbas NL 101 47. 682 Ned Hanlon Won National League 1902 Pittsburgh Pirates NL 103 36. 741 Fred Clarke Won National League 1904 New York Giants NL 106 47. 693 John McGraw Won National League 1905 New York Giants NL 105 48. 686 John McGraw Won 1905 World Series 1906 Chicago Cubs NL 116 36. 763 Frank Chance Lost 1906 World Series 1907 Chicago Cubs NL 107 45. 704 Frank Chance Won 1907 World Series 1909 Pittsburgh Pirates NL 110 42. 724 Fred Clarke Won 1909 World Series 1909 Chicago Cubs NL 104 49. 680 Frank Chance Finished 2nd in NL 1910 Chicago Cubs NL 104 50. 675 Frank Chance Lost 1910 World Series 1910 Philadelphia Athletics AL 102 48. 680 Connie Mack Won 1910 World Series 1911 Philadelphia Athletics AL 101 50. 669 Connie Mack Won 1911 World Series 1912 Boston Red Sox AL 105 47. 691 Jake Stahl Won 1912 World Series 1912 New York Giants NL 103 48. 682 John McGraw Lost 1912 World Series 1913 New York Giants NL 101 51. 664 John McGraw Lost 1913 World Series 1915 Boston Red Sox AL 101 50. 669 Bill Carrigan Won 1915 World Series 1915 Detroit Tigers AL 100 54. 649 Hughie Jennings Finished 2nd in AL 1917 Chicago White Sox AL 100 54. 649 Pants Rowland Won 1917 World Series 1927 New York Yankees AL 110 44. 714 Miller Huggins Won 1927 World Series 1928 New York Yankees AL 101 53. 656 Miller Huggins Won 1928 World Series 1929 Philadelphia Athletics AL 104 46. 693 Connie Mack Won 1929 World Series 1930 Philadelphia Athletics AL 102 52. 662 Connie Mack Won 1930 World Series 1931 Philadelphia Athletics AL 107 45. 704 Connie Mack Lost 1931 World Series 1931 St. Louis Cardinals NL 101 53. 656 Gabby Street Won 1931 World Series 1932 New York Yankees AL 107 47. 695 Joe McCarthy Won 1932 World Series 1934 Detroit Tigers AL 101 53. 656 Mickey Cochrane Lost 1934 World Series 1935 Chicago Cubs NL 100 54. 649 Charlie Grimm Lost 1935 World Series 1936 New York Yankees AL 102 51. 667 Joe McCarthy Won 1936 World Series 1937 New York Yankees AL 102 52. 662 Joe McCarthy Won 1937 World Series 1939 New York Yankees AL 106 45. 702 Joe McCarthy Won 1939 World Series 1940 Cincinnati Reds NL 100 53. 654 Bill McKechnie Won 1940 World Series 1941 New York Yankees AL 101 53. 656 Joe McCarthy Won 1941 World Series 1941 Brooklyn Dodgers NL 100 54. 649 Leo Durocher Lost 1941 World Series 1942 St. Louis Cardinals NL 106 48. 688 Billy Southworth Won 1942 World Series 1942 Brooklyn Dodgers NL 104 50. 675 Leo Durocher Finished 2nd in NL 1942 New York Yankees AL 103 51. 669 Joe McCarthy Lost 1942 World Series 1943 St. Louis Cardinals NL 105 49. 682 Billy Southworth Lost 1943 World Series 1944 St. Louis Cardinals NL 105 49. 682 Billy Southworth Won 1944 World Series 1946 Boston Red Sox AL 104 50. 675 Joe Cronin Lost 1946 World Series 1953 Brooklyn Dodgers NL 105 49. 682 Chuck Dressen Lost 1953 World Series 1954 Cleveland Indians AL 111 43. 721 Al López Lost 1954 World Series 1954 New York Yankees AL 103 51. 669 Casey Stengel Finished 2nd in AL 1961 New York Yankees AL 109 53. 673 Ralph Houk Won 1961 World Series 1961 Detroit Tigers AL 101 61. 623 Bob Scheffing Finished 2nd in AL 1962 San Francisco Giants NL 103 62. 624 Al Dark Lost 1962 World Series 1962 Los Angeles Dodgers NL 102 63. 618 Walter Alston Finished 2nd in NL 1963 New York Yankees AL 104 57. 646 Ralph Houk Lost 1963 World Series 1965 Minnesota Twins AL 102 60. 630 Sam Mele Lost 1965 World Series 1967 St. Louis Cardinals NL 101 60. 627 Red Schoendienst Won 1967 World Series 1968 Detroit Tigers AL 103 59. 636 Mayo Smith Won 1968 World Series 1969 Baltimore Orioles AL 109 53. 673 Earl Weaver Lost 1969 World Series 1969 New York Mets NL 100 62. 617 Gil Hodges Won 1969 World Series 1970 Baltimore Orioles AL 108 54. 667 Earl Weaver Won 1970 World Series 1970 Cincinnati Reds NL 102 60. 630 Sparky Anderson Lost 1970 World Series 1971 Baltimore Orioles AL 101 57. 639 Earl Weaver Lost 1971 World Series 1971 Oakland Athletics AL 101 60. 627 Dick Williams Lost 1971 ALCS Los Angeles Dodgers NL 102 60. 630 Walter Alston Lost 1974 World Series Cincinnati Reds NL 108 54. 667 Sparky Anderson Won 1975 World Series 1976 Cincinnati Reds NL 102 60. 630 Sparky Anderson Won 1976 World Series 1976 Philadelphia Phillies NL 101 61. 623 Danny Ozark Lost 1976 NLCS 1977 Kansas City Royals AL 102 60. 630 Whitey Herzog Lost 1977 ALCS 1977 Philadelphia Phillies NL 101 61. 623 Danny Ozark Lost 1977 NLCS 1977 New York Yankees AL 100 62. 617 Billy Martin Won 1977 World Series 1978 New York Yankees AL 100 63. 613 Billy Martin, Dick Howser, & Bob Lemon Won 1978 World Series 1979 Baltimore Orioles AL 102 57. 642 Earl Weaver Lost 1979 World Series 1980 New York Yankees AL 103 59. 636 Dick Howser Lost 1980 ALCS 1980 Baltimore Orioles AL 100 62. 617 Earl Weaver Finished 2nd in AL East 1984 Detroit Tigers AL 104 58. 642 Sparky Anderson Won 1984 World Series 1985 St. Louis Cardinals NL 101 61. 623 Whitey Herzog Lost 1985 World Series 1986 New York Mets NL 108 54. 667 Davey Johnson Won 1986 World Series 1988 Oakland Athletics AL 104 58. 642 Tony La Russa Lost 1988 World Series 1988 New York Mets NL 100 60. 625 Davey Johnson Lost 1988 NLCS Oakland Athletics AL 103 59. 636 Tony La Russa Lost 1990 World Series 1993 Atlanta Braves NL 104 58. 642 Bobby Cox Lost 1993 NLCS 1993 San Francisco Giants NL 103 59. 636 Dusty Baker Finished 2nd in NL West 1995 Cleveland Indians AL 100 44. 694 Mike Hargrove Lost 1995 World Series Atlanta Braves NL 101 61. 623 Bobby Cox Lost 1997 NLCS 1998 New York Yankees AL 114 48. 704 Joe Torre Won 1998 World Series 1998 Atlanta Braves NL 106 56. 654 Bobby Cox Lost 1998 NLCS 1998 Houston Astros NL 102 60. 630 Larry Dierker Lost 1998 NLDS 1999 Atlanta Braves NL 103 59. 636 Bobby Cox Lost 1999 World Series 1999 Arizona Diamondbacks NL 100 62. 617 Buck Showalter Lost 1999 NLDS 2001 Seattle Mariners AL 116 46. 716 Lou Piniella Lost 2001 ALCS 2001 Oakland Athletics AL 102 60. 630 Art Howe Lost 2001 ALDS 2002 New York Yankees AL 103 58. 640 Joe Torre Lost 2002 ALDS 2002 Oakland Athletics AL 103 59. 636 Art Howe Lost 2002 ALDS 2002 Atlanta Braves NL 101 59. 631 Bobby Cox Lost 2002 NLDS 2003 New York Yankees AL 101 61. 623 Joe Torre Lost 2003 World Series 2003 Atlanta Braves NL 101 61. 623 Bobby Cox Lost 2003 NLDS 2003 San Francisco Giants NL 100 61. 621 Felipe Alou Lost 2003 NLDS St. Louis Cardinals NL 105 57. 648 Tony La Russa Lost 2004 World Series New York Yankees AL 101 61. 623 Joe Torre Lost 2004 ALCS 2005 St. Louis Cardinals NL 100 62. 617 Tony La Russa Lost 2005 NLCS 2008 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim AL 100 62. 617 Mike Scoscia Lost 2008 ALDS 2009 New York Yankees AL 103 59. 636 Joe Girardi Won 2009 World Series 2011 Philadelphia Phillies NL 102 60. 630 Charlie Manuel Lost 2011 NLDS 2015 St. Louis Cardinals NL 100 62. 617 Mike Matheny Lost 2015 NLDS 2016 Chicago Cubs NL 103 58. 640 Joe Maddon Won 2016 World Series 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers NL 104 58. 642 Dave Roberts Lost 2017 World Series 2017 Cleveland Indians AL 102 60. 630 Terry Francona Lost 2017 ALDS 2017 Houston Astros AL 101 61. 623 A.J. Hinch Won 2017 World Series 2018 Boston Red Sox AL 108 54. 667 Alex Cora Won 2018 World Series 2018 Houston Astros AL 103 59. 636 A.J. Hinch Lost 2018 ALCS 2018 New York Yankees AL 100 62. 617 Aaron Boone Lost 2018 ALDS See also ( edit ) List of best Major League Baseball season win - loss records Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Division Series ''. Baseball-Almanac.com. Retrieved 14 December 2015. Jump up ^ Tapp, Jerry. `` MLB : Is a 100 - Plus - Win Season a Guaranteed Trip to the World Series? ''. BleacherReport.com. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved 14 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1892 National League Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1898 National League Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1899 National League Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1902 National League Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1904 National League Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1905 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1906 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1907 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` 1909 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` 1910 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1911 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` 1912 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1913 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` 1915 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1917 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1927 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1928 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1929 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1930 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` 1931 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1932 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1934 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1935 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1936 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1937 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1939 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1940 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` 1941 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` 1942 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1943 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1944 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1946 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1953 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` 1954 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` 1961 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` 1962 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1963 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1965 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1967 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1968 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` 1969 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` 1970 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` 1971 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1974 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1975 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` 1976 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` 1977 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1978 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1979 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` 1980 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1984 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1985 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1986 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` 1988 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` 1990 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` 1993 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings ''. Baseball-Reference.com. 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Retrieved 5 October 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Major League Baseball Standings & Expanded Standings Baseball-Reference.com ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 03. ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Major League Baseball Standings & Expanded Standings Baseball-Reference.com ''. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 03. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_100_win_seasons&oldid=866504807 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018, at 19 : 02 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "List of Major League Baseball 100 win seasons", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_100_win_seasons&oldid=866504807" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "2016 Chicago Cubs NL 103 58. 640 Joe Maddon Won 2016 World Series 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers NL 104 58. 642 Dave Roberts Lost 2017 World Series 2017 Cleveland Indians AL 102 60. 630 Terry Francona Lost 2017 ALDS 2017 Houston Astros AL 101 61. 623 A.J. Hinch Won 2017 World Series 2018 Boston Red Sox AL 108 54. 667 Alex Cora Won 2018 World Series 2018 Houston Astros AL 103 59. 636 A.J. Hinch Lost 2018 ALCS 2018 New York Yankees AL 100 62. 617 Aaron Boone Lost 2018 ALDS See also ( edit ) List of best Major League Baseball season win - loss records Notes ( edit ) References ( edit )" ], "id": [ "2815764410690553844" ], "short_answers": [ "2018" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Economy of Taiwan - Wikipedia Economy of Taiwan `` Economy of the Republic of China '' redirects here. For the economy of China under the Republic, see Economic history of China ( 1912 -- 49 ). For the economy within the present day People 's Republic of China, see Economy of China. Economy of Taiwan Taipei, the Financial Centre of Taiwan Currency New Taiwan dollar 1 NT $ = 0.032 USD Fiscal year Calendar year Trade organizations WTO, APEC, ICC and others ( as Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu ) Statistics GDP $600.9 billion ( Nominal ; 2018 ) $1.177 trillion ( PPP ; 2017 ) GDP growth 2.7 % ( 2018 est. ) GDP per capita Nominal : $24,557 ( 2017 ) Nominal rank : 36th ; PPP : $49,827 ( 2017 ) PPP rank : 19th GDP by sector Services : 69.2 % Industry : 29.2 % Agriculture : 1.6 % Inflation ( CPI ) 1.06 % ( 2007 -- 2017 average ) Population below poverty line 1.5 % ( 2012 est. ) Labor force 11.54 million ( 2014 est. ) Labor force by occupation agriculture ( 5 % ), industry ( 36.1 % ), services ( 58.9 % ) ( 2014 est. ) Unemployment 4 % ( 2014 est. ) Main industries Electronics, communications and information technology products, petroleum refining, armaments, chemicals, textiles, iron and steel, machinery, cement, food processing, vehicles, consumer products, pharmaceuticals Agricultural : Rice, corn, vegetables, fruit, tea ; pigs, poultry, beef, milk ; fish Natural : Small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos Ease - of - doing - business rank 11th ( 2017 ) External Exports $318 billion ( 2014 est. ) Export goods Electronics, flat panels, ships, petrochemicals, machinery ; metals ; textiles, plastics and chemicals ( 2014 ) Main export partners China 26.3 % Hong Kong 13.7 % United States 12 % Japan 7 % EU 8.8 % ( 2016 est. ) Imports $277.5 billion ( 2014 est. ) Import goods Electronics, machinery, crude petroleum, computers, coal, organic chemicals, metals ( 2014 ) Main import partners China 19.1 % Japan 17.6 % United States 12.5 % EU 10.6 % South Korea 6.3 % ( 2016 est. ) FDI stock $64.2 billion ( at home ; 31 December 2011 est. ) ; $213.1 billion ( abroad ; 31 December 2011 est. ) Gross external debt $146.8 billion ( 31 December 2013 est. ) Public finances Revenues $78.25 billion ( 2011 est. ) Expenses $88.66 billion ( 2011 est. ) Credit rating Standard & Poor 's : AA - ( Domestic ) AA - ( Foreign ) AA+ ( T&C Assessment ) Outlook : Stable Moody 's : Aa3 Outlook : Stable Fitch : A+ Outlook : Stable Main data source : CIA World Fact Book All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars. The national economy of Taiwan ( officially known as Republic of China ), is the 7th largest economy in Asia, and is included in the advanced economies group by the International Monetary Fund and gauged in the high - income economies group by the World Bank, and ranked 15th in the world by the Global Competitiveness Report of World Economic Forum, has a developed capitalist economy that ranks as the 22nd - largest in the world by purchasing power parity ( PPP ), ranks as 18th in the world by gross domestic product ( GDP ) at purchasing power parity per capita ( person ), and 24th in nominal GDP of investment and foreign trade by the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) government, commonly referred to as Taiwan. As of 2018, telecommunication, financial services and utility services are three highest individuals paid sectors in Taiwan. The economy of Taiwan ranks the highest in Asia for 2015 Global Entrepreneurship Index ( GEI ) for specific strengths. Most large government - owned banks and industrial firms have been privatized, and now family owned businesses are the streamlined economic factors in Taiwan. With the technocracy - centered economic planning under martial law until 1987, real growth in GDP has averaged about 8 % during the past three decades. Exports have grown even faster and since World War II, have provided the primary impetus for industrialization. Inflation and unemployment are low ; the trade surplus is substantial ; and foreign reserves are the world 's fourth largest. Agriculture contributes 3 % to GDP, down from 35 % in 1952, and the service sector makes up 73 % of the economy. Traditional labor - intensive industries are steadily being moved off - shore and replaced with more capital - and technology - intensive industries in the pre-mature stage of the manufacturing industry in the global economic competitions on labor cost ( Key performance indicator ), automation ( industry 4.0 ), product design realization ( prototype ), technology commercialization ( innovation with knowledge / practical stickness ), scientific materialization ( patent ), scientific discovery ( scientific findings from empirical scientific method ), and growing from the over-reliance from the original equipment manufacturer and original design manufacturer models, in which there is no single University from Taiwan entering Reuter 's Global Top Innovative 100 University ranking, and the economy of Taiwan may need international collaboration on University, Research and Industrial cooperation on spin - off opportunities. Economy of Taiwan is an indispensable partner in the Global Value Chains of Electronics Industry. Electronic components and personal computer are two areas of international strength of Taiwan 's Information Technology industry, which means the economy of Taiwan has the competitive edge on having the learning curve from advanced foreign technologies with lower cost to be produced and sold abroad. Institute for Information Industry with its international recognitions is responsible for the development of IT industry and ICT industry in Taiwan. Industrial Technology Research Institute with its global partners is the advanced research center for applied technology for the economy of Taiwan. Directorate - General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics and Ministry of Economic Affairs release major economic indicators of the economy of Taiwan. Chung - Hua Institution for Economic Research provides economic forecast at the forefront for the economy of Taiwan and authoritatively researches on the bilateral economic relations with ASEAN by The Taiwan ASEAN Studies Center ( TASC ). Taiwan Stock Exchange is the host to the listed companies of local industries in Taiwan with weighted financial exposures to the FTSE Taiwan Index and MSCI Taiwan Index. International Trade is officially assisted by Taiwan External Trade Development Council. Taiwanese investors and businesses have become major investors in mainland China, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia. Because of the conservative and stable financial policy by the Central Bank of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) and the entrepreneurial strengths, Taiwan suffered little from the financial crisis of 1997 - 1999 compared to many economies in the region. Two major banks in Taiwan are Bank of Taiwan and Mega International Commercial Bank, but financial industry is not the major international industry in Taiwan. Unlike the neighboring Japan and South Korea, small and medium - sized businesses make up a significant proportion of the businesses in Taiwan. Taiwan is characterized as one of the Newly industrialized economy in the wake of the Ten Major Construction Projects since 1970 's. Since 1990 's, the economy of Taiwan has adopted economic liberalization with the successive regulatory reforms. London Metal Exchange, the largest metal stock exchange in the world, approved Kaohsiung, Taiwan as a good delivery point for primary aluminium, aluminium alloy, copper, lead, nickel, tin and zinc and as the LME 's ninth location in Asia on 17 June 2013, for future contracts on metals and industrial production of the global integration of the economy of Taiwan. The economy of Taiwan has the world 's highest modern convenience store concentration density. The Indirect tax system of the economy of Taiwan comprises Gross Business Receipts Tax ( GBRT ) ( Gross receipts tax ) and Value - added tax. The economy of Taiwan is ranked 15th overall in the Global Top 20 Top Destination Cities by International Overnight Visitors ( 2014 ) by the MasterCard 2014 Global Destination Cities Index. Bubble Tea originated in Taiwan. Taiwan is a member of the Asian Development Bank ( ADB ), the World Trade Organization ( WTO ), and the Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ). Taiwan is also an observer at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) under the name of `` Chinese Taipei '', and a member of International Chamber of Commerce as `` Chinese Taipei ''. Taiwan signed Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement with People 's Republic of China on 29 June 2010. Taiwan also signed free trade pact with Singapore and New Zealand. Taiwan is seeking to join the Trans - Pacific Partnership no later than 2020 if economic requirements are met. The economy of Taiwan also applied for the membership in the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank in 2015. Taiwan 's top five trade partners in 2010 are China, Japan, USA, the European Union, and Hong Kong. The economy of Taiwan, compared with other major economies in the region, is `` at a crossroads '', and facing economic marginalization in the world economy, in addition to de-internationalization, low - paid salary to employees and uncertain outlook for personal promotion of staff, which results in human resource talents seeking career opportunities elsewhere in the Asia - Pacific region, and businesses in Taiwan suffer most from being the size of small and medium enterprises only with weaker - than - expected revenue of its hectic business operation for any consideration of further expansion, and overall impedes any attempts at economic transformation of Taiwan from the Taiwanese government. The World Trade Organization has also reviewed Chinese Taipei 's economic outlook in 2010. The international industrial forecast of semiconductor manufacturing, which is the flagship industry of the economy of Taiwan, that faces immense competition ahead with its American counterparts. To conclude, facing the Market failure from Externality, the Taiwan government needs well - thought industrial policy urgently to adapt to the new economic landscape, and as an island economy with lack of natural resources and comparatively lower domestic aggregate demand, Taiwan 's highly educated human resources would contribute greatly to Value added Innovation management for expanding Taiwan 's international trade. Contents 1 History 2 Data 3 GDP per capita for administrative divisions in Taiwan in 2016 4 Economic outlook 4.1 Global financial crisis 5 Foreign trade 6 Industry 6.1 Information technology 6.2 Agriculture 6.3 Energy 7 Labor policy 7.1 Union policies 7.2 Employment Protection 7.3 Active Labor Market Policies 8 Science and industrial parks 9 Economic research institutes 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of Taiwan See also : Taiwan Miracle, Four Asian Tigers, and Bias_towards_the_north_and_against_south Taiwan has transformed itself from a recipient of U.S. aid in the 1950s and early 1960s to an aid donor and major foreign investor, with investments primarily centered in Asia. Private Taiwanese investment in mainland China is estimated to total in excess of US $150 billion, and official tallies cite Taiwan as having invested a comparable amount in Southeast Asia. Taiwan has historically benefited from the flight of many well - educated, wealthy Chinese to settle on the island : during early Qing Dynasty, the preceding Ming dynasty supporters survived for a brief period of time in exile in Taiwan, and in 1949, as the Chinese Communist Party gained control of mainland China, two million Kuomintang ( KMT ) supporters fled to the island. The first step towards industrialization was land reforms, a crucial step in modernizing the economy, as it created a class of landowners with capital they can invest in future economic endeavors. US aid was also important to stabilize post-war Taiwan, and it constituted more than 30 percent of domestic investment from 1951 to 1962. These factors, together with government planning and universal education, brought huge advancement in industry and agriculture, and living standards. The economy shifted from an agriculture - based economy ( 32 % of GDP in 1952 ) to an industry - oriented economy ( 47 % of GDP in 1986 ). Between 1952 and 1961, the economy grew by an average of 9.21 % each year. Once again, the transformation of Taiwan 's economy can not be understood without reference to the larger geopolitical framework. Although aid was cut back in the 1970s, it was crucial in the formative years, spurring industrialization and security and economic links were maintained. Uncertainty about the US commitment accelerated the country 's shift from subsidized import - substitution in the 1950s to export - led growth. Development of foreign trade and exports helped absorb excess labor from the decreased importance of agriculture in the economy. Like Korea, Taiwan moved from cheap, labor - intensive manufactures, such as textiles and toys, into an expansion of heavy industry and infrastructure in the 1970s, and then to advanced electronics in the subsequent decade. By the 1980s, the economy was becoming increasingly open and the government moved towards privatization of government enterprises. Technological development led to the establishment of the Hsinchu Science Park in 1981. Investments in mainland China spurred cross-strait trade, decreasing Taiwan 's dependence on the United States market. From 1981 -- 1995, the economy grew at an annual rate of 7.52 %, and the service sector became the largest sector at 51.67 %, surpassing the industrial sector and becoming a major source of the economy 's growth. Data ( edit ) The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980 -- 2017. Inflation below 2 % is in green. Year GDP ( in Bil. US $ PPP ) GDP per capita ( in US $ PPP ) GDP growth ( real ) Inflation rate ( in Percent ) Unemployment ( in Percent ) Government debt ( in % of GDP ) 1980 61.9 3,463 8.0 % 19.0 % 1.2 % n / a 1981 72.5 3,983 7.1 % 16.3 % 1.4 % n / a 1982 80.6 4,356 4.8 % 3.0 % 2.1 % n / a 91.4 4,864 9.0 % 1.4 % 2.7 % n / a 1984 104.2 5,463 10.0 % 0.0 % 2.5 % n / a 1985 112.7 5,834 4.8 % − 0.2 % 2.9 % n / a 1986 128.2 6,570 11.5 % 0.7 % 2.7 % n / a 148.1 7,511 12.7 % 0.5 % 2.0 % n / a 165.6 8,300 8.0 % 1.3 % 1.7 % n / a 1989 187.1 9,283 8.7 % 4.4 % 1.6 % n / a 1990 205.0 10,048 5.6 % 4.1 % 1.7 % n / a 1991 229.5 11,139 8.4 % 3.6 % 1.5 % n / a 1992 254.2 12,221 8.3 % 4.5 % 1.5 % n / a 1993 278.0 13,240 6.8 % 2.9 % 1.5 % n / a 1994 305.2 14,410 7.5 % 4.1 % 1.6 % n / a 1995 331.8 15,535 6.5 % 3.7 % 1.8 % n / a 358.7 16,664 6.2 % 3.1 % 2.6 % n / a 1997 387.2 17,806 6.1 % 0.9 % 2.7 % 24.9 % 1998 407.5 18,598 4.2 % 1.7 % 2.7 % 23.6 % 1999 441.9 20,002 6.7 % 0.2 % 2.9 % 23.7 % 2000 481.0 21,590 6.4 % 1.2 % 3.0 % 26.2 % 2001 485.7 21,679 − 1.3 % 0.0 % 4.6 % 30.0 % 2002 520.7 23,119 5.6 % − 0.2 % 5.2 % 29.6 % 2003 552.9 24,462 4.1 % − 0.3 % 5.0 % 32.0 % 605.1 26,670 6.5 % 1.6 % 4.4 % 33.3 % 2005 658.4 28,915 5.4 % 2.3 % 4.1 % 33.9 % 2006 716.8 31,333 5.6 % 0.6 % 3.9 % 33.1 % 2007 783.8 34,141 6.5 % 1.8 % 3.9 % 32.1 % 2008 804.8 34,936 0.7 % 3.5 % 4.1 % 33.3 % 2009 798.2 34,526 − 1.6 % − 0.3 % 5.9 % 36.6 % 893.9 38,593 10.6 % 1.0 % 5.2 % 36.7 % 2011 947.1 40,777 3.8 % 1.4 % 4.4 % 38.2 % 2012 984.4 42,220 2.1 % 1.9 % 4.2 % 39.2 % 2013 1,022.3 43,739 2.2 % 0.8 % 4.2 % 39.0 % 2014 1,082.5 46,195 4.0 % 1.2 % 4.0 % 37.8 % 2015 1,103.1 46,956 0.8 % − 0.3 % 3.8 % 36.6 % 2016 1,132.9 48,128 1.4 % 1.4 % 3.9 % 36.2 % 2017 1,185.5 50,294 2.8 % 0.6 % 3.8 % 35.2 % GDP per capita for administrative divisions in Taiwan in 2016 ( edit ) List of cities and counties in Republic of China ( Taiwan ) by GDP per capita in 2016 Rank cities NTD US $ PPP Taipei 990,292 30,699 65,539 Hsinchu City 853,089 26,446 56,459 - Taipei - Keelung metropolitan area 830,788 25,754 54,982 - Taipei - Keelung - Taoyuan metropolitan area 807,860 25,044 53,465 Lianjiang County 776,615 24,075 51,397 New Taipei 733,776 22,747 48,562 5 Taoyuan 731,518 22,677 48,413 - Taiwan 727,098 22,540 48,120 6 Taichung 724,905 22,472 47,975 7 Hsinchu County 724,840 22,470 47,971 8 Penghu County 709,066 21,981 46,927 9 Chiayi City 709,033 21,980 46,925 10 Keelung 706,808 21,911 46,777 11 Yilan County 700,034 21,701 46,329 12 Hualien County 693,292 21,492 45,883 13 Kaohsiung 684,260 21,212 45,285 14 Kinmen County 668,582 20,726 44,248 15 Miaoli County 657,292 20,376 43,500 16 Tainan 643,743 19,956 42,604 17 Taitung County 623,485 19,328 41,263 18 Changhua County 618,969 19,188 40,964 19 Yunlin County 607,776 18,841 40,223 20 Pingtung County 592,066 18,354 39,184 21 Nantou County 569,453 17,653 37,687 22 Chiayi County 562,743 17,445 37,243 Economic outlook ( edit ) Taiwan now faces many of the same economic issues as other developed economies. With the prospect of continued relocation of labor - intensive industries to economies with cheaper work forces, such as in mainland China and Vietnam, Taiwan 's future development will have to rely on further transformation to a high technology and service - oriented economy. In recent years, Taiwan has successfully diversified its trade markets, cutting its share of exports to the United States from 49 % in 1984 to 20 % in 2002. Taiwan 's dependence on the United States should continue to decrease as its exports to Southeast Asia and mainland China grow and its efforts to develop European markets produce results. Taiwan 's accession to the WTO and its desire to become an Asia - Pacific `` regional operations center '' are spurring further economic liberalization. Global financial crisis ( edit ) Taiwan has recovered quickly from the global financial crisis of 2007 -- 2010, and its economy has been growing steadily. Its economy faced a downturn in 2009 due to a heavy reliance on exports which in turn made it vulnerable to world markets. Unemployment reached levels not seen since 2003, and the economy fell 8.36 % in the fourth quarter of 2008. In response, the government launched a US $5.6 billion economic stimulus package ( 3 % of its GDP ), provided financial incentives for businesses, and introduced tax breaks. The stimulus package focused on infrastructure development, small and medium - sized businesses, tax breaks for new investments, and low - income households. Boosting shipments to new overseas markets, such as Russia, Brazil, and the Middle East was also a main goal of the stimulus. The economy has since slowly recovered ; by November 2010, Taiwan 's unemployment rate had fallen to a two - year low of 4.73 %, and continued dropping to a 40 - month low of 4.18 % by the end of 2011. The average salary has also been rising steadily for each month in 2010, up 1.92 % from the same period in 2009. Industrial output for November 2010 reached another high, up 19.37 % from a year earlier, indicating strong exports and a growing local economy. Private consumption is also increasing, with retail sales up 6.4 % compared to 2009. After 10.5 % economic growth in 2010, the World Bank expected growth to continue and reach 5 % for 2011. Foreign trade ( edit ) Computex Taipei, the second - largest technology trade show in the world, is a global IT exhibition which attracts many foreign investors. Foreign trade has been the engine of Taiwan 's rapid growth during the past 40 years. Taiwan 's economy remains export - oriented, thus it depends on an open world trade regime and remains vulnerable to downturns in the world economy. The total value of trade increased over fivefold in the 1960s, nearly tenfold in the 1970s, and doubled again in the 1980s. The 1990s saw a more modest, slightly less than twofold, growth. Export composition changed from predominantly agricultural commodities to industrial goods ( now 98 % ). The electronics sector is Taiwan 's most important industrial export sector and is the largest recipient of United States investment. Taiwan, as an independent economy, became a member of the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) as Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu ( often shortened to `` Chinese Taipei '' - both names resulting from PRC interference on the WTO ) in January 2002. In a 2011 report by Business Environment Risk Intelligence ( BERI ), Taiwan ranked third - best globally for its investment environment. Taiwan is the world 's largest supplier of contract computer chip manufacturing ( foundry services ) and is a leading LCD panel manufacturer, DRAM computer memory, networking equipment, and consumer electronics designer and manufacturer. Major hardware companies include Acer, Asus, HTC, Foxconn, TSMC and Pegatron. Textiles are another major industrial export sector, though of declining importance due to labor shortages, increasing overhead costs, land prices, and environmental protection. Imports are dominated by raw materials and capital goods, which account for more than 90 % of the total. Taiwan imports most of its energy needs. The United States is Taiwan 's third largest trading partner, taking 11.4 % of Taiwanese exports and supplying 10.0 % of its imports. Mainland China has recently become Taiwan 's largest import and export partner. In 2010, the mainland accounted for 28.0 % of Taiwan 's exports and 13.2 % of imports. This figure is growing rapidly as both economies become ever more interdependent. Imports from mainland China consist mostly of agricultural and industrial raw materials. Exports to the United States are mainly electronics and consumer goods. As Taiwanese per capita income level has risen, demand for imported, high - quality consumer goods has increased. Taiwan 's 2002 trade surplus with the United States was $8.70 billion. The lack of formal diplomatic relations between the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) with Taiwan 's trading partners appears not to have seriously hindered Taiwan 's rapidly expanding commerce. The Republic of China maintains cultural and trade offices in more than 60 countries with which it does not have official relations to represent Taiwanese interest. In addition to the WTO, Taiwan is a member of the Asian Development Bank as `` Taipei, China '' ( a name resulting from PRC influence on the bank ) and the Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) forum as `` Chinese Taipei '' ( for the same reason as above ). These developments reflect Taiwan 's economic importance and its desire to become further integrated into the global economy. The Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement ( ECFA ) with the People 's Republic of China was signed on 29 June 2010, in Chongqing. It could potentially widen the market for Taiwan 's exports. However, the true benefits and impacts brought by ECFA to Taiwan 's overall economy are still in dispute. The newly signed agreement will allow for more than 500 products made in Taiwan to enter mainland China at low or no tariffs. The government is also looking to establish trade agreements with Singapore and the United States. Industry ( edit ) Industrial output has gradually decreased from accounting for over half of Taiwan 's GDP in 1986 to just 31 % in 2002. Industries have gradually moved to capital and technology - intensive industries from more labor - intensive industries, with electronics and information technology accounting for 35 % of the industrial structure. Industry in Taiwan primarily consists of many small and medium - sized enterprises ( SME ) with fewer large enterprises. Taiwan 's information technology industry has played an important role in the worldwide IT market over the last 20 years. In 1960, the electronics industry in Taiwan was virtually nonexistent. However, with the government 's focus on development of expertise with high technology, along with marketing and management knowledge to establish its own industries, companies such as TSMC and UMC were established. The industry used its industrial resources and product management experience to cooperate closely with major international suppliers to become the research and development hub of the Asia - Pacific region. The structure of the industry in Taiwan includes a handful of companies at the top along with many small and medium - sized enterprises ( SME ) which account for 85 % of industrial output. These SMEs usually produce products on an original equipment manufacturer ( OEM ) or original design manufacturer ( ODM ) basis, resulting in less resources spent on research and development. Due to the emphasis of the OEM / ODM model, companies are usually unable to make in - depth assessments for investment, production, and marketing of new products, instead relying upon importation of key components and advanced technology from the United States and Japan. Twenty of the top information and communication technology ( ICT ) companies have International Procurement Offices set up in Taiwan. As a signer of the Information Technology Agreement, Taiwan phased out tariffs on IT products since 1 January 2002. The `` e-Taiwan '' project launched by the government seeks to use US $1.83 billion to improve the information and communications infrastructure in Taiwan in five major areas : government, life, business, transport, and broadband. The program seeks to raise industry competitiveness, improve government efficiency, and improve the quality of life, and aims to increase the number of broadband users on the island to 6 million. In 2010, Taiwan 's software market grew by 7.1 % to reach a value of US $4 billion, accounting for 3.3 % of the Asia - Pacific region market value. The digital content production industry grew by 15 % in 2009, reaching US $14.03 billion. The optoelectronics industry ( including flat panel displays and photovoltaics ) totaled NT $2.2 trillion in 2010, a 40 % jump from 2009, representing a fifth of the global market share. The semiconductor industry, including IC manufacturing, design, and packing, forms a major part of Taiwan 's IT industry. Due to its strong capabilities in OEM wafer manufacturing and a complete industry supply chain, Taiwan has been able to distinguish itself from its competitors. The sector output reached US $39 billion in 2009, ranking first in global market share in IC manufacturing, packaging, and testing, and second in IC design. Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company ( TSMC ) and United Microelectronics Corporation ( UMC ) are the two largest contract chipmakers in the world, while MediaTek is the fourth - largest fabless supplier globally. In 1987, TSMC pioneered the fabless foundry model, reshaping the global semiconductor industry. From ITRI 's first 3 - inch wafer fabrication plant built in 1977 and the founding of UMC in 1980, the industry has developed into a world leader with 40 fabs in operation by 2002. In 2007, the semiconductor industry overtook that of the United States, second only to Japan. Although the global financial crisis from 2007 to 2010 affected sales and exports, the industry has rebounded with companies posting record profits for 2010. Taiwan has the largest share of 300 nm, 90 nm, and 60 nm manufacturing capacities worldwide, and was expected to pass Japan in total IC fab capacity by mid-2011. Information technology ( edit ) A TSMC factory in Tainan Science Park, one of the many companies that make up Taiwan 's IT industry A tea plantation in Ruisui, Hualien, part of Taiwan 's agricultural industry which served as the backbone for its economic miracle Taiwan has a growing Startup sector. Agriculture ( edit ) Main article : Agriculture in Taiwan Agriculture has served as a strong foundation for Taiwan 's economic miracle. After retrocession from Japan in 1945, the government announced a long - term strategy of `` developing industry through agriculture, and developing agriculture through industry ''. As such, agriculture became the foundation for Taiwan 's economic development during early years and served as an anchor for growth in industry and commerce. Where as in 1951 agricultural production accounted for 35.8 % of Taiwan 's GDP, by 2013 it had been vastly surpassed and its NT $475.90 billion accounted for only 1.69 % of the GDP. As of 2013, Taiwan 's agriculture was a mixture of crops ( 47.88 % ), livestock ( 31.16 % ), fishery ( 20.87 % ) and forestry ( 0.09 % ). Since its accession into the World Trade Organization and the subsequent trade liberalization, the government has implemented new policies to develop the sector into a more competitive and modernized green industry. Although only about one - quarter of Taiwan 's land area is suitable for farming, virtually all farmland is intensely cultivated, with some areas suitable for two and even three crops a year. However, increases in agricultural production have been much slower than industrial growth. Agricultural modernization has been inhibited by the small size of farms and the lack of investment in better facilities and training to develop more profitable businesses. Taiwan 's agricultural population has steadily decreased from 1974 to 2002, prompting the Council of Agriculture to introduce modern farm management, provide technical training, and offer counseling for better production and distribution systems. Promotion of farm mechanization has helped to alleviate labor shortages while increasing productivity ; both rice and sugar cane production are completely mechanized. Taiwan 's main crops are rice, sugar cane, fruits ( many of them tropical ), and vegetables. Although self - sufficient in rice production, Taiwan imports large amounts of wheat, mostly from the United States. Meat production and consumption has risen sharply, reflecting a high standard of living. Taiwan has exported large amounts of frozen pork, although this was affected by an outbreak of hoof and mouth disease in 1997. Other agricultural exports include fish, aquaculture and sea products, canned and frozen vegetables, and grain products. Imports of agriculture products are expected to increase due to the WTO accession, which is opening previously protected agricultural markets. Energy ( edit ) Wind turbines, such as these in Qingshui, Taichung, are part of the government 's efforts in renewable energy commercialisation Main article : Energy in Taiwan Due to the lack of natural resources on the island, Taiwan is forced to import many of its energy needs ( currently at 98 % ). Imported energy totaled US $11.52 billion in 2002, accounting for 4.1 % of its GDP. Although the industrial sector has traditionally been Taiwan 's largest energy consumer, its share has dropped in recent years from 62 % in 1986 to 58 % in 2002. Taiwan 's energy consumption is dominated by crude oil & petroleum products ( 48.52 % ), followed by coal ( 29.2 % ), natural gas ( 12.23 % ), nuclear power ( 8.33 % ), and hydroelectric power ( 0.28 % ). The island is also heavily dependent on imported oil, with 72 % of its crude oil coming from the Middle East in 2002. Although the Taiwan Power Company ( Taipower ), state - owned enterprise, is in charge of providing electricity for the Taiwan area, a 1994 measure has allowed independent power producers ( IPPs ) to provide up to 20 % of the island 's energy needs. Indonesia and Malaysia supply most of Taiwan 's natural gas needs. It currently has three operational nuclear power plants. A fourth plant under construction was mothballed in 2014. Although Taiwan 's per capita energy use is on par with neighboring Asian countries, in July 2005 the Ministry of Economic Affairs announced plans to cut 170 million - tons of carbon dioxide emissions by 2025. In 2010, carbon dioxide emissions have been reduced by 5.14 million metric tons. In order to further reduce emissions, the government also plans to increase energy efficiency by 2 % each year through 2020. In addition, by 2015 emissions are planned to be reduced by 7 % compared to 2005 levels. Taiwan is the world 's 4th largest producer of solar - powered batteries and largest LED manufacturer by volume. In 2010, Taiwan had over 1.66 million square meters of solar heat collectors installed, with an installation density that ranks it as third in the world. The government has already built 155 sets of wind turbines capable of producing 281.6 MW of energy, and additional projects are planned or under construction. Renewable energy accounts for 6.8 % of Taiwan 's energy usage as of 2010. In 2010, the green energy sector generated US $10.97 billion in production value. The government also announced plans to invest US $838 million for renewable energy promotion and an additional US $635 million for research and development. Labor Policy ( edit ) Union policies ( edit ) The Labor Union Laws, legislated by the Kuomintang ( KMT ) on the mainland, gave Taiwan workers the right to unionize. However, prior to the democratization of Taiwan, the functions of unions were limited under strict regulation and state corporatism. Under the Labor Union Laws, workers were only allowed to be organized at the companies, which means industry level unions were forbidden. Also, only one union can exist within each company or geographical area. Special occupational groups such as teachers were not allowed to unionize. The right to strike and collective bargaining were also hamstrung by law. The Collective Bargaining Agreement in 1930 stipulated that collective bargains were not legally valid without government approval. The democratization in 1986 brought dramatic changes to union participation and policies. Between 1986 and 1992, unionized workers increased by 13 %. A number of autonomous, non-official trade unions emerged, including the Taiwan Confederation of Trade Unions ( TCTU ) which acquired legal recognition in 2000. The amendments to the Labor Union Laws and Collective Bargaining Agreement both became effective in the early 21st century. The amended Labor Union Law lifted the limitations on special occupational groups from collective representation. The Collective Bargaining Agreement Act in 2008 guaranteed trade unions the power to negotiate with employers. Employment protection ( edit ) Taiwan 's labor rights and employment protections increased with its democratization progress in the 1980s, and it still has relatively high level of employment protection comparing to other East Asia countries. Implemented in August 1984, Labor Standards Law was the first comprehensive employment protection law for Taiwan workers. Prior to the its implementation, the Factory Act was the primary law governing labor affairs, but was ineffective in practice because of its narrow coverage of businesses and issues and absence of penalties for violation. In contrast, Labor Standards Law covered a broader range of businesses and labor affairs, and detailed penalties for its violation. It regulated a period of notice before firing employees, and also required a higher level of severance payment. Other labor issues were also regulated by the law, including contract, wage, overtime payment, compensations for occupational accidents, etc. Penalties for employer violation were also clear in the law, stating fines and criminal liabilities. Council of Labor Affairs ( CLA ) was set up on 1 August 1987 to help with labor inspection and the enforcement of the Labor Standards Law. Active labor market policies ( edit ) Active labor market policies were carried out in Taiwan in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, as a result of economic structural changes caused by globalization and deindustrialization. Unemployment increased and reached approximately 5 % in 2002 and 2009. A set of policies were adopted to help the unemployed and provide jobs. The Employment Insurance Act in 2002 grants income security during unemployment, but at the same time requires beneficiaries to use all available resources to find jobs. The Multi-Faceted Job Creation Program, first introduced in 1999, creates job in the third sector groups, especially in nonprofit organizations. It subsidizes those companies to provide vocational trainings and job opportunities. The Public Sector Temporary Employment Creation Program directly addressed the 2008 financial crisis. Unlike the Multi-Faceted Job Creation Programs, the Public Sector Temporary Employment Creation Program creates jobs in the government itself. From 2008 to 2009, the government was estimated to create 102,000 job opportunities by that program. A job creation project was also implemented to help young people by subsidizing the hiring of young people in universities and private companies. Science and industrial parks ( edit ) Hsinchu Science Park is home to many of Taiwan 's IT companies In order to promote industrial research and development, the government began establishing science parks, economic zones which provide rent and utility breaks, tax incentives and specialized lending rates to attract investment. The first of these, the Hsinchu Science Park was established in 1980 by the National Science Council with a focus on research and development in information technology and biotechnology. It has been called Taiwan 's `` Silicon Valley '' and has expanded to six campuses covering an area of 1,140 hectares ( 11.4 km ). Over 430 companies ( including many listed on TAIEX ) employing over 130,000 people are located within the park, and paid in capital totaled US $36.10 billion in 2008. Both Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company and United Microelectronics Corporation, the world 's largest and second largest contract chipmakers, are headquartered within the park. Since 1980, the government has invested over US $1 billion in the park 's infrastructure, and further expansion for more specialized parks have been pursued. The Industrial Technology Research Institute ( ITRI ), headquartered within the park, is the largest nonprofit research organization in Taiwan and has worked to develop applied technological research for industry, including for many of Taiwan 's traditional industries ( such as textiles ). Following the success of the first park, the Southern Taiwan Science Park ( STSP ), consisting of the Tainan Science Park and the Kaohsiung Science Park, was established in 1996. In addition to companies, several research institutes ( including Academia Sinica ) and universities have set up branches within the park with a focus on integrated circuits ( ICs ), optoelectronics, and biotechnology. The Central Taiwan Science Park ( CTSP ) was established more recently in 2003. While the CTSP is still under development, many firms ( including AU Optronics ) have already moved into the park and begun manufacturing operations. Like the other parks, CTSP also focuses on ICs, optoelectronics, and biotechnology, with the optoelectronics industry accounting for 78 % of its revenue in 2008. These three science parks alone have attracted over NT $4 trillion ( US $137 billion ) worth of capital inflow, and in 2010 total revenue within the parks reached NT $2.16 trillion ( US $72.8 billion ). The Linhai Industrial Park, established in Kaohsiung in 1960, is a well - developed industrial zone with over 490 companies focusing on other industries including base metals, machinery and repairs, nonmetallic mineral products, chemical products, and food and beverage manufacturing. The Changhua Coastal Industrial Park, located in Changhua County, is a newer industrial cluster with many different industries such as food production, glass, textiles, and plastics. 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About.com. 25 September 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` Taiwan 's biotech - focused Science Parks ''. Biotech East. Retrieved 17 January 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Public Sector Research Facilities ''. Taiwan.com.au. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2011. Jump up ^ Sara Robinson ( 22 September 1999 ). `` Taiwan 's Chip Plants Left Idle by Earthquake ''. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2011. Jump up ^ Dan Nystedt ( 24 April 2008 ). `` LSI 's China Plan Changed by Taiwan Election ''. ABC News. Retrieved 17 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` An introduction to the Hsinchu Science Park ''. Hsinchu Science Park. Retrieved 17 January 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Science Parks ''. Government Information Office, Executive Yuan. 25 May 2010. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Origins ''. Central Taiwan Science Park. Retrieved 17 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` Taiwan top - 3 science parks to generate revenues of NT $2.45 trillion in 2011 ''. DigiTimes. 24 February 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2011. Jump up ^ `` Kaohsiung LihHai Industrial Park ''. Kaohsiung LinHai Industrial Park Service Center. Retrieved 17 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` About Us ''. Kaohsiung LinHai Industrial Park Service Center. Retrieved 17 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` Environments of Changhua County ''. Invest in Taiwan, Department of Investment Services. Retrieved 17 January 2011. Further reading ( edit ) Taiwan ASEAN Studies Center ; ASEAN Outlook Magazine ; May 2013. Myanmar 's Overlooked Industry Opportunities and Investment Climate, by David DuByne External links ( edit ) Official website ( in Chinese ) Statistical Information Network of the Republic of China This website serves as a national statistical portal of the Republic of China. 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{ "text": "Nicola Walker - wikipedia Nicola Walker This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Michael Bednarek ( talk contribs ) at 12 : 09, 18 August 2017 ( Undid revision 796078611 by 1.128. 96.250 ( talk ) : source? ). The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version. Revision as of 12 : 09, 18 August 2017 by Michael Bednarek ( talk contribs ) ( Undid revision 796078611 by 1.128. 96.250 ( talk ) : source? ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation, search Not to be confused with Nicole Walker. Nicola Walker Born ( 1970 - 05 - 15 ) 15 May 1970 ( age 47 ) Stepney, London, U.K. Nationality British Education Forest School, Walthamstow Alma mater New Hall, Cambridge Footlights Occupation Actress Years active 1990 -- present Spouse ( s ) Barnaby Kay Children Harry Kay Nicola Walker ( born 15 May 1970 ) is an English actress, known for her starring roles in various British television programmes from the 1990s onwards, including Ruth Evershed in the spy drama Spooks from 2003 to 2011. She has also worked in theatre, radio and film. In 2013, she won the Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actress for the play The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time. In 2014, she was nominated for the BAFTA TV Award for Best Supporting Actress for the BBC drama Last Tango in Halifax. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Television 2.2 Theatre 2.3 Film 2.4 Audio 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Video Games 4 Theatre credits 5 Personal life 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Walker was born in Stepney in the East End of London and has an older brother. She attended Saint Nicholas School, Old Harlow, and Forest School, Walthamstow, and undertook acting classes from age 12 to speak to boys. Interviewed in 2014 by The Guardian, she said, `` I was really encouraged by my mother. My dad thought it was a ridiculous thing to do. '' Walker then attended New Hall, Cambridge, where she started her acting career with the Cambridge Footlights. Her contemporaries included Spooks writer David Wolstencroft and comedian Sue Perkins, who were all part of the 1990 national tour. Perkins, then an older undergraduate, was assigned to be her `` college mother '', although Walker later said : `` She was the worst college mother I could have had... They 're meant to hold your hand. She asked to borrow my bike, got drunk and I never saw it again. '' Walker acted on stage as Perkins 's stooge and years later their partnership was resumed when Perkins cast Walker in her sitcom Heading Out. Career ( edit ) Offered a place at RADA, on graduation from Cambridge, she already had some roles and an agent, so Walker decided to pursue her acting career. Based in London, she shared a flat with Perkins, Sarah Phelps, and Emma Kennedy, and acted at the Edinburgh Festival and the London Festival Fringe. Television ( edit ) Her first major television roles were in 1997, as Gypsy Jones in Channel 4 's adaptation of A Dance to the Music of Time, and as English teacher Suzy Travis in two series of Steven Moffat 's school - based sitcom Chalk. She has also appeared in guest roles in episodes of series such as Dalziel and Pascoe, Jonathan Creek, Pie in the Sky, and Broken News. She got the leading part of DI Susan Taylor in the ITV thriller serial Touching Evil in 1997, co-starring opposite Robson Green. She also appeared in its two sequel serials in 1998 and 1999. Also in 1999, she took the lead role in the post-apocalyptic drama serial The Last Train, also screened on ITV ( and written by future Spooks writer Matthew Graham ). Also in 2003, Walker played Molly in the BBC Radio adaptation of Neuromancer by William Gibson. In 2003, with the production team of Kudos Television looking to replace the character played by Jenny Agutter in Series 1 of Spooks, the part of Ruth Evershed was specially written for Walker from Series 2. She remained with the show until the fifth series, during the production of which it was announced she was expecting her first child and would be leaving. She returned in 2009 and continued until the series ended in 2011. Benji Wilson of The Daily Telegraph praised Walker 's performance, stating : `` an actress who has squeezed every drop out of TV 's greatest ever largely dumbstruck doormat for the best part of a decade. Her scenes with Peter Firth, another fine player, have become self - contained little bubbles of weltschmerz within every recent episode ''. In 2007, Walker had a prominent supporting role as a child snatcher in the ITV1 drama serial Torn and appeared in the BBC adaptation of Oliver Twist. In 2009, she appeared as a maid in a new BBC adaptation of Henry James ' The Turn of the Screw, which also starred Michelle Dockery and Sue Johnston. In 2010, Walker appeared as a beleaguered wife ( Linda Shand ) of a murderer in an episode of the BBC1 crime thriller Luther. In February 2011, she appeared as nervous social worker Wendy in the BBC TV series Being Human. In February 2012, she played a major character in the one off BBC crime drama Inside Men. In 2012, 2013 and 2014 / 15, she appeared alongside Derek Jacobi, Anne Reid, and Sarah Lancashire, in three series of the BBC original drama Last Tango in Halifax. In February and March 2013, Walker reunited with her former Cambridge Footlights colleague Sue Perkins in the BBC comedy Heading Out. She then appeared in the second series of Prisoners ' Wives and the third series of Scott & Bailey. Walker was again nominated for a Television BAFTA for `` Best Supporting Actress '' in 2014 for her role in Last Tango in Halifax, but the award was won by her co-star Sarah Lancashire. In 2015, she appeared as Jackie `` Stevie '' Stevenson, the colleague of DI John River played by Stellan Skarsgård, in the BBC drama series River. She also starred as DCI Cassie Stuart, alongside actor Sanjeev Bhaskar as DS Sunil `` Sunny '' Khan, in the ITV drama series Unforgotten, which returned for a second series in January 2017. Theatre ( edit ) Walker won an Olivier Award in 2013 for Best Supporting Actress in her role as Judy, the main character Christopher 's mother, in The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time. The play won seven Olivier Awards, equalling Matilda the Musical 's record win in 2012. In 2014, she starred alongside Mark Strong and Phoebe Fox in Arthur Miller 's play A View from the Bridge, at the Young Vic theatre. The play received extremely positive reviews from critics and transferred to Wyndham 's Theatre in London 's West End in 2015 and to the Lyceum Theatre on Broadway. Film ( edit ) In film, her roles have tended to be smaller supporting parts. Her most prominent role has been as the irritating folk singer in Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ), who sings `` Ca n't Smile Without You '' at the first wedding. She also appeared in the feature film adaptation of the classic television series Thunderbirds ( 2004 ). In 2005, she portrayed a British journalist caught up in the Rwandan genocide in Shooting Dogs. Audio ( edit ) In July 2011, Walker played the significant supporting role of Medtech Liv Chenka in the Big Finish Productions Doctor Who audio drama Robophobia, opposite Sylvester McCoy as the Seventh Doctor. The Chenka character proved popular both with producers and listeners, and in February 2014 Walker returned to the role, this time as a foil for Paul McGann 's Eighth Doctor in Dark Eyes 2. The character was sustained throughout Dark Eyes 3 and Dark Eyes 4, at the end of which it was revealed that Chenka was to continue as the Doctor 's established travelling companion. In October 2015, Walker again returned to the role in the first volume of the 4 - volume Doom Coalition. In 2017, she starred in the company 's adaptation of the H.G. Wells novel The Shape of Things to Come. Since 2013, Walker has voiced the Norwegian detective Annika Strandhed in three series of the BBC Radio 4 drama series Annika Stranded. Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1994 Four Weddings and a Funeral Frightful Folk Duo -- Wedding One 1994 Milner Colette Brustein Television movie 1994 Faith Grace Television movie 1996 The Fortunes and Misfortunes of Moll Flanders Lucy Diver Television movie 1997 Cows Shirley Johnson Television movie 2000 Shiner Det. Sgt. Garland 2004 Thunderbirds Panhead 's Mother 2005 Shooting Dogs Rachel 2007 Oliver Twist Sally Television movie 2009 The Turn of the Screw Carla Television movie 2014 Second Coming Counsellor Television ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1997 Pie in the Sky Carol Episode : `` In the Smoke '' 1997 A Dance to the Music of Time Gypsy Jones Episode : `` The Twenties '' 1997 Chalk Suzy Travis 12 episodes 1997 -- 1999 Touching Evil Susan Taylor / D.I. Susan Taylor 16 episodes 1998 Jonathan Creek WPC Fay Radnor Episode : `` Mother Redcap '' 1999 The Last Train Harriet Ambrose 5 episodes 2000 Dalziel and Pascoe Abbie Hallingsworth Episode : `` A Sweeter Lazarus '' 2001 People Like Us Helen Meredith Episode : `` The Journalist '' 2003 -- 2011 Spooks Ruth Evershed 33 episodes 2004 Red Cap Maj. Rebecca Garton Episode : `` Fighting Fit '' 2005 Broken News Katie Willard 3 episodes 2007 Torn Joanna Taylor 3 episodes 2010 Luther Linda Shand Episode : `` # 1.4 '' 2010 Law & Order : UK Daniela Renzo Episode : `` ID '' 2011 Being Human Wendy Episode : `` The Longest Day '' 2012 Inside Men Kirsty Coniston 4 episodes 2012 New Tricks Helen Hadley Episode : `` Old School Ties '' 2012 A Mother 's Son DC Sue Upton 2 episodes 2012 -- present Last Tango in Halifax Gillian 18 episodes Nominated -- BAFTA TV Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series, Miniseries or Television Film 2013 Prisoners ' Wives DCI Jo Fontaine 4 episodes 2013 Heading Out Justine 6 episodes 2013 Scott & Bailey Helen Bartlett 4 episodes 2014 Babylon Sharon Franklin, Assistant Commissioner 7 episodes 2015 -- Unforgotten DCI Cassie Stuart 2 series ( 12 episodes ) 2015 River DS Jackie `` Stevie '' Stevenson 6 episodes 2018 Collateral Jane Oliver Miniseries Video Games ( edit ) Year Film Role 2011 The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings Síle de Tansarville 2015 The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt Síle de Tansarville Theatre credits ( edit ) Relocated -- Royal Court Theatre London ( 2008 ) Gethsemane -- National Theatre London ( 2008 / 9 ) Season 's Greetings -- National Theatre London ( 2010 / 11 ) Di and Viv and Rose -- Hampstead Theatre ( Downstairs ) London ( 2011 ) The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time -- National Theatre London ( 2012 ) for which she won the 2013 Olivier Award in the category ' Best Actress in a Supporting Role ' A View from the Bridge -- Young Vic / Wyndham 's Theatre ( West End ) London ( 2014 / 15 ), Lyceum Theatre on Broadway ( 2015 / 16 ) Personal life ( edit ) She is married to actor Barnaby Kay. The couple have a son Harry ( born 2006 ), who is named after Harry Pearce, the character of her co-star Peter Firth in Spooks. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Spooks : Nicola Walker ''. Life of Wylie. Retrieved 28 February 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Nicola Walker : ' I 've got a feisty face ' ''. Telegraph.co.uk. 4 April 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2015. Jump up ^ `` Bestselling Fiction & Non-Fiction Authors, from The Orion Publishing Group ''. Orionbooks.co.uk. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 26. Jump up ^ After the Chalk Dust Settled, featurette on Chalk Series 1 DVD, ReplayDVD.co.uk, prod. & dir. Craig Robins Jump up ^ Wilson, Benji ( 23 October 2011 ). `` Spooks : the final episode, so ludicrously silly it might just be true, review ''. The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved 28 October 2011. Jump up ^ `` BBC One -- Luther, Series 1 ''. Bbc.co.uk. 2012 - 09 - 18. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 26. Jump up ^ `` BBC Three -- Being Human ''. Bbc.co.uk. 2013 - 05 - 24. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 26. Jump up ^ `` Bafta for Last Tango in Halifax star Sarah Lancashire ''. Halifax Courier. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2015. Jump up ^ Adejobi, Alicia ( 4 September 2015 ). `` Missing Broadchurch? ITV 's new crime drama Unforgotten will become your new addiction ''. International Business Times. Retrieved 6 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` River -- BBC One ''. BBC. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Curious Incident wins seven ''. BBC News. 28 April 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2013. External links ( edit ) Nicola Walker on IMDb Nicola Walker profile on the Spooks website at bbc.co.uk. ( hide ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role 1977 -- 1984 Actor Nigel Hawthorne ( 1977 ) Robert Eddison ( 1978 ) Patrick Stewart ( 1979 ) David Threlfall ( 1980 ) Joe Melia ( 1981 ) David Healy ( 1982 ) Alan Devlin ( 1983 ) Edward Petherbridge ( 1984 ) Actress Mona Washbourne ( 1977 ) Elizabeth Spriggs ( 1978 ) Doreen Mantle ( 1979 ) Suzanne Bertish ( 1980 ) Gwen Watford ( 1981 ) Anna Massey ( 1982 ) Abigail McKern ( 1983 ) Marcia Warren ( 1984 ) 1985 -- 1990 Merged Imelda Staunton ( 1985 ) Paul Jesson ( 1986 ) Michael Bryant ( 1987 ) Eileen Atkins ( 1988 ) Michael Bryant ( 1989 / 1990 ) 1991 -- 1995 Actor David Bradley ( 1991 ) Oleg Menshikov ( 1992 ) Julian Glover ( 1993 ) Joseph Mydell ( 1994 ) Ken Stott ( 1995 ) Actress Sara Crowe ( 1991 ) Frances de la Tour ( 1992 ) Barbara Leigh - Hunt ( 1993 ) Helen Burns ( 1994 ) Dora Bryan ( 1995 ) 1996 -- 2002 Actor Trevor Eve ( 1997 ) Roger Allam ( 2000 ) Ben Daniels ( 2001 ) Toby Jones ( 2002 ) Actress Deborah Findlay ( 1997 ) Patricia Hodge ( 2000 ) Essie Davis ( 2001 ) Marcia Warren ( 2002 ) Merged Simon Russell Beale ( 1996 ) Sarah Woodward ( 1998 ) Brendan Coyle ( 1999 ) 2003 -- 2009 Merged Essie Davis ( 2003 ) Warren Mitchell ( 2004 ) Amanda Harris ( 2005 ) Noma Dumezweni ( 2006 ) Jim Norton ( 2007 ) Rory Kinnear ( 2008 ) Patrick Stewart ( 2009 ) 2010 -- present Actor Eddie Redmayne ( 2010 ) Adrian Scarborough ( 2011 ) Richard McCabe ( 2013 ) Jack Lowden ( 2014 ) Nathaniel Parker ( 2015 ) Mark Gatiss ( 2016 ) Anthony Boyle ( 2017 ) Actress Ruth Wilson ( 2010 ) Michelle Terry ( 2011 ) Nicola Walker ( 2013 ) Sharon D. Clarke ( 2014 ) Angela Lansbury ( 2015 ) Judi Dench ( 2016 ) Noma Dumezweni ( 2017 ) Merged Sheridan Smith ( 2012 ) Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF : 9386331 SUDOC : 174316216 BNF : cb16509570k ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicola_Walker&oldid=796088677 '' Categories : 1970 births Living people People from Stepney People educated at Forest School ( Walthamstow ) Alumni of New Hall, Cambridge Actresses from London English television actresses English stage actresses English film actresses English radio actresses Laurence Olivier Award winners 20th - century English actresses 21st - century English actresses Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2014 Use British English from December 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia العربية Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017, at 12 : 09. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Nicola Walker", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Nicola_Walker&oldid=796088677" }

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{ "text": "Chemical change - wikipedia Chemical change Jump to : navigation, search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chemical changes occur when a substance combines with another to form a new substance, called chemical synthesis or, alternatively, chemical decomposition into two or more different substances. These processes are called chemical reactions and, in general, are not reversible except by further chemical reactions. Some reactions produce heat and are called exothermic reactions and others may require heat to enable the reaction to occur, which are called endothermic reactions. Understanding chemical changes is a major part of the science of chemistry. When chemical reactions occur, the atoms are rearranged and the reaction is accompanied by an energy change as new products are generated. An example of a chemical change is the reaction between sodium and water to produce sodium hydroxide and hydrogen. So much energy is released that the hydrogen gas released spontaneously burns in the air. This is an example of a chemical change because the end products are chemically different from the substances before the chemical reaction. Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 1.1 Inorganic changes 1.2 Organic changes 1.3 Biochemical change 2 Evidence of a chemical change 3 References Types Chemists categorize chemical changes into three main classes : inorganic chemical changes, organic chemical changes and biochemical changes. Inorganic changes Inorganic chemistry describes the reactions of elements and compounds that, in general, do not involve carbon. The changes typically take place in laboratories, or on a larger scale in heavy industries. Typical types of change include neutralization ( mixing an acid with a base, resulting in water and salt ), oxidization including combustion, redox reactions etc. Organic changes Organic chemistry is concerned with the chemistry of carbon and the elements and compound with which it reacts. These compounds include mineral oil and all of its products and much of the output of industries manufacturing pharmaceuticals, paints, detergents, cosmetics, fuels etc. Typical examples of organic chemical changes include cracking heavy hydrocarbons at an oil refinery to create more gasoline from crude oil, as gasoline is in higher demand than the heavier hydrocarbons, such as residual fuel oils. Other reactions include, methylation, condensation reactions, polymerisation, halogenation etc. Biochemical change Biochemistry deals with the chemistry of the growth and activity of living organisms. It is a chemistry where most reactions are controlled by complex proteins called enzymes and are moderated and limited by hormones. The chemistry is always highly complex and is still not fully understood. Decomposition of organic material is also within the scope of biochemistry although in this case it is the growth and activity of fungi, bacteria and other micro-organisms that is involved. Typical types of change include all the process involved in photosynthesis, a process in which carbon dioxide and water are changed into sugars and oxygen by plants, digestion in which energy rich materials are used by organisms to grow and move, Krebs cycle which liberates energy from stored reserves, protein synthesis which enable organisms to grow using processes controlled by RNA etc. Evidence of a chemical change The following can indicate that a chemical change has taken place, although this evidence is not conclusive : Change of odor. Change of color ( for example, silver to reddish - brown when iron rusts ). Change in temperature or energy, such as the production ( exothermic ) or loss ( endothermic ) of heat. Change of composition - paper turning to ash when burned. Light and / or heat given off. Formation of gases, often appearing as bubbles in liquids. Formation of a precipitate ( insoluble particles ). The decomposition of organic matter ( for example, rotting food ). The change is difficult or impossible to reverse. References ( hide ) Chemical bonds Intramolecular ( strong ) Covalent By symmetry Sigma ( σ ) Pi ( π ) Delta ( δ ) Phi ( φ ) By multiplicity 1 ( single ) 2 ( double ) 3 ( triple ) 4 ( quadruple ) 5 ( quintuple ) 6 ( sextuple ) Miscellaneous Agostic Bent Coordinate ( dipolar ) Pi backbond Charge - shift Hapticity Conjugation Hyperconjugation Antibonding Resonant Electron deficiency 3c -- 2e 4c -- 2e Hypercoordination 3c -- 4e Aromaticity möbius super sigma homo bicyclo spiro σ - bishomo spherical Y - Metallic Metal aromaticity Ionic Intermolecular ( weak ) van der Waals forces London dispersion Hydrogen Low - barrier Resonance - assisted Symmetric Dihydrogen bonds C -- H O interaction Noncovalent other Mechanical Halogen Chalcogen Aurophilicity Intercalation Stacking Cation -- pi Anion -- pi Salt bridge Bond cleavage Heterolysis Homolysis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_change&oldid=805988470 '' Categories : Chemical reactions Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles lacking sources from September 2014 All articles lacking sources Articles needing additional references from January 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Ελληνικά Gaelg हिन्दी Kreyòl ayisyen മലയാളം नेपाली Simple English Slovenščina Türkçe 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017, at 22 : 48. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Chemical change", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Chemical_change&oldid=805988470" }

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{ "text": "Battle of Atlanta - wikipedia Battle of Atlanta Jump to : navigation, search Coordinates : 33 ° 44 ′ 45 '' N 84 ° 20 ′ 56 '' W  /  33.7459 ° N 84.3488 ° W  / 33.7459 ; - 84.3488 Battle of Atlanta Part of the American Civil War Battle of Atlanta, by Kurz and Allison ( 1888 ). Date July 22, 1864 ( 1864 - 07 - 22 ) Location Fulton County, Georgia Result Union victory Belligerents United States ( Union ) Confederate States ( Confederacy ) Commanders and leaders William T. Sherman James B. McPherson † John Bell Hood William J. Hardee Units involved Military Division of the Mississippi : Army of the Tennessee Army of Tennessee Strength 34,863 40,438 Casualties and losses 3,641 5,500 Atlanta Campaign Rocky Face Ridge Resaca Adairsville New Hope Church Pickett 's Mill Dallas Kolb 's Farm Kennesaw Mountain Marietta Noonday Creek Pace 's Ferry Peachtree Creek Atlanta Ezra Church Brown 's Mill Utoy Creek Second Dalton Lovejoy 's Station Jonesborough The Battle of Atlanta was a battle of the Atlanta Campaign fought during the American Civil War on July 22, 1864, just southeast of Atlanta, Georgia. Continuing their summer campaign to seize the important rail and supply center of Atlanta, Union forces commanded by William Tecumseh Sherman overwhelmed and defeated Confederate forces defending the city under John Bell Hood. Union Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson was killed during the battle. Despite the implication of finality in its name, the battle occurred midway through the campaign, and the city did not fall until September 2, 1864, after a Union siege and various attempts to seize railroads and supply lines leading to Atlanta. After taking the city, Sherman 's troops headed south - southeastward toward Milledgeville, the state capital, and on to Savannah with the March to the Sea. The fall of Atlanta was especially noteworthy for its political ramifications. In the 1864 election, former Union general George B. McClellan, a Democrat, ran against President Lincoln, on a peace platform calling for a truce with the Confederacy. The capture of Atlanta and Hood 's burning of military facilities as he evacuated were extensively covered by Northern newspapers, significantly boosting Northern morale, and Lincoln was reelected by a significant margin. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union forces 2.2 Confederate 3 Battle 4 Siege and closure 5 Aftermath 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Memoirs and primary sources 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) In the Atlanta Campaign, Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman commanded the Union forces of the Western Theater. The main Union force in this battle was the Army of the Tennessee, under Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson. He was one of Sherman 's and Grant 's favorite commanders, as he was very quick and aggressive. Within Sherman 's army, the XV Corps was commanded by Maj. Gen. John A. Logan, the XVI Corps was commanded by Maj. Gen. Grenville M. Dodge, and Maj. Gen. Frank P. Blair Jr. commanded the XVII Corps. During the months leading up to the battle, Confederate Gen. Joseph E. Johnston had repeatedly retreated from Sherman 's superior force. All along the Western and Atlantic Railroad line, from Chattanooga, Tennessee, to Marietta, Georgia, a pattern was played and replayed : Johnston took up a defensive position, Sherman marched to outflank the Confederate defenses, and Johnston retreated again. After Johnston 's withdrawal following the Battle of Resaca, the two armies clashed again at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, but the Confederate senior leadership in Richmond was unhappy with Johnston 's perceived reluctance to fight the Union army, even though he had little chance of winning. Thus, on July 17, 1864, as he was preparing for the Battle of Peachtree Creek, Johnston was relieved of his command and replaced by Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood. The dismissal and replacement of Johnston remains one of the most controversial decisions of the civil war. Hood, who was fond of taking risks, lashed out at Sherman 's army at Peachtree Creek, but the attack failed with more than two thousand five hundred Confederate casualties. Hood needed to defend the city of Atlanta, which was an important rail hub and industrial center for the Confederacy, but his army was small in comparison to the armies that Sherman commanded. He decided to withdraw, enticing the Union troops to come forward. McPherson 's army closed in from Decatur, Georgia, to the east side of Atlanta. Opposing forces ( edit ) Army Commanders at Atlanta Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, USA Gen. John B. Hood, CSA Union forces ( edit ) Further information : Atlanta Union order of battle Confederate ( edit ) Further information : Atlanta Confederate order of battle Battle ( edit ) Palisades and chevaux de frise in front of the Potter ( or Pondor ) House, Atlanta, Georgia, 1864 ATLANTA CAMPAIGN : Atlanta and Vicinity ( Summer 1864 ). A sketch of the Battle of Atlanta, July 22, 1864. Meanwhile, Hood ordered Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee 's corps on a march around the Union left flank, had Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler 's cavalry march near Sherman 's supply line, and had Maj. Gen. Benjamin Cheatham 's corps attack the Union front. However, it took longer than expected for Hardee to get his men into position, and, during that time, McPherson had correctly deduced a possible threat to his left flank, and sent XVI Corps, his reserve, to help strengthen it. Hardee 's men met this other force, and the battle began. Although the initial Confederate attack was repulsed, the Union left flank began to retreat. About this time, McPherson, who had ridden to the front to observe the battle, was shot and killed by Confederate infantry. Near Decatur, Brig. Gen. John W. Sprague, in command of the 2nd Brigade, 4th Division of the XVI Corps, was attacked by Wheeler 's cavalry. Wheeler had taken the Fayetteville Road, while Hardee 's column took the Flat Shoals Road toward McPherson 's position. The Federals fled the town in a stampede, but managed to save the ordnance and supply trains of the XV, XVI, XVII, and XX corps. With the failure of Hardee 's assault, Wheeler was in no position to hold Decatur, and fell back to Atlanta that night. Sprague was later awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions. The main lines of battle now formed an `` L '' shape, with Hardee 's attack forming the lower part of the `` L, '' and Cheatham 's attack on the Union front as the vertical member of the `` L ''. Hood intended to attack the Union troops from both east and west. The fighting centered on a hill east of the city known as Bald Hill. The Federals had arrived two days earlier, and began to shell the city proper, killing several civilians. A savage struggle, sometimes hand - to - hand, developed around the hill, lasting until just after dark. The Federals held the hill while the Confederates retired to a point just south of there. Meanwhile, two miles to the north, Cheatham 's troops had broken through the Union lines at the Georgia railroad. In response, twenty artillery pieces were positioned near Sherman 's headquarters at Copen Hill, and shelled the Confederates, while Logan 's XV Corps regrouped and repulsed the Southern troops. The Union had suffered 3,400 casualties, including Maj. Gen. McPherson, to the Confederate 's 5,500. This was a devastating loss for the already reduced Confederate army, but they still held the city. Siege and closure ( edit ) Confederate sappers constructed a number of artillery emplacements covering the avenues of approach to Atlanta. The artillery in this fortification overlooks Peachtree Street. Sherman settled into a siege of Atlanta, shelling the city and sending raids west and south of the city to cut off the supply lines from Macon, Georgia. Both of Sherman 's cavalry raids were defeated by superior southern horsemen. Following the failure to break the Confederates ' hold on the city, Sherman began to employ a new strategy. He swung his entire army in a broad flanking maneuver to the west. Finally, on August 31, at Jonesborough, Georgia, Sherman 's army captured the railroad track from Macon, pushing the Confederates to Lovejoy 's Station. With his supply lines fully severed, Hood pulled his troops out of Atlanta the next day, September 1, destroying supply depots as he left to prevent them from falling into Union hands. He also set fire to eighty - one loaded ammunition cars, which led to a conflagration watched by hundreds. On September 2, Mayor James Calhoun, along with a committee of Union - leaning citizens including William Markham, Jonathan Norcross, and Edward Rawson, met a captain on the staff of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum, and surrendered the city, asking for `` protection to non-combatants and private property ''. Sherman, who was in Jonesborough at the time of surrender, sent a telegram to Washington on September 3, reading, `` Atlanta is ours, and fairly won ''. He then established his headquarters there on September 7, where he stayed for over two months. On November 15, the army departed east toward Savannah, on what became known as `` Sherman 's March to the Sea ''. Aftermath ( edit ) Ruins of Atlanta Union Depot after burning by Sherman 's troops, 1864 The fall of Atlanta and the success of the overall Atlanta Campaign were extensively covered by Northern newspapers, and were a boon to Northern morale and to President Lincoln 's political standing. The 1864 election was between General George B. McClellan and Abraham Lincoln. McClellan ran a conflicted campaign - McClellan was a Unionist who advocated continuing the war until the defeat of the Confederacy, but the Democratic platform included calls for negotiations with the Confederacy on the subject of a potential truce. The capture of Atlanta and Hood 's burning of military facilities as he evacuated showed that a successful conclusion of the war was in sight, weakening support for a truce. Lincoln was reelected by a comfortable margin, with 212 out of 233 electoral votes. Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson, who was one of the highest - ranking Union officers killed in action during the Civil War, was mourned and honored by Sherman, who declared in his official report : His public enemies, even the men who directed the fatal shot, ne'er spoke or wrote of him without expressions of marked respect ; those whom he commanded loved him even to idolatry ; and I, his associate and commander, fail in words adequate to express my opinion of his great worth. I feel assured that every patriot in America, on hearing this sad news, will feel a sense of personal loss, and the country generally will realize that we have lost, not only an able military leader, but a man who, had he survived, was qualified to heal the national strife which has been raised by designing and ambitious men. Despite the damage caused by the war, Atlanta recovered from its downfall relatively quickly ; as one observer noted as early as November 1865, `` A new city is springing up with marvelous rapidity ''. Legacy ( edit ) The Potter ( or Ponder ) House in Atlanta housed Confederate sharpshooters until Union artillery made a special target of it This historic gas lamp, located in the Underground Atlanta, was shelled by Union artillery prior to the Battle of Atlanta. There are two bronze plaques mounted on it, one of which commemorates Solomon ( Sam ) Luckie, 1 of 40 free blacks, who died from the wounds that he received from the shell that struck the lamp. Commemorated on the other plaque are the Confederacy, the Battle of East Atlanta, and one of the local men who fought in that battle. Map of Atlanta Battlefield core and study areas by the American Battlefield Protection Program. In 1880, Atlanta ranked among the fifty largest cities in the United States. The battlefield is now urban, residential, and commercial land, with many markers memorializing notable events of the battle, including McPherson 's place of death. The marker was erected in 1956 by the Georgia Historical Commission. To commemorate the 140th anniversary of the battle, in 2004, two new markers were erected in the Inman Park neighborhood. The Atlanta Cyclorama building, built in 1921 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is a museum located in Grant Park containing a panoramic painting of the battle. One notable establishment destroyed by Union soldiers was the Potter ( or Ponder ) House, built in 1857, and owned by Ephraim G. Ponder, a holder of 65 slaves before the war. In the battle, it was used by Confederate sharpshooters until Union artillery inflicted heavy damage. It was never rebuilt. One of Ponder 's slaves, Festus Flipper, was the father of Henry Ossian Flipper, who later became the first African American cadet to graduate from the United States Military Academy at West Point. In 1962, two years short of the centennial of the battle, the country music singer / songwriter Claude King of Shreveport, Louisiana, released the hit song, `` The Burning of Atlanta ''. See also ( edit ) Georgia ( U.S. state ) portal Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1864 List of costliest American Civil War land battles Atlanta in the American Civil War George Pomutz Bibliography of the American Civil War Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Battle Summary : Atlanta, GA ''. National Park Service. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved December 27, 2010. ^ Jump up to : Livermore ( p. 122 - 123, 142 ) cites values of Union troops as 34,863 present for duty and 30,477 effective, and Confederate troops as 40,438 present for duty and 36,934 effective. Bodart ( 1908 ) ( p. 538 ) gives the strength of the Union forces as circa 70,000 and the Confederate forces as circa 40,000. Jump up ^ Kennedy 1998, p. 340. ^ Jump up to : Bonds 2009, p. 172. ^ Jump up to : Ecelbarger 2010, p. 233. Jump up ^ Ecelbarger 2010, p. 237. ^ Jump up to : Boyer et al. 2007, p. 457. Jump up ^ Symonds 1994, p. 326. Jump up ^ Bonds 2009, p. 106. Jump up ^ Ecelbarger 2010, p. 115. Jump up ^ Ecelbarger 2010, p. 236. ^ Jump up to : Garrett 1987. Jump up ^ `` Civil War Medal of Honor Recipients - ( M-Z ) ''. U.S. Army Center of Military History. Archived from the original on December 31, 2010. Retrieved December 27, 2010. ^ Jump up to : Garrett 1987, p. 633 -- 638. Jump up ^ `` Surrender of Atlanta, September 2, 1864 ''. Marietta Street Artery Association. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 18, 2011. Jump up ^ Cox 1994, p. xv. Jump up ^ `` Today in History : September 1 ''. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on January 15, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2011. Jump up ^ Reid 1868, p. 587 - 588. ^ Jump up to : `` Industrial Atlanta ''. National Park Service. Retrieved February 21, 2011. Jump up ^ Cooper, Jr., William J. ; Terrill, Thomas E. ( 2008 ). The American South : A History, Volume 2. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 468. Jump up ^ Underground Atlanta Walking Tour Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Markers - The Historical Marker Database ''. The Historical Marker Database. Retrieved February 6, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Death of McPherson Marker ''. The Historical Marker Database. Retrieved February 6, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Grant Park Historic District ''. National Park Service. Retrieved December 28, 2010. Jump up ^ `` THE POTTER HOUSE ATLANTA Photo from nature By G.N. Barnard ''. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved February 26, 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Burning of Atlanta ''. pandora.com. Retrieved March 12, 2013. References ( edit ) Bonds, Russell S. ( 2009 ). War Like the Thunderbolt : The Battle and Burning of Atlanta. Westholme Publishing. ISBN 978 - 1 - 59416 - 100 - 1. Boyer, Paul ; Clark, Jr., Clifford ; Kett, Joseph ; Salisbury, Neal ; Sitkoff, Harvard ; Woloch, Nancy ( 2007 ). The Enduring Vision ( 6th AP ed. ). Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 80163 - 3. Cox, Jacob D. ( 1994 ). Sherman 's Battle for Atlanta. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80588 - 2. Cozzens, Peter ( 2002 ). Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 02404 - 7. Ecelbarger, Gary ( 2010 ). The Day Dixie Died : The Battle of Atlanta. Macmillan. ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 56399 - 8. Foote, Shelby ( 1974 ). The Civil War, A Narrative : Red River to Appomattox. Random House. ISBN 0 - 394 - 74913 - 8. Garrett, Franklin ( 1987 ). Atlanta and Environs : A Chronicle of Its People and Events, Volume 1. University of Georgia Press. OCLC 191446. Golden, Randy. `` The Battle of Atlanta ''. About North Georgia. Archived from the original on December 19, 2010. Retrieved December 27, 2010. Hood, John Bell. Advance and Retreat : Personal Experiences in the United States and Confederate States Armies. Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press, 1996. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 7285 - 9. First published 1880 for the Hood Orphan Memorial Fund by G.T. Beauregard. Hood, Stephen M. John Bell Hood : The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of a Confederate General. El Dorado Hills, CA : Savas Beatie, 2013. ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 140 - 5. Kennedy, Frances H. ( 1998 ). The Civil War Battlefield Guide ( 2nd ed. ). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0 - 395 - 74012 - 6. Reid, Whitelaw ( 1868 ). Ohio in the War : Her Statesmen, Her Generals, and Soldiers. Moore, Wilstach & Baldwin. Swan, James B. ( 2009 ). Chicago 's Irish Legion : the 90th Illinois Volunteers in the Civil War. Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0809328909. OCLC 232327691. Symonds, Craig ( 1994 ). Joseph E. Johnston : A Civil War Biography. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31130 - 3. Livermore, Thomas Leonard ( 1900 ). Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America, 1861 - 1865. Houghton, Mifflin and company. Bodart, Gaston ( 1908 ). Militär - historisches kreigs - lexikon, ( 1618 - 1905 ). Stern. McDonough, James Lee. William Tecumseh Sherman, In the Service of my Country, A Life. W.W. Norton & Company, New York. ISBN 978 - 0 - 3932 - 4212 - 6. Memoirs and primary sources ( edit ) Sherman, William T., Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman, 2nd ed., D. Appleton & Co., 1913 ( 1889 ). Reprinted by the Library of America, 1990, ISBN 978 - 0 - 940450 - 65 - 3. U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880 -- 1901. Further reading ( edit ) Dodge, Grenville Mellen ( 1910 ). The Battle of Atlanta and Other Campaigns, Addresses, Etc. The Monarch Printing Company. Secrist, Philip L. ( 2006 ). Sherman 's 1864 Trail of Battle to Atlanta. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 86554 - 745 - 2. Ecelbarger, Gary ( 2010 ). The Day Dixie Died -- The Battle of Atlanta. Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 56399 - 8. External links ( edit ) Russell Bonds discusses War Like the Thunderbolt : The Battle and Burning of Atlanta at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library History of Atlanta Origins Standing Peachtree Buildings Historic districts Buildings listed on National Register : ( Atlanta in Fulton Co. ) ( Atlanta in DeKalb Co. ) Demolished buildings Demolished public housing projects Civil War Atlanta Campaign Atlanta in the Civil War Battle of Atlanta Battle of Ezra Church Battle of Jonesborough Battle of Kennesaw Mountain Battle of Peachtree Creek Battle of Utoy Creek Crime Atlanta race riot ( 1906 ) Atlanta Ripper ( 1911 ) Leo Frank lynching ( 1915 ) Bombing of `` The Temple '' ( 1958 ) Child murders ( 1979 -- 1981 ) Prison riots ( 1987 ) Centennial Olympic Park bombing ( 1996 ) Atlanta Public Schools cheating scandal ( 2009 -- ) Culture Opera in Atlanta Disasters Great Atlanta Fire ( 1917 ) Winecoff Hotel fire ( 1946 ) Tornado strikes downtown ( 2008 ) Events Timeline International Cotton Exposition ( 1881 ) Piedmont Exposition ( 1887 ) Cotton States and International Exposition ( 1895 ) Gone with the Wind premiere ( 1939 ) Democratic National Convention ( 1988 ) Summer Olympics ( 1996 ) People Mayors Pioneers History of Hispanics in Atlanta History of African Americans in Atlanta Demographic history Gentrification Racial segregation Places History by neighborhood Former neighborhoods and settlements Annexations and city wards Street names History of Georgia Tech Historic mills Zero Mile Post Transportation Atlanta Transit Company ( 1950 ) Historic bridges Historic ferries Freeway revolts Streetcars Transit strike ( 1950 ) Western and Atlantic Railroad ( 1836 ) Trolleybuses Viaducts History of Atlanta Timeline of Atlanta history Western Theater of the American Civil War 1861 Campaigns Arkansas 1861 -- 65 Missouri : 1861 Major battles Wilson 's Creek 1862 Campaigns New Mexico New Madrid - Island No. 10 Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers New Orleans Expedition Pea Ridge Iuka - Corinth Kentucky Prairie Grove Stones River Major battles Fort Donelson Island No. 10 Pea Ridge Shiloh New Orleans Siege of Corinth Perryville Prairie Grove Chickasaw Bayou Stones River 1863 Campaigns Vicksburg Tullahoma Little Rock Morgan 's Raid Chickamauga Knoxville Chattanooga Major battles Champion Hill Siege of Vicksburg Siege of Port Hudson Chickamauga Lookout Mountain Missionary Ridge 1864 Campaigns Meridian Expedition Red River Camden Expedition Forrest 's Expedition Atlanta Tupelo Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Savannah ( Sherman 's March to the Sea ) Major battles Kennesaw Mountain Atlanta Mobile Bay Westport Franklin Nashville 1865 Campaigns -- Major battles -- Armies Cumberland Georgia Mississippi Ohio Tennessee Mississippi Tennessee Geography Departments -- Landforms -- Georgia in the American Civil War 1861 Georgia Constitutional Convention of 1861 1862 Great Locomotive Chase Siege of Fort Pulaski 1863 First Battle of Fort McAllister Battle of Chickamauga Battle of Davis ' Cross Roads Battle of Ringgold Gap 1864 Battle of Rocky Face Ridge Battle of Resaca First Battle of Dalton Battle of Adairsville Battle of New Hope Church Battle of Dallas Battle of Pickett 's Mill Battle of Marietta Battle of Kolb 's Farm Battle of Pace 's Ferry Battle of Brown 's Mill Battle of Peachtree Creek Battle of Kennesaw Mountain Battle of Atlanta Battle of Ezra Church Battle of Utoy Creek Second Battle of Dalton Battle of Lovejoy 's Station Battle of Jonesborough Battle of Allatoona Battle of Griswoldville Battle of Buck Head Creek Second Battle of Fort McAllister Battle of Altamaha Bridge 1865 Battle of West Point Battle of Columbus Commons ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. Sandford Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union ( USA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy ( CSA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major Campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson 's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan 's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond - Petersburg Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Sherman 's March Carolinas Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson 's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement ( by state or territory ) AL AK AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Leaders Confederate Military R.H. 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{ "text": "List of most polluted cities by particulate matter concentration - wikipedia List of most polluted cities by particulate matter concentration Jump to : navigation, search This list contains the top 500 cities by PM2. 5 annual mean concentration measurement whose measurement is greater than or equal to the air quality guideline ( AQG ) of 10 as documented by the World Health Organization covering the period from 2008 to 2015, with the majority of values being more recent than 2013. The 2016 version of the WHO database contains results of ambient ( outdoor ) air pollution monitoring from almost 3000 towns and cities in 103 countries. Air quality in the database is represented by the annual mean concentration of particulate matter ( PM10 and PM2. 5, i.e. particles smaller than 10 or 2.5 micrometres, respectively ). Position Country Town / City PM2. 5 PM2. 5 Year PM10 PM10 Year Iran Zabol 217 2012 527 2012 India Gwalior 176 2012 329 2012 India Allahabad 170 2012 317 2012 Saudi Arabia Riyadh 156 2014 368 2014 Saudi Arabia Al Jubail 152 2014 359 2014 6 India Patna 149 2013 167 2012 7 India Raipur 144 2012 268 2012 8 Cameroon Bamenda 132 2012 141 2012 9 China Xingtai 128 2014 193 2014 10 China Baoding 126 2014 190 2014 11 India Delhi 122 2013 229 2012 12 India Ludhiana 122 2012 228 2012 13 China Shijiazhuang 121 2014 305 2013 14 Saudi Arabia Dammam 121 2014 286 2014 15 India Kanpur 115 2012 215 2012 16 India Khanna 114 2012 213 2012 17 India Firozabad 113 2012 212 2012 18 India Lucknow 113 2012 211 2012 19 China Handan 112 2014 169 2014 20 Pakistan Peshawar 111 540 21 India Amritsar 108 2012 202 2012 22 India Gobindgarh 108 2012 201 2012 23 Pakistan Rawalpindi 107 448 24 China Hengshui 107 2014 161 2014 25 Bangladesh Narayangonj 106 2014 191 2014 26 Iran Bushehr 105 255 27 India Agra 105 2012 196 2012 28 Uganda Kampala 104 2013 170 2013 29 China Tangshan 102 2014 153 2014 30 India Jodhpur 101 2012 189 2012 31 India Dehradun 100 2012 188 2012 32 India Jaipur 100 2012 187 2012 33 India Howrah 100 2012 186 2012 34 India Ahmedabad 100 2013 83 2012 35 India Faridabad 98 2012 184 2012 36 Saudi Arabia Yanbu 97 2014 230 2014 37 China Langfang 96 2014 144 2014 38 Iran Ahvaz 95 231 39 India Dhanbad 95 2012 178 2012 40 Bangladesh Chittagong 95 2014 135 2014 41 India Bhopal 93 2012 173 2012 42 Qatar Doha 93 2012 168 2012 43 Nigeria Kaduna 90 2013 423 2013 44 India Khurja 90 2012 168 2012 45 Bangladesh Dhaka 90 2014 158 2014 46 Bangladesh Gazipur 89 2014 155 2014 47 Pakistan Karachi 88 2009 290 2009 48 Kuwait Al Shuwaikh 88 2014 212 2014 49 Iraq Baghdad 88 2015 208 2015 50 China Cangzhou 88 2014 133 2014 51 India Raebareli 87 2012 163 2012 52 China Tianjin 87 2014 150 2013 53 Afghanistan Kabul 86 2009 260 2009 54 China Zhengzhou 86 2014 171 2013 55 Qatar Al Wakrah 85 2012 152 2012 56 Bangladesh Barisal 85 2014 142 2014 57 China Beijing 85 2014 108 2013 58 India Kota 84 2012 156 2012 59 India Udaipur 83 2012 155 2012 60 India Alwar 81 2012 152 2012 61 Republic of Macedonia Tetovo 81 2013 140 2013 62 China Wuhan 80 2014 124 2013 63 India Chandrapur 79 2012 148 2012 64 China Anyang 79 2014 119 2014 65 China Hefei 79 2014 115 2013 66 Myanmar Pyin Oo Lwin 78 2012 140 2012 67 China Shouguang 78 2014 117 2014 68 Egypt Greater Cairo 76 2013 179 2013 69 India Indore 76 2012 143 2012 70 Myanmar Taungoo 76 2013 137 2013 71 Myanmar Kyaukphyu 76 2009 136 2009 72 Mongolia Ulaanbaatar 75 165 73 India Jalandhar 75 2012 140 2012 74 Kuwait Ali Subah Al - Salem 74 2014 179 2014 75 Saudi Arabia Makkah 74 2014 176 2014 76 India Akola 74 2012 139 2012 77 India Varanasi 74 2012 138 2012 78 China Jingzhou 74 2014 112 2014 79 China Changsha 74 2014 94 2013 80 India Noida 73 2012 136 2012 81 China Nanjing 72 2014 137 2013 82 China Shenyang 72 2014 129 2013 83 Egypt Delta region 71 2013 167 2013 84 China Chengdu 71 2014 150 2013 85 Myanmar Namkham 71 2012 127 2012 86 China Harbin 71 2014 119 2013 87 China Xi'an 70 2014 189 2013 88 India Jalgaon 70 2012 130 2012 89 China Kaifeng 70 2014 106 2014 90 China Yichang 70 2014 106 2014 91 China Pingdingshan 70 2014 105 2014 92 China Xiangtan 70 2014 105 2014 93 China Yangquan 70 2014 105 2014 94 India Meerut 69 2012 129 2012 95 Myanmar Mawlamyaing 69 2012 124 2012 96 China Zhuzhou 69 2014 105 2014 97 Afghanistan Mazar - e Sharif 68 2009 334 2009 98 Pakistan Lahore 68 198 99 Kuwait Al - Mansouriya 68 2014 165 2014 100 Saudi Arabia Jeddah 68 2014 161 2014 101 China Jiaozuo 68 2014 103 2014 102 China Laiwu 68 2014 103 2014 103 China Jiangyin 68 2014 102 2014 104 China Suqian 68 2014 102 2014 105 China Weinan 68 2014 102 2014 106 China Taiyuan 67 2014 157 2013 107 Mauritius Beau Bassin / Rose Hill, Coromandel 67 2011 131 2011 108 India Raniganj 67 2012 126 2012 109 Myanmar Yenanchaung 67 2009 120 2009 110 Turkey Batman 67 2012 109 2012 111 Turkey Hakkari 67 2012 109 2012 112 Cameroon Bafoussam 67 2012 105 2012 113 China Changzhi 67 2014 101 2014 114 China Wuxi 67 2014 101 2014 115 Nigeria Onitsha 66 2009 594 2009 116 Bahrain Hamad Town 66 2012 318 2012 117 Pakistan Islamabad 66 2011 217 2011 118 Turkey Gaziantep 66 2012 108 2012 119 China Xuzhou 66 2014 100 2014 120 China Zhenjiang 66 2014 99 2014 121 Saudi Arabia Medina 65 2014 153 2014 122 Bosnia and Herzegovina Tuzla 65 106 123 China Changzhou 65 2014 99 2014 124 China Anshan 65 2014 98 2014 125 China Baoji 65 2014 98 2014 126 China Huai'an 65 2014 98 2014 127 China Liuzhou 65 2014 98 2014 128 China Xianyang 65 2014 98 2014 129 China Jurong 65 2014 97 2014 130 China Yangzhou 65 2014 97 2014 131 Bahrain Ma'ameer 64 2012 257 2012 132 Kuwait Al - Ahmadi 64 2014 168 2014 133 Kuwait Al - Salam 64 2014 153 2014 134 China Urumqi 64 2014 146 2013 135 China Changchun 64 2014 130 2013 136 India Navi Mumbai 64 2012 120 2012 137 India Jammu 64 2012 119 2012 138 China Shaoxing 64 2014 105 2013 139 China Suzhou 64 2014 97 2014 140 China Tongchuan 64 2014 97 2014 141 China Zigong 64 2014 97 2014 142 China Sanmenxia 64 2014 96 2014 143 Chile Coyhaique 64 2014 75 2014 144 India Bangalore 63 2012 118 2012 145 India Mumbai 63 2013 117 2012 146 China Huzhou 63 2014 111 2013 147 China Jinhua 63 2014 99 2013 148 China Liaocheng 63 2014 96 2014 149 China Xining 62 2014 163 2013 150 United Arab Emirates Al Gharbia - Bida Zayed 62 2013 146 2013 151 China Linfen 62 2014 94 2014 152 Bangladesh Sylhet 61 2014 170 2014 153 United Arab Emirates Al Gharbia - Gayathi 61 2013 145 2013 154 India Kolkata 61 2014 135 2012 155 Bangladesh Khulna 61 2014 109 2014 156 China Chongqing 61 2014 106 2013 157 China Hangzhou 61 2014 106 2013 158 Turkey Siirt 61 2012 101 2012 159 China Lianyungang 61 2014 92 2014 160 China Wuhu 61 2014 92 2014 161 China Taizhou 61 2014 82 2013 162 South Africa Hartebeespoort 60 2014 119 2014 163 Turkey Afyon 60 2012 98 2012 164 China Heze 60 2014 91 2014 165 China Qinhuangdao 60 2014 91 2014 166 China Zhangjiagang 60 2014 91 2014 167 China Fuyang 60 2014 90 2014 168 China Nantong 60 2014 90 2014 169 India Chandigarh 59 2012 110 2012 170 India Jhansi 59 2012 110 2012 171 India Kolhapur 59 2012 110 2012 172 China Dezhou 59 2014 90 2014 173 China Wafangdian 59 2014 88 2014 174 China Yiwu 59 2014 88 2014 175 China Zhuji 59 2014 88 2014 176 India Hyderabad 59 2014 79 2012 177 Bahrain Nabih Saleh 58 2012 244 2012 178 China Lanzhou 58 2014 153 2013 179 Kuwait Al - Rumaithyia 58 2014 141 2014 180 India Rishikesh 58 2012 109 2012 181 India Sibsagar 58 2012 109 2012 182 India Durgapur 58 2012 108 2012 183 China Pingdu 58 2014 88 2014 184 China Korla 58 2014 87 2014 185 China Lin'an 58 2014 87 2014 186 India Angul 57 2012 106 2012 187 China Quzhou 57 2014 94 2013 188 Turkey Karaman 57 2012 93 2012 189 China Maanshan 57 2014 87 2014 190 China Nanchong 57 2014 86 2014 191 China Yancheng 57 2014 86 2014 192 United Arab Emirates Al Gharbia - Liwa Oasis 56 2013 133 2013 193 United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi 56 2013 132 2013 194 China Jiaxing 56 2014 94 2013 195 China Luoyang 56 2014 85 2014 196 China Panjin 56 2014 85 2014 197 China Wujiang 56 2014 85 2014 198 China Dalian 56 2014 84 2014 199 China Huludao 56 2014 84 2014 200 China Laixi 56 2014 84 2014 201 China Laizhou 56 2014 84 2014 202 China Linyi 56 2014 84 2014 203 India Bhilai 55 2012 103 2012 204 India Nagda 55 2012 103 2012 205 India Nagpur 55 2012 103 2012 206 India Vadodara 55 2012 102 2012 207 China Zhaoqing 55 2014 85 2013 208 China Jinzhou 55 2014 84 2014 209 China Guilin 55 2014 83 2014 210 China Taian 55 2014 83 2014 211 China Taicang 55 2014 82 2014 212 China Zhaoyuan 55 2014 82 2014 213 China Zibo 55 2014 82 2014 214 Jordan Al - Zarqa 54 2015 128 2015 215 India Jamnagar 54 2012 101 2012 216 India Amravati 54 2012 100 2012 217 India Vapi 54 2012 100 2012 218 Turkey Igdir 54 2012 88 2012 219 China Benxi 54 2014 81 2014 220 China Dongying 54 2014 81 2014 221 China Jining 54 2014 81 2014 222 China Yixing 54 2014 81 2014 223 Iran Kermanshah 53 2011 130 2011 224 India Anklesvar 53 2012 100 2012 225 India Baddi 53 2012 99 2012 226 India Rajkot 53 2012 99 2012 227 China Binzhou 53 2014 80 2014 228 China Changde 53 2014 80 2014 229 China Chengde 53 2014 80 2014 230 China Fushun 53 2014 80 2014 231 China Jiaonan 53 2014 79 2014 232 China Jiaozhou 53 2014 79 2014 233 China Jinan 52 2014 199 2013 234 United Arab Emirates Al Ain 52 2013 123 2013 235 India Rourkela 52 2012 98 2012 236 India Surat 52 2012 97 2012 237 Turkey Isparta 52 2012 86 2012 238 Turkey Duzce 52 2012 85 2012 239 China Shanghai 52 2014 84 2013 240 China Liyang 52 2014 78 2014 241 China Yibin 52 2014 78 2014 242 India Nashik 51 2012 95 2012 243 Myanmar Nyaung Oo 51 2013 91 2013 244 Turkey Bitlis 51 2012 84 2012 245 China Baotou 51 2014 77 2014 246 China Haimen 51 2014 77 2014 247 China Jimo 51 2014 77 2014 248 South Africa Pretoria ) 51 2014 63 2014 249 Myanmar Kyauk Pa Taung 50 2013 89 2013 250 Turkey Cankiri 50 2012 83 2012 251 Turkey Muş 50 2012 83 2012 252 Turkey Osmaniye 50 2012 82 2012 253 Turkey Sakarya 50 2012 82 2012 254 China Jilin 50 2014 76 2014 255 China Luzhou 50 2014 75 2014 256 China Mudanjiang 50 2014 75 2014 257 Nigeria Aba 49 2009 373 2009 258 Kuwait Al - Jahra 49 2014 117 2014 259 China Nanchang 49 2014 116 2013 260 India Dewas 49 2012 92 2012 261 India Guwahati 49 2012 92 2012 262 India Pune 49 2012 92 2012 263 Nepal Kathmandu 49 2013 88 2013 264 China Guiyang 49 2014 85 2013 265 Turkey Bolu 49 2012 80 2012 266 Turkey Nigde 49 2012 80 2012 267 China Changshu 49 2014 74 2014 268 China Dandong 49 2014 74 2014 269 China Zunyi 49 2014 74 2014 270 China Weifang 49 2014 73 2014 271 China Yueyang 49 2014 73 2014 272 Cameroon Yaoundé 49 2012 65 2012 273 India Silchar 48 2012 91 2012 274 India Dimapur 48 2012 90 2012 275 Peru Lima 48 2013 88 2013 276 China Shaoguan 48 2014 73 2014 277 China Yan'an 48 2014 73 2014 278 China Zaozhuang 48 2014 73 2014 279 China Guangzhou 48 2014 72 2013 280 China Jintan 48 2014 72 2014 281 China Rushan 48 2014 72 2014 282 China Yinchuan 47 2014 118 2013 283 Kuwait Al - Mutla 47 2014 114 2014 284 Iran Hamadan 47 2013 114 2013 285 Iran Pakdasht 47 2013 113 2013 286 China Nanning 47 2014 90 2013 287 India Naya Nangal 47 2012 89 2012 288 Turkey Burdur 47 2012 78 2012 289 Turkey Ankara 47 2012 77 2012 290 Turkey Kayseri 47 2012 77 2012 291 Turkey Kutahya 47 2012 77 2012 292 China Zhangjiajie 47 2014 71 2014 293 China Zhangqiu 47 2014 71 2014 294 Kuwait Saad Al - Abdullah 46 2014 112 2014 295 Iran Isfahan 46 2012 111 2012 296 China Qingdao 46 2014 106 2013 297 China Wenzhou 46 2014 94 2013 298 China Kunshan 46 2014 69 2014 299 China Penglai 46 2014 69 2014 300 China Wendeng 46 2014 69 2014 301 Iran Yasuj 45 2013 109 2013 302 Iran Shiraz 45 2012 108 2012 303 China Ningbo 45 2014 86 2013 304 Turkey Edirne 45 2012 74 2012 305 Republic of Macedonia Skopje 45 2013 74 2013 306 Turkey Çorum 45 2012 73 2012 307 Turkey Denizli 45 2012 73 2012 308 China Deyang 45 2014 68 2014 309 Bahrain Ras Hayan 44 2012 250 2012 310 Nigeria Owerri 44 2009 158 2009 311 Kuwait Al - Fahaheel 44 2014 107 2014 312 Brazil Santa Gertrudes 44 2014 95 2014 313 Philippines Baguio City 44 2013 84 2013 314 China Foshan 44 2014 83 2013 315 India Solapur 44 2012 83 2012 316 India Balasore 44 2012 82 2012 317 India Kohima 44 2012 82 2012 318 Bolivia La Paz 44 2013 82 2013 319 India Nalbari 44 2012 82 2012 320 India Ramagundam 44 2012 82 2012 321 Myanmar Sintgaing 44 2009 80 2009 322 Myanmar Thaungtha 44 2009 80 2009 323 Turkey Urfa 44 2012 72 2012 324 Turkey Adiyaman 44 2012 71 2012 325 China Mianyang 44 2014 66 2014 326 India Chennai 44 2014 57 2012 327 China Hohhot 43 2014 146 2013 328 Iran Robatkarim 43 2013 105 2013 329 India Bhubaneswar 43 2012 81 2012 330 India Korba 43 2012 81 2012 331 India Aurangabad 43 2012 80 2012 332 India Berhampur 43 2012 80 2012 333 India Parwanoo 43 2012 80 2012 334 India Sangli 43 2012 80 2012 335 India Ujjain 43 2012 80 2012 336 Bhutan Thimphu 43 2012 78 2012 337 China Jiangmen 43 2014 77 2013 338 Turkey Aydin 43 2012 71 2012 339 Turkey Kahramanmaras 43 2012 71 2012 340 Turkey Mugla 43 2012 71 2012 341 Turkey Zonguldak 43 2012 71 2012 342 China Lishui 43 2014 69 2013 343 China Chaozhou 43 2014 65 2014 344 China Dongguan 43 2014 65 2013 345 Poland Pszczyna 43 2013 58 2013 346 Poland Zywiec 43 2013 58 2013 347 Iran Varamin 42 2013 102 2013 348 India Nagaon 42 2012 79 2012 349 India Nalgonda 42 2012 79 2012 350 Montenegro Pljevlja 42 2014 77 2014 351 El Salvador San Salvador 42 2014 77 2014 352 Myanmar Kathar 42 2013 76 2013 353 Turkey Diyarbakir 42 2012 69 2012 354 Turkey Gumushane 42 2012 69 2012 355 Turkey Tekirdag 42 2012 69 2012 356 Turkey Uşak 42 2012 69 2012 357 Turkey Malatya 42 2012 68 2012 358 China Datong 42 2014 63 2014 359 China Qingyuan 42 2014 63 2014 360 Bulgaria Dimitrovgad 42 2013 59 2013 361 Bahrain Hidd 41 2012 178 2012 362 Iran Sanandaj 41 100 363 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India Kochi 38 2012 70 2012 392 China Zhongshan 38 2014 66 2013 393 China Rizhao 38 2014 57 2014 394 China Rongcheng 38 2014 57 2014 395 China Shantou 38 2014 57 2014 396 Bulgaria Dolny Voden 38 2013 54 2013 397 Poland Godow 38 2013 51 2013 398 Iran Shahryar 37 2013 91 2013 399 Iran Urmia 37 2011 91 2011 400 Iran Sari 37 2012 90 2012 401 Tunisia Sfax 37 87 402 Bangladesh Rajshahi 37 2014 64 2014 403 Turkey Ardahan 37 2012 61 2012 404 Madagascar Antananarivo 37 2008 60 2008 405 Turkey Bartin 37 2012 60 2012 406 Bulgaria Montana 37 2013 52 2013 407 Poland Krakow 37 2013 51 2013 408 Poland Skawina 37 2013 50 2013 409 Mexico Monterrey 36 2011 86 2011 410 Jordan Amman 36 2015 68 2015 411 India Coimbatore 36 2012 68 2012 412 India Cuttack 36 2012 68 2012 413 India Panaji 36 2012 67 2012 414 Sri Lanka Colombo 36 2011 64 2011 415 China Xiamen 36 2014 62 2013 416 Honduras Tegucigalpa 36 2013 59 2013 417 Turkey Kilis 36 2012 58 2012 418 China Daqing 36 2014 54 2014 419 Bulgaria Varna 36 2013 51 2013 420 Poland Knurow 36 2013 48 2013 421 Poland Niepolomice 36 2013 48 2013 422 Poland Tuchow 36 2013 48 2013 423 Poland Nowy Sacz 36 2013 45 2013 424 Oman Muscat 35 2009 82 2009 425 India Shillong 35 2012 65 2012 426 India Vishakhapatnam 35 2012 65 2012 427 Chile Padre las Casas 35 2014 64 2014 428 China Huizhou 35 2014 59 2013 429 China Zhuhai 35 2014 59 2013 430 Turkey Trabzon 35 2012 58 2012 431 Turkey Erzurum 35 2012 57 2012 432 Chile Osorno 35 2014 54 2014 433 China Qiqihar 35 2014 52 2014 434 Poland Nowa Ruda 35 2013 47 2013 435 Poland Wadowice 35 2013 47 2013 436 Poland Zabrze 35 2013 47 2013 437 Poland Gliwice 35 2013 46 2013 438 Poland Katowice 35 2013 45 2013 439 Senegal Dakar 34 2013 141 2013 440 China Kunming 34 2014 82 2013 441 Tunisia Bizerte 34 80 442 India Singrauli 34 2012 64 2012 443 India Kothagudem 34 2012 63 2012 444 China Shenzhen 34 2014 61 2013 445 Bulgaria Plovdiv 34 2013 59 2013 446 South Africa Vereeniging 34 2014 58 2014 447 Turkey Kocaeli 34 2012 55 2012 448 China Meizhou 34 2014 51 2014 449 China Nantou 34 2014 51 2014 450 China Zhangjiakou 34 2014 51 2014 451 Poland Brzeziny 34 2013 46 2013 452 Poland Proszowice 34 2013 46 2013 453 Italy Soresina 34 2013 42 2013 454 Poland Bielsko Biala 34 2013 41 2013 455 Mexico Toluca 33 2011 80 2011 456 Ecuador Santo Domingo 33 2012 69 2012 457 India Patiala 33 2012 63 2012 458 India Nellore 33 2012 62 2012 459 Indonesia Bandung 33 2014 59 2014 460 Myanmar Meikhtilar 33 2013 59 2013 461 Turkey Istanbul 33 2012 53 2012 462 China Karamay 33 2014 50 2014 463 Bulgaria Ruse 33 2013 47 2013 464 Bulgaria Haskovo 33 2013 46 2013 465 Bulgaria Pazardzhik 33 2013 46 2013 466 Czech Republic Cesky Tesin 33 2013 45 2013 467 Czech Republic Havirov 33 2013 45 2013 468 Poland Zdunska Wola 33 2013 45 2013 469 Czech Republic Orlová 33 2013 44 2013 470 Poland Rawa Mazowiecka 33 2013 44 2013 471 Poland Sosnowiec 33 2013 44 2013 472 Lebanon Zahle 33 2014 40 2014 473 Poland Kędzierzyn - Koźle 33 2013 39 2013 474 Italy Settimo Torinese 33 2013 39 2013 475 Iran Bojnord 32 78 476 Iran Mashhad 32 2011 78 2011 477 Iran Tehran 32 2014 77 2014 478 Ecuador Milagro 32 2012 66 2012 479 Philippines San Carlos City 32 2013 61 2013 480 Bolivia Cochabamba 32 2014 60 2014 481 India Salem 32 2012 60 2012 482 Thailand Nakhon Sawan 32 2014 57 2014 483 Turkey İçel 32 2012 53 2012 484 Turkey Nevsehir 32 2012 53 2012 485 Turkey Ordu 32 2012 53 2012 486 Turkey Kars 32 2012 52 2012 487 China Maoming 32 2014 49 2014 488 China Changhua 32 2014 48 2014 489 China Jinchang 32 2014 48 2014 490 China Kinmen 32 2014 48 2014 491 China Panzhihua 32 2014 48 2014 492 China Quanzhou 32 2014 48 2014 493 China Qujing 32 2014 48 2014 494 China Yangjiang 32 2014 48 2014 495 Poland Naklo 32 2013 44 2013 496 Poland Dabrowa Gornicza 32 2013 43 2013 497 Poland Jaroslaw 32 2013 43 2013 498 Czech Republic Karvina 32 2013 43 2013 499 Poland Tomaszow Mazowiecki 32 2013 43 2013 500 Poland Tychy 32 2013 43 2013 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ WHO -- Air Quality Guideline -- Page 11 Jump up ^ WHO Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database ( update 2016 ) Jump up ^ `` The most polluted cities in the world, ranked ''. 2017 - 02 - 03. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22. Jump up ^ `` The most polluted city in the world is n't Beijing or Delhi ''. Washington Post. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22. Ecology portal Environment portal Lists portal tools.russbot@tools-bastion-03 : ~ $ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration&oldid=826441425 '' Categories : Particulates Pollutants Visibility Air pollution Lists of cities World Health Organization Environment by city Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018, at 03 : 17. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of most polluted cities by particulate matter concentration", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_most_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration&oldid=826441425" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "AQG ) of 10 as documented by the World Health Organization covering the period from 2008 to 2015, with the majority of values being more recent than 2013. The 2016 version of the WHO database contains results of ambient ( outdoor ) air pollution monitoring from almost 3000 towns and cities in 103 countries. Air quality in the database is represented by the annual mean concentration of particulate matter ( PM10 and PM2. 5, i.e. particles smaller than 10 or 2.5 micrometres, respectively ). Position Country Town / City PM2. 5 PM2. 5 Year PM10 PM10 Year Iran Zabol 217 2012 527 2012 India Gwalior 176 2012 329 2012 India Allahabad 170 2012 317 2012 Saudi Arabia Riyadh 156 2014 368 2014 Saudi Arabia Al Jubail 152 2014 359 2014 6 India Patna 149 2013 167 2012" ], "id": [ "4646891108266930740" ], "short_answers": [ "Zabol" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Diocletianic persecution - wikipedia Diocletianic persecution Jump to : navigation, search The Christian Martyrs ' Last Prayer, by Jean - Léon Gérôme ( 1883 ) The Diocletianic or Great Persecution was the last and most severe persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire. In 303, the Emperors Diocletian, Maximian, Galerius, and Constantius issued a series of edicts rescinding the legal rights of Christians and demanding that they comply with traditional Roman religious practices. Later edicts targeted the clergy and ordered all inhabitants to sacrifice to the Roman gods ( a policy known as universal sacrifice ). The persecution varied in intensity across the empire -- weakest in Gaul and Britain, where only the first edict was applied, and strongest in the Eastern provinces. Persecutory laws were nullified by different emperors at different times, but Constantine and Licinius 's Edict of Milan ( 313 ) has traditionally marked the end of the persecution. Christians had always been subject to local discrimination in the empire, but early emperors were reluctant to issue general laws against the sect. It was not until the 250s, under the reigns of Decius and Valerian, that such laws were passed. Under this legislation, Christians were compelled to sacrifice to pagan gods or face imprisonment and execution. After Gallienus 's accession in 260, these laws went into abeyance. Diocletian 's assumption of power in 284 did not mark an immediate reversal of imperial inattention to Christianity, but it did herald a gradual shift in official attitudes toward religious minorities. In the first fifteen years of his rule, Diocletian purged the army of Christians, condemned Manicheans to death, and surrounded himself with public opponents of Christianity. Diocletian 's preference for activist government, combined with his self - image as a restorer of past Roman glory, forebode the most pervasive persecution in Roman history. In the winter of 302, Galerius urged Diocletian to begin a general persecution of the Christians. Diocletian was wary, and asked the oracle of Apollo for guidance. The oracle 's reply was read as an endorsement of Galerius 's position, and a general persecution was called on February 24, 303. Persecutory policies varied in intensity across the empire. Where Galerius and Diocletian were avid persecutors, Constantius was unenthusiastic. Later persecutory edicts, including the calls for universal sacrifice, were not applied in his domain. His son, Constantine, on taking the imperial office in 306, restored Christians to full legal equality and returned property that had been confiscated during the persecution. In Italy in 306, the usurper Maxentius ousted Maximian 's successor Severus, promising full religious toleration. Galerius ended the persecution in the East in 311, but it was resumed in Egypt, Palestine, and Asia Minor by his successor, Maximinus. Constantine and Licinius, Severus 's successor, signed the Edict of Milan in 313, which offered a more comprehensive acceptance of Christianity than Galerius 's edict had provided. Licinius ousted Maximinus in 313, bringing an end to persecution in the East. The persecution failed to check the rise of the Church. By 324, Constantine was sole ruler of the empire, and Christianity had become his favored religion. Although the persecution resulted in death, torture, imprisonment, or dislocation for many Christians, the majority of the empire 's Christians avoided punishment. The persecution did, however, cause many churches to split between those who had complied with imperial authority ( the traditores ), and those who had remained `` pure ''. Certain schisms, like those of the Donatists in North Africa and the Meletians in Egypt, persisted long after the persecutions. The Donatists would not be reconciled to the Church until after 411. Some historians consider that, in the centuries that followed the persecutory era, Christians created a `` cult of the martyrs '', and exaggerated its barbarity. Such Christian accounts were criticized during the Enlightenment and afterwards, most notably by Edward Gibbon. Modern historians, such as G.E.M. de Ste. Croix, have attempted to determine whether Christian sources exaggerated the scope of the Diocletianic persecution. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Prior persecutions 1.2 Persecution and Tetrarchic ideology 1.3 Public support 2 Early persecutions 2.1 Christians in the army 2.2 Manichean persecution 2.3 Diocletian and Galerius, 302 -- 303 3 Great Persecution 3.1 First edict 3.2 Second, third, and fourth edicts 3.3 Abdications, instability, and renewed toleration, 305 -- 311 3.4 The Peace of Galerius and the Edict of Milan, 311 -- 313 4 Regional variation 4.1 Britain and Gaul 4.2 Africa 4.3 Italy and Spain 4.4 Nicomedia 4.5 Palestine and Syria 4.5. 1 Before Galerius 's edict of toleration 4.5. 2 After Galerius 's edict of toleration 4.6 Egypt 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Citations 9 References 9.1 Ancient sources 9.2 Modern sources 10 External links Background ( edit ) Prior persecutions ( edit ) Further information : Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire From its first appearance to its legalization under Constantine, Christianity was an illegal religion in the eyes of the Roman state. For the first two centuries of its existence, Christianity and its practitioners were unpopular with the people at large. Christians were always suspect, members of a `` secret society '' whose members communicated with a private code and who shied away from the public sphere. It was popular hostility -- the anger of the crowd -- which drove the earliest persecutions, not official action. In Lyon in 177, it was only the intervention of civil authorities that stopped a pagan mob from dragging Christians from their houses and beating them to death. The governor of Bithynia -- Pontus, Pliny, was sent long lists of denunciations by anonymous citizens, which Emperor Trajan advised him to ignore. To the followers of the traditional cults, Christians were odd creatures : not quite Roman, but not quite barbarian either. Their practices were deeply threatening to traditional mores. Christians rejected public festivals, refused to take part in the imperial cult, avoided public office, and publicly criticized ancient traditions. Conversions tore families apart : Justin Martyr tells of a pagan husband who denounced his Christian wife, and Tertullian tells of children disinherited for becoming Christians. Traditional Roman religion was inextricably interwoven into the fabric of Roman society and state, but Christians refused to observe its practices. In the words of Tacitus, Christians showed `` hatred of the human race '' ( odium generis humani ). Among the more credulous, Christians were thought to use black magic in pursuit of revolutionary aims, and to practice incest and cannibalism. Nonetheless, for the first two centuries of the Christian era, no emperor issued general laws against the faith or its Church. These persecutions were carried out under the authority of local government officials. At Bithynia -- Pontus in 111, it was the imperial governor, Pliny ; at Smyrna in 156 and Scilli near Carthage in 180, it was the proconsul ; at Lyon in 177, it was the provincial governor. When Emperor Nero executed Christians for their alleged involvement in the fire of 64, it was a purely local affair ; it did not spread beyond the city limits of Rome. These early persecutions were certainly violent, but they were sporadic, brief and limited in extent. They were of limited threat to Christianity as a whole. The very capriciousness of official action, however, made the threat of state coercion loom large in the Christian imagination. In the 3rd century, the pattern changed. Emperors became more active and government officials began to actively pursue Christians, rather than merely to respond to the will of the crowd. Christianity, too, changed. No longer were its practitioners merely `` the lower orders fomenting discontent '' ; some Christians were now rich, or from the upper classes. Origen, writing at about 248, tells of `` the multitude of people coming in to the faith, even rich men and persons in positions of honour, and ladies of high refinement and birth. '' Official reaction grew firmer. In 202, according to the Historia Augusta, a 4th - century history of dubious reliability, Septimius Severus ( r. 193 -- 211 ) issued a general rescript forbidding conversion to either Judaism or Christianity. Maximin ( r. 235 -- 38 ) targeted Christian leaders. Decius ( r. 249 -- 51 ), demanding a show of support for the faith, proclaimed that all inhabitants of the empire must sacrifice to the gods, eat sacrificial meat, and testify to these acts. Christians were obstinate in their non-compliance. Church leaders, like Fabian, bishop of Rome, and Babylas, bishop of Antioch, were arrested, tried and executed, as were certain members of the Christian laity, like Pionius of Smyrna. The Christian theologian Origen was tortured during the persecution and died about a year after from the resulting injuries. The Decian persecution was a grave blow to the Church. At Carthage, there was mass apostasy ( renunciation of the faith ). At Smyrna, the bishop, Euctemon, sacrificed and encouraged others to do the same. Because the Church was largely urban, it should have been easy to identify, isolate and destroy the Church hierarchy. This did not happen. In June 251, Decius died in battle, leaving his persecution incomplete. His persecutions were not followed up for another six years, allowing some Church functions to resume. Valerian, Decius 's friend, took up the imperial mantle in 253. Though he was at first thought of as `` exceptionally friendly '' towards the Christians, his actions soon showed otherwise. In July 257, he issued a new persecutory edict. As punishment for following the Christian faith, Christians were to face exile or condemnation to the mines. In August 258, he issued a second edict, making the punishment death. This persecution also stalled in June 260, when Valerian was captured in battle. His son, Gallienus ( r. 260 -- 68 ), ended the persecution and inaugurated nearly 40 years of freedom from official sanctions, praised by Eusebius as the `` little peace of the Church ''. The peace would be undisturbed, save for occasional, isolated persecutions, until Diocletian became emperor. Persecution and Tetrarchic ideology ( edit ) Head from a statue of Diocletian at the Istanbul Archaeological Museum Diocletian, acclaimed emperor on November 20, 284, was a religious conservative, faithful to the traditional Roman cult. Unlike Aurelian ( r. 270 -- 75 ), Diocletian did not foster any new cult of his own. He preferred older gods, Olympian gods. Nonetheless, Diocletian did wish to inspire a general religious revival. As the panegyrist to Maximian declared : `` You have heaped the gods with altars and statues, temples and offerings, which you dedicated with your own name and your own image, whose sanctity is increased by the example you set, of veneration for the gods. Surely, men will now understand what power resides in the gods, when you worship them so fervently. '' As part of his plans for revival, Diocletian invested in religious construction. One quarter of all inscriptions referring to temple repairs in North Africa between 276 and 295 date to Diocletian 's reign. Diocletian associated himself with the head of the Roman pantheon, Jupiter ; his co-emperor, Maximian, associated himself with Hercules. This connection between god and emperor helped to legitimize the emperors ' claims to power and tied imperial government closer to the traditional cult. Diocletian did not insist on exclusive worship of Jupiter and Hercules, which would have been a drastic change in the pagan tradition. For example, Elagabalus had tried fostering his own god and no others, and had failed dramatically. Diocletian built temples for Isis and Sarapis at Rome and a temple to Sol in Italy. He did, however favor gods who provided for the safety of the whole empire, instead of the local deities of the provinces. In Africa, Diocletian 's revival focused on Jupiter, Hercules, Mercury, Apollo and the Imperial Cult. The cult of Saturn, the Romanized Baal - hamon, was neglected. In imperial iconography, too, Jupiter and Hercules were pervasive. The same pattern of favoritism affected Egypt as well. Native Egyptian deities saw no revival, nor was the sacred hieroglyphic script used. Unity in worship was central to Diocletian 's religious policies. Diocletian, like Augustus and Trajan before him, styled himself a `` restorer ''. He urged the public to see his reign and his governing system, the Tetrarchy ( rule by four emperors ), as a renewal of traditional Roman values and, after the anarchic third century, a return to the `` Golden Age of Rome ''. As such, he reinforced the long - standing Roman preference for ancient customs and Imperial opposition to independent societies. The Diocletianic regime 's activist stance, however, and Diocletian 's belief in the power of central government to effect major change in morals and society made him unusual. Most earlier emperors tended to be quite cautious in their administrative policies, preferring to work within existing structures rather than overhauling them. Diocletian, by contrast, was willing to reform every aspect of public life to satisfy his goals. Under his rule, coinage, taxation, architecture, law and history were all radically reconstructed to reflect his authoritarian and traditionalist ideology. The reformation of the empire 's `` moral fabric '' -- and the elimination of religious minorities -- was simply one step in that process. The unique position of the Christians and Jews of the empire became increasingly apparent. The Jews had earned imperial toleration on account of the great antiquity of their faith. They had been exempted from Decius 's persecution and continued to enjoy freedom from persecution under Tetrarchic government. Because their faith was new and unfamiliar and not typically identified with Judaism by this time, Christians had no such excuse. Moreover, Christians had been distancing themselves from their Jewish heritage for their entire history. Persecution was not the only outlet of the Tetrarchy 's moral fervor. In 295, either Diocletian or his Caesar ( subordinate emperor ), Galerius, issued an edict from Damascus proscribing incestuous marriages and affirming the supremacy of Roman law over local law. Its preamble insists that it is every emperor 's duty to enforce the sacred precepts of Roman law, for `` the immortal gods themselves will favour and be at peace with the Roman name... if we have seen to it that all subject to our rule entirely lead a pious, religious, peaceable and chaste life in every respect ''. These principles, if given their full extension, would logically require Roman emperors to enforce conformity in religion. Public support ( edit ) Christian communities grew quickly in many parts of the empire ( and especially in the East ) after 260, when Gallienus brought peace to the Church. The data to calculate the figures are nearly non-existent, but the historian and sociologist Keith Hopkins has given crude and tentative estimates for Christian population in the 3rd century. Hopkins estimates that the Christian community grew from a population of 1.1 million in 250 to a population of 6 million by 300, about 10 % of the empire 's total population. Christians even expanded into the countryside, where they had never been numerous before. Churches in the later 3rd century were no longer as inconspicuous as they had been in the first and second. Large churches were prominent in certain major cities throughout the empire. The church in Nicomedia even sat on a hill overlooking the imperial palace. These new churches probably represented not only absolute growth in Christian population, but also the increasing affluence of the Christian community. In some areas where Christians were influential, such as North Africa and Egypt, traditional deities were losing credibility. It is unknown how much support there was for persecution within the aristocracy. After Gallienus 's peace, Christians reached high ranks in Roman government. Diocletian appointed several Christians to those positions himself, and his wife and daughter may have been sympathetic to the church. There were many individuals willing to be martyrs, and many provincials willing to ignore any persecutory edicts from the emperors as well. Even Constantius was known to have disapproved of persecutory policies. The lower classes demonstrated little of the enthusiasm they had shown for earlier persecutions. They no longer believed the slanderous accusations that were popular in the 1st and 2nd centuries. Perhaps, as the historian Timothy Barnes has suggested, the long - established Church had become another accepted part of their lives. Within the highest ranks of the imperial administration, however, there were men who were ideologically opposed to the toleration of Christians, like the philosopher Porphyry of Tyre, and Sossianus Hierocles, governor of Bithynia. To E.R. Dodds, the works of these men demonstrated `` the alliance of pagan intellectuals with the Establishment ''. Hierocles thought Christian beliefs absurd. If Christians applied their principles consistently, he argued, they would pray to Apollonius of Tyana instead of Jesus. Hierocles considered that Apollonius 's miracles had been far more impressive and Apollonius never had the temerity to call himself `` God ''. He saw the scriptures were full of `` lies and contradictions '' and Peter and Paul had peddled falsehoods. In the early 4th century, an unidentified philosopher published a pamphlet attacking the Christians. This philosopher, who might have been a pupil of the Neoplatonist Iamblichus, dined repeatedly at the imperial court. Diocletian himself was surrounded by an anti-Christian clique. Porphyry was somewhat restrained in his criticism of Christianity, at least in his early works, On the Return of the Soul and Philosophy from Oracles. He had few complaints about Jesus, whom he praised as a saintly individual, a `` humble '' man. Christ 's followers, however, he damned as `` arrogant ''. Around 290, Porphyry wrote a fifteen - volume work entitled Against the Christians. In the work, Porphyry expressed his shock at the rapid expansion of Christianity. He also revised his earlier opinions of Jesus, questioning Jesus ' exclusion of the rich from the Kingdom of Heaven, and his permissiveness in regards to the demons residing in pigs ' bodies. Like Hierocles, he unfavorably compared Jesus to Apollonius of Tyana. Porphyry held that Christians blasphemed by worshiping a human being rather than the Supreme God, and behaved treasonably in forsaking the traditional Roman cult. `` To what sort of penalties might we not justly subject people, '' Porphyry asked, `` who are fugitives from their fathers ' customs? '' Pagan priests, too, were interested in suppressing any threat to traditional religion. The Christian Arnobius, writing during Diocletian 's reign, attributes financial concerns to provisioners of pagan services : The augurs, the dream interpreters, the soothsayers, the prophets, and the priestlings, ever vain... fearing that their own arts be brought to nought, and that they may extort but scanty contributions from the devotees, now few and infrequent, cry aloud, ' The gods are neglected, and in the temples there is now a very thin attendance. Former ceremonies are exposed to derision, and the time - honoured rites of institutions once sacred have sunk before the superstitions of new religions. ' They believed their ceremonies were hindered by the presence of Christians, who were thought to cloud the sight of oracles and stall the gods ' recognition of their sacrifices. Early persecutions ( edit ) Christians in the army ( edit ) Saint George before Diocletian. A 14th - century mural from Ubisi, Georgia. Christian tradition places the martyrdom of St. George, formerly a Roman army officer, in the reign of Diocletian. At the conclusion of the Persian wars in 299, co-emperors Diocletian and Galerius traveled from Persia to Syrian Antioch ( Antakya ). The Christian rhetor Lactantius records that, at Antioch some time in 299, the emperors were engaged in sacrifice and divination in an attempt to predict the future. The haruspices, diviners of omens from sacrificed animals, were unable to read the sacrificed animals and failed to do so after repeated trials. The master haruspex eventually declared that this failure was the result of interruptions in the process caused by profane men. Certain Christians in the imperial household had been observed making the sign of the cross during the ceremonies and were alleged to have disrupted the haruspices ' divination. Diocletian, enraged by this turn of events, declared that all members of the court must make a sacrifice themselves. Diocletian and Galerius also sent letters to the military command, demanding that the entire army perform the sacrifices or else face discharge. Since there are no reports of bloodshed in Lactantius 's narrative, Christians in the imperial household must have survived the event. Eusebius of Caesarea, a contemporary ecclesiastical historian, tells a similar story : commanders were told to give their troops the choice of sacrifice or loss of rank. These terms were strong -- a soldier would lose his career in the military, his state pension and his personal savings -- but not fatal. According to Eusebius, the purge was broadly successful, but Eusebius is confused about the technicalities of the event and his characterization of the overall size of the apostasy is ambiguous. Eusebius also attributes the initiative for the purge to Galerius, rather than Diocletian. Modern scholar Peter Davies surmises that Eusebius is referring to the same event as Lactantius, but that he heard of the event through public rumors and knew nothing of the privileged discussion at the emperor 's private religion ceremony that Lactantius had access to. Since it was Galerius 's army that would have been purged -- Diocletian had left his in Egypt to quell continuing unrest -- Antiochenes would understandably have believed Galerius to be its instigator. The historian David Woods argues instead that Eusebius and Lactantius are referring to completely different events. Eusebius, according to Woods, describes the beginnings of the army purge in Palestine, while Lactantius describes events at court. Woods asserts that the relevant passage in Eusebius 's Chronicon was corrupted in the translation to Latin and that Eusebius 's text originally located the beginnings of the army persecution at a fort in Betthorus ( El - Lejjun, Jordan ). Eusebius, Lactantius, and Constantine each allege that Galerius was the prime impetus for the military purge, and its prime beneficiary. Diocletian, for all his religious conservatism, still had tendencies towards religious tolerance. Galerius, by contrast, was a devoted and passionate pagan. According to Christian sources, he was consistently the main advocate of such persecution. He was also eager to exploit this position to his own political advantage. As the lowest - ranking emperor, Galerius was always listed last in imperial documents. Until the end of the Persian war in 299, he had not even had a major palace. Lactantius states that Galerius hungered for a higher position in the imperial hierarchy. Galerius 's mother, Romula, was bitterly anti-Christian, for she had been a pagan priestess in Dacia, and loathed the Christians for avoiding her festivals. Newly prestigious and influential after his victories in the Persian war, Galerius might have wished to compensate for a previous humiliation at Antioch, when Diocletian had forced him to walk at the front of the imperial caravan, rather than inside it. His resentment fed his discontent with official policies of tolerance ; from 302 on, he probably urged Diocletian to enact a general law against the Christians. Since Diocletian was already surrounded by an anti-Christian clique of counsellors, these suggestions must have carried great force. Manichean persecution ( edit ) Affairs quieted after the initial persecution. Diocletian remained in Antioch for the following three years. He visited Egypt once, over the winter of 301 -- 302, where he began the grain dole in Alexandria. In Egypt, some Manicheans, followers of the prophet Mani, were denounced in the presence of the proconsul of Africa. On March 31, 302, in a rescript from Alexandria, Diocletian, after consultation with the proconsul for Egypt, ordered that the leading Manicheans be burnt alive along with their scriptures. This was the first time an Imperial persecution ever called for the destruction of sacred literature. Low - status Manicheans were to be executed ; high - status Manicheans were to be sent to work in the quarries of Proconnesus ( Marmara Island ) or the mines of Phaeno. All Manichean property was to be seized and deposited in the imperial treasury. Diocletian found much to be offended by in Manichean religion. His championing of traditional Roman cults impelled him to use the language of religious fervor. The proconsul of Africa forwarded Diocletian an anxious inquiry on the Manichees. In late March 302, Diocletian responded : the Manicheans `` have set up new and hitherto unheard of sects in opposition to the older creeds so that they might cast out the doctrines vouchsafed to us in the past by divine favour, for the benefit of their own depraved doctrine ''. He continued : ``... our fear is that with the passage of time, they will endeavour... to infect... our whole empire... as with the poison of a malignant serpent ''. `` Ancient religion ought not to be criticized by a new - fangled one '', he wrote. The Christians of the empire were vulnerable to the same line of thinking. Diocletian and Galerius, 302 -- 303 ( edit ) Diocletian was in Antioch in the autumn of 302, when the next instance of persecution occurred. The deacon Romanus visited a court while preliminary sacrifices were taking place and interrupted the ceremonies, denouncing the act in a loud voice. He was arrested and sentenced to be set aflame, but Diocletian overruled the decision, and decided that Romanus should have his tongue removed instead. Romanus would be executed on November 18, 303. The boldness of this Christian displeased Diocletian, and he left the city and made for Nicomedia to spend the winter, accompanied by Galerius. Throughout these years the moral and religious didacticism of the emperors was reaching a fevered pitch ; now, at the behest of an oracle, it was to hit its peak. According to Lactantius, Diocletian and Galerius entered into an argument over what imperial policy towards Christians should be while at Nicomedia in 302. Diocletian argued that forbidding Christians from the bureaucracy and military would be sufficient to appease the gods, while Galerius pushed for their extermination. The two men sought to resolve their dispute by sending a messenger to consult the oracle of Apollo at Didyma. Porphyry may also have been present at this meeting. Upon returning, the messenger told the court that `` the just on earth '' hindered Apollo 's ability to speak. These `` just '', Diocletian was informed by members of the court, could only refer to the Christians of the empire. At the behest of his court, Diocletian acceded to demands for a universal persecution. Great persecution ( edit ) First edict ( edit ) On February 23, 303, Diocletian ordered that the newly built Christian church at Nicomedia be razed, its scriptures burned, and its treasures seized. February 23 was the feast of the Terminalia, for Terminus, the god of boundaries. It was the day they would terminate Christianity. The next day, Diocletian 's first `` Edict against the Christians '' was published. The key targets of this piece of legislation were, as they had been during Valerian 's persecution, Christian property and senior clerics. The edict prohibited Christians from assembling for worship, and ordered the destruction of their scriptures, liturgical books, and places of worship across the empire. But Christians tried to retain the scriptures as far as possible, though, according to de Ste Croix, `` it appears that giving them up... was not regarded as a sin '' in the East ; sufficient numbers of them must have been successfully saved, as is evident from the representative findings of `` early biblical papyri '' in the stream of the transmission of the text during this period. Christians might have given up apocryphal or pseudepigraphal works, or even refused to surrender their scriptures at the cost of their own lives, and there were some cases where the scriptures were not in the end destroyed. Christians were also deprived of the right to petition the courts, making them potential subjects for judicial torture ; Christians could not respond to actions brought against them in court ; Christian senators, equestrians, decurions, veterans, and soldiers were deprived of their ranks ; and Christian imperial freedmen were re-enslaved. Diocletian requested that the edict be pursued `` without bloodshed '', against Galerius 's demands that all those refusing to sacrifice be burned alive. In spite of Diocletian 's request, local judges often enforced executions during the persecution, as capital punishment was among their discretionary powers. Galerius 's recommendation -- burning alive -- became a common method of executing Christians in the East. After the edict was posted in Nicomedia, a man named Eutius tore it down and ripped it up, shouting `` Here are your Gothic and Sarmatian triumphs! '' He was arrested for treason, tortured, and burned alive soon after, becoming the edict 's first martyr. The provisions of the edict were known and enforced in Palestine by March or April ( just before Easter ), and it was in use by local officials in North Africa by May or June. The earliest martyr at Caesarea was executed on June 7, and the edict was in force at Cirta from May 19. The first edict was the sole legally binding edict in the West ; in Gaul and Britain Constantius did not enforce this edict but the East progressively harsher legislation was devised. Second, third, and fourth edicts ( edit ) In the summer of 303, following a series of rebellions in Melitene ( Malatya, Turkey ) and Syria, a second edict was published, ordering the arrest and imprisonment of all bishops and priests. In the judgment of historian Roger Rees, there was no logical necessity for this second edict ; that Diocletian issued one indicates that he was either unaware the first edict was being carried out, or that he felt it was not working as quickly as he needed it to. Following the publication of the second edict, prisons began to fill -- the underdeveloped prison system of the time could not handle the deacons, lectors, priests, bishops, and exorcists forced upon it. Eusebius writes that the edict netted so many priests that ordinary criminals were crowded out, and had to be released. In anticipation of the upcoming twentieth anniversary of his reign on November 20, 303, Diocletian declared a general amnesty in a third edict. Any imprisoned clergyman could now be freed, so long as he agreed to make a sacrifice to the gods. Diocletian may have been searching for some good publicity with this legislation. He may also have sought to fracture the Christian community by publicizing the fact that its clergy had apostatized. The demand to sacrifice was unacceptable to many of the imprisoned, but wardens often managed to obtain at least nominal compliance. Some of the clergy sacrificed willingly ; others did so on pain of torture. Wardens were eager to be rid of the clergy in their midst. Eusebius, in his Martyrs of Palestine, records the case of a clergy who, after being brought to an altar, had his hands seized and made to complete a sacrificial offering. The clergyman was told that his act of sacrifice had been recognized and was summarily dismissed. Others were told they had sacrificed even when they had done nothing. In 304, the fourth edict ordered all persons, men, women, and children, to gather in a public space and offer a collective sacrifice. If they refused, they were to be executed. The precise date of the edict is unknown, but it was probably issued in either January or February 304, and was being applied in the Balkans in March. The edict was in use in Thessalonica ( Thessaloniki, Greece ) in April 304, and in Palestine soon after. This last edict was not enforced at all in the domains of Maximian and Constantius. In the East, it remained applicable until the issue of the Edict of Milan by Constantine and Licinius in 313. Abdications, instability, and renewed toleration, 305 -- 311 ( edit ) Diocletian and Maximian resigned on May 1, 305. Constantius and Galerius became Augusti ( senior emperors ), while two new emperors, Severus and Maximinus, became Caesars ( junior emperors ). According to Lactantius, Galerius had forced Diocletian 's hand in the matter, and secured the appointment of loyal friends to the imperial office. In this `` Second Tetrarchy '', it seems that only the Eastern emperors, Galerius and Maximinus, continued with the persecution. As they left office, Diocletian and Maximian probably imagined Christianity to be in its last throes. Churches had been destroyed, the Church leadership and hierarchy had been snapped, and the army and civil service had been purged. Eusebius declares that apostates from the faith were `` countless '' ( μυρίοι ) in number. At first, the new Tetrarchy seemed even more vigorous than the first. Maximinus in particular was eager to persecute. In 306 and 309, he published his own edicts demanding universal sacrifice. Eusebius accuses Galerius of pressing on with the persecution as well. In the West, however, the loose ends of the Diocletianic settlement were about to bring the whole Tetrarchic tapestry down. Constantine, son of Constantius, and Maxentius, son of Maximian, had been overlooked in the Diocletianic succession, offending the parents and angering the sons. Constantine, against Galerius 's will, succeeded his father on July 25, 306. He immediately ended any ongoing persecutions and offered Christians full restitution of what they had lost under the persecution. This declaration gave Constantine the opportunity to portray himself as a possible liberator of oppressed Christians everywhere. Maxentius, meanwhile, had seized power in Rome on October 28, 306, and soon brought toleration to all Christians within his realm. Galerius made two attempts to unseat Maxentius, but failed both times. During the first campaign against Maxentius, Severus was captured, imprisoned, and executed. The peace of Galerius and the edict of Milan, 311 -- 313 ( edit ) Further information : Edict of Toleration by Galerius In the East, the persecution was officially discontinued on April 30, 311, although martyrdoms in Gaza continued until May 4. Galerius, now on his deathbed, issued a proclamation to end hostilities, and give Christians the rights to exist freely under the law, and to peaceable assembly. Persecution was everywhere at an end. Lactantius preserves the Latin text of this pronouncement, describing it as an edict. Eusebius provides a Greek translation of the pronouncement. His version includes imperial titles and an address to provincials, suggesting that the proclamation is, in fact, an imperial letter. The document seems only to have been promulgated in Galerius 's provinces. Among all the other arrangements that we are always making for the benefit and utility of the state, we have heretofore wished to repair all things in accordance with the laws and public discipline of the Romans, and to ensure that even the Christians, who abandoned the practice of their ancestors, should return to good sense. Indeed, for some reason or other, such self - indulgence assailed and idiocy possessed those Christians, that they did not follow the practices of the ancients, which their own ancestors had, perhaps, instituted, but according to their own will and as it pleased them, they made laws for themselves that they observed, and gathered various peoples in diverse areas. Then when our order was issued stating that they should return themselves to the practices of the ancients, many were subjected to peril, and many were even killed. Many more persevered in their way of life, and we saw that they neither offered proper worship and cult to the gods, or to the god of the Christians. Considering the observation of our own mild clemency and eternal custom, by which we are accustomed to grant clemency to all people, we have decided to extend our most speedy indulgence to these people as well, so that Christians may once more establish their own meeting places, so long as they do not act in a disorderly way. We are about to send another letter to our officials detailing the conditions they ought to observe. Consequently, in accord with our indulgence, they ought to pray to their god for our health and the safety of the state, so that the state may be kept safe on all sides, and they may be able to live safely and securely in their own homes. Galerius 's words reinforce the Tetrarchy 's theological basis for the persecution ; the acts did nothing more than attempt to enforce traditional civic and religious practices, even if the edicts themselves were thoroughly nontraditional. Galerius does nothing to violate the spirit of the persecution -- Christians are still admonished for their nonconformity and foolish practices -- Galerius never admits that he did anything wrong. The admission that the Christians ' god might exist is made only grudgingly. Certain early 20th - century historians have declared that Galerius 's edict definitively nullified the old `` legal formula '' non licet esse Christianos, made Christianity a religio licita, `` on a par with Judaism '', and secured Christians ' property, among other things. Not all have been so enthusiastic. The 17th - century ecclesiastical historian Tillemont called the edict `` insignificant '' ; likewise, the late 20th - century historian Timothy Barnes cautioned that the `` novelty or importance of ( Galerius ' ) measure should not be overestimated ''. Barnes notes that Galerius 's legislation only brought to the East rights Christians already possessed in Italy and Africa. In Gaul, Spain, and Britain, moreover, Christians already had far more than Galerius was offering to Eastern Christians. Other late 20th - century historians, like Graeme Clark and David S. Potter, assert that, for all its hedging, Galerius 's issuance of the edict was a landmark event in the histories of Christianity and the Roman empire. Galerius 's law was not effective for long in Maximinus 's district. Within seven months of Galerius 's proclamation, Maximinus resumed persecution. Persecution would continue in Maximinus 's district until 313, soon before his death. At a meeting between Licinius and Constantine in Milan in February 313, the two emperors drafted the terms of a universal peace. The terms of this peace were posted by the victorious Licinius at Nicomedia on June 13, 313. Later ages have taken to calling the document the `` Edict of Milan ''. We thought it fit to commend these things most fully to your care that you may know that we have given to those Christians free and unrestricted opportunity of religious worship. When you see that this has been granted to them by us, your Worship will know that we have also conceded to other religions the right of open and free observance of their worship for the sake of the peace of our times, that each one may have the free opportunity to worship as he pleases ; this regulation is made that we may not seem to detract from any dignity or any religion. Regional variation ( edit ) Martyrdoms in the East ( Dubious ) Asia Minor Oriens Danube Diocletian 's provinces ( 303 -- 305 ) 26 31 Galerius 's provinces ( 303 -- 305 ) 14 Galerius 's provinces ( undatable ) 8 Galerius 's provinces ( 305 -- 311 ) 12 12 After Davies, pp. 68 -- 69. Map of the Roman Empire under the Tetrarchy, showing the dioceses and the four Tetrarchs ' zones of influence. The enforcement of the persecutory edicts was inconsistent. Since the Tetrarchs were more or less sovereign in their own realms, they had a good deal of control over persecutory policy. In Constantius 's realm ( Britain and Gaul ) the persecution was, at most, only lightly enforced ; in Maximian 's realm ( Italy, Spain, and Africa ), it was firmly enforced ; and in the East, under Diocletian ( Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine and Egypt ) and Galerius ( Greece and the Balkans ), its provisions were pursued with more fervor than anywhere else. For the Eastern provinces, Peter Davies tabulated the total number of martyrdoms for an article in the Journal of Theological Studies. Davies argued that the figures, although reliant on collections of acta that are incomplete and only partially reliable, point to a heavier persecution under Diocletian than under Galerius. The historian Simon Corcoran, in a passage on the origins of the early persecution edicts, criticized Davies ' over-reliance on these `` dubious martyr acts '' and dismissed his conclusions. Britain and Gaul ( edit ) The sources are inconsistent regarding the extent of the persecution in Constantius 's domain, though all portray it as quite limited. Lactantius states that the destruction of church buildings was the worst thing that came to pass. Eusebius explicitly denies that any churches were destroyed in both his Ecclesiastical History and his Life of Constantine, but lists Gaul as an area suffering from the effects of the persecution in his Martyrs of Palestine. A group of bishops declared that `` Gaul was immune '' ( immunis est Gallia ) from the persecutions under Constantius. The death of Saint Alban, the first British Christian martyr, was once dated to this era, but most now assign it to the reign of Septimius Severus. The second, third and fourth edicts seem not to have been enforced in the West at all. It is possible that Constantius 's relatively tolerant policies were the result of Tetrarchic jealousies ; the persecution, after all, had been the project of the Eastern emperors, not the Western ones. After Constantine succeeded his father in 306, he urged the recovery of Church property lost in the persecution, and legislated full freedom for all Christians in his domain. Africa ( edit ) While the persecution under Constantius was relatively light, there is no doubt about the force of the persecution in Maximian 's domain. Its effects are recorded at Rome, Sicily, Spain, and in Africa -- indeed, Maximian encouraged particularly strict enforcement of the edict in Africa. Africa 's political elite were insistent that the persecution be fulfilled, and Africa 's Christians, especially in Numidia, were equally insistent on resisting them. For the Numidians, to hand over scriptures was an act of terrible apostasy. Africa had long been home to the Church of the Martyrs -- in Africa, martyrs held more religious authority than the clergy -- and harbored a particularly intransigent, fanatical, and legalistic variety of Christianity. It was Africa that gave the West most of its martyrdoms. Africa had produced martyrs even in the years immediately prior to the Great Persecution. In 298, Maximilian, a soldier in Tebessa, had been tried for refusing to follow military discipline ; in Mauretania, again in 298, the soldier Marcellus refused his army bonus and took off his uniform in public. Once persecutions began, public authorities were eager to assert their authority. Anullinus, proconsul of Africa, expanded on the edict, deciding that, in addition to the destruction the Christians ' scriptures and churches, the government should compel Christians to sacrifice to the gods. Governor Valerius Florus enforced the same policy in Numidia during the summer or autumn of 303, when he called for `` days of incense burning '' ; Christians would sacrifice or they would lose their lives. In addition to those already listed, African martyrs also include Saturninus and the Martyrs of Abitina, another group martyred on February 12, 304 in Carthage, and the martyrs of Milevis ( Mila, Algeria ). The persecution in Africa also encouraged the development of Donatism, a schismatic movement that forbade any compromise with Roman government or traditor bishops ( those who had handed scriptures over to secular authorities ). One of the key moments in the break with the mainline Church occurred in Carthage in 304. The Christians from Abitinae had been brought to the city and imprisoned. Friends and relatives of the prisoners came to visit, but encountered resistance from a local mob. The group was harassed, beaten, and whipped ; the food they had brought for their imprisoned friends was scattered on the ground. The mob had been sent by Mensurius, the bishop of the city, and Caecilian, his deacon, for reasons that remain obscure. In 311, Caecilian was elected bishop of Carthage. His opponents charged that his traditio made him unworthy of the office, and declared itself for another candidate, Majorinus. Many others in Africa, including the Abitinians, also supported Majorinus against Caecilian. Majorinus 's successor Donatus would give the dissident movement its name. By the time Constantine took over the province, the African Church was deeply divided. The Donatists would not be reconciled to the Catholic Church until after 411. Italy and Spain ( edit ) Maximian probably seized the Christian property in Rome quite easily -- Roman cemeteries were noticeable, and Christian meeting places could have been easily found out. Senior churchmen would have been similarly prominent. The bishop of the city, Marcellinus, seems not to have ever been imprisoned, however, a fact which has led some to believe Maximian did not enforce the order to arrest clergy in the city. Others assert that Marcellinus was a traditor. Marcellinus appears in the 4th - century Church 's depositio episcoporum but not its feriale, or calendar of feasts, where all Marcellinus 's predecessors from Fabian had been listed -- a `` glaring '' absence, in the opinion of historian John Curran. Within forty years, Donatists began spreading rumors that Marcellinus had been a traditor, and that he had even sacrificed to the pagan gods. The tale was soon embroidered in the 5th - century forgery, the ' Council of Sinuessa ', and the vita Marcelli of the Liber Pontificalis. The latter work states that the bishop had indeed apostatized, but redeemed himself through martyrdom a few days afterward. What followed Marcellinus 's act of traditio, if it ever actually happened, is unclear. There appears to have been a break in the episcopal succession, however. Marcellinus seems to have died on October 25, 304, and ( if he had apostatized ) was probably expelled from the Church in early 303, but his successor, Marcellus, was not consecrated until either November or December 306. In the meantime, two factions diverged in the Roman Church, separating the lapsed, Christians who had complied with the edicts to ensure their own safety, and the rigorists, those who would brook no compromise with secular authority. These two groups clashed in street fights and riots, eventually leading to murders. It is said that Marcellus, a rigorist, purged all mention of Marcellinus from church records, and removed his name from the official list of bishops. Marcellus himself was banished from the city, and died in exile on January 16, 309. Maxentius, meanwhile, took advantage of Galerius 's unpopularity in Italy ( Galerius had introduced taxation for the city and countryside of Rome for the first time in the history of the empire ) to declare himself emperor. On October 28, 306, Maxentius convinced the Praetorian Guard to support him, mutiny, and invest him with the purple robes of the emperor. Soon after his acclamation, Maxentius declared an end to persecution, and toleration for all Christians in his realm. The news traveled to Africa, where in later years a Christian of Cirta could still recall the precise date when `` peace '' was ushered in. Maxentius did not permit the restitution of confiscated property, however. On April 18, 308, Maxentius allowed the Christians to hold another election for the city 's bishop, which Eusebius won. Eusebius was a moderate, however, in a still - divided Church. Heraclius, head of the rigorist faction, opposed readmission of the lapsed. Rioting followed, and Maxentius exiled the combative pair from the city, leaving Eusebius to die in Sicily on October 21. The office was vacant for almost three years, until Maxentius permitted another election. Miltiades was elected on July 2, 311, as Maxentius prepared to face Constantine in battle. Maxentius, facing increasingly strong domestic opposition to his rule, now agreed to the restitution of Christian property. Miltiades sent two deacons with letters from Maxentius to the prefect of Rome, the head of the city, responsible for publishing imperial edicts within the city, to ensure compliance. African Christians were still recovering lost property as late as 312. Outside Rome, there are fewer sure details of the progress and effects of the persecution in Italy ; there are not many deaths securely attested for the region. The Acta Eulpi records the martyrdom of Euplus in Catania, Sicily, a Christian who dared to carry the holy gospels around, refusing to surrender them. Euplus was arrested on April 29, 304, tried, and martyred on August 12, 304. In Spain the bishop Ossius of Corduba would later declare himself a confessor. After 305, the year when Diocletian and Maximian abdicated and Constantius became Augustus, there were no more active persecutions in the West. Eusebius declares that the persecution lasted `` less than two years ''. After a brief military standoff, Constantine confronted and defeated Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge outside Rome on October 28, 312 ; Maxentius retreated to the Tiber river and drowned. Constantine entered the city the next day, but declined to take part in the traditional ascent up the Capitoline Hill to the Temple of Jupiter. Constantine 's army had advanced on Rome under a Christian sign. It had become, officially at least, a Christian army. Constantine 's apparent conversion was visible elsewhere, too. Bishops dined at Constantine 's table, and many Christian building projects began soon after his victory. On November 9, 312, the old headquarters of the Imperial Horse Guard were razed to make way for the Lateran Basilica. Under Constantine 's rule, Christianity became the prime focus of official patronage. Nicomedia ( edit ) Before the end of February 303, a fire destroyed part of the imperial palace. Galerius convinced Diocletian that the culprits were Christian conspirators who had plotted with palace eunuchs. An investigation into the act was commissioned, but no responsible party was found. Executions followed. The palace eunuchs Dorotheus and Gorgonius were eliminated. One individual, a Peter, was stripped, raised high, and scourged. Salt and vinegar were poured in his wounds, and he was slowly boiled over an open flame. The executions continued until at least April 24, 303, when six individuals, including the bishop Anthimus, were decapitated. The persecution intensified. Now presbyters and other clergymen could be arrested without having even been accused of a crime, and condemned to death. A second fire appeared sixteen days after the first. Galerius left the city, declaring it unsafe. Diocletian would soon follow. Lactantius blamed Galerius 's allies for setting the fire ; Constantine, in a later reminiscence, would attribute the fire to `` lightning from heaven ''. Lactantius, still living in Nicomedia, saw the beginnings of the apocalypse in Diocletian 's persecution. Lactantius 's writings during the persecution exhibit both bitterness and Christian triumphalism. His eschatology runs directly counter to Tetrarchic claims to `` renewal ''. Diocletian asserted that he had instituted a new era of security and peace ; Lactantius saw the beginning of a cosmic revolution. Palestine and Syria ( edit ) Before Galerius 's edict of toleration ( edit ) Date Deaths 303 -- 305 13 306 -- 310 34 310 -- 311 44 Palestinian martyrs recorded in the Martyrs of Palestine. After Clarke, 657 -- 58. Palestine is the only region for which an extended local perspective of the persecution exists, in the form of Eusebius 's Martyrs of Palestine. Eusebius was resident in Caesarea, the capital of Roman Palestine, for the duration of the persecution, although he also traveled to Phoenicia and Egypt, and perhaps Arabia as well. Eusebius 's account is imperfect. It focuses on martyrs that were his personal friends before the persecutions began, and includes martyrdoms that took place outside of Palestine. His coverage is uneven. He provides only bare generalities at the bloody end of the persecutions, for example. Eusebius recognizes some of his faults. At the outset of his account of the general persecution in the Ecclesiastical History, Eusebius laments the incompleteness of his reportage : `` how could one number the multitude of martyrs in each province, and especially those in Africa and Mauretania, and in Thebaid and Egypt? '' Since no one below the status of governor held the legal power to enforce capital punishment, most recalcitrant Christians would have been sent to Caesarea to await punishment. The first martyr, Procopius, was sent to Caesarea from Scythopolis ( Beit She'an, Israel ), where he had been a reader and an exorcist. He was brought before the governor on June 7, 303, and asked to sacrifice to the gods, and to pour a libation for the emperors. Procopius responded by quoting Homer : `` the lordship of many is not a good thing ; let there be one ruler, one king ''. The governor beheaded the man at once. Further martyrdoms followed in the months thereafter, increasing in the next spring, when the new governor, Urbanus, published the fourth edict. Eusebius probably does not list a complete account of all those executed under the fourth edict -- he alludes in passing to others imprisoned with Thecla of Gaza, for example, though he does not name them. Maximinus, Caesar of Palestine, Syria, and Egypt from 305 to 312 The bulk of Eusebius 's account deals with Maximinus. Maximinus took up the office of emperor in Nicomedia on May 1, 305, and immediately thereafter left the city for Caesarea, hurrying, Lactantius alleges, so as to oppress and trample the diocese of Oriens. Initially, Maximinus governed only Egypt and the Levant. He issued his own persecutory edict in the spring of 306, ordering general sacrifice. The edict of 304 had been difficult to enforce, since the Imperial government had no record of city - dwelling subjects who held no agricultural land. Galerius solved this problem in 306 by running another census. This contained the names of all urban heads of household and the number of their dependents ( past censuses had only listed persons paying tax on land, such as landowners and tenants ). Using lists drawn up by the civil service, Maximinus ordered his heralds to call all men, women, and children down to the temples. There, after tribunes called everyone by name, everyone sacrificed. At some point after the publication of Maximinus 's first edict, perhaps in 307, Maximinus changed the penalty for transgressions. Instead of receiving the death penalty, Christians would now be mutilated and condemned to labor in state - owned mines. Since Egyptian mines were overstaffed, mostly due to the influx of Christian prisoners, Egyptian penitents were increasingly sent to the copper mines at Phaeno in Palestine and Cilicia in Asia Minor. At Diocaesarea ( Tzippori, Israel ) in the spring of 308, 97 Christian confessors were received by Firmilianus from the porphyry mines in the Thebaid. Firmilianus cut the tendons on their left feet, blinded their right eyes, and sent them to the mines of Palestine. On another occasion, 130 others received the same punishment. Some were sent to Phaeno, and some to Cilicia. Eusebius characterizes Urbanus as a man who enjoyed some variety in his punishments. One day, shortly after Easter 307, he ordered the virgin Theodosia from Tyre ( Ṣūr, Lebanon ) thrown to the sea for conversing with Christians attending trial and refusing sacrifice ; the Christians in court, meanwhile, he sent to Phaeno. On a single day, November 2, 307, Urbanus sentenced a man named Domninus to be burned alive, three youths to fight as gladiators, and a priest to be exposed to a beast. On the same day, he ordered some young men to be castrated, sent three virgins to brothels, and imprisoned a number of others, including Pamphilus of Caesarea, a priest, scholar, and defender of the theologian Origen. Soon after, and for unknown reasons, Urbanus was stripped of his rank, imprisoned, tried, and executed, all in one day of expedited proceedings. His replacement, Firmilianus, was a veteran soldier and one of Maximinus 's trusted confidants. Eusebius notes that this event marked the beginning of a temporary respite from persecution. Although the precise dating of this respite is not specifically noted by Eusebius, the text of the Martyrs records no Palestinian martyrs between July 25, 308 and November 13, 309. The political climate probably impinged on persecutory policy here : This was the period of the conference of Carnuntum, which met in November 308. Maximinus probably spent the next few months in discussion with Galerius over his role in the imperial government, and did not have the time to deal with the Christians. In the autumn of 309, Maximinus resumed persecution by issuing letters to provincial governors and his praetorian prefect, the highest authority in judicial proceedings after the emperor, demanding that Christians conform to pagan customs. His new legislation called for another general sacrifice, coupled with a general offering of libations. It was even more systematic than the first, allowing no exceptions for infants or servants. Logistai ( curatores ), strategoi, duumviri, and tabularii, who kept the records, saw to it that there were no evasions. Maximinus introduced some innovations to the process, making him the only known persecuting emperor to have done so. This edict now required food sold in the marketplaces to be covered in libation. Maximinus sent sentries to stand guard at bathhouses and city gates to ensure that all customers sacrificed. He issued copies of the fictitious Acts of Pilate to encourage popular hatred of Christ. Prostitutes confessed, under judicial torture, to having engaged in debaucheries with Christians. Bishops were reassigned to work as stable boys for the Imperial horse guard or keepers of the Imperial camels. Maximinus also worked for a revival of pagan religion. He appointed high priests for each province, men who were to wear white robes and supervise daily worship of the gods. Maximinus demanded that vigorous restoration work be done on decaying temples within his domain. The next few months saw the worst extremes of the persecution. On December 13, 309, Firmilianus condemned some Egyptians arrested at Ascalon ( Ashkelon, Israel ) on their way to visit the confessors in Cilicia. Three were beheaded ; the rest lost their left feet and right eyes. On January 10, 310, Peter and the bishop Asclepius from the dualist Christian sect Marcionism, both from Anaia, near ( Eleutheropolis, Israel ), were burned alive. On February 16, Pamphilus and his six companions were executed. In the aftermath, four more members of Pamphilus 's household were martyred for their displays of sympathy for the condemned. The last martyrs before Galerius 's edict of toleration were executed on March 5 and 7. Then the executions stopped. Eusebius does not explain this sudden halt, but it coincides with the replacement of Firmilianus with Valentinianus, a man appointed at some time before Galerius 's death. The replacement is only attested to via epigraphic remains, like stone inscriptions ; Eusebius does not mention Valentinianus anywhere in his writings. After Galerius 's edict of toleration ( edit ) After Galerius 's death, Maximinus seized Asia Minor. Even after Galerius 's edict of toleration in 311, Maximinus continued to persecute. His name is absent from the list of emperors publishing Galerius 's edict of toleration, perhaps through later suppression. Eusebius states that Maximinus complied with its provisions only reluctantly. Maximinus told his praetorian prefect Sabinus to write to provincial governors, requesting that they and their subordinates ignore `` that letter '' ( Galerius 's edict ). Christians were to be free from molestation, and their mere Christianity would not leave them open to criminal charges. Unlike Galerius 's edict, however, Maximinus 's letter made no provisions for Christian assembly, nor did he suggest that Christians build more churches. Maximinus issued orders in Autumn 311 forbidding Christians to congregate in cemeteries. After issuing these orders, he was approached by embassies from cities within his domain, demanding he begin a general persecution. Lactantius and Eusebius state that these petitions were not voluntary, but had been made at Maximinus 's behest. Maximinus began persecuting Church leaders before the end of 311. Peter of Alexandria was beheaded on November 26, 311. Lucian of Antioch was executed in Nicomedia on January 7, 312. According to Eusebius, many Egyptian bishops suffered the same fate. According to Lactantius, Maximinus ordered confessors to have `` their eyes gouged out, their hands cut off, their feet amputated, their noses or ears severed ''. Antioch asked Maximinus if it could forbid Christians from living in the city. In response, Maximinus issued a rescript encouraging every city to expel its Christians. This rescript was published in Sardis on April 6, 312, and in Tyre by May or June. There are three surviving copies of Maximinus 's rescript, in Tyre, Arycanda ( Aykiriçay, Turkey ), and Colbasa. They are all essentially identical. To address a complaint from Lycia and Pamphylia about the `` detestable pursuits of the atheists ( Christians ) '', Maximinus promised the provincials whatever they wanted -- perhaps an exemption from the poll tax. When Maximinus received notice that Constantine had succeeded in his campaign against Maxentius, he issued a new letter restoring Christians their former liberties. The text of this letter, which is preserved in Eusebius 's Historia Ecclesiastica, however, suggests that the initiative was Maximinus 's alone, and not that of Constantine or Licinius. It is also the only passage in the ancient sources providing Maximinus 's rationale for his actions, without the hostility of Lactantius and Eusebius. Maximinus states that he supported Diocletian and Galerius 's early legislation but, upon being made Caesar, came to realize the drain such policies would have on his labor force, and began to employ persuasion without coercion. He goes on to assert that he resisted petitions from Nicomedians to forbid Christians from their city ( an event Eusebius does not otherwise record ), and that when he accepted the demands of deputations from other cities he was only following imperial custom. Maximinus concludes his letter by referencing the letter he wrote after Galerius 's edict, asking that his subordinates be lenient. He does not refer to his early letters, which encouraged avid persecution. In the early spring of 313, as Licinius advanced against Maximinus, the latter resorted to savagery in his dealings with his own citizens, and his Christians in particular. In May 313, Maximinus issued one more edict of toleration, hoping to persuade Licinius to stop advancing, and win more public support. For the first time, Maximinus issued a law which offered comprehensive toleration and the means to effectively secure it. As in his earlier letter, Maximinus is apologetic but one - sided. Maximinus absolves himself for all the failings of his policy, locating fault with local judges and enforcers instead. He frames the new universal toleration as a means of removing all ambiguity and extortion. Maximinus then declares full freedom of religious practice, encourages Christians to rebuild their churches, and pledges to restore Christian property lost in the persecution. The edict changed little : Licinius defeated Maximinus at the Battle of Adrianople on April 30, 313 ; the now - powerless Maximinus committed suicide at Tarsus in the summer of 313. On June 13, Licinius published the Edict of Milan in Nicomedia. Egypt ( edit ) In Eusebius ' Martyrs of Palestine, Egypt is covered only in passing. When Eusebius remarks on the region, however, he writes of tens, twenties, even hundreds of Christians put to death on a single day, which would seem to make Egypt the region that suffered the most during the persecutions. According to one report that Barnes calls `` plausible, if unverifiable '', 660 Christians were killed in Alexandria alone between 303 and 311. In Egypt, Peter of Alexandria fled his namesake city early on in the persecution, leaving the Church leaderless. Meletius, bishop of Lycopolis ( Asyut ), took up the job in his place. Meletius performed ordinations without Peter 's permission, which caused some bishops to complain to Peter. Meletius soon refused to treat Peter as any kind of authority, and expanded his operations into Alexandria. According to Epiphanius of Salamis, the Church split into two sections : the `` Catholic Church '', under Peter, and, after Peter 's execution, Alexander ; and the `` Church of the Martyrs '' under Meletius. When the two groups found themselves imprisoned together in Alexandria during the persecution, Peter of Alexandria drew up a curtain in the middle of their cell. He then said : `` There are some who are of my view, let them come over on my side, and those of Melitius 's view, stay with Melitius. '' Thus divided, the two sects went on with their affairs, purposely ignoring each other 's existence. The schism continued to grow throughout the persecution, even with its leaders in jail, and would persist long after the deaths of both Peter and Meletius. Fifty - one bishoprics are attested for Egypt in 325 ; fifteen are only known otherwise as seats of the schismatic Church. Legacy ( edit ) The Diocletianic persecution was ultimately unsuccessful. As one modern historian has put it, it was simply `` too little and too late ''. Christians were never purged systematically in any part of the empire, and Christian evasion continually undermined the edicts ' enforcement. Some bribed their way to freedom. The Christian Copres escaped on a technicality : To avoid sacrificing in court, he gave his brother power of attorney, and had him do it instead. Many simply fled. Eusebius, in his Vita Constantini, wrote that `` once more the fields and woods received the worshippers of God ''. To contemporary theologians, there was no sin in this behavior. Lactantius held that Christ himself had encouraged it, and Bishop Peter of Alexandria quoted Matthew 10 : 23 ( `` when they persecute you in this city, flee ye into another '' ) in support of the tactic. The pagan crowd was more sympathetic to the Christians ' sufferings than they had been in the past. Lactantius, Eusebius and Constantine write of revulsion at the excesses of the persecutors -- Constantine of executioners `` wearied out, and disgusted at the cruelties '' they had committed. The fortitude of the martyrs in the face of death had earned the faith respectability in the past, though it may have won few converts. The thought of martyrdom, however, sustained Christians under trial and in prison, hardening their faith. Packaged with the promise of eternal life, martyrdom proved attractive for the growing segment of the pagan population which was, to quote Dodds, `` in love with death ''. To use Tertullian 's famous phrase, the blood of the martyrs was the seed of the Church. By 324, Constantine, the Christian convert, ruled the entire empire alone. Christianity became the greatest beneficiary of imperial largesse. The persecutors had been routed. As the historian J. Liebeschuetz has written : `` The final result of the Great Persecution provided a testimonial to the truth of Christianity which it could have won in no other way. '' After Constantine, the Christianization of the Roman empire would continue apace. Under Theodosius I ( r. 378 -- 95 ), Christianity became the state religion. By the 5th century, Christianity was the empire 's predominant faith, and filled the same role paganism had at the end of the 3rd century. Because of the persecution, however, a number of Christian communities were riven between those who had complied with imperial authorities ( traditores ) and those who had refused. In Africa, the Donatists, who protested the election of the alleged traditor Caecilian to the bishopric of Carthage, continued to resist the authority of the central Church until after 411. The Melitians in Egypt left the Egyptian Church similarly divided. In future generations, both Christians and pagans would look back on Diocletian as, in the words of theologian Henry Chadwick, `` the embodiment of irrational ferocity ''. To medieval Christians, Diocletian was the most loathsome of all Roman emperors. From the 4th century on, Christians would describe the `` Great '' persecution of Diocletian 's reign as a bloodbath. The Liber Pontificalis, a collection of biographies of the popes, alleges 17,000 martyrs within a single thirty - day period. In the 4th century, Christians created a `` cult of martyrs '' in homage to the fallen. Hagiographers portrayed a persecution far more extensive than the real one had been, and the Christians responsible for this cult were loose with the facts. Their `` heroic age '' of martyrs, or `` Era of Martyrs '', was held to begin with Diocletian 's accession to the emperorship in 284, rather than 303, when persecutions actually began ; they fabricated a large number of martyrs ' tales ( indeed, most surviving martyrs ' tales are forgeries ), exaggerated the facts in others, and embroidered true accounts with miraculous details. Of the surviving martyrs ' acts, only those of Agnes, Sebastian, Felix and Adauctus, and Marcellinus and Peter are even remotely historical. These traditional accounts were first questioned in the Enlightenment, when Henry Dodwell, Voltaire, and, most famously, Edward Gibbon questioned traditional accounts of the Christian martyrs. In the final chapter of the first volume of his History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ( 1776 ), Gibbon claims that Christians had greatly exaggerated the scale of the persecutions they suffered : After the church had triumphed over all her enemies, the interest as well as vanity of the captives prompted them to magnify the merit of their respective suffering. A convenient distance of time and place gave an ample scope to the progress of fiction ; and the frequent instances which might be alleged of holy martyrs, whose wounds had been instantly healed, whose strength had been renewed, and whose lost members had miraculously been restored, were extremely convenient for the purpose of removing every difficulty, and of silencing every objection. The most extravagant legends, as they conduced to the honour of the church, were applauded by the incredulous multitude, countenanced by the power of the clergy, and attested by the suspicious evidence of ecclesiastical history. Throughout his history, Gibbon implies that the early Church undermined traditional Roman virtues, and thereby impaired the health of civil society. When Gibbon sought to reduce the numbers of the martyrs in his History, he was perceived as intending to diminish the Church and deny sacred history. He was attacked for his suspected irreligion in print. The contemporary classical scholar Richard Porson mocked Gibbon, writing that his humanity never slept, `` unless when women are ravished, or the Christians persecuted ''. Later historians, however, took Gibbon 's emphases even further. As Marxist historian G.E.M. de Ste. Croix put it in 1954, `` The so - called Great Persecution has been exaggerated in the Christian tradition to an extent which even Gibbon did not fully appreciate. '' In 1972, the ecclesiastical Protestant historian Hermann Dörries was embarrassed to admit to his colleagues that his sympathies lay with the Christians rather than their persecutors. W.H.C. Frend guesses that 3,000 -- 3,500 Christians were killed in the persecution. Although the number of verifiably true martyrs ' tales has fallen, and estimates of the total casualty rate have been reduced, some modern writers are less skeptical than Gibbon of the severity of the persecution. As the author Stephen Williams wrote in 1985, `` even allowing a margin for invention, what remains is terrible enough. Unlike Gibbon, we live in an age which has experienced similar things, and knows how unsound is that civilised smile of incredulity at such reports. Things can be, have been, every bit as bad as our worst imaginings. '' See also ( edit ) List of Christians killed during the reign of Diocletian Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Early pagan opponents of the Christians would see their God as a political criminal, executed under a governor of Judea for proclaiming himself `` King of the Jews '', and note that their holy texts included an allegorical attack on the Roman state that prophesied its imminent destruction ( Revelation ). These arguments were less effective as time went on, since Christians were visibly apolitical. Jump up ^ Clarke argues that other evidence ( Cyprian, Epistolae 75.10. 1f ; Origen Contra Celsus 3.15 ) undermines Eusebius 's picture of Maximin 's policy, and vouches for a comparatively light persecution instead. Jump up ^ Although some members of the laity were persecuted, the primary targets of official action were always the clergy and the more prominent lay Christians. Jump up ^ The Palestinian Talmud records that when Diocletian paid a visit to the region, he decreed that `` sacrifices should be offered by all the people except the Jews ''. Jump up ^ The edict illegalized sibling marriage, which had long been customary in the East. Jump up ^ Hopkins assumes a constant growth rate of 3.35 % per annum. Hopkins ' study is cited at Potter, 314. The historian Robin Lane Fox gives a smaller estimate of the Christian population in 300 -- 4 % or 5 % of the empire 's total population -- but allows that Christian numbers grew as a result of the hardship of the years from 250 to 280. Jump up ^ Clarke argues against reading a large advancement in either the numbers or the social status of Christians into this data. Jump up ^ Clarke cautions, however, that this shift in attitudes may simply be an artifact of the source material. Jump up ^ Aurelius Victor describes the circle around Diocletian as an imminentium scrutator ; Lactantius describes it as a scrutator rerum futurarum. Jump up ^ Later dates are possible, but discouraged by the statement in the Suda ( written in the 10th century ) that Porphyry only `` survived until ( the reign ) of Diocletian ''. Jump up ^ Helgeland places the event in 301. Barnes argued for a date of 302 or `` not long before '' in 1976, but accepted a date of 299 in 1981. Woods argues for a date of 297, on the grounds that Diocletian and Galerius were both in the area at this time, and because Eusebius 's Chronicle associates the persecution with Galerius 's defeat by Narseh. ( For, although Eusebius dates the defeat to 302, it actually occurred in 297. ) Jump up ^ Davies disputes Barnes ' identification of Constantine 's unnamed emperor ( Oratio ad Coetum Sanctum 22 ) with Galerius. Jump up ^ Barnes argues that Diocletian was prepared to tolerate Christianity -- he did, after all, live within sight of Nicomedia 's Christian church, and his wife and daughter were, if not Christians themselves ( as per Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.1. 3 ; Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 15.1 ), at least sympathetic to the faith -- but was successively brought closer and closer to intolerance under Galerius 's influence. Davies takes a more skeptical view of the same evidence. Jump up ^ The edict might not actually have been an `` edict '' in the technical sense ; Eusebius does not refer to it as such, and the passage in the Passio Felicis which includes the word edictum ( `` exiit edictum imperatorum et Caesarum super omnem faciem terrae '' ) may simply have been written to echo Luke 2 : 1 ( `` exiit edictum a Caesare Augusto ut profiteretur universus orbis terrae '' ). Elsewhere in the passion, the text is called a programma. The text of the edict itself does not actually survive. Jump up ^ This apparently included any house in which scriptures were found. Jump up ^ Gaddis writes that the quotation may be a slur on Galerius 's trans - Danubian ancestry. Jump up ^ The document is not actually an edict, but a letter. The two can be distinguished by the presence of a specific addressee on a letter, and the absence of one on an edict. The version of the document preserved by Lactantius ( De Mortibus Persecutorum 48.2 -- 12 ) is a letter to the governor of Bithynia, and was presumably posted in Nicomedia after Licinius had taken the city from Maximinus. Eusebius 's version ( Historia Ecclesiastica 10.5. 2 -- 14 ) is probably a copy sent to the governor of Palestine and posted in Caesarea. Jump up ^ These figures count only the total number of martyrdoms, not the number of individuals martyred. Davies takes his figures from martyrs ' acts collected by the Bollandists. Jump up ^ S. Lieberman located this event at Lydda ( Lod, Israel ). Barnes contests this identification, arguing that since Eusebius specifically identifies the city as wholly Jewish, it is unlikely to have been Lydda, which had a Christian bishop by 325. Diocaesarea, however, was noted for its Jewishness long thereafter. Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gaddis, 29. ^ Jump up to : Frend, `` Genesis and Legacy '', 503. ^ Jump up to : Frend, `` Genesis and Legacy '', 511 ; de Ste - Croix, `` Persecuted? '', 15 -- 16. Jump up ^ Dodds, 111. Jump up ^ MacMullen, 35. Jump up ^ Dodds, 110. Jump up ^ Schott, Making of Religion, 2, citing Eusebius, Praeparatio Evangelica 1.2. 1. Jump up ^ Schott, Making of Religion, 1. Jump up ^ Dodds, 115 -- 16, citing Justin, Apologia 2.2 ; Tertullian, Apologia 3. Jump up ^ Castelli, 38 ; Gaddis, 30 -- 31. Jump up ^ de Ste - Croix, `` Persecuted? '', 16 -- 17. Jump up ^ Tacitus, Annales 15.44. 6, cited in Frend, `` Genesis and Legacy '', 504 ; Dodds, 110. Jump up ^ Frend, `` Genesis and Legacy '', 504, citing Suetonius, Nero 16.2. Jump up ^ Dodds, 111 -- 12, 112 n. 1 ; de Ste - Croix, `` Persecuted? '', 20. Jump up ^ Clarke, 616 ; Frend, `` Genesis and Legacy '', 510. See also : Barnes, `` Legislation '' ; de Sainte - Croix, `` Persecuted? '' ; Musurillo, lviii -- lxii ; and Sherwin - White, `` Early Persecutions. '' Jump up ^ Drake, Bishops, 87 -- 93 ; Edwards, 579 ; Frend, `` Genesis and Legacy '', 506 -- 8, citing Pliny, Epistaules 10.96. Jump up ^ Martyrium Polycarpi ( = Musurillo, 2 -- 21 ) and Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 4.15 ; Frend, 509 ( Smyrna ) ; Martyrium Scillitanarum acta ( = Musurillo, 86 -- 89 ), cited in Frend, 510 ( Scilli ). Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 5.1 ( = Musurillo, 62 -- 85 ) ; Edwards, 587 ; Frend, 508. Jump up ^ G.W. Clarke, `` The origins and spread of Christianity, '' in Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 10, The Augustan Empire, ed. Alan K. Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Linott ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1996 ), 869 -- 70. Jump up ^ Clarke, 616 ; Frend, `` Genesis and Legacy '', 510 ; de Ste - Croix, `` Persecuted? '', 7. ^ Jump up to : Robin Lane Fox, The Classical World : An Epic History of Greece and Rome ( Toronto : Penguin, 2006 ), 576. Jump up ^ Castelli, 38. Jump up ^ Drake, Bishops, 113 -- 14 ; Frend, `` Genesis and Legacy '', 511. Jump up ^ Origen, Contra Celsum 3.9, qtd. and tr. in Frend, `` Genesis and Legacy '', 512. Jump up ^ Scriptores Historiae Augustae, Septimius Severus, 17.1 ; Frend, `` Genesis and Legacy '', 511. Timothy Barnes, at Tertullian : A Historical and Literary Study ( Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1971 ), 151, calls this supposed rescript an `` invention '' of the author, reflecting his own religious prejudices instead of imperial policy under the Severans. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 6.28, cited in Frend, `` Genesis and Legacy '', 513. Jump up ^ Clarke, 621 -- 25. Jump up ^ Clarke, 625 -- 27 ; Frend, `` Genesis and Legacy '', 513 ; Rives, 135. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 6.39. 4 ; Clarke, 632, 634 ; Frend, `` Genesis and Legacy '', 514. Jump up ^ E. Leigh Gibson, `` Jewish Antagonism or Christian Polemic : The Case of the Martyrdom of Pionius, '' Journal of Early Christian Studies 9 : 3 ( 2001 ) : 339 -- 58. Jump up ^ Dodds, 108, 108 n. 2. Jump up ^ Joseph Wilson Trigg, Origen ( New York : Routledge, 1998 ), 61. Jump up ^ Clarke, 635 ; Frend, `` Genesis and Legacy '', 514. Jump up ^ Frend, `` Genesis and Legacy '', 514, citing Cyprian, De lapsis 8. Jump up ^ Frend, `` Genesis and Legacy '', 514, citing Martyrium Pionii 15 ( = Musurillo, 156 -- 57 ). Jump up ^ Frend, `` Genesis and Legacy '', 514. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 7.10. 3, qtd. and tr. in Frend, `` Genesis and Legacy '', 515. Jump up ^ Frend, `` Genesis and Legacy '', 516. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 7.15 ; Digeser, Christian Empire, 52 ; Frend, `` Genesis and Legacy '', 517. Jump up ^ Frend, `` Genesis and Legacy '', 517. Jump up ^ Williams, 161. ^ Jump up to : Williams, 161 -- 62. Jump up ^ Panegyrici Latini 11 ( 3 ) 6, qtd. and tr. Williams, 162. Jump up ^ Frend, `` Prelude '', 3. Jump up ^ Bowman, `` Diocletian '', 70 -- 71 ; Corcoran, `` Before Constantine '', 40 ; Liebeschuetz, 235 -- 52, 240 -- 43 ; Odahl, 43 -- 44 ; Williams, 58 -- 59. Jump up ^ Curran, 47 ; Williams, 58 -- 59. ^ Jump up to : Frend, `` Prelude '', 4. Jump up ^ Curran, 47. Jump up ^ Potter, 296, citing Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 617, 641, 618 ; Frend, `` Prelude '', 3 ; Lane Fox, 593. See also Millar, 182, on Tetrarchic triumphalism in the Near East. Jump up ^ Potter, 336. Jump up ^ Potter, 333. ^ Jump up to : Curran, 48. Jump up ^ Clarke, 627. Jump up ^ Palestinian Talmud, Aboda Zara 5.4, qtd. and tr. in Curran, 48. See also : Dodd, 111. Jump up ^ Lane Fox, 430. Jump up ^ Martin Goodman, Rome and Jerusalem ( New York : Allen Lane, 2007 ), 499 -- 505. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 19, 295 n. 50 ; New Empire, 62 n. 76. ^ Jump up to : Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 295 n. 50. Jump up ^ Mosiacarum et Romanarum Legum Collatio 6.4, qtd. and tr. in Clarke, 649 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 19 -- 20. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 20. See also : Lane Fox, 594. Jump up ^ Davies, 93. Jump up ^ Hopkins, 191. Jump up ^ Lane Fox, 590 -- 92. See also : Rodney Stark, The Rise of Christianity : A Sociologist Reconsiders History ( Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1996 ). ^ Jump up to : Frend, `` Prelude '', 2. Jump up ^ Keresztes, 379 ; Lane Fox, 587 ; Potter, 314. Jump up ^ Keresztes, 379 ; Potter, 314. Jump up ^ Keresztes, 379. Jump up ^ Clarke, 615. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 21. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.6. 2 -- 4, 8.9. 7, 8.11. 2, cited in Keresztes, 379 ; Potter, 337, 661 n. 16. Jump up ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 15.2, cited in Keresztes, 379 ; Potter, 337, 661 n. 16. ^ Jump up to : Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 21 ; Clarke, 621 -- 22. Jump up ^ Clarke, 621 -- 22. Jump up ^ de Ste - Croix, `` Persecuted? '', 21. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 21 -- 22. Jump up ^ Dodds, 109. Jump up ^ Lactantius, Divinae Institutiones 5.2. 12 -- 13 ; Digeser, Christian Empire, 5. Jump up ^ Lactantius, Divinae Institutiones 5.2. 3 ; Frend, `` Prelude '', 13. Jump up ^ Lactantius, Divinae Institutiones 5.2. 3ff ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 22. Jump up ^ Aurelius Victor, Caes. 39.48, cited in Keresztes, 381. Jump up ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 10.1, cited in Keresztes, 381. Jump up ^ Augustine, De Citivae Dei 10.29, qtd. and tr. in Frend, `` Prelude '', 9. Jump up ^ Frend, `` Prelude '', 10. Jump up ^ Suda, π, 2098, qtd. and tr. Frend, `` Prelude '', 10 n. 64. See also : Barnes, `` Porphyry 's Against the Christians '' ; Croke ; and Digeser, `` Religious Toleration ''. Jump up ^ Frend, `` Prelude '', 10 -- 11. Jump up ^ Porphyry frg. 58 ; Frend, `` Prelude '', 12. Jump up ^ Porphyry frg. 49 ; Frend, `` Prelude '', 12. Jump up ^ Porphyry frg. 60, 63 ; Frend, `` Prelude '', 12. Jump up ^ Porphyry frg. 1, tr. Digeser, Christian Empire, 6 ; Frend, `` Prelude '', 13 n. 89. ^ Jump up to : Davies, 92. Jump up ^ Arnobius, Adversus Nationes, 1.24, qtd. in Davies, 79 -- 80, from a translation by Bryce and Campbell. Jump up ^ Walter, 111 Jump up ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 10.1 -- 5 ; Barnes, `` Sossianus Hierocles '', 245 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 18 -- 19 ; Davies, 78 -- 79 ; Helgeland, 159 ; Liebeschuetz, 246 -- 8 ; Odahl, 65. Jump up ^ Helgeland, 159. Jump up ^ Barnes, `` Sossianus Hierocles '', 245. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 18 -- 19. Jump up ^ Woods, `` Two Notes '', 128 -- 31. Jump up ^ Keresztes, 380. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.4. 2 -- 3 ; Barnes, `` Sossianus Hierocles '', 246 ; Helgeland, 159. ^ Jump up to : Davies, 89 -- 92. Jump up ^ Woods, `` ' Veturius ' '', 588. Jump up ^ Woods, `` ' Veturius ' '', 589. Jump up ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 10.6, 31.1 and Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8, app. 1, 3 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 19, 294 ; Keresztes, 381. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 19, 294. Jump up ^ Davies, 82 -- 83. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 20 ; Corcoran, `` Before Constantine '', 51 ; Odahl, 54 -- 56, 62. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 19 -- 21. Jump up ^ Davies, 66 -- 94. Jump up ^ Jones, 71 ; Liebeschuetz, 235 -- 52, 246 -- 48. Contra : Davies, 66 -- 94. Jump up ^ Odahl, 65. Jump up ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 9.9 -- 10 ; Odahl, 303 n. 24. Jump up ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 11.1 -- 2 ; Odahl, 66. ^ Jump up to : Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 19. Jump up ^ Corcoran, Empire, 261 ; Keresztes, 381. ^ Jump up to : Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 20 ; Clarke, 648, citing Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 660 and Mosiacarum et Romanarum Legum Collatio 25.36 -- 8. Jump up ^ H.M. Gwatkin, `` Notes on Some Chronological Questions Connected with the Persecution of Diocletian, '' English Historical Review 13 : 51 ( 1898 ) : 499. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 20. ^ Jump up to : Mosiacarum et Romanarum Legum Collatio 15.3. 3f, qtd. and tr. in Clarke, 648. Jump up ^ Clarke, 647 -- 48. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 20 -- 21. Jump up ^ Lane Fox, 595. Jump up ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 10.6 -- 11 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 21 ; Odahl, 67. Jump up ^ Schott, `` Porphyry on Christians '', 278 ; Beatrice, 1 -- 47 ; Digeser, Christian Empire, passim. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini 2.50. Davies ( 80 n. 75 ) believes that this should be re-written as `` the profane on earth ''. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 21 ; Elliott, 35 -- 36 ; Keresztes, 381 ; Lane Fox, 595 ; Liebeschuetz, 235 -- 52, 246 -- 48 ; Odahl, 67 ; Potter, 338. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 22 ; Clarke, 650 ; Odahl, 67 -- 69 ; Potter, 337. Jump up ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, 12.1 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 21 ; Gaddis, 29 ; Keresztes, 381. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 22 ; Clarke, 650 ; Potter, 337 ; de Ste Croix, `` Aspects '', 75 ; Williams, 176. Jump up ^ The Old Latin pre-Vulgate version is given here, from Corcoran, Empire, 179 -- 80. Jump up ^ Corcoran, Empire, 180. Jump up ^ Corcoran, Empire, 179. ^ Jump up to : Curran, 49. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.10. 8 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 22 ; De Ste Croix, `` Aspects '', 75 ; Liebeschuetz, 249 -- 50. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.2. 4 ; De Martyribus Palestinae praef. 1 ; and Optatus, Appendix 2 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 22 ; Clarke, 650 ; Liebeschuetz, 249 -- 50 ; Potter, 337 ; de Ste Croix, `` Aspects '', 75. Jump up ^ de Ste Croix, `` Aspects '', 75. Jump up ^ de Ste Croix, `` Christian Persecution '', 47. Jump up ^ Greenslade, 476 -- 477. Jump up ^ Ferguson, Everett ( 2014 ). The Early Church at Work and Worship. 1. Casemate Publishers. p. 276. ISBN 0 - 227 - 90374 - 9. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 23 ; Klingshirn, 169. ^ Jump up to : Clarke, 650 -- 51 ; Potter, 337 ; de Ste Croix, `` Aspects '', 75 -- 76. Jump up ^ Clarke, 650 ; de Ste Croix, `` Aspects '', 75 -- 76. Jump up ^ Clarke, 650 -- 51 ; Potter, 337. Jump up ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 11.8, qtd. in Clarke, 651 ; Keresztes, 381. Jump up ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 11.8, cited in Keresztes, 381. ^ Jump up to : Clarke, 651. Jump up ^ Keresztes, 381. Jump up ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 13.2 and Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.5. 1 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 22 ; Corcoran, Empire, 179 ; Williams, 176. The quotation is from Lactantius, and the translation by Williams. Jump up ^ Gaddis, 30 n. 4. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.2. 4 ; De Martyribus Palestinae praef. ; and Acta Felicis ( = Musurillo, 266 -- 71 ) ; Corcoran, Empire, 180 ; Clarke, 651 ; Keresztes, 382 ; Potter, 337. Jump up ^ Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 1.1 -- 2, cited in Corcoran, Empire, 180. Jump up ^ Optatus, Appendix 1 ; Corcoran, Empire, 180. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 23 ; Corcoran, Empire, 181 -- 82. Jump up ^ de Ste Croix, `` Christian Persecution '', 55. Jump up ^ Corcoran, Empire, 181. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.2. 5 ; 8.6. 8 -- 9 and De Martyribus Palestinae praef. 2 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 24 ; Corcoran, Empire, 181 ; de Ste Croix, `` Aspects '', 76. Jump up ^ Rees, 63. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.6. 8 -- 9 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 24 ; de Ste Croix, `` Aspects '', 76. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.6. 10 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 24 ; Corcoran, Empire, 181 -- 82 ; de Ste Croix, `` Aspects '', 76 -- 77. Jump up ^ Rees, 64. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 24, citing Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae ( S ), praef. 2 ; ( S ) 1.3 -- 4 ; ( L ) 1.5 b ; and Historia Ecclesiastica 8.2. 5, 6.10 ; Corcoran, Empire, 181 -- 82 ; de Ste Croix, `` Aspects '', 76 -- 77 ; Keresztes, 383. Jump up ^ Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 3.1 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 24 ; Liebeschuetz, 249 -- 50 ; de Ste Croix, `` Aspects '', 77. Jump up ^ Baynes, `` Two Notes '', 189 ; de Ste Croix, `` Aspects '', 77. Jump up ^ de Ste Croix, `` Aspects '', 77. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 24, citing Martyrion ton hagion Agapes, Eirenes kai Chiones. Jump up ^ Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 3.1 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 24. Jump up ^ Liebeschuetz, 250 -- 51. ^ Jump up to : Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 26 -- 27 ; Odahl, 72 -- 74 ; Southern, 152 -- 53. Jump up ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 18 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 25 -- 26 ; Odahl, 71. Jump up ^ Keresztes, 384. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.3. 1, qtd. in Clarke, 655. Jump up ^ Clarke, 655. Jump up ^ Eusebius De Martyribus Palestinae 4.8, 9.2 ; Keresztes, 384. Jump up ^ Clarke, 655, citing Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.14. 9ff. Jump up ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 24.9 and Divinae Institutiones 1.1. 13 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 28. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 28. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 30, 38. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 30 -- 31. Jump up ^ Clarke, 656 ; Corcoran, Empire, 186. Jump up ^ Clarke, 656. Jump up ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 33.11 -- 35 and Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.17. 1 -- 11 ; Corcoran, Empire, 186. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.1. 1 ; Corcoran, Empire, 186, 186 n. 68. Jump up ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 34.1 -- 5, qtd. and tr. in Potter, 355 -- 56. See Clarke, 656 -- 57, for a translation from J.L. Creed. Jump up ^ Potter, 356. Jump up ^ Clarke, 657. ^ Jump up to : Knipfing, 705, cited in Keresztes, 390. Jump up ^ Knipfing, 705 ; K. Bihlmeyer, `` Das Toleranzedikt des Galerius von 311 '', Theol. Quartalschr. 94 ( 1912 ) 412 ; and J. Vogt, `` Christenverflolgung '', RAC 1199, cited in Keresztes, 390. Jump up ^ Keresztes, 390. Jump up ^ Louis - Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont, Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire ecclésiastique des six premiers siècles ( Paris, 1693 ), 5.44, qtd. and tr. in Keresztes, 390. ^ Jump up to : Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 39. Jump up ^ Clarke, 657 ; Potter, 356. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.2. 1 ; Clarke, 659. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 149. ^ Jump up to : Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 45.1, 48.2, qtd. and tr. in Clarke, 662 -- 63. Jump up ^ Corcoran, Empire, 158 -- 59. Jump up ^ Corcoran, Empire, 2. Jump up ^ Corcoran, Empire, 158 -- 59. Jump up ^ Corcoran, Empire, 158 -- 59. Jump up ^ Davies, 68 n. 6. Jump up ^ Davies, 68 n. 7. Jump up ^ Davies, 69 n. 8. Jump up ^ Davies, 69 n. 9. Jump up ^ Davies, 69 n. 10. Jump up ^ Davies, 69 n. 11. ^ Jump up to : Davies, 68. Jump up ^ Clarke, 651 ; Keresztes, 384 -- 85. Jump up ^ Corcoran, `` Before Constantine '', 45 -- 46 ; Williams, 67. Jump up ^ Lane Fox, 596 ; Williams, 180. Jump up ^ Davies, 68 -- 69. Jump up ^ Corcoran, Empire, 261 n. 58. Jump up ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 15.7 ; Clarke, 651. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.13. 13 ; Vita Constantini 1.13 ; and De Martyribus Palestinae 13.12 ; Clarke, 651, 651 n. 149. Jump up ^ Optatus, 1.22 ; Clarke, 651 n. 149. Jump up ^ Corcoran, Empire, 180, citing Charles Thomas, Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500 ( London : Batsford, 1981 ), 48 -- 50. Jump up ^ Corcoran, Empire, 181 -- 82. Jump up ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 24.9 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 28 ; Clarke, 652. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 23 ; Clarke, 651. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 23. Jump up ^ Williams, 177. Jump up ^ Frend, `` Genesis and Legacy '', 510. Jump up ^ Martyrium Perpetuae et Felicitatis 13.1 ( = Musurillo, 106 -- 31 ), cited in Tilley, `` North Africa '', 391. Jump up ^ Edwards, 585 ; Tilley, `` North Africa '', 387, 395 ; Williams, 179. ^ Jump up to : Williams, 179. Jump up ^ Acta Maximiliani ( = Musurillo, 244 -- 49 ) ; Tilley, The Bible, 45 -- 46. Jump up ^ Acta Marcelli ( = Musurillo, 250 -- 59 ) ; Tilley, The Bible, 46. Jump up ^ Optatus, Appendix 1 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 23. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 23. Jump up ^ Tilley, Martyr Stories, 25 -- 49 ; Clarke, 652 n. 153. Jump up ^ Clarke, 652 n. 153. Jump up ^ Clarke, 652 n. 153. Jump up ^ Acts of the Abitinian Martyrs 20 ( = Tilley, Martyr Stories, 44 -- 46 ) ; Tilley, Martyr Stories, xi ; The Bible, 9, 57 -- 66. Jump up ^ Tilley, The Bible, 10. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 56. Jump up ^ Tilley, Martyr Stories, xi. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38 ; Curran, 49. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38, 303 n. 100 ; Curran, 49. Jump up ^ ' Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38, 303 n. 103. ^ Jump up to : Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38, 304 n. 106. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38, 303 -- 4 n. 105. Jump up ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 23.5 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 29. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 30. Jump up ^ Optatus, 1.18 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38. Jump up ^ Optatus, Appendix 1 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38, 304 n. 107. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38 -- 39. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 10.5. 15 -- 17 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 39. Jump up ^ Clarke, 651, 651 n. 151. Jump up ^ Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 13.12, qtd. in Clarke, 652. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 40 -- 41 ; Odahl, 96 -- 101 Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42 -- 44 ; Odahl, 111. Cf. also Curran, 72 -- 75. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 48. Cf. contra : MacMullen, 45. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.42. 1 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 48. Jump up ^ Curran, 93 -- 96, citing Krautheimer, Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romanorum, 5.90. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 48 -- 49. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 24. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 24 ; Lane Fox, 596 ; Williams, 178. See also : Keresztes, 382. Jump up ^ Williams, 178. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 24 ; Southern, 168 ; Williams, 177. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 24. Jump up ^ Odahl, 68. Jump up ^ Lactantius, Divinae Institutiones 7 ; Williams, 178. Jump up ^ Trompf, 120. Jump up ^ Williams, 181. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 148 -- 50. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 154 -- 55. ^ Jump up to : Keresztes, 389. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.6. 10, qtd. and tr. in Keresztes, 389. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 150. Jump up ^ Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae ( L ) 1.1 ff ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 150 -- 51. Jump up ^ Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae ( L ) 1.5 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 151. Jump up ^ Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 3.1 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 151, 356 n. 27. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 151. Jump up ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 19.1 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 151. Jump up ^ Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 4.8 ; Keresztes, 384. Jump up ^ de Ste Croix, `` Aspects '', 97, 113 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 153. Jump up ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 23.1 ff ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 151 -- 52. Jump up ^ Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 4.8 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 152 ; Keresztes, 384 ; Mitchell, 112. Jump up ^ Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 7.1 -- 4 ; Keresztes, 388. On Christian condemnation to the mines in general, see J.G. Davies, `` Condemnation to the Mines : A Neglected Chapter in the History of the Persecutions, '' University of Birmingham Historical Journal 6 ( 1958 ), 99 -- 107. The same punishment was later used on Christian heretics, on which see Mark Gustafson, `` Condemnation to the Mines in the Later Roman Empire, '' Harvard Theological Review 87 : 4 ( 1994 ), 421 -- 33. Jump up ^ Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 8.1 -- 4 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 153 ; Keresztes, 388. Jump up ^ Annuaire de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales et Slaves 7 ( 1939 -- 44 ), 410ff. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 357 n. 39. Jump up ^ Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 8.13 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 153 ; Keresztes, 388. Jump up ^ Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 7.1 f, cited in Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 152. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.13. 5 ; De Martyribus Palestinae 7.3 ff ; 13 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 152 -- 53 ; Keresztes, 388. Jump up ^ Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 7.7 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 153. Jump up ^ Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae ( L ) 8.1 ; ( S ) 11.31 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 153. Jump up ^ Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 9.1, cited in Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 153. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 153, 357 n. 42. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 153. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 153. Jump up ^ Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 9.2 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 153 ; Keresztes, 384 ; Mitchell, 112. Jump up ^ Lane Fox, 596. Jump up ^ Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 9.2 ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 153 ; Keresztes, 384 ; Lane Fox, 596 ; Mitchell, 112. Jump up ^ Lane Fox, 596. On the Acts of Pilate, see also : Johannes Quasten, Patrology, volume I : The Beginnings of Patristic Literature ( Westminster, MD : Newman, 1950 ), 116. Jump up ^ Lane Fox, 596 -- 97. Jump up ^ Mitchell, 112. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 154. Jump up ^ Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 10.1 ff, cited in Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 154. Jump up ^ Eusebius, De Martyribus Palestinae 11.1 ff ; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 154. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 154, 357 n. 49. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 357 n. 49. ^ Jump up to : Mitchell, 113. Jump up ^ Clarke, 660 ; Mitchell, 113. Jump up ^ Barnes, New Empire, 22 -- 23 ; Michell, 113 n. 21. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.1. 1 ; Mitchell, 113. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.1. 2, 9.1. 3 -- 6 ; Mitchell, 113. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.2. 1 ; Clarke, 660 ; Mitchell, 114. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.2 and Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 36.3 ; Mitchell, 114. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.6. 2 ; Clarke, 660. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.6. 3 ; Clarke, 660. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.6. 2 ; Clarke, 660. Jump up ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 36.7, qtd. and tr. in Clarke, 660. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.7. 3 -- 14, cited in Mitchell, 114. Jump up ^ Mitchell, 114. Jump up ^ Mitchell, 117. Jump up ^ Lane Fox, 598. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.9 a. 4 -- 9 ; Mitchell, 114. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.9 a. 2 -- 3 ; Mitchell, 114. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.9 a. 4 ; Mitchell, 114. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.9 a. 5 -- 6 ; Mitchell, 114. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.9 a. 7 -- 9 ; Mitchell, 114 -- 15. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.10. 1 -- 2 and Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 37.3 -- 42 ; Mitchell, 115. Jump up ^ Barnes, New Empire, 68 ; Mitchell, 115. Jump up ^ Mitchell, 115. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.10. 8 -- 9 ; Mitchell, 115. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 9.10. 10 -- 11 ; Mitchell, 115. Jump up ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 46.8 -- 9 ; Mitchell, 115. Jump up ^ Mitchell, 116. Jump up ^ Keresztes, 389. On the Egyptian response to the persecutions, see also : Annemarie Luijendijk, `` Papyri from the Great Persecution : Roman and Christian Perspectives, '' Journal of Early Christian Studies 16 : 3 ( 2008 ) : 341 -- 369. Jump up ^ Timothy Barnes, Athanasius and Constantius : Theology and Politics in the Constantinian Empire ( Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press, 1993 ), 10. ^ Jump up to : Leadbetter, 259. Jump up ^ Epiphanius, Panarion 68.3. 3, qtd. and tr. in MacMullen, 92 -- 93. Jump up ^ MacMullen, 160 n. 17. Jump up ^ Lane Fox, 590. Jump up ^ Clarke, 651 ; Lane Fox, 597 -- 98. Jump up ^ Lane Fox, 597 -- 98. Jump up ^ Oxyrhynchus Papyri 2601, tr. J.R. Rhea, quoted in Barnes, `` Constantine and the Bishops '', 382 ; Lane Fox, 598. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini 11.2, qtd. and tr. Nicholson, 50. Jump up ^ Lactantius, Divinae Institutiones 4.18. 1 -- 2, qtd. and tr. Nicholson, 49. Jump up ^ King James Version, qtd. in Nicholson, 51. Jump up ^ Nicholson, 50 -- 51. Jump up ^ Drake, 149 -- 53 ; Lane Fox, 598 -- 601. Jump up ^ Constantine, Oratio ad Sanctum Coetum 22, qtd. and tr. in Drake, 150. Jump up ^ Drake, 98 -- 103. Jump up ^ Lane Fox, 441 ; MacMullen, 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ Lane Fox, 441. Jump up ^ Dodds, 135. Jump up ^ Tertullian, Apologeticus 50 ; Dodds, 133 ; MacMullen, 29 -- 30. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 48 -- 49, 208 -- 13. Jump up ^ Liebeschuetz, 252. Jump up ^ Iole Fargnoli, `` Many Faiths and One Emperor : Remarks about the Religious Legislation of Theodosius the Great, '' Revue Internationale des Droits de l'Antiquité 53 ( 2006 ) : 146. Jump up ^ Warren Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society ( Stanford : Stanford University Press, 1997 ), 122. See also : MacMullen, vii, and passim. Jump up ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 56 ; Tilley, Martyr Stories, xi. Jump up ^ Chadwick, 179. Jump up ^ Richard Gerberding, `` The later Roman Empire, '' in The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 1, c. 500 -- c. 700, ed. Paul Fouracre ( New York : Cambridge University Press, 2005 ), 21. ^ Jump up to : Curran, 50. Jump up ^ Liber Pontificalis 1.162 ; Curran, 50. ^ Jump up to : Barnes, New Empire, 177 -- 80 ; Curran, 50. Jump up ^ de Ste Croix, `` Aspects '', 103 -- 4. Jump up ^ David Womersley, The Transformation of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ( New York : Cambridge University Press, 1988 ), 128, 128 n. 109. ^ Jump up to : Womersley, Transformation, 128. Jump up ^ Gibbon, Decline and Fall, ed. David Womersley ( London : Allen Lane, 1994 ), 1 : 578. Jump up ^ J.G.A. Pocock, Barbarism and Religion, vol. 5, Religion : The First Triumph ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2010 ), ix -- xi, 34 ; Patricia B. Craddock, Edward Gibbon : Luminous Historian, 1772 -- 1794 ( Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989 ), 60 -- 61, 122. Jump up ^ Porson, Letters to Mr. Archdeacon Travis ( 1790 ), xxviii, qtd. in Womersley, Gibbon and the ' Watchmen of the Holy City ' : The Historian and his Reputation 1776 -- 1815 ( New York : Oxford University Press, 2002 ), 184 -- 85 n. 39. Jump up ^ Weekly Worker obituary, retrieved Sept. 26, 2010 Archived 2011 - 06 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ de Ste. Croix, `` Aspects '', 104. Jump up ^ Hermann Dörries, Constantine the Great, trans. R.H. Bainton ( New York : Harper & Row, 1972 ), 13 n. 11. Jump up ^ Frend, Martyrdom and Persecution, 393 -- 94 ; Liebeschuetz, 251 -- 52. References ( edit ) Ancient sources ( edit ) Arnobius. Adversus Nationes ( Against the Heathen ) ca. 295 -- 300. Bryce, Hamilton, and Hugh Campbell, trans. Against the Heathen. From Ante - Nicene Fathers, Vol. 6. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009. Dessau, Hermann. Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae ( Berlin : Weidmann, 1892 -- 1916 ) Eusebius of Caesarea. Historia Ecclesiastica ( Church History ) first seven books ca. 300, eighth and ninth book ca. 313, tenth book ca. 315, epilogue ca. 325. Books Eight and Nine. Williamson, G.A., trans. The History of the Church from Christ to Constantine. London : Penguin, 1989. ISBN 0 - 14 - 044535 - 8 Eusebius of Caesarea. De Martyribus Palestinae ( On the Martyrs of Palestine ). McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. Martyrs of Palestine. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009. Cureton, William, trans. History of the Martyrs in Palestine by Eusebius of Caesarea, Discovered in a Very Antient Syriac Manuscript. London : Williams & Norgate, 1861. Accessed September 28, 2009. Eusebius of Caesarea. Vita Constantini ( The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine ) ca. 336 -- 39. Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Life of Constantine. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009. Lactantius. Divinae Institutiones ( The Divine Institutes ) ca. 303 -- 311. Fletcher, William, trans. The Divine Institutes. From Ante - Nicene Fathers, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009. Lactantius. De Ira Dei ( On the Wrath of God ) ca. 313. Fletcher, William, trans. On the Anger of God. From Ante - Nicene Fathers, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009. Lactantius. Liber De Mortibus Persecutorum ( Book on the Deaths of the Persecutors ) ca. 313 -- 15. Fletcher, William, trans. Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died. From Ante - Nicene Fathers, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009. Musurillo, Herbert, trans. The Acts of the Christian Martyrs. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1972. Optatus. Contra Parmenianum Donatistam ( Against the Donatists ) ca. 366 -- 367. Vassall - Phillips, O.R., trans. The Work of St. Optatus Against the Donatists. London : Longmans, Green, & Co., 1917. Quick links to the separate books and parts of ' Against the Donatists ', Transcribed at tertullian.org by Roger Pearse, 2006. Accessed June 9, 2009. Porphyry. Fragments. Brauunsberg, David, and Roger Pearse, eds. `` Porphyry, Against the Christians : Fragments '', in Selected Fathers of the Church. 2006. Accessed June 9, 2009. Tertullian. Apologeticus ( Apology ) 197. Thelwall, S., trans. Apology. From Ante - Nicene Fathers, Vol. 3. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. ( Buffalo, NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1885. ) Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 16, 2009. Tilley, Maureen A, trans. Donatist Martyr Stories : The Church in Conflict in Roman North Africa. Liverpool : Liverpool University Press, 1996. Modern sources ( edit ) Barnes, Timothy D. `` Legislation Against the Christians. '' Journal of Roman Studies 58 : 1 -- 2 ( 1968 ) : 32 -- 50. Barnes, Timothy D. `` Sossianus Hierocles and the Antecedents of the `` Great Persecution ''. '' Journal of Roman Studies 80 ( 1976 ) : 239 -- 252. Barnes, Timothy D. Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press, 1981. ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 16531 - 1 Barnes, Timothy D. The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press, 1982. ISBN 0 - 7837 - 2221 - 4 Barnes, Timothy D. `` Scholarship or Propaganda? Poprphyry Against the Christians and its Historical Setting. '' Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 39 ( 1994 ) : 53 -- 65. Barnes, Timothy D. `` Review : Constantine and the Bishops : The Politics of Intolerance. '' Phoenix 54 : 3 -- 4 ( 2000 ) : 381 -- 383. Barnes, Timothy D. `` Monotheists All? '' Phoenix 55 : 1 -- 2 ( 2001 ) : 142 -- 162. Baynes, Norman H. `` Two Notes on the Great Persecution. '' The Classical Quarterly 18 : 3 -- 4 ( 1924 ) : 189 -- 194. Beatrice, Pier Franco. `` Antistes Philosophiae. Ein Christenfeindlicher Propagandist am Hofe Diokletians nach dem Zeugnis des Laktanz. '' Aug 33 ( 1993 ) : 1 -- 47. ( In German ) Castelli, Elizabeth A. Martyrdom and Memory : Early Christian Culture Making. New York : Columbia University Press, 2004. Chadwick, Henry. The Church in Ancient Society : From Galilee to Gregory the Great. New York : Oxford University Press, 2001. Clarke, Graeme. `` Third - Century Christianity. '' In The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII : The Crisis of Empire, edited by Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron, and Peter Garnsey, 589 -- 671. New York : Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0 - 521 - 30199 - 8 Corcoran, Simon. The Empire of the Tetrarchs, Imperial Pronouncements and Government AD 284 -- 324. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1996. ISBN 0 - 19 - 814984 - 0 Corcoran, Simon. `` Before Constantine. '' In The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine, edited by Noel Lenski, 35 -- 58. New York : Cambridge University Press, 2006. Hardcover ISBN 0 - 521 - 81838 - 9 Paperback ISBN 0 - 521 - 52157 - 2 Curran, John. Pagan City and Christian Capital : Rome in the Fourth Century. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 2000. ISBN 0 - 19 - 815278 - 7 Davies, P.S. `` The Origin and Purpose of the Persecution of AD 303. '' Journal of Theological Studies 40 : 1 ( 1989 ) : 66 -- 94. Digeser, Elizabeth DePalma. The Making of a Christian Empire : Lactantius and Rome. Ithaca : Cornell University Press, 2000. ISBN 0 - 8014 - 3594 - 3 Dodds, E.R. Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety : Some Aspects of Religious Experience from Marcus Aurelius to Constantine. New York : Norton, 1970. Drake, H.A. Constantine and the Bishops : The Politics of Intolerance. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6218 - 3 Edwards, Mark. `` Christianity, A.D. 70 -- 192. '' In The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII : The Crisis of Empire, edited by Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron, and Peter Garnsey, 573 -- 588. New York : Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0 - 521 - 30199 - 8 Elliott, T.G. The Christianity of Constantine the Great. Scranton, PA : University of Scranton Press, 1996. ISBN 0 - 940866 - 59 - 5 Fox, see Lane Fox, Robin Frend, William H.C. Martyrdom and persecution in the early church : a study of a conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus. New York University Press, 1967. Reissued in 2008 by James Clarke Company, U.K. ISBN 0 - 227 - 17229 - 9 Frend, W.H.C. `` Prelude to the Great Persecution : The Propaganda War. '' Journal of Ecclesiastical History 38 : 1 ( 1987 ) : 1 -- 18. Frend, W.H.C. `` Persecutions : Genesis and Legacy. '' In The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume I : Origins to Constantine, edited by Margaret M. Mitchell and Frances M. Young, 503 -- 523. New York : Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81239 - 9 Gaddis, Michael. There Is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ : Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London : University of California Press, 2005. ISBN 0 - 520 - 24104 - 5 Gibbon, Edward. History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 1. edited by David Womersley. London : Penguin Classics, 1995. ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 043393 - 7 Greenslade, S.L., ed. ( 1975 ), The Cambridge History of the Bible, 3, The West from the Reformation to the Present Day, Cambridge University Press, Paperback ISBN 0 - 521 - 29016 - 3 Helgeland, John. `` Christians and the Roman Army A.D. 173 -- 337. '' Church History 43 : 2 ( 1974 ) : 149 -- 163, 200. Hopkins, Keith. `` Christian Number and Its Implications. '' Journal of Early Christian Studies 6 : 2 ( 1998 ) : 185 -- 226. Jones, A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire, 284 -- 602 : A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey. Oxford : Basil Blackwell, 1964. Keresztes, Paul. `` From the Great Persecution To the Peace of Galerius. '' Vigiliae Christianae 37 : 4 ( 1983 ) : 379 -- 399. Klingshirn, William E. ; Safran, Linda, eds. ( 2007 ), The Early Christian Book, Washington : The Catholic University of America Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 8132 - 1486 - 3 Knipfing, J.R. `` The Edict of Galerius ( 311 A.D. ) re-considered. '' Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire 1 ( 1922 ) : 693 -- 705. Lane Fox, Robin. Pagans and Christians. New York : Alfred A. Knopf, 1986. ISBN 0 - 394 - 55495 - 7 Leadbetter, William. `` From Constantine to Theodosius ( and Beyond ). '' In The Early Christian World, ed. Philip Francis Esler, 258 -- 292. London : Routledge, 2004. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 16496 - 2 Liebeschuetz, J.H.W.G. Continuity and Change in Roman Religion. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1979. ISBN 0 - 19 - 814822 - 4 Löhr, Winrich. `` Some Observations on Karl - Heinz Schwarte 's ' Diokletians Christengesetz '. '' Vigiliae Christianae 56 : 1 ( 2002 ) : 75 -- 95 MacMullen, Ramsay. Christianizing the Roman Empire. New Haven : Yale University Press. ISBN 0 - 300 - 03642 - 6 Millar, Fergus. The Roman Near East, 31 B.C. -- A.D. 337. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press, 1993. Hardcover ISBN 0 - 674 - 77885 - 5 Paperback ISBN 0 - 674 - 77886 - 3 Mitchell, Stephen. `` Maximinus and the Christians in A.D. 312 : A New Latin Inscription. '' Journal of Roman Studies 78 ( 1988 ) : 105 -- 124. Nicholson, Oliver. `` Flight from Persecution as Imitation of Christ : Lactantius ' Divine Institutes IV. 18, 1 -- 2. '' Journal of Theological Studies 40 : 1 ( 1989 ) : 48 -- 65. Odahl, Charles Matson. Constantine and the Christian Empire. New York : Routledge, 2004. Hardcover ISBN 0 - 415 - 17485 - 6 Paperback ISBN 0 - 415 - 38655 - 1 Potter, David S. The Roman Empire at Bay : AD 180 -- 395. New York : Routledge, 2005. Hardcover ISBN 0 - 415 - 10057 - 7 Paperback ISBN 0 - 415 - 10058 - 5 Rees, Roger. Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press, 2004. ISBN 0 - 7486 - 1661 - 6 Rives, J.B. `` The Decree of Decius and the Religion of the Empire. '' Journal of Roman Studies 89 ( 1999 ) : 135 -- 154. de Sainte - Croix, G.E.M. `` Aspects of the Great Persecution. '' Harvard Theological Review 47 ( 1954 ) : 75 -- 113. de Sainte - Croix, G.E.M. `` Christian Persecution, Martyrdom, and Orthodoxy ''. New York : Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 0 - 19 - 927812 - 1 de Sainte - Croix, G.E.M. `` Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted? '' Past & Present 26 ( 1963 ) : 6 -- 38. Schott, Jeremy M. `` Porphyry on Christians and Others : `` Barbarian Wisdom, '' Identity Politics, and Anti-Christian Polemics on the Eve of the Great Persecution. '' Journal of Early Christian Studies 13 : 3 ( 2005 ) : 277 -- 314. Schott, Jeremy M. Christianity, Empire, and the Making of Religion in Late Antiquity. Philadelphia : University of Philadelphia Press, 2008. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4092 - 4 Sherwin - White, A.N. `` The Early Persecutions and Roman Law Again. '' Journal of Theological Studies 3 : 2 ( 1952 ), 199 -- 213. Tilley, Maureen A. The Bible in Christian North Africa : The Donatist World. Minneapolis : Fortress Press, 1997. ISBN 0 - 8006 - 2880 - 2 Tilley, Maureen A. `` North Africa. '' In The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume I : Origins to Constantine, edited by Margaret M. Mitchell and Frances M. Young, 381 -- 396. New York : Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81239 - 9 Trompf, G.W. Early Christian Historiography : Narratives of redistributive justice. New York : Continuum, 2000. ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5294 - 9 Walter, Christopher. The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition. Ashgate Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1 - 84014 - 694 - X Williams, Stephen. Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. New York : Routledge, 1997. ISBN 0 - 415 - 91827 - 8 Woods, David. `` Two Notes on the Great Persecution. '' Journal of Theological Studies 43 : 1 ( 1992 ) : 128 -- 134. Woods, David. `` ' Veturius ' and the Beginning of the Diocletianic Persecution. '' Mnemosyne 54 : 5 ( 2001 ) : 587 -- 591. External links ( edit ) A Chronological Chart of the Persecution with primary sources hyperlinked Persecution of Christians from Britannica Persecution of Christians Anti-Christian sentiment By incident Early Christianity New Testament Roman Empire Great Fire of Rome Persecution in Lyon Decian persecution Diocletianic Persecution Early modern French Revolution Revolt in the Vendée Martyrs of Japan Boxer Rebellion Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam Modern 1860 Lebanon conflict Massacres of Diyarbakir Adana massacre Hamidian massacres Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Greek genocide Damour massacre Istanbul pogrom Eastern Bloc Genocide of Christians by ISIL By persecutor Early Christianity Agrippa I Roman Empire Nero Domitian Septimius Severus Maximinus Thrax Decius Valerian Late Antiquity Diocletian Maximian Galerius Shapur II Athanaric Early modern Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa Ieyasu Kangxi Tipu Sultan Minh Mạng Tự Đức Queen Jeongsun Modern Ranavalona I Mwanga II of Buganda Plutarco Elías Calles Tomás Garrido Canabal Bai Chongxi Enver Hoxha Vladimir Lenin Joseph Stalin Mao Zedong Pol Pot Kim Il - sung Abu Bakr al - Baghdadi By country Afghanistan Algeria Burma Cambodia China Egypt France Germany ( Prussia ) German ( Nazi ) India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Laos Lebanon Madagascar Malaysia Mexico Nigeria North Korea Ottoman Empire Pakistan Saudi Arabia Somalia Soviet Union Spain Sudan Thailand Turkey Vietnam Yemen By group Anti-Catholicism Persecution of Copts Anti-Mormonism Violence against Mormons Persecution of Orthodox Christians Anti-Protestantism Anti-Anabaptist Martyrs ( list ) Massacre of the Innocents Saint Stephen Carthusian Martyrs Chinese Martyrs Drina Martyrs Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Korean Martyrs Martyrs of Japan Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War New Martyr North American Martyrs Saints of the Cristero War Uganda Martyrs Vietnamese Martyrs 233 Spanish Martyrs 498 Spanish Martyrs 522 Spanish Martyrs Martyrs of Turon Martyrs of Daimiel Eastern Catholics in the USSR 108 Martyrs of World War Two Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diocletianic_Persecution&oldid=822979871 '' Categories : 4th - century Christianity 4th - century conflicts Persecution of early Christians Christian terminology 303 4th century in law 300s in the Roman Empire Diocletian Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Español Esperanto Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Português Română Русский Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 January 2018, at 16 : 38. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "Diocletianic persecution - wikipedia Diocletianic persecution Jump to : navigation, search The Christian Martyrs ' Last Prayer, by Jean - Léon Gérôme ( 1883 ) The Diocletianic or Great Persecution was the last and most severe persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire. In 303, the Emperors Diocletian, Maximian, Galerius, and Constantius issued a series of edicts rescinding the legal rights of Christians and demanding that they comply with traditional Roman religious practices. Later edicts targeted the clergy and ordered all inhabitants to sacrifice to the Roman gods ( a policy known as universal sacrifice ). The persecution varied in intensity across the empire -- weakest in Gaul and Britain, where only the first edict was applied, and strongest in the Eastern provinces. Persecutory laws were nullified by different emperors at different times, but Constantine and Licinius 's Edict of Milan ( 313 ) has traditionally marked the end of the persecution. Christians" ], "id": [ "11850175110054540579" ], "short_answers": [ "Christians" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "( Our Love ) Do n't Throw it All Away - wikipedia ( Our Love ) Do n't Throw it All Away Jump to : navigation, search `` ( Our Love ) Do n't Throw It All Away '' Single by Andy Gibb from the album Shadow Dancing B - side `` One More Look at the Night '' Released October 1978 ( International ) January 1979 ( US ) Format 7 '' Recorded December 1977 -- January 1978 Wally Heider Studios, Los Angeles, California Genre Soft rock Pop soul Length 4 : 07 Label RSO Records Songwriter ( s ) Barry Gibb Blue Weaver Producer ( s ) Gibb - Galuten - Richardson Andy Gibb singles chronology `` An Everlasting Love '' ( 1978 ) `` ( Our Love ) Do n't Throw It All Away '' ( 1978 ) `` Why '' ( 1978 ) `` An Everlasting Love '' ( 1978 ) `` ( Our Love ) Do n't Throw It All Away '' ( 1978 ) `` Why '' ( 1978 ) `` ( Our Love ) Do n't Throw It All Away '' is a song penned by Barry Gibb and Blue Weaver and recorded by the Bee Gees in 1977 on the Saturday Night Fever sessions but was not released until Bee Gees Greatest ( 1979 ). It was released as a single by Andy Gibb on his version from his second studio album Shadow Dancing. Contents ( hide ) 1 Andy Gibb 's version 1.1 Personnel 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Bee Gees ' version 3.1 Personnel 4 Other versions 5 References Andy Gibb 's version ( edit ) `` ( Our Love ) Do n't Throw It All Away '' was released as the third single from Andy Gibb 's Shadow Dancing album, but only in the United States, in September 1978. The song was also his fifth single to reach the US Top 10 ; the single reached # 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and # 2 on the Adult Contemporary chart. When Andy Gibb was going to record it, Barry reworked on the song adding the middle eight that was not on the original Bee Gees ' version, as Blue Weaver recalls, `` When Andy actually went to record it, Barry listened to it ( the original version ) again and thought, ' Oh, it 's not finished ', so Barry wrote the whole of the middle - eight. Allmusic 's Amy Hanson described this version of `` ( Our Love ) Do n't Throw It All Away '' as a `` tender ballad '' that suited Andy 's voice. It appears on Andy 's three greatest - hits albums. Personnel ( edit ) Andy Gibb -- lead vocals Barry Gibb -- backing vocals Joey Murcia -- guitar Tim Renwick -- guitar George Bitzer -- Keyboards, synthesizer Paul Harris -- keyboards Harold Cowart -- bass Joe Lala -- percussion Ron Ziegler -- drums Whit Sidener -- horns Ken Faulk -- horns Bill Purse -- horns Neil Bonsanti -- horns Stan Webb -- horns Albhy Galuten, Blue Weaver and Barry Gibb -- orchestral arrangement Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 -- 79 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 61 Brazilian Singles Chart 7 Canada ( RPM ) Top Singles 8 Canada ( RPM ) Adult Contemporary 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 21 Japan ( Oricon ) 27 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 32 US Cash Box Top 100 7 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Radio & Records 10 US Record World 9 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 93 Chart ( 1979 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 58 Bee Gees ' version ( edit ) `` ( Our Love ) Do n't Throw It All Away '' Song by Bee Gees from the album Bee Gees Greatest Released October 1979 Recorded February and March 1977 Le Chateau, Herouville, France April 1977 Criteria Studios, Miami, Florida Genre Soul, soft rock, Pop Length 4 : 02 Label RSO Songwriter ( s ) Barry Gibb, Blue Weaver Producer ( s ) Bee Gees, Albhy Galuten, Karl Richardson The Bee Gees version of the song, the first version ever recorded by anyone, was recorded in 1977 during the sessions for Saturday Night Fever, but was not released until the compilation Bee Gees Greatest 1979. Barry Gibb is the only member of the Bee Gees to appear on the recording. Barry wrote the lyrics while Weaver composed the melody. Weaver said of this song, `` That was me playing around again ; It was n't done for ( Saturday Night Fever ), it was just something that we did ''. The stereo mix of an early state of the song exists but was unreleased until now. Samantha Sang, who was visiting France where this version was recorded, asked Barry for a song ; not long afterwards, Barry sent Sang `` Do n't Throw it All Away '', but Sang never recorded or released it, choosing instead the new song `` Emotion ''. During the Bee Gees ' One Night Only tour, they performed the song with Andy 's vocal mixed in during the second stanza, chorus, bridge and the coda of the song years after Andy died. Personnel ( edit ) Barry Gibb -- vocals, guitar Maurice Gibb -- bass Blue Weaver -- keyboards, orchestral arrangement Dennis Bryon -- drums Joe Lala -- percussion Other versions ( edit ) Jennifer Love Hewitt also covered the song on her 1996 self - titled album. A rare promotional single for the song was released on January 22, 1997. Barbra Streisand recorded her rendition of the song in 2005 off her album Guilty Pleasures, which had Barry Gibb on the album cover with her. On Streisand 's version, Barry Gibb is heard singing also the chorus. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shadow Dancing Billboard singles ''. Allmusic. Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 21. ^ Jump up to : Hanson, Amy. `` ( Our Love ) Do n't Throw It All Away - Andy Gibb ''. Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 31 December 2014. ^ Jump up to : Hughes, Andrew. The Bee Gees - Tales of the Brothers Gibb. Retrieved 11 February 2015. Jump up ^ David Kent ( 1993 ). Australian Charts Book 1970 -- 1992. Australian Chart Book Pty Ltd, Turramurra, N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6. ^ Jump up to : Gerard. `` Songs Written by the Gibb Family on the International Charts '' ( PDF ). brothersgibb.org. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2014. Jump up ^ `` CAN Charts > Andy Gibb ''. RPM. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20. Jump up ^ `` CAN AC Charts > Andy Gibb ''. RPM. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06. Jump up ^ `` UK Charts > Andy Gibb ''. Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 03. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Cashbox Top 100 Singles ''. December 23, 1978. Retrieved 23 January 2017. Jump up ^ `` US Charts > Andy Gibb ''. Billboard. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada ''. Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1979 / Top 100 Songs of 1979 ''. Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13. Jump up ^ `` ( Our Love ) Do n't Throw it All Away ''. Allmusic. Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 21. Jump up ^ Brennan, Joseph. `` Gibb Songs : 1977 ''. Retrieved 31 December 2014. Jump up ^ `` Streisand - Guilty Pleasures ''. Discogs.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2014. Jump up ^ Brennan, Joseph. `` Gibb Songs : 2005 ''. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2014. Andy Gibb Studio albums Flowing Rivers Shadow Dancing After Dark Singles `` Words and Music '' `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' `` ( Love Is ) Thicker Than Water '' `` Shadow Dancing '' `` An Everlasting Love '' `` ( Our Love ) Do n't Throw it All Away '' `` Why '' `` Desire '' `` I Ca n't Help It '' `` Time Is Time '' `` Me ( Without You ) '' `` All I Have to Do Is Dream '' Compilations Andy Gibb 's Greatest Hits Andy Gibb ( Hits Collection ) 20th Century Masters - The Millennium Collection Mythology Other songs `` Warm Ride '' `` Rest Your Love on Me '' `` Arrow Through the Heart '' Related articles Bee Gees RSO Records Polydor Records Solid Gold ( TV series ) Warner Music Group Universal Music Group Book Bee Gees Barry Gibb Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb Colin Petersen Vince Melouney Alan Kendall Dennis Bryon Blue Weaver Studio albums The Bee Gees Sing and Play 14 Barry Gibb Songs Spicks and Specks Bee Gees ' 1st Horizontal Idea Odessa Cucumber Castle 2 Years On Trafalgar To Whom It May Concern Life in a Tin Can Mr. Natural Main Course Children of the World Spirits Having Flown Living Eyes E.S.P. One High Civilization Size Is n't Everything Still Waters This Is Where I Came In Extended plays The Bee Gees New York Mining Disaster 1941 Soundtracks Melody Saturday Night Fever Live albums Here at Last... Bee Gees... 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{ "text": "Racial segregation in the United States - wikipedia Racial segregation in the United States Jump to : navigation, search Racial segregation in the United States, as a general term, includes the segregation or `` hypersegregation '' of facilities, services, and opportunities such as housing, medical care, education, employment, and transportation along racial lines. The expression most often refers to the legally or socially enforced separation of African Americans from other races, but also applies to the general discrimination against people of color by white communities. `` We Cater to White Trade Only '' sign on a restaurant window in Lancaster, Ohio in 1938. The term refers to the physical separation and provision of so - called `` separate but equal '' facilities, which were separate but rarely equal, as well as to other manifestations of racial discrimination, such as separation of roles within an institution : for example, in the United States Armed Forces before the 1950s, black units were typically separated from white units but were led by white officers. Signs were used to show non whites where they could legally walk, talk, drink, rest, or eat. Segregated facilities extended from white only schools to white only graveyards. Legal segregation of schools was stopped in the U.S. by federal enforcement of a series of Supreme Court decisions after Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. All legally enforced public segregation was abolished by the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It passed after demonstrations during the Civil Rights Movement resulted in public opinion turning against enforced segregation. De facto segregation -- segregation `` in fact '', without sanction of law -- persists in varying degrees to the present day. The contemporary racial segregation seen in the United States in residential neighborhoods has been shaped by public policies, mortgage discrimination, and redlining, among other factors. Hypersegregation is a form of racial segregation that consists of the geographical grouping of racial groups. Most often, this occurs in cities where the residents of the inner city are African Americans and the suburbs surrounding this inner core are often European American residents. The idea of hypersegregation gained credibility in 1989 due to the work of Douglas Massey and Nancy A. Denton and their studies of `` American Apartheid '', when whites created black ghettos during the first half of the 20th century in order to isolate growing urban black populations. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Reconstruction in the South 1.2 Jim Crow era 1.3 New Deal era 2 Hypersegregation 3 Racism and issues 3.1 Scientific 3.2 In the South 3.3 In the North 4 Contemporary segregation 4.1 Residential segregation 4.2 Commercial and industrial segregation 4.2. 1 1888 -- 1928 4.2. 2 1929 -- 53 4.2. 3 1954 -- 69 4.2. 4 1970 -- 79 4.2. 5 1980 -- 1990s 4.2. 6 2000s 5 Effects 5.1 Education 5.2 Health 5.3 Crime 5.4 Poverty 5.5 Single parenthood 5.6 Public spending 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) An African - American man drinking at a `` colored '' drinking fountain in a streetcar terminal in Oklahoma City, 1939. Reconstruction in the South ( edit ) Main article : Reconstruction Era Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867, the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1870 providing the right to vote, and the Civil Rights Act of 1875 forbidding racial segregation in accommodations. As a result, Federal occupation troops in the South assured blacks the right to vote and to elect their own political leaders. The Reconstruction amendments asserted the supremacy of the national state and the formal equality under the law of everyone within it. However, it did not prohibit segregation in schools. When the Republicans came to power in the Southern states after 1867, they created the first system of taxpayer - funded public schools. Southern Blacks wanted public schools for their children but they did not demand racially integrated schools. Almost all the new public schools were segregated, apart from a few in New Orleans. After the Republicans lost power in the mid-1870s, conservative whites retained the public school systems but sharply cut their funding. Almost all private academies and colleges in the South were strictly segregated by race. The American Missionary Association supported the development and establishment of several historically black colleges, such as Fisk University and Shaw University. In this period, a handful of northern colleges accepted black students. Northern denominations and their missionary associations especially established private schools across the South to provide secondary education. They provided a small amount of collegiate work. Tuition was minimal, so churches supported the colleges financially, and also subsidized the pay of some teachers. In 1900 churches -- mostly based in the North -- operated 247 schools for blacks across the South, with a budget of about $1 million. They employed 1600 teachers and taught 46,000 students. Prominent schools included Howard University, a federal institution based in Washington ; Fisk University in Nashville, Atlanta University, Hampton Institute in Virginia, and many others. Most new colleges in the 19th century were founded in northern states. By the early 1870s, the North lost interest in further reconstruction efforts and when federal troops were withdrawn in 1877, the Republican Party in the South splintered and lost support, leading to the conservatives ( calling themselves `` Redeemers '' ) taking control of all the southern states. ' Jim Crow ' segregation began somewhat later, in the 1880s. Disfranchisement of the blacks began in the 1890s. Although the Republican Party had championed African - American rights during the Civil War and had become a platform for black political influence during Reconstruction, a backlash among white Republicans led to the rise of the lily - white movement to remove African Americans from leadership positions in the party and incite riots to divide the party, with the ultimate goal of eliminating black influence. By 1910, segregation was firmly established across the South and most of the border region, and only a small number of black leaders were allowed to vote across the Deep South. Jim Crow era ( edit ) Main article : Jim Crow laws A black man goes into the `` colored '' entrance of a movie theater in Belzoni, Mississippi, 1939. The legitimacy of laws requiring segregation of blacks was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537. The Supreme Court sustained the constitutionality of a Louisiana statute that required railroad companies to provide `` separate but equal '' accommodations for white and black passengers, and prohibited whites and blacks from using railroad cars that were not assigned to their race. Plessy thus allowed segregation, which became standard throughout the southern United States, and represented the institutionalization of the Jim Crow period. Everyone was supposed to receive the same public services ( schools, hospitals, prisons, etc. ), but with separate facilities for each race. In practice, the services and facilities reserved for African - Americans were almost always of lower quality than those reserved for whites ; for example, most African - American schools received less public funding per student than nearby white schools. Segregation was never mandated by law in the Northern states, but a de facto system grew for schools, in which nearly all black students attended schools that were nearly all - black. In the South, white schools had only white pupils and teachers, while black schools had black teachers and only black students. Some streetcar companies did not segregate voluntarily. It took 15 years for the government to break down their resistance. On at least six occasions over nearly 60 years, the Supreme Court held, either explicitly or by necessary implication, that the `` separate but equal '' rule announced in Plessy was the correct rule of law, although, toward the end of that period, the Court began to focus on whether the separate facilities were in fact equal. The repeal of `` separate but equal '' laws was a major focus of the Civil Rights Movement. In Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ), the Supreme Court outlawed segregated public education facilities for blacks and whites at the state level. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended all state and local laws requiring segregation. New Deal era ( edit ) The New Deal of the 1930s was racially segregated ; blacks and whites rarely worked alongside each other in New Deal programs. The largest relief program by far was the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) ; it operated segregated units, as did its youth affiliate, the NYA. Blacks were hired by the WPA as supervisors in the North ; however of 10,000 WPA supervisors in the South, only 11 were black. Historian Anthony Badger argues, `` New Deal programs in the South routinely discriminated against blacks and perpetuated segregation. In its first few weeks of operation, Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) camps in the North were integrated. By July 1935, however, practically all the CCC camps in the United States were segregated, and blacks were strictly limited in the supervisory roles they were assigned. Kinker and Smith argue that `` even the most prominent racial liberals in the New Deal did not dare to criticize Jim Crow. '' Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes was one of the Roosevelt Administration 's most prominent supporters of blacks and former president of the Chicago chapter of the NAACP. In 1937 when Senator Josiah Bailey Democrat of North Carolina accused him of trying to break down segregation laws, Ickes wrote him to deny that : I think it is up to the states to work out their social problems if possible, and while I have always been interested in seeing that the Negro has a square deal, I have never dissipated my strength against the particular stone wall of segregation. I believe that wall will crumble when the Negro has brought himself to a high educational and economic status.... Moreover, while there are no segregation laws in the North, there is segregation in fact and we might as well recognize this. The New Deal 's record came under attack by New Left historians in the 1960s for its pusillanimity in not attacking capitalism more vigorously, nor helping blacks achieve equality. The critics emphasize the absence of a philosophy of reform to explain the failure of New Dealers to attack fundamental social problems. They demonstrate the New Deal 's commitment to save capitalism and its refusal to strip away private property. They detect a remoteness from the people and indifference to participatory democracy, and call instead for more emphasis on conflict and exploitation. Hypersegregation ( edit ) In an often - cited 1988 study, Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton compiled 20 existing segregation measures and reduced them to five dimensions of residential segregation. Dudley L. Poston, Michael Micklin argue that Massey and Denton `` brought conceptual clarity to the theory of segregation measurement by identifying five dimensions. '' African Americans are considered to be racially segregated because of all five dimensions of segregation being applied to them within these inner cities across the U.S. These five dimensions are evenness, clustering, exposure, centralization and concentration. Evenness is the difference between the percentage of a minority in a particular part of a city, compared to the city as a whole. Exposure is the likelihood that a minority and a majority party will come in contact with one another. This dimension shows the exposure to other diversity groups while sharing the same neighborhoods. Clustering is the gathering of different minority groups into one certain space ; clustering often leads to one big ghetto and the formation of hyperghettoization. Centralization is the number of people within a minority group that is located in the middle of an urban area, often looked at as a percentage of a minority group living in the middle of a city compared with the rest of their group living elsewhere. Concentration is the dimension that relates to the actual amount of land a minority lives on within its particular city. The higher segregation is within that particular area, the smaller the amount of land a minority group will control. The pattern of hypersegregation began in the early 20th century. African - Americans who moved to large cities often moved into the inner - city in order to gain industrial jobs. The influx of new African - American residents caused many European American residents to move to the suburbs in a case of white flight. As industry began to move out of the inner - city, the African - American residents lost the stable jobs that had brought them to the area. Many were unable to leave the inner - city, however, and they became increasingly poor. This created the inner - city ghettos that make up the core of hypersegregation. Though the Civil Rights Act of 1968 banned discrimination in sale of homes, the norms set before the laws continue to perpetuate this hypersegregation. Data from the 2000 census shows that 29 metropolitan areas displayed black - white hypersegregation ; in 2000. Two areas -- Los Angeles and New York City -- displayed Hispanic - white hypersegregation. No metropolitan area displayed hypersegregation for Asians or for Native Americans. Racism and issues ( edit ) For much of the 20th century, it was a popular belief among many whites that the presence of blacks in a white neighborhood would bring down property values. The United States government created a policy to segregate the country which involved making low - interest mortgages available to families through the Federal Housing Administration ( FHA ) and the Veteran 's Administration. Black families were legally entitled to these loans but were sometimes denied these loans because the planners behind this initiative labeled many black neighborhoods throughout the country as `` in decline. '' The rules for loans did not say that `` black families can not get loans '' ; rather, they said people from `` areas in decline '' could not get loans. While a case could be made that the wording did not appear to compel segregation, it tended to have that effect. In fact, this administration was formed as part of the New Deal to all Americans and mostly affected black residents of inner city areas ; most black families did in fact live in the inner city areas of large cities and almost entirely occupied these areas after the end of World War II when whites began to move to new suburbs. In addition to encouraging white families to move to suburbs by providing them loans to do so, the government uprooted many established African American communities by building elevated highways through their neighborhoods. To build a highway, tens of thousands of single - family homes were destroyed. Because these properties were summarily declared to be `` in decline, '' families were given pittances for their properties, and were forced into federal housing called `` the projects. '' To build these projects, still more single family homes were demolished. President Woodrow Wilson did not oppose segregation practices by autonomous department heads of the federal Civil Service, according to Brian J. Cook in his work, Democracy And Administration : Woodrow Wilson 's Ideas And The Challenges Of Public Management. White and black people would sometimes be required to eat separately, go to separate schools, use separate public toilets, park benches, train, buses, and water fountains, etc. In some locales, in addition to segregated seating, it could be forbidden for stores or restaurants to serve different races under the same roof. Public segregation was challenged by individual citizens on rare occasions but had minimal impact on civil rights issues, until December, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks refused to be moved to the back of a bus for a white passenger. Parks ' civil disobedience had the effect of sparking the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Parks ' act of defiance became an important symbol of the modern Civil Rights Movement and Parks became an international icon of resistance to racial segregation. Sign for `` colored '' waiting room at a Greyhound bus terminal in Rome, Georgia, 1943. Segregation was also pervasive in housing. State constitutions ( for example, that of California ) had clauses giving local jurisdictions the right to regulate where members of certain races could live. In 1917, the Supreme Court in the case of Buchanan v. Warley declared municipal resident segregation ordinances unconstitutional. In response, whites resorted to the restrictive covenant, a formal deed restriction binding white property owners in a given neighborhood not to sell to blacks. Whites who broke these agreements could be sued by `` damaged '' neighbors. In the 1948 case of Shelley v. Kraemer, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled that such covenants were unenforceable in a court of law. However, residential segregation patterns had already become established in most American cities, and have often persisted up to the present ( see white flight and Redlining ). In most cities, the only way blacks could relieve the pressure of crowding that resulted from increasing migration was to expand residential borders into surrounding previously white neighborhoods, a process that often resulted in harassment and attacks by white residents whose intolerant attitudes were intensified by fears that black neighbors would cause property values to decline. Moreover, the increased presence of African Americans in cities, North and South, as well as their competition with whites for housing, jobs, and political influence sparked a series of race riots. In 1898 white citizens of Wilmington, North Carolina, resenting African Americans ' involvement in local government and incensed by an editorial in an African - American newspaper accusing white women of loose sexual behavior, rioted and killed dozens of blacks. In the fury 's wake, white supremacists overthrew the city government, expelling black and white office holders, and instituted restrictions to prevent blacks from voting. In Atlanta in 1906, newspaper accounts alleging attacks by black men on white women provoked an outburst of shooting and killing that left twelve blacks dead and seventy injured. An influx of unskilled black strikebreakers into East St Louis, Illinois, heightened racial tensions in 1917. Rumors that blacks were arming themselves for an attack on whites resulted in numerous attacks by white mobs on black neighborhoods. On July 1, blacks fired back at a car whose occupants they believed had shot into their homes and mistakenly killed two policemen riding in a car. The next day, a full scaled riot erupted which ended only after nine whites and thirty - nine blacks had been killed and over three hundred buildings were destroyed. With the migration to the North of many black workers at the turn of the 20th century, and the friction that occurred between white and black workers during this time, segregation was and continues to be a phenomenon in northern cities as well as in the South. Whites generally allocate tenements as housing to the poorest blacks. It would be well to remember, though, that while racism had to be legislated out of the South, many in the North, including Quakers and others who ran the Underground Railroad, were ideologically opposed to Southerners ' treatment of blacks. By the same token, many white Southerners have a claim to closer relationships with blacks than wealthy northern whites, regardless of the latter 's stated political persuasion. Anti-miscegenation laws ( also known as miscegenation laws ) prohibited whites and non-whites from marrying each other. These state laws always targeted marriage between whites and blacks, and in some states also prohibited marriages between whites and Native Americans or Asians. As one of many examples of such state laws, Utah 's marriage law had an anti-miscegenation component that was passed in 1899 and repealed in 1963. It prohibited marriage between a white and anyone considered a Negro ( Black American ), mulatto ( half black ), quadroon ( one - quarter black ), octoroon ( one - eighth black ), `` Mongolian '' ( East Asian ), or member of the `` Malay race '' ( a classification used to refer to Filipinos ). No restrictions were placed on marriages between people who were not `` white persons. '' ( Utah Code, 40 - 1 - 2, C.L. 17, § 2967 as amended by L. 39, C. 50 ; L. 41, Ch. 35. ). See also : Racial discrimination against African - Americans in the U.S. Military Colored Sailors room in World War I In World War I, blacks served in the United States Armed Forces in segregated units. Black soldiers were often poorly trained and equipped, and were often put on the frontlines in suicide missions. The 369th Infantry ( formerly 15th New York National Guard ) Regiment distinguished themselves, and were known as the `` Harlem Hellfighters ''. Graduating class of September 1944, SWPA OCS at Camp Columbia, Australia, clearly showing an integrated population. The U.S. military was still heavily segregated in World War II. The Army Air Corps ( forerunner of the Air Force ) and the Marines had no blacks enlisted in their ranks. There were blacks in the Navy Seabees. The army had only five African - American officers. In addition, no African American would receive the Medal of Honor during the war, and their tasks in the war were largely reserved to non-combat units. Black soldiers had to sometimes give up their seats in trains to the Nazi prisoners of war. World War II saw the first black military pilots in the U.S., the Tuskegee Airmen, 99th Fighter Squadron, and also saw the segregated 183rd Engineer Combat Battalion participate in the liberation of Jewish survivors at Buchenwald. Despite the institutional policy of racially segregated training for enlisted members and in tactical units ; Army policy dictated that black and white soldiers would train together in officer candidate schools ( beginning in 1942 ). Thus, the Officer Candidate School became the Army 's first formal experiment with integration - with all Officer Candidates, regardless of race, living and training together. During World War II, 110,000 people of Japanese descent ( whether citizens or not ) were placed in internment camps. Hundreds of people of German and Italian descent were also imprisoned ( see German American internment and Italian American internment ). While the government program of Japanese American internment targeted all the Japanese in America as enemies, most German and Italian Americans were left in peace and were allowed to serve in the U.S. military. Pressure to end racial segregation in the government grew among African Americans and progressives after the end of World War II. On July 26, 1948, President Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9981, ending segregation in the United States Armed Forces. An African - American Military Policeman on a motorcycle in front of the `` colored '' MP entrance during World War II. Sports segregation was also a major national issue as well. In 1900, just four years after the US Supreme Court separate but equal constitutional, segregation was enforced in horse racing, a sport which had previously seen many African American jockeys win Triple Crown races. Widespread segregation would also exist in bicycle and automobile racing. In 1890, however, segregation would lessen for African - American track and field athletes after various universities and colleges in the northern states agreed to integrate their track and field teams. Like track and field, soccer was another which experienced a low amount of segregation in the early days of segregation. Many colleges and universities in the northern states would also allow African Americans on to play their football teams as well. Segregation was also hardly enforced in boxing. In 1908, Jack Johnson, would become the first African American to win the World Heavyweight Title. However, Johnson 's personal life ( i.e. his publicly acknowledged relationships with white women ) made him very unpopular among many Caucasians throughout the world. It was not until 1937, when Joe Louis defeated German boxer Max Schmeling, that the general American public would embrace, and greatly accept, an African American as the World Heavyweight Champion. In 1904, Charles Follis became the first African American to play for a professional football team, the Shelby Blues, and professional football leagues agreed to allow only a limited amount of teams to be integrated. In 1933, however, the NFL, now the only major football league in the United States, reversed its limited integration policy and completely segregated the entire league. However, the NFL color barrier would permanently break in 1946, when the Los Angeles Rams signed Kenny Washington and Woody Strode and the Cleveland Browns hired Marion Motley and Bill Wallis. The Rex theater for colored people, Leland, Mississippi, 1937 Prior to the 1930s, basketball would also suffer a great deal of discrimination as well. Black and whites played mostly in different leagues and usually were forbidden from playing in inter-racial games. However, the popularity of the African American basketball team The Harlem Globetrotters would alter the American public 's acceptance of African Americans in basketball. By the end of the 1930s, many northern colleges and universities would allow African Americans to play on their teams. In 1942, the color barrier for basketball was removed after Bill Jones and three other African American basketball players joined the Toledo Jim White Chevrolet NBL franchise and five Harlem Globetrotters joined the Chicago Studebakers. In 1947, segregation in professional sports would suffer a very big blow after Negro Leagues baseball player Jackie Robinson joined the Brooklyn Dodgers and had a breakthrough season. By the end of 1949, however, only fifteen states had no segregation laws in effect. and only eighteen states had outlawed segregation in public accommodations. Of the remaining states, twenty still allowed school segregation to take place, fourteen still allowed segregation to remain in public transportation and 30 still enforced laws forbidding miscegenation. On September 11, 1964, John Lennon announced The Beatles would not play to a segregated audience in Jacksonville, Florida. City officials relented following this announcement. A contract for a 1965 Beatles concert at the Cow Palace in California specifies that the band `` not be required to perform in front of a segregated audience ''. Despite all the legal changes that have taken place since the 1940s and especially in the 1960s ( see Desegregation ), the United States remains, to some degree, a segregated society, with housing patterns, school enrollment, church membership, employment opportunities, and even college admissions all reflecting significant de facto segregation. Supporters of affirmative action argue that the persistence of such disparities reflects either racial discrimination or the persistence of its effects. Gates v. Collier was a case decided in federal court that brought an end to the trustee system and flagrant inmate abuse at the notorious Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman, Mississippi. In 1972 federal judge, William C. Keady found that Parchman Farm violated modern standards of decency. He ordered an immediate end to all unconstitutional conditions and practices. Racial segregation of inmates was abolished. And the trusty system, which allow certain inmates to have power and control over others, was also abolished. More recently, the disparity between the racial compositions of inmates in the American prison system has led to concerns that the U.S. Justice system furthers a `` new apartheid ''. Scientific ( edit ) See also : Scientific racism The intellectual root of Plessy v. Ferguson, the landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation, under the doctrine of `` separate but equal '', was, in part, tied to the scientific racism of the era. However, the popular support for the decision was more likely a result of the racist beliefs held by most whites at the time. Later, the court decision Brown v. Board of Education would reject the ideas of scientific racists about the need for segregation, especially in schools. Following that decision both scholarly and popular ideas of scientific racism played an important role in the attack and backlash that followed the court decision. The Mankind Quarterly is a journal that has published scientific racism. It was founded in 1960, partly in response to the 1954 United States Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education, which ordered the desegregation of US schools. Many of the publication 's contributors, publishers, and Board of Directors espouse academic hereditarianism. The publication is widely criticized for its extremist politics, anti-semitic bent and its support for scientific racism. In the South ( edit ) See also : Racial segregation in Atlanta Founded by former Confederate soldiers after the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) used violence and intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, holding political office and attending school After the end of Reconstruction and the withdrawal of federal troops, which followed from the Compromise of 1877, the Democratic governments in the South instituted state laws to separate black and white racial groups, submitting African - Americans to de facto second - class citizenship and enforcing white supremacy. Collectively, these state laws were called the Jim Crow system, after the name of a stereotypical 1830s black minstrel show character. Sometimes, as in Florida 's Constitution of 1885, segregation was mandated by state constitutions. Racial segregation became the law in most parts of the American South until the Civil Rights Movement. These laws, known as Jim Crow laws, forced segregation of facilities and services, prohibited intermarriage, and denied suffrage. Impacts included : Segregation of facilities included separate schools, hotels, bars, hospitals, toilets, parks, even telephone booths, and separate sections in libraries, cinemas, and restaurants, the latter often with separate ticket windows and counters. State laws prohibiting interracial marriage ( `` miscegenation '' ) had been enforced throughout the South and in many Northern states since the Colonial era. During Reconstruction, such laws were repealed in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida, Texas and South Carolina. In all these states such laws were reinstated after the Democratic `` Redeemers '' came to power. The Supreme Court declared such laws constitutional in 1883. This verdict was overturned only in 1967 by Loving v. Virginia. The voting rights of blacks were systematically restricted or denied through suffrage laws, such as the introduction of poll taxes and literacy tests. Loopholes, such as the grandfather clause and the understanding clause, protected the voting rights of white people who were unable to pay the tax or pass the literacy test. Only whites could vote in Democratic Party primary contests. Where and when black people did manage to vote in numbers, their votes were negated by systematic gerrymander of electoral boundaries. Stand in the Schoolhouse Door : Governor George Wallace attempts to block the enrollment of black students at the University of Alabama. In the North ( edit ) Formal segregation also existed in the North. Some neighborhoods were restricted to blacks and job opportunities were denied them by unions in, for example, the skilled building trades. Blacks who moved to the North in the Great Migration after World War I sometimes could live without the same degree of oppression experienced in the South, but the racism and discrimination still existed. `` Despite the actions of abolitionists, life for free blacks was far from idyllic, due to northern racism. Most free blacks lived in racial enclaves in the major cities of the North : New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Cincinnati. There, poor living conditions led to disease and death. In a Philadelphia study in 1846, practically all poor black infants died shortly after birth. Even wealthy blacks were prohibited from living in white neighborhoods due to whites ' fear of declining property values. '' White tenants seeking to prevent blacks from moving into the Sojourner Truth housing project erected this sign. Detroit, 1942. While it is commonly thought that segregation was a southern phenomenon, segregation was also to be found in `` the North ''. The Chicago suburb of Cicero, for example, was made famous when Civil Rights advocate Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. led a march advocating open ( race - unbiased ) housing. `` Northern blacks were forced to live in a white man 's democracy, and while not legally enslaved, were subject to definition by their race. In their all - black communities, they continued to build their own churches and schools and to develop vigilance committees to protect members of the black community from hostility and violence. '' In the 1930s, however, job discrimination ended for many African Americans in the North, after the Congress of Industrial Organizations, one of America 's lead labor unions at the time, agreed to integrate the union. School segregation in the North was also a major issue. In Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, towns near the Mason -- Dixon line enforced school segregation, despite state laws outlawing the practice of it. Indiana also required school segregation by state law. During the 1940s, however, NAACP lawsuits quickly depleted segregation from the Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New Jersey southern areas. In 1949, Indiana officially repealed its school segregation law as well. The most common form of segregation in the northern states came from anti-miscegenation laws. Contemporary segregation ( edit ) `` As far as I 'm concerned, what he did in those days -- and they were hard days, in 1937 -- made it possible for Negroes to have their chance in baseball and other fields. '' -- Lionel Hampton on Benny Goodman, who helped to launch the careers of many major names in jazz, and during an era of segregation, he also led one of the first racially integrated musical groups. Black - White segregation is consistently declining for most metropolitan areas and cities, though there are geographical differences. In 2000, for instance, the US Census Bureau found that residential segregation has on average declined since 1980 in the West and South, but less so in the Northeast and Midwest. Indeed, the top ten most segregated cities are in the Rust Belt, where total populations have declined in the last few decades. Despite these pervasive patterns, changes for individual areas are sometimes small. Thirty years after the civil rights era, the United States remains a residentially segregated society in which blacks and whites still often inhabit vastly different neighborhoods. Redlining is the practice of denying or increasing the cost of services, such as banking, insurance, access to jobs, access to health care, or even supermarkets to residents in certain, often racially determined, areas. The most devastating form of redlining, and the most common use of the term, refers to mortgage discrimination. Data on house prices and attitudes toward integration suggest that in the mid-20th century, segregation was a product of collective actions taken by whites to exclude blacks from their neighborhoods. The creation of highways in some cases divided and isolated black neighborhoods from goods and services, many times within industrial corridors. For example, Birmingham 's interstate highway system attempted to maintain the racial boundaries that had been established by the city 's 1926 racial zoning law. The construction of interstate highways through black neighborhoods in the city led to significant population loss in those neighborhoods and is associated with an increase in neighborhood racial segregation. The desire of some whites to avoid having their children attend integrated schools has been a factor in white flight to the suburbs., and in the foundation of numerous segregation academies and private schools which most African American students, though technically permitted to attend, are unable to afford. Recent studies in San Francisco showed that groups of homeowners tended to self - segregate to be with people of the same education level and race. By 1990, the legal barriers enforcing segregation had been mostly replaced by indirect factors, including the phenomenon where whites pay more than blacks to live in predominantly white areas. The residential and social segregation of whites from blacks in the United States creates a socialization process that limits whites ' chances for developing meaningful relationships with blacks and other minorities. The segregation experienced by whites from blacks fosters segregated lifestyles and leads them to develop positive views about themselves and negative views about blacks. Segregation affects people from all social classes. For example, a survey conducted in 2000 found that middle - income, suburban Blacks live in neighborhoods with many more whites than do poor, inner - city blacks. But their neighborhoods are not the same as those of whites having the same socioeconomic characteristics ; and, in particular, middle - class blacks tend to live with white neighbors who are less affluent than they are. While, in a significant sense, they are less segregated than poor blacks, race still powerfully shapes their residential options. The number of hypersegregated inner - cities is now beginning to decline. By reviewing census data, Rima Wilkes and John Iceland found that nine metropolitan areas that had been hypersegregated in 1990 were not by 2000. Only two new cities, Atlanta and Mobile, Alabama, became hypersegregated over the same time span. This points towards a trend of greater integration across most of the United States. Residential segregation ( edit ) Main article : Residential segregation in the United States Residential segregation in Milwaukee, the most segregated city in America according to the 2000 US Census. The cluster of blue dots represent black residents. Racial segregation is most pronounced in housing. Although in the U.S. people of different races may work together, they are still very unlikely to live in integrated neighborhoods. This pattern differs only by degree in different metropolitan areas. Residential segregation persists for a variety of reasons. Segregated neighborhoods may be reinforced by the practice of `` steering '' by real estate agents. This occurs when a real estate agent makes assumptions about where their client might like to live based on the color of their skin. Housing discrimination may occur when landlords lie about the availability of housing based on the race of the applicant, or give different terms and conditions to the housing based on race ; for example, requiring that black families pay a higher security deposit than white families. Redlining has helped preserve segregated living patterns for blacks and whites in the United States because discrimination motivated by prejudice is often contingent on the racial composition of neighborhoods where the loan is sought and the race of the applicant. Lending institutions have been shown to treat black mortgage applicants differently when buying homes in white neighborhoods than when buying homes in black neighborhoods in 1998. These discriminatory practices are illegal. The Fair Housing Act of 1968 prohibits housing discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, familial status, or disability. The Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity is charged with administering and enforcing fair housing laws. Any person who believes that they have faced housing discrimination based on their race can file a fair housing complaint. Households were held - back or limited to the money that could be made. Inequality was present in the workforce which lead over to the residential areas. This study provides this statistic of `` The median household income of African Americans were 62 percent of non-Hispanic Whites ( $27,910 vs. $44,504 ) '' However, blacks were forced by system to be in urban and poor areas while the whites lived together, being able to afford the more expensive homes. These forced measures promoted poverty levels to rise and belittle blacks. Massey and Denton propose that the fundamental cause of poverty among African Americans is segregation. This segregation has created the inner city black urban ghettos that create poverty traps and keep blacks from being able to escape the underclass. It is sometimes claimed that these neighborhoods have institutionalized an inner city black culture that is negatively stigmatized and purports the economic situation of the black community. Sociolinguist, William Labov argues that persistent segregation supports the use of African American English ( AAE ) while endangering its speakers. Although AAE is stigmatized, sociolinguists who study it note that it is a legitimate dialect of English as systematic as any other. Arthur Spears argues that there is no inherent educational disadvantage in speaking AAE and that it exists in vernacular and more standard forms. Historically, residential segregation split communities between the black inner city and white suburbs. This phenomenon is due to white flight where whites actively leave neighborhoods often because of a black presence. There are more than just geographical consequences to this, as the money leaves and poverty grows, crime rates jump and businesses leave and follow the money. This creates a job shortage in segregated neighborhoods and perpetuates the economic inequality in the inner city. With the wealth and businesses gone from inner city areas, the tax base decreases, which hurts funding for education. Consequently, those that can afford to leave the area for better schools leave decreasing the tax base for educational funding even more. Any business that is left or would consider opening does n't want to invest in a place nobody has any money but has a lot of crime, meaning the only things that are left in these communities are poor black people with little opportunity for employment or education. '' Today, a number of whites are willing, and are able, to pay a premium to live in a predominantly white neighborhood. Equivalent housing in white areas commands a higher rent. By bidding up the price of housing, many white neighborhoods again effectively shut out blacks, because blacks are unwilling, or unable, to pay the premium to buy entry into white neighborhoods. While some scholars maintain that residential segregation has continued -- some sociologists have termed it `` hypersegregation '' or `` American Apartheid '' -- the US Census Bureau has shown that residential segregation has been in overall decline since 1980. According to a 2012 study found that `` credit markets enabled a substantial fraction of Hispanic families to live in neighborhoods with fewer black families, even though a substantial fraction of black families were moving to more racially integrated areas. The net effect is that credit markets increased racial segregation. '' As of 2015, residential segregation had taken new forms in the United States with black majority minority suburbs such as Ferguson, Missouri supplanting the historic model of black inner city, white suburbs. Meanwhile, in locations such as Washington, D.C., gentrification had resulted in development of new white neighborhoods in historically black inner cities. Segregation occurs through premium pricing by white people of housing in white neighborhoods and exclusion of low - income housing rather than through rules which enforce segregation. Black segregation is most pronounced ; Hispanic segregation less so, and Asian segregation the least. Commercial and industrial segregation ( edit ) Lila Ammons discusses the process of establishing black - owned banks during the 1880s - 1990s, as a method of dealing with the discriminatory practices of financial institutions against African - American citizens of the United States. Within this period, she describes five distinct periods that illustrate the developmental process of establishing these banks, which were as followed : 1888 -- 1928 ( edit ) In 1851, one of the first meetings to begin the process of establishing black - owned banks took place, although the ideas and implementation of these ideas were not utilized until 1888. During this period, approximately 60 black - owned banks were created, which gave blacks the ability to access loans and other banking needs, which non-minority banks would not offer African - Americans. 1929 -- 53 ( edit ) Only five banks were opened during this time, while seeing many black - owned banks closed, leaving these banks with an expected nine - year life span for their operations. With African - Americans continuing to migrate towards Northern urban areas, they were faced with the challenge of suffering from high unemployment rates, due to non-minorities willing to do work that African Americans would previously take part in. At this time the entire banking industry, in the U.S., was suffering however, these banks suffered even more due to being smaller, having higher closure rates, as well as lower rates of loan repayment. The first groups of banks invested their finances back into the Black community, where as banks established during this period invested their finances mainly in mortgage loans, fraternal societies, and U.S. government bonds. 1954 -- 69 ( edit ) Approximately 20 more banks were established during this period, which also saw African Americans become active citizens by taking part in various social movements centered around economic equality, better housing, better jobs, and the desegregation of society. Through desegregation however, these banks could no longer solely depend on the Black community for business and were forced to become established on the open market, by paying their employees competitive wages, and were now required to meet the needs of the entire society instead of just the Black community. 1970 -- 79 ( edit ) Urban deindustrialization was occurring, resulting in the number of black - owned banks being increased considerably, with 35 banks established, during this time. Although this change in economy allowed more banks to be opened, this period further crippled the African - American community, as unemployment rates raised more with the shift in the labour market, from unskilled labour to government jobs. 1980 -- 1990s ( edit ) Approximately 20 banks were established during this time, however all banks were competing with other financial institutions that serve the financial necessities of people at a lower cost. 2000s ( edit ) Dan Immergluck writes that in 2003 small businesses in black neighborhoods still received fewer loans, even after accounting for business density, business size, industrial mix, neighborhood income, and the credit quality of local businesses. Gregory D. Squires wrote in 2003 that it is clear that race has long affected and continues to affect the policies and practices of the insurance industry. Workers living in American inner - cities have a harder time finding jobs than suburban workers, a factor that disproportionately affects black workers. Rich Benjamin 's book, Searching for Whitopia : An Improbable Journey to the Heart of White America, reveals the state of residential, educational, and social segregation. In analyzing racial and class segregation, the book documents the migration of white Americans from urban centers to small - town, exurban, and rural communities. Throughout the 20th Century, racial discrimination was deliberate and intentional. Today, racial segregation and division result from policies and institutions that are no longer explicitly designed to discriminate. Yet the outcomes of those policies and beliefs have negative, racial impacts, namely with segregation. Effects ( edit ) Education ( edit ) A `` Colored School '' in South Carolina, ca. 1878 Segregation in education has major social repercussions. The prejudice that many young African - Americans experience causes them undue stress which has been proven to undermine cognitive development. Eric Hanushek and his co-authors have considered racial concentrations in schools, and they find large and important effects. Black students appear to be systematically and physically hurt by larger concentrations of black students in their school. These effects extend neither to white nor to Hispanic students in the school, implying that they are related to peer interactions and not to school quality. Moreover, it appears that the effect of black concentrations in schools is largest for high achieving black students. Even African Americans from poor inner - cities who do attend universities continue to suffer academically due to the stress they suffer from having family and friends still in the poverty stricken inner cities. Education is also used as a means to perpetuate hypersegregation. Real estate agents often implicitly use school racial composition as a way of enticing white buyers into the segregated ring surrounding the inner - city The percentage of black children who now go to integrated public schools is at its lowest level since 1968. The words of `` American apartheid '' have been used in reference to the disparity between white and black schools in America. Those who compare this inequality to apartheid frequently point to unequal funding for predominantly black schools. In Chicago, by the academic year 2002 -- 2003, 87 percent of public - school enrollment was black or Hispanic ; less than 10 percent of children in the schools were white. In Washington, D.C., 94 percent of children were black or Hispanic ; less than 5 percent were white. Jonathan Kozol expanded on this topic in his book The Shame of the Nation : The Restoration of Apartheid Schooling in America. The `` New American apartheid '' refers to the allegation that US drug and criminal policies in practice target blacks on the basis of race. The radical left - wing web - magazine ZNet featured a series of 4 articles on `` The New American Apartheid '' in which it drew parallels between the treatment of blacks by the American justice system and apartheid : Modern prisoners occupy the lowest rungs on the social class ladder, and they always have. The modern prison system ( along with local jails ) is a collection of ghettos or poorhouses reserved primarily for the unskilled, the uneducated, and the powerless. In increasing numbers this system is being reserved for racial minorities, especially blacks, which is why we are calling it the New American Apartheid. This is the same segment of American society that has experienced some of the most drastic reductions in income and they have been targeted for their involvement in drugs and the subsequent violence that extends from the lack of legitimate means of goal attainment. This article has been discussed at the Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice and by several school boards attempting to address the issue of continued segregation. In higher education some groups have contested racially separatist policies in college dormitories. In 2002, the New York Civil Rights Coalition released `` The Stigma of Inclusion, Racial Paternalism and Separatism in Higher Education. '' The report underscored patterns of self - segregation on college campuses that the authors alleged were encouraged by college administrators. Due to education being funded primarily through local and state revenue, the quality of education varies greatly depending on the geographical location of the school. In some areas, education is primarily funded through revenue from property taxes ; therefore, there is a direct correlation in some areas between the price of homes and the amount of money allocated to educating the area 's youth. A 2010 US Census showed that 27.4 % of all African - Americans lived under the poverty line, the highest percentage of any other ethnic group in the United States. Therefore, in predominantly African - American areas, otherwise known as ' ghettos ', the amount of money available for education is extremely low. This is referred to as `` funding segregation ''. This questionable system of educational funding can be seen as one of the primary reasons contemporary racial segregation continues to prosper. Predominantly Caucasian areas with more money funneled into primary and secondary educational institutions, allow their students the resources to succeed academically and obtain post-secondary degrees. This practice continues to ethnically, socially and economically divide America. Alternative certificate programs were introduced in many inner - city schools and rural areas. These programs award a person a teaching license even though he / she has not completed a traditional teaching degree. This program came into effect in the 1980s throughout most states in response to the dwindling number of people seeking to earn a secondary degree in education. This program has been very controversial. It is, `` booming despite little more than anecdotal evidence of their success. (... ) there are concerns about how they will perform as teachers, especially since they are more likely to end up in poor districts teaching students in challenging situations. '' Alternative Certificate graduates tend to teach African - Americans and other ethnic minorities in inner - city schools and schools in impoverished small rural towns. Therefore, impoverished minorities not only have to cope with having the smallest amount of resources for their educational facilities but also with having the least trained teachers in the nation. Valorie Delp, a mother residing in an inner - city area whose child attends a school taught by teachers awarded by an alternative certificate program notes : `` One teacher we know who is in this program said he had visions of coming in to `` save '' the kids and the school and he really believes that this idea was kind of stoked in his program. No one ever says that you may have kids who threaten to stab you, or call you unspeakable names to your face, or ca n't read despite being in 7th grade. '' Delp showcases, that while many graduates of these certificate programs have honorable intentions and are educated, intelligent people, there is a reason why teachers have traditionally had to take a significant amount of training before officially being certified as a teacher. The experience they gain through their practicum and extensive classroom experience equips them with the tools necessary to educate today 's youth. Some measures have been taken to try give less affluent families the ability to educate their children. President Ronald Reagan introduced the McKinney -- Vento Homeless Assistance Act on July 22, 1987. This Act was meant to allow children the ability to succeed if their families did not have a permanent residence. Leo Stagman, a single, African - American parent, located in Berkeley, California, whose daughter had received a great deal of aid from the Act wrote on October 20, 2012 that, `` During her education, she ( Leo 's daughter ) was eligible for the free lunch program and received assistance under the McKinney - Vento Homeless Assistance Educational Act. I know my daughter 's performance is hers, but I wonder where she would have been without the assistance she received under the McKinney - Vento Act. Many students at BHS owe their graduation and success to the assistance under this law. '' Leo then goes on to note that, `` the majority of the students receiving assistance under the act are Black and Brown. '' There have been various other Acts enacted to try and aid impoverished youth with the chance to succeed. One of these Acts includes the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 ( NCLB ). This Act was meant to increase the accountability of public schools and their teachers by creating standardized testing which would give an overview of the success of the school 's ability to educate their students. Schools which repeatedly performed poorly would have increased attention and assistance from the federal government. One of the intended outcomes of the Act was to narrow the class and racial achievement gap in the United States by instituting common expectations for all students. Test scores have shown to be improving for minority populations, however, they are improving at the same rate for Caucasian children as well. This Act therefore, has done little to close the educational gap between Caucasian and minority children. There has also been an issue with minority populations becoming educated because to a fear of being accused of `` Acting White. '' It is a hard definition to pin down, however, this is a negative term predominantly used by African - Americans that showing interest in one 's studies is a betrayal of the African - American culture as one is trying to be a part of white society rather than staying true to his / her roots. Roland G. Fryer, Jr., at Harvard University has noted that, `` There is necessarily a trade - off between doing well and rejection by your peers when you come from a traditionally low - achieving group, especially when that group comes into contact with more outsiders. '' Therefore, not only are there economic and prehistoric causes of racial educational segregation, but there are also social notions that continue to be obstacles to be overcome before minority groups can achieve success in education. Health ( edit ) Another impact of hypersegregation can be found in the health of the residents of certain areas. Poorer inner - cities often lack the health care that is available in outside areas. That many inner - cities are so isolated from other parts of society also is a large contributor to the poor health often found in inner - city residents. The overcrowded living conditions in the inner - city caused by hypersegregation means that the spread of infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, occurs much more frequently. This is known as `` epidemic injustice '' because racial groups confined in a certain area are affected much more often than those living outside the area. Poor inner - city residents also must contend with other factors that negatively affect health. Research has proven that in every major American city, hypersegregated blacks are far more likely to be exposed to dangerous levels of air toxins. Daily exposure to this polluted air means that African - Americans living in these areas are at greater risk of disease. Crime ( edit ) One area where hypersegregation seems to have the greatest effect is in violence experienced by residents. The number of violent crimes in the U.S. in general has fallen. The number of murders in the U.S. fell 9 % from the 1980s to the 1990s. Despite this number, the crime rates in the hypersegregated inner - cities of America are rising. As of 1993, young African - American men are eleven times more likely to be shot to death and nine times more likely to be murdered than their European American peers. Poverty, high unemployment, and broken families, all factors more prevalent in hypersegregated inner - cities, all contribute significantly to the unequal levels of violence experienced by African - Americans. Research has proven that the more segregated the surrounding European American suburban ring is, the rate of violent crime in the inner - city will rise, but, likewise, crime in the outer area will drop. Poverty ( edit ) One study finds that an area 's residential racial segregation increases metropolitan rates of black poverty and overall black - white income disparities, while decreasing rates of white poverty and inequality within the white population. Single parenthood ( edit ) One study finds that African - Americans who live in segregated metro areas have a higher likelihood of single - parenthood than Blacks who live in more integrated places. Public spending ( edit ) Research shows that segregation along racial lines contributes to public goods inequalities. Whites and blacks are vastly more likely to support different candidates for mayor than whites and blacks in more integrated places, which makes them less able to build consensus. The lack of consensus leads to lower levels of public spending. See also ( edit ) United States portal Discrimination portal African Americans portal African - American history African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1865 -- 95 ) African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1896 - 1954 ) Auto - segregation Baseball color line Black Belt ( region of Chicago ) Black flight Black separatism Black supremacy Desegregation Ethnopluralism Housing Segregation Judicial aspects of race in the United States Laissez - Faire Racism List of anti-discrimination acts Mass racial violence in the United States Nadir of American race relations Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity Race and longevity Racial integration Racial segregation Racial segregation in Atlanta Racial tension in Omaha, Nebraska Racism against African Americans in the U.S. military Racism in the United States Second - class citizen Segregated prom Timeline of racial tension in Omaha, Nebraska Timeline of the African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1954 -- 68 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ C. 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Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 28. ^ Jump up to : Sarat, Austin ( 1997 ). Race, Law, and Culture : Reflections on Brown V. Board of Education. pp. 55 and 59. ISBN 0 - 19 - 510622 - 9. Jump up ^ Schaffer, Gavin ( 2007 ). `` ' '' Scientific '' Racism Again? ' : Reginald Gates, the Mankind Quarterly and the Question of ' Race ' in Science after the Second World War ``. Journal of American Studies. 41 ( 2 ) : 253 -- 278. doi : 10.1017 / S0021875807003477. Jump up ^ Jackson, John P. Science for Segregation : Race, Law, and the Case Against Brown V. Board of Education. p. 148. ISBN 0 - 8147 - 4271 - 8. Jump up ^ e.g., Arvidsson, Stefan ( 2006 ). Aryan Idols : Indo - European Mythology as Ideology and Science. translated by Sonia Wichmann. Chicago and London : The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0 - 226 - 02860 - 7. Jump up ^ Remembering Jim Crow -- Minnesota Public Radio Jump up ^ `` '' Jim Crow '' Laws ``. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 21. ^ Jump up to : The History of Jim Crow Archived June 2, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. ^ Jump up to : `` Africans in America '' -- PBS Series -- Part 4 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Brueggemann, John ; Boswell, Terry ( 1998 ). `` Realizing Solidarity : Sources of Interracial Unionism During the Great Depression ''. Work and Occupations. 25 ( 4 ) : 436 -- 482. doi : 10.1177 / 0730888498025004003. ^ Jump up to : `` Q&A with Douglas : Northern segregation University Relations ''. Web.wm.edu. December 13, 2005. Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 28. Jump up ^ `` Ibid '' ; Firestone, Ross pp. 183 -- 184. Jump up ^ `` p. 72. '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 28. Jump up ^ `` 64, 72. '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 28. ^ Jump up to : Sethi, Rajiv ; Somanathan, Rohini ( 2004 ). `` Inequality and Segregation ''. Journal of Political Economy. 112 ( 6 ) : 1296 -- 1321. doi : 10.1086 / 424742. Jump up ^ Douglas S. Massey ( August 2004 ). `` Segration and Strafication : A Biosocial Perspective ''. Du Bois Review : Social Science Research on Race. 1 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 25. doi : 10.1017 / S1742058X04040032. External link in journal = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Racial Discrimination and Redlining in Cities '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 11 - 30. Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 28. Jump up ^ See : Race and health Jump up ^ Eisenhauer, Elizabeth ( 2001 ). `` In poor health : Supermarket redlining and urban nutrition ''. GeoJournal. 53 ( 2 ) : 125 -- 133. doi : 10.1023 / A : 1015772503007. Jump up ^ Thabit, Walter. How East New York Became a Ghetto. p. 42. ISBN 0 - 8147 - 8267 - 1. ^ Jump up to : Cutler, David M. ; Glaeser, Edward L. ; Vigdor, Jacob L. ( 1999 ). `` The Rise and Decline of the American Ghetto ''. Journal of Political Economy. 107 ( 3 ) : 455 -- 506. doi : 10.1086 / 250069. Jump up ^ Connerly, Charles E. ( 2002 ). `` From Racial Zoning to Community Empowerment : The Interstate Highway System and the African American Community in Birmingham, Alabama ''. Journal of Planning Education and Research. 22 ( 2 ) : 99 -- 114. doi : 10.1177 / 0739456X02238441. Jump up ^ Segregation in the United States -- MSN Encarta Archived April 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Glenda Alice Rabby, The Pain and the Promise : The Struggle for Civil Rights in Tallahassee, Florida, Athens, Ga., University of Georgia Press, 1999, ISBN 082032051X, p. 255. Jump up ^ Ap news article Jump up ^ Bonilla - Silva, Eduardo ; Embrick, David G. ( 2007 ). `` ' Every Place Has a Ghetto... ' : The Significance of Whites ' Social and Residential Segregation ''. Symbolic Interaction. 30 ( 3 ) : 323 -- 345. doi : 10.1525 / si. 2007.30. 3.323. Jump up ^ Alba, Richard D. ; Logan, John R. ; Stults, Brian J. ( 2000 ). `` How Segregated Are Middle - Class African Americans? ''. Social Problems. 47 ( 4 ) : 543 -- 558. JSTOR 3097134. doi : 10.2307 / 3097134. ^ Jump up to : Wilkes, R. ; Iceland, J. ( 2004 ). `` Hypersegregation in the Twenty First Century ''. Demography. 41 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 36. PMID 15074123. doi : 10.1353 / dem. 2004.0009. Jump up ^ `` p. 72 - 73 '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 28. Jump up ^ Keating, William Dennis ( 1994 ). The Suburban Racial Dilemma : Housing and Neighborhoods. Temple University Press. ISBN 1 - 56639 - 147 - 4. Jump up ^ deVise, Pierre ( 2005 ). `` Steering ''. Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved October 7, 2012. Jump up ^ Thomas, Danielle ( February 26, 2004 ). `` Investigation Reveals Blatant Housing Discrimination on Coast ''. WLOX. Retrieved October 7, 2012. Jump up ^ Holloway, Stephen R. ( 1998 ). `` Exploring the Neighborhood Contingency of Race Discrimination in Mortgage Lending in Columbus, Ohio ''. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 88 ( 2 ) : 252 -- 276. doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 8306.00093. Jump up ^ `` Housing Discrimination Complaint Online Form - HUD ''. Portal.hud.gov. Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 03. Jump up ^ Gaskins, Darrell J. ( Spring 2005 ). `` Racial Disparities inHealth and Wealth : The Effects of Slavery and Past Discrimination ''. Review of Black Political Economy. 32 3 / 4 ( 2005 ) : 95. Jump up ^ Labov ( 2008 ) Unendangered Dialects, Endangered People. In King, K., N. Shilling - Estes, N. Wright Fogle, J.J. Lou, and B. Soukup ( eds. ), Sustaining Linguistic Diversity : Endangered and Minority Languages and Language Varieties ( Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics Proceedings ). Georgetown University Press, pp. 219 - 238. Jump up ^ Green, Lisa. 2002. African American English : a linguistic introduction. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Jump up ^ Spears, Arthur. 2001. `` Ebonics '' and African - American English. In Clinton Crawford ( ed. ) The Ebonics and Language Education of African Ancestry Students. Brooklyn, NY : Sankofa World Publishers. pp. 235 - 247. Jump up ^ Newman, Katherine ( 1999 ). No Shame in My Game : The Working Poor in the Inner City. New York : Knopf. ISBN 0 - 375 - 40254 - 3. Jump up ^ Kiel, K.A. ; Zabel, J.E. ( 1996 ). `` Housing Price Differentials in U.S. Cities : Household and Neighborhood Racial Effects ''. Journal of Housing Economics. 5 ( 2 ) : 143 -- 165. doi : 10.1006 / jhec. 1996.0008. Jump up ^ `` p. 59 - 60, 68, 72. '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 28. Jump up ^ Amine Ouazad, Romain Rancière, Did the mortgage credit boom contribute to the decline in US racial segregation?, VoxEU, 2012 Jump up ^ Daniel Fowler ( July 28, 2015 ). `` With Racial Segregation Declining Between Neighborhoods, Segregation Now Taking New Form '' ( News release ). asanet.org. American Sociological Association. Retrieved August 4, 2015. The racial composition of Ferguson went from about 25 percent black to 67 percent black in a 20 year period. Jump up ^ Alana Semuels ( June 2, 2015 ). `` Where Should Poor People Live? ''. The Atlantic. Retrieved August 4, 2015. For more than a century, municipalities across the country have crafted zoning ordinances that seek to limit multi-family ( read : affordable ) housing within city limits. Such policies, known as exclusionary zoning, have led to increased racial and social segregation, which a growing body of work indicates limits educational and employment opportunities for low - income households. Jump up ^ Alana Semuels ( July 30, 2015 ). `` White Flight Never Ended Today 's cities may be more diverse overall, but people of different races still do n't live near each other. ''. CityLabs. The Atlantic. Retrieved August 4, 2015. Jump up ^ Daniel T. Lichter ; Domenico Parisi ; Michael C. Taquino ( August 2015 ). `` Toward a New Macro-Segregation? Decomposing Segregation within and between Metropolitan Cities and Suburbs ''. American Sociological Review. 80 ( 4 ) : 843 -- 873. doi : 10.1177 / 0003122415588558. Retrieved August 4, 2015. Jump up ^ Annons, Lila ( March 1996 ). `` Evolution of Black - Owned Banks ''. Black Studies. 26 ( 4 ) : 469. Jump up ^ Ammons, Lila ( March 1966 ). `` The Evolution of Black - Owned Banks in the United States Between the 1880s and 1990s ''. Black Studies. 26 ( 5 ) : 473. Jump up ^ Thieblot, A. ( 1970 ). The Negro in the Banking Industry : Report no. 9. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School of Finance and Commerce, Department of Industry. Jump up ^ Ammons, Lila ( March 1996 ). `` The Evolution of Black - Owned Banks in the United States Between the 1880s and 1990s ''. Black Studies. 26 ( 5 ) : 476. ^ Jump up to : Ammons, Lila ( March 1996 ). `` The Evolution of Black - Owned Banks in the United States Between the 1880s and 1990s ''. Black Studies. 26 ( 5 ) : 477. Jump up ^ Ammons, Lila ( March 1996 ). `` The Evolution of Black - Owned Banks in the United States Between the 1880s and 1990s ''. Black Studies. 26 ( 5 ) : 478 -- 80. Jump up ^ Ammons, Lila ( March 1996 ). `` The Evolution of Black - Owned Banks in the United States Between the 1880s and 1990s ''. Black Studies. 26 ( 5 ) : 479 -- 80. Jump up ^ Ammons, Lila ( March 1996 ). `` The Evolution of Black - Owned Banks in the United States Between the 1880s and 1990s ''. Black Studies. 26 ( 5 ) : 484. Jump up ^ Immergluck, Dan ( 2002 ). `` Redlining Redux ''. Urban Affairs Review. 38 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 41. doi : 10.1177 / 107808702401097781. Jump up ^ Squires, Gregory D. ( 2003 ). `` Racial Profiling, Insurance Style : Insurance Redlining and the Uneven Development of Metropolitan Areas ''. Journal of Urban Affairs. 25 ( 4 ) : 391 -- 410. doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 9906. t01 - 1 - 00168. Jump up ^ Zenou, Yves ; Boccard, Nicolas ( 2000 ). `` Racial Discrimination and Redlining in Cities ''. Journal of Urban Economics. 48 ( 2 ) : 260 -- 285. doi : 10.1006 / juec. 1999.2166. Jump up ^ Benjamin, Rich. Searching for Whitopia : An Improbable Journey to the Heart of White America. ( New York : Hachette Books, 2009 ). Jump up ^ Eric A. Hanushek, John F. Kain, and Steve G. Rivkin, `` New evidence about Brown v. Board of Education : The complex effects of school racial composition on achievement, '' Journal of Labor Economics 27 ( 3 ), July 2009 : 349 - 383. Jump up ^ Eric A. Hanushek and Steven G. Rivkin, `` Harming the best : How schools affect the black - white achievement gap. '' Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 28 ( 3 ), Summer 2009 : 366 - 393. Jump up ^ Camille Z. Charles ; Gniesha Dinwiddie ; Douglas S. Massey ( December 21, 2004 ). `` The Continuing Consequences of Segregation : Family Stress and College Academic Performance ''. Social Science Quarterly. Blackwell Publishing. 85 ( 5 ) : 1353 -- 1373. ISSN 1540 - 6237. OCLC 4708543. doi : 10.1111 / j. 0038 - 4941.2004. 00280. x. Jump up ^ Institute on Race and Poverty. Examining the Relationship between Housing, Education, and Persistent Segregation : Final report. Report to McKnight Foundation, June 2007 Jump up ^ Apartheid America : Jonathan Kozol rails against a public school system that, 50 years after Brown v. Board of Education, is still deeply -- and shamefully -- segregated. book review by Sarah Karnasiewicz for salon.com Jump up ^ Singer, Alan. American Apartheid : Race and the Politics of School Finance on Long Island, NY. Jump up ^ Shelden, Randall G. and William B. Brown. The New American Apartheid Jump up ^ `` nycivilrights.org ''. nycivilrights.org. 2013 - 02 - 24. Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 03. Jump up ^ `` Education News ''. Education News. December 9, 2002. Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 28. Jump up ^ `` Reports New York Civil Rights Coalition ''. Nycivilrights.org. Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 28. ^ Jump up to : Massey, Douglas S. 2004. `` The New Geography of Inequality in Urban America, '' in C. Michael Henry, ed. Race, Poverty, and Domestic Policy. New Haven : Yale University Press. Jump up ^ Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States : 2010 ``. U.S. Census Bureau Jump up ^ Feistritzer, Emily ( February 1, 2006 ). `` Alternative Teacher Certification ''. National Center for Alternative Certification Jump up ^ Morgan Smith & Nick Pandolfo ( November 26, 2011 ). `` For - Profit Certification for Teachers is Booming ''. The New York Times. Retrieved November 4, 2012. Jump up ^ Valorie Delp. `` My Inner City Story : Why Alternative Certification Programs Do n't Work, Parenting Education ''. Retrieved November 4, 2012. Jump up ^ Department of Education, Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, `` McKinney - Vento Education for Homeless Children and Youths Program : Notice of school enrollment guidelines '' ^ Jump up to : Stagman, Leo ( October 24, 2012 ). `` Racism and classism in Berkeley streets and schools ''. San Francisco Bay View National Black Newspaper. Retrieved November 4, 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` ELEMENTARY & SECONDARY EDUCATION : A Blueprint for Reform : The Reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act ''. US Department of Education. Jump up ^ `` Charting the Course : States Decide Major Provisions Under No Child Left Behind. '' U.S. Department of Education. Jump up ^ `` Acting White ''. By Roland G. Fryer, Jr. Education Next. Winter 2006 ( vol. 6, no. 1 ). Jump up ^ Acevedo - Garcia, Dolores ( 2000 ). `` Residential Segregation and the Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases ''. Social Sciences & Medicine. 51 ( 8 ) : 1143 -- 1161. doi : 10.1016 / S0277 - 9536 ( 00 ) 00016 - 2. Jump up ^ Lopez, R. ( 2002 ). `` Segregation and Black / White Differences in Exposure to Air Toxics in 1990 ''. Environmental Health Perspectives. 110 ( Suppl. 2 ) : 289 -- 295. JSTOR 3455065. ^ Jump up to : Douglas S. Massey ( May 1995 ). `` Getting Away with Murder : Segregation and Violent Crime in Urban America ''. University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 143 ( 5 ) : 1203 -- 1232. JSTOR 3312474. doi : 10.2307 / 3312474. Jump up ^ Ananat, Elizabeth Oltmans ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ). `` The Wrong Side ( s ) of the Tracks : The Causal Effects of Racial Segregation on Urban Poverty and Inequality ''. American Economic Journal : Applied Economics. 3 ( 2 ) : 34 -- 66. ISSN 1945 - 7782. doi : 10.1257 / app. 3.2. 34. Jump up ^ Cutler, David M. ; Glaeser, Edward L. ( 1997 - 08 - 01 ). `` Are Ghettos Good or Bad? ''. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 112 ( 3 ) : 827 -- 872. ISSN 0033 - 5533. doi : 10.1162 / 003355397555361. Jump up ^ Trounstine, Jessica ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ). `` Segregation and Inequality in Public Goods ''. American Journal of Political Science. 60 ( 3 ) : n / a -- n / a. ISSN 1540 - 5907. doi : 10.1111 / ajps. 12227. Further reading ( edit ) Bond, Horace Mann. `` The Extent and Character of Separate Schools in the United States. '' Journal of Negro Education 4 ( July 1935 ) : 321 -- 27. in JSTOR. Chafe, William Henry, Raymond Gavins, and Robert Korstad, eds. Remembering Jim Crow : African Americans Tell About Life in the Segregated South ( 2003 ). Graham, Hugh. The Civil Rights Era : Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960 -- 1972 ( 1990 ) Guyatt, Nicholas. Bind Us Apart : How Enlightened Americans Invented Racial Segregation. New York : Basic Books, 2016. Hannah - Jones, Nikole. `` Worlds Apart ''. New York Times Magazine, June 12, 2016, pp. 34 - 39 and 50 - 55. Hasday, Judy L. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 : An End to Racial Segregation ( 2007 ). Lands, LeeAnn, `` A City Divided '', Southern Spaces, December 29, 2009. Levy, Alan Howard. Tackling Jim Crow : Racial Segregation in Professional Football ( 2003 ). Massey, Douglas S., and Nancy Denton. American Apartheid : Segregation and the Making of the Underclass ( 1993 ) Merry, Michael S. ( 2012 ). `` Segregation and Civic Virtue '' Educational Theory Journal 62 ( 4 ), pg. 465 - 486. Myrdal, Gunnar. An American Dilemma : The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy ( 1944 ). Ritterhouse, Jennifer. Growing Up Jim Crow : The Racial Socialization of Black and White Southern Children, 1890 -- 1940. ( 2006 ). Sitkoff, Harvard. The Struggle for Black Equality ( 2008 ) Tarasawa, Beth. `` New Patterns of Segregation : Latino and African American Students in Metro Atlanta High Schools, '' Southern Spaces, January 19, 2009. Woodward, C. Vann. The Strange Career of Jim Crow ( 1955 ). Yellin, Eric S. Racism in the Nation 's Service : Government Workers and the Color Line in Woodrow Wilson 's America. Chapel Hill, NC : University of North Carolina Press, 2013. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Racial segregation in the United States. Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity File a housing discrimination complaint `` Remembering Jim Crow '' -- Minnesota Public Radio ( multi-media ) `` Africans in America '' -- PBS 4 - Part Series Black History Collection `` the Rise and Fall of Jim Crow '', 4 - part series from PBS distributed by California Newsreel ( hide ) Segregation in countries by type Geographical ( religious ) Bosnia and Herzegovina Partition of India Israel Northern Ireland Greece and Turkey Partition of Bengal Saudi Arabia Bahrain Myanmar Racial Australia Argentina Bahrain Brazil Dominican Republic Fiji France Malaysia Nazi Germany Poland Portugal Rhodesia South Africa Spain Saudization Emiratisation United States schools Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States Gender Islam ( in Iran ) Taliban Saudi Arabia Judaism Separatist feminism Dynamics Auto - segregation Balkanization Ethnic cleansing Exclusionary zoning Forced migration Internment labor camps Residential segregation in the United States Social exclusion Related topics Apartheid laws Anti-miscegenation laws Black Codes Corporative federalism Discrimination Hafrada Jim Crow laws Nativism Nuremberg Laws Racism Rankism Religious intolerance Reservation in India Second - class citizen Separate but equal Separate school ( Canada ) Shunning Social apartheid Xenophobia See also : Desegregation busing Pillarisation caste gender racial Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States&oldid=799874154 '' Categories : African - American history History of racial segregation in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Русский தமிழ் Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017, at 09 : 54. 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{ "text": "List of Olympic mascots - wikipedia List of Olympic mascots Jump to : navigation, search See also : List of Paralympic mascots The Olympic mascots are fictional characters, usually an animal native to the area or human figures, who represent the cultural heritage of the place where the Olympic and Paralympic Games are taking place. The mascots are often used to help market the Olympic Games to a younger audience, in particular toddlers and children. Ever since the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France, the Olympic Games have always had a mascot. The first major mascot in the Summer Olympic Games was Misha in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. Starting with the 2010 Vancouver mascots, the Olympic and Paralympic mascots have been presented together. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Olympic mascots 3 Youth Olympic mascots 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The first Olympic mascot was born at the Grenoble Olympic Games in 1968. It was named `` Schuss '' and it was a little man on skis, designed in an abstract form and painted in the colors of France : blue, red and white. However, the first official Olympic mascot appeared in the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. It was Waldi, a Dachshund dog, a popular breed in Bavaria and it represented the attributes required for athletes -- resistance, tenacity and agility. On it we can see three of the colors of the Olympic flag ( blue, yellow, green ). The success of those first mascots helped the idea of a mascot become a symbol of the Olympic Games and developed into an institution. Mascots are very popular and despite the importance of the message they convey, they are designed in simple manner with bright, happy colors appropriate for the ' festive ' atmosphere of the Olympic Games. The mascots for the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, were Phevos and Athena, two dolls inspired by a bell - shaped archaic sculpture that is on display at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. In ancient times, these dolls, the ' daidala ', as they were called, were also items of worship as well as toys. Phevos and Athena are brother and sister and so they symbolize the joy of play and the values of Olympism. The choice of a brother and sister was purposely made to promote the values of equality and brotherhood. Olympic mascots ( edit ) Games City Mascot Character Designer Significance Photograph 1968 Winter Olympics Grenoble Schuss Stylized skier Mme Lafargue ( unofficial ) 1972 Summer Olympics Munich Waldi Dachshund dog Otl Aicher A popular breed in Bavaria, it represented the attributes required for athletes -- resistance, tenacity and agility. 1976 Winter Olympics Innsbruck Schneemann Snowman Walter Pötsch It represents the Games of Simplicity. 1976 Summer Olympics Montreal Amik Beaver Yvon Laroche, Pierre - Yves Pelletier, Guy St - Arnaud and George Huel One of the national symbols of Canada. 1980 Winter Olympics Lake Placid Roni Raccoon Donald Moss Its face design resembles the hat and goggles used by competitors. Named for the Adirondack mountain range. 1980 Summer Olympics Moscow Misha Bear cub Victor Chizhikov The bear was the national symbol of the Soviet Union. 1984 Winter Olympics Sarajevo Vučko Little wolf Joze Trobec Symbolizing the desire of humans to befriend animals. According to the IOC, it helped change the common perception in the region of wolves as frightening and blood - thirsty. 1984 Summer Olympics Los Angeles Sam Bald eagle Robert Moore ( from The Walt Disney Company ) The symbol of the United States. 1988 Winter Olympics Calgary Hidy and Howdy Two polar bears Sheila Scott Both represent Western Canadian hospitality. 1988 Summer Olympics Seoul Hodori Tiger cub Hyun Kim Common in Korean legends. 1992 Winter Olympics Albertville Magique Man - star / snow imp Philippe Mairesse 1992 Summer Olympics Barcelona Cobi A Catalan sheepdog Javier Mariscal Drawn in avant - garde, cubist style 1994 Winter Olympics Lillehammer Håkon and Kristin Two Norwegian children Both are dressed in Viking clothes. First mascots to be human figures. 1996 Summer Olympics Atlanta Izzy An abstract figure ( an alien ) John Ryan The first computer - generated mascot. 1998 Winter Olympics Nagano The Snowlets : Sukki, Nokki, Lekki and Tsukki Four owls Representing the four major islands of Japan. The first syllable of each name combines phonetically to create the word `` Snowlets ''. 2000 Summer Olympics Sydney Olly ( from `` Olympic '' ) Kookaburra Jozef Szekeres, Matthew Hatton Representing the Olympic spirit of generosity. Syd ( from `` Sydney '' ) Platypus Representing the environment and energy of the people of Australia. Millie ( from `` Millennium '' ) Echidna Representing the Millennium. All three mascots are common wild animals found in Australia. 2002 Winter Olympics Salt Lake City Powder ( a.k.a. Swifter ) Snowshoe hare Steve Small, Landor Associates and Publicis All three mascots are indigenous animals of the U.S. state of Utah, and are named after natural resources important to the state 's economy. These animals are major characters in the legends of local American Indians, and these legends are reflected in the story of each mascot. To remind them of this heritage, all mascots wear a charm around their neck with a petroglyph image. Copper ( a.k.a. Higher ) Coyote Coal ( a.k.a. Stronger ) American black bear 2004 Summer Olympics Athens Athena and Phevos Brother and sister Spyros Gogos Two modern children resembling ancient Greek dolls. 2006 Winter Olympics Turin Neve and Gliz A humanized snowball and ice cube Pedro Albuquerque `` Snow and Ice ''. Neve ( `` Snow '' in Italian ) is a humanized female snowball that wears red and represents `` softness, friendship and elegance. '' Gliz ( a shortened form of Ghiaccio, `` Ice '' in Italian ) is a humanized male ice cube who wears blue and represents `` enthusiasm and joy. '' 2008 Summer Olympics Beijing The Fuwa : Beibei, Jingjing, Huanhuan, Yingying, Nini Fish, giant panda, Olympic Flame, Tibetan antelope, swallow Han Meilin The five names form the Chinese phrase `` Beijing huan ying ni '' ( 北京 欢迎 你 ), which means `` Beijing welcomes you ''. Each representing an Olympic ring and Feng Shui element. 2010 Winter Olympics Vancouver Miga Mythical sea bear Meomi Design ( a group of Vicki Wong and Michael Murphy ) Part orca and part kermode bear Quatchi A sasquatch From Canadian mythology Mukmuk A Vancouver Island marmot Not an official mascot, but their designated `` sidekick ''. 2012 Summer Olympics London Wenlock Drops of steel with cameras for eyes. Iris Named after the village of Much Wenlock in Shropshire -- which hosted a precursor to the modern Olympic Games in the 19th century. It represents the UK 's start of the Industrial Revolution. 2014 Winter Olympics Sochi Bely Mishka ( Polar Bear ), Snow Leopard ( leopard ), Zaika ( the dore hare ) Silvia Petrova, Vadim Pak, Oleg Serdechny First mascots decided by popular vote. 2016 Summer Olympics Rio de Janeiro Vinicius An animal representing all Brazilian mammals Luciana Eguti and Paulo Muppet Inspired by Brazilian fauna. Named after the poet and bossa nova composer Vinicius de Moraes decided by popular vote. 2018 Winter Olympics Pyeongchang Soohorang A white tiger MASS C&G A white tiger. The tiger is an animal closely related to Korean mythology, and is a symbol of trust, strength, and protection. 2020 Summer Olympics Tokyo??? A figure with blue chequered patterns from the official emblem Ryo Taniguchi A superhero - inspired character that embodies both old tradition and new innovation. Name to be revealed in the Summer of 2018. 2022 Winter Olympics Beijing Will be unveiled in 2020 TBA TBA 2024 Summer Olympics Paris Will be unveiled in 2022 TBA TBA 2026 Winter Olympics TBA Will be unveiled in 2024 TBA TBA 2028 Summer Olympics Los Angeles Will be unveiled in 2026 TBA TBA Youth Olympic mascots ( edit ) Games City Mascot Character Designer Significance Picture 2010 Summer Youth Olympics Singapore Lyo and Merly Red male lion ( Lyo ), Blue female merlion ( Merly ) Cubix International The two characters are an allusion to the `` Lion City '' label of Singapore, and the Merlion, a national symbol of Singapore, respectively. 2012 Winter Youth Olympics Innsbruck Yoggl Alpine Chamois Florencia Demaría and Luis Andrés Abbiati of Argentina Yoggl represents the character of the host city of these games 2014 Summer Youth Olympics Nanjing LeLe ( 砳 砳 ) Rainflower Stone / Yuhua Stone ( 雨花石 ) LeLe is inspired by a unique natural feature of the host city known as the `` Rain - Flower Pebble '' ( also translated as `` Riverstone '' ). The design of the mascot takes the typical shape and appearance of this stone but in a creative and artistic way, highlighting the colours from the emblem 's palette. The word ' lele ' represents the sound of stones colliding together and is pronounced like the Chinese word meaning happiness or joy. 2016 Winter Youth Olympics Lillehammer Sjogg Lynx Line Ansethmoen 2018 Summer Youth Olympics Buenos Aires Pandi Jaguar Human Full Agency 2020 Winter Youth Olympics Lausanne TBA TBA TBA See also ( edit ) Olympic symbols Paralympic mascots Paralympic symbols List of Commonwealth Games mascots References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : `` History of Olympic Mascots 1968 -- 2014 -- Photos & Origins ''. www.olympic.org. Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games Mascots ''. www.topendsports.com. Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Ολυμπιακές Μασκότ Χειμερινοί Αγώνες -- Athens Info Guide ''. www.athensinfoguide.com. Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 22. Jump up ^ Utah Travel Industry. `` 2002 Winter Olympics : Emblems and Mascots ''. Archived from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2010. Jump up ^ Salt Lake Organizing Committee ( 2001 ). Reach : An Educators Guide to the Olympic Winter Games and Paralympic Winter Games of 2002. p. 16. Retrieved 20 October 2010. Jump up ^ Farquhar, Gordon ( 19 May 2010 ). `` BBC Sport -- London 2012 unveils Games mascots Wenlock and Mandeville ''. BBC Online. BBC Online. Retrieved 19 May 2010. Jump up ^ `` 2012 London Mascots launched to the World ''. Retrieved 21 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Olympic News -- Official Source of Olympic News Olympic.org ''. www.innsbruck2012.com. Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Nanjing 2014 Youth Olympic Games Mascot Unveiled ''. www.olympic.org. Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 22. External links ( edit ) Official site of the Olympic Movement -- Images and information on every game since 1896 OlympicHistory.info : Mascots ( in Russian ) Canadian Olympic Mascots 1976 -- 2010 Olympic symbols Olympic emblem Olympic flag Olympic flame Final torchbearers Torch relays designs Olympic Hymn Olympic mascot Olympic motto Olympic Oath Olympic Order Olympic poster Olive wreath Olympic mascots, Paralympic mascots and Youth Olympic mascots Olympic mascots Summer Olympics 1972 : Waldi 1976 : Amik 1980 : Misha 1984 : Sam 1988 : Hodori 1992 : Cobi 1996 : Izzy 2000 : Olly, Syd and Millie 2004 : Athena and Phevos 2008 : Beibei, Jingjing, Huanhuan, Yingying and Nini 2012 : Wenlock 2016 : Vinicius 2020 : TBA 2024 : TBA 2028 : TBA Winter Olympics 1968 : Schuss ( unofficial ) 1976 : Schneemann 1980 : Roni 1984 : Vučko 1988 : Hidy and Howdy 1992 : Magique 1994 : Håkon and Kristin 1998 : The Snowlets 2002 : Powder, Copper and Coal 2006 : Neve and Gliz 2010 : Miga, Quatchi and Mukmuk 2014 : Polar Bear, Hare, Leopard 2018 : Soohorang 2022 : TBA 2026 : TBA Paralympic mascots Summer Paralympics 1980 : Noggi and Joggi 1984 : Samuel 1988 : Gomodori 1992 : Petra 1996 : Blaze 2000 : Lizzie 2004 : Proteas 2008 : Fu Niu Lele 2012 : Mandeville 2016 : Tom 2020 : TBA 2024 : TBA 2028 : TBA Winter Paralympics 1992 : Alpy 1994 : Sondre 1998 : Parabbit 2002 : Otto 2006 : Aster 2010 : Sumi and Mukmuk 2014 : Ray of Light and Snowflake 2018 : Bandabi 2022 : TBA 2026 : TBA Youth Olympic mascots Summer Youth Olympics 2010 : Lyo and Merly 2014 : Lele 2018 : Pandi Winter Youth Olympics 2012 : Yoggl 2016 : Sjogg 2020 : TBA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_mascots&oldid=843654437 '' Categories : Olympic mascots Olympics - related lists Lists of mascots Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles with Russian - language external links Use dmy dates from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano മലയാളം 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Саха тыла Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska Tagalog ไทย 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018, at 15 : 25. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of Olympic mascots", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_mascots&oldid=843654437" }

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{ "text": "Association of Tennis Professionals - wikipedia Association of Tennis Professionals Jump to : navigation, search Association of Tennis Professionals Sport Professional tennis Abbreviation ATP Founded September 1972 ; 45 years ago ( 1972 - 09 ) Location London ( HQ ) Monaco Ponte Vedra Beach Sydney Chairman Chris Kermode Official website www.atpworldtour.com Current season : 2017 ATP World Tour Previous logo The Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) was formed in September 1972 by Donald Dell, Bob Briner, Jack Kramer, and Cliff Drysdale to protect the interests of male professional tennis players. Drysdale became the first President. Since 1990, the association has organized the worldwide tennis tour for men and linked the title of the tour with the organization 's name. In 1990 the organization was called the ATP Tour, which was renamed in 2001 as just ATP and the tour being called ATP Tour. In 2009 the name was changed again and is now known as the ATP World Tour. It is an evolution of the tour competitions previously known as Grand Prix tennis tournaments and World Championship Tennis ( WCT ). The ATP 's global headquarters are in London, United Kingdom. ATP Americas is based in Ponte Vedra Beach, United States ; ATP Europe is headquartered in Monaco ; and ATP International, which covers Africa, Asia and Australasia, is based in Sydney, Australia. The counterpart organization in the women 's professional game is the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ). Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1973 Wimbledon boycott 1.2 ATP Tour 2 ATP World Tour tournaments 2.1 2009 changes 3 Rankings 3.1 Current rankings 4 Organizational structure 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Started in 1972 by Jack Kramer, Donald Dell, and Cliff Drysdale, it was first managed by Jack Kramer, as Executive Director, and Cliff Drysdale, as President. Jack Kramer created the professional players ' rankings system, which started the following year and continues to this day. From 1974 to 1989, the men 's circuit was administered by a sub-committee called the Men 's International Professional Tennis Council ( MIPTC ). It was made up of representatives of the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ), the ATP, and tournament directors from around the world. The ATP requested and got the MIPTC to introduce a drug testing rule, making tennis the first professional sport to institute a drug - testing program. 1973 Wimbledon boycott ( edit ) In May 1973 Nikola Pilić, Yugoslavia 's number one tennis player, was suspended by his national lawn tennis association, who claimed he had refused to play in a Davis Cup tie for his country earlier that month. The initial suspension of nine months, supported by the International Lawn Tennis Federation ( ILTF ), was later reduced by the ILTF to one month which meant that Pilic would not be allowed to play at Wimbledon. In response the ATP threatened a boycott, stating that if Pilić was not allowed to compete none should. After last - ditch attempts at a compromise failed the ATP voted in favor of a boycott and as a result 81 of the top players, including reigning champion Stan Smith and 13 of the 16 men 's seeds, did not compete at the 1973 Wimbledon Championships. Three ATP players, Ilie Năstase, Roger Taylor and Ray Keldie defied the boycott and were fined by the ATP 's disciplinary committee. ATP Tour ( edit ) But the tour was still run by the tournament directors and the ITF. The lack of player representation and influence within the MIPTC as well as dissatisfaction with the way the sport was managed and marketed culminated in a player mutiny in 1988 that changed the entire structure of the tour. CEO Hamilton Jordan is credited with the Parking Lot Press Conference on 30 August 1988 during which the ATP announced their withdrawal from the MIPTC ( then called the MTC ) and the creation of their own ATP Tour from 1990 onwards. This re-organisation also ended a lawsuit with Volvo and Donald Dell. On 19 January 1989 the ATP published the Tour calendar for the inaugural 1990 season. By 1991, the men had their first television package to broadcast 19 tournaments to the world. Coming online with their first website in 1995, this was quickly followed by a multi-year agreement with Mercedes - Benz. Lawsuits in 2008, around virtually the same issues, resulted in a restructured tour. ATP World Tour tournaments ( edit ) The ATP World Tour comprises ATP World Tour Masters 1000, ATP World Tour 500 series, and ATP World Tour 250 series. The ATP also oversees the ATP Challenger Tour, a level below the ATP World Tour, and the ATP Champions Tour for seniors. Grand Slams, the Olympic tennis tournament, the Davis Cup, and the introductory level Futures tournaments do not fall under the auspices of the ATP, but are overseen by the ITF instead. In these events, however, ATP ranking points are awarded, with the exception of the Olympics. The four - week ITF Satellite tournaments were discontinued in 2007. Players and doubles teams with the most ranking points ( collected during the calendar year ) play in the season - ending ATP World Tour Finals, which, from 2000 - 2008, was run jointly with the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ). The details of the professional tennis tour are : Event category Number Total prize money ( USD ) Winner 's ranking points Governing body Grand Slam See individual articles 2,000 ITF ATP World Tour Finals 4,450,000 1,100 -- 1,500 ATP ( 2009 -- present ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 9 2,450,000 to 3,645,000 1000 ATP ATP World Tour 500 series 13 755,000 to 2,100,000 500 ATP ATP World Tour 250 series 39 416,000 to 1,024,000 250 ATP ATP Challenger Tour 178 40,000 to 220,000 80 to 125 ATP ITF Men 's Circuit 534 10,000 and 25,000 18 to 35 ITF 2009 changes ( edit ) In 2009, ATP introduced a new tour structure called ATP World Tour consisting of ATP World Tour Masters 1000, ATP World Tour 500, and ATP World Tour 250 tier tournaments. Broadly speaking the Tennis Masters Series tournaments became the new Masters 1000 level and ATP International Series Gold and ATP International Series events became ATP 500 level and 250 level events respectively. The Masters 1000 tournaments are Indian Wells, Miami, Monte Carlo, Madrid, Rome, Toronto / Montreal, Cincinnati, Shanghai and Paris. The end - of - year event, the World Tour Finals, moved from Shanghai to London. Hamburg has been displaced by the new clay court event at Madrid, which is a new combined men 's and women 's tournament. In 2011, Rome and Cincinnati also became combined tournaments. Severe sanctions will be placed on top players skipping the Masters 1000 series events, unless medical proof is presented. Plans to eliminate Monte Carlo and Hamburg as Masters Series events led to controversy and protests from players as well as organisers. Hamburg and Monte Carlo filed lawsuits against the ATP, and as a concession it was decided that Monte Carlo remains a Masters 1000 level event, with more prize money and 1000 ranking points, but it would no longer be a compulsory tournament for top - ranked players. Monte Carlo later dropped its suit. Hamburg was `` reserved '' to become a 500 level event in the summer. Hamburg did not accept this concession, but later lost its suit. The 500 level includes tournaments at Rotterdam, Dubai, Rio, Acapulco, Barcelona, Aegon Championships ( Queens Club, London ), Halle ( Gerry Weber Open ), Hamburg, Washington, Beijing, Tokyo, Basel and Vienna. The ATP & ITF have declared that Davis Cup World Group and World Group Playoffs award a total of up to 500 points. Players accumulate points over the 4 rounds and the playoffs and these are counted as one of a player 's four best results from the 500 level events. An additional 125 points are given to a player who wins all 8 live rubbers and wins the Davis Cup. Rankings ( edit ) Main article : ATP Rankings ATP publishes weekly rankings of professional players : Emirates ATP Rankings ( commonly known as the ' world rankings ' ), a 52 - week rolling ranking, and the Emirates ATP Rankings Race to London, a year to date ranking. The ATP Rankings is used for determining qualification for entry and seeding in all tournaments for both singles and doubles. Within the ATP Rankings period consisting of the past year, points are accumulated, with the exception of those for the ATP World Tour Finals, whose points are dropped following the last ATP event of the year. The player with the most points by season 's end is the World Number 1 of the year. The ATP Rankings Race To London is a calendar - year indicator of what the Emirates ATP Rankings will be on the Monday after the end of the regular season. Players finishing in the Top 8 of the Emirates ATP Rankings following the Paris Masters will qualify for the ATP World Tour Finals. At the start of the 2009 season, all accumulated ranking points have been doubled to bring them in line with the new tournament ranking system. Current rankings ( edit ) Current Men 's Singles ATP Rankings ATP Rankings ( singles ), as of 25 September 2017 # Player Points Move Rafael Nadal ( ESP ) 9,465 Roger Federer ( SUI ) 7,505 Andy Murray ( GBR ) 6,790 Alexander Zverev ( GER ) 4,310 5 Marin Čilić ( CRO ) 4,155 6 Novak Djokovic ( SRB ) 4,125 7 Dominic Thiem ( AUT ) 3,925 8 Grigor Dimitrov ( BUL ) 3,575 9 Stan Wawrinka ( SUI ) 3,540 10 Pablo Carreño Busta ( SPA ) 2,855 11 Milos Raonic ( CAN ) 2,825 12 David Goffin ( BEL ) 2,650 13 Roberto Bautista Agut ( ESP ) 2,525 14 Kei Nishikori ( JPN ) 2,475 15 Kevin Anderson ( RSA ) 2,470 16 Sam Querrey ( USA ) 2,445 17 John Isner ( USA ) 2,425 18 Jo - Wilfried Tsonga ( FRA ) 2,375 19 Tomáš Berdych ( CZE ) 2,355 20 Nick Kyrgios ( AUS ) 2,245 Change since previous week 's rankings ATP Rankings ( Doubles Individual ), as of 25 September 2017 # Player Points Move Henri Kontinen ( FIN ) 8,750 John Peers ( AUS ) 8,750 Marcelo Melo ( BRA ) 7,790 Łukasz Kubot ( POL ) 7,500 5 Nicolas Mahut ( FRA ) 5,995 6 Bob Bryan ( USA ) 5,340 Mike Bryan ( USA ) 8 Pierre - Hugues Herbert ( FRA ) 5,055 9 Horia Tecău ( ROU ) 4,530 10 Jean - Julien Rojer ( NED ) 4,530 11 Jamie Murray ( GBR ) 4,520 12 Bruno Soares ( BRA ) 4,520 13 Ivan Dodig ( CRO ) 4,515 14 Marcel Granollers ( ESP ) 4,175 15 Rajeev Ram ( USA ) 3,930 16 Michael Venus ( NZL ) 3,915 17 Mate Pavić ( CRO ) 3,840 18 Raven Klaasen ( RSA ) 3,830 19 Rohan Bopanna ( IND ) 3,740 20 Marc López ( ESP ) 3,620 Change since previous week 's rankings Organizational structure ( edit ) Chris Kermode is the current Executive Chairman and President of ATP. Mark Young is the CEO of Americas, David Massey is the CEO of Europe while Alison Lee leads the International group. The seven - member ATP Board of Directors includes the Executive Chairman & President along with three tournament representatives, Gavin Forbes, Mark Webster and Charles Smith. It also includes three player representatives with three - year terms, Giorgio di Palermo as the European representative, David Egdes as the International representative and Justin Gimelstob as the Americas representative. The player representatives are elected by the ATP Player Council. The 12 - member ATP Player Council delivers advisory decisions to the Board of Directors, which has the power to accept or reject the Council 's suggestions. The Council consists of four players who are ranked within the top 50 in singles ( Andy Murray, Novak Djokovic - President, Gilles Simon, and Kevin Anderson - Vice-President ), two players who are ranked between 51 and 100 in singles ( Yen - Hsun Lu and Rajeev Ram ), two top 100 players in doubles ( Jamie Murray and Bruno Soares ), two at - large members ( Marcelo Melo and Sergiy Stakhovsky ), one alumni member ( Colin Dowdeswell ) and one coach ( Claudio Pistolesi ). The ATP Tournament Council consists of a total of 13 members, of which five are representatives from the European region along with four representatives from both the Americas and the International Group of tournaments. See also ( edit ) Tennis portal International Tennis Federation ATP Challenger Tour ATP Rankings List of ATP number 1 ranked players ATP World Tour Awards ATP World Tour records Grand Prix Tennis Circuit World Championship Tennis ATP Champions Tour References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Posing 10 ATP questions for 2009 ''. ^ Jump up to : `` How it all began ''. ATP. Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 11. Jump up ^ `` Davis Cup Results ''. ITF. Retrieved 23 July 2012. ^ Jump up to : John Barrett, ed. ( 1974 ). World of Tennis ' 74. London : Queen Anne. pp. 15 -- 17, 45 -- 47. ISBN 978 - 0362001686. Jump up ^ `` Wimbledon faces 2004 boycott ''. BBC. 23 June 2004. Retrieved 23 July 2012. Jump up ^ `` The History of the Championships ''. AELTC. Retrieved 20 July 2012. Jump up ^ James Buddell ( August 14, 2013 ). `` The Tour Born in a Parking Lot - Part I ''. ATP. Jump up ^ Dwyre, Bill ( 2008 - 05 - 28 ). `` Hamliton Jordan made Tennis better ''. LA Times. Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 07. Jump up ^ Frank Riley ( 2004 - 03 - 22 ). `` The Formation of the Woman 's Tennis Association ''. Inside Tennis. Archived from the original on October 3, 2011. Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 07. Jump up ^ `` Volvo v. MIPTC v. Volvo, Dell 1988 ''. 1988. Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 07. Jump up ^ James Buddell ( August 14, 2013 ). `` The Tour Born in a Parking Lot - Part II ''. ATP. Jump up ^ `` Court in Session : Hamburg, ATP go to trial ''. Tennis.com. 2008 - 07 - 23. Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 26. Jump up ^ `` ATP Unveils New Top Tier Of Events for 2009 ''. Tenniswire.com. 31 August 2007. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2012. Jump up ^ `` ATP Unveils 2009, 2010 & 2011 Tour Calendars ''. ATP. 30 August 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2012. Jump up ^ `` ATP Violates Antitrust Laws, Lawsuit Alleges ''. 9 April 2007. Archived from the original on April 30, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Hamburg listed among second - tier events for 2009 season ''. Jump up ^ `` ATP wins crucial anti-trust case ''. BBC News. 2008 - 08 - 06. Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25. Jump up ^ `` ATPtennis.com - ITF and ATP Announce Dates and Ranking Points for Davis Cup by BNP Paribas ''. Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions ''. ATP World Tour. Jump up ^ `` Current ATP Rankings ( Singles ) ''. atpworldtour.com. ATP Tour, Inc. Jump up ^ `` Emirates ATP Doubles Rankings ''. ATP Tour. Jump up ^ `` Tennis community pays tribute to Brad Drewett ''. ATP. Retrieved 25 June 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Organizational structure ''. ATP World Tour. Retrieved 9 December 2014. Jump up ^ `` ATP announces new Player Council ''. ATP. Retrieved 4 March 2017. External links ( edit ) ( in English ) ( in Chinese ) ( in Spanish ) Official website ATP rankings ATP tournament calendar ATP official rulebook TennisTV : Official live streaming website Grand Prix / ATP Tour seasons 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 WCT circuit seasons 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 NH NH NH NH 1982 1984 NH NH NH NH NH Men 's tennis seasons Pre-Open Era tour 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Independent tour 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 National Tennis League 1968 1969 World Championship Tennis 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 -- 81 : not held 1982 1984 1985 -- 1990 Grand Prix tennis circuit 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 ATP Tour 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Tennis ITF History Glossary Match types Statistics Players Umpires Women 's tennis Basics General Scoring system point Strategy grips serve and volley Equipment ball racket strings Official Technology electronic line judge hawk - eye cyclops Courts Carpet Clay Grass Hard Shots Backhand Backspin Drop shot Flat Forehand Groundstroke Half volley Lob Passing shot Serve ace Smash Topspin Volley Grand Slams Events Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Stats Records Singles finals Professional tours Men ATP World Tour ATP Challenger Tour ITF Men 's Circuit Women WTA Tour WTA 125K series ITF Women 's Circuit Team tennis tournaments Active Davis Cup Fed Cup Hopman Cup Laver Cup World TeamTennis International Premier Tennis League Defunct Wightman Cup World Team Cup Champions Tennis League Multi-sport events Intercontinental Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade Commonwealth Island Mediterranean Continental All - Africa Asian Pacific Pan American Outline Portal WikiCommons ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ( 2009 -- current ) 2009 -- current Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Madrid Rome Toronto / Montreal Cincinnati Shanghai Paris ATP World Tour 500 series ( 2009 -- current ) 2009 -- current Rotterdam Acapulco Dubai Barcelona Hamburg Washington Beijing Tokyo Basel 2014 -- current Rio de Janeiro 2015 -- current London / Queen 's Club Halle Vienna Past tournaments 2009 -- 2013 Memphis 2009 -- 2014 Valencia ATP World Tour 250 series ( 2009 -- current ) 2009 -- current Doha Chennai Brisbane Sydney Auckland Lyon / Montpellier Buenos Aires Marseille Delray Beach Costa do Sauípe / São Paulo Houston Marrakech Munich Estoril Stuttgart ' s - Hertogenbosch Newport Båstad Umag Atlanta / Indianapolis Gstaad New Haven / Winston - Salem Metz Moscow Stockholm 2009 / 2011 -- current Kitzbühel 2009 -- 2013 / 2015 -- current St. Petersburg 2009 -- 2014 / 2017 -- current Eastbourne 2014 -- current Memphis Shenzhen 2015 -- current Quito Istanbul Geneva 2016 -- current Sofia Los Cabos Chengdu Antwerp 2017 -- current Budapest Lyon Antalya 2009 -- 2011 Johannesburg 2009 -- 2012 Belgrade Los Angeles 2009 -- 2013 San Jose Bangkok 2009 -- 2014 Viña del Mar / Santiago London Halle Vienna 2009 -- 2015 Zagreb Kuala Lumpur 2009 -- 2016 Bucharest 2010 -- 2016 Nice 2013 -- 2014 Düsseldorf 2013 -- 2015 Bogotá 2015 Valencia 2015 -- 2016 Nottingham Tournament categories 2000 -- 2008 ATP Championship Series, Single - Week ( 1990 -- 1995 ) / ATP Super 9 ( 1996 -- 1999 ) / ATP Tennis Masters Series ( 2000 -- 2003 ) / ATP Masters Series ( 2004 -- 2008 ) 1990 -- 2008 Indian Wells Key Biscayne / Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Toronto / Montreal Cincinnati Paris 1990 -- 1994 Stockholm 1995 Essen 1996 -- 2001 Stuttgart 2002 -- 2008 Madrid ATP International Series Gold ( 2000 -- 2008 ) 2000 -- 2008 Rotterdam Memphis Mexico City / Acapulco Barcelona Kitzbühel Tokyo Vienna 2000 -- 2001 / 2003 -- 2008 Stuttgart 2000 London 2000 -- 2002 Washington Indianapolis 2001 -- 2008 Dubai ATP International Series ( 2000 -- 2008 ) 2000 -- 2008 Adelaide Doha Chennai Sydney Auckland Santiago / Viña del Mar Delray Beach Marseille San Jose Scottsdale / Las Vegas Estoril Majorca / Valencia Orlando / Houston Munich Casablanca St. Pölten / Pörtschach Halle London ' s - Hertogenbosch Nottingham Gstaad Newport Båstad Amsterdam / Amersfoort Umag Los Angeles Long Island / New Haven Bucharest Stockholm Moscow St. Petersburg Lyon Basel 2000 Dubai San Marino Brighton Toulouse 2000 -- 2001 Bogotá Atlanta 2000 -- 2001 / 2003 -- 2007 Shanghai / Ho Chi Minh City / Mumbai 2000 -- 2002 Hong Kong Tashkent 2000 -- 2003 Copenhagen 2000 -- 2006 Palermo 2001 -- 2005 Milan 2001 -- 2008 Buenos Aires Sopot / Warsaw Costa do Sauípe 2002 Stuttgart 2003 -- 2008 Indianapolis Washington Bangkok Metz 2004 -- 2008 Beijing 2006 -- 2008 Zagreb Tournament categories 1990 -- 1999 ATP Championship Series, Single - Week ( 1990 -- 1995 ) / ATP Super 9 ( 1996 -- 1999 ) / ATP Tennis Masters Series ( 2000 -- 2003 ) / ATP Masters Series ( 2004 -- 2008 ) 1990 -- 2008 Indian Wells Key Biscayne / Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Toronto / Montreal Cincinnati Paris 1990 -- 1994 Stockholm 1995 Essen 1996 -- 2001 Stuttgart 2002 -- 2008 Madrid ATP Championship Series ( 1990 -- 1999 ) 1990 -- 1999 Barcelona Tokyo Outdoor Stuttgart Outdoor Washington Indianapolis 1990 Toronto Indoor 1990 -- 1992 Brussels 1990 -- 1994 Sydney Indoor 1990 -- 1995 Tokyo Indoor Stuttgart Indoor 1990 -- 1998 Philadelphia New Haven 1991 -- 1999 Memphis 1993 -- 1997 Milan 1996 -- 1998 Antwerp 1996 -- 1999 Vienna 1997 -- 1999 Singapore 1998 -- 1999 London 1999 Rotterdam Kitzbühel ATP World Series ( 1990 -- 1999 ) 1990 -- 99 San Francisco / San Jose Kiawah Island / Charlotte / Birmingham / Pinehurst / Orlando Munich Estoril Genoa / St. Polten London ' s - Hertogenbosch Newport Gstaad Båstad Hilversum / Amsterdam Los Angeles Umag Long Island Moscow Basel Lyon Adelaide Wellington Sydney Outdoor Auckland Orlando / Atlanta Hong Kong Bologna San Marino Palermo Prague Toulouse 1990 Memphis Rio de Janeiro Sanremo Wembley Itaparica 1990 -- 91 Geneva Berlin 1990 -- 92 / 1996 Singapore 1990 / 1992 -- 99 Casablanca 1990 -- 92 Milan Guaruja Brisbane 1990 -- 94 Manchester Florence Schenectady Athens Madrid 1990 -- 95 Nice Bordeaux Vienna 1990 -- 96 Seoul Tel Aviv 1990 -- 98 Rotterdam Kitzbühel 1991 Brasília Birmingham, UK 1991 -- 92 Buzios 1991 -- 93 São Paulo Tampa 1991 -- 99 Copenhagen 1992 Maceió Cologne 1992 -- 93 Bolzano Taipei 1992 -- 94 Antwerp 1992 -- 95 Johannesburg / Durban / Sun City 1992 -- 97 Scottsdale 1993 -- 94 Zaragoza Osaka 1993 -- 95 Kuala Lumpur 1993 -- 96 Jakarta 1993 -- 99 Doha Delray Beach Santiago / Viña del Mar Marseille Buenos Aires Halle Beijing Bucharest Birmingham, USA Dubai Mexico City 1994 Oahu 1994 -- 95 Montevideo 1994 -- 97 Ostrava Bogotá 1995 -- 96 Bermuda Porto 1995 -- 99 Valencia / Marbella Nottingham Stockholm St. Petersburg 1996 -- 99 Chennai Shanghai Stuttgart Outdoor Zagreb Bournemouth / Brighton 1997 - 99 Boston Tashkent ATP Challenger Tour Tournaments Europe Austria Graz Kitzbühel Salzburg Belgium Bercuit Mons Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Banja Luka Bulgaria Sofia Croatia Rijeka Zagreb Czech Republic Liberec Ostrava Prague Prostějov Denmark Kolding Finland Helsinki Tampere France Aix - en - Provence Besançon Blois Bordeaux Cherbourg Grenoble Le Gosier Lyon Mouilleron - le - Captif Nouméa Orléans Quimper Rennes Réunion Saint - Brieuc Saint - Rémy - de-Provence Sophia Antipolis Germany Aachen Braunschweig Dortmund Dresden Eckental Freudenstadt Fürth Heilbronn 1 Heilbronn 2 Karlsruhe Marburg Oberstaufen Wolfsburg Greece Athens Rhodes Luxembourg Pétange Ireland Dublin Israel Ra'anana Italy Alessandria Andria Barletta Bergamo Biella Caltanissetta Como Cordenons Courmayeur Cremona Genoa Manerbio Milan Monza Naples Napoli Orbetello Ortisei Palermo Perugia Rai - Rome Recanati Reggio Emilia Rimini Roma - Rome San Benedetto del Tronto Sanremo Sassuolo Todi Trani Turin 1 Turin 2 Vercelli Vicenza Netherlands Alphen aan den Rijn Scheveningen Poland Bytom Poznań Sopot Szczecin Wrocław Romania Arad Brașov Bucharest Constanța Sibiu Timișoara Russia Khanty - 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São Paulo Copa Petrobras - São Paulo Curitiba Florianópolis Itajaí Prime Cup Aberto - São Paulo Open de Tenis - São Paulo Porto Alegre Recife 1 Recife 2 Rio de Janeiro 1 Rio de Janeiro 2 Rio Quente Salvador Santos São José do Rio Preto São Leopoldo Chile Iquique La Serena Providencia Petrobras - Santiago Movistar - Santiago Colombia Bancolombia - Bogotá Barranquilla Bucaramanga Cali 1 Cali 2 Medellín Pereira Seguros Bolívar - Bogotá Ecuador Guayaquil Manta Quito Salinas Paraguay Asunción Peru Lima Uruguay Montevideo World rankings -- Top ten tennis players as of week of 25 September 2017 ATP singles ATP doubles WTA singles WTA doubles Rafael Nadal Roger Federer Andy Murray Alexander Zverev Marin Čilić Novak Djokovic Dominic Thiem Grigor Dimitrov Stan Wawrinka Pablo Carreño Busta Henri Kontinen John Peers Marcelo Melo Łukasz Kubot Nicolas Mahut Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Pierre - Hugues Herbert Horia Tecău Jean - Julien Rojer Garbiñe Muguruza Simona Halep Elina Svitolina Karolína Plíšková Venus Williams Caroline Wozniacki Johanna Konta Svetlana Kuznetsova Dominika Cibulková Jeļena Ostapenko Lucie Šafářová Martina Hingis Chan Yung - jan Bethanie Mattek - Sands Elena Vesnina Ekaterina Makarova Andrea Hlaváčková Sania Mirza Peng Shuai Lucie Hradecká International sports world tours and series Ball sports Badminton Beach volleyball Golf Racquetball men women Rugby sevens men women Snooker Squash Table tennis Tennis men women Racing sports Automobile racing electric endurance karting open wheel rally touring Cycling bicycle motocross cyclo - cross mountain biking men 's road women 's road track Motorcycle racing on - road grand prix superbike off - road motocross speedway sidecar Mountain running Rowing Sailing Swimming open water Triathlon Winter sports Biathlon Figure skating Skiing alpine cross-country freestyle nordic combined ski jumping Sledding bobsleigh luge skeleton Snowboarding Speed skating long track short track Other sports Archery Athletics outdoor indoor Bodyboarding Canoe slalom Chess Diving world cup world series Fencing Gymnastics artistic rhythmic world cup grand prix trampoline Modern pentathlon Shooting Surfing Wakeboarding Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Tennis_Professionals&oldid=801251883 '' Categories : ATP Tour Companies based in London Sports organisations established in 1972 Tennis organisations History of tennis Tennis in London Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with Chinese - 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{ "text": "Fictional world of the Hunger Games - Wikipedia Fictional world of the Hunger Games hide This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be written from a fan 's point of view, rather than a neutral point of view. Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality, and to make it neutral in tone. ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Hunger Games universe is a fictional world appearing in The Hunger Games trilogy written by Suzanne Collins. It consists primarily of the fictional nation of Panem, its Capitol where the totalitarian government resides, and the outlying districts, numbered 1 to 12, each with a different economy. In addition, there is the secretive District 13, where a rebel force is building strength. The Hunger Games themselves are an annual event in which 2 children from each district, selected through a process called `` reaping '', are forced to participate in a battle to the death. The universe also contains fictional flora and fauna, such as the Mockingjay, a bird whose mimicry is used as a plot device, and after whom the third book in the series is named. Contents 1 Panem 1.1 The Capitol 1.1. 1 Avox 1.2 Peacekeepers 1.3 Fauna 1.4 Flora 1.4. 1 Jabberjay 1.4. 2 Mockingjay 1.4. 3 Tracker jackers 1.4. 4 Grooslings 1.4. 5 Wolf muttations 1.4. 6 Rose - scented reptiles 1.4. 7 Monkey Mutts 1.4. 8 Candy - pink birds 1.4. 9 Nightlock 1.4. 10 Tracker Jacker antidote leaves 1.5 Technology 1.5. 1 Television 1.5. 2 High - speed rail 1.5. 3 Electromagnetic force fields 1.5. 4 Clothing 1.5. 5 Hovercraft 1.5. 6 Holo map 1.5. 7 Nuclear weapons 2 The Districts of Panem 2.1 District 1 2.2 District 2 2.3 District 3 2.4 District 4 2.5 District 5 2.6 District 6 2.7 District 7 2.8 District 8 2.9 District 9 2.10 District 10 2.11 District 11 2.12 District 12 2.13 District 13 3 The Hunger Games 3.1 The Reapings and Preliminaries 3.2 The Games 3.3 Quarter Quell 3.4 The Arenas 3.5 Victors 3.6 The Victory Tour 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Panem ( edit ) The series takes place in the fictional nation of Panem, which has replaced the 21st century North American nations at an unspecified future time after a series of ecological disasters and a great war. The name is the Latin word for bread. Panem consists of a Capitol city located in the Rocky Mountains, surrounded by thirteen outlying Districts. The government is a totalitarian dictatorship similar to ancient Rome, a police state in which the Districts are subservient to the Capitol, expected to provide economic goods in exchange for protection provided by `` Peacekeepers ''. Seventy - four years before the start of the story, a civil war was waged against the Capitol, led by District 13 which was a center of military -- industrial production. The Capitol put down the rebellion and razed District 13 to the ground, ostensibly wiping out its residents. The government refers to this war as `` the Dark Days '', and to punish the rebellious districts and remind all generations of the Capitol 's power, instituted an annual pageant known as the `` Hunger Games '' for which each district is compelled to provide one male and one female `` tribute '' between the ages of 12 and 18, chosen by lottery. The twenty - four tributes are sent to an arena and forced to fight to the death, until a single victor remains. Panem has been led for more than 25 years by President Coriolanus Snow. In Mockingjay, it is revealed that District 13 's population was not wiped out, but retreated underground and is currently led by Snow 's political rival, President Alma Coin. After the 75th and final Hunger Games, Coin leads a second rebellion against the Capitol, which is successful. She is then assassinated by Katniss Everdeen and is succeeded by Commander Paylor, who presides over a reestablished democratic republic. The Capitol ( edit ) Assumed location of Panem 's Districts in comparison with the current administrative divisions of the United States ; the rise of the oceans and the expansion beyond the borders of the current United States is not taken into account. The Capitol District 1 ( luxury items ) District 2 ( masonry, weaponry, law enforcement units ) District 3 ( electronics ) District 4 ( pisciculture, commercial fishing ) District 5 ( hydroelectric power ) District 6 ( transportation ) District 7 ( forestry, lumber ) District 8 ( textiles ) District 9 ( agriculture ( grain ) ) District 10 ( agriculture ( livestock ) ) District 11 ( agriculture ( fruits and vegetables ) ) District 12 ( mining ( coal ) ) District 13 ( mining ( graphite ), military technology, nuclear technology ) The Capitol is populated by citizens who, like the ancient Romans as observed by the satirical poet Juvenal circa A.D. 100, have sold their civic responsibility and capacity for self - government in return for panem et circenses ( `` bread and circuses '' ). Removed from the deprivation and oppression of the districts, the pampered and hedonistic civilians are generally preoccupied with extravagant fashion, parties, and mass entertainment like the Hunger Games. Compared to the Districts, the Capitol is extremely wealthy and derives most of the benefits of advanced technologies such as computers, hover planes, and high - speed trains. Visiting tributes who have grown up with the constant threat of starvation and poverty, are shocked by what they consider wasteful decadence in the Capitol. For example, the selection of dishes served at parties is commonly far greater than one person could sample, so it is usual to provide emetic beverages, allowing guests to continue eating. Due to this extravagant lifestyle, it is rare for Capitol citizens to join the Peacekeepers, as it requires its soldiers to avoid marriage for twenty years and is often considered a punishment to avoid spending time in jail. In addition, residents of other districts who are considered criminals or traitors may be forced into servitude in the Capitol and converted into Avoxes, a brutal form of punishment in which offenders have their tongue surgically removed. Citizens of the Capitol are culturally distinct from those of the Districts, speaking with a characteristic accent and choosing first names of ancient Greco - Roman derivation, with the city itself having a modernized version of ancient Roman architecture. In the books, the Capitol buildings are described as `` candy - colored '', rising in a rainbow of hues. The fashions of the Capitol are exotic and ostentatious, with citizens dyeing their skin and hair with vivid colors, adopting tattoos, and undergoing extensive surgical alteration in the name of style. The Capitol accent is distinctive, said to sound `` silly '' and effete to people from the districts ; the accent is described as being `` high - pitched with clipped tones and odd vowels ''. The letter s is a hiss and the tone rises at the end of every sentence, as if the speaker is asking a question. Residents of the Capitol can not be chosen as tributes for the Hunger Games, as the Games were instituted as a punishment for the twelve remaining districts of Panem for their failed rebellion. Once there were thirteen districts, but District 13 was supposedly destroyed by the Capitol as a result of the rebellion. The Games are an annual cause for celebration in the Capitol ; citizens gamble on the tributes and sponsor their favorites in the arena, providing water, food, weapons, and other necessary provisions. Past victors are often able to cultivate celebrity status in the Capitol. Despite the bloodthirsty nature of the Games, the people of the Capitol are shown to be vulnerable to sentimentality and melodrama, becoming emotionally invested in the tributes, a fact ultimately manipulated by Katniss and Peeta. Avox ( edit ) An Avox is a person who has been punished for being a rebel against the Capitol ; a traitor or a deserter. Most Avoxes will have been hunted and caught by the Peacekeepers of their respective Districts. Avoxes have had their tongues cut out, rendering them mute. They are used as domestic servants and waiters upon tributes and Capitol citizens. It is also suggested that Avoxes are charged with the day - to - day maintenance of the Capitol and work shifts in the Transfer network under the city. People do not speak to Avoxes unless giving them an order. They spend their lives serving the Capitol at the lowest class ; they are slaves. Peacekeepers ( edit ) Cosplay second Version Peacekeeper San Diego Comic Con 2014 - 1449 Peacekeepers are the military, internal security and law enforcement organization in Panem. They wear black - trimmed white uniforms consisting of a `` police helmet '' ( which resembles a police motorcycle helmet in the first film and full - face motorcycle helmets in later films ), a standing collar, waist - length tunic, and trousers tucked into high black boots. In the Capitol they wear what seems to be a dress version. This uniform is of the same basic design with a black sash and beret with gold capital seal. In The Hunger Games : Catching Fire, their appearance is different from the first film ; they wear a full helmet, darker visor, and heavier - looking armor, and carry automatic rifles. Peacekeepers maintain order and suppress dissidence through coercion and brutality. The Peacekeeper force in each district is led by a Head Peacekeeper of the district. The Peacekeepers ensure that the laws of the Capitol are obeyed and publicly punish those who break them. The most frequent punishment consists of floggings, but can include the pillory and hanging for the most serious crimes. Peacekeepers are usually equipped with sub-machine guns to further discourage social disobedience among the Districts. As the Capitol traditionally considers District 12 a minimal threat, the Peacekeepers stationed there have tended to be less brutal, and easily bribed with sex and black market goods such as poached animals. But in Catching Fire, after Katniss Everdeen 's and Peeta Mellark 's defiance of the Capitol in the 74th Hunger Games, the Head Peacekeeper is replaced by a much stricter and brutal one who can not be bribed, and destroys the Hob, which houses the black market. Fauna ( edit ) Panem uses genetic engineering to create animals which figure into the Hunger Games or otherwise serve its political purposes. Flora ( edit ) Panem also places lots of poisonous plants in the Games, but most of the plants are the same as the ones in the real world. Jabberjay ( edit ) Jabberjays are small, crested black birds created by the Capitol during the Dark Days. They possess the capability to remember and precisely mimic human speech, allowing their use to spy on rebels. The rebels figured out the birds ' purpose, and defeated it by giving the birds disinformation. When the Capitol discovered this, the birds were abandoned in the wilderness, expected to die because they were exclusively male. However, they bred with female mockingbirds and created a new hybrid species, the mockingjay. During the third Quarter Quell in Catching Fire, the Capitol uses jabberjays in the arena to demoralize the tributes by repeating faked screams of their loved ones. Finnick hears his lover Annie, and Katniss hears her sister Prim, her mother, Gale, and Gale 's family. She attempts to shoot all the screaming birds, but eventually gives up. Mockingjay ( edit ) For other uses, see Mockingjay ( disambiguation ). For the third book of the series, see Mockingjay. Mockingjays are black and white birds created accidentally by the mating of engineered jabberjays with female mockingbirds, after rebels discovered and defeated the jabberjays ' purpose. After the emergence of mockingjays, their jabberjay progenitors became, as Katniss states in Catching Fire, `` as rare and tough as rocks ''. The Mockingjay does not have the ability to enunciate words, but can perfectly copy the melody of human singing in a whistling tone. District 11 is known to have an especially large mockingjay population, and they are used there to signal the end of the work day. The mockingjay is a source of embarrassment to the Capitol because of its accidental creation, and because of this, has become a symbol of anti-Capitol resistance and eventually the whole rebellion itself. At the beginning of The Hunger Games, Katniss wears a mockingjay pin given to her by Madge Undersee. In Catching Fire, Plutarch Heavanesbee shows Katniss that his pocket watch displays a holographic mockingjay. In Mockingjay, Katniss is given the identity of `` the Mockingjay '', as an inspirational character to the rebels, wearing a mockingjay - inspired costume. Tracker jackers ( edit ) Tracker jackers are wasps engineered to be extremely aggressive, tracking their victims and stinging with extremely painful, hallucinogenic, and potentially fatal venom, which can cause extreme illusions, and even death. Katniss drops a tracker jacker nest on several tributes during her first Hunger Games, killing two of them. Katniss and several other tributes are stung and hallucinate. The Capitol uses the venom in a process of torture and brainwashing known as `` hijacking ''. The venom targets the part of the brain that controls fear and confusion, and is used to distort the victim 's memories. The technique is used on Peeta in Mockingjay, in an attempt to turn him into an assassin to kill Katniss. Grooslings ( edit ) The groosling is an edible wild bird the size of a wild turkey. Katniss hunts it in the first book of the series. Rue states that it is commonly found in District 11. They are spotted and hunted frequently in the 74th Hunger Games. Wolf muttations ( edit ) Wolf `` muttations '' or `` mutts '' appeared at the end of the 74th Hunger Games to draw Katniss, Peeta, and Cato into a final fight. The wolf - like creatures mimicked the deceased tributes, particularly in fur and eye color, but also with collars which match the tributes ' district numbers. One wolf Katniss identifies as Rue, and others as Glimmer, Foxface, the boy from District 9, and Thresh. They were created by the Gamemakers to draw the three remaining tributes together for the finale. Peeta later creates a painting of the wolf mutt supposed to be Glimmer. It took him three days to find the right shade for sunlight on white fur. He `` kept thinking it was just yellow, but it was so much more than that. '' When he is shot in the hand with an arrow, Cato falls off the Cornucopia ; and in the book, Cato 's fight for survival against the mutts goes on for several hours before Katniss shoots him in the skull with an arrow out of pity. He would not have survived for so long without his suit of body armor and a hidden sword or knife. In the film adaptation, the mutts resemble Rottweiler dogs and Cato dies more quickly. Rose - scented reptiles ( edit ) These creatures are seen in Mockingjay in the underground tunnels of the Capitol, supposedly created especially to hunt Katniss down as their voices hissed her name. They are human - sized and described as having tight, white skin, long sharp claws and teeth. They also smell of roses, thought to be so because Katniss hates the smell of the Capitol 's altered roses, due to their association with President Snow. They can jump extremely far and are capable of decapitating their victims with a single bite. Katniss kills the mutts with a Holo device that she throws into the underground tunnel. These mutts are responsible for the deaths of Finnick Odair, Jackson, Castor, and Homes by beheading them on the wild chase. Monkey mutts ( edit ) The 75th Games included `` muttation '' monkeys, with razor - sharp claws, wickedly sharp teeth, and orange fur, that would attack during the 4th hour of the `` clock ''. They attacked the tributes in packs when Peeta glanced up at them, but the woman victor from 6, or ' female morphling ', as Katniss calls her, jumps in front of Peeta to save his life, as she was part of the alliance formed to defend Katniss and Peeta with their lives. On the clock, the monkeys are the 3 : 00 -- 4 : 00 section. Candy - pink birds ( edit ) During the 50th Games, Haymitch struck a temporary alliance with a female tribute from his district named Maysilee Donner. After they break off this alliance, Haymitch hears her screams and runs to her. He sees a flock of candy - pink birds attacking Maysilee, and they spear her throat with their razor - sharp beaks as he arrives. He stays with her as she dies, just as Katniss stays with Rue. Nightlock ( edit ) Nightlock is a wild bush with extremely toxic berries. The berry will kill almost as soon as it is ingested, and it becomes a major plot device in The Hunger Games, first gathered by Peeta, who thinks they are edible. Katniss identifies them immediately, luckily before Peeta has eaten any. One of the remaining tributes ( Foxface ) steals them and eats them. When Katniss and Peeta are the last two survivors, the improvised rule allowing two winners from the same District is revoked. Katniss suggests that they kill themselves by eating the berries, hoping that the Gamemaker will relent rather than have a Game with no victor. This plan works. The nightlock name is likely a hybrid of the real plants nightshade and hemlock, both of which are deadly poisons. It has been suggested the names may go with Collins ' allusions to Romeo and Juliet in the use of the phrase `` star - crossed lovers '' and the suicidal nature of Romeo and Juliet 's death. In Mockingjay, District 13 makes a suicide pill out of the nightlock toxin and gives one to Katniss and each member of the `` Star Squad '' in the final Capitol attack, in case they are captured. The word `` nightlock '' repeated three times is used as the self - destruct code for the Holo, a holographic map device used by the rebels in Mockingjay to display the location of the Capitol 's defense pods. Tracker jacker antidote leaves ( edit ) In the 74th Hunger Games, Rue uses an unnamed plant 's leaves to treat Katniss 's tracker jacker stings. Katniss recognizes the leaves as something that her mother used, but by a different method. While Rue utilizes the leaves by chewing them into a pulp then applying them directly to the tracker jacker stings, Katniss ' mother stewed the leaves to make an infusion which the patient then drinks. Also in the 74th Hunger Games, Katniss applies the leaves of the same plant to Peeta 's leg wound ( inflicted by Cato ) in the hope of warding off infection. The application causes pus to run out of his leg and the swelling to go down temporarily. Technology ( edit ) Television ( edit ) The Capitol controls all TV broadcasts within Panem. Sometimes there are emergency announcements that make the TV start itself, like the Hunger Games, news bulletins or warnings. High - speed rail ( edit ) High speed trains run throughout the districts. The trains are known for their speed and comfort. They are the trains that carry the tributes. Electromagnetic force fields ( edit ) Electromagnetic force fields are used by the Capitol as barriers, mainly in the arenas, where the fields are camouflaged to match the arena 's terrain. In the Second Quarter Quell, Haymitch used the force field as a weapon against a District 1 tribute. In the Third Quarter Quell, Peeta accidentally hits the force field while walking through the tropical arena. Blight, the male district 7 tribute is killed when stumbling upon the force field during the blood rain in that sector. Katniss also shoots an arrow at the force field to destroy it in the same Quarter Quell. Clothing ( edit ) In Panem, Districts 1 - 12 wore clothing that was generic, and similar to modern day fashions, but citizens of the Capitol typically wore extravagant designer clothes that were very colorful and peculiar. In District 13, all citizens outfits consisted of just simple grey jumpsuits. In the Games, special uniforms were designed specifically to help the tributes have a chance against harsh conditions. An example of the specially designed uniforms are the ones worn in `` Catching Fire ''. In the books, these uniforms included flotation devices ( due to the fact that most tributes could not swim ). In the films, the uniforms did not have flotation devices, but in both versions, the uniforms were designed to help survive in tropical temperatures. Technological advances also influenced Panem fashions. During both tribute parades, and interviews in the Hunger Games trilogy, Katniss Everdeen ( and Peeta Mellark in the parades ) showcased outfits that seemingly caught fire, just like the coal from their District ( District 12 ), while in reality the flames were purely special effects. Hovercraft ( edit ) Hovercraft are used by the capitol to transport Peacekeepers, and secure district borders. They are implied to be extremely fast and silent. In Mockingjay it is revealed that district 13 had an entire fleet of hovercraft, but had never used them due to the fear that the Capitol would retaliate with even more firepower. Hovercraft are also used in The Hunger Games to transport the tributes to the arena. In Mockingjay the Capitol uses them as bombers to attack District Eight and used them in the same manner in their destruction of District Twelve. The rebels also used them in this manner while attacking the Nut in District 2 and the bombing of the Capitol. To counter the aircraft, both the Capitol and District 13 operate air defense networks to intercept and shoot them down. Holo map ( edit ) A Holo Map, more commonly referred to as a Holo, is a piece of technology with the purpose of projecting a holographic map of a location. In Mockingjay Part Two, it is used by the Star Squad as both an interactive, three - dimensional map of the Capitol and as a tool to locate dangerous defense pods hidden in the streets of the city. It doubles as an explosive device that detonates if a squad member is to flick a switch on the object and repeat the word ' nightlock ' three consecutive times. If set off, it blasts everything within a five - yard radius. It caused the death of the Mutts in Mockingjay. Nuclear weapons ( edit ) Nuclear weapons are held by both the Capitol and District 13. Prior to the Dark Days, District 13 was responsible for the Capitol 's nuclear weapons development, though publicly it was responsible for graphite mining ( a material needed in the enrichment process ). It is implied that the weapons are only delivered via missiles. Little information is given on the original source of the weapons development, though it is possible it originated from what remained of the United States military prior to the formation of Panem. Due to the uncertain nature of the location of the Districts, besides that District 13 was approximately a week on foot from the edge of District 12, it can be assumed that it was located around southern Pennsylvania. It is unclear how many weapons each side holds. However, it is enough that, according to both the Capitol and District 13, there would be no winners. The districts of Panem ( edit ) District 1 ( edit ) District 1 specializes in producing luxury items such as jewelry. Children living there take pride in representing District 1 in the Games, and are often among the group of tributes nicknamed `` Careers '', who illegally train for the Games from a young age so when they volunteer they have a higher chance of winning. Katniss refers to them as `` the Capitol 's lap dogs '' in the first book. Once the Games begin, the tributes from the Career - heavy districts ( typically Districts 1, 2, and 4 in the book, just 1 & 2 in the film ) tend to form an alliance until they are forced to fight among themselves to determine the winner. Along with District 2, District 1 is heavily favored by the Capitol and is fairly wealthy compared to the rest of the districts. It is also noted that people from this district give their children names after expensive material, such as Cashmere, or characteristics of the things they make, such as Glimmer, and Katniss states in the first book she thinks it 's `` ridiculous. '' In The Hunger Games, during the 74th Hunger Games, both tributes from District 1 ( Marvel and Glimmer ) join the `` Career '' pack. Glimmer is eventually killed by tracker jackers ( mutant wasps ), which were dropped on the Careers by Katniss. Marvel is killed by Katniss after he kills Rue. In Catching Fire, the tributes from District 1 are siblings Cashmere and Gloss, who are killed by Johanna Mason and Katniss, respectively. During the Second Rebellion, it is noted that District 1 was one of the first to rebel against the Capitol. District 2 ( edit ) District 2, filming for The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 on Berlin Tempelhof Airport in May 2014 District 2 is in charge of stone cutting, fighting, and weapons manufacturing, though it was revealed in Mockingjay that it is also a center of training for the Capitol 's army of Peacekeepers. District 2 is a large district in the mountains, not far from the Capitol itself. Its citizens have better living conditions than most other districts ; support for Capitol control is stronger here than in any other district. Some citizens of District 2 give their children names of Ancient Roman or Greek style, like those common in the Capitol. District 2 tributes often volunteer for the Games even when not selected in the drawing ( this is said to make the Reapings very difficult ). As such, their tributes are among those referred to as `` careers ''. Like Districts 1 and 4 ( in the film like District 1 ) these tributes train for the games. This is illegal but because of the support District 2 gives for the Capitol, they are let off, along with District 1 ( and District 4 in the book ), the other richer district ( s ). It is also mentioned that the number of victors is heavily skewed on District 2 due to their eagerness to compete in the game. During the Seventy - fourth Hunger Games, Cato and Clove, the tributes from District 2, were formidable opponents. Clove came the closest of anyone to killing Katniss, but she was interrupted and killed by Thresh, after having said loudly that the Careers killed Rue, the female tribute from Thresh 's district. Thresh avenged her death. Cato was the final tribute to be killed when Katniss shot him with her bow out of pity after he was shredded beyond repair by wolf - like muttations. In the Seventy - fifth Hunger Games, District 2 's tributes were Brutus and Enobaria. Brutus was killed by Peeta in the arena ; Enobaria survived the Games and the rebellion to be one of the few victors left after the war. Another victor, Commander Lyme, was the leader of the rebellion 's District 2 forces during the takeover of The Nut. District 2 is made up of many small villages, each based around a mine. In the midst of District 2 is a central mountain ( referred to as `` The Nut '' by Katniss ) which contains the command and control center for the Capitol 's defenses. During the Dark Days, District 2 was the Capitol 's staunchest ally and received preferential treatment from the Capitol after the rebellion, along with District 1. Katniss states that many of the other Districts loathe District 2, referring to them as `` the Capitol 's lap dogs. '' In the third book, during the second rebellion, District 2 is the last to fall to the rebels as District 2 had the strongest Capitol influence and had many Peacekeepers. The rebels were losing in the district until the fall ( takeover in the book ; destruction in the movie ) of The Nut, and Katniss ' speech ( in both ) to the people of District 2. District 3 ( edit ) District 3 specializes in the production of electronics. Most of its inhabitants work in factories and are very adept in skills such as engineering, which its tributes have used to their advantage in the Games. In the Seventy - fourth Hunger Games, the male tribute from District 3 manages to reactivate the land mines surrounding the Cornucopia so they can be used to protect the supplies of the Careers. One of the previous victors to come from District 3, Beetee, won his Games by setting a trap that electrocuted six tributes at once, crowning him the victor. He also used his skills after being chosen to compete in the Seventy - fifth Hunger Games in Catching Fire. The other victor chosen to compete in the Seventy - fifth Hunger Games is a woman named Wiress, who discovered that the arena operated like a clock and told Katniss how to detect force fields, after she pointed ( or at least started to point ) out the force field put up between the Gamemakers and the victors. Wiress died during the Seventy - fifth Hunger Games, while Beetee joins the technological division for the Second Rebellion 's war effort and becomes the only surviving Victor from District 3. After the war 's end, Beetee made a special bow and arrows for Katniss. The arrows included explosive arrows and regular arrows. Although District 3 seems to have technological advantages over other districts, it is actually the poorest of the wealthy districts and typically does not do well in the Games. District 4 ( edit ) District 4 is a coastal district that specializes in fishing. It is another wealthy district in which children often train to become Careers ( tributes from this district are not considered Careers in the film ). It is said that District 4 has the most `` decent - looking '' people. The most popular bread baked in this District is a salty, fish - shaped loaf tinted green by seaweed. In the first book, the male tribute from District 4 is one of the eleven to die in the initial bloodbath at the Cornucopia ; in the film he is depicted as having his throat slit by Cato after an attempt to flee. In the book, the female tribute is shown as a Career and killed by the tracker jackers alongside Glimmer ; however, in the film she rarely makes an appearance. She is seen as picking up one of the backpacks at the cornucopia bloodbath and running away. It is believed that she is the tribute that Katniss saw before falling down the hill. The district 4 female may have been the last to die in the bloodbath. In Catching Fire, Katniss finds important allies in Mags and Finnick Odair, the victors from District 4 chosen for the Quarter Quell. Mags is an elderly victor who mentored Finnick in his first Games and could make a fishing hook `` out of anything. '' She volunteered for the Quarter Quell, taking the place of Annie Cresta, an unstable past victor who won her games by being able to swim the longest after the arena was flooded. During the third Quarter Quell, Mags is killed by a mysterious blister agent in the form of a fog. As for Finnick, Katniss describes him as `` beautiful '' and mentions that he won his Games at the young age of fourteen. In Mockingjay, Katniss and Finnick turn out to become great friends and eventually Finnick is killed by part - lizard, part - human mutations during the second rebellion, so that he could save Katniss 's life. This results in Annie being the only surviving Victor from District 4 left after the war. District 5 ( edit ) District 5 specializes in electrical power, which Caesar Flickerman referred as the `` Power Plant Workers '' in the first film. The third book reveals that the district is dotted by dams providing the Capitol with electricity ; this fact is exploited by the rebels, who destroy the dams, briefly cutting off electricity within the Capitol and allowing District 13 to rescue the captured Victors. This is only mentioned in the book but is shown fully in the third film. In the first book, Katniss nicknamed the female tribute from District 5 `` Foxface '' because she looked similar to a fox, with a slim face and sleek red hair. She was one of the last to die, due to her cleverness, avoiding any form of contact with other tributes. She also steals a small portion of food from the Careers ' supplies, dodging the bombs set up by the Careers, shortly before her death. She dies by eating poisonous berries known as nightlock ( possibly on purpose ) after watching Peeta harvest them. No name or description is given to the male tribute from District 5, except that he is one of the eleven who die in the bloodbath on the first day. In the Seventy - fifth Hunger Games, Finnick kills the male tribute with his trident at the Cornucopia on the first day. In the film, the female tribute is killed by the 10 o'clock wave that propels itself through the jungle. District 6 ( edit ) District 6 specializes in transportation, serving as a hub for the transport network. During the Seventy - fourth Hunger Games, both tributes were killed in the bloodbath on the first day. In the film the male was targeted by Cato, who accused him of taking his knife during a pre-Games training exercise ( though it was in fact stolen by Rue ). During the Seventy - fifth Hunger Games, both tributes are nicknamed the `` Morphlings '' due to their addiction to morphling, a psychoactive drug similar to that of morphine. During training, they often go to the camouflage station and paint. The male tribute is killed in the bloodbath, while the female tribute dies when a monkey muttation bites her in the chest and ruptures her internal organs as she blocks it from Peeta, who was its initial target. Peeta allows her to paint flowers on his face with her blood, and describes the many colors in the sky to her as she dies. District 7 ( edit ) District 7 specializes in lumber and paper. Its two tributes in the 74th Hunger Games die in the initial bloodbath. In the 75th Hunger Games, the tributes selected are Blight, who protests his inclusion, and Johanna Mason, a sarcastic woman who has no qualms over killing with her axe, a signature weapon from her district, who in the film, also protests her inclusion in an expletive ridden tirade with Cesar Flickerman, and is the one mentioned Victor closest to Katniss and Peeta in age, having won the very recent 71st Hunger Games. District 8 ( edit ) District 8 specializes in textiles ( including at least one factory in which Peacekeeper uniforms are made ). Along with Districts 7 and 11, It was among the first districts to rebel, as Katniss saw on Mayor Undersee 's television ( On a monitor on the Victory Tour train in the film, showing all three ; 7, 8, and 11 ). Two people from District 8, Bonnie and Twill, escaped during one of the uprisings and informed Katniss of the theory that District 13 still existed. It is implied that security is strict in District 8 following the uprising, and the citizens are desperate for hope. In Mockingjay, Katniss visits a hospital in District 8, which is later bombed by the Capitol. It is thus the second-most targeted of the districts during the Second Rebellion, after District 12 ( which is outright destroyed ). The leader of District 8 and another of its Victors, Paylor, is able to command fierce loyalty from her soldiers who follow her orders in preference to those of Alma Coin, the president of District 13. Paylor later becomes President of Panem after Katniss assassinates Coin. In the 74th Hunger Games, the male tribute from District 8 died at the Cornucopia at the hands of Marvel ; the female tribute was attacked by the Careers on the first night and `` finished off '' by Peeta when her death did not occur immediately, as indicated by cannon blast. In the 75th Hunger Games, both tributes from District 8, Woof and Cecelia, died in the initial battle at the Cornucopia. Woof was an elderly, senile tribute in his 70 's. Cecelia was a young mother of 3, and was noted to be about 30 years of age. It is later revealed that Cecelia was to be an original member of the arranged alliance to save Katniss and Peeta from the second arena ; however, she did not survive the initial bloodbath. Woof also had knowledge of the plot. District 9 ( edit ) District 9 specializes in producing grain and salts. It is the least mentioned district in the series ; no named character from the district has appeared in the series. The only mention of note from the district is the male tribute in the 74th Hunger Games who tackles Katniss for a supply bag until Clove puts a knife in his back. District 9 is the only district to lose both of its tributes in the bloodbath of both the 74th and 75th Hunger Games, and the only one to have no named characters in the trilogy. District 10 ( edit ) District 10 specializes in livestock. At least one job is mentioned throughout the book : keeping embryos of cattle to keep enough livestock to send to the Capitol. Katniss does not note any major tributes from District 10, except one boy with a crippled leg who is mentioned several times. In Mockingjay, Katniss meets Dalton, a District 10 refugee who explains to her a bit about District 13 's history. At the 75th Hunger Games, Katniss notes that the District 10 tributes, who are dressed as cows, have flaming belts on as if they are broiling themselves, a poor imitation of Cinna and Portia 's techniques to showcase Katniss and Peeta at the 74th Hunger Games. District 11 ( edit ) District 11 specializes in agriculture. It is located somewhere in the South and is very large, possibly occupying nearly all of the Deep South. The people are housed in small shacks and there is a harsh force of Peacekeepers. Common traits are dark skin and brown eyes. According to Rue, many tracker jacker nests were left there, leading the workers to keep medicinal leaves on hand. In the orchards, small children were sent into the branches to pick the highest fruit. Sometimes during the height of the harvest they were given night - vision goggles to allow them to work after dark. The district also contained fields of vegetables. Electric fences are set up 24 hours a day, in contrast to District 12. The inhabitants apparently have extensive knowledge of herbs. Overall, the condition of the district is worse than District 12, because, as the food - producing district, security is enforced greatly and harsh measures, including summary execution, are implemented to keep people from stealing anything meant for the Capitol. In the 74th Hunger Games, the tributes from District 11 are Thresh, the tallest and most imposing of all tributes whom the others try to avoid as much as possible, and Rue, a 12 - year - old petite girl who can climb and jump between trees and becomes Katniss ' steadfast ally until her death. In the 75th Hunger Games, the victors selected as tributes are Chaff, Haymitch 's drinking comrade who refused a prosthetic arm, and Seeder, an elderly but healthy tribute who reminds Katniss of Rue. District 11 was also the first District to rebel, its rebellion erupting during the events of the 74th Hunger Games in response to the way in which Rue was killed and Katniss ' tribute to her, with 7 and 8 rebelling shortly soon after. District 12 ( edit ) District 12 specializes in coal mining, replaced by medicine after the Second Rebellion, and is the farthest from the Capitol. Katniss, Peeta, and other major characters come from District 12. It is located in the Appalachian Mountains, and the district itself is split into two distinct housing areas and social classes. `` The Seam '' is a slum where those who work in the coal mines live, whereas the mercantile class lives in the town, centered around the `` Square ''. Both classes are easy to distinguish physically and generally socialize amongst themselves. Those from the Seam generally have dark hair, grey eyes, and olive skin, and those from merchant families typically have blond hair, blue eyes, and fair skin. Katniss and Gale are from The Seam, whereas Peeta is a baker 's son from town ; however, Katniss ' sister, Prim, despite coming from the Seam, has characteristics typical of the town residents because she resembles her mother, who was one of the few town residents willing to move to the Seam to marry Katniss 's and Prim 's father. It is unclear if this class divide exists in other Districts or is unique to District 12. On the victory tour in Catching Fire Katniss mentions that she can not see where the well - to - do live in District 11, as it surely is not the square where their speech is being held. She also notes that many members of the crowd during the Victory Tour seem even poorer than the Seam inhabitants in 12. District 12 is the poorest out of the 12 districts and starvation is a major issue for the citizens. Due to the lack of food, the local Capitol authority figures -- the Mayor and Peacekeepers -- often bend the extremely strict Panem laws. The electric fence surrounding the district to prevent access to the woods is usually turned off, and Katniss and her friend Gale often hunt there for food for their families or to raise money by selling their catches on the local black market. The black market, located at an old coal warehouse named the Hob, was where many of the citizens made their money. The Hob was destroyed by the Peacekeepers ( whose local commander was replaced ) in Catching Fire. This was followed by the bombing of the entire district after the escape of the tributes during the 75th Hunger Games. However, Gale managed to evacuate about 10 % of the population -- `` a little under 900 people '' -- to District 13. District 12 's geography is dominated by forests and meadows. The meadow, which is located just outside the community, ends at a long electric fence constructed to keep the wild animals from escaping the forest outside. It has many holes and, as mentioned above, is usually turned off, giving Katniss and Gale chance to hunt ; however, the fence is fully electrified after Romulus Thread replaces Cray as Head Peacekeeper. The forest has a lake, is vast, and contains a large amount of wildlife enough to support more than 800 residents of the district stranded after the bombings in Catching Fire. Many do not know where it leads to ; as revealed in Catching Fire, the forest eventually ends at District 13, located a week away from District 12 on foot. Another feature of the district is a small hill, which is where the Victor 's Village is located. It contains twelve big villas facing each other in two rows. It is very quiet for most of its history since District 12 has few Victors, though more people begin to settle there after the war. After the Capitol bombs District 12 at the end of Catching Fire, most of the residency is destroyed with its meadow turned into a mass grave of the residents unable to escape and with only the Victor 's Village left unharmed. After the Second Rebellion, though, the District 12 refugees begin to return to their home, including Katniss, who states in the epilogue that the mass grave is returning into the meadow again. District 12 is notorious for having only two Victors in the history of the Hunger Games before the 74th, one of them having died due to natural causes. Because of this, it is a laughingstock among the other districts ; volunteering for the Hunger Games in District 12 is seen as suicide, since the tributes of the district often perish early in the game. District 13 ( edit ) Before the Dark Days war, District 13 specialized in nuclear technology, mining graphite, and the development of emerging technologies for use by Panem 's military. It was also the Capitol 's primary military -- industrial complex and weapons manufacturer until the rebellion. During the Dark Days, they were one of the major forces of the rebellion. Near the end of the Dark Days they managed to take control of the nuclear arsenal. District 13 was supposedly bombed and destroyed before the first annual Hunger Games at the end of the Dark Days war, but it was hinted in Catching Fire that they had survived, and in Mockingjay it is confirmed that District 13 had become, literally, an underground district when the population retreated to bunkers. After the Capitol and District 13 agreed to cease hostilities towards one another under the doctrine of mutually assured destruction, the Capitol spread the story that District 13 had been destroyed ; District 13 had control of the primary nuclear weapons stockpile and the Capitol did not want a nuclear war. This underground district maintains concealed livestock and vegetable farms in order to survive after the Capitol destroyed everything above ground, so as not to arouse the suspicion of the other districts. This was a risk that, according to Katniss, the Capitol had underestimated. District 13 is a week away from District 12 on foot. In Mockingjay, District 13 is the center of the new rebellion. It is led by President Alma Coin, who aspires to succeed Snow as President of Panem and has orchestrated the events in books two and three to circumvent District 13 's truce with the Capitol. The lifestyle in District 13 is very strict because of their circumstances. When a citizen wakes up, they are given a temporary tattoo of their personalized schedule for the day, though Katniss usually ignores it, wandering around and sleeping. They are very thrifty and ration food carefully -- even a small thing wasted is heavily frowned upon and minor theft is punished by detention ; everyone wears the same grey uniform and sleeps in identical living quarters. Everyone over the age of 14 is addressed as `` Soldier '' because almost everyone in District 13 is being trained for a military rebellion against the Capitol. On the other hand, free education is provided, and all refugees are allowed to become citizens. This is, in part, due to the eagerness of the district to add more genetic diversity in the population due to a deadly virus hitting the district years before which made many infertile. Weddings are usually not celebrated since marriages are done through simple paper - signing, though the wedding of Finnick Odair and Annie Cresta in Mockingjay deviates from this. The Hunger Games ( edit ) Every year since the Dark Days, which occurred 75 years before the events of Mockingjay, the Capitol hosts an event called the Hunger Games. The Games consist of a gladiatorial combat fought amongst twenty - four teenagers ( tributes ) aged 12 -- 18, with one boy and one girl chosen by lottery from each district ( except for District 13 ). The game is held to remind the citizens of the districts of their failed rebellion and the absolute power of the Capitol while simultaneously providing entertainment for the Capitol citizens. The game is discontinued after the second rebellion, following the fall of President Snow and the ascendancy of Commander Paylor. Thus, there are a total of 1800 district citizens who were reaped as tributes from the start to the end of the games ( the 50th Hunger Games had double the number, while the 75th reaped the victors from the previous games ). The Reapings and preliminaries ( edit ) All citizens from each district between the ages of 12 and 18 are entered into the `` reaping, '' a lottery system that chooses the tributes. On the day of the reaping, spokespersons from the Capitol, known to the Districts as `` escorts, '' visit their respective districts ( District 12 's is Effie Trinket, and Katniss describes that she has been the escort for a number of years before the events of The Hunger Games ) and choose one male and one female name at random, selecting the two tributes who are to compete. However, any other citizen of the same sex aged 12 to 18 can volunteer to become a tribute, taking the place of the child originally reaped ( as Katniss did for Prim in The Hunger Games ). In Districts 1 and 2 ( and 4 in the book ), most children spend years training specifically for the Games and then volunteer to compete, in spite of the fact that this is technically against the rules. All 12 - year - old candidates are entered once in the reaping, and older candidates are entered one more time for every year past 12. The names are written on slips of paper and placed in glass bowls ( `` reaping balls '' ), one each for males and females. Since many families live in poverty, a candidate may request additional tessera ( a year 's meager ration of grain and oil for one person ) in exchange for additional entries in the reaping. One such entry is issued for every tessera that a candidate has requested since turning 12. Thus, a candidate who requested three tesserae every year would be entered four times at age 12, eight times at age 13, and so on, up to 28 times at age 18. Following the reaping, the tributes are taken immediately to the Capitol, where they are given a makeover by a team of stylists in order to look appealing for a TV audience. Female tributes are usually waxed to remove all their body hair. One of the stylists on the team focuses on designing a costume for them to wear in the tribute parade, which reflects the resource their District provides for the Capitol. Each District 's tributes are then put in horse - drawn chariots and attempt to impress Capitol citizens while they ride down the Avenue of the Tributes. Afterwards, they learn strategy with mentors drawn from their District 's pool of past victors ( for Katniss and Peeta, Haymitch, who is the only living victor from District 12 ) and train in combat and survival skills with the other tributes. On the last day of training, they demonstrate their skills before a team of judges, including the Gamemakers, who then score them on a scale of 1 to 12 according to their performance and skill. These scores are made public to show who has the best chances of surviving, which can attract Sponsors and influence the betting ; tributes awarded the highest scores are often targeted first in the arena because they are considered to be the largest threats. Time in the Capitol is also spent courting the cameras ; on the eve of the Games, each tribute dresses formally and appears on television for an interview, where they attempt to attract Sponsors by being charismatic. The Games ( edit ) On the morning of the Games, the tributes have a tracker chip inserted in their skin so the Gamemakers can track them. The tributes are then flown to a dedicated outdoor location, called the Arena. A new Arena is built every year, while past arenas become popular tourist attractions for Capitol citizens. Each tribute is given special clothing to wear, depending on the environment, and then confined to an underground room, referred to in the Capitol as the `` Launch Room '', until game time. The tributes are lifted into the arena by glass tubes, emerging via tubes surrounding a giant, supply - filled horn made of solid gold, called the Cornucopia. A sixty - second countdown to the start of the Games begins, during which any tribute who steps off his or her plate will be killed immediately by land mines planted in the ground around the plates. The power of the landmines is immense, according to Katniss, when she mentions that one year, a girl from District 3 dropped her token, a little wooden ball, and `` they literally had to scrape bits of her off the ground. '' The Games begin with the sound of a loud gong. Most tributes make for the Cornucopia to find food, water, weapons, tools, or other useful items ; the most valuable and useful items, including weapons, are often placed closest to the Cornucopia itself. The initial competition for supplies usually results in intense fighting, with a significant number of tributes killed in the first few minutes or hours of the Games. In most Games, a well - stocked, often well - trained group of tributes band together to hunt down other individuals, until they are the only ones left to fight each other. The alliance is generally agreed upon before the Games begin. These tributes are dubbed `` Careers '' because of the fact that they are often trained for an extensive portion of their childhood in combat and other survival skills. The `` Careers '' usually come from Districts 1, 2 and 4 ( Only 1 & 2 in the films ), and are generally disliked, even despised by some, and considered brutally aggressive by many of the other Districts. If one or more tributes does not move fast enough, avoids conflict for too long, or is too close to the edge of the Arena, the Gamemakers will sometimes create hazards to make for more entertaining programming or to steer the remaining tributes toward each other. Another common occurrence is a `` feast '', where a boon of extra supplies or food is granted to the tributes at a particular place and time ( usually the Cornucopia ), though whether it is a lavish feast, carefully regulated supplies, or a single loaf of stale bread for the tributes to fight over is up to the Gamemakers. In the first novel, the Gamemakers told the tributes that the feast would provide them with something they direly needed. It is implied that there are no official rules for the Games except for not stepping off the plate until the conclusion of the sixty - second countdown. In the first novel, Katniss mentions that there is an unspoken rule against cannibalism in the Games. This rule came to be after the 71st Hunger Games, when a District 6 tribute named Titus resorted to cannibalism in the arena, actually attempting to eat the tributes that he had killed. He was subsequently killed by an avalanche created by the gamemakers. There is some speculation that it was created specifically to kill him, to ensure that the victor was not a mad cannibal. During the 74th Hunger Games, the rules are altered during the Games to allow two tributes from the same district to win. However, when Katniss Everdeen and Peeta Mellark, both tributes from District 12, are the only two tributes remaining, the rule is revoked in an attempt to have them fight one another to the death. This ultimately fails when they attempt to poison themselves in unison, and at the last moment the rule is reinstated, allowing both of them to become victors. Though described as an act of love for one another in the publicity after the Games, the establishment in the Capitol saw it as an act of defiance. By refusing to respect the prescribed rules, the District 12 tributes were believed to have manipulated and outwitted the Capitol, and encouraged an uprising in the Districts in the process. Quarter Quell ( edit ) The meaning of the word ' quell ' is ' suppress ', this gives meaning to the special name ' Quarter Quell '. The Quarter Quell is an especially brutal edition of the Hunger Games that occurs every 25 years. Each Quarter Quell includes a different twist to the rules, to serve as a reminder to the districts of some aspect of the rebellion. Officially, many Quells were prescribed by the original creators of the Hunger Games at the end of the Dark Days. Each quarter, the current President selects the rule change from a box of numbered, sealed envelopes and reads it aloud on live television. In the first Quell ( year 25 ), the Districts were forced to choose their tributes by election instead of the usual random lottery, to remind them that they chose to rebel. In the second Quell ( year 50 ), twice the usual number of tributes were reaped from each District, to remind them that two rebels died for each Capitol citizen during the rebellion. Coriolanus Snow was President that year. The victor was Haymitch Abernathy, who won by discovering the properties of the force field surrounding the arena and using them to his advantage during the final battle with a girl from District 1, causing his attacker 's thrown axe to fly back and hit her in the head. Humiliated by Haymitch 's actions, Snow retaliated by ordering Haymitch 's family and girlfriend killed shortly after. In the third Quell ( year 75 ), portrayed in Catching Fire, the rule change requires the tributes to be chosen from the surviving victors, as a reminder that not even the strongest can hope to defy the Capitol. At this time, 59 victors are still alive, including the only living female victor from District 12, Katniss Everdeen. In the book, Katniss suspects President Snow actually made up the rule for this Quell, which conveniently serves the purpose of his vendetta against her. In the film, it is implied that Snow makes the rule under counsel of his new Head Gamemaker Plutarch Heavensbee, in order to exterminate the living victors. This Quell has no winner, and is the last Hunger Game. Katniss destroys the force field surrounding the arena, and becomes one of six survivors. Heavensbee is revealed as the leader of an underground Capitol rebel group, working for Alma Coin, who presides over District 13 and uses the collapse of the Quell to launch a second civil war. The arenas ( edit ) The location of the arena varies from year to year. Past arenas have included volcanoes, avalanche zones, and dams ; the terrain has included woods, meadows, scrubland, deserts, and frozen tundra. In the `` Hunger Games '' movies, they briefly show one of the previous Games taking place in the ruins of an abandoned city. Upon the conclusion of the Games, the arena is preserved as a tourist attraction for Capitol citizens. The arena for the 74th Hunger Games is a largely forested area with a central meadow where the Cornucopia is located, a lake, and a wheat field. Katniss notes that it resembles the forests of District 12, which gives her a slight advantage in navigating and surviving in the game. The arenas devised for the Quarter Quells appear to be especially spectacular. The second Quarter Quell took place in a beautiful meadow with flowers and a fruit - bearing forest and mountains. However, everything was designed by the Gamemakers to be either dangerous or poisonous, including all of the food and water, as well as the wildlife and vegetation. In the third Quarter Quell, the Cornucopia was placed on an island in a saltwater lake, with the surrounding shore divided into 12 segments that resembled a clock, with every hour featuring its own deadly attack, limited only to that slice of the arena during that time of day. The only area where there was no attack was the Cornucopia and the saltwater lake. This proved to be an important location for Katniss ' allies. The Gamemakers have complete control of the arena environment and can create any hazard they wish. In The Hunger Games, they set the forest on fire and switched between day and night at will. In the 75th Hunger Games, the Gamemakers divided the arena into twelve segments, each containing a different terror which only activated at a certain hour. For example, at noon and midnight, an hour - long electrical storm would take place in the first segment. Other dangers encountered by the tributes included blood rain, carnivorous monkeys, insects, a tidal wave, a fog - like gas that caused chemical burns to the skin and nerve damage, and a section of the jungle in which tributes were trapped with jabberjays that imitated the screams of their loved ones. The center of the island could also rotate, disorienting those attempting to master the clock strategy. After the rebellion, the arenas were destroyed and replaced by memorials. Victors ( edit ) The last living tribute of the Hunger Games is the victor. After the Games, the victor receives extreme medical treatment in the Capitol to recover from all the injuries during the Games, followed by a final celebration during which they are interviewed and crowned victor by the President of Panem. Once the festivities are over, the victor returns to live in his or her District in an area called the `` Victor 's Village '', where houses are well - furnished and equipped with luxuries such as hot water and telephones. All families in the victor 's District receive additional parcels of food and other goods for a year. About six months after the Games, the victor participates in the Victory Tour. In every District, the victor is given a celebration and ceremony, usually accompanied by a victory rally and dinner with senior district officials. In the victory tour, the victor speaks publicly in each district, even if they are disliked or even hated by certain districts, especially if the victor was responsible for their tribute 's death. However, the victors ' involvement with the games and the Capitol does not end there. Their lives are under constant surveillance by the Capitol to prevent them from organizing an insurgency or rebellion within the districts. If they do not behave `` properly '' within the games or outside of it, the Capitol will not punish them directly to prevent them from becoming `` martyrs '', but instead they will punish their loved ones. This is exemplified with Haymitch, who lost his family and girlfriend due to his unorthodox way of winning his game, while Johanna is implied to have lost her family due to her disobedience. Victors who are particularly attractive will be sold by the Capitol as prostitutes to the highest bidder. One example of this is Finnick, who served as prostitute to the Capitol citizens, both men and women, under the threat of having his girlfriend, the fellow victor Annie, tortured. Johanna 's family is said to have been killed because she refused to be a subject of such cruelty. The victors also have to mentor the incoming tributes for the next games. This is particularly cruel to Haymitch ; with his being the only living victor of District 12 prior to the 74th Hunger Games, he has to personally mentor all of the following District 12 tributes only to watch them die in the games. Furthermore, the victors are able to be reaped again to serve the interests of the Capitol. As Haymitch puts it, `` Nobody ever wins the games. There are survivors. There 's no winners. '' As a result of both their own experiences and having to mentor tributes who ultimately die, most, if not all of the Victors frequently resorted to some kind or even multiple kinds of substance abuse as a coping mechanism, usually becoming intoxicated with alcohol, like Haymitch or Chaff, or becoming addicted to morphling like the District 6 Victors, Katniss, or Johanna, sometimes both. The victors of the Hunger Games usually form friendships with each other, having shared the experiences of brutality. In Finnick and Annie 's case, their attraction turns into love. While this is a factor for the increased pressure for the 75th Hunger Games, this means that the victors can relay information about rebel planning that is revealed in Catching Fire. In the book, it is revealed that half of the tributes of the game are part of a conspiracy to break Katniss from the arena and transport her to District 13 to become the face of the rebellion. Before the start of the 75th Hunger Games, there are a total of 59 out of 75 victors who are still alive, the rest having died of natural causes. A total of 18 of 24 victors die during the events of Catching Fire. Furthermore, due to the conspiracy of the 75th Hunger Games, Mockingjay reveals that the Capitol has conducted the `` Victor 's Purge '' to capture, torture, and execute all remaining victors. At the end of the series, there are only 7 victors remaining : Enobaria from District 2, Beetee from District 3, Annie from District 4, Johanna from District 7, and Katniss, Peeta, and Haymitch from District 12, with uncertainty about the fate of an eighth ; Lyme from District 2, as to whether she survived the assault on The Nut, or whether she did not, or was even involved, in the assault on The Capitol. The Victory Tour ( edit ) The Victory Tour is a trip across all of the districts of Panem to honor the victor of each Hunger Games. The tour is usually held six months after the games to keep the horror of the games fresh in the minds of those living in the districts. The Victory Tour usually starts at District 12 and then goes in descending district order to District 1. The victor 's district is skipped and saved for the very last. In Catching Fire the tour starts in District 11 because the victors live in District 12. After attending celebrations in the Capitol, the victors return to their home district for celebrations paid for by The Capitol. In Catching Fire Katniss looks forward to the feast in District 12 during which everyone could eat their fill. Before the tour, the victor 's prep team and stylist prepare the victor to show off for the crowds of people just as when they appeared in the Capitol before the games. During the Victory Tour Katniss and Peeta try unsuccessfully to convince President Coriolanus Snow of their love. Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Collins ( 2008 ), p. 18. ^ Jump up to : Collins ( 2010 ), p. 223. Jump up ^ Collins ( 2008 ), p. 41. Jump up ^ Collins 2010, pp. 82 - 83. Jump up ^ Collins ( 2008 ), p. 61. Jump up ^ Marglios, Rick ( 1 August 2010 ). `` The Last Battle : With ' Mockingjay ' on its way, Suzanne Collins weighs in on Katniss and the Capitol ''. School Library Journal. Archived from the original on 4 September 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2010. Jump up ^ Rosen, Michael ( 16 April 2012 ). `` What is the moral message of The Hunger Games? ''. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2012. Jump up ^ `` The Capitol ''. The Capitol - The Official Government of Panem. Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 23. Jump up ^ Carpenter, Susan ( 23 August 2010 ). `` '' Mockingjay '' by Suzanne Collins : Book Review ``. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2 September 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010. Jump up ^ Dill, Margo ( 20 July 2010 ). `` Catching Fire Discussion Questions ( Chapters Ten Through Fifteen ) ''. Bright Hub. Archived from the original on 3 February 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010. References ( edit ) Collins, Suzanne ( 2008 ). The Hunger Games. Scholastic Press. ISBN 0 - 439 - 02348 - 3. Collins, Suzanne ( 2009 ). Catching Fire. Scholastic Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 439 - 02349 - 8. Collins, Suzanne ( 2010 ). Mockingjay. Scholastic Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 439 - 02351 - 1. External links ( edit ) The Capitol -- fictional website for the Capitol hide The Hunger Games series by Suzanne Collins Book series The Hunger Games Catching Fire Mockingjay Film series The Hunger Games The Hunger Games : Catching Fire The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 Accolades Cast Characters Katniss Everdeen Peeta Mellark Music The Hunger Games `` Safe & Sound '' `` Eyes Open '' Catching Fire `` Atlas '' `` We Remain '' `` Elastic Heart '' `` Who We Are '' Mockingjay ( Part 1 ) `` Yellow Flicker Beat '' `` All My Love '' `` The Hanging Tree '' `` Meltdown '' Other Fictional universe of The Hunger Games Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Hunger Games. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Fictional world of The Hunger Games", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Fictional_world_of_The_Hunger_Games&oldid=853111087" }

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{ "text": "Federal Bureau of Narcotics - wikipedia Federal Bureau of Narcotics This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Federal Bureau of Narcotics First Commissioner Harry J. Anslinger Agency overview Formed June 14, 1930 ; 88 years ago ( 1930 - 06 - 14 ) Jurisdiction U.S. Government Parent agency Department of Justice Office of the Director of National Intelligence For the Australian bureau, see Australian Federal Police. The Federal Bureau of Narcotics ( FBN ) was an agency of the United States Department of the Treasury. Established in the Department of the Treasury by an act of June 14, 1930 consolidating the functions of the Federal Narcotics Control Board and the Narcotic Division. These older bureaus were established to assume enforcement responsibilities assigned to the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act, 1914 and the Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act, 1922. ( aka Jones - Miller Act ) Harry J. Anslinger was appointed its first commissioner by Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon under President Herbert Hoover. Under Anslinger, the bureau lobbied for harsh penalties for drug usage. The FBN is credited for criminalizing drugs such as cannabis with the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937, as well as strengthening the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914. Even so, the main focus of the FBN was fighting opium and heroin smuggling. One instance against opium was The Opium Poppy Control Act of 1942. To that end the FBN over time established several offices overseas in France, Italy, Turkey, Beirut, Thailand and other hotspots of international narcotics smuggling. These agents ( never totaling more than 17 ) cooperated with local drug enforcement agencies in gathering intelligence on smugglers and also made undercover busts locally. The work against heroin and opium was however hamstrung by US foreign policy considerations : during the Vietnam War for instance great importance was placed on investigating minor Vietnamese smugglers that could be connected to the resistance while investigations of large scale smugglers from the US ally Thailand were left unfinished. Anslinger retired in 1962 and was succeeded by Henry Giordano, who was the commissioner of the FBN until it was merged in 1968 with the Bureau of Drug Abuse Control, an agency of the Food and Drug Administration, to form the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, an agency of the United States Department of Justice. The BNDD was a predecessor agency of the current Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ). See also ( edit ) Law enforcement / Law enforcement topics portal Sherman v. United States : A U.S. Supreme Court case involving the Bureau. List of United States federal law enforcement agencies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Records of the Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) ''. 15 August 2016. Jump up ^ Anslinger, Harry Jacob ; Tompkins, William F. ( 1 January 1980 ). `` The Traffic in Narcotics ''. Arno Press -- via Google Books. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Bureau_of_Narcotics&oldid=864825449 '' Categories : Defunct agencies of the United States government United States Department of the Treasury History of drug control Defunct federal law enforcement agencies of the United States Drugs in the United States Government agencies established in 1930 1930 establishments in the United States 1968 disestablishments in the United States Government agencies disestablished in 1968 Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from August 2018 All articles lacking in - text citations Pages using infobox government agency with unknown parameters Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018, at 18 : 30 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Federal Bureau of Narcotics", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Federal_Bureau_of_Narcotics&oldid=864825449" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Federal Bureau of Narcotics First Commissioner Harry J. Anslinger Agency overview Formed June 14, 1930 ; 88 years ago ( 1930 - 06 - 14 ) Jurisdiction U.S. Government Parent agency Department of Justice Office of the Director of National Intelligence For the Australian bureau, see Australian Federal Police. The Federal Bureau of Narcotics ( FBN ) was an agency of the United States Department of the Treasury. Established in the Department of the Treasury by an act of June 14, 1930 consolidating the functions of the Federal Narcotics Control Board and the Narcotic Division. These older bureaus were established to assume enforcement responsibilities assigned to the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act, 1914 and the Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act, 1922. ( aka Jones - Miller Act ) Harry J. Anslinger was appointed its first commissioner by Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon under President Herbert Hoover. Under Anslinger, the bureau lobbied for harsh penalties for drug usage. The FBN is credited for criminalizing drugs such as cannabis with the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937, as well as strengthening the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914. Even so, the main focus of the FBN was fighting opium and" ], "id": [ "15376279073916958334" ], "short_answers": [ "June 14, 1930" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Samsung Galaxy - wikipedia Samsung Galaxy This article is about the series of smartphones by Samsung. For the first phone in the series, see Samsung Galaxy ( original ). For the e-sports organization, see Samsung Galaxy ( eSports ). Samsung Galaxy ( From left to right ) : Galaxy S8, S8+, and Note 8 Manufacturer Samsung Electronics Type Smartphone, Tablet, Phablet Release date 29 June 2009 ; 9 years ago ( 2009 - 06 - 29 ) Operating system Android ( from 2015 ) Windows 10 ( from 2016 ) System - on - chip used Samsung Exynos Qualcomm Snapdragon Intel Core ( for Samsung Galaxy Tab Pro S ) Other processors ( Spreadtrum, NovaThor, MediaTek, Broadcom and others ) Input Touch screen, stylus Samsung Galaxy ( stylized as SAMSUNG Galaxy, previously Samsung GALAXY ) is a series of mobile computing devices designed, manufactured and marketed by Samsung Electronics. The product line includes the Galaxy S series of high - end smartphones, the Galaxy Tab series of tablets, the Galaxy Note series of tablets and phablets with the added functionality of a stylus, and the first version of the Galaxy Gear smartwatch, with later versions dropping the Galaxy branding. Samsung Galaxy devices use the Android operating system produced by Google, usually with a custom user interface called Samsung Experience ( formerly TouchWiz ). However, the tradition of Android - exclusivity for the series was broken at CES 2016 with the announcement of the first Galaxy - branded Windows 10 device, the Samsung Galaxy TabPro S. The S7, S8, S9, Note FE and Note8 Galaxy devices come with a file transfer app ( Smart Switch ) pre-loaded, with no app icon. Smart Switch works with all recent Galaxy devices, from the S2 through to current models. Contents ( hide ) 1 Models numbers 2 Devices 2.1 Phones 2.1. 1 Samsung Galaxy Note 2.1. 2 Samsung Galaxy S 2.1. 3 Samsung Galaxy A 2.1. 4 Samsung Galaxy C 2.1. 5 Samsung Galaxy J 2.1. 6 Samsung Galaxy E 2.1. 7 Samsung Galaxy Core / Grand 2.1. 8 Samsung Galaxy Mega 2.1. 9 Samsung Galaxy Mini 2.1. 10 Samsung Galaxy Ace 2.1. 11 Samsung Galaxy On 2.1. 12 Samsung Galaxy R 2.1. 13 Samsung Galaxy Y 2.1. 14 Samsung Galaxy Pocket 2.1. 15 Others 2.2 Tablets 2.2. 1 Samsung Galaxy Book 2.2. 2 Samsung Galaxy View 2.2. 3 Samsung Galaxy Tab 2.2. 4 Samsung Galaxy Tab A 2.2. 5 Samsung Galaxy Tab E 2.2. 6 Samsung Galaxy Tab Pro 2.2. 7 Samsung Galaxy Tab S 2.2. 8 Samsung Galaxy Note 2.2. 9 Samsung Galaxy T 2.3 Media player 2.4 Cameras 2.4. 1 Galaxy Camera 2.4. 2 Galaxy NX 2.5 Watches 2.6 Projectors 2.6. 1 Samsung Galaxy Beam 3 Release history 4 `` Over the Horizon '' 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Models numbers ( edit ) Samsung smartphones ( front ) Since September 2013, model numbers of devices in the Samsung Galaxy series are in the `` SM - xxxx '' format ( excluding the Galaxy J SC - 02F ). Previously, from 2009 until September 2013, the model numbers were in the `` GT - xxxx '' format. GT - Nnnn0 -- mainstream Note model ( Old type of model number ) SM - Nnn0 -- mainstream Note model ( New type of model number ) GT - Pnn00 / 10 -- mainstream Tab model ( Old type of model number ) SM - Tnn0 / 1 -- mainstream Tab model ( New type of model number ) GT - Snnn0 -- mainstream model GT - Snnn2 / SM - Gnnn / DS / SM - Gnnn / DD SM - Gnnn2 Dual - SIM `` Duos '' model GT - Snnn5 / GT - Nnnn5 / GT - Pnnn5 / GT - Innn5 / SM - NnnnF / SM - Tnn5 / SM - GnnnF -- 4G / LTE model SM - Wnnn -- Windows model ( i.e., Galaxy Book ) Devices ( edit ) Phones ( edit ) Samsung Galaxy Note ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note Samsung Galaxy Note ( 2011 ) Samsung Galaxy Note II ( 2012 ) Samsung Galaxy Note 3 ( 2013 ) Samsung Galaxy Note 3 Neo ( 2014 ) Samsung Galaxy Note 4 ( 2014 ) Samsung Galaxy Note Edge ( 2014 ) Samsung Galaxy Note 5 ( 2015 ) Samsung Galaxy Note 7 ( discontinued ) ( 2016 ) Samsung Galaxy Note Fan Edition ( 2017 ) Samsung Galaxy Note 8 ( 2017 ) Samsung Galaxy S ( edit ) 2010 - 2018 Main article : Samsung Galaxy S series Samsung Galaxy S ( 2010 ) Samsung Galaxy S Duos ( 2012 ) Samsung Galaxy S Duos 2 ( 2013 ) Samsung Galaxy S Advance ( 2012 ) 2011 Samsung Galaxy SL ( 2011 ) Samsung Galaxy S II ( 2011 ) Samsung Galaxy S II Skyrocket ( Wikidata ) ( 2011 ) Samsung Galaxy S II Plus ( 2013 ) Samsung Galaxy S II LTE ( 2011 ) Samsung Galaxy S II WIMAX ( 2011 ) 2012 Samsung Galaxy S III ( 2012 ) Samsung Galaxy S III Progre ( 2012 ) Samsung Galaxy S III Neo ( 2012 ) Samsung Galaxy S III Mini ( 2012 ) 2013 Samsung Galaxy S4 ( 2013 ) Samsung Galaxy S4 Active ( 2013 ) Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini ( 2013 ) Samsung Galaxy S4 Zoom ( 2013 ) 2014 Samsung Galaxy S5 ( 2014 ) Samsung Galaxy S5 Active ( 2014 ) Samsung Galaxy S5 Plus ( nl ) ( 2014 ) Samsung Galaxy S5 Mini ( 2014 ) 2015 Samsung Galaxy S5 Neo ( 2015 ) Samsung Galaxy S6 ( 2015 ) Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge ( 2015 ) Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge Mini ( 2015 ) Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge+ ( 2015 ) Samsung Galaxy S6 Active ( 2015 ) 2016 Samsung Galaxy S7 ( 2016 ) Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge ( 2016 ) Samsung Galaxy S7 Active ( 2016 ) 2017 Samsung Galaxy S8 ( 2017 ) Samsung Galaxy S8+ ( 2017 ) Samsung Galaxy S8 Active ( 2017 ) 2018 Samsung Galaxy S9 ( 2018 ) Samsung Galaxy S9+ ( 2018 ) Samsung Galaxy S Light Luxury ( 2018 ) Samsung Galaxy A ( edit ) 2015 - 2018 Main article : Samsung Galaxy A series Samsung Galaxy Alpha Samsung Galaxy A3 ( 2015 ) Samsung Galaxy A3 ( 2016 ) Samsung Galaxy A3 ( 2017 ) Samsung Galaxy A5 ( 2015 ) Samsung Galaxy A5 ( 2016 ) Samsung Galaxy A5 ( 2017 ) Samsung Galaxy A6 ( 2018 ) Samsung Galaxy A6+ ( 2018 ) Samsung Galaxy A7 ( 2015 ) Samsung Galaxy A7 ( 2016 ) Samsung Galaxy A7 ( 2017 ) Samsung Galaxy A8 ( 2015 ) Samsung Galaxy A8 ( 2016 ) Samsung Galaxy A8 ( 2018 ) Samsung Galaxy A8+ ( 2018 ) Samsung Galaxy A9 ( 2016 ) Samsung Galaxy A9 Pro ( 2016 ) Samsung Galaxy C ( edit ) Samsung introduced the Galaxy C series in China with the launch of C5 and C7. Both of these smartphones feature a metal - clad design and run on Android 6.0 Marshmallow. Both of the smartphones will be available in 32GB and 64GB variants. The Samsung Galaxy C5 32GB and 64GB variants are priced at ¥ 2,199 and ¥ 2,399 respectively. On the other hand, the Samsung Galaxy C7 is priced at ¥ 2,200 and ¥ 2,400 respectively. Both these phones are expected to arrive in India as both of them support Indian 4G LTE bands. In mid 2016, Samsung Galaxy C5 and C7 launched in Hong Kong and Macau. Also in the same period, C9 Pro also launched in other South East Asian countries. 2016 - 2018 Devices in the series include : 2016 Samsung Galaxy C5 ( 2016 ) Samsung Galaxy C7 ( 2016 ) 2017 Samsung Galaxy C9 ( 2017 ) Samsung Galaxy C9 Pro ( 2017 ) Samsung Galaxy C7 Pro ( 2017 ) Samsung Galaxy C5 Pro ( 2017 ) Samsung Galaxy C8 ( also known as Samsung Galaxy J7+ ) ( 2017 ) Samsung Galaxy J ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy J series The Samsung Galaxy J series ( J meaning `` Joy '' ) is a line of mid-range devices beginning with the ' J ' in 2013. Devices in the series include : Galaxy J / J1 / J2 2013 Samsung Galaxy J 2015 Samsung Galaxy J1 Samsung Galaxy J2 Samsung Galaxy J5 Samsung Galaxy J7 2016 Samsung Galaxy J Max Samsung Galaxy J1 Ace Samsung Galaxy J1 ( 2016 ) ( Samsung Galaxy J16 ) Samsung Galaxy J1 Nxt Samsung Galaxy J1 Ace Neo Samsung Galaxy J1 Mini Samsung Galaxy J1 Mini Prime Samsung Galaxy J2 ( 2016 ) ( Samsung Galaxy J26 ) Samsung Galaxy J2 Prime Samsung Galaxy J3 ( 2016 ) ( Samsung Galaxy J36 ) Samsung Galaxy J3 Prime Samsung Galaxy J3 Pro Samsung Galaxy J5 ( 2016 ) ( Samsung Galaxy J56 ) Samsung Galaxy J5 Prime Samsung Galaxy J7 ( 2016 ) ( Samsung Galaxy J76 ) Samsung Galaxy J7 Prime 2017 Samsung Galaxy J2 ( 2017 ) Samsung Galaxy J3 ( 2017 ) Samsung Galaxy J3 Emerge Samsung Galaxy J5 ( 2017 ) Samsung Galaxy J5 Prime ( 2017 ) Samsung Galaxy J7 ( 2017 ) Samsung Galaxy J7+ ( also known as Samsung Galaxy C8 ) Samsung Galaxy J7 Max Samsung Galaxy J7 Pro ( 2017 ) Samsung Galaxy J7 Nxt Samsung Galaxy J7 V Samsung Galaxy J7 Sky Pro ( 2017 ) 2018 Samsung Galaxy J2 Pro ( 2018 ) Samsung Galaxy J3 ( 2018 ) Samsung Galaxy J3 Top Samsung Galaxy J4 ( 2018 ) Samsung Galaxy J6 ( 2018 ) Samsung Galaxy J7 ( 2018 ) Samsung Galaxy J7 Duo Samsung Galaxy J7 Prime 2 Samsung Galaxy J8 ( 2018 ) Samsung Galaxy E ( edit ) The Samsung Galaxy E series ( Elegant ) is a line of mid-range devices launched in 2015. This was replaced by Galaxy C series and A series. Devices in the Samsung Galaxy E series include : Samsung Galaxy E5 Samsung Galaxy E7 Samsung Galaxy core / Grand ( edit ) The Galaxy Core / Grand series is a line of mid-range devices released between 2013 and 2015. It includes the Core and the Grand, which were separate lines until the release of the Grand Prime, the successor to the Core Prime. The line was mainly replaced by the Samsung Galaxy J series starting from 2015. Samsung Galaxy Core ( 2013 ) Samsung Galaxy Core Duos ( 2014 ) Samsung Galaxy Core II ( 2014 ) Samsung Galaxy Core Plus ( 2014 ) Samsung Galaxy Core Prime ( 2014 ) Samsung Galaxy Grand ( 2014 ) Samsung Galaxy Grand Duos ( 2015 ) Samsung Galaxy Grand 2 ( 2015 ) Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime ( 2015 ) Samsung Galaxy Grand Neo ( 2015 ) Samsung Galaxy Grand Neo Plus ( 2015 ) Samsung Galaxy Grand Lite ( 2015 ) Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime Plus ( 2017 ) Samsung Galaxy Mega ( edit ) Samsung Galaxy Mega ( comes in 2 different variants - 5.8 & 6.3 ) ( 2013 ) Samsung Galaxy Mega 2 ( 2014 ) Samsung Galaxy Mini ( edit ) Samsung Galaxy Mini ( 2011 ) Samsung Galaxy Mini 2 ( 2012 ) Samsung Galaxy Ace ( edit ) Samsung Galaxy Ace ( 2011 ) Samsung Galaxy Ace Plus ( 2012 ) Samsung Galaxy Ace 2 ( 2012 ) Samsung Galaxy Ace 3 ( 2013 ) Samsung Galaxy Ace 4 ( 2014 ) Samsung Galaxy Ace Style ( 2014 ) Samsung Galaxy On ( edit ) Samsung Galaxy On5 ( 2015 ) Samsung Galaxy On5 Pro ( 2016 ) Samsung Galaxy On5 ( 2016 ) ( 2016 ) Samsung Galaxy On7 ( 2015 ) Samsung Galaxy On7 Pro ( 2016 ) Samsung Galaxy On7 ( 2016 ) ( 2016 ) Samsung Galaxy On8 ( A variant of Samsung Galaxy J7 ( 2016 ) with upgraded RAM ) ( 2016 ) Samsung Galaxy On Nxt ( 2016 ) Samsung Galaxy On Max ( 2016 ) Samsung Galaxy R ( edit ) Samsung Galaxy R ( 2011 ) Samsung Galaxy R Style ( ko ) Samsung Galaxy Y ( edit ) The first device in the Samsung Galaxy Y series was the Samsung Galaxy Y, which was released in 2011. In 2013, its successor, the Samsung Galaxy Young, was released. That was then succeeded by the Samsung Galaxy Young 2, which was released in 2014. Samsung Galaxy Y ( 2011 ) Samsung Galaxy Young ( 2013 ) Samsung Galaxy Young 2 ( 2014 ) Samsung Galaxy Y duos ( 2014 ) Samsung Galaxy Pocket ( edit ) Samsung Galaxy Pocket ( 2011 ) Samsung Galaxy Pocket Plus ( 2011 ) Samsung Galaxy Pocket Neo ( 2012 ) Samsung Galaxy Pocket Duos ( 2012 ) Samsung Galaxy Pocket 2 ( 2014 ) Others ( edit ) Galaxy Nexus ( 2011 ) Samsung Galaxy ( original ) ( 2009 ) Samsung Galaxy 5 ( 2011 ) Samsung Galaxy Active neo ( ja ) ( 2015 ) Samsung Galaxy V Plus ( 2014 & 2015 ) Samsung Galaxy Express ( 2012 ) Samsung Galaxy Express 2 ( 2013 ) Samsung Galaxy Fame ( 2013 ) Samsung Galaxy Feel ( ja ) Samsung Galaxy Fit ( 2011 ) Samsung Galaxy Folder ( ko ) Samsung Galaxy Gio ( 2011 ) Samsung Galaxy K Zoom ( 2014 ) Samsung Galaxy Prevail ( 2011 ) Samsung Galaxy Star ( 2013 ) Samsung Galaxy W ( 2011 ) Samsung Galaxy Centura Samsung Galaxy Trend ( 2013 ) Samsung Galaxy Trend Plus ( 2013 ) Samsung Galaxy Trend Lite ( 2014 ) Samsung Galaxy Win Pro ( 2013 ) Samsung Galaxy Star Pro ( 2013 ) Samsung Galaxy Fame Lite ( 2013 ) Samsung Galaxy Light ( 2013 ) Samsung Galaxy Discover TracFone Samsung Galaxy Rush ( 2011 ) Samsung Galaxy Reverb ( 2012 ) Samsung Galaxy Stellar ( 2012 ) Samsung Galaxy Appeal ( 2012 ) Samsung Galaxy Precedent ( 2011 ) Samsung Galaxy Z ( 2011 ) Samsung Galaxy U ( 2010 ) Samsung Galaxy Neo ( 2010 ) Samsung Galaxy Pro ( 2010 ) Samsung Galaxy Alpha ( 2014 ) Tablets ( edit ) `` Samsung tablets '' redirects here. For the Google branded tablet made by Samsung, see Nexus 10. Samsung Galaxy Book ( edit ) The Samsung Galaxy Book series is a line of 2 - in - 1 PC s running Windows 10. The first ( and currently only ) device in the series, the Samsung Galaxy Book, was released in 2017 as a successor to the Samsung Galaxy TabPro S from 2016. Samsung Galaxy Book 10.6 Samsung Galaxy Book 12.0 Samsung Galaxy View ( edit ) Samsung Galaxy View Samsung Galaxy Tab ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Tab series Samsung Galaxy Tab 7.0 Samsung Galaxy Tab 7.0 Plus Samsung Galaxy Tab 7.7 Samsung Galaxy Tab 8.9 Samsung Galaxy Tab 10.1 Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 7.0 Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 10.1 Samsung Galaxy Tab 3 7.0 July 2013 - SM - T210 ( WiFi ), SM - T211 ( 3G ) Samsung Galaxy Tab 3 8.0 July 2013 - SM - T310 ( WiFi ), SM - T311 ( 3G ), SM - T315 ( 4G / LTE ) Samsung Galaxy Tab 3 10.1 July 2013 - SM - T510 ( Wifi ), SM - T511 ( 3G ), SM - T515 ( 4G / LTE ) Samsung Galaxy Tab 3 Lite 7.0 ( Samsung Galaxy Tab 3 Neo in Some Countries ) January 2014 - SM - T110 ( Wifi ), SM - T111 ( 3G ) Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 7.0 Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 8.0 Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 10.1 Samsung Galaxy Tab Active Samsung Galaxy Tab A ( edit ) Samsung Galaxy Tab A 8.0 April 2015 Samsung Galaxy Tab A 9.7 April 2015 Samsung Galaxy Tab A 6.0 2016 Samsung Galaxy Tab A 7.0 March 2016 Samsung Galaxy Tab A 8.0 ( 2017 ) Samsung Galaxy Tab A 10.1 July 2016 Samsung Galaxy Tab E ( edit ) Samsung Galaxy Tab E 9.6 July 2015 Samsung Galaxy Tab E 8.0 January 2016 Samsung Galaxy Tab Pro ( edit ) Samsung Galaxy Tab Pro 8.4 January 2014 - SM - T320 ( WiFi ), SM - T321 ( 3G ), SM - T325 ( 4G / LTE ) Samsung Galaxy Tab Pro 10.1 January 2014 - SM - T520 ( Wifi ), SM - T525 ( 3G & 4G / LTE ) Samsung Galaxy Tab Pro 12.2 January 2014 - SM - T900 ( Wifi ), SM - T905 ( 3G & 4G / LTE ) Samsung Galaxy TabPro S January 2016 - SM - W700 ( Wifi ) Samsung Galaxy Tab S ( edit ) Samsung Galaxy Tab S 8.4 Samsung Galaxy Tab S 10.5 Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 8.0 Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 9.7 Samsung Galaxy Tab S3 Samsung Galaxy Note ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note series Samsung Galaxy Note 8.0 Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1 Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1 2014 Edition Autumn 2013 - SM - P600 ( Wifi ), SM - P601 ( 3G & Wifi ), SM - P605 ( LTE, 3G & Wifi ) Samsung Galaxy Note Pro 12.2 February 2014 - SM - P900 ( Wifi ), SM - P905 ( LTE, 3G & Wifi ) Samsung Galaxy T ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Samsung Galaxy T7. 0 Samsung Galaxy T7. 0 + Samsung Galaxy T7. 7 Samsung Galaxy T8. 9 Samsung Galaxy T10. 1 Samsung Galaxy T2 Samsung Galaxy T2 Samsung Galaxy T3 Samsung Galaxy T3 Samsung Galaxy T3 Samsung Galaxy T3 Lite7. 0 Samsung Galaxy T3 V Samsung Galaxy T4 Samsung Galaxy T4 Samsung Galaxy T3 V2 Samsung Galaxy T4 Samsung Galaxy T4 ( Second Edition ) Samsung Galaxy T Active Samsung Galaxy TS8. 4 Samsung Galaxy T4 ( Third Edition ) Samsung Galaxy T4 ( Fourth Edition ) Samsung Galaxy TS10. 5 Samsung Galaxy T4 ( Fifth Edition ) Samsung Galaxy TA Samsung Galaxy TS2 Samsung Galaxy T4 ( Sixth Edition ) Samsung Galaxy T4 ( Seventh Edition ) Samsung Galaxy TE Samsung Galaxy T4 ( Eighth Edition ) Samsung Galaxy Note 8.0 Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1 Samsung Galaxy T - Pro Samsung Galaxy T4 ( Ninth Edition ) Samsung Galaxy Note Pro 12.2 Samsung Galaxy TS3 Samsung Galaxy T - Pro S Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1 2014E Samsung Galaxy T5 Samsung Galaxy T4 ( Tenth Edition ) Media player ( edit ) Samsung Galaxy Player Cameras ( edit ) Galaxy Camera ( edit ) Samsung Galaxy Camera Samsung Galaxy Camera 2 Galaxy NX ( edit ) Samsung Galaxy NX Watches ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Gear Samsung announced the Samsung Galaxy Gear, a smartwatch running Android 4.3, on September 4, 2013. The Galaxy Gear was Samsung 's only smartwatch to feature `` Galaxy '' branding ; later Samsung smartwatches use the Samsung Gear branding. In a software update, Samsung replaced the operating system of the Galaxy Gear from Android to Tizen. Projectors ( edit ) Samsung Galaxy Beam ( edit ) Samsung Galaxy Beam i8520 Samsung Galaxy Beam i8530 Release History ( edit ) Date Model name Model number ( s ) 2018 July Samsung Galaxy J8 ( 2018 ) June Samsung Galaxy J7 ( 2018 ) Samsung Galaxy J3 ( 2018 ) May Samsung Galaxy A6 ( 2018 ) Samsung Galaxy A6+ ( 2018 ) Samsung Galaxy J4 ( 2018 ) Samsung Galaxy J6 ( 2018 ) April Samsung Galaxy J7 Duo ( undetermined ) SM - J720F / DS March Samsung Galaxy J7 Prime 2 ( undetermined ) Samsung Galaxy J7 ( 2018 ) SM - G611x February Samsung Galaxy S9 SM - G960x Samsung Galaxy S9+ SM - G965x January Samsung Galaxy J2 Pro ( 2018 ) ( undetermined ) Samsung Galaxy A8 ( 2018 ) SM - A530x Samsung Galaxy A8+ ( 2018 ) SM - A730x 2017 October Samsung Galaxy J2 ( 2017 ) SM - J200G ( India and Indonesia ) Samsung Galaxy Tab Active Upcoming release September Samsung Galaxy Tab A 8.0 ( 2017 ) SM - T380 ( Wi - Fi ) SM - T385 ( 4G / LTE ) Samsung Galaxy C7 ( 2017 ) / C8 Samsung Galaxy J7+ SM - C710x ( J7+ / C7 2017 ) SM - C8000 ( C8 ) August Samsung Galaxy Note 8 SM - N950x Samsung Galaxy S8 Active July Samsung Galaxy Note Fan Edition ( FE ) SM - N935x June Samsung Galaxy J7 ( 2017 ) SM - J727x ( US version ), SM - J730x ( Global version ) Samsung Galaxy J5 ( 2017 ) SM - J530x ( Global version ), SM - J530Y ( Pro version with 32GB Storage ) Samsung Galaxy J3 ( 2017 ) SM - J327x ( US version ), SM - J330x ( Global version ) Samsung Galaxy J7 Pro ( 2017 ) SM - J730x ( for South East Asia & India ) Samsung Galaxy J7 Max SM - G615x March Samsung Galaxy S8 SM - G950x Samsung Galaxy S8+ SM - G955x Samsung Galaxy C5 Pro SM - C5010 February Samsung Galaxy Tab S3 SM - T820 ( Wi - Fi ) SM - T825 ( 3G / LTE ) January Samsung Galaxy A7 ( 2017 ) SM - A720x Samsung Galaxy A5 ( 2017 ) SM - A520x Samsung Galaxy A3 ( 2017 ) SM - A320x Samsung Galaxy C7 Pro SM - C7010 2016 November Samsung Galaxy J1 mini Prime / Galaxy V2 ( Indonesia ) SM - J106F ( LTE ) Samsung Galaxy J2 Prime SM - G532F ( Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan ) SM - G532M ( Colombia, Argentina, Mexico, Peru, Panama, Ecuador, Chile, Australia, New Zealand ) SM - G532G ( Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan ) Samsung Galaxy C9 Pro SM - C900F September Samsung Galaxy A8 ( 2016 ) SM - A810x Samsung Galaxy On5 ( 2016 ) SM - G570x Samsung Galaxy On7 ( 2016 ) SM - G610x Samsung Galaxy On8 ( 2016 ) SM - J710 ( India ) Samsung Galaxy J7 Prime SM - G610F ( India ) SM - G610M ( Argentina, Colombia, Panama, Mexico, Brazil ) July Samsung Galaxy J5 Prime SM - G570F ( India ) SM - G570M ( Argentina, Colombia, Panama, Mexico, Brazil ) Samsung Galaxy Note 7 SM - N930x June Samsung Galaxy S7 Active Samsung Galaxy J3 Pro SM - J310F May Samsung Galaxy Tab A 10.1 ( 2016 ) SM - T585 Samsung Galaxy C5 SM - C5000 Samsung Galaxy C7 SM - C7000 April Samsung Galaxy J5 ( 2016 ) SM - J5109 SM - J510F SM - J510FN SM - J510H SM - J510G SM - J510MN SM - J510Y SM - J5108 SM - J510K SM - J510L SM - J510S SM - J510UN Samsung Galaxy J7 ( 2016 ) SM - J7109 SM - J710F SM - J710FN SM - J710H SM - J710MN SM - J710FQ SM - J710K SM - J710K SM - J710GN March Samsung Galaxy J3 SM - J3109x SM - J320F SM - J320G SM - J320P SM - J320M Samsung Galaxy Tab A 7.0 SM - T280 ( Wi - Fi ) SM - T285 ( LTE / Wi - Fi ) Samsung Galaxy A9 Pro ( 2016 ) SM - A9100 ( China ) SM - A910F ( South East Asia ) February Samsung Galaxy J1 Mini SM - J105B SM - J105DS ( Dual - SIM ) SM - J105F ( 4G LTE Indonesia Only ) Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge SM - G935F ( International ) SM - G935FD `` Dual - SIM '' ( Europe, India, Southeast Asia ) SM - G9350 ( China, Hong Kong ) SM - G935A ( AT&T US ) SM - G935V ( Verizon US ) SM - G935U ( Unlocked US ) SM - G935S ( SKT Korea ) SM - G935K ( KT Telecom Korea ) SM - G935W8 ( Rogers / Bell Canada ) SC - 02H ( Japan NTT DocoMo ) Samsung Galaxy S7 SM - G930F ( International ) SM - G930FD `` Dual - SIM '' ( Europe, India, Southeast Asia ) SM - G9300 ( China, Hong Kong ) SM - G930A ( AT&T US ) SM - G930V ( Verizon US ) SM - G930AZ ( Cricket US ) SM - G930S ( SKT Korea ) SM - G930K ( KT Telecom Korea ) SM - G930W8 ( Canada ) January Samsung Galaxy J1 ( 2016 ) SM - J120F SM - J120M Samsung Galaxy TabPro S Samsung Galaxy A9 ( 2016 ) SM - A9000 2015 December Samsung Galaxy A7 ( 2016 ) SM - A7100, SM - A710F, SM - A710FD, SM - A710M, SM - A710Y Samsung Galaxy A5 ( 2016 ) SM - A5100, SM - A510F, SM - A510FD, SM - A510M, SM - A510Y Samsung Galaxy A3 ( 2016 ) SM - A310F, SM - A310M November Samsung Galaxy View Samsung Galaxy On7 October Samsung Galaxy J1 Ace Samsung Galaxy Active Neo SC - 01H Samsung Galaxy On5 Samsung Z3 September Samsung Galaxy J2 SM - J200F ( UAE, Turkey ) SM - J200Y ( New Zealand, Taiwan ) SM - J200G ( India, Indonesia ) SM - J200H ( South Africa, Kazakhstan ) SM - J200M ( Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, Brazil ) August Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge+ SM - G928A SM - G928AZ SM - G928D SM - G928F SM - G928FD SM - G928I SM - G928K SM - G928L SM - G928P SM - G928PZ SM - G928R4 SM - G928R7 SM - G928S SM - G928T SM - G928T1 SM - G928TR SM - G928V SM - G9280 SM - G9288 SM - G9289 Samsung Galaxy A8 SM - A8000, SM - A800F, SM - A800I, SM - A800S, SM - A800Y Samsung Galaxy Note 5 SM - N9200, SM - N920C, SM - N920T, SM - N920A, SM - N920I, SM - N9208 Galaxy S5 Neo SM - G903F, SM - G903W July Samsung Galaxy Trend 2 Lite SM - G318H Samsung Galaxy V Plus June Samsung Galaxy S6 Active SM -- G890A Samsung Galaxy J5 SM - J500F ( India ) SM - J500H ( Russia ) SM - J500M ( Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, Chile ) SM - J500G ( Philippines, Thailand ) Samsung Galaxy J7 SM - J700F ( India ) SM - J700H ( Russia ) SM - J700M ( Colombia, Argentina, Chile ) SM - J700T ( T - Mobile Prepaid USA ) SM - J700P ( Sprint, Boost Mobile, Virgin Mobile USA ) April Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge SM - G925A SM - G925AZ SM - G925F SM - G925I SM - G925K SM - G925L SM - G925P SM - G925PZ SM - G925R4 SM - G925R7 SM - G925S SM - G925T SM - G925T1 SM - G925TR SM - G925V SM - G9250 SM - G9258 SM - G9259 Samsung Galaxy S6 SM - G920A SM - G920AZ SM - G920D SM - G920F SM - G920FD SM - G920I SM - G920K SM - G920L SM - G920P SM - G920PZ SM - G920R4 SM - G920R7 SM - G920S SM - G920T SM - G920T1 SM - G920TR SM - G920V SM - G9200 SM - G9208 SM - G9209 Samsung Galaxy Xcover 3 February Samsung Galaxy J1 SM - J100H SM - J100F Samsung Galaxy E5 Samsung Galaxy A7 SM - A700F SM - A700FD SM - A700FQ SM - A700H SM - A700K SM - A700L SM - A700M SM - A700S SM - A700X SM - A700YD SM - A700YZ SM - A7000 SM - A7009 SM - A7009W Samsung Galaxy E7 SM - E700H January Samsung Z1 2014 December Samsung Galaxy A5 ( 2015 ) SM - A500F SM - A500F1 SM - A500FQ SM - A500FU SM - A500G SM - A500H SM - A500HQ SM - A500K SM - A500L SM - A500M SM - A500S SM - A500X SM - A500XZ SM - A500Y SM - A500YZ SM - A5000 SM - A5009 Samsung Galaxy A3 ( 2015 ) SM - A300F SM - A300FU SM - A300G SM - A300H SM - A300HQ SM - A300M SM - A300X SM - A300XU SM - A300XZ SM - A300Y SM - A300YZ SM - A3000 SM - A3009 November Samsung Galaxy Core Prime SM - G360BT SM - G360H Samsung Galaxy Note Edge SM - N915G SM - N9150 October Samsung Galaxy Note 4 SM - N910G Samsung Galaxy Young 2 SM - G130H September Samsung Galaxy Alpha SM - G850F SM - G850FQ SM - G850K SM - G850L SM - G850M SM - G850S SM - G850W SM - G850Y Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime SM - G530BT SM - G530F SM - G530FQ SM - G530FZ SM - G530H SM - G530M SM - G530MU SM - G530P SM - G530R4 SM - G530R7 SM - G530T SM - G530W SM - G530Y SM - G5306W SM - G5308W SM - G5309W Samsung Galaxy Core Prime SM - G360BT Samsung Galaxy Pocket 2 SM - G110B Samsung Galaxy Mega 2 SM - G750F August Samsung Galaxy Star 2 Plus SM - G350E ( LTE ) Samsung Galaxy Ace 4 SM - G313F ( LTE ) Samsung Galaxy S Duos 3 July Samsung Galaxy Core 2 SM - G355H Samsung Galaxy S5 Mini GT - S5500 GT - S5430 June Samsung Galaxy Core SM - G386F ( LTE ) May Samsung Galaxy K Zoom SM - C115 Samsung Galaxy Ace Style SM - G310 April Samsung Galaxy S5 SM - G900 SM - G900FD ( dual - SIM / LTE ) Samsung Galaxy S3 Neo GT - I9303I March Samsung Galaxy Win 2 January Samsung Galaxy Note 3 Neo SM - N7500 ( 3G model / Samsung Exynos chip / international ) SM - N7502 ( dual - SIM ) SM - N7505 ( 4G / LTE model / Qualcomm Snapdragon chip / international ) Samsung Galaxy Grand Neo ( GT - I9060 ) Samsung Galaxy Grand Lite 2013 December Samsung Galaxy Win Pro ( SM - G3812 ) Samsung Galaxy J ( SGH - N075 ) Samsung Galaxy S Duos 2 ( GT - S7582 ) Samsung Galaxy Trend Plus ( GT - S7580 ) November Samsung Galaxy Grand 2 ( SM - G7100 ) SM - G7102 ( dual - SIM ) October Samsung Galaxy Star Pro ( GT - S7260 ) GT - S7262 ( dual - SIM ) Samsung Galaxy J ( SC - 02F ) Samsung Galaxy Express 2 ( SM - G3815 ) Samsung Galaxy Round ( SM - G9105 ) Samsung Galaxy Trend Lite ( GT - S7390 ) GT - S7392 ( dual - SIM ) Samsung Galaxy Fame Lite ( GT - S6790 ) Samsung Galaxy Light ( SGH - T399 ) Samsung Galaxy Core Plus ( SM - G3500 ) SM - G3502 ( dual - SIM ) September Samsung Galaxy Note 3 SM - N9000 ( 3G model / Samsung Exynos chip / international ) SM - N9002 ( dual - SIM ) SM - N9005 ( 4G / LTE model / Qualcomm Snapdragon chip / international ) Samsung Galaxy Gear SM - V700 July Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini ( GT - I9190 ) Galaxy S4 Mini ( I9195, LTE ) Galaxy S4 Mini ( I9192, dual - SIM ) June Samsung Galaxy S4 Active ( GT - I9295 ) Samsung Galaxy S4 Zoom ( SM - C1010 ) Samsung Galaxy Ace 3 ( GT - S7270 ) GT - S7272 ( dual - SIM ) GT - S7275 ( LTE ) Samsung Galaxy Pocket Neo ( GT - S5310 ) GT - S5312 ( dual - SIM ) May Samsung Galaxy Star ( GT - S5280 ) GT - S5282 ( dual - SIM ) GT - S5283 ( triple - SIM ) Samsung Galaxy Core ( GT - S8262 ) GT - i8262D Samsung Galaxy Y Plus ( GT - S5303 ) Samsung Galaxy Win ( GT - I8550 ) Galaxy Grand Quattro ( GT - I8552, dual - SIM ) April Samsung Galaxy Mega GT - I9150 ( 5.8 `` ) GT - I9152 ( 5.8 ``, dual - SIM ) GT - I9200 ( 6.3 `` ) GT - I9205 ( 6, 3 ``, LTE ) Samsung Galaxy Fame ( GT - S6810 ) GT - S6810P ( NFC ) Samsung Galaxy S4 ( GT - I9500 ) GT - I9505 ( LTE ) GT - I9506 ( LTE+ ) March Samsung Galaxy Xcover 2 ( GT - S7710 ) Samsung Galaxy Young ( GT - S6310 ) GT - S6312 ( dual - SIM ) January Samsung Galaxy Grand ( GT - I9080 ) GT - I9082 ( dual - SIM ) Samsung Galaxy S II Plus ( GT - I9105 ) Samsung Galaxy Pocket Plus ( GT - S5301 ) 2012 November Samsung Galaxy Discover TracFone ( SGH - S730G ) Samsung Galaxy Discover ( GT - S730M, Canadian market ) Samsung Galaxy S III Mini ( GT - I8190 ) October Samsung Galaxy Rugby Pro ( SGH - I547 ) Samsung Galaxy Rugby LTE ( SGH - i547C, Canadian market ) Samsung Galaxy Express SGH - I437 September Samsung Galaxy Rush Samsung Galaxy S Relay 4G Samsung Galaxy Note II GT - N7100 ( 3G model / Iinernational ) GT - N7102 ( dual - SIM ) GT - N7105 ( 4G / LTE model / international ) Samsung Galaxy Reverb Samsung Galaxy Victory 4G LTE ( SPH - L300 ) Samsung Galaxy Pocket Duos ( GT - S5302 ) August Samsung Galaxy S Duos ( GT - S7562 ) Galaxy S Duos ( GT - S7568, China Mobile TD - SCDMA ) Galaxy Trend ( S7560M, single - SIM ) Galaxy Trend II Duos ( GT - S7572, different camera, 1.2 GHz dual - core CPU, Chinese market ) July Samsung Galaxy Stellar ( SCH - I200 ) May Samsung Galaxy Ch@t ( GT - B5330 ) Samsung Galaxy Appeal ( SGH - I827 ) Samsung Galaxy S III ( GT - I9300 ) Galaxy S III ( I9305, LTE ) April Samsung Galaxy S Advance Galaxy S II Lite Samsung Galaxy Rugby ( GT - S5690M ) March Samsung Galaxy Pocket ( GT - S5300 ) Samsung Galaxy Rugby Smart ( SGH - i847 ) February Samsung Galaxy Beam i8520 Samsung Galaxy Y DUOS ( GT - S6102 ) Samsung Galaxy Mini 2 ( GT - S6500 ) Samsung Galaxy Ace 2 ( GT - I8160 ) Samsung Galaxy Ace 2 x ( GT - S7560M ) January Samsung Galaxy Ace Plus ( GT - S7500 ( L / T / W ) ) Samsung Galaxy Y Pro Duos ( GT - B5510 ) GT - B5512 ( B ) 2011 November Samsung Galaxy Nexus ( i9250 ) October Samsung Galaxy Note Samsung Stratosphere August Samsung Galaxy Xcover ( S5690 ) Samsung Galaxy Precedent Samsung Galaxy Y ( GT - S5360 ) Samsung Galaxy M Samsung Galaxy W ( I8150 ) Samsung Exhibit II 4G ( SGH - T679 ) Samsung Galaxy R ( I9103 ) Samsung Galaxy S Plus ( GT - i9001 ) June Samsung Galaxy Z Samsung Exhibit 4G ( SGH - T759 ) May Samsung Galaxy S II ( GT - I9100 ) Samsung Galaxy S II Skyrocket Samsung Captivate Glide April Samsung Galaxy Neo Samsung Galaxy Pro Samsung Galaxy Prevail ( SPH - M820 ) March Samsung Galaxy Mini ( GT - S5570 ) Samsung Galaxy Next ( in Italy ) Samsung Galaxy Pop ( in India ) Samsung Galaxy Gio ( GT - S5660 ) February Samsung Galaxy SL ( GT - I9003 ) Samsung Galaxy Fit ( S5670 ) Samsung Galaxy Ace ( GT - S5830, GT - S5830i ) Samsung Galaxy Cooper ( GT - S5830, in Thailand ) October Samsung Galaxy 551 August Samsung Galaxy U Samsung Galaxy 5 Samsung Galaxy Europa Samsung Galaxy 550 July Samsung Galaxy 3 Samsung Galaxy Apollo June Samsung Galaxy S ( GT - I9000 ) Samsung Captivate Samsung Vibrant Samsung Fascinate Samsung Epic 4G Samsung Mesmerize 2009 November Samsung Galaxy Spica GT - I5700 Samsung Galaxy Portal June Samsung Galaxy GT - I7500 Notes ^ Jump up to : Eighteen of the table entries were mentioned in Dan Rowinski 's `` A Brief History of the ( Samsung ) Galaxy '' article. The remaining six were already listed in this article prior to a revision. `` Over the Horizon '' ( edit ) `` Over the Horizon '', Samsung 's signature sound for its smartphone devices, is initially the only music stored in the music library of any new Samsung smartphone. Initially developed in 2011, by a team headed by Joong - sam Yun, Senior Designer at IT & Mobile Communications, the highly recognizable, distinctive jingle can be used as a ringtone, as a sound when the phone turns on or off, as well as a basic notification alert for messages. According to the Samsung Newsroom, `` this musical arrangement is not just an audio file stored in the phone. Rather, it is a brand sound of Samsung Galaxy devices. '' While the basic composition of the six - note tune has not changed since its inception, various versions have been introduced as the product line evolved. Moreover, the song has been covered by various popular artists who have released their own arrangements and remixes of the song, such as Quincy Jones, Icona Pop, and various K - Pop artists. In Samsung 's U.S. registration of the trademark for the sound, it is described as `` the sound of a bell playing a B4 dotted eighth note, a B4 sixteenth note, an F # 5 sixteenth note, a B5 sixteenth note, an A # 5 eighth note, and an F # 5 half note. '' See also ( edit ) Comparison of Samsung Galaxy S smartphones Comparison of smartphones Samsung Galaxy S series Samsung Galaxy Note series Samsung Galaxy Tab series Samsung Galaxy Ace series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seifert, Dan ( 5 January 2016 ). `` Samsung 's Galaxy TabPro S is like an Android tablet running Windows 10 ''. The Verge. Jump up ^ Singh, Deepak ( 27 May 2016 ). `` Samsung Launches its C - series Phones in China ''. Jump up ^ ChoseAmobile, `` Samsung Galaxy A8 ( 2018 ) hands - on review '', ChoseAmobile.com, 12 / 19 / 2017 Jump up ^ Trew, James ( 30 May 2013 ). `` Samsung confirms Galaxy S 4 Mini : 4.3 - inch display, 1.7 GHz dual - core processor ( updated ) ''. Engadget. Retrieved 8 July 2013. Jump up ^ D, Mabel ( 12 June 2013 ). `` Samsung Revealed Galaxy S4 Zoom With 16MP Camera And 10X Optical Zoom ''. GO ANDROID. Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 02. Retrieved 12 June 2013. Jump up ^ McEntegart, Jane ( 8 October 2013 ). `` Samsung Galaxy Ace 3 Hits UK ''. Tom 's Hardware. Retrieved 10 October 2013. Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy Ace 3 - Full phone specifications ''. Jump up ^ `` Samsung S7710 Galaxy Xcover 2 - Full phone specifications ''. Jump up ^ Dent, Steve ( 11 October 2012 ). `` Samsung announces Galaxy S III mini : 4 - inch Super AMOLED display, 1 GHz dual - core CPU, NFC ''. Engadget. Retrieved 11 November 2012. Jump up ^ Trew, James ( 3 May 2012 ). `` Samsung Galaxy S III is official : 4.8 - inch HD Super AMOLED display, quad - core Exynos processor and gesture functions ''. Engadget. Retrieved 16 May 2012. Jump up ^ `` Samsung 's Galaxy advances ''. The Star ( Malaysia ). 19 April 2012. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2012. Jump up ^ `` Samsung I9070 Galaxy S Advance ''. GSM Arena. Jump up ^ Hardy, Ian ( 6 March 2012 ). `` Bell to release the Samsung Galaxy Rugby and Sonim XP5520 Bolt ''. Mobile Syrup. Retrieved 2 October 2013. Jump up ^ Sakr, Sharif ( 6 March 2012 ). `` Samsung announces cutesy Galaxy Pocket with 2.8 - inch display, coming ' later this year ' ''. Engadget. Retrieved 22 May 2012. Jump up ^ Meinck, Christopher ( 23 February 2012 ). `` Samsung and AT&T Introduce Rugby Smart, Built For Extreme Conditions ''. Everything Android. Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 06. Retrieved 2 October 2013. Jump up ^ Lawler, Richard ( 25 February 2012 ). `` Samsung unveils new Galaxy Beam smartphone / projector combo with dual core CPU ''. Engadget. Retrieved 16 May 2012. ^ Jump up to : Lawler, Richard ( 20 February 2012 ). `` Samsung Galaxy Ace 2, Galaxy mini 2 officially revealed, launch first in Europe ''. Engadget. Retrieved 16 May 2012. Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy Ace Plus ''. GSMArena.com. 3 January 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2012. Jump up ^ Cooper, Daniel ( 22 December 2011 ). `` Samsung launches two dual - sim Galaxy Y phones for carrier cheaters ''. Engadget. Retrieved 16 May 2012. Jump up ^ Warman, Matt ( 19 October 2011 ). `` Google launches Galaxy Nexus phone ''. The Telegraph ( UK ). Retrieved 16 May 2012. Jump up ^ Molen, Brad ( 17 December 2011 ). `` Samsung Stratosphere review ''. Engadget. Retrieved 16 May 2012. Jump up ^ Lutz, Zachary ( 20 August 2011 ). `` Samsung Galaxy Precedent coming to Straight Talk, seemingly $150 off - contract ( video ) ''. Engadget. Retrieved 22 May 2012. ^ Jump up to : Honig, Zach ( 2 September 2011 ). `` Samsung Galaxy R, Wave M, M Pro, W, Xcover, and Wave Y hands - on ( video ) ''. Engadget. Retrieved 16 May 2012. Jump up ^ Molen, Brad ( 26 October 2011 ). `` Samsung Exhibit II 4G to be shown off for T - Mobile at Walmart tomorrow, official channels November 2nd ''. Engadget. Retrieved 16 May 2012. Jump up ^ Molen, Brad ( 10 August 2011 ). `` Samsung Galaxy R officially announced for Europe and Asia, nobody surprised ''. Engadget. Retrieved 16 May 2012. Jump up ^ Molen, Brad ( 11 August 2011 ). `` Samsung Galaxy S Plus gets placed in loving hands, photographed for all to see ''. Engadget. Retrieved 16 May 2012. Jump up ^ Cesa, Dante ( 1 July 2011 ). `` Samsung Galaxy Z : Galaxy S II 's ' affordable little brother ' now ready for pre-order ''. Engadget. Retrieved 16 May 2012. Jump up ^ Melanson, Donald ( 15 June 2011 ). `` Samsung Exhibit 4G and Gravity Smart coming to T - Mobile on June 22nd, Dart available today ''. Engadget. Retrieved 16 May 2012. Jump up ^ Ziegler, Chris ( 13 February 2011 ). `` Samsung Galaxy S II official : dual - core 1GHz CPU, 4.3 - inch Super AMOLED Plus, coming this month ( hands - on with video ) ''. Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 16 May 2011. Jump up ^ Molen, Brad ( 11 November 2011 ). `` Samsung Galaxy S II Skyrocket review ''. Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 16 May 2011. Jump up ^ DiPane, Jared ( 18 November 2011 ). `` Hands - on with the Samsung Captivate Glide ''. Android Central. Mobile Nations. Retrieved 16 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy Neo announced, headed to Korea ''. GSMArena. 3 April 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2011. Jump up ^ Schulman, Jacob ( 28 May 2011 ). `` Samsung Galaxy Pro review ''. Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 16 May 2011. Jump up ^ Wollman, Dana ( 25 April 2011 ). `` Samsung Prevail review ''. Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 16 May 2011. ^ Jump up to : Savov, Vlad ( 26 January 2011 ). `` Samsung Galaxy Ace, Galaxy Fit, Galaxy Gio and Galaxy mini fill out our Android universe ''. Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 19 Mar 2011. Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy Next ''. Samsung. Retrieved 3 Aug 2011. Jump up ^ `` Galaxy S III gets 9 million pre-orders from 100 global carriers ''. GSMArena. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2012. Jump up ^ `` Galaxy Ace - Galaxy Family Site ''. Samsung. Retrieved 6 Nov 2011. Jump up ^ `` Galaxy Cooper ( S5830 ) ''. Samsung. Retrieved 6 Nov 2013. Jump up ^ Crompton, Ben ( 11 October 2010 ). `` Samsung Galaxy K launches with Android 2.2 ''. Pocket - lint. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 20. Jump up ^ Ziegler, Chris ( 2 August 2010 ). `` Samsung Galaxy U and Galaxy K add to the alphabet soup in South Korea ''. Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 20. Jump up ^ Yee, Tham ( 30 September 2010 ). `` Samsung Galaxy 5 for the socialite ''. The Star. Star Publications. Archived from the original on 31 July 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2010. Jump up ^ Westaway, Luke ( 4 October 2010 ). `` Samsung Galaxy Europa GT - i5500 review ''. CNET. CBS Interactive Ltd. Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 25. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 20. Jump up ^ Ziegler, Chris ( 15 November 2010 ). `` Samsung Galaxy 550 prepping for low - end Android duty on Virgin Mobile Canada ''. Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 20. Jump up ^ Ziegler, Chris ( 12 September 2010 ). `` Samsung Galaxy Apollo coming to Telus ' soon ' ''. Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 20. Jump up ^ Flatley, Joseph ( 23 March 2010 ). `` Samsung announces Galaxy S Android smartphone ''. Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 20. Jump up ^ Ziegler, Chris ( 17 June 2010 ). `` Samsung Captivate is AT&T 's version of the Galaxy S, launching ' in the coming months ' ''. Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 20. Jump up ^ Ziegler, Chris ( 28 June 2010 ). `` Samsung Vibrant is official on T - Mobile, coming July 21 for $200 ''. Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 20. Jump up ^ Topolsky, Joshua ( 7 September 2010 ). `` Samsung Fascinate review ''. Engadget. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 20. Jump up ^ Ziegler, Chris ( 16 August 2010 ). `` Epic 4G review ''. Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 20. Jump up ^ Ziegler, Chris ( 7 October 2010 ). `` Samsung Galaxy S meets US Cellular : Mesmerize coming on October 27 for $200 ''. Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 20. Jump up ^ Kessel, Jeremy ( 16 November 2009 ). `` Samsung announces new Android - powered Galaxy Spica ( i5700 ) ''. TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 20. Jump up ^ Ha, Peter ( 27 April 2009 ). `` Samsung I7500 : Android finally arrives in Korea ''. TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Over the Horizon : The Evolution of the Samsung Galaxy Brand Sound ''. Samsung Newsroom. April 18, 2015. Jump up ^ Non-visual mark, ser. no. 85 / 376,579 ( filed July 20, 2011 ), reg. no. 4,361,853 ( July 02, 2013 ). United States Patent and Trademark Office. Accessed November 10, 2017. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Samsung Galaxy. Official website Samsung smartphones by operating system Android Captivate Glide Droid Charge Exhibit 4G Galaxy Galaxy 3 Galaxy 5 Galaxy A A3 2016 2017 A5 2016 2017 A7 2016 2017 A8 2016 A9 A9 Pro Galaxy Ace Plus Galaxy Alpha Galaxy Beam i8520 i8530 Galaxy Core LTE Galaxy E E5 E7 Galaxy Express Galaxy Fame Galaxy Fit Galaxy Gio Galaxy J J1 2016 Mini J2 J5 2016 2017 J7 2016 2017 Galaxy Mini Galaxy Nexus Galaxy Pocket Duos Neo Galaxy Portal Galaxy Prevail Galaxy R Galaxy S ( Duos Duos 2 Duos 3 Plus Advance ) S II Plus S III Mini Relay 4G S4 Mini Active Zoom S5 Mini Active Sport S6 / S6 Edge / S6 Edge+ Active S7 / S7 Edge S8 / S8+ S9 / S9+ Galaxy Spica Galaxy Star Galaxy W ( Exhibit II 4G ) Galaxy Y ( Duos Pro Duos ) Galaxy Young Galaxy Grand Max Galaxy Win Galaxy Mega Galaxy Note ( Original II Neo Edge 5 7 FE 8 ) 9 ) Galaxy Round Infuse 4G Intercept Moment Nexus S Replenish Rugby Smart Transform T - Mobile Sidekick 4G Symbian iNNOV8 ( i8510 ) Omnia HD ( i8910 ) Windows Mobile Omnia Omnia II Omnia Lite Omnia Pro ( B7610 B7330 ) Windows Phone Focus Focus Flash Focus S Focus 2 Omnia 7 Omnia W Omnia M Ativ S Ativ Odyssey Ativ SE Tizen ZEQ 9000 Z1 Z2 Z3 Bada Wave II S8500 Wave II S8530 LiMo M1 Vodafone Palm OS SPH - i500 SPH - i300 Samsung phones by series A127 A167 A177 A300 ( Galaxy A3 ( 2015 ) ) A310 ( Galaxy A3 ( 2016 ) ) A320 ( Galaxy A3 ( 2017 ) ) A460 A500 ( Galaxy A5 ( 2015 ) ) A510 ( Galaxy A5 ( 2016 ) ) A520 ( Galaxy A5 ( 2017 ) ) A503 ( The Drift ) A640 A700 ( Galaxy A7 ( 2015 ) ) A710 ( Galaxy A7 ( 2016 ) ) A720 ( Galaxy A7 ( 2017 ) ) A767 ( Propel ) A800 ( Galaxy A8 ( 2015 ) ) A810 ( Galaxy A8 ( 2016 ) ) A877 ( Impression ) Galaxy A9 A940 Samsung Galaxy A6 / A6+ Samsung Galaxy A8 / A8+ ( 2018 ) B450 B5200 B5310 ( Genio Slide, Corby Pro ) B7330 ( Omnia Pro ) D500 D600 D807 D900 E250 E250i E715 E900 E1107 ( Crest Solar / Solar Guru ) E1120 E1170 E1200 E2130 ( Guru ) E3210 ( Hero ) F210 F480 ( Tocco ) F700 G1000 G350E ( Galaxy Star 2 ) G386x ( Galaxy Core LTE ) G388F ( Galaxy Xcover 3 ) G600 G710x ( Galaxy Grand 2 ) G750x ( Galaxy Mega 2 ) G800 G810 G800x ( Galaxy S5 Mini ) G850x ( Galaxy Alpha ) G890A ( Galaxy S6 Active ) G900x ( Galaxy S5 ) G920x ( Galaxy S6 ) G925x ( Galaxy S6 Edge ) G928x ( Galaxy S6 Edge+ ) G930x ( Galaxy S7 ) G935x ( Galaxy S7 Edge ) G950x ( Galaxy S8 ) G955x ( Galaxy S8 Plus ) G960x ( Galaxy S9 ) G965x ( Galaxy S9 Plus ) i300 ( Palm OS ) i300 ( Windows Mobile ) i330 i500 i550 i600 i607 ( BlackJack ) i617 ( BlackJack II ) i627 ( Propel Pro ) i637 ( Jack ) i667 ( Focus 2 ) i700 i760 i770 i847 ( Rugby Smart ) i900 ( Omnia ) i907 ( Epix ) i917 ( Focus ) i927 ( Captivate Glide ) i937 ( Focus S ) i997 ( Infuse 4G ) i5500 ( Galaxy 5 ) i5700 ( Galaxy Spica ) i5800 ( Galaxy 3 ) i7500 ( Galaxy ) i8000 ( Omnia II ) i8150 ( Galaxy W ) i8160 ( Galaxy Ace 2 ) i8190 ( Galaxy S III Mini ) i8520 ( Galaxy Beam i8520 ) i8530 ( Galaxy Beam ) i8550 ( Galaxy Win ) i8730 ( Galaxy Express ) i9000 ( Galaxy S ) i9001 ( Galaxy S Plus ) i9070 ( Galaxy S Advance ) i9080 / i9082 ( Galaxy Grand ) i9100 ( Galaxy S II ) i9105 ( Galaxy S II Plus ) i9250 ( Galaxy Nexus ) i9150 ( Galaxy Mega 5.8 ) i9190 / i9192 / i9195 ( Galaxy S4 Mini ) i9200 ( Galaxy Mega 6.3 ) i9295 ( Galaxy S4 Active ) i9300 / i9305 ( Galaxy S III ) i9500 / i9505 / i9506 ( Galaxy S4 ) J100x ( J1 ) J200x ( J2 ) J320x / J330x ( J3 ) J500x ( J5 2015 ) J510x ( J5 2016 ) J530x ( J5 2017 ) J700x ( J7 2015 ) J710x ( J7 2016 ) J730x ( J7 2017 ) M100 M300 M310 M520 M540 ( Rant ) M550 ( Exclaim ) M620 ( Upstage ) M800 ( Instinct ) M810 ( Instinct S30 ) M900 ( Moment ) M910 ( Intercept ) M920 ( Transform ) M7500 ( Emporio Armani ) N075 ( Galaxy J ) N270 N7000 ( Galaxy Note ) N7100 ( Galaxy Note II ) N9000 ( Galaxy Note 3 ) N7500 ( Galaxy Note 3 Neo ) N9100 ( Galaxy Note 4 ) N9200 ( Galaxy Note 5 ) N9300 ( Galaxy Note 7 ) N9350 ( Galaxy Note Fan Edition ) N9500 ( Galaxy Note 8 ) ( Galaxy Note 9 ) P520 R810 ( Finesse ) S3650 ( Corby / Corby Classic ) S5230 ( Star ) S5280 ( Galaxy Star ) S5300 ( Galaxy Pocket ) S5310 / S5312 ( Galaxy Pocket Neo ) S5360 ( Galaxy Y ) S5570 ( Galaxy Mini ) S5660 ( Galaxy Gio ) S5670 ( Galaxy Fit ) S5690 ( Galaxy Xcover ) S5830 ( Galaxy Ace ) S6310 ( Galaxy Young ) S6500 ( Galaxy Mini 2 ) S6810 ( Galaxy Fame ) S7270 ( Galaxy Ace 3 ) S7500 ( Galaxy Ace Plus ) S7530 ( Omnia M ) S7560 ( Galaxy Trend ) S7560M ( Galaxy Ace II x ) S7562 ( Galaxy S Duos ) S7582 ( Galaxy S Duos 2 ) S7710 ( Galaxy Xcover 2 ) S8000 ( Jet ) S8300 ( UltraTOUCH ) S8500 ( Wave ) S8530 ( Wave II ) T100 T409 T459 ( Gravity ) T559 ( Comeback ) T639 T669 ( Gravity T ) T699 ( Galaxy S Relay 4G ) T729 ( Blast ) T749 ( Highlight ) T819 T919 ( Behold ) T939 ( Behold II ) U U450 ( Intensity ) U460 ( Intensity 2 ) U470 ( Juke ) U485 ( Intensity 3 ) U520 U600 U700 U740 ( Alias ) U750 ( Alias 2 / Zeal ) U800 ( Soul ) U940 ( Glyde ) U960 ( Rogue ) X X200 X480 X427m X820 Z Z1 Z2 Z3 Series / other Ativ Galaxy Gravity Minikit Omnia Rugby REX Google Nexus ( for Nexus S ) SGH for GSM Handset SCH for CDMA ( non-Sprint ) Handset SPH for CDMA ( Sprint ) Handset GT for Global Telecommunications SM for Samsung Mobile Samsung Electronics Subsidiaries Sales Service Logitech Samsung Medison Samsung Telecommunications SEMES S - LCD Harman International Industries Viv Labs R&D Centers Central South America SRBR China SRC - B SRC - N SRC - G SRC - T SRCS SRCX CIS SRK SRR Europe SRUK SRPOL Japan SRJ - O Middle East SRIL SRJO North America SRA - Silicon Valley San Jose Lab SRCA SRA - D South East Asia SRIN SRPH South Asia SRBD SRI - N SRI - D SRI - B Joint ventures Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology ( 49 % ) STECO Products and brands Samsung Active Wash Anycall Ativ Bixby ChatON Chef Collection DeX Exynos Flip Galaxy Galaxy Apps Gear Kies Knox Level Link Milk NX Pay S Voice Samsung Experience ( TouchWiz ) Sens SUHD TV WatchON Yepp Zipel Harman AKG C1000 AMX Arcam Crown dbx DigiTech Whammy Harman Kardon Invoke Infinity JBL Paragon Lexicon Mark Levinson Martin Revel Soundcraft Studer Operating systems Bada Tizen People Lee Byung - chul Lee Kun - hee Lee Jae - yong Eric B. Kim Choi Gee - sung Kwon Oh - hyun Other topics Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co. Samsung Global Scholarship Program Suwon Samsung Bluewings Seoul Samsung Thunders Samsung Galaxy ( eSports ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samsung_Galaxy&oldid=850346140 '' Categories : Samsung Galaxy Smartphones Multi-touch mobile phones Touchscreen mobile phones Mobile phones introduced in 2009 Computer - related introductions in 2009 Products introduced in 2009 Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2012 Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles needing additional references from June 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018, at 08 : 56 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Samsung Galaxy", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Samsung_Galaxy&oldid=850346140" }

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{ "text": "List of demonyms for U.S. States and territories - wikipedia List of demonyms for U.S. States and territories This is a list of official and notable unofficial terms used to designate the citizens of specific states and territories of the United States. List ( edit ) State, district or territory Official ( recommended by U.S. GPO ) Official, unofficial, or informal alternatives Alabama Alabamian Alabaman Alaska Alaskan American Samoa † American Samoan Arizona Arizonan Sand Cutter Arkansas Arkansan Arkansawyer, Arkie California Californian Californio ( archaic ) Colorado Coloradan Coloradoan ( archaic ) Connecticut Connecticuter Connecticotian, Connecticutensian, Nutmeg, Nutmegger Delaware Delawarean Blue Hen 's Chicken, Muskrat District of Columbia † Washingtonian Florida Floridian Alligator, Cracker, Fly - Up - the - Creek Georgia Georgian Buzzard, Cracker, Goober - grabber Guam † Guamanian Hawaii Hawaiian Islander, Kama'aina. The Associated Press Stylebook restricts use of `` Hawaiian '' to people of Native Hawaiian descent. Idaho Idahoan Fortune Seekers Illinois Illinoisan Illinoisian, Illinoian, Flatlander, Sucker, Sand - hiller, Egyptian Indiana Hoosier Indianan ( former GPO demonym replaced by Hoosier in 2016 ) Iowa Iowan Hawkeye Kansas Kansan Sunflower, Jayhawker, Grasshopper Kentucky Kentuckian Corncracker Louisiana Louisianian Maine Mainer Down Easter or Downeaster, Mainiac, Maryland Marylander Massachusetts Massachusettsan Bay Stater ( official term used by state government ), Massachusettsian, Massachusite, Masshole ( derogatory as an exonym ; however, it can be affectionate when applied as an endonym ) Michigan Michigander Michigander, Wolverine, Michiganite, Yooper / Troll ( for residents of the Upper Peninsula and Lower Peninsula, respectively ), Michigoose ( used specifically for female residents, as a play on `` Michi gander '' ) Minnesota Minnesotan Gopher Mississippi Mississippian Missouri Missourian Montana Montanan Nebraska Nebraskan Nevada Nevadan New Hampshire New Hampshirite New Hampshireman or New Hampshirewoman New Jersey New Jerseyan Jerseyite, New Jerseyite New Mexico New Mexican Spanish : Neomexicano, Neomejicano New York New Yorker Knickerbocker North Carolina North Carolinian Tar Heel, Tar Boiler, North Dakota North Dakotan Northern Mariana Islands † Mariana Islander Ohio Ohioan Buckeye, Ohian ( obsolete ) Oklahoma Oklahoman Okie, Sooner Oregon Oregonian Pennsylvania Pennsylvanian Pennamite, Keystoner Puerto Rico † Puerto Rican Boricua Rhode Island Rhode Islander Rhodean, Swamp Yankee South Carolina South Carolinian Sandlapper South Dakota South Dakotan Tennessee Tennessean Volunteer, Big Bender, Butternut Texas Texan Texian ( Anglo - Texan - historical ), Tejano ( Hispano - Texan ), Texican ( archaic ) Utah Utahn Utahan Vermont Vermonter Virginia Virginian Virgin Islands † Virgin Islander Washington Washingtonian West Virginia West Virginian Wisconsin Wisconsinite Badger, Cheesehead Wyoming Wyomingite Wyomese † - Not officially a U.S. state, rather a U.S. territory or district. See also ( edit ) Geography portal Demonym List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names List of adjectivals and demonyms for astronomical bodies List of adjectivals and demonyms for continental regions List of adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : U.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual. 2016. § 5.23. Jump up ^ Safire, William ( June 26, 1994 ). `` On Language : Foam Fell on Alabama ''. The New York Times. Safire reports that after he used the word `` Alabaman '' in a column, he received a letter from Vic Gold that said in part, `` The natives, I have learned to my sorrow, prefer Alabamian. '' Jump up ^ `` The State of Alabama ''. Netstate. Jump up ^ `` The State of Arizona - An Introduction to the Grand Canyon State from ''. Netstate.Com. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22. Jump up ^ Arkansawyer definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Ar kie ''. Dictionary.infoplease.com. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22. Jump up ^ Writers Style Guide. Colorado State University. p. 62,. Retrieved January 2, 2009. The correct name for a person from Colorado is Coloradan ( not Coloradoan ). Jump up ^ Quillen, Ed ( March 18, 2007 ). `` Coloradan or Coloradoan? ''. The Denver Post. ^ Jump up to : `` The State of Connecticut - An Introduction to the Constitution State from ''. Netstate.Com. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22. ^ Jump up to : `` The State of Delaware - An Introduction to the First State from ''. Netstate.Com. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22. ^ Jump up to : `` The State of Florida ''. Netstate. Jump up ^ `` ' Cracker ' Means Something Entirely Different In Florida : A Source Of ' Pride ' ''. Mediaite. Retrieved 18 May 2014. Jump up ^ `` The State of Georgia ''. Netstate. Retrieved 22 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` The State of Hawaii - An Introduction to the Aloha State from ''. Netstate.Com. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22. Jump up ^ Christian, Darrel ; Jacobsen, Sally A. ; Minthorn, David, eds. ( 2013 ). The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law. New York, NY : Basic Books. p. 112. ISBN 9780465082995. Jump up ^ `` The State of Idaho ''. Netstate. Jump up ^ Jim Fitzgerald ( 1987 - 10 - 06 ). `` A Friend Escapes To Illinois... And Now Is A Flatlander! ''. ChicagoTribune.com. Jump up ^ `` The State of Illinois - An Introduction to the Prairie State from ''. Netstate.Com. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22. Jump up ^ `` The State of Iowa ''. Netstate.com. Jump up ^ `` The State of Kansas - An Introduction to the Sunflower State from ''. Netstate.Com. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22. Jump up ^ Corncracker - Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary Jump up ^ The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2007. New York : World Almanac Books. 2006. ISBN 978 - 0 - 88687 - 995 - 2. Jump up ^ `` Mainiac ''. Time. June 20, 1938. ( term used in reference to Maine author Kenneth Roberts ) Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 2, Section 35 : Designation of citizens of commonwealth ''. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 29. : `` Bay Staters shall be the official designation of citizens of the commonwealth. '' Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/06/magazine/on-language.html Jump up ^ Collections. Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society. 1877. p. 435. Jump up ^ Jones, Thomas ( 1879 ). DeLancey, Edward Floyd, ed. History of New York During the Revolutionary War. New York : New York Historical Society. p. 465. Jump up ^ Nagy, Naomi ; Irwin, Patricia ( July 2010 ). `` Boston ( r ) : Neighbo ( r ) s nea ( r ) and fa ( r ) ''. Language Variation and Change. 22 ( 2 ) : 270. Jump up ^ `` ' Masshole ' among newest words added to Oxford English Dictionary ''. masslive.com. Retrieved 27 October 2016. Jump up ^ `` The State of Michigan - An Introduction to the Great Lakes State from ''. Netstate.Com. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22. Jump up ^ Marckwardt, Albert H. ( 1952 ). `` Wolverine and Michigander ''. Michigan Alumnus Quarterly Review. LVIII : 203 -- 8. Jump up ^ Sperber, Hans ( February 1954 ). `` Words and Phrases in American Politics : Michigander ''. American Speech. 29 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 7. doi : 10.2307 / 453592. ^ Jump up to : `` MDE - Michigan Glossary ''. Michigan.gov. 2008 - 01 - 30. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22. Jump up ^ `` The State of New Hampshire - An Introduction to the Granite State from ''. Netstate.Com. 2009 - 04 - 13. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22. Jump up ^ Neomexicano definition by Royal Spanish Academy ( Real Academia Española ) Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster Dictionary Jump up ^ New York Knicks, What 's a Knickerbocker? Jump up ^ Powell, William S. ( March 1982 ). `` What 's in a Name? : Why We 're All Called Tar Heels ''. Tar Heel. Tar Heel Magazine, Inc. OCLC 005457348. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 17. Jump up ^ `` The State of Ohio - An Introduction to the Buckeye State from ''. Netstate.Com. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22. Jump up ^ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Ohian. Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Stewart, Roy P. ( December 20, 1968 ). `` Postal Card Proves Sooners Were ' Okies ' Way Back In 1907 ''. The Daily Oklahoman. p. 9, col. 2. Now comes Mrs. Agness Hooks of Thomas with a postal card mailed at Newcastle, Ind. in 1907, address to a Miss Agness Kirkbridge, with the salutation : ' Hello Okie -- Will see you next Monday night. ' Signed : Myrtle M. Pence. Mrs. Hooks says Agness Kirkbridge was an aunt of hers. The Kirkbridge family came to Oklahoma Territory in 1904 and settled south of Custer City. Jump up ^ `` The State of Oklahoma - An Introduction to the Sooner State from ''. Netstate.Com. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22. Jump up ^ `` History of ''. Luzerne County. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ''. Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 02. Jump up ^ `` The Providence Journal Rhode Island breaking news, sports, politics, business, entertainment, weather and traffic - providencejournal.com - Providence Journal ''. Projo.com. 2012 - 07 - 17. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22. Jump up ^ http://www.sciway.net/hist/sandlapper.html Jump up ^ `` The State of Tennessee - An Introduction to the Volunteer State from ''. Netstate.Com. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22. Jump up ^ de la Teja, Jesus F. ( 1997 ). `` The Colonization and Independence of Texas : A Tejano Perspective ''. In Rodriguez O., Jaime E. ; Vincent, Kathryn. Myths, Misdeeds, and Misunderstandings : The Roots of Conflict in U.S. -- Mexican Relations. Wilmington, DE : Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 79. ISBN 0 - 8420 - 2662 - 2. Jump up ^ `` Do You Want to Be a Badger? ''. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Jump up ^ Kapler, Joseph, Jr. ( Spring 2002 ). On Wisconsin Icons : When You Say ' Wisconsin ', What Do You Say?. Wisconsin Historical Society. pp. 18 -- 31. Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29. Jump up ^ Foamation : About Us. Foamation. Archived from the original on March 2, 2009. Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29. Jump up ^ `` Chicago Daily Tribune ''. 1903 - 06 - 02. Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 12. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) External links ( edit ) Find more aboutdemonymat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Asian Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Religiosity Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Botanical gardens Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Extreme points Forest Geographic centers Regions Government Attorneys general Capitals Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate Political divisions State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health American Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Speed limits ( by jurisdiction ) Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia License plates Numbered highways Quarters 50 states DC & Territories Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_demonyms_for_U.S._states_and_territories&oldid=851385372 '' Categories : States of the United States - related lists American regional nicknames Lists of demonyms Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles containing Spanish - language text Talk About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Italiano اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018, at 22 : 49 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of demonyms for U.S. states and territories", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_demonyms_for_U.S._states_and_territories&oldid=851385372" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Alabama Alabamian Alabaman Alaska Alaskan American Samoa † American Samoan Arizona Arizonan Sand Cutter Arkansas Arkansan Arkansawyer, Arkie California Californian Californio ( archaic ) Colorado Coloradan Coloradoan ( archaic ) Connecticut Connecticuter Connecticotian, Connecticutensian, Nutmeg, Nutmegger Delaware Delawarean Blue Hen 's Chicken, Muskrat District of Columbia † Washingtonian Florida Floridian Alligator, Cracker, Fly - Up - the - Creek Georgia Georgian Buzzard, Cracker, Goober - grabber Guam † Guamanian Hawaii Hawaiian Islander, Kama'aina. The Associated Press Stylebook restricts use of `` Hawaiian '' to people of Native Hawaiian descent. Idaho Idahoan Fortune Seekers Illinois Illinoisan Illinoisian, Illinoian, Flatlander, Sucker, Sand - hiller, Egyptian Indiana Hoosier Indianan ( former" ], "id": [ "9644620052184501652" ], "short_answers": [ "Washingtonian" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "1 Corinthians 13 - wikipedia 1 Corinthians 13 Jump to : navigation, search 1 Corinthians 13 ← chapter 12 chapter 14 → 1 Corinthians 7 : 33 - 8 : 4 in Papyrus 15, written in the 3rd century. Book First Epistle to the Corinthians Bible part New Testament Order in the Bible part 7 Pauline epistles 1 Corinthians 13 is the thirteenth chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Sosthenes in Ephesus. This chapter covers the subject of `` love ''. In the original Greek, the word ἀγάπη agape is used throughout. This is translated into English as `` charity '' in the King James version ; but the word `` love '' is preferred by most other translations, both earlier and more recent. Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 1.1 English translation 2 Agape 3 `` Through a glass, darkly '' 4 Other notable passages 4.1 Verse 4 - 8 4.2 Verse 11 4.3 Verse 13 5 Adaptations 6 References 7 External links Text ( edit ) The original text is written in Koine Greek. Some most ancient manuscripts containing this chapter are : Codex Vaticanus ( AD 325 - 350 ) Codex Sinaiticus ( AD 330 - 360 ) Codex Alexandrinus ( ca. AD 400 - 440 ) Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus ( ca. AD 450 ; extant : verses 1 - 7 ). Codex Claromontanus ( ca. AD 550 ) This chapter is divided into 13 verses. English translation ( edit ) New King James Version 1 Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, but have not love, I have become sounding brass or a clanging cymbal. 2 And though I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all mysteries and all knowledge, and though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, but have not love, I am nothing. 3 And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and though I give my body to be burned, but have not love, it profits me nothing. 4 Love suffers long and is kind ; love does not envy ; love does not parade itself, is not puffed up ; 5 does not behave rudely, does not seek its own, is not provoked, thinks no evil ; 6 does not rejoice in iniquity, but rejoices in the truth ; 7 bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things. 8 Love never fails. But whether there are prophecies, they will fail ; whether there are tongues, they will cease ; whether there is knowledge, it will vanish away. 9 For we know in part and we prophesy in part. 10 But when that which is perfect has come, then that which is in part will be done away. 11 When I was a child, I spoke as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child ; but when I became a man, I put away childish things. 12 For now we see in a mirror, darkly, but then face to face. Now I know in part, but then I shall know just as I also am known. 13 And now abide faith, hope, love, these three ; but the greatest of these is love. Agape ( edit ) Main article : Agape This chapter of 1 Corinthians is one many definitional sources for the word agape when used to refer to divine love. Introducing his homage to love in 1 Corinthians 12 : 31, Paul describes agape as `` a more excellent way ''. `` Through a glass, darkly '' ( edit ) 1 Corinthians 13 : 12 contains the phrase βλέπομεν γὰρ ἄρτι δι ' ἐσόπτρου ἐν αἰνίγματι ( blepomen gar arti di esoptrou en ainigmati ), which was translated in the 1560 Geneva Bible as `` For now we see through a glass darkly '' ( without a comma ), which wording was used in the 1611 KJV, which added a comma before `` darkly. '' This passage has inspired the titles of many works, with or without the comma. The word ἐσόπτρου esoptrou ( genitive ; nominative : ἔσοπτρον esoptron ), here translated `` glass, '' is ambiguous, possibly referring to a mirror or a lens. Influenced by Strong 's Concordance, many modern translations conclude that this word refers specifically to a mirror. Example English - language translations include : Now we see but a poor reflection as in a mirror ( New International Version ) What we see now is like a dim image in a mirror ( Good News Bible ) Paul 's usage is in keeping with rabbinic use of the term אספקלריה ( aspaklaria ), a borrowing from the Latin specularia. This has the same ambiguous meaning, although Adam Clarke concluded that it was a reference to specularibus lapidibus, clear polished stones used as lenses or windows. One way to preserve this ambiguity is to use the English cognate, speculum. Rabbi Judah ben Ilai ( 2nd century ) was quoted as saying `` All the prophets had a vision of God as He appeared through nine specula '' while `` Moses saw God through one speculum. '' The Babylonian Talmud states similarly `` All the prophets gazed through a speculum that does not shine, while Moses our teacher gazed through a speculum that shines. '' Other notable passages ( edit ) There are other passages from 1 Corinthians 13 which have been notably influential. Perhaps the most significant portion of 1 Corinthians 13 is the revered passage that defines love and indicates how Christians should love others. Verse 4 - 8 ( edit ) 1 Corinthians 13, verses 4 - 8, and 13 : `` Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self - seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres. Love never fails. But where there are prophecies, they will cease ; where there are tongues, they will be stilled ; where there is knowledge, it will pass away... And now these three remain : Faith, Hope, and Love. But the greatest of these is Love. '' ( New International Version ) The passage is frequently read during wedding ceremonies. The passage is also used in the song `` Pag - ibig '' by Yeng Constantino. Verse 11 ( edit ) `` When I was a child, I spoke as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child : but when I became a man, I put away childish things. '' ( KJV ). The verse was used in the 1995 anime, Ghost in the Shell, at time 1 : 16 : 55. U.S. President Barack Obama referenced verse 11 in his inaugural address to the nation on January 20, 2009. Verse 13 ( edit ) Verse 13, in praise of the Theological virtues : νυνὶ δὲ μένει πίστις, ἐλπὶς, ἀγάπη, τὰ τρία ταῦτα, μείζων δὲ τούτων ἡ ἀγάπη. `` And now faith, hope, and love abide, these three ; and the greatest of these is love. '' ( NRSV ) US president Franklin D. Roosevelt took the oath at his inauguration in 1933, with his hand on his family Bible, open to 1 Corinthians 13. Verse 13 is paraphrased in country singer Alan Jackson 's 2001 hit Where Were You ( When the World Stopped Turning ). British Prime Minister Tony Blair read 1 Corinthians 13 at the Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997. Adaptations ( edit ) Soundtrack of the film Three Colors : Blue composed by Zbigniew Preisner features a solo soprano singing the epistle in Greek ( in a piece titled `` Song for the Unification of Europe '' ). The paragraphs 1 - 3 and 12 - 13 of the text are cited for the fourth song of the Vier ernste Gesänge by Johannes Brahms. The Renaissance composer Orlando di Lasso set verses 11 - 13 in his sacred motet `` Cum essem parvulus. '' A paraphrase of the text is the basis for the song `` Love Is the Law '' composed and sung by Australian musician Paul Kelly. Symphony No. 6 `` Liturgical '' for baritone, choir and orchestra by Andrei Yakovlevich Eshpai ( 1989 ). Joni Mitchell uses much of the text in 20th century vernacular including `` through a glass darkly '' in her song `` Love '' from her 1982 album ' Wild Things Run Fast ', and fully -- and dramatically -- orchestrated on her 2002 retrospective ' Travelogue '. The Rolling Stones paraphrase the verse in the title of their 1969 greatest hits album ' Through The Past Darkly '. Macklemore uses the verse `` Love is patient. Love is kind '' in his 2012 song, `` Same Love ''. Video game developer Arkane Studios paraphrased for title of Lewis Carroll 's book by linking it with the verse, as the title for a chapter in their game `` Prey '' : `` Through the Looking Glass Darkly ''. The text is drawn on / paraphrased in Lauryn Hill 's song ' Tell Him ' hidden on ' The Miseducation Of... '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Halley, Henry H. Halley 's Bible Handbook : an Abbreviated Bible Commentary, 23rd edition. Zondervan Publishing House. 1962. Jump up ^ Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012. Jump up ^ Range of translations at BibleGateway.com Jump up ^ Some translations read so I may boast Jump up ^ http://biblehub.com/greek/26.htm Jump up ^ KJV 1 Corinthians 13 : 12 `` For now we see through a glass, darkly ; but then face to face : now I know in part ; but then shall I know even as also I am known. '' Jump up ^ Entry : εσοπτρον ( espotron -- Strong 's 2072 ), retrieved from blueletterbible.org Jump up ^ Adam Clarke, Commentary on the New Testament, Vol. II, J. Butterworth & Son, London, 1817 ; commentary on 1 Corinthians 12. Jump up ^ Gordon Tucker, translator 's footnote to Abraham Joshua Heschel, ' Heavenly Torah as Refracted Through the Generations, ' Continuum, New York, 2008 ; page 308. Jump up ^ Leviticus Rabbah 1 : 14. Jump up ^ B.T. Yevamot 49B Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphosis_(Yeng_Constantino_album)#Singles Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 13 : 11 Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama 's Inaugural Address ''. The New York Times. 20 January 2009. Retrieved 23 December 2009. We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. Jump up ^ `` The Funeral Service of Diana, Princess Wales ''. BBC. 6 September 1997. Retrieved 23 December 2009. Jump up ^ https://genius.com/Lauryn-hill-tell-him-lyrics Wikisource has original text related to this article : 1 Corinthians Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Epistle to the Corinthians. External links ( edit ) Full chapter at Oremus ( NRSV and KJV ) Full Chapter at BibleGateway.com ( NIV ) Catholic virtue ethics Great Commandment ; `` On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets. '' -- Matthew 22 : 35 - 40 Theological virtues Faith ( Fides ) Hope ( Spes ) Charity ( Caritas ) Source : Paul the Apostle 1 Corinthians 13 Cardinal virtues Prudence ( Prudentia ) Justice ( Iustitia ) Temperance ( Temperantia ) Fortitude ( Fortitudo ) Sources : Plato Republic, Book IV Cicero Saint Ambrose Saint Augustine of Hippo Saint Thomas Aquinas Seven heavenly virtues Chastity ( Castitas ) Temperance ( Temperantia ) Charity ( Caritas ) Diligence ( Industria ) Patience ( Patientia ) Kindness ( Humanitas ) Humility ( Humilitas ) Source : Church Fathers Seven deadly sins Lust ( Luxuria ) Gluttony ( Gula ) Greed ( Avaritia ) Sloth ( Acedia ) Wrath ( Ira ) Envy ( Invidia ) Pride ( Superbia ) Source : Prudentius, Psychomachia People : Evagrius Ponticus Saint John Cassian Pope Saint Gregory I Dante Alighieri Peter Binsfeld Related concepts Ten Commandments Four last things Sin Christian views on sin Original sin Christian views on the Old Covenant Hamartiology Latin name in bracketed italics Catholic philosophy Catholic social teaching Philosophy portal Catholicism portal First Epistle to the Corinthians Bible 1 Corinthians 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Bible portal Places Achaea Corinth Ephesus Galatia Jerusalem Macedonia Persons Apollos Aquila Barnabas Chloe Crispus Fortunatus Gaius Jesus Christ Messiah Paul Priscilla Timothy Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Epistle to the Romans ( chapter 16 ) Second Epistle to the Corinthians ( chapter 1 ) → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1_Corinthians_13&oldid=801643097 '' Categories : First Epistle to the Corinthians chapters Philosophy of love Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Esperanto Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lumbaart Norsk Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017, at 22 : 57. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "1 Corinthians 13", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=1_Corinthians_13&oldid=801643097" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "10114964778847967079" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Abundance of elements in Earth 's crust - wikipedia Abundance of elements in Earth 's crust Abundance ( atom fraction ) of the chemical elements in Earth 's upper continental crust as a function of atomic number. The rarest elements in the crust ( shown in yellow ) are not the heaviest, but are rather the siderophile ( iron - loving ) elements in the Goldschmidt classification of elements. These have been depleted by being relocated deeper into the Earth 's core. Their abundance in meteoroids is higher. Additionally, tellurium and selenium have been depleted from the crust due to formation of volatile hydrides. The abundance of elements in Earth 's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as either percentage or parts per million ( ppm ) by mass ( 10,000 ppm = 1 % ). Abundance of chemical elements in Earth 's crust, from various sources Rank Z, element & symbol Abundance in crust ( ppm ) by source Annual production Darling Barbalace WebElements Israel Science and Technology Jefferson Lab ( 2016, tonnes ) 8 oxygen 466,000 474,000 460,000 467,100 461,000 14 silicon Si 277,200 277,100 270,000 276,900 282,000 7,200,000 13 aluminium Al 81,300 82,000 82,000 80,700 82,300 57,600,000 26 iron Fe 50,000 41,000 63,000 50,500 56,300 1,150,000,000 5 20 calcium Ca 36,300 41,000 50,000 36,500 41,500 6 11 sodium Na 28,300 23,000 23,000 27,500 23,600 255,000,000 7 12 magnesium Mg 20,900 23,000 29,000 20,800 23,300 1,010,000 8 19 potassium 25,900 21,000 15,000 25,800 20,900 9 22 titanium Ti 4,400 5,600 6,600 6,200 5,600 6,600,000 10 hydrogen 1,400 1,500 1,400 1,400 11 15 phosphorus 1,200 1,000 1,000 1,300 1,050 12 25 manganese Mn 1,000 950 1,100 900 950 16,000,000 13 9 fluorine 800 950 540 290 585 14 56 barium Ba 500 340 340 500 425 15 6 carbon 300 480 1,800 940 200 16 38 strontium Sr 370 360 370 350,000 17 16 sulfur 500 260 420 520 350 69,300,000 18 40 zirconium Zr 190 130 250 165 1,460,000 19 74 tungsten 160.6 1.1 1.25 86,400 20 23 vanadium V 100 160 190 120 76,000 21 17 chlorine Cl 500 130 170 450 145 22 24 chromium Cr 100 100 140 350 102 26,000,000 23 37 rubidium Rb 300 90 60 90 24 28 nickel Ni 80 90 190 84 2,250,000 25 30 zinc Zn 75 79 70 11,900,000 26 29 copper Cu 100 50 68 60 19,400,000 27 58 cerium Ce 68 60 66.5 28 60 neodymium Nd 38 33 41.5 29 57 lanthanum La 32 34 39 30 39 yttrium Y 30 29 33 6,000 31 7 nitrogen 50 25 20 19 140,000,000 32 27 cobalt Co 20 30 25 123,000 33 lithium Li 20 17 20 35,000 34 41 niobium Nb 20 17 20 64,000 35 31 gallium Ga 18 19 19 36 21 scandium Sc 16 26 22 37 82 lead Pb 14 10 14 4,820,000 38 62 samarium Sm 7.9 6 7.05 39 90 thorium Th 12 6 9.6 40 59 praseodymium Pr 9.5 8.7 9.2 41 5 boron 950 8.7 10 9,400,000 42 64 gadolinium Gd 7.7 5.2 6.2 43 66 dysprosium Dy 6 6.2 5.2 44 72 hafnium Hf 5.3 3.3 3.0 45 68 erbium Er 3.8 3.0 3.5 46 70 ytterbium Yb 3.3 2.8 3.2 47 55 caesium Cs 1.9 48 beryllium Be 2.6 1.9 2.8 220 49 50 tin Sn 0 2.2 2.2 2.3 280,000 50 63 europium Eu 2.1 1.8 2.0 51 92 uranium U 0 1.8 2.7 74,119 52 73 tantalum Ta 1.7 2.0 1,100 53 32 germanium Ge 1.8 1.4 1.5 155 54 42 molybdenum Mo 1.5 1.1 1.2 227,000 55 33 arsenic As 1.5 2.1 1.8 36,500 56 67 holmium Ho 1.4 1.2 1.3 57 65 terbium Tb 1.1 0.94 1.2 58 69 thulium Tm 0.48 0.45 0.52 59 35 bromine Br 0.37 2.4 391,000 60 81 thallium Tl 0.6 0.530 0.850 10 61 71 lutetium Lu 0.5 62 51 antimony Sb 0.2 0.2 0.2 130,000 63 53 iodine 0.14 0.490 0.450 31,600 64 48 cadmium Cd 0.11 0.15 0.15 23,000 65 47 silver Ag 0.070 0.080 0.075 27,000 66 80 mercury Hg 0.05 0.067 0.085 4,500 67 34 selenium Se 0.05 0.05 0.05 2,200 68 49 indium In 0.049 0.160 0.250 655 69 83 bismuth Bi 0.048 0.025 0.0085 10,200 70 52 tellurium Te 0.005 0.001 0.001 2,200 71 78 platinum Pt 0.003 0.0037 0.005 172 72 79 gold Au 0.0011 0.0031 0.004 3,100 73 44 ruthenium Ru 0.001 0.001 0.001 74 46 palladium Pd 0.0006 0.0063 0.015 208 75 75 rhenium Re 0.0004 0.0026 0.0007 47.2 76 77 iridium Ir 0.0003 0.0004 0.001 77 45 rhodium Rh 0.0002 0.0007 0.001 78 76 osmium Os 0.0001 0.0018 0.0015 Jump up ^ 5,000 tonnes of annual silicon production is electronic grade See also ( edit ) Abundances of the elements ( data page ) Primordial nuclide List of chemical elements Atmospheric chemistry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Elements, Terrestrial Abundance ''. www.daviddarling.info. Archived from the original on 10 April 2007. Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14. Jump up ^ Barbalace, Kenneth. `` Periodic Table of Elements ''. Environmental Chemistry.com. Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Abundance in Earth 's Crust ''. WebElements.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2007. Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14. Jump up ^ `` List of Periodic Table Elements Sorted by Abundance in Earth 's crust ''. Israel Science and Technology Homepage. Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 15. Jump up ^ `` It 's Elemental -- The Periodic Table of Elements ''. Jefferson Lab. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007. Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14. Jump up ^ Commodity Statistics and Information. USGS. All production numbers are for mines, except for Al, Cd, Fe, Ge, In, N, Se ( plants, refineries ), S ( all forms ) and As, Br, Mg, Si ( unspecified ). Data for B, K, Ti, Y are given not for the pure element but for the most common oxide, data for Na and Cl are for NaCl. For many elements like Si, Al, data are ambiguous ( many forms produced ) and are taken for the pure element. U data is pure element required for consumption by current reactor fleet ( 1 ). WNA. Jump up ^ Emsley, John ( 2001 ). Nature 's building blocks : an A-Z guide to the elements. Oxford University Press. pp. 240 -- 242. ISBN 0 - 19 - 850341 - 5. BookRags, Periodic Table. World Book Encyclopedia, Exploring Earth. HyperPhysics, Georgia State University, Abundance of Elements in Earth 's Crust. Data Series 140, Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States, Version 2011, USGS ( 2 ). Eric Scerri, The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance, Oxford University Press, 2007 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust&oldid=851365266 '' Categories : Structure of the Earth Properties of chemical elements Lists of chemical elements Talk About Wikipedia Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Македонски 日本 語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Slovenščina 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018, at 19 : 56 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "Abundance of elements in Earth's crust", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust&oldid=851365266" }

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{ "text": "English school holidays - wikipedia English school holidays Jump to : navigation, search The English school year generally runs from early September to mid July of the following year. Most schools operate a three - term school year, each term divided in half. Autumn term runs from early September to mid December ( half term falls in late October ). Spring Term runs from early January to Easter ( half term falls in mid February ). Summer Term runs from Easter to mid July ( half term falls in late May or early June ). At the end of each half term, in October, February and May, there is a holiday which lasts about one week ( usually nine full days, including two weekends ). The Christmas holidays separate the autumn and spring terms, and the Easter holidays separate the spring and summer terms. Each holiday lasts about two weeks. The summer holiday begins in late July, and is usually about six weeks long. The local education authority sets the holiday dates for all schools under its control. Academies set their own dates, but often match the dates of other local schools. There may be days when individual schools are closed due to teacher training, bad weather, or other unplanned events. Parents are advised to contact the school directly with regards to closure, but general information can be found on local radio websites and often the local education authority website. Contents ( hide ) 1 English Independent Schools 2 Impact of school holidays on tourism and the economy 3 School holidays in fiction 4 See also 5 References English Independent schools ( edit ) Independent schools ( also known as `` public schools '' ( age about 13 + ) and `` private schools '' or `` preparatory schools '' ( under 13 ) in the UK ) generally operate an academic year ( Independent academic year ) similar to the above, but often have shorter terms and longer holidays. More traditional schools use the term names originating at Oxford University ; namely Michaelmas term ( autumn ), named after the Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels on 29 September, Lent term or Easter term ( spring ) and Trinity term ( summer ), named after Trinity Sunday which is eight weeks after Easter. Some international schools operate a different system using semesters rather than terms. Impact of school holidays on tourism and the economy ( edit ) The timing of the English school holidays has a major impact on traffic. During holidays there is a marked reduction in traffic congestion at peak periods on many routes, leading to faster journey times. ( Since England does not have a wide network of state - run school transport, many parents prefer to take their children to and from school by car. ) Another important consequence of the timing of English school holidays is the pricing of holiday accommodation. There is generally a steep rise in the cost of accommodation during the school holidays, due to increased demand. The English tourism industry closely monitors various websites that provide up to date school holiday information, and sets its prices accordingly. Prices often drop by hundreds of pounds just one week into the new school term. Since most schools have a strict policy against children being taken out of school, parents who decide to save money by taking a family holiday during the school term risk not only damaging their children 's education but also fines or warnings from their school. Parents can be issued with a penalty notice whenever they take their children on holiday during term time without getting authorisation from the school. Penalty notices can be issued by local councils, headteachers ( including deputy and assistant heads authorised by them ) and the police. Generally, schools will agree to no more than 10 school days of absence in any school year. School holidays in fiction ( edit ) The Swallows and Amazons series of children 's novels by Arthur Ransome are all set in the school holidays, generally the long ( August ) summer holidays although some are set in Easter or winter. For example, in `` Pigeon Post '', he wrote : Term time was gone as if it had been wiped out. Real life was beginning again. See also ( edit ) School holiday References ( edit ) Jump up ^ List of English school holidays Jump up ^ Holidays during term time - what the law says Jump up ^ Pigeon Post Chapter 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_school_holidays&oldid=805305824 '' Categories : Holidays in England Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 October 2017, at 13 : 50. About Wikipedia", "title": "English school holidays", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=English_school_holidays&oldid=805305824" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "English school holidays - wikipedia English school holidays Jump to : navigation, search The English school year generally runs from early September to mid July of the following year. Most schools operate a three - term school year, each term divided in half. Autumn term runs from early September to mid December ( half term falls in late October ). Spring Term runs from early January to Easter ( half term falls in mid February ). Summer Term runs from Easter to mid July ( half term falls in late May or early June ). At the end of each half term, in October, February and May, there is a holiday which lasts about one week ( usually nine full days, including two weekends ). The Christmas holidays separate the autumn and spring terms, and the Easter holidays separate" ], "id": [ "8059608723042439871" ], "short_answers": [ "early September to mid July of the following year" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "It 's My Party ( Lesley Gore song ) - wikipedia It 's My Party ( Lesley Gore song ) Jump to : navigation, search `` It 's My Party '' Original US single cover Single by Lesley Gore from the album I 'll Cry If I Want To B - side `` Danny '' Released April 1963 Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded March 30, 1963 Genre Pop rock blue - eyed soul Length 2 : 19 Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Walter Gold John Gluck Jr. Herb Weiner Seymour Gottlieb Producer ( s ) Quincy Jones Lesley Gore singles chronology `` It 's My Party '' ( 1963 ) `` Judy 's Turn to Cry '' ( 1963 ) `` It 's My Party '' ( 1963 ) `` Judy 's Turn to Cry '' ( 1963 ) EP cover `` It 's My Party '' is a pop song recorded by multiple artists since the 1960s. In 1963, American singer Lesley Gore 's version hit # 1 on the pop and rhythm and blues charts in the United States. It was the first hit single for producer Quincy Jones. Contents ( hide ) 1 Theme 2 Background 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin version 5 Other cover versions, sampling, and references 6 The sequel : `` Judy 's Turn to Cry '' 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Notes 9 References Theme ( edit ) The song lyrically portrays the discomfiture of a teenage girl at her birthday party when her boyfriend Johnny disappears, only to surface in the company of Judy, another girl, who is `` wearing his ring, '' to indicate she 's replaced the birthday girl as his love interest. The song 's chorus, `` It 's my party, and I 'll cry if I want to... You would cry too if it happened to you! '' became a part of American pop cultural language as a phrase used to describe being utterly humiliated and miserable during an event that is supposed to be a happy occasion. `` It 's My Party '' is in the key of A major. The song 's effectiveness is enhanced by several musical touches producer Quincy Jones incorporated, including Latin - sounding rhythms, double tracked vocals and effective horn parts. Allmusic critic Jason Ankeny wrote of the song, `` ' It 's My Party ' remains one of the most vivid evocations of adolescent heartbreak ever waxed -- Quincy Jones produced the record, although you 'd swear it was Aaron Spelling instead. '' Background ( edit ) `` It 's My Party '' was credited to John Gluck, Wally Gold and Herb Weiner, staff writers at the Aaron Schroeder Music firm in 1962. The lyrics were actually written by Seymour Gottlieb, a freelance songwriter. He gave the lyrics to Herb Weiner, with whom he partnered in writing songs, to peddle. It was based on actual events relating to Gottlieb 's daughter Judy 's ' Sweet 16 ' party, before which she cried over the prospect of her grandparents being invited. The demo for the song was cut by Barbara Jean English, a girl group veteran ( the Clickettes, the Fashions ), who was then working as a receptionist at the firm. She also worked with Jimmy Radcliffe, serving as the firm 's in - house demo singer. Radcliffe produced the demo, and, according to English, `` tried to persuade Musicor ( the label owned by Aaron Schroeder ) to release it as a record, or to take me into a master studio and redo it, but they were n't interested. '' The first recording of the song was in 1962 by The Chiffons for their One Fine Day album. It was also recorded by Helen Shapiro for her Helen in Nashville album in February 1963 with Shapiro 's regular producer, Norrie Paramor, and also Al Kasha. Shapiro would recall : `` Right from the first time we heard the song on the rough demo back in London, we thought we were going to sock them between the eyes with that one '' ; however, Shapiro 's version was not one of the cuts chosen as an advance single from the album and by the time of the album 's release that October the `` It 's My Party '' track was perceived as a cover of Lesley Gore 's hit. Lesley Gore recalls that `` It 's My Party '' was among some two hundred demos producer Quincy Jones brought to review with her in the den of her family home in February 1963. On hearing `` It 's My Party, '' Gore told Jones : `` That 's not half bad. I like it. Good melody. Let 's put it on the maybe pile. '' The song proved to be the only demo Gore and Jones found agreeable. With Jones producing and Claus Ogerman handling arranging and conducting duties, Gore recorded ' It 's My Party ' at Bell Sound Studios in Manhattan on 30 March 1963. In March 1963 Phil Spector heard the demo of `` It 's My Party '' while visiting Aaron Schroeder 's office. Wally Gold would recall : `` He ( Spector ) said, ' Great, I love it. I 'm gon na do it with the Crystals. ' We ( the song 's writers ) were really excited, because that would ensure that the record was # 1! '' Schroeder apparently only learned of the Lesley Gore recording of `` It 's My Party '' when Quincy Jones invited him to hear the completed track, which Schroeder found formulaic ; believing that Spector would be able to cut a much stronger version of the song with the Crystals and not wanting to lose Spector 's good will, Schroeder attempted to convince Jones to suppress the track. Schroeder did n't mention Spector 's version to Jones but Jones and Spector both happened to attend a concert with Charles Aznavour at Carnegie Hall on the evening of 30 March 1963 and when they met outside it came up in conversation that Spector had recorded a version of `` It 's My Party '' with the Crystals. Jones skipped the concert instead spending that night -- a Saturday -- at Bell Sound Studios making a test pressing of the track comprising one hundred copies. Over the next two days Jones mailed these out to radio programmers in key markets across the US. Gore heard her record played on the radio for the first time that Friday ; the official release of `` It 's My Party '' came later in the month, with the disc ascending to # 1 nationally in four weeks. Jones was abroad at the time of `` It 's My Party '' 's release. On his return he expressed dismay when Aaron Schroeder advised him that the rush release of `` It 's My Party '' had precluded coining a more pleasant name for the singer than `` Lesley Gore, '' to which Schroeder replied : `` Did n't anybody tell you?... Quince, the record 's number one. Do you really give a damn what her last name is? '' In 1980, WCBN - FM, the University of Michigan freeform student radio station, played `` It 's My Party '' for 18 hours straight the day after Ronald Reagan was elected. Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1963 ) Peak position Australia KMR UK ( OCC ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard R&B US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1963 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 29 US Cash Box 30 Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin version ( edit ) `` It 's My Party '' Single by Dave Stewart with Barbara Gaskin B - side `` Waiting in the Wings '' Released August 1981 Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded 1981 Genre Synthpop new wave Art Pop Label Stiff Songwriter ( s ) Wally Gold John Gluck Jr. Herb Weiner Producer ( s ) Dave Stewart Dave Stewart with Barbara Gaskin singles chronology `` It 's My Party '' ( 1981 ) `` Johnny Rocco '' ( 1982 ) `` It 's My Party '' ( 1981 ) `` Johnny Rocco '' ( 1982 ) In 1981, a remake by British artists Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin was a UK number one hit single for four weeks and was also a major hit in Austria ( # 3 ), Germany ( # 3 ), the Netherlands ( # 20 ), New Zealand ( # 1 ), South Africa ( # 3 ) and Switzerland ( # 6 ). The track reached # 72 in the US. This was the first version of the song to reach # 1 in the UK. The video for the Stewart / Gaskin version contained a cameo by Thomas Dolby as Johnny, Judy being played by Gaskin in a blond wig. Other cover versions, sampling, and references ( edit ) The Paris Sisters recorded a version of `` It 's my Party '' which was slower than Gore 's version. In 1963, a Swedish - language version of the song, `` Leva livet '', with lyrics by Stikkan Anderson, reached number five in the Swedish hit parade Svensktoppen and became a signature song for the singer, Lill - Babs. Donna Reed sang a cover version of the song on the series finale of The Donna Reed Show. Bryan Ferry covered the song for his 1973 album These Foolish Things. In 1977, Carroll Baker had a number one country hit in Canada with her version of `` It 's My Party ''. The Chipettes covered the song for the 1983 Alvin and the Chipmunks episode `` May the Best Chipmunk Win '' and the soundtrack Songs from Our TV Shows. In 2004, German pop group Preluders covered the song on their album Prelude to History. Amy Winehouse covered the song on Quincy Jones ' 2010 album Q Soul Bossa Nostra. Icona Pop used the chorus for their version of `` It 's My Party '' while also adding modern day themes. An interpolation of the chorus of `` It 's My Party '' was used in Robin Thicke 's song `` Sex Therapy ''. The chorus of `` It 's My Party '' is sampled in the 2015 single `` Pity Party '' by Melanie Martinez. Also, in `` Pity Party '' 's music video, it is seen that the character `` Cry Baby '' is inviting `` Johnny '' ( from the original song ) to her party. The song `` Necessary Evil '' by Motionless In White contains some elements from `` It 's My Party '' including the chorus except some words are changed to fit the theme of the song. The 1975 references the song `` It 's My Party '' in their song `` You '' with the lyrics `` It 's my party and I 'll cry till the end. '' The sequel : `` Judy 's Turn to cry '' ( edit ) Because of the pop cultural obsession with the song and its tragic nature, Gore recorded a sequel titled `` Judy 's Turn to Cry ''. In this song, the teenage girl narrator gets her revenge on Judy. In the lyrics the narrator explicitly finds `` foolish '' how much she cried when she saw Johnny and Judy together, and seems determined to start anew. But after she kisses another boy at another party, Johnny gets jealous, punches the other boy and returns to her. Following just two months on the heels of `` It 's My Party, '' the sequel reached number five on the charts. Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1963 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1963 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 83 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As with `` He 's a Rebel '', the Crystals ' hit for which it was intended as the follow - up, `` It 's My Party '' was actually recorded not by the Crystals but the Blossoms, who cut the track at Gold Star Studios. Darlene Love says the Spector version was `` kinda slow with me and my sister Edna ( Wright ) singing together on lead. Much more R&B than Lesley Gore 's version. '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel ( 2004 ). Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004. Record Research. p. 803. ^ Jump up to : Ankeny, J. `` It 's My Party ''. Allmusic. Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 20. Jump up ^ McClary, S., Knapp, R., Baur, S. & Warwick, J.C. ( 2008 ). Musicological identities : essays in honor of Susan McClary. Ashgate. p. 71. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 6302 - 7. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Tumposky, Ellen ( February 18, 2015 ). `` Brooklyn Woman recall origins of Gore 's ' It 's My Party ' ''. Daily News. New York. Retrieved February 18, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` It 's My Party ''. Cha Cha Charming Magazine. Archived from the original on June 12, 2007. ^ Jump up to : Bronson, F. ( 2003 ). The Billboard book of number 1 hits ( 5 ed. ). Random House. p. 130. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 2. ^ Jump up to : Shannon, Bob. `` Behind The Hits : Stories : It 's My Party ''. Archived from the original on February 6, 2008. Retrieved September 17, 2011. Jump up ^ `` CBN History ''. Retrieved February 16, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, June 8, 1963 ^ Jump up to : Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles, December 28, 1963 Jump up ^ `` 45cat - Dave Stewart With Barbara Gaskin - It 's My Party / Waiting In The Wings - Stiff - UK - BROKEN 2 ''. 45cat.com. Retrieved 17 February 2015. Jump up ^ `` RPM Country Tracks for April 2, 1977 ''. RPM. Retrieved November 14, 2013. Preceded by `` If You Wanna Be Happy '' by Jimmy Soul Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Lesley Gore version ) June 1, 1963 -- June 8, 1963 Succeeded by `` Sukiyaki '' by Kyu Sakamoto Preceded by `` Another Saturday Night '' by Sam Cooke Billboard Hot R&B Singles number - one single June 15, 1963 -- June 29, 1963 Succeeded by `` Hello Stranger '' by Barbara Lewis Preceded by `` She 's Just an Old Love Turned Memory '' by Charley Pride RPM Country Tracks number - one single ( Carroll Baker version ) April 2, 1977 Succeeded by `` Heart Healer '' by Mel Tillis Preceded by `` Prince Charming '' by Adam and the Ants UK number - one single ( Dave Stewart & Barbara Gaskin version ) October 17, 1981 - November 7, 1981 Succeeded by `` Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic '' by The Police Lesley Gore Studio albums I 'll Cry If I Want To Lesley Gore Sings of Mixed - Up Hearts Boys, Boys, Boys Girl Talk My Town, My Guy, and Me Lesley Gore Sings All About Love California Nights Someplace Else Now Love Me by Name The Canvas Can Do Miracles Ever Since Compilations Lesley Gore : It 's My Party Singles `` It 's My Party '' `` Judy 's Turn to Cry '' `` She 's a Fool '' `` You Do n't Own Me '' `` That 's the Way Boys Are '' `` I Do n't Wanna Be a Loser '' `` Maybe I Know '' `` Look of Love '' `` Sunshine, Lollipops and Rainbows '' `` California Nights '' Related articles Discography Michael Gore Carroll Baker Notable singles `` It 's Late ( And I Have to Go ) '' `` I 've Never Been This Far Before '' `` The Hungry Fire of Love '' `` One Night of Cheatin ' '' `` Tonight with Love '' `` Why I Had to Pass This Way '' `` It 's My Party '' `` The Morning After Baby Let Me Down '' `` I Might as Well Believe ( I 'll Live Forever ) '' `` Portrait in the Window '' `` Hooked on a Feeling '' `` I 'm Getting High Remembering '' `` Hollywood Love '' `` Still Falling in Love '' `` I 'm So Excited '' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' `` It 's Only Make Believe '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_My_Party_(Lesley_Gore_song)&oldid=805781641 '' Categories : 1962 songs 1963 singles 1981 singles Lesley Gore songs Carroll Baker songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand UK Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Song recordings produced by Quincy Jones Mercury Records singles Songs written by Wally Gold Debut singles Helen Shapiro songs Lill - Babs songs Amy Winehouse songs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017, at 16 : 14. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "It's My Party (Lesley Gore song)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=It%27s_My_Party_(Lesley_Gore_song)&oldid=805781641" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ ") Quincy Jones Lesley Gore singles chronology `` It 's My Party '' ( 1963 ) `` Judy 's Turn to Cry '' ( 1963 ) `` It 's My Party '' ( 1963 ) `` Judy 's Turn to Cry '' ( 1963 ) EP cover `` It 's My Party '' is a pop song recorded by multiple artists since the 1960s. In 1963, American singer Lesley Gore 's version hit # 1 on the pop and rhythm and blues charts in the United States. It was the first hit single for producer Quincy Jones. Contents ( hide ) 1 Theme 2 Background 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin version 5 Other cover versions, sampling, and references 6 The sequel : `` Judy 's Turn to Cry '' 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Notes 9 References" ], "id": [ "9679526907911579346" ], "short_answers": [ "Lesley Gore" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Passengers of the RMS Titanic - wikipedia Passengers of the RMS Titanic Jump to : navigation, search RMS Titanic Mrs. Collyer and her daughter Marjorie The passengers of the RMS Titanic were among the estimated 2,344 people who sailed on the maiden voyage of the second of the White Star Line 's Olympic class ocean liners, from Southampton, England to New York City, New York, US. Partway through the voyage, the ship struck an iceberg and sank in the early morning of 15 April 1912, resulting in the deaths of over 1,500 people, including approximately 815 of the passengers. The Titanic 's passengers were divided into three separate classes, determined not only by the price of their ticket but by wealth and social class : those travelling in first class, most of them the wealthiest passengers on board, included prominent members of the upper class, businessmen, politicians, high - ranking military personnel, industrialists, bankers, entertainers, socialites, and professional athletes. Second class passengers were middle class travellers and included professors, authors, clergymen, and tourists. Third class or steerage passengers were primarily emigrants moving to the United States and Canada. Contents ( hide ) 1 Passengers 1.1 First class 1.2 Second class 1.3 Third class 1.4 Ticket - holders who did not sail 2 Passengers by ethnicity 2.1 Levantine passengers 3 Survivors and victims 4 Passenger list 4.1 First class 4.2 Second class 4.3 Third class 5 Cross-channel passengers 6 First passenger survivors to die 7 Last passenger survivors to die 8 Footnotes 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Passengers ( edit ) Titanic 's passengers numbered approximately 1,317 people : 324 in First Class, 284 in Second Class, and 709 in Third Class. Of these, 869 ( 66 % ) were male and 447 ( 34 % ) female. There were 107 children aboard, the largest number of which were in Third Class. The ship was considerably under capacity on her maiden voyage, as she could accommodate 2,453 passengers -- 833 First Class, 614 Second Class, and 1,006 Third Class. First class ( edit ) The Titanic 's first - class list was a `` who 's who '' of the rich and prominent of the upper class in 1912. A single - person berth in first class cost between £ 30 ( equivalent to £ 2,700 in 2016 ), to £ 870 ( equivalent to £ 79,000 in 2016 ) for a parlour suite and small private promenade deck. First class passengers enjoyed a number of amenities, including a gymnasium, a squash court, a salt water swimming pool, electric and Turkish baths, a barbershop, kennels for first class dogs, elevators, and both open and enclosed promenades. First class passengers also traveled accompanied by personal staff -- valets, maids, nurses and governesses for the children, chauffeurs and cooks. Members of the British aristocracy made the trip : The Countess of Rothes, wife of the 19th Earl of Rothes, embarked at Southampton with her parents, Thomas and Clementina Dyer - Edwardes, and cousin Gladys Cherry. Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon, 5th Baronet of Halkin, and his wife, Lucy, Lady Duff - Gordon were on board as well. Sir Cosmo was a wealthy Scottish landowner and Olympic fencing medalist, while Lady Duff - Gordon, known professionally as Lucile, was a leading fashion designer who served a wealthy and exclusive clientele including the British Royal Family. Colonel Archibald Gracie IV, a real estate investor, member of the wealthy Scottish - American Gracie family, embarked at Southampton. The Cavendishes of London were among other prominent British couples on board as well. Lord Pirrie, chairman of Harland and Wolff intended to travel aboard the Titanic, but illness prevented him from joining the ill - fated voyage ; however White Star Line 's Managing Director J. Bruce Ismay and the ship 's Harland and Wolff designer, Thomas Andrews, were both on board to oversee the ship 's progress on her maiden voyage. American socialite Margaret Brown Some of the most prominent members of the American social elite made the trip : real estate builder, businessman, and multimillionaire Colonel John Jacob Astor IV and his 18 - year - old pregnant wife Madeleine were returning to the United States for their child 's birth. Astor was the wealthiest passenger aboard the ship and one of the richest men in the world ; his great - grandfather John Jacob Astor was the first multimillionaire in America. Among others were industrialist magnate and millionaire Benjamin Guggenheim ; Macy 's department store owner and former member of the United States House of Representatives, Isidor Straus and his wife Ida ; George Dennick Wick, founder and president of Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company ; millionaire streetcar magnate George Dunton Widener ; vice president of Pennsylvania Railroad, John Thayer and his wife Marian ; Charles Hays, president of Canada 's Grand Trunk Railway ; William Ernest Carter and his wife, American social elite Lucile Carter ; millionaire, philanthropist and women 's rights activist Margaret Brown ; tennis star and banker Karl Behr ; famous American silent film actress Dorothy Gibson ; prominent Buffalo architect Edward Austin Kent ; and President William Howard Taft 's military aide, Major Archibald Butt, who was returning to resume his duties after a six - week trip to Europe. Swedish first class passenger and businessman Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson, owned the most highly valued single object on board ; a masterpiece of French neoclassical painting entitled La Circassienne au Bain, for which he would later claim US $100,000 in compensation ( equivalent to US $2.5 million in 2017 ). White Star financier J.P. Morgan and Milton S. Hershey, founder of Hershey 's chocolate, made plans to sail aboard the ship 's maiden voyage but cancelled at the last minute. Second class ( edit ) The Titanic 's musicians, led by Wallace Hartley, were employed as crew, but given second class accommodations. Second class ' passengers were leisure tourists, academics, members of the clergy and middle class English and American families. The ship 's musicians travelled in second class accommodations ; they were not counted as members of the crew but were employed by an agency under contract to the White Star Line. The average ticket price for an adult second class passenger was £ 13, the equivalent of £ 1,123 today. and for many of these passengers, their travel experience on the Titanic was akin to travelling first class on smaller liners. Second class passengers had their own library and the men had access to a private smoking room. Second class children could read the children 's books provided in the library or play deck quoits and shuffleboard on the second class promenade. Twelve - year - old Ruth Becker passed the time by pushing her two - year - old brother Richard around the enclosed promenade in a stroller provided by the White Star Line. Michel, right, and Edmond Navratil, the `` Titanic Orphans '' Two Roman Catholic priests on board, Father Thomas Byles and Father Joseph Peruschitz, celebrated Mass every day for second and third class passengers during the voyage. Father Byles gave his homilies in English, Irish and French and Father Peruschitz gave his in German and Hungarian. On the ship there was also a Lithuanian priest, Father Juozas Montvila, who perished during the sinking. Rev. John Harper, a well - known Baptist pastor from Scotland, was travelling to America with his daughter and niece in order to preach at the Moody Church in Chicago. Schoolteacher Lawrence Beesley, a science master at Dulwich College, spent much of his time aboard the ship in the library. Two months after the sinking, he wrote and published The Loss of the SS Titanic, the first eyewitness account of the disaster. The Laroche family, father Joseph and daughters Simonne and Louise, were the only known passengers of black ancestry on board the ship. They, along with Joseph 's pregnant wife Juliette, were travelling to Joseph 's native island of Haiti. Joseph hoped that a move from their former home in Paris back to Haiti, where his uncle Cincinnatus Leconte was president, would take his family away from racial discrimination. Another French family travelling in second class was the Navratils, travelling under the assumed name Hoffman. Michel Navratil, a Slovak - born French tailor, had kidnapped his two young sons, Michel Jr. and Edmond from his estranged wife, assumed the name Louis M. Hoffman and boarded the ship in Southampton, intent on taking his children to the United States. Michel Sr. died in the sinking and photographs of the boys were circulated throughout the world in the hopes that their mother or another relative could identify the French toddlers, who became known as `` The Titanic Orphans. '' After arriving in New York, the children were cared for by Titanic survivor Margaret Hays until their mother, Marcelle Navratil travelled from Nice, France to claim them. Third class ( edit ) A typical third class cabin The third class passengers or steerage passengers left hoping to start new lives in the United States and Canada. Third class passengers paid £ 7 ( £ 777 today ) for their ticket, depending on their place of origin ; ticket prices often included the price of rail travel to the three departure ports. Tickets for children cost £ 3 ( £ 259 today ). Third class passengers were a diverse group of nationalities and ethnic groups. In addition to large numbers of British, Irish, and Scandinavian immigrants, there were passengers from Central and Eastern Europe, the Middle East ( primarily Lebanon and Syria ) and Hong Kong. Some travelled alone or in small family groups. Several groups of mothers were travelling alone with their young children -- most going to join their husbands who had already gone to America to find jobs, and, having saved up enough money, could now send for their families. The Goodwins and 5 of their 6 children : William, Frederick, Charles, Harold, Lillian, Augusta, Jessie The youngest Goodwin, Sidney Among the larger third - class families were John and Annie Sage, who were immigrating to Jacksonville, Florida with their nine children, ranging in age from 4 to 20 years ; Anders and Alfrida Andersson of Sweden and their five children, who were travelling to Canada along with Alfrida 's younger sister Anna, husband Ernst and baby Gilbert ; and Frederick and Augusta Goodwin, who were moving with their six children to his new job at a power plant in New York. In 2007, scientists using DNA analysis identified the body of a small fair - haired toddler, one of the first victims to be recovered by the CS Mackay Bennett, as Frederick 's youngest child, 19 - month - old Sidney. The Sages, Anderssons and Goodwins all perished in the sinking. The youngest passenger on board the ship, two - month - old Millvina Dean who, with her parents Bertram Sr. and Eva Dean and older brother Bertram, were emigrating from England to Kansas, died in 2009. She was the last survivor of the Titanic disaster to die. Bertram and Millvina Dean In order to compete with rival shipping company Cunard, the White Star Line offered their steerage passengers modest luxuries, in the hopes that emigrants would write to relatives back home and encourage them to travel on White Star Line ships. Third class passengers had their own dining facilities, with chairs instead of benches, and meals prepared by the third class kitchen staff. On other liners, the steerage passengers would have been expected to bring their own food. Rather than dormitory - style sleeping areas, third class passengers had their own cabins. The single men and women were separated, women in the stern in two to six berth cabins, men in the bow in up to ten berth cabins, often shared with strangers. Each stateroom was fitted with wood panelling and beds with mattresses, blankets, pillows, electric lights, heat and a washbasin with running water, except for the bow cabins which did not have a private washbasin. Two public bathtubs were also provided, one for the men, the other for women. Passengers gathered in the third class common room where they could play chess or cards, or walk along the poop deck. Third class children played in the common room or explored the ship -- nine - year - old Frank Goldsmith recalled peering into the engine room and climbing up the baggage cranes on the poop deck. Ship 's regulations were designed to keep third class passengers confined to their area of the ship. The Titanic was fitted with grilles to prevent the classes from mingling and these gates were normally kept closed, although the stewards could open them in the event of an emergency. In the rush following the collision, the stewards, occupied with waking up sleeping passengers and leading groups of women and children to the boat deck, did not have time to open all the gates, leaving many of the confused third class passengers stuck below decks. Ticket - holders who did not sail ( edit ) Numerous notable and prominent people of the era, who held tickets for the westbound passage or were guests of those who held tickets, did not sail. Others were waiting in New York to board for the passage back to Plymouth, England, on the second leg of Titanic 's maiden voyage. Many unused tickets that survived, whether they were for the westbound passage or the return eastbound passage, have become quite valuable as Titanic - related artifacts. Among those who held tickets for a passage, but did not actually sail, include : Theodore Dreiser, Henry Clay Frick, Milton S. Hershey, Guglielmo Marconi, John Pierpont Morgan, Edgar Selwyn, and Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt ( who died in the sinking of the RMS Lusitania ). Passengers by ethnicity ( edit ) Levantine passengers ( edit ) Several passengers on the Titanic had Levantine origins. At the time, many carried identification from the Ottoman Empire that stated they were from Greater Syria, which included what is today Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. Passengers from Lebanon, for instance, had hometown villages today located in Lebanon. According to Bakhos Assaf, mayor of Hardin, Lebanon, 93 passengers originated from what is today Lebanon, with 20 of them from Hardin, the highest number of any Lebanese location. Of the Hardin passengers, 11 adult men died, while eight women and children and one adult man survived. Kamal Seikaly, an individual quoted in an article from the Lebanese publication Daily Star, stated that according to a May 16, 1912 issue of the Al - Khawater magazine stored in the American University of Beirut, of the 125 Lebanese aboard, 23 survived. The magazine states that 10 people from Kfar Meshki died on the Titanic. In 1997, Ray Hanania, a Palestinian American journalist, watched the Titanic ( 1997 ) film and noticed some background characters saying yalla, meaning `` hurry '' in Arabic. This prompted him to research the issue and he discovered that Arab passengers were on board. In 1998, he wrote a column about the Arabs on the RMS Titanic, `` Titanic : We Share the Pain But Not the Glory. '' According to Hanania 's analysis, there were 79 Arab passengers. According to Hanania, the task to `` identify precisely '' which passengers were Arab is difficult. Hanania stated that many were Christians because church sponsorship made it easier for Christians to get passage as opposed to Muslims. In the book Titanic : Women and Children First ( October 1998 ), Judith Geller stated that `` officially were 154 Syrians on board the Titanic and 29 were saved : four men, five children and 20 women ''. Survivors and victims ( edit ) Main articles : Sinking of the RMS Titanic and Lifeboats of the RMS Titanic On the night of 14 April 1912 at around 11 : 40 pm, while the RMS Titanic was sailing about 400 miles ( 640 km ) south of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, the ship struck an iceberg and began to sink. Shortly before midnight, Captain Edward Smith ordered the ship 's lifeboats to be readied and a distress call was sent out. The closest ship to respond was Cunard Line 's Carpathia 58 miles ( 93 km ) away, which would arrive in an estimated four hours -- too late to rescue all of Titanic 's passengers. Forty - five minutes after the ship hit the iceberg, Captain Smith finally ordered the lifeboats to be loaded and lowered under the orders women and children first. Titanic lifeboat D, awaiting rescue by the RMS Carpathia Titanic survivors on board the RMS Carpathia. The first lifeboat launched was Lifeboat 7 on the starboard side with 28 people on board out of a capacity of 65. It was lowered at around 12 : 45 am as believed by the British Inquiry. Collapsible Boat D was the last lifeboat to be launched, at 2 : 05. Two more lifeboats, Collapsible Boats A and B, were in the process of being removed from their location on the roof of the officer 's house but could not be properly launched. Collapsible B floated away from the ship upside down, while Collapsible A became half - filled with water after the supports for its canvas sides were broken in the fall from the roof of the officers ' quarters. There were arguments in some of the lifeboats about going back to pick up people in the water, but many survivors were afraid of being swamped by people trying to climb into the lifeboat or being pulled down by the suction from the sinking Titanic, though it turned out that there had been very little suction. At 2 : 20 am, Titanic herself sank. A small number of passengers and crew were able to make their way to the two unlaunched collapsible boats, surviving for several hours ( some still clinging to the overturned Collapsible B) until they were rescued by Fifth Officer Harold Lowe. The RMS Carpathia arriving at Pier 54 with Titanic survivors. At 4 : 10 am, the RMS Carpathia arrived at the site of the sinking and began rescuing survivors. By 8 : 30 am, she picked up the last lifeboat with survivors and left the area at 08 : 50 bound for Pier 54 in New York City. Of the 711 passengers and crew rescued by the Carpathia, six, including first class passenger William F. Hoyt, either died in a lifeboat during the night or on board the Carpathia the next morning, and were buried at sea. In the days following the sinking, several ships sailed to the disaster area to recover victims ' bodies. The White Star Line chartered the cable ship Mackay - Bennett from Halifax, Nova Scotia to retrieve bodies. Three other ships followed in the search : the cable ship Minia, the lighthouse supply ship Montmagny and the sealing vessel Algerine. Each ship left with embalming supplies, undertakers, and clergy. Upon recovery, each body retrieved by the Mackay - Bennett was numbered and given as detailed a description as possible to help aid in identification. The physical appearance of each body -- height, weight, age, hair and eye colour, visible birthmarks, scars or tattoos, was catalogued and any personal effects on the bodies were gathered and placed in small canvas bags corresponding to their number. A photo of the CS Mackay - Bennett, the first ship to arrive at the Titanic wreck site in search for bodies. The ship found so many bodies that the embalming supplies aboard were quickly exhausted. Health regulations permitted that only embalmed bodies could be returned to port. Captain Larnder of the Mackay - Bennett and the undertakers aboard decided to preserve all bodies of First Class passengers because of the need to visually identify wealthy men to resolve any disputes over large estates. As a result, the majority of the burials at sea were third class passengers and crew. Larnder himself claimed that as a mariner, he would expect to be buried at sea. However complaints about the burials at sea were made by families and undertakers. Later ships such as Minia found fewer bodies, requiring fewer embalming supplies, and were able to limit burials at sea to bodies which were too damaged to preserve. Bodies recovered were preserved and taken to Halifax, Nova Scotia, the closest city to the sinking with direct rail and steamship connections. A large temporary morgue was set up in a curling rink and undertakers were called in from all across Eastern Canada to assist. Relatives from across North America came to identify and claim the bodies of their relatives. Some bodies were shipped to be buried in their home towns across North America and Europe. About two - thirds of the bodies were identified. Of the remaining 150 unclaimed bodies, 121 were taken to the non-denominational Fairview Lawn Cemetery ; 19 were buried in the Roman Catholic Mount Olivet Cemetery, and 10 were taken to the Jewish Baron de Hirsch Cemetery. Unidentified victims were buried with simple numbers based on the order in which their bodies were discovered. In mid-May 1912, over 200 miles ( 320 km ) from the site of the sinking, RMS Oceanic recovered three bodies, numbers 331, 332 and 333, who were among the original occupants of Collapsible A, which was swamped in the last moments of the sinking. Although several people managed to reach this lifeboat, three died during the night. When Fifth Officer Harold Lowe and six crewmen returned to the wreck site after the sinking with an empty lifeboat to pick up survivors, they rescued surviving passengers from Collapsible A, but left the three dead bodies in the boat : Thomson Beattie, a first - class passenger, and two crew members, a fireman and a seaman. After their retrieval from Collapsible A by Oceanic, the bodies were buried at sea. Passenger list ( edit ) Breakdown of casualties according to the British Board of Trade report ( click for detail ) The following is a full list of known passengers who sailed on the maiden voyage of the RMS Titanic. Included in this list are the nine - member Guarantee Group and the eight members of the ship 's band, ed as both passengers and crew. They are also included in the list of crew members on board RMS Titanic. Passengers are colour - coded, indicating whether they were saved or perished. The passenger did not survive The passenger survived Survivors are listed with the lifeboat from which they were known to be rescued. Victims whose remains were recovered after the sinking are listed with a superscript next to the body number, indicating the recovery vessel : MB -- CS Mackay - Bennett ( bodies 1 -- 306 ) M -- CS Minia ( bodies 307 -- 323 ) MM -- CGS Montmagny ( bodies 326 -- 329 ) A -- SS Algerine ( body 330 ) O -- RMS Oceanic ( bodies 331 -- 333 ) I -- SS Ilford ( body 334 ) OT -- SS Ottawa ( body 335 ) Numbers 324 and 325 were unused, and the six bodies buried at sea by the Carpathia also went unnumbered. First class ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Boarded Destination Lifeboat Body Allen, Miss Elizabeth Walton 29 St. Louis, Missouri, US Southampton St. Louis, Missouri, US Allison, Mr. Hudson Joshua Creighton 30 Montreal, Quebec, Canada Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada 135 and chauffeur, Mr. George Swane, 19 Montreal, Quebec, Canada Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada 294 and cook, Miss Amelia Mary `` Mildred '' Brown 18 London, England, UK Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada 11 Allison, Mrs. Bessie Waldo ( née Daniels ) 25 Montreal, Quebec, Canada Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada and maid, Miss Sarah Daniels 33 Montreal, Quebec, Canada Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada 8 Allison, Miss Helen Loraine Montreal, Quebec, Canada Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada Allison, Master Hudson Trevor 0.11! 11 mo. Montreal, Quebec, Canada Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada 11 and nurse, Miss Alice Catherine Cleaver 22 London, England, UK Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada 11 Anderson, Mr. Harry 47 New York City, New York, US Southampton New York City, New York, US Andrews, Miss Kornelia Theodosia 62 Hudson, New York, US Cherbourg Hudson, New York, US 10 Andrews, Mr. Thomas 39 Belfast, Ireland, UK Belfast New York City Appleton, Mrs. Charlotte Lane ( née Lamson ) 53 New York City Southampton New York City Artagaveytia, Mr. Ramon 71 Buenos Aires, Argentina Cherbourg New York City 22 Astor, Colonel John Jacob IV 47 New York City Cherbourg New York City 124 Astor, Mrs. Madeleine Talmage ( née Force ) 18 New York City Cherbourg New York City and maid, Miss Rosalie Bidois 46 New York City Cherbourg New York City and nurse, Miss Caroline Louise Endres 39 New York City Cherbourg New York City Aubart, Mrs. Léontine Pauline 24 Paris, France Cherbourg New York City 9 and maid, Miss Emma Sägesser 24 Paris, France Cherbourg New York City 9 Barkworth, Mr. Algernon Henry Wilson 47 Hessle, East Yorkshire, England, UK Southampton New York City Baumann, Mr. John D. 60 New York City Cherbourg New York City Baxter, Mrs. Hélène ( née de Lanaudière - Chaput ) 50 Montreal, Quebec, Canada Cherbourg Montreal, Quebec, Canada 6 Baxter, Mr. Quigg Edmond 24 Montreal, Quebec, Canada Cherbourg Montreal, Quebec, Canada Beattie, Mr. Thomson 36 Fergus, Ontario, Canada Southampton Fergus, Ontario, Canada 331 Beckwith, Mr. Richard Leonard 37 New York City Southampton New York City 5 Beckwith, Mrs. Sallie ( née Monypeny ) 46 New York City Southampton New York City 5 Behr, Mr. Karl Howell 26 New York City Cherbourg New York City 5 Birnbaum, Mr. Jakob 24 Antwerp, Belgium Cherbourg San Francisco, California, US 148 Bishop, Mr. Dickinson H. `` Dick '' 25 Dowagiac, Michigan, US Cherbourg Dowagiac, Michigan, US 7 Bishop, Mrs. Helen ( née Walton ) 19 Dowagiac, Michigan, US Cherbourg Dowagiac, Michigan, US 7 Björnström - Steffanson, Mr. Mauritz Håkan 28 Stockholm, Sweden Southampton Washington, D.C., US Blackwell, Mr. Stephen Weart 45 Trenton, New Jersey, US Southampton Trenton, New Jersey, US Blank, Mr. Henry 39 Glen Ridge, New Jersey, US Cherbourg Glen Ridge, New Jersey, US 7 Bonnell, Miss Elizabeth 61 Youngstown, Ohio, US Southampton Youngstown, Ohio, US 8 Bonnell, Miss Caroline 30 Youngstown, Ohio, US Southampton Youngstown, Ohio, US 8 Borebank, Mr. John James 42 London, England, UK Southampton Toronto, Ontario, Canada Bowerman, Miss Elsie Edith 22 St. Leonards - on - Sea, East Sussex, England, UK Southampton New York City 6 Brady, Mr. John Bertram 41 Pomeroy, Washington, US Southampton Pomeroy, Washington, US Brandeis, Mr. Emil 48 Omaha, Nebraska, US Cherbourg Omaha, Nebraska, US 208 Brereton, Mr. George Andrew ( alias George A. Brayton ) 37 Los Angeles, US Southampton Los Angeles, California, US 9 Brewe, Dr. Arthur Jackson 45 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US Cherbourg Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US Brown, Mrs. Caroline Lane ( née Lamson ) 59 Belmont, Massachusetts, US Southampton Belmont, Massachusetts, US Brown, Mrs. Margaret ( née Tobin ) 44 Denver, Colorado, US Cherbourg Denver, Colorado, US 6 Bucknell, Mrs. Emma Eliza ( née Ward ) 59 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US Cherbourg Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US 8 and maid, Miss Albina Bazzani 36 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US Cherbourg Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US 8 Butt, Major Archibald Willingham 46 Washington, D.C., US Southampton Washington, D.C., US Calderhead, Mr. Edward Pennington 42 New York City Southampton New York City 5 Candee, Mrs. Helen Churchill ( née Hungerford ) 53 Washington, D.C., US Cherbourg Washington, D.C., US 6 Cardeza, Mrs. Charlotte Wardle ( née Drake ) 58 Germantown, Pennsylvania, US Cherbourg Germantown, Pennsylvania, US and maid, Miss Annie Moore Ward 38 Germantown, Pennsylvania, US Cherbourg Germantown, Pennsylvania, US Cardeza, Mr. Thomas Drake Martinez 36 Germantown, Pennsylvania, US Cherbourg Germantown, Pennsylvania, US and valet, Mr. Gustave J. Lesueur 35 Germantown, Pennsylvania, US Cherbourg Germantown, Pennsylvania, US Carlsson, Mr. Frans Olof 33 New York City Southampton New York City Carrau, Mr. Francisco M. 31 Montevideo, Uruguay Southampton Montevideo, Uruguay Carrau, Mr. José Pedro 17 Montevideo, Uruguay Southampton Montevideo, Uruguay Carter, Mr. William Ernest 36 Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, US Southampton Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, US and valet, Mr. Alexander Cairns 28 Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, US Southampton Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, US and chauffeur, Mr. Charles Augustus Aldworth 30 Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, US Southampton Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, US Carter, Mrs. Lucile ( née Polk ) 36 Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, US Southampton Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, US and maid, Miss Auguste Serreplan 30 Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, US Southampton Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, US Carter, Miss Lucile Polk 13 Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, US Southampton Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, US Carter, Master William Thornton II 11 Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, US Southampton Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, US Case, Mr. Howard Brown 49 Ascot, Berkshire, England, UK Southampton Rochester, New York, US Cassebeer, Mrs. Eleanor Genevieve ( née Fosdick ) 36 New York City Cherbourg New York City 5 Cavendish, Mr. Tyrell William 36 London, England, UK Southampton New York City 172 Cavendish, Mrs. Julia Florence ( née Siegel ) 25 London, England, UK Southampton New York City 6 and maid, Miss Ellen `` Nellie '' Barber 26 London, England, UK Southampton New York City 6 Chaffee, Mr. Hubert Fuller 46 Amenia, North Dakota, US Southampton Amenia, North Dakota, US Chaffee, Mrs. Carrie Constance ( née Toogood ) 47 Amenia, North Dakota, US Southampton Amenia, North Dakota, US Chambers, Mr. Norman Campbell 27 New York City Southampton New York City 5 Chambers, Mrs. Bertha ( née Griggs ) 32 New York City Southampton New York City 5 Cherry, Miss Gladys 30 London, England, UK Southampton Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 8 Chevré, Mr. Paul Romaine Marie Léonce 45 Paris, France Cherbourg Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 7 Chibnall, Mrs. Edith Martha Bowerman ( née Barber ) 48 St. Leonards - on - Sea, East Sussex, England, UK Southampton New York City 6 Chisholm, Mr. Roderick Robert Crispin 40 Belfast, Ireland, UK Belfast New York City Clark, Mr. Walter Miller 27 Los Angeles, California, US Cherbourg Los Angeles, California, US Clark, Mrs. Virginia Estelle ( née McDowell ) 26 Los Angeles, California, US Cherbourg Los Angeles, California, US Clifford, Mr. George Quincy 40 Stoughton, Massachusetts, US Southampton Stoughton, Massachusetts Colley, Mr. Edward Pomeroy 37 Dublin, Ireland, UK Southampton Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Compton, Mrs. Mary Eliza ( née Ingersoll ) 64 Lakewood, New Jersey, US Cherbourg Lakewood, New Jersey, US 14 Compton, Miss Sara Rebecca 39 Lakewood, New Jersey, US Cherbourg Lakewood, New Jersey, US 14 Compton, Mr. Alexander Taylor Jr. 37 Lakewood, New Jersey, US Cherbourg Lakewood, New Jersey, US Cornell, Mrs. Malvina Helen ( née Lamson ) 55 New York City Southampton New York City Crafton, Mr. John Bertram 59 Roachdale, Indiana, US Southampton Roachdale, Indiana, US Crosby, Captain Edward 70 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US Southampton Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US 269 Crosby, Mrs. Catherine Elizabeth ( née Halstead ) 64 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US Southampton Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US 7 Crosby, Miss Harriette Rebecca 39 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US Southampton Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US 7 Cumings, Mr. John Bradley 39 New York City Cherbourg New York City Cumings, Mrs. Florence Briggs ( née Thayer ) 35 New York City Cherbourg New York, US Daly, Mr. Peter Dennis 51 Lima, Peru Southampton Lima, Peru Daniel, Mr. Robert Williams 27 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US Southampton Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US Davidson, Mr. Thornton 31 Montreal, Quebec, Canada Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada Davidson, Mrs. Orian ( née Hays ) 27 Montreal, Quebec, Canada Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada Dick, Mr. Albert Adrian 31 Calgary, Alberta, Canada Southampton Calgary, Alberta, Canada Dick, Mrs. Vera ( née Gillespie ) 17 Calgary, Alberta, Canada Southampton Calgary, Alberta, Canada Dineston, Mrs. Nancy May Bowles 28 London, England, UK Southampton New York City, USA 11 Dineston, George Samuel 30 London, England, UK Southampton New York City, USA 11 Dodge, Dr. Washington 52 San Francisco, California, US Southampton San Francisco, California, US 13 Dodge, Mrs. Ruth ( née Vidaver ) 34 San Francisco, California, US Southampton San Francisco, California, US 5 Dodge, Master Washington, Jr. San Francisco, California, US Southampton San Francisco, California, US 5 Douglas, Mr. Walter Donald 50 Minneapolis, Minnesota, US Cherbourg Minneapolis, Minnesota, US 62 Douglas, Mrs. Mahala ( née Dutton ) 48 Minneapolis, Minnesota, US Cherbourg Minneapolis, Minnesota, US and maid, Miss Berthe Leroy 27 Minneapolis, Minnesota, US Cherbourg Minneapolis, Minnesota, US Douglas, Mrs. Mary Hélène ( née Baxter ) 27 Montreal, Quebec, Canada Cherbourg Montreal, Quebec, Canada 6 Duff Gordon, Sir Cosmo Edmund 49 London, England, UK Cherbourg New York City Duff Gordon, Lucy Christiana, Lady ( née Sutherland ) 48 London, England, UK Cherbourg New York City and secretary, Miss Laura Mabel Francatelli 31 London, England, UK Cherbourg New York City Dulles, Mr. William Crothers 39 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US Cherbourg Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US 133 Eustis, Miss Elizabeth Mussey 54 Brookline, Massachusetts, US Cherbourg Brookline, Massachusetts, US Evans, Miss Edith Corse 36 New York City Cherbourg New York City Flegenheim, Mrs. Antoinette ( née Wendt ) 48 New York City Cherbourg New York City 7 Flynn, Mr. John Irwin 36 Brooklyn, New York, US Southampton Brooklyn, New York, US 5 Foreman, Mr. Benjamin Laventall 30 New York City Southampton New York City Fortune, Mr. Mark 64 Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Southampton Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Fortune, Mrs. Mary ( née McDougald ) 60 Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Southampton Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada 10 Fortune, Miss Ethel Flora 28 Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Southampton Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada 10 Fortune, Miss Alice Elizabeth 24 Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Southampton Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada 10 Fortune, Miss Mabel Helen 23 Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Southampton Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada 10 Fortune, Mr. Charles Alexander 19 Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Southampton Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Franklin, Mr. Thomas Parnham 37 London, England, UK Southampton New York City Frauenthal, Dr. Henry William 49 London, England, UK Southampton New York City 5 Frauenthal, Mrs. Clara ( née Heinsheimer ) 42 London, England, UK Southampton New York City 5 Frauenthal, Mr. Isaac Gerald 43 London, England, UK Southampton New York City 5 Frölicher, Mr. Maximilian Josef 60 Zürich, Switzerland Cherbourg New York City 5 Frölicher, Mrs. Margaretha Emerentia ( née Stehli ) 48 Zürich, Switzerland Cherbourg New York City 5 Frölicher - Stehli, Miss Hedwig Margaritha 22 Zürich, Switzerland Cherbourg New York City 5 Futrelle, Mr. Jacques Heath 37 Scituate, Massachusetts, US Southampton Scituate, Massachusetts, US Futrelle, Mrs. Lily May ( née Peel ) 35 Scituate, Massachusetts, US Southampton Scituate, Massachusetts, US Gee, Mr. Arthur H. 47 St. Annes - on - Sea, Lancashire, England, UK Southampton Mexico City, Mexico 275 Gibson, Mrs. Pauline Caroline ( née Boeson ) 44 New York City Cherbourg New York City 7 Gibson, Miss Dorothy Winifred 22 New York City Cherbourg New York City 7 Goldenberg, Mr. Samuel L. 47 Paris, France Cherbourg New York City 5 Goldenberg, Mrs. Nella ( née Wiggins ) 40 Paris, France Cherbourg New York City 5 Goldschmidt, Mr. George B. 71 New York City Cherbourg New York City Gracie IV, Colonel Archibald 53 Washington, D.C., US Southampton Washington, D.C., US Graham, Mr. George Edward 38 Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Southampton Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada 147 Graham, Mrs. Edith Ware ( née Junkins ) 59 Greenwich, Connecticut, US Southampton Greenwich, Connecticut, US Graham, Miss Margaret Edith 19 Greenwich, Connecticut, US Southampton Greenwich, Connecticut, US and governess, Miss Elizabeth Weed Shutes 40 Greenwich, Connecticut, US Southampton Greenwich, Connecticut, US Greenfield, Mrs. Blanche ( née Strouse ) 45 New York City Cherbourg New York City 7 Greenfield, Mr. William Bertram 23 New York City Cherbourg New York City 7 Guggenheim, Mr. Benjamin 46 Paris, France Cherbourg New York City and valet, Mr. Victor Giglio 24 Paris, France Cherbourg New York City and chauffeur, Mr. René Pernot 39 Paris, France Cherbourg New York City Harder, Mr. George Achilles 25 New York City Cherbourg New York City 5 Harder, Mrs. Dorothy ( née Annan ) 21 New York City Cherbourg New York City 5 Harper, Mr. Henry Sleeper 48 New York City Cherbourg New York City and dragoman, Mr. Hammad Hassab 27 Cairo, Egypt Cherbourg New York City Harper, Mrs. Myna ( née Haxtun ) 49 New York City Cherbourg New York City Harris, Mr. Henry Birkhardt 45 New York City Southampton New York City Harris, Mrs. Irene ( née Wallach ) 35 New York City Southampton New York City Hawksford, Mr. Walter James 45 Kingston, Surrey, England, UK Southampton New York City Hays, Mr. Charles Melville 55 Montreal, Quebec, Canada Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada 307 and clerk, Mr. Vivian Ponsonby Payne 22 Montreal, Quebec, Canada Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada Hays, Mrs. Clara Jennings ( née Grigg ) 52 Montreal, Quebec, Canada Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada and maid, Miss Mary Anne Perreault 33 Montreal, Quebec, Canada Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada Hays, Miss Margaret Bechstein 24 New York City Cherbourg New York City 7 Head, Mr. Christopher 42 Chelsea, London, England, UK Southampton New York City Hilliard, Mr. Herbert Henry 44 Brighton, Massachusetts, US Southampton Brighton, Massachusetts, US Hipkins, Mr. William Edward 55 Birmingham, West Midlands, England, UK Southampton New York City Hippach, Mrs. Ida Sophia ( née Fischer ) 44 Chicago, Illinois, US Cherbourg Chicago, Illinois, US Hippach, Miss Jean Gertrude 17 Chicago, Illinois, US Cherbourg Chicago, Illinois, US Hogeboom, Mrs. Anna Louisa ( née Andrews ) 51 Hudson, New York, US Cherbourg Hudson, New York, US 10 Holverson, Mr. Alexander Oskar 42 New York City Southampton New York City 38 Holverson, Mrs. Mary Aline ( née Towner ) 35 New York City Southampton New York City 8 Homer, Mr. Harry ( alias E. Haven ) 40 Indianapolis, Indiana, US Southampton Indianapolis, Indiana, US 15 Hoyt, Mr. Frederick Maxfield 35 New York City Southampton Stamford, Connecticut, US Hoyt, Mrs. Jane Anne ( née Forby ) 31 New York City Southampton Stamford, Connecticut, US Hoyt, Mr. William Fisher 42 New York City Cherbourg New York City 14 Isham, Miss Ann Elizabeth 50 Chicago, Illinois, US Cherbourg Chicago, Illinois, US Ismay, Mr. Joseph Bruce 49 Liverpool, Merseyside, England, UK Southampton New York City and valet, Mr. John Richard Fry 39 Liverpool, Merseyside, England, UK Southampton New York City and secretary, Mr. William Henry Harrison 45 Wallasey, Merseyside, England, UK Southampton New York City 110 Jones, Mr. Charles Cresson 46 Bennington, Vermont, US Southampton Bennington, Vermont, US 80 Julian, Mr. Henry Forbes 50 Torquay, Devon, England, UK Southampton San Francisco, US Kent, Mr. Edward Austin 58 Buffalo, New York, US Cherbourg Buffalo, New York, US 258 Kenyon, Mr. Frederick R. 41 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US Southampton Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US Kenyon, Mrs. Marion ( née Stauffer ) 31 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US Southampton Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US 8 Kimball, Mr. Edwin Nelson Jr. 42 Boston, Massachusetts, US Southampton Boston, Massachusetts, US 5 Kimball, Mrs. Gertrude ( née Parsons ) 45 Boston, Massachusetts, US Southampton Boston, Massachusetts, US 5 Klaber, Mr. Herman 45 Portland, Oregon, US Southampton Portland, Oregon, US Lambert - Williams, Mr. Fletcher Fellows 43 London, England, UK Southampton Newark, New Jersey, US Leader, Dr. Alice ( née Farnham ) 49 New York City Southampton New York City 8 Leslie, Lucy Noël Martha, Countess of Rothes ( née Dyer - Edwardes ) 27 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Southampton Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 8 and maid, Miss Roberta Elizabeth Mary `` Cissy '' Maioni 20 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Southampton Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 8 Lewy, Mr. Ervin G. 31 Chicago, Illinois, US Cherbourg Chicago, Illinois, US Lindeberg - Lind, Mr. Erik Gustav ( alias Edward Lingrey ) 42 Jordanstorp, Södermanland, Sweden Southampton New York City Lindström, Mrs. Sigrid ( née Posse ) 55 Stockholm, Sweden Cherbourg New York City 6 Lines, Mrs. Elizabeth Lindsey ( née James ) 50 Paris, France Cherbourg Hanover, New Hampshire, US 9 Lines, Miss Mary Conover 16 Paris, France Cherbourg Hanover, New Hampshire, US 9 Long, Mr. Milton Clyde 29 Springfield, Massachusetts, US Southampton Springfield, Massachusetts, US 126 Longley, Miss Gretchen Fiske 21 Hudson, New York, US Cherbourg Hudson, New York, US 10 Loring, Mr. Joseph Holland 30 London, England, UK Southampton New York City Madill, Miss Georgette Alexandra 16 St. Louis, Missouri, US Southampton St. Louis, Missouri, US Maguire, Mr. John Edward 30 Brockton, Massachusetts, US Southampton Brockton, Massachusetts, US Maréchal, Mr. Pierre, Sr. 28 Paris, France Cherbourg New York City 7 Marvin, Mr. Daniel Warner 18 New York City Southampton New York City Marvin, Mrs. Mary Graham Carmichael ( née Farquarson ) 18 New York City Southampton New York City 10 Mayné, Miss Bertha Antonine 24 Brussels, Belgium Cherbourg Montreal, Quebec, Canada 6 McCaffry, Mr. Thomas Francis 46 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Southampton Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 292 McCarthy, Mr. Timothy J. 54 Dorchester, Massachusetts, US Southampton Dorchester, Massachusetts, US 175 McGough, Mr. James Robert 35 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US Southampton Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US 7 Meyer, Mr. Edgar Joseph 28 New York City Cherbourg New York City Meyer, Mrs. Leila ( née Saks ) 25 New York City Cherbourg New York City 6 Millet, Mr. Francis Davis 65 East Bridgewater, Massachusetts, US Cherbourg East Bridgewater, Massachusetts, US 249 Minahan, Dr. William Edward 44 Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, US Southampton Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, US 230 Minahan, Mrs. Lillian E. ( née Thorpe ) 37 Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, US Southampton Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, US 14 Minahan, Miss Daisy E. 33 Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, US Southampton Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, US 14 Mock, Mr. Philipp Edmund 30 New York City Cherbourg New York City 11 Molson, Mr. Harry Markland 55 Montreal, Quebec, Canada Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada Moore, Mr. Clarence Bloomfield 47 Washington, D.C., US Southampton Washington, D.C., US and valet, Mr. Charles Henry Harrington 37 Washington, D.C., US Southampton Washington, D.C., US Natsch, Mr. Charles 36 Brooklyn, New York, US Cherbourg Brooklyn, New York, US Newell, Mr. Arthur Webster 58 Lexington, Massachusetts, US Cherbourg Lexington, Massachusetts, US 122 Newell, Miss Madeleine 31 Lexington, Massachusetts, US Cherbourg Lexington, Massachusetts, US 6 Newell, Miss Marjorie Anne 23 Lexington, Massachusetts, US Cherbourg Lexington, Massachusetts, US 6 Newsom, Miss Helen Monypeny 19 New York City Southampton New York City 5 Nicholson, Mr. Arthur Ernest 64 Shanklin, Isle of Wight, England, UK Southampton New York City 263 Nourney, Mr. Alfred 20 Cologne, German Empire Cherbourg New York City 7 Omont, Mr. Alfred Fernand 29 Le Havre, France Cherbourg New York City 7 Ostby, Mr. Engelhart Cornelius 64 Providence, Rhode Island, US Southampton Providence, Rhode Island, US 234 Ostby, Miss Helene Ragnhild 22 Providence, Rhode Island, US Southampton Providence, Rhode Island, US 5 Ovies y Rodriguez, Mr. Servando José Florentino 36 Havana, Cuba Cherbourg Havana, Cuba 189 Parr, Mr. William Henry Marsh 29 Belfast, Ireland, UK Belfast New York City Partner, Mr. Austin 40 Tolworth, London, England, UK Southampton Toronto, Ontario, Canada 166 Pears, Mr. Thomas Clinton 29 Isleworth, London, England, UK Southampton New York City Pears, Mrs. Edith ( née Wearne ) 22 Isleworth, London, England, UK Southampton New York City 8 Peñasco y Castellana, Mr. Victor 24 Madrid, Spain Cherbourg New York City Peñasco y Castellana, Mrs. Maria Josefa ( née Perez de Soto y Vallejo ) 22 Madrid, Spain Cherbourg New York City 8 and maid, Doña Fermina Oliva y Ocana 39 Madrid, Spain Cherbourg New York City 8 Peuchen, Major Arthur Godfrey 52 Toronto, Ontario, Canada Southampton Toronto, Ontario, Canada 6 Porter, Mr. Walter Chamberlain 46 Worcester, Massachusetts, US Southampton Worcester, Massachusetts, US 207 Potter, Mrs. Lily Alexenia ( née Wilson ) 56 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US Cherbourg Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US 7 Reuchlin, The Honourable Mr. Johan George 38 Rotterdam, The Netherlands Southampton New York City Rheims, Mr. George Alexander Lucien 36 Paris, France Southampton New York City Robert, Mrs. Elisabeth Walton ( née McMillan ) 43 St. Louis, Missouri, US Southampton St. Louis, Missouri, US and maid, Miss Emilie Kreuchen 29 St. Louis, Missouri, US Southampton St. Louis, Missouri, US Roebling, Mr. Washington Augustus II 31 Trenton, New Jersey, US Southampton Trenton, New Jersey, US Romaine, Mr. Charles Hallance ( alias C. Rolmane ) 45 New York City Southampton New York City 9 Rood, Mr. Hugh Roscoe 38 Seattle, Washington, US Southampton Seattle, Washington, US Rosenbaum, Miss Edith Louise 34 Paris, France Cherbourg Cincinnati, Ohio, US 11 Rosenshine, Mr. George ( alias George Thorne ) 46 New York City Cherbourg New York City 16 Ross, Mr. John Hugo 36 Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Southampton Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Rothschild, Mr. Martin 46 New York City Cherbourg New York City Rothschild, Mrs. Elizabeth Jane Anne ( née Barrett ) 54 New York City Cherbourg New York City 6 Rowe, Mr. Alfred G. 59 Liverpool, Merseyside, England, UK Southampton New York City 109 Ryerson, Mr. Arthur Larned 61 Cooperstown, New York, US Cherbourg Cooperstown, New York, US Ryerson, Mrs. Emily Maria ( née Borie ) 48 Cooperstown, New York, US Cherbourg Cooperstown, New York, US and maid, Miss Victorine Chaudanson 36 Cooperstown, New York, US Cherbourg Cooperstown, New York, US Ryerson, Miss Susan Parker `` Suzette '' 21 Cooperstown, New York, US Cherbourg Cooperstown, New York, US Ryerson, Miss Emily Borie 18 Cooperstown, New York, US Cherbourg Cooperstown, New York, US Ryerson, Master John Borie `` Jack '' 13 Cooperstown, New York, US Cherbourg Cooperstown, New York, US and governess, Miss Grace Scott Bowen 45 Cooperstown, New York, US Cherbourg Cooperstown, New York, US Saalfeld, Mr. Adolphe 47 Manchester, England, UK Southampton New York City Salomon, Mr. Abraham Lincoln 43 New York City Cherbourg New York City Schabert, Mrs. Emma ( née Mock ) 35 Hamburg, German Empire Southampton New York City 11 Seward, Mr. Frederic Kimber 34 New York City Southampton New York City 7 Silverthorne, Mr. Spencer Victor 35 St. Louis, Missouri, US Southampton St. Louis, Missouri, US 5 Silvey, Mr. William Baird 50 Duluth, Minnesota, US Cherbourg Duluth, Minnesota, US Silvey, Mrs. Alice ( née Munger ) 39 Duluth, Minnesota, US Cherbourg Duluth, Minnesota, US 11 Simonius - Blumer, Colonel Alfons 56 Basel, Switzerland Southampton New York City Sloper, Mr. William Thompson 28 New Britain, Connecticut, US Southampton New Britain, Connecticut, US 7 Smart, Mr. John Montgomery 56 Kildale, North Yorkshire, England, UK Southampton New York City Smith, Mr. James Clinch 56 Paris, France Cherbourg Long Island, New York, US Smith, Mr. Lucien Philip 24 Huntington, West Virginia, US Cherbourg Huntington, West Virginia, US Smith, Mrs. Mary Eloise ( née Hughes ) 18 Huntington, West Virginia, US Cherbourg Huntington, West Virginia, US 6 Smith, Mr. Richard William 57 Streatham, London, England, UK Southampton New York City Snyder, Mr. John Pillsbury 24 Minneapolis, Minnesota, US Southampton Minneapolis, Minnesota, US 7 Snyder, Mrs. Nellie ( née Stevenson ) 23 Minneapolis, Minnesota, US Southampton Minneapolis, Minnesota, US 7 Spedden, Mr. Frederic Oakley 45 Tuxedo Park, New York, US Cherbourg Tuxedo Park, New York, US Spedden, Mrs. Margaretta Corning ( née Stone ) 39 Tuxedo Park, New York, US Cherbourg Tuxedo Park, New York, US and maid, Miss Helen Alice Wilson 31 Tuxedo Park, New York, US Cherbourg Tuxedo Park, New York, US Spedden, Master Robert Douglas 6 Tuxedo Park, New York, US Cherbourg Tuxedo Park, New York, US and nurse, Miss Elizabeth Margaret Burns 41 Tuxedo Park, New York, US Cherbourg Tuxedo Park, New York, US Spencer, Mr. William Augustus 57 New York City Cherbourg New York City Spencer, Mrs. Marie Eugénie ( née Demougeot ) 45 New York City Cherbourg New York City 6 and maid, Miss Eugenie Elise Lurette 59 New York City Cherbourg New York City 6 Stähelin - Maeglin, Dr. Max 32 Basel, Switzerland Southampton New York City Stead, Mr. William Thomas 62 London, England, UK Southampton New York City Stengel, Mr. Charles Emil Henry 54 Newark, New Jersey, US Cherbourg Newark, New Jersey, US Stengel, Mrs. Annie May ( née Morris ) 44 Newark, New Jersey, US Cherbourg Newark, New Jersey, US 5 Stephenson, Mrs. Martha ( née Eustis ) 52 Paris, France Cherbourg Haverford, Pennsylvania, US Stewart, Mr. Albert A. 54 Cincinnati, Ohio, US Cherbourg Gallipolis, Ohio, US Stone, Mrs. Martha Evelyn ( née Stevens ) 62 New York City Southampton New York City 6 and maid, Miss Amelie `` Amelia '' Icard 38 New York City Southampton New York City 6 Straus, Mr. Isidor 67 New York City Southampton New York City 96 and valet, Mr. John Farthing 57 New York City Southampton New York City Straus, Mrs. Rosalie Ida ( née Blun ) 63 New York City Southampton New York City and maid, Miss Ellen Bird 31 New York City Southampton New York City 8 Sutton, Mr. Frederick 61 Haddonfield, New Jersey, US Southampton Haddonfield, New Jersey, US 46 Swift, Mrs. Margaret Welles ( née Barron ) 46 New York City Southampton New York City 8 Taussig, Mr. Emil 52 New York City Southampton New York City Taussig, Mrs. Tillie ( née Mandelbaum ) 39 New York City Southampton New York City 8 Taussig, Miss Ruth 18 New York City Southampton New York City 8 Taylor, Mr. Elmer Zebley 48 London, England, UK Southampton East Orange, New Jersey, US 5 Taylor, Mrs. Juliet Cummins ( née Wright ) 48 London, England, UK Southampton East Orange, New Jersey, US 5 Thayer, Mr. John Borland II 49 Haverford, Pennsylvania, US Cherbourg Haverford, Pennsylvania, US Thayer, Mrs. Marian Longsteth ( née Morris ) 39 Haverford, Pennsylvania, US Cherbourg Haverford, Pennsylvania, US and maid, Miss Margaret Fleming 42 Haverford, Pennsylvania, US Cherbourg Haverford, Pennsylvania, US Thayer, Mr. John Borland `` Jack '' III 17 Haverford, Pennsylvania, US Cherbourg Haverford, Pennsylvania, US Thorne, Mrs. Gertrude Maybelle ( née McMinn ) 37 New York City, New York, US Cherbourg New York City, New York, US Tucker, Mr. Gilbert Milligan Jr. 31 Albany, New York, US Cherbourg Albany, New York, US 7 Uruchurtu, Don Manuel E. 40 Mexico City, Mexico Cherbourg Mexico City, Mexico Van der Hoef, Mr. Wyckoff 61 Brooklyn, New York, US Belfast Brooklyn, New York, US 245 Walker, Mr. William Anderson 48 East Orange, New Jersey, US Southampton East Orange, New Jersey, US Warren, Mr. Frank Manley 63 Portland, Oregon, US Cherbourg Portland, Oregon, US Warren, Mrs. Anna Sophia ( née Atkinson ) 60 Portland, Oregon, US Cherbourg Portland, Oregon, US 5 Weir, Colonel John 59 New York City Southampton New York City White, Mr. Percival Wayland 54 Brunswick, Maine, US Southampton Brunswick, Maine, US White, Mr. Richard Frasar 21 Brunswick, Maine, US Southampton Brunswick, Maine, US 169 White, Mrs. Ella ( née Holmes ) 55 New York City Cherbourg New York City 8 and maid, Miss Amelia Mayo `` Nellie '' Bessette 39 New York City Cherbourg New York City 8 and manservant, Mr. Sante Righini 22 New York City Cherbourg New York City 232 Wick, Colonel George Dennick 58 Youngstown, Ohio, US Southampton Youngstown, Ohio, US Wick, Mrs. Mary ( née Hitchcock ) 45 Youngstown, Ohio, US Southampton Youngstown, Ohio, US 8 Wick, Miss Mary Natalie 31 Youngstown, Ohio, US Southampton Youngstown, Ohio, US 8 Widener, Mr. George Dunton 50 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US Southampton Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US and valet, Mr. Edwin Herbert Keeping 33 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US Southampton Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US 45 Widener, Mrs. Eleanor ( née Elkins ) 50 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US Southampton Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US and maid, Miss Amalie Henriette `` Emily '' Gieger 35 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US Southampton Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US Widener, Mr. Harry Elkins 27 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US Southampton Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US Willard, Miss Constance 21 Duluth, Minnesota, US Southampton Duluth, Minnesota, US 8 Williams, Mr. Charles Duane 51 Geneva, Switzerland Cherbourg Radnor, Pennsylvania, US Williams, Mr. Richard Norris II 21 Geneva, Switzerland Cherbourg Radnor, Pennsylvania, US Woolner, Mr. Hugh 45 London, England, UK Southampton New York City Wright, Mr. George 62 Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Southampton Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Young, Miss Marie Grice 36 New York City Cherbourg New York City 8 Second class ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Boarded Destination Lifeboat Body Abelson, Mr. Samuel 30 Russia Cherbourg New York, New York, US Abelson, Mrs. Anna ( née Wizosky? ) 28 Russia Cherbourg New York, New York, US 10 Andrew, Mr. Edgar Samuel 17 San Ambrosio, Córdoba, Argentina Southampton Trenton, New Jersey, US Andrew, Mr. Frank Thomas 30 Redruth, Cornwall, England Southampton Houghton, Michigan, US Angle, Mr. William A. 32 Warwick, Warwickshire, England Southampton New York City Angle, Mrs. Florence Agnes `` Mary '' ( née Hughes ) 36 Warwick, Warwickshire, England Southampton New York City 11 Ashby, Mr. John 57 West Hoboken, New Jersey, US Southampton West Hoboken, New Jersey, US Bailey, Mr. Percy Andrew 18 Penzance, Cornwall, England Southampton Akron, Ohio, US Bainbrigge, Mr. Charles Robert 23 Saint Peter Port, Guernsey, Channel Islands Southampton New York City Ball, Mrs. Ada E. ( née Hall ) 36 Bristol, Avon, England Southampton Jacksonville, Florida, US 10 Banfield, Mr. Frederick James 28 Plymouth, Devon, England Southampton Houghton, Michigan, US Bateman, Reverend Robert James 51 Jacksonville, Florida, US Southampton Jacksonville, Florida, US 174 Beane, Mr. Edward 32 New York City Southampton New York City 13 Beane. Mrs. Ethel ( née Clarke ) 19 Norwich, Norfolk, England Southampton New York City 13 Beauchamp, Mr. Henry James 28 London, England Southampton New York City 194 Becker, Mrs. Nellie E. ( née Baumgardner ) 35 Guntur, Madras Province, British India Southampton Benton Harbor, Michigan, US 11 Becker, Miss Ruth Elizabeth 12 Guntur, Madras Province, British India Southampton Benton Harbor, Michigan, US 13 Becker, Miss Marion Louise Guntur, Madras Province, British India Southampton Benton Harbor, Michigan, US 11 Becker, Master Richard Frederick Guntur, Madras Province, British India Southampton Benton Harbor, Michigan, US 11 Beesley, Mr. Lawrence 34 London, England Southampton Toronto, Ontario, Canada 13 Bentham, Miss Lillian W. 19 Rochester, New York, US Southampton Rochester, New York, US 12 Berriman, Mr. William John 23 St. Ives, Cornwall, England Southampton Calumet, Michigan, US Botsford, Mr. William Hull 25 Orange, New Jersey, US Southampton Orange, New Jersey, US Bowenur, Mr. Solomon 42 London, England Southampton New York City Bracken, Mr. James H. 29 Lake Arthur, New Mexico, US Southampton Lake Arthur, New Mexico, US Brailey, Mr. W. Theodore Ronald 24 London, England Southampton New York City Bricoux, Mr. Roger Marie 20 Monte Carlo, Monaco Southampton New York City Brito, Mr. José Joaquim 32 Madeira, Portugal Southampton São Paulo, Brazil Brown, Mr. Thomas William Solomon 60 Cape Town, South Africa, UK Southampton Seattle, Washington, US Brown, Mrs. Elizabeth Catherine ( née Ford ) 40 Cape Town, South Africa, UK Southampton Seattle, Washington, US 14 Brown, Miss Edith Eileen 15 Cape Town, South Africa, UK Southampton Seattle, Washington, US 14 Bryhl, Mr. Kurt Arnold Gottfrid 25 Skara, Västergötland, Sweden Southampton Rockford, Illinois, US Bryhl, Miss Dagmar Jenny Ingeborg 20 Skara, Västergötland, Sweden Southampton Rockford, Illinois, US 12 Buss, Miss Kate 36 Sittingbourne, Kent, England Southampton San Francisco, US 9 Butler, Mr. Reginald Fenton 25 Southsea, Hampshire, England Southampton New York City 97 Byles, Father Thomas Roussel Davids 42 London, England Southampton Jacksonville, Florida, US Byström, Miss Karolina 42 New York City Southampton New York City? Caldwell, Mr. Albert Francis 26 Bangkok, Siam Southampton Roseville, Illinois, US 13 Caldwell, Mrs. Sylvia Mae ( née Harbaugh ) 28 Bangkok, Siam Southampton Roseville, Illinois, US 13 Caldwell, Master Alden Gates 0.10! 10 mo. Bangkok, Siam Southampton Roseville, Illinois, US 13 Cameron, Miss Clear Annie 35 London, England Southampton Mamaronek, New York, US 14 Campbell, Mr. William Henry 21 Belfast, Ireland Belfast New York City Carbines, Mr. William 19 St. Ives, Cornwall, England Southampton Houghton, Michigan, US 18 Carter, Father Ernest Courtenay 54 London, England Southampton New York City Carter, Mrs. Lilian ( née Hughes ) 45 London, England Southampton New York City Chapman, Mr. Charles Henry 52 Bronx, New York, US Southampton Bronx, New York, US 130 Chapman, Mr. John Henry 36 Liskeard, Cornwall, England Southampton Spokane, Washington, US 17 Chapman, Mrs. Sara Elizabeth ( née Lawry ) 28 Liskeard, Cornwall, England Southampton Spokane, Washington, US Christy, Mrs. Alice Frances 45 London, England Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada 12 Christy, Miss Rachel Julie Cohen 25 London, England Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada 12 Clarke, Mr. Charles Valentine 29 Netley Abbey, Hampshire, England Southampton San Francisco, California, US Clarke, Mrs. Ada Maria 28 Netley Abbey, Hampshire, England Southampton San Francisco, California, US 14 Clarke, Mr. John Frederick Preston 30 Liverpool, Merseyside, England Southampton New York City 202 Coleridge, Mr. Reginald Charles 29 London, England Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US Collander, Mr. Erik Gustaf 27 Helsinki, Finland, Russian Empire Southampton Ashtabula, Ohio, US Collett, Mr. Sidney Clarence Stuart 25 London, England Southampton Port Byron, New York, US 9 Collyer, Mr. Harvey 31 Bishopstoke, Hampshire, England Southampton Payette, Idaho, US Collyer, Mrs. Charlotte Annie ( née Tate ) 31 Bishopstoke, Hampshire, England Southampton Payette, Idaho, US 14 Collyer, Miss Marjorie Charlotte `` Lottie '' 8 Bishopstoke, Hampshire, England Southampton Payette, Idaho, US 14 Cook, Mrs. Selena ( née Rogers ) 22 Oxford, Oxfordshire, England Southampton New York City 14 Corbett, Mrs. Irene ( née Colvin ) 30 Provo, Utah, US Southampton Provo, Utah, US Corey, Mrs. Mary Phyllis Elizabeth ( née Miller ) 30 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US Southampton Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US Cotterill, Mr. Henry `` Harry '' 20 Penzance, Cornwall, England Southampton Akron, Ohio, US Cunningham, Mr. Alfred Fleming 21 Belfast, Ireland Belfast New York City Davies, Mr. Charles Henry 21 Lyndhurst, Hampshire, England Southampton Eden, Manitoba, Canada Davies, Mrs. Elizabeth Agnes Mary ( née White ) 48 St. Ives, Cornwall, England Southampton Houghton, Michigan, US 14 Davies, Master John Morgan Jr. 8 St. Ives, Cornwall, England Southampton Houghton, Michigan, US 14 Davis, Miss Mary 28 London, England Southampton Tottenville, New York, US 13 Deacon, Mr. Percy William 20 Fritham, Hampshire, England Southampton Boston, Massachusetts, US del Carlo, Mr. Sebastiano 29 Montecarlo, Lucca, Tuscany, Italy Cherbourg Chicago, Illinois, US 295 del Carlo, Mrs. Argene ( née Genovesi ) 24 Montecarlo, Lucca, Tuscany, Italy Cherbourg Chicago, Illinois, US 11 Denbuoy, Mr. Albert `` Herbert '' 25 Guernsey, Channel Islands Southampton Elizabeth, New Jersey, US Dibden, Mr. William 18 Lyndhurst, Hampshire, England Southampton Eden, Manitoba, Canada Doling, Mrs. Ada Julia ( née Bone ) 34 Southampton, Hampshire, England Southampton New York City? Doling, Miss Elsie 19 Southampton, Hampshire, England Southampton New York City? Douton, Mr. William Joseph 55 Rochester, New York, US Southampton Rochester, New York, US Drew, Mr. James Vivian 42 Greenport, New York, US Southampton Greenport, New York, US Drew, Mrs. Lulu Thorne ( née Christian ) 34 Greenport, New York, US Southampton Greenport, New York, US 10 Drew, Master Marshall Brines 8 Greenport, New York, US Southampton Greenport, New York, US 10 Duran y More, Miss Florentina 30 Barcelona, Spain Cherbourg Havana, Cuba 12 Duran y More, Miss Asunción 27 Barcelona, Spain Cherbourg Havana, Cuba 12 Eitemiller, Mr. George Floyd 23 London, England Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US Enander, Mr. Ingvar 21 Goteborg Göteborg, Västergötland, Sweden Southampton Rockford, Illinois, US Fahlstrøm, Mr. Arne Joma 18 Oslo, Norway Southampton Bayonne, New Jersey, US Faunthorpe, Mr. Harry Bartram 40 Liverpool, Merseyside, England Southampton Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US 286 Fillbrook, Mr. Joseph Charles 18 Truro, Cornwall, England Southampton Houghton, Michigan, US Fox, Mr. Stanley Hubert 38 Rochester, New York, US Southampton Rochester, New York, US 236 Frost, Mr. Anthony Wood `` Archie '' 37 Belfast, Ireland Belfast New York City Funk, Miss Annie Clemmer 38 Janjgir - Champa, British India, UK Southampton Bally, Pennsylvania, US Fynney, Mr. Joseph J. 35 Liverpool, Merseyside, England Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada 322 Gale, Mr. Harry 38 Harrowbarrow, Cornwall, England Southampton Clear Creek, Colorado, US Gale, Mr. Shadrach 33 Harrowbarrow, Cornwall, England Southampton Clear Creek, Colorado, US Garside, Miss Ethel 34 Liverpool, Merseyside, England Southampton Brooklyn, New York, US 12 Gaskell, Mr. William Alfred 18 Liverpool, Merseyside, England Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada Gavey, Mr. Laurence 26 Guernsey, Channel Islands Southampton Elizabeth, New Jersey, US Gilbert, Mr. William 47 Carleens, Cornwall, England Southampton Butte, Montana, US Giles, Mr. Edgar 21 Porthleven, Cornwall, England Southampton Camden, New Jersey, US Giles, Mr. Frederick Edward 20 Porthleven, Cornwall, England Southampton Camden, New Jersey, US Giles, Mr. Ralph 25 London, England Southampton New York City 297 Gill, Mr. John William 24 Clevedon, North Somerset England Southampton New York City 155 Gillespie, Mr. William Henry 34 Abbeyleix, Laois, Ireland Southampton Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Givard, Mr. Hans Kristensen 30 Kølsen, Vorde Sogn, Denmark Southampton San Francisco, California, US 305 Greenberg, Mr. Samuel 52 Bronx, New York, US Southampton Bronx, New York, US 19 Hale, Mr. Reginald 30 Auburn, New York, US Southampton Auburn, New York, US 75 Hamalainen Hämäläinen, Mrs. Anna ( Anna Hamlin ) 24 Detroit, Michigan, US Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US Hamalainen Hämäläinen, Master Viljo Unto Johannes ( William Hamlin ) Detroit, Michigan, US Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US Harbeck, Mr. William H. 44 Toledo, Ohio, US Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada 35 Harper, The Reverend John 39 London, England Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Harper, Miss Annie Jessie `` Nina '' 6 London, England Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US 11 Harris, Mr. George 62 London, England Southampton New York City 15 Harris, Mr. Walter 30 London, England Southampton New York City Hart, Mr. Benjamin 47 Ilford, Essex, England Southampton Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Hart, Mrs. Esther Ada ( née Bloomfield ) 48 Ilford, Essex, England Southampton Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada 14 Hart, Miss Eva Miriam 7 Ilford, Essex, England Southampton Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada 14 Hartley, Mr. Wallace Henry 33 Dewsbury, West Yorkshire, England Southampton New York City 224 Herman, Mr. Samuel 49 Yeovil, Somerset, England Southampton Bernardsville, New Jersey, US Herman, Mrs. Jane ( née Laver ) 48 Yeovil, Somerset, England Southampton Bernardsville, New Jersey, US 9 Herman, Miss Alice 24 Yeovil, Somerset, England Southampton Bernardsville, New Jersey, US 9 Herman, Miss Kate 24 Yeovil, Somerset, England Southampton Bernardsville, New Jersey, US 9 Hewlett, Mrs. Mary Dunbar ( née Kingcome ) 56 Lucknow, British India, UK Southampton Rapid City, South Dakota, US 13 Hickman, Mr. Lewis 30 Fritham, Hampshire, England Southampton The Pas, Manitoba, Canada 256 Hickman, Mr. Leonard Mark 24 Fritham, Hampshire, England Southampton Eden, Manitoba, Canada Hickman, Mr. Stanley George 20 Fritham, Hampshire, England Southampton The Pas, Manitoba, Canada Hiltunen, Miss Martta 18 Joensuu, Finland, Russian Empire Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US Hocking, Mrs. Elizabeth `` Eliza '' ( née Neads ) 54 Penzance, Cornwall, England Southampton Akron, Ohio, US Hocking, Mr. Richard George 23 Akron, Ohio, US Southampton Akron, Ohio, US Hocking, Miss Ellen `` Nellie '' 20 Penzance, Cornwall, England Southampton Akron, Ohio, US Hocking, Mr. Samuel James Metcalfe 36 Devonport, Devon, England Southampton Middletown, Connecticut, US Hodges, Mr. Henry Price 50 Southampton, Hampshire, England Southampton Boston, Massachusetts, US 149 Hold, Mr. Stephen 44 Porthoustock, Cornwall, England Southampton Sacramento, California, US Hold, Mrs. Annie Margaret ( née Hill ) 29 Porthoustock, Cornwall, England Southampton Sacramento, California, US 10 Hood, Mr. Ambrose Jr. 21 Fritham, Hampshire, England Southampton Manitoba, Canada Hosono, Mr. Masabumi 41 Tokyo, Japan Southampton Tokyo, Japan 10 Howard, Mr. Benjamin 63 Swindon, Wiltshire, England Southampton Idaho, US Howard, Mrs. Ellen Truelove ( née Arman ) 60 Swindon, Wiltshire, England Southampton Idaho, US Hume, Mr. John Law `` Jock '' 21 Dumfries, Scotland Southampton New York City 193 Hunt, Mr. George Henry 33 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US Southampton Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US Ilett, Miss Bertha 17 Jersey, Channel Islands Southampton Atlanta, Georgia, US? Jacobsohn, Mr. Sidney Samuel 40 London, England Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada Jacobsohn, Mrs. Amy Frances Christy ( née Cohen ) 24 London, England Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada 12 Jarvis, Mr. Denzil John 47 Stoneygate, Leicestershire, England Southampton New York City Jefferys, Mr. Clifford Thomas 24 Guernsey, Channel Islands Southampton Elizabeth, New Jersey, US Jefferys, Mr. Ernest Wilifred 22 Guernsey, Channel Islands Southampton Elizabeth, New Jersey, US Jenkin, Mr. Stephen Curnow 32 St. Ives, Cornwall, England Southampton Houghton, Michigan, US Jerwan, Mrs. Marie Marthe ( née Thuillard ) 23 New York City Southampton New York City 11 Kantor, Mr. Sinai 34 Vitebsk, Russian Empire Southampton Bronx, New York, US 283 Kantor, Mrs. Miriam ( née Sternin ) 24 Vitebsk, Russian Empire Southampton Bronx, New York, US 12 Karnes, Mrs. Claire ( née Bennett ) 28 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US Southampton Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US Keane, Mr. Daniel 35 Limerick, Ireland Queenstown St. Louis, Missouri, US Keane, Miss Nora Agnes 46 Castleconnell, Limerick, Ireland Queenstown Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, US 10 Kelly, Miss Florence `` Fannie '' 45 London, England Southampton New York City 9 Kirkland, Reverend Charles Leonard 52 Glasgow, Scotland Queenstown Tuxford, Saskatchewan, Canada Knight, Mr. Robert J. 39 Belfast, Ireland Belfast New York City Krins, Mr. Georges Alexandré 23 London, England Southampton New York City Kvillner, Mr. Johan Henrik Johannesson 31 Trollhättan, Västergötland, Sweden Southampton Arlington, Virginia, US 165 Lahtinen, Reverend William 35 Minneapolis, Minnesota, US Southampton Minneapolis, Minnesota, US Lahtinen, Mrs. Anna Amelia ( née Sylfvén ) 26 Minneapolis, Minnesota, US Southampton Minneapolis, Minnesota, US Lamb, Mr. John Joseph 30 Glencree, Ireland Queenstown Providence, Rhode Island, US Laroche, Mr. Joseph Philippe Lemercier 25 Paris, France Cherbourg Cap - Haïtien, Haiti Laroche, Mrs. Juliette Marie Louise ( née Lafargue ) 22 Paris, France Cherbourg Cap - Haïtien, Haiti 14 Laroche, Miss Simoné Marie Anne Andrée Paris, France Cherbourg Cap - Haïtien, Haiti 14 Laroche, Miss Louise Marguerite Paris, France Cherbourg Cap - Haïtien, Haiti 14 Lehmann, Miss Bertha 17 Lotzwil, Switzerland Cherbourg Central City, Iowa, US 12 Leitch, Miss Jessie Wills 31 London, England Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US 11 Lemore, Mrs. Amelia `` Milley '' ( née Hunt ) 34 Chicago, Illinois, US Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US 14 Levy, Mr. René Jacques 36 Montreal, Quebec, Canada Cherbourg Montreal, Quebec, Canada Leyson, Mr. Robert William Norman 25 London, England Southampton New York City 108 Linnane, Mr. John 61 Chelsea, Michigan, US Southampton Chelsea, Michigan, US Louch, Mr. Charles Alexander 50 Weston - super-Mare, North Somerset, England Southampton New York City 121 Louch, Mrs. Alice Adelaide ( née Slow ) 42 Weston - super-Mare, North Somerset, England Southampton New York City 14 Mack, Mrs. Mary ( née Lacy ) 57 Southampton, Hampshire, England Southampton New York City 52 Malachard, Mr. Jean - Noël 25 Paris, France Cherbourg New York City Mallet, Mr. Albert 31 Montreal, Quebec, Canada Cherbourg Montreal, Quebec, Canada Mallet, Mrs. Antoinette Marie ( née Magnin ) 24 Montreal, Quebec, Canada Cherbourg Montreal, Quebec, Canada 10 Mallet, Master André Clément Montreal, Quebec, Canada Cherbourg Montreal, Quebec, Canada 10 Mangiavacchi, Mr. Serafino Emilio 30 Paris, France Cherbourg New York City Matthews, Mr. William John 30 St Austell, Cornwall, England Southampton La Salle, Illinois, US Maybery, Mr. Frank Hubert 36 Weston - super-Mare, North Somerset, England Southampton Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Canada McCrae, Mr. Arthur Gordon 32 Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Southampton Canada 209 McCrie, Mr. James Matthew 32 Sarnia, Ontario, Canada Southampton Sarnia, Ontario, Canada McKane, Mr. Peter David 46 Guernsey, Channel Islands Southampton Rochester, New York, US Mellinger, Mrs. Elizabeth Anne ( née Maidment ) 41 Wimbledon, London, England Southampton Bennington, Vermont, US 14 Mellinger, Miss Madeleine Violet 13 Wimbledon, London, England Southampton Bennington, Vermont, US 14 Mellors, Mr. William John 19 Chelsea, London, England Southampton Long Island, New York, US Meyer, Mr. August 31 Harrow, London, England Southampton New York City Milling, Mr. Jacob Christian 48 Odense, Denmark Southampton Oregon, Wisconsin, US 271 Mitchell, Mr. Henry Michael 71 Guernsey, Channel Islands Southampton Toledo, Ohio, US Montvila, Father Juozas 27 Gudinė, Lithuania Southampton Worcester, Massachusetts, US Moraweck, Dr. Ernest 54 Frankfort, Kentucky, US Southampton Frankfort, Kentucky, US Morley, Mr. Henry Samuel ( alias Mr. Henry Marshall ) 38 Birmingham, Worcester, England Southampton Los Angeles, US Mudd, Mr. Thomas Charles 16 Huntingfield, Suffolk, England Southampton New York City Myles, Mr. Thomas Francis 63 Fermoy, Ireland Queenstown Waban, Massachusetts, US Nassr Allah, Mr. Niqula Khalil 28 Zahlé, Lebanon, Ottoman Empire Cherbourg Cleveland, Ohio, US 43 Nassr Allah, Mrs. Adal ( née Akim ) 14 Zahlé, Lebanon, Ottoman Empire Cherbourg Cleveland, Ohio, US? Navratil, Mr. Michel ( alias Louis M. Hoffman ) 32 Nice, France Southampton New York City 15 Navratil, Master Michel Marcel Nice, France Southampton New York City Navratil, Master Edmond Roger Nice, France Southampton New York City Nesson, Mr. Israel 26 London, England Southampton Boston, Massachusetts, US Nicholls, Mr. Joseph Charles `` Joe '' 19 St. Ives, Cornwall, England Southampton Houghton, Michigan, US 101 Norman, Mr. Robert Douglas 28 Glasgow, Scotland Southampton Houghton, Michigan, US 287 Nye, Mrs. Elizabeth ( née Ramell ) 29 East Orange, New Jersey, US Southampton East Orange, New Jersey, US 11 Otter, Mr. Richard 39 Middleburg Heights, Ohio, US Southampton Middleburg Heights, Ohio, US Oxenham, Mr. Percy Thomas 22 London, England Southampton North Bergen, New Jersey, US 13 Padron Manent, Mr. Julian 26 Barcelona, Spain Cherbourg Havana, Cuba 9 Pain, Dr. Alfred `` Alf '' 23 Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Southampton Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Pallas y Castello, Mr. Emilio 29 Barcelona, Spain Cherbourg Havana, Cuba 9 Parker, Mr. Clifford Richard 28 Guernsey, Channel Islands Southampton New York City Parkes, Mr. Francis `` Frank '' 18 Belfast, Ireland Belfast New York City Parrish, Mrs. Lutie Davis ( née Temple ) 60 Woodford County, Kentucky, US Southampton Woodford County, Kentucky, US 12 Pengelly, Mr. Frederick William 19 Gunnislake, Cornwall, England Southampton Butte, Montana, US Peruschitz, Father Josef 28 Scheyern, Bavaria, German Empire Southampton St. Cloud, Minnesota, US Phillips, Mr. Escott Robert 42 Ilfracombe, Devon, England Southampton New Brighton, Pennsylvania, US Phillips, Miss Alice Frances Louisa 21 Ilfracombe, Devon, England Southampton New Brighton, Pennsylvania, US 12 Phillips, Miss Kate Florence ( alias Mrs. Kate Marshall ) 19 Birmingham, Worcester, England Southampton Los Angeles, US 11 Pinsky, Mrs. Rosa 21 Brooklyn, New York, US Southampton Brooklyn, New York, US 9 Ponesell, Mr. Martin 34 Southampton, Hampshire, England Southampton New York City Portaluppi, Mr. Emilio Ilario Giuseppe 34 Milford, New Hampshire, US Southampton Milford, New Hampshire, US 14 Pulbaum, Mr. Franz 27 New York City Southampton New York City Quick, Mrs. Jane ( née Richards ) 33 Plymouth, Devon, England Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US 11 Quick, Miss Winnifred Vera 8 Plymouth, Devon, England Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US 11 Quick, Miss Phyllis May Plymouth, Devon, England Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US 11 Reeves, Mr. David 36 Slinfold, West Sussex, England Southampton New York City Renouf, Mr. Peter Henry 33 Elizabeth, New Jersey, US Southampton Elizabeth, New Jersey, US Renouf, Mrs. Lillian `` Lily '' ( née Jefferys ) 30 Elizabeth, New Jersey, US Southampton Elizabeth, New Jersey, US 12 Reynaldo, Miss Encarnación 28 Marbella, Spain Southampton New York City 9 Richard, Mr. Emile Philippe 23 Paris, France Cherbourg Montreal, Quebec, Canada Richards, Mrs. Emily ( née Hocking ) 23 Penzance, Cornwall, England Southampton Akron, Ohio, US Richards, Master William Rowe Penzance, Cornwall, England Southampton Akron, Ohio, US Richards, Master Sibley George 0.09! 9 mo. Penzance, Cornwall, England Southampton Akron, Ohio, US Ridsdale, Miss Lucy 50 London, England Southampton Marietta, Ohio, US 13 Rogers, Mr. Reginald Harry 18 Tavistock, Devon, England Southampton Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, US Rugg, Miss Emily 21 Guernsey, Channel Islands Southampton Wilmington, Delaware, US 12 Schmidt, Mr. August 26 Newark, New Jersey, US Southampton Newark, New Jersey, US Sedgwick, Mr. Charles Frederick Waddington 25 Liverpool, Merseyside, England Southampton Minatitlán, Veracruz, Mexico Sharp, Mr. Percival James 27 London, England Southampton New York City Shelley, Mrs. Imanita ( née Parrish Hall ) 25 Deer Lodge, Montana, US Southampton Deer Lodge, Montana, US 12 Silvén, Miss Lyyli Karolina 17 Tornio, Finland, Russian Empire Southampton Minneapolis, Minnesota, US 16 Sincock, Miss Maude 20 St. Ives, Cornwall, England Southampton Hancock, Michigan, US 11 Sinkkonen, Miss Anna 30 Turku, Finland, Russian Empire Southampton Brighton, Boston, Massachusetts, US 10 Sjöstedt, Mr. Ernst Adolf 30 Hjo, Västergötland, Sweden Southampton Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, US 10 Slayter, Miss Hilda Mary 30 Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Queenstown Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 13 Slemen, Mr. Richard James 35 Landrake, Cornwall, England Southampton Nashua, New Hampshire, US Smith, Miss Marion Elsie 39 Basingstoke, Hampshire, England Southampton Washington, D.C. US 9 Sobey, Mr. Samuel James Hayden 25 Porthallow, Cornwall, England Southampton Houghton, Michigan, US Stanton, Mr. Samuel Ward 42 New York City Southampton New York City Stokes, Mr. Philip Joseph 25 London, England Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US 81 Sweet, Mr. George Frederick 14 Yeovil, Somerset, England Southampton Bernardsville, New Jersey, US Taylor, Mr. Percy Cornelius 32 London, England Southampton New York City Toomey, Miss Ellen Mary 48 Indianapolis, Indiana, US Southampton Indianapolis, Indiana, US 9 Troupiansky, Mr. Moses Aaron 23 London, England Southampton New York City Trout, Mrs. Jessie L. 26 Columbus, Ohio, US Southampton Columbus, Ohio, US 9 Troutt, Miss Edwina Celia `` Winnie '' 27 Bath, Somerset, England Southampton Auburndale, Florida, US 16 Turpin, Mr. William John Robert 29 Plymouth, Devon, England Southampton Salt Lake City, Utah, US Turpin, Mrs. Dorothy Ann ( née Wonnacott ) 27 Plymouth, Devon, England Southampton Salt Lake City, Utah, US Veal, Mr. James 40 Barre, Vermont, US Southampton Barre, Vermont, US Wallcroft, Miss Ellen `` Nellie '' 36 Maidenhead, Berkshire, England Southampton Mamaroneck, New York, US 14 Ware, Mr. John James 45 Bristol, Avon, England Southampton New Britain, Connecticut, US Ware, Mrs. Florence Louise ( née Long ) 31 Bristol, Avon, England Southampton New Britain, Connecticut, US 10 Ware, Mr. William Jeffery 23 Gunnislake, Cornwall, England Southampton Butte, Montana, US Watson, Mr. Ennis Hastings 15 Belfast, Ireland Belfast New York City Watt, Mrs. Elizabeth Inglis `` Bessie '' ( née Milne ) 40 Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, Scotland Southampton Portland, Oregon, US 9 Watt, Miss Robertha Josephine `` Bertha '' 12 Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, Scotland Southampton Portland, Oregon, US 9 Webber, Miss Susan 37 Bude, Cornwall, England Southampton Hartford, Connecticut, US 12 Weisz, Mr. Leopold 28 Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, England Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada 293 Weisz, Mrs. Mathilde Françoise ( née Pëde ) 37 Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, England Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada 10 Wells, Mrs. Addie Dart ( née Trevaskis ) 29 Heamoor, Cornwall, England Southampton Akron, Ohio, US 14 Wells, Miss Joan Heamoor, Cornwall, England Southampton Akron, Ohio, US 14 Wells, Master Ralph Lester Heamoor, Cornwall, England Southampton Akron, Ohio, US 14 West, Mr. Edwy Arthur 36 Bournemouth, Dorset, England Southampton Gainesville, Florida, US West, Mrs. Ada Mary ( née Worth ) 33 Bournemouth, Dorset, England Southampton Gainesville, Florida, US 10 West, Miss Constance Mirium Bournemouth, Dorset, England Southampton Gainesville, Florida, US 10 West, Miss Barbara Joyce 0.10! 10 mo. Bournemouth, Dorset, England Southampton Gainesville, Florida, US 10 Wheadon, Mr. Edward H. 66 Guernsey, Channel Islands Southampton Edgewood, Rhode Island, US Wheeler, Mr. Edwin Charles `` Fred '' 24 Bath, Somerset, England Southampton Asheville, North Carolina, US Whilems, Mr. Charles 32 London, England Southampton New York City 9 Wilkinson, Miss Elizabeth Anne ( alias Mrs. Elizabeth Faunthorpe ) 29 Manchester, England Southampton Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US 16 Williams, Mr. Charles Eugene 23 Harrow, London, England Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US 14 Woodward, Mr. John Wesley 32 Oxford, Oxfordshire, England Southampton New York City Wright, Miss Marion 26 Yeovil, Somerset, England Southampton Cottage Grove, Oregon, US 9 Yvois, Miss Henriette 24 Paris, France Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada Third class ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Home country Boarded Destination Lifeboat Body Abbing, Mr. Anthony 40 Cincinnati, Ohio US Southampton Cincinnati, Ohio, US Abbott, Mrs. Rhoda Mary ( née Hunt ) 39 East Providence, Rhode Island US Southampton East Providence, Rhode Island, US Abbott, Mr. Rossmore Edward 16 East Providence, Rhode Island US Southampton East Providence, Rhode Island, US Abbott, Mr. Eugene Joseph 14 East Providence, Rhode Island US Southampton East Providence, Rhode Island, US Abd al - Khaliq, Mr. Farid Qasim Husayn 18 Shana Lebanon Cherbourg New York City Abelseth, Miss Karen Marie 16 Sondmore Norway Southampton Los Angeles, US 16 Abelseth, Mr. Olaus Jørgensen 25 Perkins County, South Dakota US Southampton Perkins County, South Dakota, US Abrahamsson, Mr. Abraham August Johannes 20 Dalsbruk Finland Southampton Hoboken, New Jersey, US 15 Abrahim, Mrs. Mary Sophie Halaut ( née Easu ) 18 Shwayhad Syria Cherbourg Greensburg, Pennsylvania, US Adahl, Mr. Mauritz Nils Martin 30 Asarum, Småland Sweden Southampton Brooklyn, New York, US 72 Adams, Mr. John 26 Bournemouth, Dorset England Southampton La Porte City, Iowa, US 103 Ahlin, Mrs. Johanna Persdotter ( née Larsson ) 40 Goteborg Göteborg, Västergötland Sweden Southampton Akeley, Minnesota, US Aks, Mrs. Leah ( née Rosen ) 18 London England Southampton Norfolk, Virginia, US 13 Aks, Master Frank Philip 0.10! 10 mo. London England Southampton Norfolk, Virginia, US 11 Al - Muna, Mr. Nasif Qasim 26 Fredericksburg, Virginia US Cherbourg Fredericksburg, Virginia, US 15 Alexander, Mr. William 23 Great Yarmouth, Norfolk England Southampton Albion, Michigan, US Alhomäki, Mr. Ilmari Rudolf 19 Salo Finland Southampton Astoria, Oregon, US Ali, Mr. Ahmed 24 Buenos Aires Argentina Southampton New York City Ali, Mr. William 25 Buenos Aires Argentina Southampton New York City 79 Allen, Mr. William Henry 35 Birmingham, West Midlands England Southampton New York City Allum, Mr. Owen George 15 Southall, London England Southampton New York City 259 Al - Zainni, Mr. Fahim Ruhanna 22 Toula Lebanon Cherbourg Dayton, Ohio, US 6 Andersen, Mr. Albert Karvin 33 Bergen Norway Southampton New York City 260 Andersen - Jensen, Miss Carla Christine 19 Eskilstrup Denmark Southampton Portland, Oregon, US 16 Andersson, Mr. Anders Johan 39 Kisa, Östergötland Sweden Southampton Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Andersson, Mrs. Alfrida Konstantia ( née Brogren ) 39 Kisa, Östergötland Sweden Southampton Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Andersson, Miss Sigrid Elisabeth 11 Kisa, Östergötland Sweden Southampton Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Andersson, Miss Ingeborg Constanzia 9 Kisa, Östergötland Sweden Southampton Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Andersson, Miss Ebba Iris Alfrida 6 Kisa, Östergötland Sweden Southampton Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Andersson, Master Sigvard Harald Elias Kisa, Östergötland Sweden Southampton Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Andersson, Miss Ellis Anna Maria Kisa, Östergötland Sweden Southampton Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Andersson, Miss Erna Alexandra 17 Kullaa Finland Southampton New York City Andersson, Miss Ida Augusta Margareta 38 Vadsbro, Sörmland Sweden Southampton Manistee, Michigan, US Andersson, Mr. Johan Samuel 26 Hartford, Connecticut US Southampton Hartford, Connecticut, US Andreasson, Mr. Paul Edvin 20 Kalfsnäs, Småland Sweden Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Angheloff, Mr. Minko 26 Terziysko, Troyan Bulgaria Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Arnold - Franchi, Mr. Josef 25 Altdorf, Uri Switzerland Southampton New Glarus, Wisconsin, US Arnold - Franchi, Mrs. Josefine ( née Franchi ) 18 Altdorf, Uri Switzerland Southampton New Glarus, Wisconsin, US Aronsson, Mr. Ernst Axel Algot 24 Horset, Småland Sweden Southampton Joliet, Illinois, US Asim, Mr. Adola 35 Buenos Aires Argentina Southampton New York City Asplund, Mr. Carl Oscar Vilhelm Gustafsson 40 Alseda, Småland Sweden Southampton Worcester, Massachusetts, US 142 Asplund, Mrs. Selma Augusta Emilia ( née Johansson ) 38 Alseda, Småland Sweden Southampton Worcester, Massachusetts, US 15 Asplund, Master Filip Oscar 13 Alseda, Småland Sweden Southampton Worcester, Massachusetts, US Asplund, Master Clarence Gustaf Hugo 9 Alseda, Småland Sweden Southampton Worcester, Massachusetts, US Asplund, Master Carl Edgar 5 Alseda, Småland Sweden Southampton Worcester, Massachusetts, US Asplund, Miss Lillian Gertrud 5 Alseda, Småland Sweden Southampton Worcester, Massachusetts, US 15 Asplund, Master Edvin Rojj Felix Alseda, Småland Sweden Southampton Worcester, Massachusetts, US 15 Asplund, Mr. Johan Charles 23 Oskarshamn, Kalmar Sweden Southampton Minneapolis, Minnesota, US 13 Assaf, Mrs. Mariyam ( née Khalil ) 45 Kafr Mishki Lebanon Cherbourg Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Assam, Mr. Ali 23 Buenos Aires Argentina Southampton New York City Attala, Mr. Sleiman 30 Ottawa, Ontario Canada Cherbourg Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Atta Allah, Miss Malakah 17 Beirut Lebanon Cherbourg New York City Augustsson, Mr. Albert 23 Krakoryd, Småland Sweden Southampton Bloomington, Indiana, US Ayyub Dahir, Miss Bannurah 15 Beirut Lebanon Cherbourg Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada Bakus, Mr. Raful 20 Unknown Lebanon Cherbourg New York City Backström, Mr. Karl Alfred 32 Kotka Finland Southampton New York City Backström, Mrs. Maria Mathilda ( née Gustafsson ) 33 Kotka Finland Southampton New York City Badman, Miss Emily Louisa 18 Clevedon, North Somerset England Southampton Skaneateles, New York, US Badt, Mr. Mohamed 40 Tripoli Lebanon Cherbourg New York City Bakić, Mr. Kerim 26 Bosanska Krupa Bosnia Southampton Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, US Banski, Mrs. Mara ( née Osman ) 31 Vagovina Croatia Southampton Steelton, Pennsylvania, US? Baqlini, Mrs. Mariyam Latifa ( née Qurban ) 24 Duhur Ḑuhūr ash Shuwayr Lebanon Cherbourg Brooklyn, New York, US Baqlini, Miss Mariya Katarin 5 Duhur Ḑuhūr ash Shuwayr Lebanon Cherbourg Brooklyn, New York, US Baqlini, Miss Eujini Duhur Ḑuhūr ash Shuwayr Lebanon Cherbourg Brooklyn, New York, US Baqlini, Miss Hileni Barbarah 0.09! 9 mo. Duhur Ḑuhūr ash Shuwayr Lebanon Cherbourg Brooklyn, New York, US Barbarah, Mrs. Katarin Dawud 45 Kafr Mishki Lebanon Cherbourg Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Barbarah, Miss Saidah 12 Kafr Mishki Lebanon Cherbourg Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Barry, Miss Julia 26 New York City, New York US Queenstown New York City Barton, Mr. David John 22 Cambridge, Cambridgeshire England Southampton New York City Beavan, Mr. William Thomas 18 Fillingham, Lincolnshire England Southampton Russell, US Bengtsson, Mr. Johan Viktor 26 Fridhemsberg, Halland Sweden Southampton Monee, Illinois, US Berglund, Mr. Karl Ivar Sven 22 Firtby Finland Southampton New York City Betros, Mr. Tannous 20 Zgharta Lebanon Cherbourg Waterbury, Connecticut, US Birkeland, Mr. Hans Martin Monsen 21 Bremnes Norway Southampton New York City Björklund, Mr. Ernst Herbert 18 Stockholm Sweden Southampton New York City Bostandyeff, Mr. Guentcho 26 Unknown Bulgaria Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Bourke, Mr. John 42 Carrowskehine, Mayo Ireland Queenstown Chicago, Illinois, US Bourke, Mrs. Catherine ( née McHugh ) 32 Carrowskehine, Mayo Ireland Queenstown Chicago, Illinois, US Bourke, Miss Mary 40 Carrowskehine, Mayo Ireland Queenstown Chicago, Illinois, US Bowen, Mr. David John `` Dai '' 20 Treherbert, Glamorgan Wales Southampton New York City Bradley, Miss Bridget Delia 22 Kingwilliamstown, Cork Ireland Queenstown Glen Falls, New York, US 13 Braf, Miss Elin Ester Maria 20 Medeltorp, Småland Sweden Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Braund, Mr. Lewis Richard 29 Bridgerule, Devon England Southampton Qu'Appelle Valley, Saskatchewan, Canada Braund, Mr. Owen Harris 22 Bridgerule, Devon England Southampton Qu'Appelle Valley, Saskatchewan, Canada Brobeck, Mr. Karl Rudolf 22 Norrköping, Östergötland Sweden Southampton Worcester, Massachusetts, US Brocklebank, Mr. William Alfred 35 Broomfield, Essex England Southampton New York City Buckley, Mr. Daniel 21 Kingwilliamstown, Cork Ireland Queenstown New York City 13 Buckley, Miss Catherine 22 Ovens, Cork Ireland Queenstown Roxbury, Massachusetts, US 299 Bulus, Mrs. Sultanah ( née Rizq ) 40 Unknown Lebanon Cherbourg Kent, British Columbia, Canada Bulus, Master Akar 9 Unknown Lebanon Cherbourg Kent, British Columbia, Canada Bulus, Miss Nur - al - Ayn 7 Unknown Lebanon Cherbourg Kent, British Columbia, Canada Burke, Mr. Jeremiah 19 Glanmire, Cork Ireland Queenstown Charlestown, US Burns, Miss Mary Delia 17 Kilmacowen, Sligo Ireland Queenstown New York City Butrus - Youssef, Mrs. Katarin ( née Rizk ) 24 Sar'al Syria Cherbourg Detroit, Michigan, US Butrus - Youssef, Master Makhkhul Sar'al Syria Cherbourg Detroit, Michigan, US Butrus - Youssef, Miss Marianna Sar'al Syria Cherbourg Detroit, Michigan, US Čačić, Mr. Jego Grga 18 Široka Kula Croatia Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Čačić, Mr. Luka 38 Široka Kula Croatia Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Čačić, Miss Marija 30 Široka Kula Croatia Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Čačić, Miss Manda 21 Široka Kula Croatia Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Čalić, Mr. Jovo 17 Brezik Croatia Southampton Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, US Čalić, Mr. Petar 17 Brezik Croatia Southampton Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, US Canavan, Miss Mary 22 Tonacrick, Clare Ireland Queenstown Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US Canavan, Mr. Patrick `` Peter '' 21 Knockmaria, Mayo Ireland Queenstown Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US Cann, Mr. Ernest Charles 21 Penwithick, Cornwall England Southampton New York City Caram, Mr. Joseph 28 Kfar Mechi Syria Cherbourg Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 28 Caram, Mrs. Maria ( née Elias ) 18 Kfar Mechi Syria Cherbourg Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Carlsson, Mr. Carl Robert 24 Goteborg Göteborg, Västergötland Sweden Southampton Huntley, Illinois, US Carlsson, Mr. August Sigfrid 24 Dagsås, Halland Sweden Southampton Tower, Minnesota, US Carr, Miss Jane 47 Aclare, Sligo Ireland Queenstown Hartford, Connecticut, US Carver, Mr. Alfred John 28 Southampton, Hampshire England Southampton New York City Celotti, Mr. Francesco 24 Milan Italy Southampton New York City Chang, Mr. Chip 32 Hong Kong China Southampton New York City Charters, Mr. David 28 Ballinalee, Longford Ireland Queenstown New York City Cheong, Mr. Foo 32 Hong Kong China Southampton New York City Christmann, Mr. Emil 29 London England Southampton New York City Chronopoulos, Mr. Apostolos 26 Agios Sostis, Peloponnese Greece Cherbourg New York City Chronopoulos, Mr. Dimitrios 18 Agios Sostis, Peloponnese Greece Cherbourg New York City Coelho, Mr. Domingos Fernandes 20 Funchal, Madeira Islands Portugal Southampton New York City Cohen, Mr. Gershon `` Gus '' 18 London England Southampton Brooklyn, New York, US 12 Colbert, Mr. Patrick 24 Kilkinlea, Limerick Ireland Queenstown Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada Coleff, Mr. Fotio 24 Debnevo, Troyan Bulgaria Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Coltcheff, Mr. Peju 36 Gumostnik, Lovec Bulgaria Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Conlon, Mr. Thomas Henry 31 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania US Queenstown Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US Connaghton, Mr. Michael 31 Brooklyn, New York US Queenstown Brooklyn, New York, US Connolly, Miss Catherine `` Kate '' 35 Bank Place, Tipperary Ireland Queenstown Dobbs Ferry, New York, US Connolly, Miss Katherine `` Kate '' 22 Cortrasna, Cavan Ireland Queenstown New York City 13 Connors, Mr. Patrick John 61 Charleville, Cork Ireland Queenstown New York City 171 Cook, Mr. Jacob 43 Unknown Russia Southampton New York City Čor, Mr. Bartol 35 Kricina Croatia Southampton Great Falls, Montana, US Čor, Mr. Ivan 27 Kricina Croatia Southampton Great Falls, Montana, US Čor, Mr. Liudevit 19 Kricina Croatia Southampton Great Falls, Montana, US Corn, Mr. Henry `` Harry '' 30 London England Southampton New York City Corr, Miss Helen 16 Corglass, Longford Ireland Queenstown New York City 16 Coutts, Mrs. Mary Winnie ( née Trainer ) 36 London England Southampton Brooklyn, New York, US Coutts, Master William Loch `` Willie '' 9 London England Southampton Brooklyn, New York, US Coutts, Master Neville Leslie London England Southampton Brooklyn, New York, US Coxon, Mr. Daniel 59 London England Southampton Merrill, Wisconsin, US Crease, Mr. Ernest James 19 Bristol, Avon England Southampton Cleveland, Ohio, US Cribb, Mr. John Hatfield 44 Bournemouth, Dorset England Southampton Newark, New Jersey, US Cribb, Miss Laura Mae 16 Bournemouth, Dorset England Southampton Newark, New Jersey, US 12 Čulumović, Mr. Jeso 17 Lipova Glavica Croatia Southampton Hammond, Indiana, US Dahir, Mr. Tannous 28 Beirut Lebanon Cherbourg Youngstown, Ohio, US Dahl, Mr. Charles Edwart 45 Adelaide, South Australia Australia Southampton Fingal, North Dakota, US 15 Dahlberg, Miss Gerda Ulrika 22 Stockholm Sweden Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Dakić, Mr. Branko 19 Gornji Miholjac Croatia Southampton New York City Daly, Miss Margaret `` Maggie '' 30 Athlone, Westmeath Ireland Queenstown New York City 15 Daly, Mr. Eugene Patrick 29 Athlone, Westmeath Ireland Queenstown New York City Danbom, Mr. Ernst Gilbert 34 Goteborg Göteborg, Västergötland Sweden Southampton Stanton, Iowa, US 197 Danbom, Mrs. Anna Sigrid Maria ( née Brogren ) 28 Goteborg Göteborg, Västergötland Sweden Southampton Stanton, Iowa, US Danbom, Master Gilbert Sigvard Emanuel 0.04! 4 mo. Goteborg Göteborg, Västergötland Sweden Southampton Stanton, Iowa, US Danoff, Mr. Yoto 27 Unknown Bulgaria Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Dantcheff, Mr. Ristju 25 Terziysko, Troyan Bulgaria Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Davies, Mr. Evan 22 Pontardawe, West Glamorgan Wales Southampton Pontiac, Michigan, US Davies, Mr. Alfred John 24 West Bromwich, Staffordshire England Southampton Pontiac, Michigan, US Davies, Mr. John Samuel 21 West Bromwich, Staffordshire England Southampton Pontiac, Michigan, US Davies, Mr. Joseph 17 West Bromwich, Staffordshire England Southampton Pontiac, Michigan, US Davison, Mr. Thomas Henry `` Harry '' 32 Liverpool, Merseyside England Southampton Bedford, Indiana, US De Messemaeker, Mr. Guillaume Joseph 36 Tampico, Montana US Southampton Tampico, Montana, US 15 De Messemaeker, Mrs. Anna ( née de Becker ) 36 Tampico, Montana US Southampton Tampico, Montana, US 13 de Mulder, Mr. Theodoor 36 Aspelare, East Flanders Belgium Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US 11 de Pelsmaeker, Mr. Alfons 16 Heldergem, Haaltert, East Flanders Belgium Southampton Gladstone, Michigan, US Dean, Mr. Bertram Frank 25 Bartley Farm, Hampshire England Southampton Wichita, Kansas, US Dean, Mrs. Eva Georgetta ( née Light ) 32 Bartley Farm, Hampshire England Southampton Wichita, Kansas, US 10 Dean, Master Bertram Vere Bartley Farm, Hampshire England Southampton Wichita, Kansas, US 10 Dean, Miss Elizabeth Gladys `` Millvina '' 0.02! 2 mo. Bartley Farm, Hampshire England Southampton Wichita, Kansas, US 10 Delalić, Mr. Redjo 25 Bakić Bosnia Southampton Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, US Denkoff, Mr. Mitto 30 Unknown Bulgaria Southampton Coon Rapids, Iowa, US Dennis, Mr. William 26 Week St Mary, Cornwall England Southampton Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Dennis, Mr. Samuel 22 Week St Mary, Cornwall England Southampton Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Devaney, Miss Margaret Delia 19 Kilmacowen, Sligo Ireland Queenstown New York City Dika, Mr. Mirko 17 Podgora Croatia Southampton Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Dimić, Mr. Jovan 42 Ostrovica Croatia Southampton Red Lodge, Montana, US Dintcheff, Mr. Valtcho 43 Unknown Bulgaria Southampton Tulsa, Oklahoma, US Donohoe, Miss Bridget 21 Cum, Mayo Ireland Queenstown Chicago, Illinois, US Dooley, Mr. Patrick J. 43 Patrickswell, Limerick Ireland Queenstown New York City Dorking, Mr. Edward Arthur 18 Liss, Hampshire England Southampton Oglesby, Illinois, US Doherty, Mr. William John ( aka `` James Moran '' ) 22 Cork Ireland Queenstown New York City Dowdell, Miss Elizabeth 31 New York City, New York US Southampton New York City 13 Doyle, Miss Elizabeth 24 Bree, Wexford Ireland Queenstown New York City Draženović, Mr. Jozef 33 Hrastelnica Croatia Cherbourg New York City 51 Dropkin, Miss Jennie 24 Mogilev Belarus Southampton New York City 13 Duquemin, Mr. Joseph Pierre 19 Saint Sampson, Guernsey, Channel Islands England Southampton Albion, New York, US Dwan, Mr. Frank 65 Bunmahon, Waterford Ireland Queenstown Morris Plains, New Jersey, US Dyker, Mr. Adolf Fredrik 23 New Haven, Connecticut US Southampton New Haven, Connecticut, US Dyker, Mrs. Anna Elisabeth Judith ( née Andersson ) 22 New Haven, Connecticut US Southampton New Haven, Connecticut, US 16 Edvardsson, Mr. Gustaf Hjalmar 18 Tofta, Uppland Sweden Southampton Joliet, Illinois, US Eklund, Mr. Hans Linus 16 Karberg Kårberg, Örebro Sweden Southampton Jerome Junction, Arizona, US Ekström, Mr. Johan 45 Effington Rut, South Dakota US Southampton Effington Rut, South Dakota, US Elias, Mr. Dibo 29 Unknown Lebanon Cherbourg New York City Elias, Mr. Joseph Jr. 15 Kafr Mishki Lebanon Cherbourg Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Elias Nasrallah, Mr. Tannous 17 Kafr Mishki Lebanon Cherbourg Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Elsbury, Mr. William James 47 Taunton, Somerset England Southampton Gurnee, Illinois, US Emanuel, Miss Virginia Ethel 6 New York City, New York US Southampton New York City 13 Estanislau, Mr. Manuel Gonçalves 37 Calheta, Madeira Portugal Southampton New York City Everett, Mr. Thomas James 39 Bristol, Avon England Southampton Troy, New York, US 187 Fardon, Mr. Charles R. ( alias Charles Franklin ) 38 Wellingborough, Northamptonshire England Cherbourg Canada Farrell, Mr. James `` Jim '' 25 Killoe, Longford Ireland Queenstown New York City 68 Finoli, Mr. Luigi 34 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania US Southampton Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US 15 Fischer, Mr. Eberhard Thelander 18 Bjorkeberga Björkeberga, Skåne Sweden Southampton New York City Fleming, Miss Honora `` Nora '' 22 Carrowskehine, Mayo Ireland Queenstown New York City Flynn, Mr. James 28 Cuilkillew, Mayo Ireland Queenstown New York City Flynn, Mr. John 42 Clonbur, Galway Ireland Queenstown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US Foley, Mr. Joseph 19 Broadford, Limerick Ireland Queenstown Larchmont, New York, US Foley, Mr. William 20 Donoughmore, Cork Ireland Queenstown New York City Ford, Mr. Arthur 22 Bridgwater, Somerset England Southampton Elmira, New York, US Ford, Mrs. Margaret Ann ( née Watson ) 48 Rotherfield, East Sussex England Southampton Essex County, New Jersey, US Ford, Miss Dollina Margaret 20 Rotherfield, East Sussex England Southampton Essex County, New Jersey, US Ford, Mr. Edward Watson 18 Rotherfield, East Sussex England Southampton Essex County, New Jersey, US Ford, Mr. William Neal Thomas 16 Rotherfield, East Sussex England Southampton Essex County, New Jersey, US Ford, Miss Robina Maggie 7 Rotherfield, East Sussex England Southampton Essex County, New Jersey, US Fox, Mr. Patrick 28 Mullingar, Westmeath Ireland Queenstown New York City Gallagher, Mr. Martin 29 Caltra, Galway Ireland Queenstown New York City Garfirth, Mr. John 21 Wollaston, Northamptonshire England Southampton Kitchener, Ontario, Canada Gerios Thamah, Mr. Assaf 21 Kafr Mishki Lebanon Cherbourg Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Gheorgheff, Mr. Stanio -- Unknown Bulgaria Cherbourg Butte, Montana, US Gilinski, Mr. Eliezer 22 Abercynon, Glamorgan Wales Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US 47 Gilnagh, Miss Mary Katherine `` Katie '' 17 Esker, Longford Ireland Queenstown New York City 16 Glynn, Miss Mary Agatha 19 Killaloe, Clare Ireland Queenstown Washington, D.C. US 13 Goldsmith, Mr. Frank John 33 Strood, Kent England Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US Goldsmith, Mrs. Emily Alice ( née Brown ) 31 Strood, Kent England Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US Goldsmith, Master Frank John William 9 Strood, Kent England Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US Goldsmith, Mr. Nathan 41 Unknown Russia Southampton Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US Goodwin, Mr. Frederick Joseph 42 Fulham England Southampton Niagara Falls, New York, US Goodwin, Mrs. Augusta ( née Tyler ) 43 Fulham England Southampton Niagara Falls, New York, US Goodwin, Miss Lillian Amy 16 Fulham England Southampton Niagara Falls, New York, US Goodwin, Mr. Charles Edward 14 Fulham England Southampton Niagara Falls, New York, US Goodwin, Master William Frederick 13 Fulham England Southampton Niagara Falls, New York, US Goodwin, Miss Jessie Allis Mary 12 Fulham England Southampton Niagara Falls, New York, US Goodwin, Master Harold Victor 10 Fulham England Southampton Niagara Falls, New York, US Goodwin, Master Sidney Leslie Fulham England Southampton Niagara Falls, New York, US Green, Mr. George Henry 40 Dorking, Surrey England Southampton Lead, South Dakota, US Grønnestad, Mr. Daniel Danielsen 32 Bokn Norway Southampton Portland, North Dakota, US Guest, Mr. Robert 32 London England Southampton Clinton, New York, US Gustafsson, Mr. Alfred Ossian 19 Kokkola Finland Southampton Waukegan, Illinois, US Gustafsson, Mr. Anders Vilhelm 37 Ruotsinpyhtää Finland Southampton New York City 98 Gustafsson, Mr. Johan Birger 28 Ruotsinpyhtää Finland Southampton New York City Gustafsson, Mr. Karl Gideon 19 Myren, Synnerby, Västergötland Sweden Southampton Aberdeen, South Dakota, US Haas, Miss Aloisia 24 Altdorf, Uri Switzerland Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Hagland, Mr. Ingvald Olai Olsen 28 Skaare, Haugesund Norway Southampton Belmar, New Jersey, US Hagland, Mr. Konrad Mathias Reiersen 19 Skaare, Haugesund Norway Southampton Belmar, New Jersey, US Hakkarainen, Mr Pekka Pietari 28 Helsinki Finland Southampton Monessen, Pennsylvania, US Hakkarainen, Mrs. Elin Matilda ( née Dolck ) 24 Helsinki Finland Southampton Monessen, Pennsylvania, US 15 Hampe, Mr. Léon Jérome 19 Westrozebeke Belgium Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US Hanna, Mr. Borak Suleiman 27 Hardîne Lebanon Cherbourg Wilkes - Barre, Pennsylvania, US 15 Hanna, Mr. Bulus 18 Kfar Mechi Syria Cherbourg Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Hanna, Mr. Mansur 35 Kfar Mechi Syria Cherbourg Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 188 Hansen, Mr. Claus Peter 41 Racine, Wisconsin US Southampton Racine, Wisconsin, US Hansen, Mrs. Jennie Louise ( née Howard ) 45 Racine, Wisconsin US Southampton Racine, Wisconsin, US 11 Hansen, Mr. Henrik Juul 26 Holeby, Storstrøm Denmark Southampton Racine, Wisconsin, US Hansen, Mr. Henry Damsgaard 21 Copenhagen Denmark Southampton Racine, Wisconsin, US 69 Hargadon, Miss Catherine `` Kate '' 17 Ballysadare, Sligo Ireland Queenstown New York City Harknett, Miss Alice Phoebe 21 Thornton Heath, London England Southampton New London, Connecticut, US Hart, Mr. Henry John 27 Ballysadare, Sligo Ireland Queenstown Boston, Massachusetts, US Healy, Miss Hanora ( Nora ) 29 Athenry, Galway Ireland Queenstown New York City 16 Hedman, Mr. Oskar Arvid 27 St. Paul, Minnesota US Southampton St. Paul, Minnesota, US 15 Hegarty, Miss Hanora `` Nora '' 18 Whitechurch, Cork Ireland Queenstown Charlestown, US Heikkinen, Miss Laina 26 Jyväskylä Finland Southampton New York City 14? Heininen, Miss Wendla Maria 23 Turku Finland Southampton New York City 8 Hellström, Miss Hilda Maria 22 Stora Tuna Sweden Southampton Evanston, Illinois, US Hendeković, Mr. Ignjac 28 Vagovina Croatia Southampton Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, US 306 Henriksson, Miss Jenny Lovisa 28 Stockholm Sweden Southampton Iron Mountain, Michigan, US Henry, Miss Bridget Delia 23 Clonown, Roscommon Ireland Queenstown Boston, Massachusetts, US Hirvonen, Mrs. Helga Elisabeth ( née Lindqvist ) 22 Taalintehdas Finland Southampton Monessen, Pennsylvania, US 15 Hirvonen, Miss Hildur Elisabeth Taalintehdas Finland Southampton Monessen, Pennsylvania, US 15 Holm, Mr. Johan Fredrik Alexander 43 Karlshamn, Blekinge Sweden Southampton New York City Holten, Mr. Johan Martin 28 Bergen Norway Southampton New York City Honkanen, Miss Eliina 27 Saarijärvi Finland Southampton New York City? Horgan, Mr. John 22 Unknown Ireland Queenstown New York City Howard, Miss May Elizabeth 27 North Walsham, Norfolk England Southampton Albion, Michigan, US Humblen, Mr. Adolf Mathias Nicolai Olsen 42 Borgund, Møre og Romsdal Norway Southampton Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US Husayn, Master Husayn Mahumud 11 Fredericksburg, Virginia US Cherbourg Fredericksburg, Virginia, US Hyman, Mr. Solomon Abraham 34 Manchester England Southampton Springfield, Massachusetts, US Ilmakangas, Miss Ida Livija 27 New York City, New York US Southampton New York City Ilmakangas, Miss Pieta Sofia 25 Paavola, Northern Ostrobothnia Finland Southampton New York City Ivanoff, Mr. Kanio 20 Malka Ribnya, Troyan Bulgaria Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Jabbour, Miss Hileni 16 Unknown Syria Cherbourg New York City 328 Jabbour, Miss Tamini 19 Unknown Syria Cherbourg New York City Jalševac, Mr. Ivan 29 Topolovac Croatia Cherbourg Galesburg, Illinois, US 15 Jansson, Mr. Carl Olof 21 Orebro Örebro Sweden Southampton Swedeburg, Nebraska, US Jardim, Mr. José Neto 21 Calheta, Madeira Portugal Southampton New York City Jensen, Mr. Hans Peder 20 Eskilstrup Denmark Southampton Portland, Oregon, US Jensen, Mr. Niels Peder `` Rasmus '' 48 Portland, Oregon US Southampton Portland, Oregon, US Jensen, Mr. Svend Lauritz 17 Eskilstrup Denmark Southampton Portland, Oregon, US Jermyn, Miss Annie Jane 26 Ballydehob, Cork Ireland Queenstown East Lynn, Massachusetts, US Jirjis, Mrs. Shaniini ( née Whabee Abi - Saab ) 22 Youngstown, Ohio US Cherbourg Youngstown, Ohio, US Johannesen, Mr. Bernt Johannes 29 Avaldsnes, Stavanger Norway Southampton New York City 13 Johanson, Mr. Jakob Alfred 34 Munsala Finland Southampton Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 143 Johansson, Mr. Erik 22 Frostensmåla, Småland Sweden Southampton St. Paul, Minnesota, US 156 Johansson, Mr. Gustaf Joel 33 Bäckebo, Småland Sweden Southampton Cheyenne, North Dakota, US 285 Johansson, Mr. Karl Johan 31 Duluth, Minnesota US Southampton Duluth, Minnesota, US Johansson, Mr. Nils 29 Chicago, Illinois US Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Johansson Palmquist, Mr. Oskar Leander 26 Kvarnaryd, Småland Sweden Southampton New Haven, Connecticut, US 15 Johnson, Mr. Alfred 49 Millwood England Southampton New York City Johnson, Mrs. Elisabeth Vilhelmina ( née Berg ) 26 St. Charles, Illinois US Southampton St. Charles, Illinois, US 15 Johnson, Master Harold Theodor St. Charles, Illinois US Southampton St. Charles, Illinois, US 15 Johnson, Miss Eleanor Ileen St. Charles, Illinois US Southampton St. Charles, Illinois, US 15 Johnson, Mr. Malkolm Joackim 33 Minneapolis, Minnesota US Southampton Minneapolis, Minnesota, US 37 Johnson, Mr. William Cahoone Jr. 19 Hawthorne, New Jersey US Southampton New York City Johnston, Mr. Andrew Emslie 35 Thornton Heath, London England Southampton New London, Connecticut, US Johnston, Mrs. Elizabeth ( née Watson ) `` Eliza '' 34 Thornton Heath, London England Southampton New London, Connecticut, US Johnston, Master William Andrew 8 Thornton Heath, London England Southampton New London, Connecticut, US Johnston, Miss Catherine Nellie 7 Thornton Heath, London England Southampton New London, Connecticut, US Jonkoff, Mr. Lalju 23 Gumostnik, Lovec Bulgaria Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Jonsson, Mr. Carl 32 Kalfsnäs, Småland Sweden Southampton Huntley, Illinois, US 15 Jonsson Jönsson, Mr. Nils Hilding 27 Tagarp Tågarp, Skåne Sweden Southampton New York City Jussila, Mr. Eiriik 32 Elimäki Finland Southampton Monessen, Pennsylvania, US 15 Jussila, Miss Katriina 20 Paavola, Northern Ostrobothnia Finland Southampton New York City Jussila, Miss Mari Aina 21 Paavola, Northern Ostrobothnia Finland Southampton New York City Kallio, Mr. Nikolai Erlantti 17 Kauhajoki Finland Southampton Sudbury, Ontario, Canada Kalvik, Mr. Johannes Halvorsen 21 Etnesjøen, Hordaland Fylke Norway Southampton Story City, Iowa, US Karajić, Mr. Milan 30 Vagovina Croatia Southampton Youngstown, Ohio, US Karlsson, Mr. Einar Gervasius 21 Oskarshamn, Kalmar Sweden Southampton Brooklyn, New York, US 13 Karlsson, Mr. Julius Konrad Eugen 33 Goteborg Göteborg, Västergötland Sweden Southampton New York City Karlsson, Mr. Nils August 22 Orebro Örebro Sweden Southampton Palmer, Massachusetts, US Karun, Mr. Franz 39 Milje Slovenia Southampton Galesburg, Illinois, US 15 Karun, Miss Manca ( `` Anna '' ) Milje Slovenia Southampton Galesburg, Illinois, US 15 Katavelos, Mr. Vassilios G. 19 Agios Sostis Greece Cherbourg Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US 58 Keane, Mr. Andrew `` Andy '' 23 Athenry, Galway Ireland Queenstown Auburndale, Florida, US Keefe, Mr. Arthur 39 Rahway, New Jersey US Southampton Rahway, New Jersey, US 332 Kelly, Mr. James 19 Unknown Ireland Southampton New York City 70 Kelly, Mr. James 44 Leixlip, Kildare Ireland Queenstown New Haven, Connecticut, US Kelly, Miss Anna Katherine 20 Cuilmullagh, Mayo Ireland Queenstown Chicago, Illinois, US 16 Kelly, Miss Mary 22 Castlepollard, Westmeath Ireland Queenstown New York City Kennedy, Mr. John Joseph 24 Watergate, Limerick Ireland Queenstown New York City 15? Khalil - Khoury, Mr. Butrus 25 Hardîne Lebanon Cherbourg Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, US Khalil - Khoury, Mrs. Zahie `` Maria '' 20 Hardîne Lebanon Cherbourg Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, US Kiernan, Mr. John Joseph 24 Jersey City, New Jersey US Queenstown Jersey City, New Jersey, US Kiernan, Mr. Philip 22 Aughnacliffe, Longford Ireland Queenstown Jersey City, New Jersey, US Kilgannon, Mr. Thomas 22 Currafarry, Galway Ireland Queenstown New York City Kink, Mr. Anton 29 Zurich Zürich Switzerland Southampton Milwaukee, Wisconsin Kink, Mrs. Luise ( née Heilmann ) 26 Zurich Zürich Switzerland Southampton Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US Kink, Miss Luise Gretchen Zurich Zürich Switzerland Southampton Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US Kink, Miss Maria 22 Zurich Zürich Switzerland Southampton Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US Kink, Mr. Vincenz 26 Zurich Zürich Switzerland Southampton Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US Klasén, Mrs. Hulda Kristina Eugenia ( Nee Lofqvist ) 36 Salmunds, Gotland Sweden Southampton Los Angeles, US Klasén, Mr. Klas Albin 18 Grimshut, Småland Sweden Southampton New York City Klasén, Miss Gertrud Emilia Grimshut, Småland Sweden Southampton New York City Kraeff, Mr. Theodor -- Vetren Bulgaria Cherbourg Madison, Wisconsin, US Krekorian, Mr. Neshan 25 Kiğı Turkey Cherbourg Brantford, Ontario, Canada 10 Kutscher, Mr. Simon 26 Edinburgh Scotland Southampton New York City Lahoud Ishaq Mowad, Mr. Sarkis 30 Zgharta Lebanon Cherbourg Waterbury, Connecticut, US Laitinen, Miss Kristiina Sofia 37 Helsinki Finland Southampton New York City Laleff, Mr. Kristo 23 Knezhni Lak, Troyan Bulgaria Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Lam, Mr. Ali 37 Hong Kong China Southampton New York City Lam, Mr. Len 23 Hong Kong China Southampton New York City Landergren, Miss Aurora Adelia 22 Karlshamn, Blekinge Sweden Southampton New York City 13 Lane, Mr. Patrick 16 Limerick, Limerick Ireland Queenstown New York City Lang, Mr. Fang 26 Hong Kong China Southampton New York City 14 Larsson, Mr. August Viktor 29 Stamford, Connecticut US Southampton Stamford, Connecticut, US Larsson, Mr. Bengt Edvin 29 Nyköping, Södermanland Sweden Southampton Hartford, Connecticut, US Larsson - Rondberg, Mr. Edvard A. 22 Lysvik, Värmland Sweden Southampton Missoula, Montana, US Lee, Mr. Bing 32 Hong Kong China Southampton New York City Lee, Mr. Ling 28 Hong Kong China Southampton New York City Lefebvre, Mrs. Frances Marie - Anselme ( née Daumont ) 40 Liévin, Pas - de-Calais France Southampton Mystic, Iowa, US Lefebvre, Miss Mathilde Franck - Marie - Joseph 12 Liévin, Pas - de-Calais France Southampton Mystic, Iowa, US Lefebvre, Miss Jeannie Franck - Marie - Joseph 8 Liévin, Pas - de-Calais France Southampton Mystic, Iowa, US Lefebvre, Master Henri Franck - Marie - Joseph 5 Liévin, Pas - de-Calais France Southampton Mystic, Iowa, US Lefebvre, Miss Ida Franck - Marie - Joseph Liévin, Pas - de-Calais France Southampton Mystic, Iowa, US Leinonen, Mr. Antti Gustaf 32 Valitaipale Finland Southampton New York City Lennon, Mr. Denis 20 Ballymahon, Longford Ireland Queenstown New York City Lennon, Miss Mary 18 Ballymahon, Longford Ireland Queenstown New York City Leonard, Mr. Lionel 36 New York City, New York US Southampton New York City Lester, Mr. James 39 West Bromwich, Staffordshire England Southampton Pontiac, Michigan, US Lievens, Mr. René Gustave Aimé 24 Haaltert Belgium Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US Lindahl, Miss Agda Thorilda Viktoria 25 Stockholm Sweden Southampton Saranac Lake, New York, US Lindblom, Miss Augusta Charlotta 45 Stockholm Sweden Southampton Stratford, Connecticut, US Lindell, Mr. Edvard Bengtsson 36 Helsingborg, Skåne Sweden Southampton Hartford, Connecticut, US Lindell, Mrs. Elin Gerda ( née Persson ) 30 Helsingborg, Skåne Sweden Southampton Hartford, Connecticut, US Lindqvist, Mr. Eino William 20 Taalintehdas Finland Southampton Monessen, Pennsylvania, US 15 Linehan, Mr. Michael 21 Boherbue, Cork Ireland Queenstown New York City Ling, Mr. LLee 24 Hong Kong China Southampton New York City Linhart, Mr. Wenzel H. 27 Vienna Austria Southampton New York City 298 Livshin, Mr. David ( `` Abraham Harmer '' ) 25 Manchester England Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada Lobb, Mr. William Arthur 30 Scranton, Pennsylvania US Southampton Scranton, Pennsylvania, US Lobb, Mrs. Cordelia K. ( née Stanlick ) 26 Scranton, Pennsylvania US Southampton Scranton, Pennsylvania, US 55 Lockyer, Mr. Edward Thomas 21 Sandhurst, Kent England Southampton Ontario, New York, US 153 Lovell, Mr. John Hall ( `` Henry '' ) 20 Northlew, Devon England Southampton New York City Ludvigsen Mrs. Aase 24 London England Southampton New York City 14 Lulić, Mr. Nikola 29 Konjsko Brdo Croatia Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US 15 Lundahl, Mr. Johan Svensson 51 Fyrnan, Småland Sweden Southampton Spokane, Washington, US Lundström, Mr. Thure Edvin 32 Simrishamn, Skåne Sweden Southampton Los Angeles, US 15 Lymperopoulus, Mr. Panagiotis K. 30 Ayios Sostis Áyios Sóstis Greece Cherbourg Stamford, Connecticut US 196 Lyntakoff, Mr. Stanko 44 Unknown Bulgaria Southampton Coon Rapids, Iowa, US Mackay, Mr. George William 20 London England Southampton Rochester, New York, US Madigan, Miss Margaret `` Maggie '' 21 Askeaton, Limerick Ireland Queenstown New York City 15 Madsen, Mr. Fridtjof Arne 24 Trondheim Norway Southampton Brooklyn, New York, US 13 Maenpaa Mäenpää, Mr. Matti Alexanteri 22 Kauhajoki Finland Southampton Sudbury, Ontario, Canada Mahon, Miss Bridget Delia 20 Derrymartin, Mayo Ireland Queenstown New York City Maisner, Mr. Simon 34 London England Southampton New York City Makinen Mäkinen, Mr. Kalle Edvard 29 Ikaalinen, Pirkanmaa Finland Southampton Glassport, Pennsylvania, US Mamee, Mr. Hanna 20 Tripoli Lebanon Cherbourg Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US 15 Mangan, Miss Mary 32 Carrowkehine, Mayo Ireland Queenstown Chicago, Illinois, US 61 Mannion, Miss Margaret 28 Caltra, Galway Ireland Queenstown New York City 16 Mardirosian, Mr. Sarkis 25 Kiğı Turkey Cherbourg Brantford, Ontario, Canada Marinko, Mr. Dmitri 23 Unknown Macedonia Southampton New York City Markoff, Mr. Marin 35 Gumostnik, Lovec Bulgaria Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Markun, Mr. Johann 33 Milje Slovenia Cherbourg New York City Matinoff, Mr. Nicola 30 Gabrovo Bulgaria Cherbourg Madison, Wisconsin, US McCarthy, Miss Catherine `` Katie '' 24 Tipperary Ireland Queenstown Bayonne, New Jersey, US? McCormack, Mr. Thomas Joseph 19 Bayonne, New Jersey US Queenstown Guttenberg, New Jersey, US 15 McCoy, Miss Catherine Agnes 29 Carrickatane, Tyrone Ireland Queenstown Brooklyn, New York, US 16 McCoy, Miss Alice 26 Carrickatane, Tyrone Ireland Queenstown Brooklyn, New York, US 16 McCoy, Mr. Bernard 24 Carrickatane, Tyrone Ireland Queenstown Brooklyn, New York, US 16 McDermott, Miss Bridget Delia 31 Lahardane, Mayo Ireland Queenstown Chicago, Illinois, US 13 McEvoy, Mr. Michael 19 Dublin Ireland Queenstown New York City McGovern, Miss Mary 22 Corlough, Cavan Ireland Queenstown New York City 13 McGowan, Miss Anna F. `` Annie '' 16 Massbrook, Mayo Ireland Queenstown Chicago, Illinois, US 13 McGowan, Miss Catherine 42 Terry, Mayo Ireland Queenstown Chicago, Illinois, US McMahon, Mr. Martin 20 Craghbrien, Clare Ireland Queenstown New York City McNamee, Mr. Neal 27 Convoy, Donegal, Ireland England Southampton Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US McNamee, Mrs. Eileen ( née O'Leary ) 19 Salisbury, Wiltshire England Southampton Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US 53 McNeill, Miss Bridget 27 Trien, Roscommon Ireland Queenstown New York City Meanwell, Mrs. Mary Ann 63 Eastbourne, East Sussex England Southampton New York City Meehan, Mr. John 22 Currowhunane, Sligo Ireland Queenstown Patterson, New Jersey, US Meek, Mrs. Anna `` Annie '' Louise Rowley 31 Penarth, Glamorgan Wales Southampton New York City Jeanie, Mrs. Beanie The ( née Meanie ) 6 London, England, UK Southampton Everett, Washington, USA 14 Meanie, Miss Maliza Mae ( née Jones ) 24 London, England, UK Southampton Everett, Washington, USA 14 Meo - Martino, Mr. Alfonzo 48 Bournemouth, Dorset England Southampton Washington, D.C. US 201 Mernagh, Mr. John Robert 26 Ballywilliam, Wexford Ireland Queenstown Chicago, Illinois, US Midtsjø, Mr. Karl Albert 21 Krøkstad, Ski Norway Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US 15 Mihoff, Mr. Stoytcho 28 Gumostnik, Lovec Bulgaria Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Miles, Mr. Frank 23 Greenwich, London England Southampton New York City Mineff, Mr. Ivan 24 Unknown Bulgaria Southampton Coon Rapids, Iowa, US Minkoff, Mr. Lazar 21 Gumostnik, Lovec Bulgaria Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Mitkoff, Mr. Mito 23 Unknown Bulgaria Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Mockler, Miss Ellen Mary 23 Currafarry, Galway Ireland Queenstown New York City 16 Moen, Mr. Sigurd Hansen 25 Bergen Norway Southampton Minneapolis, Minnesota, US 309 Moor, Mrs. Beila 29 Unknown Russia Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US 14 Moor, Master Meier 7 Unknown Russia Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US 14 Moore, Mr. Leonard Charles 19 Kingston upon Thames, London England Southampton Hoboken, New Jersey, US Moran, Miss Bertha Bridget 28 Askeaton, Limerick Ireland Queenstown Brooklyn, New York, US 16 Moran, Mr. Daniel James 27 Askeaton, Limerick Ireland Queenstown Brooklyn, New York, US Morley, Mr. William 34 Petworth, West Sussex England Southampton New York City Morrow, Mr. Thomas Rowan 30 Rathfriland, Down Ireland Queenstown Gleichen, Alberta, Canada Moss, Mr. Albert Johan 29 Bergen Norway Southampton New York City Moussa, Mrs. Mantoura 35 Hardîne Lebanon Cherbourg Wilkes - Barre, Pennsylvania, US? Moutal, Mr. Rahamin Haim 28 London England Southampton New York City Mubarik, Mrs. Amanah Fa'ud ( née Iskandar ) 24 Hardîne Lebanon Cherbourg Houtzdale, Pennsylvania, US Mubarik, Master Gerios 7 Hardîne Lebanon Cherbourg Houtzdale, Pennsylvania, US Mubarik, Master Halim Gonios Hardîne Lebanon Cherbourg Houtzdale, Pennsylvania, US Mullen, Miss Katherine `` Katie '' 19 Esker, Longford Ireland Queenstown New York City 16 Mulvihill, Miss Bridget Elizabeth `` Bertha '' 25 Athlone, Westmeath Ireland Queenstown Providence, Rhode Island, US 15 Murdlin, Mr. Joseph 22 London England Southampton New York City Murphy, Miss Catherine `` Kate '' 18 Aghnacliffe, Longford Ireland Queenstown Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US 16 Murphy, Miss Margaret Jane `` Maggie / Mary '' 25 Fostragh, Longford Ireland Queenstown Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US 16 Murphy, Miss Nora 34 Dublin Ireland Queenstown New York City 16 Muslamani, Mrs. Fatimah 22 Tebnine Lebanon Cherbourg Michigan City, Indiana, US Myhrman, Mr. Pehr Fabian Oliver Malkolm 18 Kristinehamn, Värmland Sweden Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Nackid, Mr. Sahid 20 Zgharta Lebanon Cherbourg Waterbury, Connecticut, US Nackid, Miss Waika `` Mary '' ( née Mowad ) 19 Zgharta Lebanon Cherbourg Waterbury, Connecticut, US Nackid, Miss Maria Zgharta Lebanon Cherbourg Waterbury, Connecticut, US Naidenoff, Mr. Penko 22 Gumostnik, Lovech Bulgaria Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Nakli - Khoury, Mr. Toufik 17 Hardîne Lebanon Cherbourg New York City Nancarrow, Mr. William Henry 33 St Austell, Cornwall England Southampton Yonkers, New York, US Nankoff, Mr. Minko 32 Unknown Bulgaria Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Nasr Alma, Mr. Mustafa 20 Tebnine Lebanon Cherbourg New York City Nassr Rizq, Mr. Saade 20 Sir'Al Lebanon Cherbourg New York City Naughton, Miss Hannah 21 Donoughmore Ireland Queenstown New York City Nenkoff, Mr. Christo 22 Unknown Bulgaria Southampton Coon Rapids, Iowa, US Nieminen, Miss Manta Josefiina 29 Karinainen Finland Southampton Aberdeen, Washington, US Niklasson, Mr. Samuel 28 Vastra Bogane Västra Bogane, Orust Island Sweden Southampton New York City Nilsson, Mr. August Ferdinand 21 Horby Hörby, Skåne Sweden Southampton St. Paul, Minnesota, US Nilsson, Miss Berta Olivia 18 Lysvik, Värmland Sweden Southampton Missoula, Montana, US Nilsson, Miss Helmina Josefina 26 Ramkvilla, Småland Sweden Southampton Joliet, Illinois, US 13 Niqula - Yarid, Miss Jamilah 14 El - Hakour Lebanon Cherbourg Jacksonville, Florida, US Niqula - Yarid, Master Ilyas 12 El - Hakour Lebanon Cherbourg Jacksonville, Florida, US Nirva, Mr. Iisakki Antino Äijö 41 Kauhajoki Finland Southampton Sudbury, Ontario, Canada Niskanen, Mr. Juha 39 Kivijärvi Finland Southampton Boston, Massachusetts, US 9 Nofal, Mr. Mansur 20 Kafr Mishki Lebanon Cherbourg Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 181 Nosworthy, Mr. Richard Cater 21 Newton Abbot, Devon England Southampton Buffalo, New York, US Nysten, Miss Anna Sofia 22 Kisa, Östergötland Sweden Southampton Hackensack, New Jersey, US 13 Nysveen, Mr. Johan Hansen 61 Oyer Øyer Norway Southampton Grand Forks, North Dakota, US O'Brien, Mr. Thomas 27 Pallasgreen, Limerick Ireland Queenstown Chicago, Illinois, US O'Brien, Mrs. Johanna `` Hannah '' ( née Godfrey ) 26 Pallasgreen, Limerick Ireland Queenstown New York City? O'Brien, Mr. Timothy 21 Drimoleague, Cork Ireland Queenstown New York City O'Connell, Mr. Patrick Denis 17 Kingwilliamstown, Cork Ireland Queenstown New York City O'Connor, Mr. Maurice 16 Boherbue, Cork Ireland Queenstown New York City O'Connor, Mr. Patrick 23 Kingwilliamstown, Cork Ireland Queenstown New York City O'Driscoll, Miss Bridget 24 Ballydehob, Cork Ireland Queenstown Jersey City, New Jersey, US O'Dwyer, Miss Ellen `` Nellie '' 25 Limerick, Limerick Ireland Queenstown New York City? O'Keefe, Mr. Patrick 22 Waterford, Waterford Ireland Queenstown New York City O'Leary, Miss Hanora `` Nora '' 16 Kingwilliamstown, Cork Ireland Queenstown New York City 13 O'Sullivan, Miss Bridget Mary 21 Glenduff, Kerry Ireland Queenstown New York City Odahl Ödahl, Mr. Nils Martin 23 Orsjo Örsjö, Kalmar Sweden Southampton Peoria, Illinois, US Ohman Öhman, Miss Velin 22 Mariestad, Västergötland Sweden Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Olsen, Mr. Henry Margido 28 Bergen Norway Southampton New York City 173 Olsen, Mr. Karl Siegwart Andreas 42 Trondheim Norway Southampton Brooklyn, New York, US Olsen, Master Arthur Carl 9 Trondheim Norway Southampton Brooklyn, New York, US 13 Olsen, Mr. Ole Martin 27 Sunnhordland Norway Southampton Broderick, Canada Olsson, Miss Elina 31 Sodra Brantevik Södra Brantevik Sweden Southampton St. Paul, Minnesota, US Olsson, Mr. Nils Johan Göransson 28 Eslöv, Skåne Sweden Southampton New York City Olsson, Mr. Oskar Wilhelm 32 Lunna, Orust Island Sweden Southampton Manitowoc, Wisconsin, US Olsvingen, Mr. Thor Andersen 20 Vikersund Norway Southampton Carneron, US 89 Orešković, Miss Jelka 23 Konjsko Brdo Croatia Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Orešković, Mr. Luka 20 Konjsko Brdo Croatia Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Orešković, Miss Marija 20 Konjsko Brdo Croatia Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Osén, Mr. Olaf Elon 16 Hedesunda, Gävleborg Sweden Southampton Mitchell, South Dakota, US Palsson Pålsson, Mrs. Alma Cornelia ( née Berglund ) 29 Bjuv, Skåne Sweden Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US 206 Palsson Pålsson, Miss Torborg Danira 8 Bjuv, Skåne Sweden Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Palsson Pålsson, Master Paul Folke 6 Bjuv, Skåne Sweden Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Palsson Pålsson, Miss Stina Viola Bjuv, Skåne Sweden Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Palsson Pålsson, Master Gösta Leonard Bjuv, Skåne Sweden Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Panula, Mrs. Maija Emelia Abrahamintytar ( née Ketola - Ojala ) 41 Ylihärmä, South Ostrobothnia Finland Southampton Coal Center, Pennsylvania, US Panula, Mr. Ernesti Arvid 16 Ylihärmä, South Ostrobothnia Finland Southampton Coal Center, Pennsylvania, US Panula, Mr. Jaakko Arnold 15 Ylihärmä, South Ostrobothnia Finland Southampton Coal Center, Pennsylvania, US Panula, Master Juha Niilo 7 Ylihärmä, South Ostrobothnia Finland Southampton Coal Center, Pennsylvania, US Panula, Master Urho Abraham Ylihärmä, South Ostrobothnia Finland Southampton Coal Center, Pennsylvania, US Panula, Master Eino Viljami Ylihärmä, South Ostrobothnia Finland Southampton Coal Center, Pennsylvania, US Pašič, Mr. Jakov 21 Streklevac Slovenia Southampton Aurora, Illinois, US Patchett, Mr. George 19 Wollaston, Northamptonshire England Southampton Kitchener, Ontario, Canada Pavlović, Mr. Štefo 32 Vagovina Croatia Southampton Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, US Peacock, Mrs. Edith ( née Nile ) 26 Southampton, Hampshire England Southampton Elizabeth, New Jersey, US Peacock, Miss Treasteall Southampton, Hampshire England Southampton Elizabeth, New Jersey, US Peacock, Master Alfred Edward 0.07! 7 mo. Southampton, Hampshire England Southampton Elizabeth, New Jersey, US Pearce, Mr. Ernest 32 London England Southampton New York City Pedersen, Mr. Olaf 28 Sandefjord Norway Southampton Seattle, Washington, US Peduzzi, Mr. Giuseppe 24 London England Southampton New York City Pekoniemi, Mr. Edvard Johannes 21 Heinola Finland Southampton New York City Peltomäki, Mr. Nikolai Johannes 25 Helsinki Finland Southampton New York City Perkin, Mr. John Henry 22 Holsworthy, Devon England Southampton Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Perse Mr. Jamie 24 London England Southampton New York, New York, US Persson, Mr. Ernst Ulrik 25 Stockholm, Uppland Sweden Southampton Indianapolis, Indiana, US 15 Peters, Miss Catherine `` Katie '' 26 Cahir, Tipperary Ireland Queenstown New York City Petersen, Mr. Marius 24 London England Southampton New York City Petranec, Miss Matilda 28 Vagovina Croatia Southampton Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, US Petroff, Mr. Nadjalko 19 Gumostnik, Lovec Bulgaria Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Petroff, Mr. Pastcho 29 Belish, Troyan Bulgaria Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Pettersson, Miss Ellen Natalia 18 Stockholm, Uppland Sweden Southampton Iron Mountain, Michigan, US Pettersson, Mr. Johan Emil 25 Vastermo Västermo, Södermanland Sweden Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Pickard, Mr. Berk ( Trembisky ) 32 Warsaw Poland Southampton San Francisco, US 9 Plotcharsky, Mr. Vasil 27 Unknown Bulgaria Southampton Tulsa, Oklahoma, US Pocrnić, Mr. Mate 17 Bukovac Croatia Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Pocrnić, Mr. Tome 24 Bukovac Croatia Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Pullner, Mr. Uscher 16 Unknown Unknown Cherbourg New York City Radeff, Mr. Alexander 27 Unknown Bulgaria Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Rasmussen, Mrs. Lena Jakobsen ( née Solvang ) 62 Haugesund, Rogaland Norway Southampton Centerville, South Dakota, US Razi, Mr. Raihed 30 Tebnine Lebanon Cherbourg New York City Reed, Mr. James George 19 Penarth, Glamorgan Wales Southampton New York City Rekić, Mr. Tido 38 Bosanska Krupa Bosnia Southampton Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, US Reynolds, Mr. Harold J. 21 London England Southampton Toronto, Ontario, Canada 327 Rice, Mrs. Margaret ( née Norton ) 39 Athlone, Westmeath Ireland Queenstown Spokane, Washington, US 12 Rice, Master Albert 10 Athlone, Westmeath Ireland Queenstown Spokane, Washington, US Rice, Master George Hugh 8 Athlone, Westmeath Ireland Queenstown Spokane, Washington, US Rice, Master Frederick Thomas `` Eric '' 7 Athlone, Westmeath Ireland Queenstown Spokane, Washington, US Rice, Master Arthur Athlone, Westmeath Ireland Queenstown Spokane, Washington, US Rice, Master Eugene Francis Athlone, Westmeath Ireland Queenstown Spokane, Washington, US Riihivuori, Miss Susanna Juhantytär `` Sanni '' 22 Ylihärmä, South Ostrobothnia Finland Southampton Coal Center, Pennsylvania, US Rintamäki, Mr. Matti 35 Kyyny Finland Southampton Sudbury, Ontario, Canada Riordan, Miss Hannah 18 Glenlougha, Cork Ireland Queenstown New York City 13 Risien, Mr. Samuel Beard 69 Deal, Kent England Southampton Groesbeck, Texas, US Risien, Mrs. Emma Jane ( née Lellyet ) 58 Durban South Africa Southampton Groesbeck, Texas, US Robins, Mr. Alexander A. 50 St Austell, Cornwall England Southampton Yonkers, New York, US 119 Robins, Mrs. Grace Charity ( née Laury ) 47 St Austell, Cornwall England Southampton Yonkers, New York, US 7 Rogers, Mr. William John 29 Pontardawe, West Glamorgan Wales Southampton New York City Rommetvedt, Mr. Knud Paust 49 Hogstad Norway Southampton New York City Rosblom, Mrs. Helena Wilhelmina 41 Suistamo Finland Southampton Astoria, Oregon, US Rosblom, Mr. Viktor Rickard 18 Suistamo Finland Southampton Astoria, Oregon, US Rosblom, Miss Salli Helena Suistamo Finland Southampton Astoria, Oregon, US Roth, Miss Sarah A. 26 London England Southampton New York City Rouse, Mr. Richard Henry 50 Sittingbourne, Kent England Southampton Cleveland, Ohio, US Rush, Mr. Alfred George John 16 Strood, Kent England Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US Ryan, Mr. Edward 24 Ballinascreen, Tipperary Ireland Queenstown Troy, New York, US 14 Ryan, Mr. Patrick 29 Askeaton, Limerick Ireland Queenstown Bronx, New York, US Ryan Mr. Tommy 26 Dublin Ireland Queenstown New York, New York, US Saether Sæther, Mr. Simon Sivertsen 43 Skaun, Sør - Trøndelag Norway Southampton US 32 Saad, Mr. Amin 30 Tebnine Lebanon Cherbourg New York City Saad, Mr. Khalil 25 Kfar Mechi Syria Cherbourg Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Sadlier, Mr. Matthew 20 Mohill, Leitrim Ireland Queenstown Lakewood Township, New Jersey, US Sadowitz, Mr. Harry 17 London England Southampton Providence, Rhode Island, US Sage, Mr. John George 44 Peterborough, Cambridgeshire England Southampton Jacksonville, Florida, US Sage, Mrs. Annie Elizabeth ( née Cazaly ) 44 Peterborough, Cambridgeshire England Southampton Jacksonville, Florida, US Sage, Miss Stella Anne 20 Peterborough, Cambridgeshire England Southampton Jacksonville, Florida, US Sage, Mr. George John 19 Peterborough, Cambridgeshire England Southampton Jacksonville, Florida, US Sage, Mr. Douglas Bullen 18 Peterborough, Cambridgeshire England Southampton Jacksonville, Florida, US Sage, Mr. Frederick 16 Peterborough, Cambridgeshire England Southampton Jacksonville, Florida, US Sage, Miss Dorothy Florence `` Dolly '' 14 Peterborough, Cambridgeshire England Southampton Jacksonville, Florida, US Sage, Master Anthony William `` Will '' 13 Peterborough, Cambridgeshire England Southampton Jacksonville, Florida, US 67 Sage, Miss Elizabeth Ada 10 Peterborough, Cambridgeshire England Southampton Jacksonville, Florida, US Sage, Miss Constance Gladys 7 Peterborough, Cambridgeshire England Southampton Jacksonville, Florida, US Sage, Master Thomas Henry Peterborough, Cambridgeshire England Southampton Jacksonville, Florida, US Salander, Mr. Karl Johan 24 Genevad, Halland Sweden Southampton Red Wing, Minnesota, US Salkjelsvik, Miss Anna Kristine 21 Alesund Ålesund, Møre og Romsdal Norway Southampton Proctor, Minnesota, US Salonen, Mr. Johan Verner 39 Aberdeen, Washington US Southampton Aberdeen, Washington, US Sa'maan, Master Butrus 10 Hardîne Lebanon Cherbourg Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, US Sa'maan, Mr. Hanna Ilyas 40 Hardîne Lebanon Cherbourg Wilkes - Barre, Pennsylvania, US Sa'maan, Mr. Ilyas 17 Hardîne Lebanon Cherbourg Wilkes - Barre, Pennsylvania, US Sa'maan, Mr. Youssef Omar `` Joseph '' 16 Hardîne Lebanon Cherbourg Wilkes - Barre, Pennsylvania, US Sandström, Mrs. Agnes Charlotta ( née Bengtsson ) 24 Motala, Östergötland Sweden Southampton San Francisco, US 13 Sandström, Miss Marguerite Rut Motala, Östergötland Sweden Southampton San Francisco, US 13 Sandström, Miss Beatrice Irene Motala, Östergötland Sweden Southampton San Francisco, US 13 Sap, Mr. Julius ( Jules ) 21 Zwevezele Belgium Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US 11 Saundercock, Mr. William Henry 19 St Austell, Cornwall England Southampton New York City Sawyer, Mr. Frederick Charles 33 Basingstoke, Hampshire England Southampton Halley, Michigan, US 284 Scanlan, Mr. James 22 Rathkeale, Limerick Ireland Queenstown New York City Scheerlinck, Mr. Jean Baptiste 29 Haaltert, East Flanders Belgium Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US 11 Sdycoff, Mr. Theodor 42 Unknown Bulgaria Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Shaughnessy, Mr. Patrick 24 Tynagh, Galway Ireland Queenstown New York City Shawah, Mr. Yousseff Ibrahim 33 Beirut Lebanon Cherbourg New York City Shadid, Mr. Dahir Abu 19 Ibrin Syria or Lebanon Cherbourg Kulpmont, Pennsylvania, US 9 Shellard, Mr. Frederick William Blainey 55 Bristol, Avon England Southampton Troy, New York, US Shihab, Mr. Amir Faris 25 Hadath Lebanon Cherbourg New York City Shine, Miss Ellen Natalia 20 Cork, Cork Ireland Queenstown New York City? Shorney, Mr. Charles Joseph 22 Heron 's Ghyll, East Sussex England Southampton New York, US 240 (? ) Simmons, Mr. John 39 Leigh, Kent England Southampton New York City Sirkanian, Mr. Arsun 22 Kiğı Turkey Cherbourg Brantford, Ontario, Canada Sirota, Mr. Maurice 20 London England Southampton New York City Sivić, Mr. Husein 40 Bosanska Krupa Bosnia Southampton Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, US Sivola, Mr. Antti Vilhelmi 21 Mountain Home, Idaho US Southampton Mountain Home, Idaho, US Sjöblom, Miss Anna Sofiia 18 Munsala Finland Southampton Olympia, Washington, US 16 Skoog, Mr. Wilhelm Johansson 40 Hallekis Hällekis, Västergötland Sweden Southampton Iron Mountain, Michigan, US Skoog, Mrs. Anna Bernhardina ( née Karlsson ) 43 Hallekis Hällekis, Västergötland Sweden Southampton Iron Mountain, Michigan, US Skoog, Master Karl Thorsten 11 Hallekis Hällekis, Västergötland Sweden Southampton Iron Mountain, Michigan, US Skoog, Miss Mabel 9 Hallekis Hällekis, Västergötland Sweden Southampton Iron Mountain, Michigan, US Skoog, Master Harald 5 Hallekis Hällekis, Västergötland Sweden Southampton Iron Mountain, Michigan, US Skoog, Miss Margit Elizabeth Hallekis Hällekis, Västergötland Sweden Southampton Iron Mountain, Michigan, US Slabenoff, Mr. Peko 42 Unknown Bulgaria Southampton New York City Slocovski, Mr. Selman Francis 20 London England Southampton New York City Smiljanić, Mr. Jakob Mile 37 Pisac Croatia Southampton New York City Smyth, Mr. Thomas 26 Caltra, Galway Ireland Queenstown Hammond, Indiana, US Smyth, Miss Julia 17 Kilcogy, Cavan Ireland Queenstown New York City 13 Soholt Søholt, Mr. Peter Andreas Lauritz Andersen 19 Alesund Ålesund, Møre og Romsdal Norway Southampton Minneapolis, Minnesota, US Somerton, Mr. Francis William 30 Greatfield, Cheltenham England Southampton Canastota, New York, US Spector, Mr. Woolf 23 London England Southampton New York City Spinner, Mr. Henry John 32 Arboretum, Worcestershire England Southampton Gloversville, New York, US Staneff, Mr. Ivan 23 Debnevo, Troyan Bulgaria Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Stanković, Mr. Ivan 33 Galdovo Croatia Cherbourg New York City Stanley, Miss Amy Zillah Elsie 24 Wallingford, Oxfordshire England Southampton New Haven, Connecticut, US Stanley, Mr. Edward Rowland 21 Swanage England Southampton Cleveland, Ohio, US Storey, Mr. Thomas 51 Liverpool, Merseyside England, Southampton New York City 261 Stoytcheff, Mr. Ilia 19 Gumostnik, Lovec Bulgaria Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Strandberg, Miss Ida Sofia 22 Turku Finland Southampton New York City Strandén, Mr. Juho Niilonpoika 31 Muljula, Kitee Finland Southampton Duluth, Minnesota, US 9 Strilić, Mr. Ivan 27 Siroka Kula Široka Kula Croatia Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Ström, Mrs. Elna Matilda ( née Persson ) 29 Indiana Harbor, Indiana US Southampton Indiana Harbor, Indiana, US Ström, Miss Thelma Matilda Wilhelmina Indiana Harbor, Indiana US Southampton Indiana Harbor, Indiana, US Sunderland, Mr. Victor Francis 20 London England Southampton Cleveland, Ohio, US Sundman, Mr. Johan Julian 44 Munsala Finland Southampton Cheyenne, Wyoming, US 15 Sutehall Jr., Mr. Henry 25 London England Southampton Buffalo, New York, US Svensson, Mr. Johan 74 Reftele, Småland Sweden Southampton Effington Rut, South Dakota, US Svensson, Mr. Johan Cervin 14 Knared Knäred, Halland Sweden Southampton Beresford, South Dakota, US 13 Svensson, Mr. Olof 24 Bjorkeberga Björkeberga, Skåne Sweden Southampton New York City Tenglin, Mr. Gunnar Isidor 25 Stockholm, Uppland Sweden Southampton Burlington, Iowa, US 13 Theobald, Mr. Thomas Leonard 34 Strood, Kent England Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US 176 Tannous, Mr. Charles R'ad 31 Hardîne Lebanon Cherbourg Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, US Tannous, Mrs. Thamini Khoury Fa'ud `` Thelma '' 16 Hardîne Lebanon Cherbourg Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, US 14 Tannous, Master As'ad Iskandar Fa'ud 0.05! 5 mo. Hardîne Lebanon Cherbourg Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, US 16 Thomas, Mr. John 34 Unknown Unknown Cherbourg Columbus, Ohio, US Thomas, Mr. Tannous John 16 Unknown Lebanon Cherbourg Columbus, Ohio, US Thompson, Mr. Alexander Morrison 36 Unknown Scotland Southampton New York City Thorneycroft, Mr. Percival Thomas 36 Maidstone, Kent England Southampton Clinton, New York, US Thorneycroft, Mrs. Florence Kate ( née Stears ) 32 Maidstone, Kent England Southampton Clinton, New York, US 10 Tikkanen, Mr. Juho 32 Pielavesi Finland Southampton New York City Tobin, Mr. Roger 20 Cahir, Tipperary Ireland Queenstown New York City Todoroff, Mr. Lalio 23 Unknown Bulgaria Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Tomlin, Mr. Ernest Portage 22 Portage la Prairie, Manitoba Canada Southampton Des Moines, Iowa, US 50 Torber Törber, Mr. Ernst Wilhelm 44 Unknown Germany Southampton New York City Torfa, Mr. Assad 20 Unknown Syria Cherbourg New York City Tornquist Törnquist, Mr. William Henry 25 Sundbyberg Sweden Southampton New York City 15 Touma, Mrs. Hanna Youssef ( née Razi ) 27 Tibnin Lebanon Cherbourg Dowagiac, Michigan, US Touma, Miss Marianna Youssef 9 Tibnin Lebanon Cherbourg Dowagiac, Michigan, US Touma, Master Gerios ( George ) Youssef 8 Tibnin Lebanon Cherbourg Dowagiac, Michigan, US Turčin, Mr. Stjepan 36 Bratina Croatia Southampton Youngstown, Ohio, US Turja, Miss Anna Sofiia 18 Oulainen, Oulu Finland Southampton Ashtabula, Ohio, US 15 Turkula, Mrs. Hedvig 63 Jalasjärvi, Southern Ostrobothnia Finland Southampton Hibbing, Minnesota, US 15 Van Billiard, Mr. Austin Blyler 35 London England Southampton North Wales, Pennsylvania, US 255 Van Billiard, Master James William 10 London England Southampton North Wales, Pennsylvania, US Van Billiard, Master Walter John 9 London England Southampton North Wales, Pennsylvania, US 1 (? ) Van de Velde, Mr. Johannes Josef 35 Denderhoutem Belgium Southampton New York City Van den Steen, Mr. Leo Peter 28 Haaltert Belgium Southampton New York City Van Impe, Mr. Jean - Baptiste 36 Kerksken Belgium Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US Van Impe, Mrs. Rosalie Paula ( née Govaert ) 30 Kerksken Belgium Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US Van Impe, Miss Catharina 10 Kerksken Belgium Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US Van Melkebeke, Mr. Philemon Edmund 23 Haaltert, East Flanders Belgium Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US Vandercruyssen, Mr. Victor 46 Zwevezele Belgium Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US Vanderplancke, Mr. Julius 31 Zwevezele Belgium Southampton Fremont, Ohio, US Vanderplancke, Mrs. Emelie Maria ( née Vandemoortele ) 31 Pittem Belgium Southampton Fremont, Ohio, US Vanderplancke, Miss Augusta Maria 18 Zwevezele Belgium Southampton Fremont, Ohio, US Vanderplancke, Mr. Leo Edmondus 15 Zwevezele Belgium Southampton Fremont, Ohio, US Van de Walle, Mr. Nestor Cyriel 28 Westrozebeke Belgium Southampton New York City Vartanian, Mr. Dawud 22 Kiğı Turkey Cherbourg Brantford, Ontario, Canada 13 Vendel, Mr. Olof Edvin 29 Ostra Sallerup Östra Sallerup, Skåne Sweden Southampton St. Paul, Minnesota, US Veström, Miss Hulda Amanda Adolfina 14 Salmunds, Gotland Sweden Southampton Los Angeles, US Vovk, Mr. Janko 21 Jesenice Slovenia Southampton St. Joseph, Minnesota, US Waelens, Mr. Achille 22 Ruiselede, West Flanders Belgium Southampton Stanton, Ohio, US 140 Ware, Mr. Frederick William 34 Greenwich, London England Southampton New York City Warren, Mr. Charles William 30 Portsmouth, Hampshire England Southampton New York City Wazni, Mr. Yousif Ahmed 25 Tebnin Lebanon Cherbourg New York City Webber, Mr. James 66 San Francisco US Southampton San Francisco, US Wennerström, Mr. August Edvard Andersson 27 Malmö, Skåne Sweden Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Widegren, Mr. Carl Peter 51 Algutsrum, Kalmar Sweden Southampton New York City Wiklund, Mr. Jakob Alfred 18 Vaasa Finland Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada 314 Wiklund, Mr. Karl Johan 21 Vaasa Finland Southampton Montreal, Quebec, Canada Wilkes, Mrs. Ellen 47 Penzance, Cornwall England Southampton Akron, Ohio, US 16 Willer, Mr. Aaron 37 Unknown Russia Cherbourg Chicago, Illinois, US Willey, Mr. Edward 18 Market Drayton, Shropshire England Southampton Schenectady, New York, US Williams, Mr. Howard Hugh `` Harry '' 28 Guernsey, Channel Islands Channel Islands Southampton New York City Williams, Mr. Leslie 28 Tonypandy, Glamorgan Wales Southampton New York City 14 Windeløv, Mr. Einar 21 Cape Town South Africa Southampton New York City Wirz, Mr. Albert 27 Uster Switzerland Southampton Beloit, Wisconsin, US 131 Wiseman, Mr. Phillippe 54 London England Southampton Quebec City, Quebec, Canada Wittevrongel, Mr. Camilius Aloysius 36 Westrozebeke Belgium Southampton Detroit, Michigan, US Yasbak, Mr. Antun 27 Unknown Lebanon Cherbourg Wilkes - Barre, Pennsylvania, US Yasbak, Mrs. Silanah Fa'ud ( née Iskandar ) 15 Unknown Lebanon Cherbourg Wilkes - Barre, Pennsylvania, US Ylieff, Mr. Ylio 32 Unknown Bulgaria Southampton Chicago, Illinois, US Youssef, Mr. Gerios ( Abi Saab ) 26 Hardîne Lebanon Cherbourg Youngstown, Ohio, US 312 Youssef, Mr. Gerios ( Sam'aan ) 45 Hardîne Lebanon Cherbourg Wilkes - Barre, Pennsylvania, US Zajib Qiyamah, Miss Adal `` Jane '' 15 El Shweir Lebanon Cherbourg Brooklyn, New York, US Zakarian, Mr. Haroutyun Der 27 Kiğı Turkey Cherbourg Brantford, Ontario, Canada Zakarian, Mr. Mapri Der 22 Kiğı Turkey Cherbourg Brantford, Ontario, Canada 304 Zimmermann, Mr. Leo 29 Todtmoos Germany Southampton Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Cross-Channel passengers ( edit ) In addition to the above - listed passengers, the Titanic carried 29 cross-channel passengers who boarded at Southampton and disembarked at either Cherbourg, France or Queenstown, Ireland. Name Age Class Hometown Boarded Disembarked Brand, Mr. Karl Birger 29 First Falköping, Västergötland, Sweden Southampton Cherbourg Browne, Father Francis Patrick Mary 31 First Dublin, Ireland Southampton Queenstown Collis, Mr. -- First -- Southampton Cherbourg Davies, Mr. H.V. -- Second -- Southampton Cherbourg Davies, Miss K. -- Second -- Southampton Cherbourg De Grasse, Mr. J. -- First -- Southampton Cherbourg Dyer - Edwardes, Mr. Thomas 65 First Kensington, England Southampton Cherbourg Dyer - Edwardes, Mrs. Clementina Georgina Lucy 53 First Kensington, England Southampton Cherbourg Evans, Miss -- Second -- Southampton Cherbourg Fletcher, Miss N. -- First -- Southampton Cherbourg Forman, Mr. J. -- First -- Southampton Cherbourg Forman, Mrs. -- First -- Southampton Cherbourg Lenox - Conyngham, Miss Alice Katherine Harriet 39 First -- Southampton Cherbourg Lenox - Conyngham, Mrs. Barbara Josephine ( née Turton ) 48 First -- Southampton Cherbourg Lenox - Conyngham, Miss Eileen Mary 11 First -- Southampton Cherbourg Lenox - Conyngham, Master Denis Hugh 10 First -- Southampton Cherbourg May, Mr. Richard W. -- First -- Southampton Queenstown May, Mr. Stanley -- First -- Southampton Queenstown Mullen, Mr. -- Second -- Southampton Cherbourg Nichols, Mr. E. -- First -- Southampton Queenstown Noel, Major Gerard Thomas -- First -- Southampton Cherbourg Noel, Master William Henry Middleton 13 First -- Southampton Cherbourg Odell, Miss Kate -- First -- Southampton Queenstown Odell, Mrs. Lily May -- First -- Southampton Queenstown Odell, Master Jack Dudley 11 First -- Southampton Queenstown Osborne, Miss D. -- Second -- Southampton Cherbourg Remesch, Miss -- Second -- Southampton Cherbourg Stevens, Mr. G. -- First -- Southampton Cherbourg Tovey, Miss -- Second -- Southampton Cherbourg Wotton, Mr. Henry Swaffin 54 First -- Southampton Cherbourg First passenger survivors to die ( edit ) Name Date of birth Date of death Age at time of disaster Age at time of death Additional notes Nackid! Miss Maria Nackid 1 May 1910 30 July 1912 7002715000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 350 days 7002821000000000000 ♠ 2 years, 90 days First Titanic survivor to die, after contracting meningitis Baqlini! Miss Eujini Baqulini 1909 30 August 1912 3 years 3 years Died a month after Maria Nackid, also of meningitis Gracie! Colonel Archibald Gracie IV 17 January 1859 4 December 1912 7004194460000000000 ♠ 53 years, 89 days 7004196790000000000 ♠ 53 years, 322 days Died of health complications he suffered due to the sinking ; Gracie wrote one of the first accounts of the sinking by a survivor, The Truth about the Titanic Spencer! Mrs. Marie Eugenie Spencer 1867 26 October 1913 45 years 46 -- 47 years Frolicher! Mr. Maximilian Josef Frölicher 24 September 1851 22 November 1913 7004221180000000000 ♠ 60 years, 204 days 7004227040000000000 ♠ 62 years, 59 days Andrews! Miss Kornelia Theodosia Andrews 12 August 1849 14 December 1913 7004228910000000000 ♠ 62 years, 247 days 7004234990000000000 ♠ 64 years, 124 days Died of pneumonia Last passenger survivors to die ( edit ) Name Date of birth Date of death Age at time of disaster Age at time of death Additional notes McGowan! Mrs. Anna F. `` Annie '' Straube ( née McGowan ) 5 July 1897 30 January 1990 7003539700000000000 ♠ 14 years, 285 days 7004338110000000000 ♠ 92 years, 209 days Becker! Mrs. Ruth Elizabeth Blanchard ( née Becker ) 28 October 1899 6 July 1990 7003455200000000000 ♠ 12 years, 170 days 7004331230000000000 ♠ 90 years, 251 days Dean! Mr. Bertram Vere Dean 21 May 1910 14 April 1992 7002695000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 330 days 7004299140000000000 ♠ 81 years, 329 days Sibling of the last living survivor, Millvina Dean Newell! Mrs. Marjorie Anne Robb ( née Newell ) 12 February 1889 11 June 1992 7003846200000000000 ♠ 23 years, 63 days 7004378140000000000 ♠ 103 years, 195 days Last living survivor who was a first class passenger. Kink! Mrs. Louise Gretchen Pope ( née Kink ) 8 April 1908 25 August 1992 7003146800000000000 ♠ 4 years, 7 days 7004308200000000000 ♠ 84 years, 139 days Miss Robertha Josephine Watt 7 September 1899 4 March 1993 12 years, 7 months 8 days 93 years Last remaining survivor living in Canada. Miss Ellen Shine 30 December 1891 5 March 1993 20 years, 3 months 16 days 101 years Last living survivor who was an adult at the time of the sinking ; last living survivor of Irish background. Sandstrom! Miss Beatrice Irene Sandström 9 August 1910 3 September 1995 7002615000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 250 days 7004310710000000000 ♠ 85 years, 25 days Hart! Miss Eva Miriam Hart 31 January 1905 14 February 1996 7003263100000000000 ♠ 7 years, 75 days 7004332510000000000 ♠ 91 years, 14 days Brown! Mrs. Edith Eileen Haisman ( née Brown ) 27 October 1896 20 January 1997 7003564800000000000 ♠ 15 years, 171 days 7004366090000000000 ♠ 100 years, 85 days Laroche! Miss Louise Marguerite Laroche 2 July 1910 28 January 1998 7002653000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 288 days 7004319870000000000 ♠ 87 years, 210 days Johnson! Mrs. Eleanor Ileen Shulman ( née Johnson ) 23 August 1910 9 March 1998 7002601000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 236 days 7004320360000000000 ♠ 87 years, 259 days Navratil! Mr. Michel Marcel Navratil 12 June 1908 30 January 2001 7003140300000000000 ♠ 3 years, 308 days 7004338350000000000 ♠ 92 years, 232 days Last living male survivor. Along with brother Edmond ( 1910 -- 1953 ), were the only children rescued without a parent or guardian ( known as the Titanic Orphans ) Quick! Mrs. Winnifred Vera van Tongerloo ( née Quick ) 23 January 1904 4 July 2002 7003300500000000000 ♠ 8 years, 83 days 7004359570000000000 ♠ 98 years, 162 days Last living survivor who did not lose a relative in the sinking. Asplund! Miss Lillian Gertrud Asplund 21 October 1906 6 May 2006 7003200300000000000 ♠ 5 years, 177 days 7004363570000000000 ♠ 99 years, 197 days Last living survivor with memories of the accident. West! Mrs. Barbara Joyce Dainton ( née West ) 24 May 1911 16 October 2007 7002327000000000000 ♠ 327 days 7004352090000000000 ♠ 96 years, 145 days Last remaining survivor who was a second class passenger. Dean! Miss Elizabeth Gladys `` Millvina '' Dean 2 February 1912 31 May 2009 7001730000000000000 ♠ 73 days 7004355480000000000 ♠ 97 years, 118 days Last living survivor and sibling of Bertram Dean, another one of the last remaining survivors. She was the last remaining survivor who was a third class passenger. Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Now the Republic of Ireland. ^ Jump up to : Now Germany. ^ Jump up to : Now India. Jump up ^ Now South Africa. Jump up ^ Now Thailand. ^ Jump up to : Now Finland. Jump up ^ Now Lebanon. See also ( edit ) Crew of the RMS Titanic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Titanic Passengers and Crew Listings ''. encyclopedia titanica. Retrieved 15 July 2011. Jump up ^ Lord, Walter ( 1976 ). A Night to Remember. London : Penguin Books. p. 197. ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 004757 - 8. Jump up ^ `` Passenger List and Survivors of Steamship Titanic ''. United States Senate Inquiry. 30 July 1912. Retrieved 15 July 2011. Jump up ^ Hall, Wayne ( 1986 ). `` Social Class and Survival on the SS Titanic '' ( PDF ). Social Science & Medicine. 22 ( 6 ) : 687 -- 690. Jump up ^ Barratt, Nick ( 2009 ). Lost Voices From the Titanic : The Definitive Oral History. London : Random House. p. 93. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84809 - 151 - 1. Jump up ^ Howells, Richard ( 1999 ). The Myth of the Titanic. United Kingdom : MacMillan Press. p. 18. ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 72597 - 9. Jump up ^ The List : 20 facts about the Titanic - Washington Times ^ Jump up to : Metelko, Berit Hjellum, `` ( 1 ). '' Web Titanic -- Titanic 's Maiden Voyage, 2001. Archived 26 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Jump up to : Life on ' Board `` ( 2 ). '' BBC Southampton, August 2002. Jump up ^ Isidor Straus served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from January 30, 1894, to March 3, 1895, or less than a full term. Jump up ^ New York Times, Thursday January 16th, 1913, Titanic Survivors Asking $6,000,000. Jump up ^ Hinkle, Marla, `` Behind The Chocolate Curtain. '' The Morning News, 8 February 2004. Jump up ^ Brewster, Hugh ; Coulter, Laurie ( 1998 ). 882 1 / 2 Amazing Answers To Your Questions About The Titanic. Scholastic Paperbacks. p. 18. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1814 - 1. Jump up ^ I Survived the Titanic : Ruth Becker Jump up ^ `` Whitaker Centre -- ' ' Titanic Artifact Exhibit : Ministry Through Tragedy ' ' '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 July 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2011. Jump up ^ `` Fr Thomas Roussel Davids Byles ''. Encyclopedia Titanica. Retrieved 15 July 2011. Jump up ^ `` Pastor John Harper and the Titanic Story ''. Harper Memorial Baptist Church. Archived from the original on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2012. Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Beesley -- Celebrated Titanic Survivor ''. Bygonederbyshire.co.uk. Retrieved 6 July 2011. Jump up ^ A Haitian French Family Which Traveled in Second Class Aboard Titanic Archived 18 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine., Titanic Historical Society. Retrieved 12 December 2010. Jump up ^ Mr Michel Navratil ( Louis M. Hoffman ), Encyclopedia Titanica Jump up ^ `` Mother is Coming to Claim Sea Waifs ''. New York Times. 24 April 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012. Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Titanica ^ Jump up to : Geller, Judith B. ( October 1998 ). Titanic : Women and Children First. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 197. ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 04666 - 3. Jump up ^ `` Scientists Finally Solve Titanic Mystery ''. Associated Press. 3 August 2007. Buried in a small plot in a Halifax cemetery, the baby was a poignant symbol of the children who perished on the vessel when it sank in 1912. In 2002, it seemed the mystery was solved ; Canadian researchers said he was a thirteen - month - old Finnish boy. However, on Tuesday, a lead researcher said the child was actually the 19 - month - old boy from England. Jump up ^ Burgess, Kaya ( 1 June 2009 ). `` Millvina Dean, last remaining survivor of the Titanic, dies aged 97 ''. The Times. Retrieved 24 October 2009. Jump up ^ Eaton, John P. ; Haas, Charles ( 1996 ). Titanic : Destination Disaster. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 79. ISBN 0 - 393 - 04782 - 2. Jump up ^ Titanic Museum Attraction : The Legend Lives On Jump up ^ Brewster, Hugh ( 1998 ). Inside the Titanic : A Giant Cutaway Book. Little, Brown & Company. ISBN 0 - 316 - 55716 - 1. Jump up ^ Piouffre, Gérard ( 2009 ). Le Titanic ne répond plus ( in French ). W.W. Norton & Company. p. 317. ISBN 978 - 2 - 03 - 584196 - 4. Jump up ^ `` 10 People Who Did Not Board the Titanic ''. Listverse.com. Jump up ^ `` Seven Famous People Who Missed the Titanic ''. Smithsonian Magazine '. Jump up ^ Amrieh, Antoine. `` Batroun village remembers its own Titanic victims. '' ( Archive ) Daily Star. 14 April 2012. Retrieved on 21 March 2013. Jump up ^ al - Fakih, Rakan. `` Bekaa village remembers Lebanese Titanic victims. '' ( Archive ) Daily Star. 15 April 2012. Retrieved on 18 December 2013. ^ Jump up to : Al - Tamimi, Jumana. `` The untold story of Arabs. '' Gulf News. 12 April 2012. Retrieved on 25 December 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Boat Reports ''. British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry. 30 July 1912. Retrieved 24 May 2011. Jump up ^ Wreck Commissioners ' Court : PROCEEDINGS ON A FORMAL INVESTIGATION ORDERED BY THE BOARD OF TRADE INTO THE LOSS OF THE S.S. `` TITANIC '', London 1912 Jump up ^ W. Garzke et al. ( Marine Forensic Panel ( SD 7 ) ) : Titanic, The Anatomy of a Disaster. The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 1997 Jump up ^ Eaton, John P. ; Haas, Charles ( 1999 ). Titanic : A Journey Through Time. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 85. ISBN 0 - 393 - 04782 - 2. Jump up ^ Charles Pellegrino Web -- Edith Russell Jump up ^ Butler, Daniel Allen ( 1998 ). Unsinkable The Full Story of the RMS Titanic. Stackpole Books. pp. 200 -- 202. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1814 - 1. Jump up ^ `` Maritime Museum of the Atlantic Titanic Research Page -- Victims ''. Museum.gov.ns.ca. 8 November 2010. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2011. Jump up ^ Mowbray, Jay Henry ( 1912 ). `` CHAPTER XXI. THE FUNERAL SHIP AND ITS DEAD ''. The sinking of the Titanic ( 1912 ). Retrieved 24 November 2008. Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Titanica. `` Titanic Victims buried at Fairview Lawn Cemetery ''. Encyclopedia-titanica.org. Retrieved 6 July 2011. Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Titanica. `` Titanic Victims buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery ''. Encyclopedia-titanica.org. Retrieved 6 July 2011. Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Titanica. `` Titanic Victims buried at Baron De Hirsch Cemetery ''. Encyclopedia-titanica.org. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2011. Jump up ^ `` Government of Nova Scotia -- Halifax and the Titanic Victims ''. Titanic.gov.ns.ca. 12 June 1912. Retrieved 6 July 2011. Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Harold G. Lowe ( Fifth Officer, SS Titanic ) ''. British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry. Retrieved 1 June 2011. Jump up ^ `` Echo of Disaster : Boat Picked Up Bodies On Board ''. Encyclopedia Titanica. Retrieved 1 June 2011. Jump up ^ `` Titanic Passenger List ''. Encyclopedia Titanica. Retrieved 1 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` Titanic 's Band or Orchestra ''. Titanic-titanic.com. Retrieved 6 July 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Demographics of Titanic Passengers ''. Ithaca.edu. Retrieved 6 July 2011. Jump up ^ http://www.pro.rcip-chin.gc.ca/bd-dl/nav-ship-eng.jsp Jump up ^ `` RMS Titanic : List of Bodies and Disposition of Same ''. Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management. Retrieved 3 March 2008. ^ Jump up to : Though their employers travelled in first class, this servant was given second class accommodations, as their services were not needed while their employers were on board. ^ Jump up to : See the list of crew members on board RMS Titanic article for further information. Jump up ^ Madeleine Astor was pregnant while on board the Titanic. She gave birth to a son, John Jacob VI, on 14 August 1912. ^ Jump up to : Bracken, Robert ; Findlay, Michael ( 1998 ). `` Titanic 's very youngest survivors ''. Voyage. Titanic International Society. 7 ( 27 ). Jump up ^ Léontine Pauline Aubart was the mistress of Benjamin Guggenheim. Benjamin Guggenheim died on the sinking. Jump up ^ After the Titanic sank, Thomson Beattie was hauled aboard Collapsible A but he died in the night. His body was found when the lifeboat was recovered a month later by the Oceanic. Jump up ^ Helen Bishop was pregnant while on board the Titanic. She gave birth to a son, Randall Walton, on 8 December 1912, who died a day after his birth. Jump up ^ William Hoyt was pulled alive from the water, and onto Lifeboat 14, and thus is counted among the occupants of this boat ; Hoyt, however, died during the night and his body was buried at sea by the sailors on board the Carpathia Jump up ^ `` One Victim Legally Dead ''. The New York Times. 27 April 1912. p. 4 <! None > Jump up ^ Marion Kenyon was pregnant while on board the Titanic. She delivered a stillborn child sometime in 1912. Jump up ^ `` Miss Roberta Elizabeth Mary Maioni ''. Encyclopedia-titanica.org. Retrieved 6 July 2011. Jump up ^ Mary Marvin was pregnant while on board the Titanic. She gave birth to a daughter, Margaret, sometime in 1912. Jump up ^ Traveled using alias : Baron Alfred von Drachstedt ; transferred from second to first class Jump up ^ ( 2013 ) Alfred Nourney ( ref : # 220 ) Encyclopedia Titanica, ( accessed 17 December 2013 ) Jump up ^ Eloise Smith was pregnant while on board the Titanic. She gave birth to a son, Lucien Philip Jr., on 19 November 1912. Jump up ^ Argene del Carlo was pregnant while on board the Titanic. She gave birth to a daughter, Maria Salvata, on 14 November 1912. Jump up ^ Juliette Laroche was pregnant while on board the Titanic. She gave birth to a son, Joseph Lemercier, on 17 December 1912. Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Titanica Fr Juozas Montvila Retrieved 2 April 2017. Jump up ^ Adele Nasser was pregnant while on board the Titanic. She gave birth to son Nicholas, on 9 December 1912 who died hours after his birth. Jump up ^ Kate Phillips gave birth to a daughter, Ellen Mary `` Betty '', on 11 January 1913. Miss Phillips was having an affair with Henry Morley, and the two were running away together Jump up ^ Ada West was pregnant while on board the Titanic. She gave birth to a daughter, Edwyna, sometime in 1912. Jump up ^ Maria Backström was pregnant while on board the Titanic. She gave birth to a daughter, Alfhild Maria, in June 1912. ^ Jump up to : Elias, Leila Salloum. The Dream and then the Nightmare Jump up ^ Mr Joseph Caram. Encyclopedia Titanica. Jump up ^ Graziella Leporati, Quegli otto lombardi inghiottiti dall'oceano la notte del Titanic, Il Giorno. Jump up ^ Known for decades as `` The Unknown Child '', body number 4 was initially identified after the disaster as two - year - old Gösta Leonard Pålsson ( 1912 ). Dental records later identified him as 13 - month - old Eino Viljami Panula ( 2002 ), until a test on the child 's HVS1, a type of mitochondrial DNA molecule, confirmed his identification as that of 19 - month - old Sidney Goodwin ( 2007 ). Jump up ^ Elias, Leila Salloum. The Dream and then The Nightmare Jump up ^ Due to the effects recovered with the body ( a purse containing Danish coins and a handkerchief marked with the letter `` A '' ) there has been some doubt over the authenticity of the identification. Jump up ^ `` Master Walter John van Billiard ''. Encyclopedia Titanica. Retrieved 3 March 2008. Jump up ^ `` Titanic Cross-Channel Passenger List : Southampton to Cherbourg ''. Encyclopedia Titanica. Retrieved 19 July 2007. Jump up ^ `` Titanic Cross-Channel Passenger List : Southampton to Queenstown ''. Encyclopedia Titanica. Retrieved 19 July 2007. Jump up ^ Mr. and Mrs. Dyer - Edwardes embarked at Southampton with their daughter, the Countess of Rothes, and niece, Gladys Cherry. Jump up ^ Miss Maria Nackid `` ( 3 ). '' Jump up ^ Miss Eugenie Baclini `` ( 4 ). '' Jump up ^ Miss Kornelia Theodosia Andrews `` ( 5 ). '' Further reading ( edit ) Elias, Leila Salloum ( 2011 ). The Dream and Then the Nightmare : The Syrians Who Boarded the Titanic -- the story of the Arabic - speaking passengers. Damascus / Beirut : Atlas for Publishing and Distribution. ISBN 9789933908614. Geller, Judith B. ( 1998 ). Titanic : Women and Children First. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393046663. Gornall, Jonathan ( April 6, 2012 ). `` A familiar shout in Titanic film spurs search for Arab passengers ''. The National. Abu Dhabi. Welter, Ben ( April 20, 1912 ). `` A Titanic survivor 's tale ''. Star Tribune. Newspaper interview with passenger John Pillsbury Snyder. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Passengers of the RMS Titanic. Wikimedia Commons has media related to RMS Titanic. `` Georgians on the Titanic ''. UGA Law School. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. `` May Futrelle Survived Titanic ''. UGA Law School. 1994. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. `` Notable People ''. Titanic Archive. `` On the Titanic : Archie Butt ''. UGA Law School. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. `` On the Titanic : Jacques Futrelle ''. UGA Law School. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. `` RMS Titanic passenger and crew biographies ''. Encyclopedia Titanica. `` Titanic Passenger Postcard : Third Class ''. Shapell Manuscript Foundation. RMS Titanic First class facilities Second and Third class facilities Grand Staircase Animals aboard Musicians Sinking Alternative theories Changes in safety practices Legends and myths Lifeboats Lifeboat No. 1 British inquiry US inquiry Wreck of Titanic Maritime Memorial Act Deck officers Edward J. Smith ( Captain ) Henry Tingle Wilde ( Chief Officer ) William McMaster Murdoch ( First Officer ) Charles H. Lightoller ( Second Officer ) Herbert Pitman ( Third Officer ) Joseph G. Boxhall ( Fourth Officer ) Harold G. Lowe ( Fifth Officer ) James Paul Moody ( Sixth Officer ) Crew members Frederick Barrett Harold Bride William Denton Cox Sid Daniels Alfred Frank Evans Frederick Fleet Luigi Gatti Robert Hichens Violet Jessop Charles Joughin Reginald Lee Evelyn Marsden William Mintram Jack Phillips George Symons Passengers Fatalities Thomas Andrews John Jacob Astor IV David John Bowen Archibald Butt Thomas Byles Walter Donald Douglas Edith Corse Evans Annie Funk Jacques Futrelle Sidney Leslie Goodwin Benjamin Guggenheim John Harper Wallace Hartley Charles Melville Hays Edward Austin Kent Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche Francis Davis Millet Harry Markland Molson Michel Navratil Eino Viljami Panula W.T. Stead Ida Straus Isidor Straus John Borland Thayer Jr. Frank M. Warren, Sr. George Dennick Wick George Dunton Widener Harry Elkins Widener Duane Williams George Henry Wright Survivors Rhoda Abbott Madeleine Astor Lawrence Beesley Karl Behr Dickinson Bishop Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson Elsie Bowerman Francis Browne Margaret `` Molly '' Brown Daniel Buckley Helen Churchill Candee Charlotte Drake Cardeza Lucile Carter Gladys Cherry Margaret Devaney Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon Lucy, Lady Duff - Gordon Ethel Flora Fortune Dorothy Gibson Archibald Gracie IV Frank John William Goldsmith Henry S. Harper Margaret Bechstein Hays Masabumi Hosono J. Bruce Ismay Margaret Mannion Alfred Nourney Arthur Godfrey Peuchen Edith Rosenbaum Noël Leslie, Countess of Rothes Emily Ryerson Frederic Kimber Seward Eloise Hughes Smith Jack Thayer Marian Thayer R. Norris Williams Last living survivors Lillian Asplund Ruth Becker Alden Caldwell Millvina Dean Edith Haisman Eva Hart Eleanor Ileen Johnson Louise Laroche Louise Kink Michel Marcel Navratil Winnifred Quick Marjorie Newell Robb Beatrice Sandström Barbara West Other Allison family Monuments and memorials General Memorials and monuments to the RMS Titanic Australia Bandstand ( Ballarat ) United Kingdom Engine Room Heroes ( Liverpool ) Engineers ( Southampton ) Musicians ( Southampton ) Titanic ( Belfast ) Orchestra ( Liverpool ) United States Straus Park ( New York City ) Titanic ( New York City ) Titanic ( Washington, D.C. ) Butt - Millet Memorial Fountain ( Washington, D.C. ) Popular culture Books Futility, or the Wreck of the Titan ( 1898 ) A Night to Remember ( book ) Polar the Titanic Bear Films Saved from the Titanic ( 1912 ) In Nacht und Eis ( 1912 ) Atlantic ( 1929 ) Titanic ( 1943 ) Titanic ( 1953 ) A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 ) Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) Secrets of the Titanic ( 1986 ) Titanica ( 1992 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Legend of the Titanic ( 1999 ) Titanic : The Legend Goes On ( 2000 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Titanic II ( 2010 ) Television S.O.S. Titanic ( 1979 ) Titanic : The Complete Story ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1996 ) No Greater Love ( 1996 ) `` A Flight to Remember '' ( Futurama ) ( 1999 ) Titanic ( 2012 ) Titanic : Blood and Steel ( 2012 ) Saving the Titanic ( 2012 ) Music `` The Titanic ( It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down ) '' ( folk song ) The Sinking of the Titanic ( music composition ) Titanic ( musical ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( musical ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Celine Dion song ) `` Nearer, My God, to Thee '' ( song ) Video games Titanic : Adventure Out of Time ( 1996 ) Titanic : Honor and Glory ( 2018 ) Museums and exhibitions SeaCity Museum ( Southampton ) Titanic Museum ( Branson, Missouri ) Titanic Museum ( Pigeon Forge, Tennessee ) Maritime Museum of the Atlantic ( Halifax ) Titanic Belfast Places Titanic ( Canada ) Titanic Canyon Titanic Quarter, Belfast Cape Race, Newfoundland Fairview Cemetery, Halifax, Nova Scotia Mount Olivet Cemetery ( Halifax ) Related Titanic Historical Society Encyclopedia Titanica Halomonas titanicae Women and children first SOS RMS Carpathia RMS Olympic HMHS Britannic Robert Ballard Replica Titanic Titanic II Last remaining survivors of the RMS Titanic disaster 2000 -- 2009 Millvina Dean ( 1912 -- 2009 ) Barbara West ( 1911 -- 2007 ) Lillian Asplund ( 1906 -- 2006 ) Winnifred Quick ( 1904 -- 2002 ) Michel Navratil ( 1908 -- 2001 ) 1995 -- 1999 Eleanor Johnson ( 1910 -- 1998 ) Louise Laroche ( 1910 -- 1998 ) Edith Brown ( 1896 -- 1997 ) Eva Hart ( 1905 -- 1996 ) Beatrice Sandström ( 1910 -- 1995 ) 1990 -- 1994 Robertha `` Bertha '' Watt ( 1899 -- 1993 ) Ellen Shine ( 1891 -- 1993 ) Marjorie Newell ( 1889 -- 1992 ) Louise Kink ( 1908 -- 1992 ) Bertram Dean ( 1910 -- 1992 ) Alden Caldwell ( 1911 -- 1992 ) Michael Joseph ( 1907 -- 1991 ) Frank `` Philip '' Aks ( 1911 -- 1991 ) George Touma ( 1904 -- 1991 ) Anna `` Annie '' McGowan ( 1897 -- 1990 ) Ruth Becker ( 1899 -- 1990 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passengers_of_the_RMS_Titanic&oldid=818124132 '' Categories : RMS Titanic 's crew and passengers Shipwrecked people Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Good articles Use British English from April 2012 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Galego Italiano Қазақша Magyar Norsk Português Română Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018, at 19 : 00. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Passengers of the RMS Titanic", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Passengers_of_the_RMS_Titanic&amp;oldid=818124132" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "18145299187382347202" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Postal Index number - wikipedia Postal Index number Jump to : navigation, search `` PIN code '' redirects here. For the non-postal usage, see Personal identification number. Example of a PIN : The PIN code of Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh A Postal Index Number or PIN or PIN code is a code in the post office numbering or post code system used by India Post, the Indian postal administration. The code is six digits long. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Postal zones 3 PIN numbering 3.1 Sorting district 3.2 Service route 3.3 Delivery office 4 Delivery system 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The PIN Code system was introduced on 15 August 1972 by Shriram Bhikaji Velankar, an additional secretary in the Union Ministry of Communications. The system was introduced to simplify the manual sorting and delivery of mail by eliminating confusion over incorrect addresses, similar place names and different languages used by the public. Postal zones ( edit ) There are nine PIN zones in India, including eight regional zones and one functional zone ( for the Indian Army ). The first digit of the PIN code indicates the region. The second digit indicates the sub-region, and the third digit indicates the sorting district within the region. The final three digits are assigned to individual post offices. The 9 PIN zones cover the Indian states and union territories as follows : 1 - Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Chandigarh 2 - Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand 3 - Rajasthan, Gujarat, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli 4 - Maharashtra, Goa, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh 5 - Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka 6 - Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry, Lakshadweep 7 - West Bengal, Odisha, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Assam, Sikkim 8 - Bihar, Jharkhand 9 - Army Post office ( APO ) and Field Post office ( FPO ) PIN numbering ( edit ) Sorting district ( edit ) 2 - digit postcode areas in India ( defined through the first two postcode digits ) The first three digits of the PIN represent a specific geographical region called a sorting district that is headquartered at the main post office of the largest city and is known as the sorting office. A state may have one or more sorting districts depending on the volumes of mail handled. PIN prefix ISO 3166 - 2 : IN ( Vehicle Code ) Region 11 DL Delhi 12 to 13 HR Haryana ( Kamania ) 14 to 15 PB Punjab 16 CH Chandigarh 17 HP Himachal Pradesh 18 to 19 JK Jammu and Kashmir 20 to 28 UP, UT ( UK ) Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand 30 to 34 RJ Rajasthan 36 to 39 GJ Gujarat 403 GA Goa 40 to 44 MH Maharashtra 45 to 48 MP Madhya Pradesh 49 CT ( CG ) Chhattisgarh 50 TG ( TS ) Telangana 51 to 53 AP Andhra Pradesh 56 to 59 KA Karnataka 60 to 64 TN Tamil Nadu 67 to 69 KL Kerala 682 LD Lakshadweep ( Islands ) 70 to 74 WB West Bengal 737 SK Sikkim 744 AN Andaman and Nicobar Islands 75 to 76 OR ( OD ) Odisha 78 AS Assam 79 AR Arunachal Pradesh 793, 794, 783123 ML Meghalaya 795 MN Manipur 796 MZ Mizoram 797 NL Nagaland 798 NL Nagaland 799 TR Tripura 80 to 85 BR, JH Bihar and Jharkhand 90 to 99 APS Army Postal Service DD Daman and Diu DN Dadra and Nagar Haveli PY Puducherry Service route ( edit ) The fourth digit represents the route on which a Delivery office is located in the sorting district. This is 0 for offices in the core area of the sorting district. Delivery office ( edit ) A post box with PIN ( 571120 ) marked on it The last two digits represent the delivery office within the sorting district starting from 01 which would be the GPO or HO. The numbering of the delivery office is done chronologically with higher numbers assigned to newer delivery offices. If the volume of mails handled at a delivery office is too large, a new delivery office is created and the next available PIN is assigned. Thus two delivery offices situated next to each other will only have the first four digits in common. Delivery system ( edit ) Each PIN code is mapped to exactly one delivery post office which receives all the mail to be delivered to one or more lower offices within its jurisdiction, all of which share the same code. The delivery office can either be a General Post Office ( GPO ), a Head Office ( HO ) or Sub Office ( SO ) which are usually located in urban areas. The post from the delivery office is sorted and routed to other delivery offices for a different PIN or to one of the relevant sub offices or branch offices for the same PIN. Branch offices ( BO ) are located in rural areas and have limited postal services. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sometimes also written `` PINcode '' or `` pincode ''. Jump up ^ India. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. 1974. p. 305. Retrieved 17 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` Mails section ''. Indian government postal department. Retrieved 17 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` Using pincode, maps to trace address ''. timesofindia.com. ^ Jump up to : `` Tamilnadu Postal Circle - Pincode ''. tamilnadupost.nic.in. Jump up ^ http://www.icar.org.in/files/circulars/new_pin.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Manuals/PO_Guide_Part-1.pdf External links ( edit ) Find Pincode -- India Post ( hide ) Postal codes in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Postal_Index_Number&oldid=815956676 '' Categories : Indian pincodes Postal system of India Postal codes by country Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা भोजपुरी Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017, at 09 : 00. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Postal Index Number", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Postal_Index_Number&amp;oldid=815956676" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Personal identification number. Example of a PIN : The PIN code of Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh A Postal Index Number or PIN or PIN code is a code in the post office numbering or post code system used by India Post, the Indian postal administration. The code is six digits long. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Postal zones 3 PIN numbering 3.1 Sorting district 3.2 Service route 3.3 Delivery office 4 Delivery system 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The PIN Code system was introduced on 15 August 1972 by Shriram Bhikaji Velankar, an additional secretary in the Union Ministry of Communications. The system was introduced to simplify the manual sorting and delivery of mail by eliminating confusion over incorrect addresses, similar place names and different languages used by the public. Postal zones ( edit ) There are nine PIN zones in India, including eight regional zones and one functional zone ( for the Indian Army ). The first digit of the PIN code indicates the region. The second digit indicates the sub-region, and the third digit indicates the sorting district within the region. The final three digits are assigned to individual post offices. The 9 PIN zones cover the Indian" ], "id": [ "14265950472306990111" ], "short_answers": [ "15 August 1972" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Left - and right - hand traffic - wikipedia Left - and right - hand traffic Jump to : navigation, search Countries by handedness of traffic, c. 2017 Right - hand traffic Left - hand traffic Change of traffic directions at the Thai -- Lao Friendship Bridge The terms left - hand traffic ( LHT ) and right - hand traffic ( RHT ) refer to regulations requiring all bidirectional traffic, unless otherwise directed, to keep to the left side or to the right side of the road, respectively. This is so fundamental to traffic flow that it is sometimes referred to as the rule of the road. One hundred and sixty - three countries and territories use RHT, with the remaining seventy - six countries and territories using LHT. Countries that use LHT account for about a sixth of the world 's area and a quarter of its roads. In the early 1900s some countries including Canada, Spain, and Brazil had different rules in different parts of the country. During the 1900s many countries standardised within their jurisdictions, and changed from LHT to RHT, mostly to conform with regional custom. In 1919, 104 of the world 's territories were LHT and an equal number were RHT. From 1919 to 1986, 34 of the LHT territories switched to RHT. Many of the countries with LHT are former British colonies in the Caribbean, Southern Africa, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. Japan, Thailand, Nepal, Bhutan, Mozambique, Suriname, East Timor, and Indonesia are among those LHT countries outside the former British Empire. In Europe, only four countries still drive on the left : the United Kingdom, Ireland, Malta, and Cyprus, all of which are on islands that have no direct road connections with countries driving on the right. Nearly all countries use one side or the other throughout their entire territory. Most exceptions are due to historical considerations and / or involve islands with no road connection to the main part of a country. China is RHT except the Special Administrative Regions of China of Hong Kong and Macau. The United States is RHT except the United States Virgin Islands. The United Kingdom is LHT, but its overseas territories of Gibraltar and British Indian Ocean Territory are RHT. According to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, water traffic is RHT. For aircraft the US Federal Aviation Regulations provide for passing on the right, both in the air and on water. On a double - track railways, rail traffic generally runs to one side of a line, not always the same side as road traffic. Thus in Belgium, China, France ( apart from the former German Alsace and Lorraine ), Sweden ( apart from Malmö and further south ), Switzerland and Italy for example, the railways use LHT, while the roads use RHT, often because of the influence of the British on early railway systems. In countries such as Indonesia, it is the reverse ( RHT for railways and LHT for roads ). Light rail vehicles and RT systems generally operate on the same side as road traffic in a country ( exceptions include Madrid, Rome, Lisbon, Lyon, Stockholm, Cairo, Lima, Buenos Aires metro systems, Tren de la Costa and Stockholm 's Lidingö Line ). There is no technical reason to prefer one side over the other. In healthy populations, traffic safety is thought to be the same regardless of handedness, although some researchers have speculated that LHT may be safer for ageing populations since humans are more commonly right - eye dominant than left - eye dominant. Contents 1 History 1.1 Changing sides 1.1. 1 Europe 1.1. 2 Asia and the Pacific 1.1. 3 Africa 2 Changing sides at borders 3 Road vehicle configurations 3.1 Driver seating position 3.2 Headlamps and other lighting equipment 3.2. 1 Rear fog lamps 3.3 Crash Testing differences 4 Worldwide distribution by country 5 Traffic behaviour 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Left - hand traffic in Vienna, Austria circa 1930. Ancient Greek, Egyptian, and Roman troops kept to the left when marching. In 1998, archaeologists found a well - preserved double track leading to a Roman quarry near Swindon, in southern England. The grooves in the road on the left side ( viewed facing down the track away from the quarry ) were much deeper than those on the right side, suggesting LHT, at least at this location, since carts would exit the quarry heavily loaded, and enter it empty. The first reference in English law to an order for LHT was in 1756, with regard to London Bridge. Hong Kong drives on the left. Mainland China drives on the right. Some historians, such as C. Northcote Parkinson, believed that ancient travellers on horseback or on foot generally kept to the left, since most people were right handed. If two men riding on horseback were to start a fight, each would edge toward the left. In the year 1300, Pope Boniface VIII directed pilgrims to keep left. In the late 1700s, traffic in the United States was RHT based on teamsters ' use of large freight wagons pulled by several pairs of horses. The wagons had no driver 's seat, so the ( typically right - handed ) postilion held his whip in his right hand and thus sat on the left rear horse. Seated on the left, the driver preferred that other wagons pass him on the left so that he could be sure to keep clear of the wheels of oncoming wagons. In France, traditionally foot traffic had kept right, while carriage traffic kept left. Following the French Revolution, all traffic kept right. Following the Napoleonic Wars, the French imposed RHT on parts of Europe. During the colonial period, RHT was introduced by the French in New France, French West Africa, the Maghreb, French Indochina, the West Indies, French Guiana and the Réunion, among others. Meanwhile, LHT was introduced by the British in Atlantic Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the East Africa Protectorate, British India, Southern Rhodesia and the Cape Colony ( now Zimbabwe and South Africa ), British Malaya ( now Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore ), British Guiana, and British Hong Kong. LHT was also introduced by the Portuguese Empire in Portuguese Macau, Colonial Brazil, East Timor, Portuguese Mozambique, and Angola. The first keep - right law for driving in the United States was passed in 1792 and applied to the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike. New York formalized RHT in 1804, New Jersey in 1813 and Massachusetts in 1821. Changing sides ( edit ) Traffic moves from left to right in Stockholm, Sweden, on 3 September 1967 Europe ( edit ) Influential in Europe was the 1920 Paris Convention, which advised driving on the right - hand side of the road, in order to harmonise traffic across a continent with many borders. This was despite the fact that left - hand traffic was still widespread : in 1915 for example, LHT was introduced everywhere in the Austro - Hungarian Empire. However, three years later the Empire was split up into several countries, and they all changed eventually to RHT, notably including when Nazi Germany introduced RHT with almost immediate effect in Czechoslovakia in 1938 - 39. Sweden was LHT from about 1734 to 1967, despite having land borders with RHT countries, and approximately 90 percent of cars being left - hand drive ( LHD ) vehicles. A referendum was held in 1955, with an overwhelming majority voting against a change to RHT. Nevertheless, some years later the government ordered a conversion, which took place at 5 am on Sunday, 3 September 1967. The accident rate dropped sharply after the change, but soon rose back to near its original level. The day was known as Dagen H ( `` H - Day '' ), the ' H ' being for Högertrafik ( `` right traffic '' ). When Iceland switched the following year, it was known as H - dagurinn, again meaning `` H - Day ''. In the late 1960s, the UK Department for Transport considered switching to RHT, but declared it unsafe and too costly for such a built - up nation. Road building standards, for motorways in particular, allow asymmetrically designed road junctions, where merge and diverge lanes differ in length. Asia and the Pacific ( edit ) China adopted RHT in 1946. Taiwan changed to driving on the right at the same time. Hong Kong and Macau continue to be LHT. Both North Korea and South Korea switched to RHT in September 1945 after liberation from Japan which was defeated and surrendered by the Allies. Myanmar switched to RHT in 1970. Samoa, a former German colony, had been RHT for more than a century. It switched to LHT in 2009, being the first territory in almost 30 years to switch. The move was legislated in 2008 to allow Samoans to use cheaper right hand drive ( RHD ) vehicles imported from Australia, New Zealand or Japan, and to harmonise with other South Pacific nations. A political party, The People 's Party, was formed to try to protest against the change, a protest group which launched a legal challenge, and an estimated 18,000 people attending demonstrations against it. The motor industry was also opposed, as 14,000 of Samoa 's 18,000 vehicles are designed for RHT and the government has refused to meet the cost of conversion. After months of preparation, the switch from right to left happened in an atmosphere of national celebration. There were no reported incidents. At 05 : 50 local time, Monday 7 September, a radio announcement halted traffic, and an announcement at 6 : 00 ordered traffic to switch to LHT. The change coincided with more restrictive enforcement of speeding and seat - belt laws. That day and the following day were declared public holidays, to reduce traffic. The change included a three - day ban on alcohol sales, while police mounted dozens of checkpoints, warning drivers to drive slowly. The Philippines was mostly LHT during its Spanish and American colonial periods, as well as during the Commonwealth era. During the Japanese occupation the Philippines remained LHT, also because LHT had been required by the Japanese ; but during the Battle of Manila the liberating American forces drove their tanks to the right for easier facilitation of movement. RHT was formally finalised by Executive Order No. 34 signed by President Sergio Osmeña on 10 March 1945. Africa ( edit ) A number of non-contiguous former British colonies in West Africa originally drove LHT and switched to RHT in the early 1970s to match the surrounding countries. Sierra Leone switched to RHT in 1971, Nigeria in 1972 and Ghana in 1974. Before this period The Gambia, a country entirely contained within RHT Senegal, had officially switched to RHT in 1965. Rwanda, a former Belgian colony in central Africa, is RHT but is considering switching to LHT, to bring the country in line with other members of the East African Community ( EAC ). A survey, carried out in 2009, indicated that 54 % of Rwandans were in favour of the switch. Reasons cited were the perceived lower costs of RHD vehicles as opposed to LHD versions of the same model, easier maintenance and the political benefit of harmonisation of traffic regulations with other EAC countries. The same survey also indicated that RHD cars are 16 to 49 per cent cheaper than their LHD equivalents. In 2014 an internal report from consultants to the Ministry of Infrastructure recommended a switch to LHT. In 2015, the ban on RHD vehicles was lifted ; RHD trucks from neighbouring countries cost $1000 less than LHD models imported from Europe. Changing sides at borders ( edit ) A road sign in the British county of Kent placed on the right - hand side of the road. Border between Sweden and Norway in 1934 While most LHT jurisdictions are on islands, there are cases where vehicles may be driven from LHT across a border into a RHT area. LHT Thailand has three RHT neighbours : Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar. Most of its borders use a simple traffic light to do the switch, but there are also interchanges which enable the switch while keeping up a continuous flow of traffic. There are four road border crossing points between Hong Kong and Mainland China. In 2006, the daily average number of vehicle trips recorded at Lok Ma Chau was 31,100. The next largest is Man Kam To, where there is no changeover system and the border roads on the mainland side Wenjindu intersect as one - way streets with a main road. The Takutu River Bridge ( which links LHT Guyana and RHT Brazil ) is the only border in the Americas where traffic changes sides. Although the United Kingdom is separated from Continental Europe by the English Channel, the level of cross-Channel traffic is very high ; the Channel Tunnel alone carries 3.5 million vehicles per year, by rail, between the UK and France. Road vehicle configurations ( edit ) Driver seating position ( edit ) Bolivia is RHT, with the exception of Yungas Road which is LHT to help drivers see their outer wheel. In RHT jurisdictions, vehicles are configured with LHD, with the driver sitting on the left side. In LHT jurisdictions, the reverse is true. The driver 's side, the side closest to the centre of the road, is sometimes called the offside, while the passenger side, the side closest to the side of the road, is sometimes called the nearside. Historically there was less consistency in the relationship of the position of the driver to the handedness of traffic. Most American cars produced before 1910 were RHD. In 1908 Henry Ford standardised the Model T as LHD in RHT America, arguing that with RHD and RHT, the passenger was obliged to `` get out on the street side and walk around the car '' and that with steering from the left, the driver `` is able to see even the wheels of the other car and easily avoids danger. '' By 1915 other manufacturers followed Ford 's lead, due to the popularity of the Model T. In specialised cases, the driver will sit on the nearside, or kerbside. Examples include : Where the driver needs a good view of the nearside, e.g. street sweepers, or vehicles driven along unstable road edges. Where it is more convenient for the driver to be on the nearside, e.g. delivery vehicles. The Grumman LLV postal delivery truck is widely used with RHD configurations in RHT North America. Some Unimogs are designed to be switch between LHD and RHD to permit operators to work on the more convenient side of the truck. Generally, the convention is to mount a motorcycle on the left, and kickstands are usually on the left which makes it more convenient to mount on the safer kerbside as is the case in LHT. Some jurisdictions prohibit fitting a sidecar to a motorcycle 's offside. Headlamps and other lighting equipment ( edit ) Main article : Headlamp Bird 's - eye view of low beam light pattern for RH traffic, with long seeing range on the right and short cutoff on the left so oncoming drivers are not dazzled. Most low - beam headlamps produce an asymmetrical beam distribution suitable for use on only one side of the road. Low beam headlamps for use in LH - traffic countries throw most of their light forward - leftward ; those for RH - traffic countries throw most of their light forward - rightward, thus illuminating obstacles and road signs an adequate distance ahead on the driver 's own side of the road while limiting glare to oncoming traffic on the other side of the road. Within Europe, headlamps designed and approved for use on one side of the road must be adaptable to produce adequate illumination with controlled glare for temporarily driving on the other side of the road, as for example on holiday or in transit. This adaptation may be achieved by affixing masking strips or prismatic lenses to a designated part of the lens or by moving all or part of the headlamp optic so all or part of the beam is shifted or the asymmetrical portion is occluded. Some varieties of the projector - type headlamp can be fully adjusted to produce a proper LH - or RH - traffic beam by shifting a lever or other movable element in or on the lamp assembly. Some vehicles adjust the headlamps automatically when the car 's GPS detects that the vehicle has moved from LH to RH traffic or vice versa. Headlamp sold in Sweden not long before Dagen H change from left - to right - hand traffic. Opaque decal blocks lens portion that would provide low beam upkick to the right, and bears warning `` Not to be removed before 3 September 1967 ''. Because blackout strips and adhesive prismatic lenses reduce the safety performance of the headlamps, most countries require all vehicles registered or used on a permanent or semi-permanent basis within the country to be equipped with headlamps designed for the correct traffic - handedness. Without sidecars attached, motorcycles, motor scooters, mopeds, and bicycles are almost symmetric with their handlebars in the centre. However, motorcycles are often equipped with automotive - type asymmetrical - beam headlamps that likewise require adjustments or replacement when brought into a country with opposite traffic - handedness. Rear fog lamps ( edit ) Within the European Union, vehicles must be equipped with one or two rear - facing red rear fog lamps. A single rear fog lamp must be located between the vehicle 's longitudinal centreline and the outer extent of the driver 's side of the vehicle. When importing a vehicle to a country which drives on the opposite side of the road, this sometimes requires the purchase and installation of local - market lighting components. Crash testing differences ( edit ) Some crash test results indicate that the RHD variant of a vehicle primarily developed for a LHD country may not protect the driver as well as the LHD variant, although differences in testing methodology could also cause the results to vary. One of the possible causes of this difference in crash test results is the RHD variant will not be an exact mirror image of the LHD variant. The number of differences in chassis, bodywork and parts needed to produce the RHD variant will be minimised to reduce the cost. The RHD vehicle is usually a variant of the LHD markets, due to potentially lower sales volumes of the RHD variant. When minimising the changes needed for the RHD variant, there is a possibility that key strengthening structures that would protect the driver in a crash may not be transferred to the driver side in the RHD variant. ( There are no easily reference - able sources for LHD variant performing less well in crash testing than the RHD variant where the vehicle is primarily manufactured for / in RHD markets ). It is commonplace in Europe for only the LHD variant of a vehicle to be tested under the Euro NCAP crash testing scheme, although the result will be used in the promotion of the RHD variant in European countries which operate LHT. Worldwide distribution by country ( edit ) Of the 193 countries currently recognised by the United Nations ( and the unrecognised Palestine ), 140 use RHT and 54 use LHT. A country and its territories and dependencies is counted once. Country Road traffic Road switched sides Multi-track rail traffic generally Notes Afghanistan RHT RHT / LHT Was LHT until the 1950s, in line with neighbouring British Raj and later Pakistan. Albania RHT RHT Algeria RHT RHT Andorra RHT Angola RHT 1928 Antigua and Barbuda LHT Argentina RHT 10 June 1945 LHT The anniversary on 10 June is still observed each year as Día de la Seguridad Vial ( road safety day ). The Premetro and Metrotranvía Mendoza use RHT. Armenia RHT RHT Australia LHT LHT Commonwealth. Includes Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Norfolk Island Austria RHT 1921 in Vorarlberg, 1930 in North Tyrol, 1935 in Carinthia and East Tyrol, 1938 in the rest of the country. RHT Originally LHT, like most of former Austria - Hungary. Azerbaijan RHT RHT Bahamas LHT In Bahamas LHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from nearby USA. Bahrain RHT 1967 Former British protectorate. Switched to same side as neighbours. Bangladesh LHT LHT Barbados LHT Belgium RHT 1899 LHT The Brussels Metro uses RHT. Belarus RHT RHT Belize RHT 1961 Former British colony. Switched to same side as neighbours. Benin RHT Bhutan LHT Under British protection before 1949. Bolivia RHT Botswana LHT Brazil RHT 1928 RHT A Portuguese colony until the early 19th century, switched some states still using LHT to RHT in 1928. Most metro systems use RHT. Brunei LHT Bosnia and Herzegovina RHT RHT Switched sides after the collapse of Austria - Hungary. Bulgaria RHT RHT Burkina Faso RHT Burundi RHT Considering switching to LHT in line with neighbours Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. Cambodia RHT RHT implemented while part of French Indochina. RHD cars, many of which were smuggled from Thailand, were banned from 2001, even though they accounted for 80 % of vehicles in the country. Cameroon RHT 1961 Canada RHT 1920s RHT Territories now in Canada have always been RHT, except British Columbia, which changed to RHT in stages from 1920 to 1923, and New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island which changed in 1922, 1923, and 1924 respectively. Newfoundland and Labrador changed to RHT in 1947 while still a dominion of the British Empire, two years before joining Canada. Cape Verde RHT 1928 Central African Republic RHT Chad RHT Chile RHT 1916 LHT The Santiago Metro uses RHT. China RHT 1946 RHT / LHT At one time, northern provinces were RHT due to American influence, while southern provinces were LHT due to British influence. LHT was uniform in the 1930s. Hong Kong and Macau are all on LHT. Colombia RHT RHT Comoros RHT Congo RHT Democratic Republic of Congo RHT Costa Rica RHT Côte d'Ivoire RHT Croatia RHT RHT Istria and Dalmatia were RHT, while Croatia - Slavonia was LHT when Croatia was part of Austria - Hungary. The LHT regions switched to RHT on joining the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Cuba RHT Cyprus LHT Former British colony. Czech Republic RHT 1939 RHT Was LHT, like most of former Austria - Hungary, switched during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia. Denmark RHT RHT Includes Faroe Islands and Greenland Djibouti RHT Dominica LHT Former British colony. Dominican Republic RHT East Timor LHT 1976 Originally LHT, like its colonial power Portugal. Switched to RHT with Portugal in 1928. Under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, changed back to LHT in 1976. Ecuador RHT LHT The Quito Metro and Cuenca tram system will use RHT Egypt RHT LHT Road vehicles are RHT due to French influence, but railway system was built by British companies. El Salvador RHT Equatorial Guinea RHT Eritrea RHT 1964 Estonia RHT RHT Ethiopia RHT 1964 LHT The Addis Ababa Light Rail runs on the right. Fiji LHT Finland RHT 1858 RHT / LHT Formerly ruled by LHT Sweden, switched to RHT as the Grand Duchy of Finland by Russian decree. Majority of Helsinki commuter rail uses LHT. France RHT 1792 LHT / RHT Includes French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Wallis and Futuna, French Guiana, Réunion, Saint Barthélemy, Collectivity of Saint Martin, Guadeloupe, Mayotte. Railways in Alsace and Lorraine use RHT as a former part of German Empire. CDGVAL uses RHT. Most metro systems use RHT, except for the Lyon Metro. Gabon RHT Gambia RHT 1965 Georgia RHT RHT About 40 % vehicles in Georgia are RHD due to low cost of used cars from Japan. Germany RHT RHT Ghana RHT Former British colony. When changing to RHT a Twi language slogan was `` Nifa, Nifa Enan '' or `` Right, Right, Fourth ''. Greece RHT RHT Grenada LHT Guatemala RHT Guinea RHT Guinea - Bissau RHT 1928 Guyana LHT Haiti RHT Honduras RHT Hungary RHT 1941 RHT Originally LHT, like most of Austria - Hungary. Iceland RHT 1968 The day of the switch was known as H - dagurinn. Most passenger cars were already LHD. Iran RHT RHT Iraq RHT LHT India LHT LHT Former British colony. Indonesia LHT RHT Roads were built by British, but railways are RHT due to Netherlands influence. The Jakarta MRT will use LHT. Ireland LHT LHT Former British Dominion. Israel RHT LHT The Jerusalem Light Rail uses RHT. Italy RHT 1920s LHT Until 1927 the countryside was RHT while cities were LHT. Rome changed to RHT in 1924 and Milan in 1926. Alfa Romeo and Lancia did not produce LHD cars until as late as 1950 and 1953 respectively, as many drivers favoured the RHD layout even in RHT as this offered the driver a clearer view of the edge of the road in mountainous regions at a time when many such roads lacked barriers or walls. The metro systems in Brescia, Genoa, Milan, and Turin use RHT, as well as all tram systems. Jamaica LHT Japan LHT LHT Post-World War II Okinawa was ruled by the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands and was RHT. It was returned to Japan in 1972 went LHT in 1978. The conversion operation was known as 730 ( Nana - San - Maru, which means Nana ( 7 ) - San ( 3 ) - Maru ( 0 ) ). Okinawa is one of few places to have changed from RHT to LHT in the late 20th century. Jordan RHT RHT, despite the Mandate for Palestine and the Transjordan memorandum being under British rule till 1946. Kazakhstan RHT RHT Kenya LHT British colony until 1963. Kiribati LHT North Korea and South Korea RHT 1946 LHT Korea had been LHT because of the influence of Japan in the 1900s. Switched to RHT under Soviet and American occupation after 1945. Most metro systems in South Korea use RHT ( exceptions include Seoul Subway Line 1 and the Bundang Line ) ; metro system in Pyongyang uses a mixture of RHT and LHT. Kuwait RHT Kyrgyzstan RHT RHT Former part of RHT Soviet Union. In 2012, over 20,000 cheaper used RHD cars were imported from Japan. Laos RHT LHT RHT implemented while part of French Indochina. Latvia RHT RHT Lebanon RHT Former French mandate. Lesotho LHT Liberia RHT Libya RHT Liechtenstein RHT RHT Lithuania RHT RHT Luxembourg RHT RHT Macedonia RHT RHT Madagascar RHT Malawi LHT Malaysia LHT LHT Former British colony. Maldives LHT Mali RHT Malta LHT British colony until 1964. Marshall Islands RHT Mauritania RHT Mining roads between Fdérik and Zouérat are LHT. Mauritius LHT Former British colony. Island nation. Mexico RHT RHT Micronesia RHT Moldova RHT RHT Monaco RHT LHT Mongolia RHT RHT Montenegro RHT RHT Morocco RHT RHT Mozambique LHT LHT Myanmar RHT 1970 LHT Much of infrastructure still geared to LHT, most cars are pre-owned RHD vehicles, imported from Japan. Netherlands RHT 1906 RHT Rotterdam was LHT until 1917. Includes Curaçao, Sint Maarten, and Aruba Namibia LHT 1918 RHT as a German colony. After South Africa occupied German South - West Africa during World War I, switched to LHT. South - West Africa was made a South African mandate by the League of Nations, and the new rule of the road was established in law. Nauru LHT 1918 Nepal LHT New Zealand LHT LHT Includes territories Niue and Cook Islands Nicaragua RHT Niger RHT Nigeria RHT 1972 LHT Former British colony. Switched to RHT as it is surrounded by former French RHT colonies. Norway RHT RHT Oman RHT Not a party to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and bans all foreign - registered RHD vehicles. Palau RHT RHT Palestine RHT Pakistan LHT LHT Panama RHT 1943 Papua New Guinea LHT Paraguay RHT 1945 Peru RHT LHT Philippines RHT 1946 RHT LHT up until the Battle of Manila in 1945 Poland RHT RHT Partitions of Poland belonging to the German Empire and the Russian Empire were RHT. Partitions that were part of Austria - Hungary were LHT and changed to RHT in the 1920s. Portugal RHT 1928 LHT Colonies Goa, Macau and Mozambique, which had land borders with LHT countries, did not switch and continue to drive on the left. The Porto Metro uses RHT. Qatar RHT Romania RHT RHT Russia RHT RHT In the Russian Far East RHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from nearby Japan. Railway between Moscow and Ryazan is LHT. Sormovskaya line in Nizhny Novgorod Metro also uses LHT. Rwanda RHT Former Belgian mandate. Considering switching to LHT like its neighbours Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. Saint Kitts and Nevis LHT Saint Lucia LHT Saint Vincent and the Grenadines LHT Samoa LHT 2009 Switched to LHT to allow the import of cars more cheaply from Australia, New Zealand and Japan. San Marino RHT São Tomé and Príncipe RHT 1928 Saudi Arabia RHT LHT The Makkah Metro uses RHT. Senegal RHT Serbia RHT RHT Vojvodina was LHT while part of Austria - Hungary. Seychelles LHT Sierra Leone RHT 1971 Importation of RHD vehicles was banned in 2013. Singapore LHT LHT Former British colony. Slovakia RHT 1939 -- 41 RHT Slovenia RHT LHT Solomon Islands LHT Somalia RHT 1968 South Africa LHT LHT Former British colony. South Sudan RHT 1973 Was LHT during the period of British colonial rule. Split from Sudan in 2011 after the majority of the population voted for independence. Spain RHT 1924 RHT Up to the 1920s Barcelona was RHT, and Madrid was LHT until 1924. The Madrid and Bilbao metro systems use LHT. Sri Lanka LHT LHT Former British Colony. Sudan RHT 1973 Former British Colony. Suriname LHT Swaziland LHT Sweden RHT 3 September 1967 LHT The day of the switch was known as Dagen H. Most passenger cars were already LHD. The tram systems in Gothenburg and Norrköping use RHT ; the tram system in Stockholm is RHT except Lidingö Line. The railways in Malmö uses RHT due to the connection to Denmark. Switzerland RHT LHT The tram system in Zurich and the Lausanne Metro use RHT. Syria RHT Taiwan RHT 1946 LHT Was LHT during the period of Japanese rule. The government of the Republic of China changed Taiwan to RHT in 1946 along with the rest of China. Most metro systems use RHT. Tajikistan RHT RHT Tanzania LHT Thailand LHT LHT One of the few LHT countries not a former British colony. Shares long land border with RHT Laos and Cambodia. Togo RHT Tonga LHT Trinidad and Tobago LHT Former British colony. Tunisia RHT LHT French RHT was enforced in the French protectorate of Tunisia from 1881. Turkey RHT RHT Turkmenistan RHT RHT Tuvalu LHT Uganda LHT Ukraine RHT 1922 RHT West Ukraine was LHT, like most of former Austria - Hungary. Carpathian Ruthenia remained LHT as part of Czechoslovakia before switching in 1941 as part of Hungary. The rest of Ukraine, having been part of the Russian Empire, already drove on the right. Some sections of Kryvyi Rih Metrotram use LHT due to tramcars have doors only on right side, which makes it impossible to use RHT at stations with island platforms. United Arab Emirates RHT RHT United Kingdom LHT ( Mainland UK ) RHT ( Gibraltar ) LHT Includes Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories Isle of Man, Guernsey, Jersey, Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha are all left hand drive. Gibraltar has been RHT since 1929 because of its land border with Spain. The Channel Islands ( Jersey and Guernsey ) drove on the right under German occupation until their liberation in 1945. The Falkland Islands similarly drove on the right during their occupation by Argentina in 1982. United States RHT LHT ( U.S. Virgin Islands ) RHT / LHT Includes American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico. U.S. Virgin Islands is LHT, like much of the Caribbean. Uruguay RHT 1945 LHT Became LHT in 1918, but as in some other countries in South America, changed to RHT on 2 September 1945. A speed limit of 30 km / h ( 19 mph ) was observed until 30 September for safety. Uzbekistan RHT RHT Vanuatu RHT Venezuela RHT LHT The Caracas Metro uses RHT. Vietnam RHT LHT Became RHT as French Indochina. Yemen RHT 1977 South Yemen, formerly the British colony of Aden, changed to RHT 1977. A series of postage stamps commemorating the event was issued. North Yemen was already RHT. Zambia LHT Zimbabwe LHT LHT Former British colony. In 2010 the government attempted to ban LHD vehicles. Traffic behaviour ( edit ) LHT RHT Manoeuvre LHT RHT Unless overtaking stay on the left right In roundabouts traffic rotates clockwise anticlockwise Oncoming traffic is seen coming from the right left Traffic must cross oncoming traffic when turning right left Most traffic signs are on the left right Pedestrians crossing a two - way road look first for traffic from their right left Dual carriageway ramps are on the left right After stopping at a red light it may be legal to turn left right Gallery ( edit ) Gibraltar has been RHT ( since 1929 ) A sign reminding motorists to keep left in Australia Vehicles entering and leaving Macau cross over each other at the Lotus Bridge. Sign reminding motorists to drive on the left in Ireland See also ( edit ) Hook turn Traffic - light signalling and operation World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations References ( edit ) ^ Draper, Geoff ( 1993 ). `` Harmonized Headlamp Design for Worldwide Application ''. Motor Vehicle Lighting. Society of Automotive Engineers. pp. 23 -- 36. ^ Kincaid, Peter ( December 1986 ). The Rule of the Road : An International Guide to History and Practice. Greenwood Press. pp. 50, 86 -- 88, 99 -- 100, 121 -- 122, 198 -- 202. ISBN 0 - 313 - 25249 - 1. ^ Barta, Patrick. `` Shifting the Right of Way to the Left Leaves Some Samoans Feeling Wronged ''. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 4 December 2016. ( subscription required ) ^ Watson, Ian. `` The rule of the road, 1919 - 1986 : A case study of standards change '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 30 November 2016. ^ `` Travel Tips US Virgin Islands ''. Usvitourism.vi. 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Retrieved 8 January 2017. `` '' Já na década de 1920 (... ) Em um país onde os documentos veiculares só tinham validade municipal e alguns estados adotavam a mão - inglesa '' ( Translation : In the 1920s (... ) In a country where vehicular documents were valid only citywide and some states adopted left - hand traffic. ) ^ `` Decreto 18.323 / 1928 '' ( in Portuguese ). Retrieved 17 January 2017. `` Art. 31. São obrigações communs a todos os conductores de vehiculos : a ) conservar sua direita, trafegando o mais proximo possivel da beira da estrada, e sempre deixando a seu lado esquerdo espaço livre para passagem dos vehiculos que tiverem de passar á frente ou que transitarem em senttido contrario. '' ( Translation : article 31 : The common obligations to vehicle drivers are ; a ) Keep to the right, driving the closest as possible to the roadside, letting their left side free for vehicles overtaking or for oncoming traffic. ), the first nationwide traffic legislation, cited unambiguously RHT as the standard for the country. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqL4Ky7ebRQ ^ Nkwame, Marc ( 27 July 2013 ). `` Burundi, Rwanda to start driving on the left ''. DailyNews Online. Retrieved 28 May 2016. ^ `` Cambodia bans right - hand drive cars ''. BBC News. 1 January 2001. Retrieved 12 January 2007. ^ `` Change of Rule of Road in British Columbia 1920 '' ( PDF ). The British Columbia Road Runner. March 1966. Retrieved 27 August 2017. ^ Griffin, Kevin ( 1 January 2016 ). `` Week In History : Switching from the left was the right thing to do ''. Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 26 August 2017. ^ Smith, Ivan. `` Highway Driving Rule Changes Sides ''. 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Retrieved 31 Aug 2014. ^ `` Högertrafik i Sverige och Finland ''. aland.net. ^ ' Left is right on the road ', Mick Hamer New Scientist, 25 December 1986 -- 1 January 1987 No 1540 / 1541, p. 16. ^ https://sputnik-georgia.ru/reviews/20170602/236203054/Vyzhivut-li-pravorulnye-mashiny-v-Gruzii.html ^ Hillger, Don ; Toth, Garry. `` Right - Hand / Left - Hand Driving Customs ''. Colorado State University. Retrieved 13 December 2016. ^ Phil Bartle. `` Studies Among the Akan People of West Africa Community, Society, History, Culture ; With Special Focus on the Kwawu by Phil Bartle, PhD ''. Cec.vcn.bc.ca. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14. ^ hadi anto ( 26 July 2016 ). `` indonesia train compilation '' -- via YouTube. ^ `` Sight for sure eyes, Honest John 's Agony Column ''. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 28 March 2008. ^ Nick Georgano, ed. ( 2000 ). `` Lancia ''. The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile ( Vol. 2 : G-O ed. ). Taylor & Francis. p. 867. ISBN 1 - 57958 - 293 - 1. ^ `` Why Does Japan Drive On The Left ''. 2pass.co.uk. Retrieved 11 August 2006. ^ Andrew H. Malcolm ( 5 July 1978 ). `` U-Turn for Okinawa : From Right - Hand Driving to Left ; Extra Policemen Assigned ''. The New York Times. p. A2. ^ `` Customs Services Department -- Frequently Asked Questions ''. KRA. Retrieved 12 December 2010. ^ `` Over 20,000 Right Hand Drive Cars Imported in Kyrgyzstan in 2012 ''. The Gazette of Central Asia. Satrapia. 8 May 2013. ^ `` Photo of All Change. Swop Over Point for the Traffic! ''. Panoramio. Retrieved 10 June 2012. ^ Mozambique : memoirs of a revolution, John Paul, Penguin, 1975, page 41 ^ Myanmar 's car market set to take new direction, Motokazu Matsui and Takemi Nakagawa, Financial Times, 2 January 2017 ^ Peter van Ammelrooy. `` De Claim links rijden '' ( in Dutch ). Volkskrant.nl. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14. ^ `` De geschiedenis van het linksrijden ''. Engelfriet.net. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14. ^ The Laws of South West Africa, Volume 2, J. Meibert, 1961 ^ `` 2.1 `` Keeping Left '' -- Land Transport ( Road User ) Rule 2004 -- New Zealand Legislation ``. New Zealand Government. Retrieved 28 November 2010. ^ THE SAFETY IMPLICATIONS OF STEERING CONVERSION OF VEHICLES FROM RIGHT TO LEFT HAND DRIVE, Federal Road Safety Commission ^ `` Travel advice by country, Oman ''. Foreign & Commonwealth Office ( fco.gov.uk ). Archived from the original on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2006. ^ Panama Shifts To Right Handed Driving Of Cars, Chicago Tribune, April 25, 1943 ^ `` Paraguay Decree 6956 of 25 January 1945 ''. Glin.gov. Retrieved 25 April 2012. ^ `` Krakowska Komunikacja Miejska -- autobusy, tramwaje i krakowskie inwestycje drogowe -- History of the Cracow tram network ''. Komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl. 28 November 1982. Retrieved 11 May 2009. ^ `` Russian Far East is still attached to Japanese cars ''. Russia behind the headlines. 31 August 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2017. ^ Peter. `` Rwanda to adopt EAC driving standards ''. Rwanda Transport. Retrieved 12 August 2013. ^ The Rising Sun : A History of the All People 's Congress Party of Sierra Leone, A.P.C. Secretariat, 1982, page 396 ^ Sierra Leone Bans Right - Hand Vehicles as Hazards, Voice of America, Nina de Vries, 17 September 2013 ^ `` Somalia -- Visa service and travel information ''. Travcour. Retrieved 22 August 2013. ^ `` Road Rules ''. SACarRental.com. Retrieved 15 February 2014. ^ `` Driving in South Africa Information ''. drivesouthafrica.co.za. Retrieved 15 February 2014. ^ Moya, Aurora. `` Metro de Madrid, 1919 -- 1989. Setenta años de historia '', Chapter 1 ^ Taplin, Michael ( 1995 ). Light Rail in Europe. Capital Transport. pp. 126, 128. ISBN 1 - 85414 - 180 - 5. ^ Passed by the Legislative Yuan ( 1946 ). `` 違 警 罰 法 ( Act Governing the Punishment of Police Offences ) ''. Retrieved 14 August 2012. ^ Trinidad and Tobago Adventure Guide, Kathleen O'Donnell, Stassi Pefkaros, Hunter Publishing, Inc, 2000, page 53 ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Mqng0q_pWI ^ Colonial Reports, Annual, Volumes 1480 - 1499, 1930, page 76 ^ The Channel Islands War : 1940 - 1945, Peter King, Hale, 1991, page 31 ^ Tobar, Hector ( 1 April 2002 ). `` ' 82 Falklands Conflict Left a Legacy of Tragedy, Hope ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 March 2010. ^ `` Which side of the road do they drive on? ''. brianlucas.ca. ^ `` RHD / LHD Country Guide ''. toyota-gib.com. Retrieved 22 September 2017. ^ `` South Yemen -- Postage stamps -- 1977 ''. stampworld.com. ^ Left - hand vehicles to stay, NewsDay, 30 January 2014 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Left - and right - hand traffic. Google Maps placemarks of border crossings where traffic changes sides ( browser - based ), also available as a Google Earth placemarks file ( requires Google Earth ) The Extraordinary Street Railways of Asunción, Paraguay Traffic law and safety Rules of the road All - way stop Assured Clear Distance Ahead Australian Road Rules Boulevard rule Green Cross Code Move over law New Zealand Road Code Overtaking Right - and left - hand traffic Right - of - way School bus traffic stop laws Traffic code Turn on red Vienna Convention on Road Traffic Road user guides Driver 's manual The Highway Code The Highway Code ( Malta ) Road Users ' Code Rules of the Road ( Ireland ) Enforcement Breathalyzer Camera Enforcement Red light Highway patrol / State police Parking enforcement Road traffic control Textalyzer Traffic court Traffic guard Traffic stop Traffic ticket Warning Speed limit Advisory speed limit Assured Clear Distance Ahead National Maximum Speed Law School zone Speed limit enforcement Speed limits by country Category : Speed limits by country Moving violations Driving under the influence Canada United States Distracted driving Mobile phones and driving Texting while driving Reckless driving Street racing Tailgating Vehicular homicide Wrong - way driving Driver licensing Commercial driver 's license European driving licence Graduated driver licensing Inter-American Driving Permit International Driving Permit Learner 's permit Point system Driving licences by country List of countries by minimum driving age Traffic violations reciprocity Commercial Driver 's License Information System Driver License Agreement Driver License Compact Non-Resident Violator Compact Parking Alternate - side parking Decriminalised parking enforcement Disabled parking permit Double parking Parking chair Parking violation Wheel clamp Car safety Seat belt laws Click It or Ticket Clunk Click Every Trip Road safety Tachograph Digital tachograph Drivers ' working hours ( Europe ) Epilepsy and driving Hours of service ( US ) `` How 's my driving? '' sign Old age and driving Sleep deprived driving Slow moving vehicle Vision Zero Streets and roadways Types of road Limited - access Freeway / Motorway Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway Elevated highway By country Brazil China Croatia Czech Republic Germany Greece Hong Kong India Ireland Italy Pakistan Portugal Spain United Kingdom United States Main roads Arterial road Collector road County highway Express - collector setup Farm - to - market road Highway Link road Two - lane expressway 2 + 1 road 2 + 2 road Parkway Super two Trunk road Highway systems by country Local roads Alley Backroad Bicycle boulevard Boulevard Country lane Dead end Driveway Frontage road Green lane Main street Primitive road Road Side road Single carriageway Single - track road Street Sunken lane Other terms Channelization Concurrency Detour Hierarchy of roads Private highway Route number Special route Business route Street hierarchy Toll road Road junctions Interchanges ( grade - separated ) Cloverleaf Diamond Free - flow Directional T Diverging diamond Parclo Raindrop Roundabout Single - point urban ( SPUI ) Stack Three - level diamond Trumpet Intersections ( at - grade ) 3 - way junction Bowtie Box junction Continuous flow Hook turn Jughandle Michigan left Offset T - intersection Protected intersection Quadrant roadway Right - in / right - out ( RIRO ) Roundabout Seagull intersection Split intersection Superstreet Texas U-turn Traffic circle Turnaround Surfaces Asphalt concrete Bioasphalt Brick Chipseal Cobblestone Concrete Reinforced concrete Corduroy Crocodile cracking Crushed stone Diamond grinding of pavement Dirt Full depth recycling Glassphalt Gravel Ice Macadam Pavement milling Permeable Plank Rubberized asphalt Sealcoat Sett Stamped asphalt Tarmac Texture Road hazards Aquaplaning Black ice Bleeding Crosswind Dead Man 's Curve Expansion joint Fog Ford Hairpin turn Level crossing Manhole cover Oil spill Oversize load Pothole Road debris Road slipperiness Road train Roadkill Rockfall Rut Speed bump Storm drain Washboarding Washout Whiteout Space and time allocation Barrier transfer machine Bicycle lane Climbing lane Complete streets Contraflow lane Contraflow lane reversal High - occupancy toll lane High - occupancy vehicle lane Lane Living street Managed lane Median / Central reservation Motorcycle lane Passing lane Pedestrian crossing Pedestrian zone Refuge island Reversible lane Road diet Road verge Runaway truck ramp Shared space Sidewalk / Pavement Shoulder Street running railway Traffic calming Traffic directionality Traffic island Traffic lanes Traffic signal preemption Unused highway Wide outside lane Woonerf Demarcation Bollard Botts ' dots Cable barrier Cat 's eye ( road ) Concrete step barrier Constant - slope barrier Curb F - Shape barrier Guard rail Jersey barrier Kassel kerb Noise barrier Raised pavement marker Road surface marking Rumble strip Traffic barrier Traffic cone Structures Bridge Causeway Overpass / Flyover Underpass / Tunnel Glossary of road transport terms Road types by features Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Left-_and_right-hand_traffic&oldid=817487686 '' Categories : Chirality Driving Lists of countries Road transport Rules of the road Traffic law Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kurdî Magyar مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پښتو Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Soomaaliga کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017, at 18 : 34. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Left- and right-hand traffic", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Left-_and_right-hand_traffic&amp;oldid=817487686" }

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{ "text": "Rakesh Sharma - Wikipedia Rakesh Sharma For other people named Rakesh Sharma, see Rakesh Sharma ( disambiguation ). Rakesh Sharma Rakesh Sharma Nationality Indian Status Retired ( 1949 - 01 - 13 ) 13 January 1949 ( age 69 ) Patiala, Punjab, India Other occupation Test pilot at the Indian Air Force Rank Wing Commander, Indian Air Force Time in space 7d 21h 40m Selection 1982 Missions Soyuz T - 11 / Soyuz T - 10 Mission insignia Awards Ashok Chakra Hero of the Soviet Union Rakesh Sharma, AC, Hero of the Soviet Union ( born 13 January 1949 ), is a former Indian Air Force pilot who flew aboard Soyuz T - 11, launched on 2 April 1984, as part of the Intercosmos programme. Sharma is the only Indian citizen to travel in space. Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Awards 4 Personal life 5 Popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rakesh Sharma was born on 13 January 1949 in Patiala, Punjab, India. He attended St. Georges Grammar School, Hyderabad. He graduated from Nizam College, Hyderabad, India. He joined the Air Force as a cadet in 1966 at the age of 18. Thereafter, he was admitted to the National Defence Academy as an Air Force plebe in July 1966. Rakesh proved to be a focused and dedicated student and by 1970, he was commissioned into the Indian Air Force to become a pilot. Career ( edit ) An alumnus of the 35th National Defence Academy, Rakesh Sharma joined as a test pilot in the Indian Air Force in 1970. He flew various aircraft like Mikoyan - Gurevich ( MiG ) aircraft starting from 1971. Rakesh Sharma swiftly progressed through many levels and in 1984 he was appointed as the Squadron Leader and pilot of the Indian Air Force. He was selected on the twentieth of September in 1982 to become a cosmonaut and go into space as part of a joint program between the Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) and the Soviet Intercosmos space program. In 1984, he became the first Indian citizen to enter space when he flew aboard the Soviet rocket Soyuz T - 11 launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic on the second of April 1984. The Soyuz T - 11 docked and transferred the three member Soviet - Indian international crew which also included the ship 's Commander Yury Malyshev and Flight Engineer Gennadi Strekalov ( USSR ) to the Salyut 7 Orbital Station. Sharma spent 7 days 21 hours and 40 minutes aboard the Salyut 7 during which his team conducted scientific and technical studies which included 43 experimental sessions. His work was mainly in the fields of bio-medicine and remote sensing. The crew held a joint television news conference with officials in Moscow and then Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. When Indira Gandhi asked Sharma how India looked from outer space, he replied Saare Jahan Se Achcha ( the best in the world ). This is the title of a patriotic poem by Iqbal that had been written when India was under British colonial rule, that continues to be popular today. India became the 14th nation to send a man to outer space. He retired with the rank of wing commander. He joined the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited in 1987 and served as Chief Test Pilot in the HAL Nashik Division until 1992, before moving on to Bangalore to work as the Chief Test Pilot of HAL. He was also associated with the Light Combat Aircraft Tejas. Awards ( edit ) He was conferred with the honour of the Hero of the Soviet Union upon his return from space. The Republic of India conferred its highest peacetime gallantry award, the Ashoka Chakra, on him and the other two Soviet members of his mission, Malyshev and Strekalov. Personal life ( edit ) He and his wife Madhu learned Russian during their stay in Russia in 1982. His son Kapil is a film director and his daughter Kritika is a media artist. Popular culture ( edit ) A biographical Hindi film titled Salute is under pre-production. See also ( edit ) Kalpana Chawla Sunita Williams Ravish Malhotra References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cosmonaut Biography : Rakesh Sharma ''. Spacefacts.de. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Rakesh Sharma ''. Mapsofindia.com. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Rakesh Sharma ''. aerospaceguide.net. Retrieved 4 June 2014. ^ Jump up to : Srinivasan, Pankaja ( 2010 - 04 - 04 ). `` The down to earth Rakesh Sharma ''. The Hindu. Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 05. Jump up ^ Hungama, Bollywood ( 18 December 2017 ). `` SCOOP : Shah Rukh Khan replaces Aamir Khan in the Rakesh Sharma bio-pic - Bollywood Hungama ''. BollywoodHungama.com. Retrieved 18 December 2017. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rakesh Sharma. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Soyuz T - 10. Biography of Rakesh Sharma Interview with Rakesh Sharma in August 2013 Indian space programme Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) Organisations Department of Space ( DoS ) Antrix Corporation Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology ( IIST ) Indian Institute of Remote Sensing ( IIRS ) Laboratory for Electro - Optics Systems ( LEOS ) National Atmospheric Research Laboratory ( NARL ) Physical Research Laboratory ( PRL ) Physical Research Laboratory ( DECU ) Programmes Bhaskara GAGAN GSAT INSAT IRNSS IRS Cartosat RISAT Rohini SROSS Chandrayaan Human Spaceflight Programme Satellites APPLE Aditya - L1 Aryabhata Astrosat AstroSat - 2 HAMSAT IMS - 1 Megha - Tropiques NISAR SARAL South Asia Satellite SRE SRE II Kalpana - 1 CARE Space probes Chandrayaan - 1 Moon Impact Probe Chandrayaan - 2 Mars Orbiter Mission Mars Orbiter Mission 2 Venus orbiter mission ( proposed ) Crewed spacecraft Gaganyaan Rockets Engine CE - 7.5 CE - 20 Orbital SLV ASLV PSLV GSLV GSLV Mark III Suborbital Rohini ATV Concepts ULV Under development RLV Technology Demonstration Programme RLV - TD Facilities Indian Deep Space Network ( IDSN ) ISRO Satellite Centre ( ISAC ) ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network ( ISTRAC ) Master Control Facility ( MCF ) Satish Dhawan Space Centre ( SDSC ) Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station ( TERLS ) ISRO Satellite Integration and Testing Establishment ( ISITE ) Vikram Sarabhai Space Center ( VSSC ) Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre ( LPSC ) ISRO Propulsion Complex See also SAGA - 220 ( supercomputer ) List of Indian satellites List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches List of ISRO missions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rakesh_Sharma&oldid=857099303 '' Categories : Indian astronauts Indian aviators Space programme of India Foreign Heroes of the Soviet Union Indian Air Force officers 1949 births Living people People from Hyderabad, India People from Patiala Osmania University alumni Punjabi people Recipients of the Order of Lenin Recipients of the Medal `` For Merit in Space Exploration '' Test pilots Hidden categories : Use Indian English from November 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from November 2013 Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Slovenčina Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018, at 15 : 24 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "Rakesh Sharma", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Rakesh_Sharma&amp;oldid=857099303" }

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{ "text": "The Message ( Bible ) - wikipedia The Message ( Bible ) Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Message Full name The Message Abbreviation MSG Complete Bible published 2002 Translation type Idiomatic / Dynamic equivalence / Paraphrase Copyright Copyright 2002 Eugene H. Peterson Genesis 1 : 1 -- 3 ( show ) First this : God created the Heavens and Earth -- all you see, all you do n't see. Earth was a soup of nothingness, a bottomless emptiness, an inky blackness. God 's Spirit brooded like a bird above the watery abyss. God spoke : `` Light! '' And light appeared. Genesis 1 : 1 in other translations John 3 : 16 ( show ) This is how much God loved the world : He gave his Son, his one and only Son. And this is why : so that no one need be destroyed ; by believing in him, anyone can have a whole and lasting life. John 3 : 16 in other translations The Message : The Bible in Contemporary Language was created and translated by Eugene H. Peterson and published in segments from 1993 to 2002. It is an idiomatic translation of the original languages of the Bible. The Message was translated by Peterson from the original languages. It is a highly idiomatic translation, using contemporary slang from the US rather than a more neutral International English, and it falls on the extreme dynamic end of the dynamic and formal equivalence spectrum. Contents ( hide ) 1 Features 2 Circulation 3 Comparison to other translations 3.1 Psalm 23 : 1 - 4 3.2 Lord 's Prayer ( Matthew 6 : 9 - 13 ) 4 Editions 5 References 6 External links Features ( edit ) According to the Introduction to the New Testament of The Message, its `` contemporary idiom keeps the language of the Message ( Bible ) current and fresh and understandable ''. Peterson notes that in the course of the project, he realized this was exactly what he had been doing in his thirty - five years as a pastor, `` always looking for an English way to make the biblical text relevant to the conditions of the people. '' Circulation ( edit ) The Message was published piecemeal over a nine - year period. The New Testament was published in 1993. The Hebrew Bible Wisdom Books were published in 1998. The Hebrew Bible Prophets were published in 2000. The Hebrew Bible Pentateuch were released in 2001. The Books of History came out in 2002. The entire Bible was released the same year and follows the traditional Protestant Biblical canon. Comparison to other translations ( edit ) The Message was translated by Peterson from the original languages. It is a highly idiomatic translation, using contemporary slang from the US rather than a more neutral International English, and it falls on the extreme dynamic end of the dynamic and formal equivalence spectrum. Some scholars, like Michael J. Gorman, consider some of Peterson 's idiomatic renderings unconventional. Psalm 23 : 1 - 4 ( edit ) New International Version 1 The Lord is my shepherd, I lack nothing. 2 He makes me lie down in green pastures, he leads me beside quiet waters, 3 he refreshes my soul. He guides me along the right paths for his name 's sake. 4 Even though I walk through the darkest valley, I will fear no evil, for you are with me ; your rod and your staff, they comfort me. King James Version 1 The Lord is my shepherd ; I shall not want. 2 He maketh me to lie down in green pastures : he leadeth me beside the still waters. 3 He restoreth my soul : he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name 's sake. 4 Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil : for thou art with me ; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me. The Message 1 - 3 God, my shepherd! I do n't need a thing. You have bedded me down in lush meadows, you find me quiet pools to drink from. True to your word, you let me catch my breath and send me in the right direction. 4 Even when the way goes through Death Valley, I 'm not afraid when you walk at my side. Your trusty shepherd 's crook makes me feel secure. Lord 's prayer ( matthew 6 : 9 - 13 ) ( edit ) New International Version 9 `` This, then, is how you should pray : `` ' Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name, 10 your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. 11 Give us today our daily bread. 12 And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. 13 And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one. ' King James Version 9 After this manner therefore pray ye : Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. 10 Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven. 11 Give us this day our daily bread. 12 And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors. 13 And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil : For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever. Amen. The Message 9 - 17 Our Father in heaven, Reveal who you are. Set the world right ; Do what 's best -- as above, so below. Keep us alive with three square meals. Keep us forgiven with you and forgiving others. Keep us safe from ourselves and the Devil. You 're in charge! You can do anything you want! You 're ablaze in beauty! Yes. Yes. Yes. Editions ( edit ) Hebrew Bible The Pentateuch : ISBN 1 - 57683 - 196 - 5 The Books of History : ISBN 1 - 57683 - 194 - 9 The Wisdom Books : ISBN 1 - 57683 - 126 - 4 The Prophets : ISBN 1 - 57683 - 195 - 7 New Testament Youth Edition : ISBN 0 - 89109 - 793 - 7 Text Edition : ISBN 0 - 89109 - 728 - 7 Entire Bible With verse markings ( The Message Remix ) : ISBN 1 - 57683 - 434 - 4 Without verse markings : ISBN 1 - 57683 - 289 - 9 With verse markings ( The Message : The Numbered Edition ) : ISBN 1 - 57683 - 673 - 8 ; this edition was recognized as an ECPA Christian Book Award winner. Catholic / Ecumenical Edition : ISBN 978 - 0879464950 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction to the New Testament, from The Message ''. Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 03. ^ Jump up to : `` Version Information ''. Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 03. Jump up ^ Gorman, Michael J. ( 2008 ). Elements of Biblical Exegesis : A Basic Guide for Students and Ministers. Baker Books. p. 51. ISBN 9781441232830. Retrieved 8 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` 2006 Christian Book Awards Winners - Bibles category ''. Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 03. External links ( edit ) Publisher 's History & FAQ ( most recently available archived version ) The Message text online Eugene Peterson interview at a U2 fansite ( hide ) English - language translations of the Bible 5th -- 11th century Wessex Gospels Hatton gospels Old English Hexateuch Old English Bible translations Middle English Wycliffe Middle English Bible translations 16th -- 17th century Tyndale Coverdale Matthew Great Bible Taverner Geneva Bishops ' Douay -- Rheims King James ( KJV ) 18th -- 19th century Challoner Webster 's Young 's Literal ( YLT ) Revised ( RV ) Living Oracles Darby Emphatic Diaglott Joseph Smith Quaker Julia E. Smith Parker Translation 20th century American Standard ( ASV ) Rotherham 's Emphasized Ferrar Fenton Worrell New Testament Moffatt, New Translation Knox Basic English ( BBE ) Revised Standard ( RSV ) Anchor New World ( NWT ) Modern Language ( MLB ) New English ( NEB ) The Bible in Living English New American Standard ( NASB ) Good News ( GNB ) Jerusalem ( JB ) New American ( NAV ) Living New International ( NIV ) New Century Bethel New King James ( NKJV ) New Jerusalem ( NJB ) Green 's Literal Translation ( GLT ) Recovery Christian Community New Revised Standard ( NRSV ) Revised English ( REB ) Contemporary English ( CEV ) The Message ( MSG ) Clear Word ( TCW ) New Life ( NLV ) 21st Century King James ( KJ21 ) Third Millennium ( TMB ) New International Reader 's ( NIrV ) New International Inclusive Language God 's Word New Living ( NLT ) Heinz Cassirer 's translation Complete Jewish Bible International Standard ( ISV ) Holman Christian Standard ( HCSB ) New American Bible ( NAB ) 21st century World English ( WEB ) World Messianic English Standard ( ESV ) Today 's New International ( TNIV ) New English ( NET ) New English Translation of the Septuagint Orthodox Study Bible The Voice Common English ( CEB ) Apostolic Bible Polyglot Open English ( OEB ) Eastern Orthodox New American Bible Revised Edition Lexham English The Orthodox Jewish Original Aramaic Bible in Plain English Divine Name King James Names of God Tree of Life Bible Modern English ( MEV ) Literal English ( LEV ) Christian Standard ( CSB ) Additional lists List of English Bible translations Old English ( pre-1066 ) Middle English ( 1066 -- 1500 ) Early Modern English ( 1500 -- 1800 ) Modern Christian ( 1800 -- ) Modern Jewish ( 1853 -- ) Miscellaneous Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Message_(Bible)&oldid=795715844 '' Categories : 2002 books Bible translations into English 2002 in Christianity Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 August 2017, at 01 : 10. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Message (Bible)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Message_(Bible)&amp;oldid=795715844" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "you do n't see. Earth was a soup of nothingness, a bottomless emptiness, an inky blackness. God 's Spirit brooded like a bird above the watery abyss. God spoke : `` Light! '' And light appeared. Genesis 1 : 1 in other translations John 3 : 16 ( show ) This is how much God loved the world : He gave his Son, his one and only Son. And this is why : so that no one need be destroyed ; by believing in him, anyone can have a whole and lasting life. John 3 : 16 in other translations The Message : The Bible in Contemporary Language was created and translated by Eugene H. Peterson and published in segments from 1993 to 2002. It is an idiomatic translation of the original languages of the Bible. The Message was translated by Peterson from the original languages. It is a highly idiomatic translation, using contemporary slang from the US rather than a more neutral International English, and it falls on the extreme dynamic end of the dynamic and formal equivalence spectrum. Contents ( hide ) 1 Features 2 Circulation 3 Comparison to other translations 3.1 Psalm 23 : 1 - 4 3.2 Lord 's Prayer ( Matthew 6 : 9 - 13 ) 4 Editions 5 References" ], "id": [ "14215127936171456620" ], "short_answers": [ "Eugene H. Peterson" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Carolina Panthers - wikipedia Carolina Panthers Jump to : navigation, search Carolina Panthers Current season Established October 26, 1993 ; 24 years ago ( 1993 - 10 - 26 ) First season : 1995 Play in and headquartered at Bank of America Stadium Charlotte, North Carolina Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1995 -- present ) National Football Conference ( 1995 -- present ) NFC West ( 1995 -- 2001 ) NFC South ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Black, Panther Blue, Silver Mascot Sir Purr Personnel Owner ( s ) Jerry Richardson President Vacant General manager Marty Hurney Head coach Ron Rivera Team history Carolina Panthers ( 1995 -- present ) Championships League championships ( 0 ) Conference championships ( 2 ) NFC : 2003, 2015 Division championships ( 6 ) NFC West : 1996 NFC South : 2003, 2008, 2013, 2014, 2015 Playoff appearances ( 8 ) NFL : 1996, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017 Home fields Memorial Stadium ( 1995 ) Bank of America Stadium ( 1996 -- present ) The Carolina Panthers are a professional American football team based in Charlotte, North Carolina. The Panthers compete in the National Football League ( NFL ), as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) South division. The club is worth approximately US $1.56 billion, according to Forbes, and is controlled by founder Jerry Richardson and his family, who have a 48 percent stake ; the remainder of the team is held by a group of 14 limited partners. The head coach is Ron Rivera. The Panthers were announced as the league 's 29th franchise in 1993, and began play in 1995. The Panthers played well in their first two years, finishing 7 -- 9 in 1995 ( an all - time best for an NFL expansion team 's first season ) and 12 -- 4 the following year, winning the NFC West before ultimately losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship Game. They did not have another winning season until 2003, when they won the NFC Championship Game and reached Super Bowl XXXVIII, losing 32 -- 29 to the New England Patriots. After recording playoff appearances in 2005 and 2008, the team failed to record another playoff appearance until 2013, the first of three consecutive NFC South titles. After losing in the divisional round to the San Francisco 49ers in 2013 and the Seattle Seahawks in 2014, the Panthers returned to the Super Bowl in 2015, but lost to the Denver Broncos. The Panthers have reached the playoffs seven times, advancing to four NFC Championship Games and two Super Bowls. They have won six division titles, one in the NFC West and five in the NFC South. The Carolina Panthers are legally registered as Panther Football, LLC. The team is headquartered in Bank of America Stadium in uptown Charlotte ; also the team 's home field. They are one of the few NFL teams to own the stadium they play in, which is legally registered as Panthers Stadium, LLC. The Panthers are supported throughout the Carolinas ; although the team has played its home games in Charlotte since 1996, it played home games at Memorial Stadium in Clemson, South Carolina during its first season. The team hosts its annual training camp at Wofford College in Spartanburg, South Carolina. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Beginnings 1.2 1995 -- 2001 : First years at play 1.3 2002 -- 2003 : Move to the NFC South and first Super Bowl appearance 1.4 2004 -- 2009 1.5 2010 -- present 2 Logo and uniforms 2.1 Logo 2.2 Uniforms 3 Stadium and practice facilities 4 Culture 4.1 Mascot, cheerleaders, and drumline 4.2 Keep Pounding Drum 4.3 Songs and traditions 4.4 Charity and community work 4.5 Radio and television 5 Rivalries 5.1 Seattle Seahawks 6 Players 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Hall of Honor 6.3 Pro Football Hall of Fame enshrinees 7 Ownership and administration 7.1 Coaches 7.2 Current staff 8 Team records 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Further information : History of the Carolina Panthers Beginnings ( edit ) On December 15, 1987, entrepreneur Jerry Richardson announced his bid for an NFL expansion franchise in the Carolinas. A North Carolina native, Richardson was a former wide receiver on the Baltimore Colts who had used his 1959 league championship bonus to co-found the Hardee 's restaurant chain, later becoming president and CEO of TW Services. Richardson drew his inspiration to pursue an NFL franchise from George Shinn, who had made a successful bid for an expansion National Basketball Association ( NBA ) team in Charlotte, the Charlotte Hornets. Richardson founded Richardson Sports, a partnership consisting of himself, his family, and a number of businessmen from North and South Carolina were also recruited to be limited partners. Richardson looked at four potential locations for a stadium, ultimately choosing uptown Charlotte. In choosing the team name, the Richardsons did not run focus groups with potential fans. Their intention had always been the ' Panthers ' ; Jerry Richardson began driving a car with the license plate ' PNTHRS ' near the end of 1989. To highlight the demand for professional football in the Carolinas, Richardson Sports held preseason games around the area from 1989 to 1991. The first two games were held at Carter -- Finley Stadium in Raleigh, North Carolina, and Kenan Memorial Stadium in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, while the third and final game was held at Williams - Brice Stadium in Columbia, South Carolina. The matchups were between existing NFL teams. In 1991, the group formally filed an application for the open expansion spot, and on October 26, 1993, the 28 NFL owners unanimously named the Carolina Panthers as the 29th member of the NFL. 1995 -- 2001 : first years at play ( edit ) The Panthers first competed in the 1995 NFL season ; they were one of two expansion teams to begin play that year, the other being the Jacksonville Jaguars. The Panthers were put in the NFC West to increase the size of that division to five teams ; there were already two other southeastern teams in the division, the Atlanta Falcons and the New Orleans Saints. Former Pittsburgh Steelers defensive coordinator Dom Capers was named the first head coach. The team finished its inaugural season 7 -- 9, the best performance ever from a first - year expansion team. They performed even better in their second season, finishing with a 12 -- 4 record and winning the NFC West division, as well as securing a first - round bye. The Panthers beat the defending Super Bowl champions Dallas Cowboys in the divisional round before losing the NFC Championship Game to the eventual Super Bowl champions, the Green Bay Packers. The team managed only a 7 -- 9 finish in 1997 and slipped to 4 -- 12 in 1998, leading to Capers ' dismissal as head coach. The Panthers hired former San Francisco 49ers head coach George Seifert to replace Capers, and he led the team to an 8 -- 8 record in 1999. The team finished 7 -- 9 in 2000 and fell to 1 -- 15 in 2001, winning their first game but losing their last 15. This performance tied the NFL record for most losses in a single season and it broke the record held by the winless 1976 Buccaneers for most consecutive losses in a single season ( both records have since been broken by the 2008 Lions ), leading the Panthers to fire Seifert. 2002 -- 2003 : move to the NFC South and first Super Bowl appearance ( edit ) After the NFL 's expansion to 32 teams in 2002, the Panthers were relocated from the NFC West to the newly created NFC South division ; The Panthers ' rivalries with the Falcons and Saints were maintained, and they would be joined by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. New York Giants defensive coordinator John Fox was hired to replace Seifert and led the team to a 7 -- 9 finish in 2002. Although the team 's defense gave up very few yards, ranking the second - best in the NFL in yards conceded, they were hindered by an offense that ranked as the second - worst in the league in yards gained. The Panthers improved to 11 -- 5 in the 2003 regular season, winning the NFC South and making it to Super Bowl XXXVIII before losing to the New England Patriots, 32 -- 29, in what was immediately hailed by sportswriter Peter King as the `` Greatest Super Bowl of all time ''. King felt the game `` was a wonderful championship battle, full of everything that makes football dramatic, draining, enervating, maddening, fantastic, exciting '' and praised, among other things, the unpredictability, coaching, and conclusion. The game is still viewed as one of the best Super Bowls of all time, and in the opinion of Charlotte - based NPR reporter Scott Jagow, the Panthers ' Super Bowl appearance represented the arrival of Charlotte onto the national scene. 2004 -- 2009 ( edit ) Following a 1 -- 7 start in 2004, the Panthers rebounded to win six of their last seven games despite losing 14 players for the season due to injury. They lost their last game to New Orleans, finishing the 2004 season at 7 -- 9. Had they won the game, the Panthers would have made the playoffs. The team improved to 11 -- 5 in 2005, finishing second in the division behind Tampa Bay and clinching a playoff berth as a wild - card. In the first round of the playoffs, the Panthers went on the road to face the New York Giants, beating them 23 -- 0 for the NFL 's first playoff shutout against a home team since 1980. The following week, they beat Chicago 29 -- 21 on the road, but lost key players Julius Peppers, a defensive end, and DeShaun Foster, a running back, who were both injured during the game. The Panthers were then defeated 34 -- 14 by the Seattle Seahawks in the NFC Championship Game, ending their season. Although the Panthers went into the 2006 season as favorites to win the NFC South, they finished with a disappointing 8 -- 8 record. The team finished the 2007 season with a 7 -- 9 record after losing quarterback Jake Delhomme early in the season due to an elbow injury. In 2008, the Panthers rebounded with a 12 -- 4 regular season record, winning the NFC South and securing a first - round bye. They were eliminated in the divisional round of the playoffs, losing 33 -- 13 to the eventual NFC Champion Arizona Cardinals after Delhomme turned the ball over six times. Delhomme 's struggles carried over into the 2009 season, where he threw 18 interceptions in the first 11 games before breaking a finger in his throwing hand. The Panthers were at a 4 -- 7 record before Delhomme 's season - ending injury, and his backup, Matt Moore, led the team to a 4 -- 1 finish to the season for an 8 -- 8 overall record. 2010 -- present ( edit ) Head coach Ron Rivera In 2010, after releasing Delhomme in the offseason, the Panthers finished with a league - worst ( 2 -- 14 ) record ; their offense was the worst in the league. John Fox 's contract expired after the season ended, and the team did not retain him or his staff. The team hired Ron Rivera to replace Fox as head coach and drafted Auburn 's Heisman Trophy - winning quarterback Cam Newton with the first overall pick in the 2011 NFL Draft. The Panthers opened the 2011 season 2 -- 6, but finished with a 6 -- 10 record, and Newton was awarded the AP Offensive Rookie of the Year award after setting the NFL record for most rushing touchdowns from a quarterback ( 14 ) in a single season and becoming the first rookie NFL quarterback to throw for over 4,000 yards in a single season. He also was the first rookie quarterback to rush for over 500 yards in a single season. In 2012, the Panthers again opened the season poorly, losing five out of their first six games, leading longtime general manager Marty Hurney to be fired in response. The team slid to a 2 -- 8 record before winning five of their last six games, resulting in a 7 -- 9 record. This strong finish helped save Rivera 's job. The Panthers had a winning season the following year, finishing with a 12 -- 4 record and winning their third NFC South title and another playoff bye, but they were beaten by the 49ers in the Divisional Round. In 2014, the Panthers opened the season with two wins, but after 12 games sat at 3 -- 8 -- 1 due in part to a seven - game winless streak. A four - game winning streak to end the season secured the team their second consecutive NFC South championship and playoff berth, despite a losing record of 7 -- 8 -- 1. The Panthers defeated the Arizona Cardinals, 27 -- 16, in the wild card round to advance to the divisional playoffs, where they lost to eventual NFC champion Seattle, 31 -- 17. The 2015 season saw the Panthers start the season 14 -- 0 and finish the season 15 -- 1, which tied for the best regular - season record in NFC history. The Panthers also secured their third consecutive NFC South championship, as well as their first overall top - seeded playoff berth. In the 2015 -- 16 playoffs, the Panthers defeated the Seattle Seahawks in the NFC Divisional playoffs, 31 -- 24, after shutting them out in the first half, 31 -- 0, and the Arizona Cardinals, 49 -- 15 ( highest score in NFC Championship history ), in the NFC Championship Game to advance to Super Bowl 50, their first Super Bowl appearance since the 2003 season. The Panthers lost a defensive struggle to the AFC Champion Denver Broncos, 24 -- 10. In the 2016 season, the Panthers regressed on their 15 -- 1 record from 2015, posting a 6 -- 10 record and a last - place finish in the NFC South, missing the playoffs for the first time since 2012, and losing the division title to the second - seeded Falcons, who went on to represent the NFC in Super Bowl LI. In the 2017 season, the Panthers finished with a 11 - 5 record and a # 5 seed and lost to the New Orleans Saints 31 - 26 in the Wild Card Round, their first loss in that round in franchise history. Logo and uniforms ( edit ) Logo ( edit ) The shape of the Panthers logo was designed to mimic the outline of both North Carolina and South Carolina. The Panthers changed their logo and logotype in 2012, the first such change in team history. According to the team, the changes were designed to give their logo an `` aggressive, contemporary look '' as well to give it a more three - dimensional feel. The primary tweaks were made in the eye and mouth, where the features, particularly the muscular brow and fangs, are more pronounced, creating a more menacing look. The revised logo has a darker shade of blue over the black logo, compared to the old design, which had teal on top of black. Carolina Panthers logotypes The team 's first logomark, used in the 1995 season The team 's second logomark, ( 1996 -- 2011 ) Uniforms ( edit ) By the time they had been announced as the 29th NFL team in October 1993, the Panthers ' logo and helmet design had already been finalized, but the uniform design was still under creation. After discussion, the Panthers organization decided on jerseys colored white, black, and blue, and pants colored white and silver. The exact tone of blue, which they decided would be `` process blue '' ( a shade lighter than Duke 's and darker than North Carolina 's ), was the most difficult color to choose. The team 's uniform has remained largely the same since its creation, with only minor alterations such as changing the sock color of the team 's black uniforms from blue to black and changing the team 's shoes from white to black. Richardson, a self - described traditionalist, said that no major uniform changes would be made in his lifetime. The Panthers have three main jersey colors : black, white, and blue. Their blue jerseys, designated their alternate uniforms, are the newest and were introduced in 2002. NFL regulations allow the team to use the blue jersey up to two times in any given season. In all other games, the team must wear either their white or black jerseys ; in NFL games, the home team decides whether to wear a dark or white jersey, while the away team wears the opposite. Usually the Panthers opt for white or blue when the weather is expected to be hot and for black when the weather is expected to be cold. The Panthers typically pair their white jerseys with white pants, while the black and blue jerseys are paired with silver pants ; there have only been a few exceptions to these combinations. The first such instance was in 1998, when the team paired their white jerseys with silver pants in a game against the Indianapolis Colts. The second instance was in 2012 during a game against the Denver Broncos, when they paired their black jerseys with new black pants ; this created an all - black uniform, with the exception of blue socks and silver helmets. The decision to wear blue socks was made by team captain Steve Smith, who felt the blue socks gave the uniforms a more distinct appearance compared with other teams that have all - black uniforms. The all - black uniforms won the `` Greatest Uniform in NFL History '' contest, a fan - voted contest run by NFL.com in July 2013. In July 2013, the team 's equipment manager, Jackie Miles, said the Panthers intended to use the all - black uniform more in the future. The Panthers wore the all - black uniform three times the following season, once each in the preseason and regular season, and the third time during the home divisional round playoff game vs the 49ers. During the Panthers ' 2015 Thanksgiving Day game against the Dallas Cowboys, they debuted an all - blue uniform as part of Nike 's `` Color Rush '' series. The team 's uniform did not change significantly after Nike became the NFL 's jersey supplier in 2012, but the collar was altered to honor former Panthers player and coach Sam Mills by featuring the phrase `` Keep Pounding ''. Nike had conceived the idea, and the team supported the concept as a way to expose newer fans to the legacy of Mills, who died of cancer in 2005. Mills had introduced the phrase, which has since become a team slogan, in a speech that he gave to the players and coaches prior to their 2003 playoff game against Dallas ; in the speech, Mills compared his fight against cancer with the team 's on - field battle, saying `` When I found out I had cancer, there were two things I could do -- quit or keep pounding. I 'm a fighter. I kept pounding. You 're fighters, too. Keep pounding! '' Stadium and practice Facilities ( edit ) An exterior view of Bank of America Stadium as seen in 2006. Further information : Bank of America Stadium The Panthers played their first season at Memorial Stadium in Clemson, South Carolina, as their facility in uptown Charlotte was still under construction. Ericsson Stadium, called Bank of America Stadium since 2004, opened in the summer of 1996. Bank of America Stadium is owned entirely by the Panthers, making them one of the few teams in the NFL to own the facility they play in. The stadium was specially designed by HOK Sports Facilities Group for football and also serves as the headquarters and administrative offices of the Panthers. On some days the stadium offers public tours for a fee. Private tours for groups are offered for a fee seven days a week, though there are some exceptions, and such tours must be arranged in advance. Two bronze panther statues flank each of the stadium 's three main entrances ; they are the largest sculptures ever commissioned in the United States. The names of the team 's original PSL owners are engraved on the base of each statue. The two people in the Panthers Hall of Honor, team executive Mike McCormack and linebacker Sam Mills, are honored with life - sized bronze statues outside the stadium. Mills, in addition to being the only player in the Hall of Honor, is the only player to have had his jersey number ( # 51 ) retired by the Panthers as of 2016. The team 's weight room inside of Bank of America Stadium. The Panthers have three open - air fields next to Bank of America Stadium where they currently hold their practices ; during the 1995 season, when the team played their home games in South Carolina, the team held their practices at Winthrop University in Rock Hill, South Carolina. Because the practice fields, along with the stadium, are located in uptown Charlotte, the fields are directly visible from skyscrapers as well as from a four - story condominium located across the street. According to Mike Cranston, a running joke said that the Panthers ' division rivals had pooled their resources to purchase a room on the building 's top floor, and that a fire at the condominium was caused by the Panthers organization. In order to prevent people from seeing inside the field while the team is practicing, the team has added `` strategically planted trees and a tarp over the... fence surrounding the fields ''. Additionally, they employ a security team to watch for and chase away any people who stop alongside the fence surrounding the field. In the event of bad weather, the team moves their practices to an indoor sports facility about 10 miles from the stadium. The team does not own this facility. The Panthers have hosted their annual training camp at Wofford College in Spartanburg, South Carolina, since 1995. Culture ( edit ) The Panthers are supported in both North Carolina and South Carolina ; South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley declared July 30, 2012, `` Carolina Panthers Day '' in her state, saying that `` when it comes to professional teams, the Carolina Panthers are the team that South Carolina calls their own ''. During the 2016 NFC Championship and Super Bowl, the hashtag # OneCarolina was used by college and professional sports teams from North Carolina and South Carolina to show unified support for the Panthers. Pat Yasinskas of ESPN.com observed that while there is `` a bit of a wine - and - cheese atmosphere at Panthers games... there is a strong core of diehard fans who bring energy to Bank of America Stadium. Charlotte lives and dies with the Panthers because there are n't a lot of other options in the sports world ''. Sports Illustrated graded the Panthers as having the 10th highest `` NFL Fan Value Experience '' in 2007, attributing much of the fan atmosphere to the team 's newness when compared to the established basketball fanbase. They also observed that the stadium has scattered parking lots, each of which has a different tailgating style. Some have fried chicken, pork, or Carolina - style barbecue, while others have live bands and televisions. Pickup football games in the parking lots are common, but fans tend to `` behave themselves '', in part due to blue laws that prevent the sale of alcohol before noon on Sundays. The Carolina Panthers have sold out all home games since December 2002, and their home attendance has ranked in the NFL 's top ten since 2006. Mascot, cheerleaders, and drumline ( edit ) Panthers mascot Sir Purr, wearing a white jersey Sir Purr, an anthropomorphic black cat who wears a jersey numbered ' 00 ', has been the Panthers ' mascot since their first season. During games, Sir Purr provides sideline entertainment through skits and `` silly antics ''. The mascot participates in a number of community events year - round, including a monthly visit to the patients at Levine Children 's Hospital. Sir Purr also hosts the annual Mascot Bowl, an event which pits pro and college mascots against each other during halftime at a selected Panthers home game. The team 's cheerleaders are the Carolina Topcats, a group of 24 women who lead cheers and entertain fans at home games. The TopCats participate in both corporate and charity events. The team 's drumline is PurrCussion, an ensemble of snare, tenor, and bass drummers as well as cymbal players. PurrCussion performs for fans outside the stadium and introduces players prior to home games ; it consists of drummers from across the Carolinas. Keep Pounding drum ( edit ) Starting with the 2012 season, the Panthers introduced the Keep Pounding Drum, inspired by the aforementioned motivational speech by Sam Mills before the team 's 2004 playoff game against the Cowboys. Prior to each home game, an honorary drummer hits the six - foot tall drum four times to signify the four quarters of an American football game. According to the team, the drummers `` come from a variety of backgrounds and occupations, but all have overcome a great trial or adversity that has not only made them strong but also pushes them to make others around them stronger ''. Drummers have included current and former Panthers players, military veterans, Make - A-Wish children, and athletes from other sports, including NBA MVP and Charlotte native Stephen Curry, US women 's national soccer team players Whitney Engen and Heather O'Reilly, and 7 time NASCAR Cup Series champion Jimmie Johnson. Songs and traditions ( edit ) During the inaugural season of the Panthers, the team had an official fight song, which the team played before each home game. The song, `` Stand and Cheer '', remains the team 's official fight song, but the team does not typically play it before home games. Due to negative fan reaction `` Stand and Cheer '' was pulled in 1999. Since 2006, the song has returned. In recent seasons the team has played Neil Diamond 's `` Sweet Caroline '' and Chairmen of the Board 's `` I 'd Rather Be In Carolina '' immediately after home victories. A `` keep pounding '' chant was introduced during the 2015 season which starts before the opening kickoff of each home game. As prompted by the video boards, one side of the stadium shouts `` keep '' and the other side replies with `` pounding ''. The chant is similar to ones that take place at college football games. Charity and community work ( edit ) The Carolina Panthers support a variety of non-profits in North and South Carolina through the Carolina Panthers Charities. Four annual scholarships are awarded to student athletes through the Carolina Panthers Graduate Scholarship and the Carolina Panthers Players Sam Mills Memorial Scholarship programs. Carolina Panthers Charities also offers grants to non-profits that support education, athletics, and human services in the community. The Panthers and Fisher Athletic has provided six equipment grants to high school football teams in the Carolinas each year since 2010. Carolina Panthers Charities raises funds at three annual benefits : the Countdown to Kickoff Luncheon, the team 's first public event each season ; Football 101, an educational workshop for fans ; and the Weekend Warrior Flag Football Tournament, a two - day non-contact flag football tournament. Another annual benefit is Taste of the Panthers, a gourmet food tasting which raises funds for Second Harvest Food Bank of Metrolina. In 2003 the Panthers and Carolinas HealthCare Foundation established the Keep Pounding Fund, a fundraising initiative to support cancer research and patient support programs. The Panthers community has raised more than $1.4 million for the fund through direct donations, charity auctions, blood drives, and an annual 5k stadium run. The Panthers and Levine Children 's Hospital coordinate monthly hospital visits and VIP game - day experiences for terminally ill or hospitalized children. In addition to these team - specific efforts, the Panthers participate in a number of regular initiatives promoted by the NFL and USA Football, the league 's youth football development partner. These include USA Football Month, held throughout August to encourage and promote youth football ; A Crucial Catch, the league 's Breast Cancer Awareness Month program ; Salute to Service, held throughout November to support military families and personnel ; and PLAY 60, which encourages young NFL fans to be active for at least 60 minutes each day. Radio and television ( edit ) Map shows the radio affiliates of the Carolina Panthers that broadcast game day related coverage across The Carolinas and Virginia, along with one station in Georgia. Radio coverage is provided by flagship station WBT ( 1110 AM ) and through the Carolina Panthers Radio Network, with affiliates throughout the Carolinas, Georgia, and Virginia. The Panthers ' radio broadcasting team is led by Mick Mixon, Eugene Robinson, and Jim Szoke. The radio network broadcasts pre-game coverage, games with commentary, and post-game wrap - ups. It also live - broadcasts Panther Talk, a weekly event at Bank of America Stadium which offers fans a chance to meet a player and ask questions of the staff. National broadcasting and cable television networks cover regular season games, as well as some preseason games. Locally, Fox owned and operated station WJZY airs most regular - season games, while any home games against an AFC team air on CBS affiliate WBTV. Any appearances on Monday Night Football are simulcast on ABC affiliate WSOC - TV, while any late - season appearances on Thursday Night Football are simulcast on WBTV. Sunday night and some Thursday night games are aired on NBC affiliate WCNC - TV. All preseason games and team specials are televised by the Carolina Panthers Television Network on flagship station WCCB in Charlotte and fourteen affiliate stations throughout the Carolinas, Georgia, Virginia, and Tennessee. The television broadcasting team consists of play - by - play commentator Mike Morgan, color analyst and former Panthers player Mike Rucker, and sideline reporter Pete Yanity. The network also hosts The Panthers Huddle, a weekly show focusing on the Panthers ' upcoming opponent. Panthers Gameday, the Panthers ' postgame show, is hosted by sports anchor Russ Owens and former Panthers lineman Kevin Donnalley on WCNC - TV. The Panthers also offer game broadcasts in Spanish on an eight - station network fronted by WGSP - FM in Pageland, South Carolina, as well as additional radio affiliates in Mexico. Jaime Moreno provides the play - by - play while his nephew, Luis Moreno Jr., is the color commentator. They have become popular even among English - speaking Panther fans for their high - energy, colorful announcing style. Rivalries ( edit ) Main articles : Buccaneers -- Panthers rivalry and Falcons -- Panthers rivalry The Panthers have developed heated rivalries with the three fellow members of the NFC South ( the Atlanta Falcons, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and New Orleans Saints ). The team 's fiercest rivals are the Falcons and Buccaneers. The Falcons are a natural geographic rival for the Panthers, as Atlanta is only 230 miles ( 370 kilometers ) south on I - 85. The two teams have played each other twice a year since the Panthers ' inception, and games between the two teams feature large contingents of Panthers fans at Atlanta 's Georgia Dome. The Panthers ' rivalry with Tampa Bay has been described as the most intense in the NFC South. The rivalry originated in 2002 with the formation of the NFC South, but became particularly heated before the 2003 season with verbal bouts between players on the two teams. It escalated further when the Panthers went to Tampa Bay and beat them in what ESPN.com writer Pat Yasinskas described as `` one of the most physical contests in recent memory ''. The rivalry has resulted in a number of severe injuries for players on both teams, some of which were caused by foul play. One of these plays, an illegal hit on Tampa Bay punt returner Clifton Smith, sparked a brief melee between the teams in 2009. During their time in the NFC West, the Panthers began developing a rivalry with the San Francisco 49ers. This rivalry faded after the NFL moved the Panthers out of the NFC West. Seattle Seahawks ( edit ) Main article : Panthers -- Seahawks rivalry A relatively new rivalry, this one dates to the 2005 NFC Championship Game, in which the Seahawks won the game 31 -- 14. The rivalry started up again in 2012, when the Panthers lost a close regular season home game to a Seattle Seahawks team led by rookie quarterback Russell Wilson, 16 -- 12. In the 2013 season, the Panthers opened the season at home versus Seattle. They again lost a close game, with the final score 12 -- 7. The Seahawks would go on to win Super Bowl XLVIII. In the 2014 season, once more at Bank of America Stadium, the Seahawks defeated the Panthers in week eight, 13 -- 9. In the divisional round of the playoffs, the Panthers faced Seattle in Seattle, notorious for being a tough opposing field to play in, and lost 31 -- 17. The Seahawks would go on to lose Super Bowl XLIX. In the 2015 season the next year, the teams faced off in Seattle, where the Panthers won another close game, 27 -- 23. In the divisional round of the playoffs, the Panthers faced Seattle at Bank of America stadium, where they had yet to beat a Russell Wilson - led Seahawks team. By halftime they led 31 -- 0, but the Seahawks rebounded and scored 24 unanswered points before the Panthers were able to seal the victory, 31 -- 24. The Panthers would go on to lose Super Bowl 50. In the 2016 season, the teams met in Seattle, where the Panthers were beaten, 40 -- 7. Since the 2012 season, Carolina is 2 -- 5 overall against Seattle and 1 -- 1 in the playoffs. The rivalry aspect stems from how close the majority of the matches have been and the fact that they have played each other seven times between 2012 and 2017 -- at least once a year. The teams did not face each other during the 2017 season. Players ( edit ) Further information : List of Carolina Panthers players, List of Carolina Panthers starting quarterbacks, List of Carolina Panthers first - round draft picks, and List of Carolina Panthers Pro Bowl selections Current roster ( edit ) Carolina Panthers roster view talk Quarterbacks 4 Garrett Gilbert 1 Cam Newton Running backs 40 Alexander Armah FB 34 Cameron Artis - Payne 22 Christian McCaffrey 43 Fozzy Whittaker Wide receivers 16 Rasheed Bailey 18 Damiere Byrd 8 Austin Duke 14 Mose Frazier 17 Devin Funchess 15 Jamaal Jones 2 Fred Ross 10 Curtis Samuel 19 Russell Shepard 11 Torrey Smith 13 Jarius Wright Tight ends 85 Evan Baylis 82 Chris Manhertz 88 Greg Olsen 86 Kent Taylor Offensive linemen 78 Zach Banner T 76 Blaine Clausell T 64 Dorian Johnson G 75 Matt Kalil T 67 Ryan Kalil C 69 Tyler Larsen C 72 Taylor Moton T 65 Amini Silatolu G -- Jeremiah Sirles G 70 Trai Turner G 73 Greg Van Roten C 60 Daryl Williams T Defensive linemen 97 Mario Addison DE 92 Vernon Butler DT 91 Bryan Cox Jr. DE 94 Daeshon Hall DE 96 Wes Horton DE 79 Drew Iddings DT 93 Kyle Love DT 77 Zach Moore DE 71 Efe Obada DE 90 Julius Peppers DE 95 Dontari Poe DT 99 Kawann Short DT Linebackers 49 Richie Brown LB 58 Thomas Davis Sr. OLB 53 Ben Jacobs OLB 59 Luke Kuechly MLB 55 David Mayo MLB 52 Jared Norris OLB 54 Shaq Thompson OLB Defensive backs 29 Mike Adams SS 24 James Bradberry CB 36 Demetrious Cox SS -- Ross Cockrell CB 21 Lorenzo Doss CB 35 Corn Elder CB 23 LaDarius Gunter CB 42 Colin Jones FS 32 Cole Luke CB 41 Captain Munnerlyn CB 25 Damian Parms SS 33 Zack Sanchez CB -- Da'Norris Searcy SS 27 Kevon Seymour CB 37 Dezmen Southward SS Special teams 9 Graham Gano K 44 J.J. Jansen LS 5 Michael Palardy P Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated March 26, 2018 Depth chart Transactions 70 Active, 0 Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Hall of Honor ( edit ) The Carolina Panthers Hall of Honor was established in 1997 to honor individuals for their contributions to the Carolina Panthers organization. Each inductee is honored with a life - sized bronze statue outside of Bank of America Stadium 's North Entrance, while the names of each original PSL owner are written on the black granite base at each of the six panther statues. A rule added in the mid-2000s by the Panthers organization requires all potential inductees to be retired for at least five years before they are eligible for induction. Carolina Panthers Hall of Honor No. Player Position Seasons Inducted -- Mike McCormack President / General manager 1993 -- 1997 September 21, 1997 51 Sam Mills LB 1995 -- 1997 September 27, 1998 -- PSL owners 1995 -- present September 13, 2004 Pro Football Hall of Fame enshrinees ( edit ) Nominees for the Pro Football Hall of Fame, which `` honor ( s ) individuals who have made outstanding contributions to professional football '', are determined by a 46 - member selection committee. At least 80 % of voters must approve the nominee for him to be inducted. Carolina Panthers Pro Football Hall of Famers Players No. Name Position Seasons Inducted 92 Reggie White DE / T 2000 2006 91 Kevin Greene LB / DE 1998 -- 1999 2016 Coaches and Contributors Bill Polian GM 1995 -- 1997 2015 Ownership and administration ( edit ) Jerry Richardson is the owner and founder of the Carolina Panthers. Richardson and his family own about 48 % of the team, with the remaining 52 % owned by a group of 14 limited partners. Richardson paid $206 million for the rights to start the team in 1993 ; according to Forbes, the Panthers are worth approximately $1 billion as of 2012. They ranked the Carolina Panthers as the 16th-most valuable NFL team and the 23rd most valuable sports team in the world. Mike McCormack, a Hall of Fame lineman for the Cleveland Browns and former coach and executive for the Seattle Seahawks, was the Panthers ' first team president, presiding in that role from 1994 until his retirement in 1997 ; McCormack was inducted as the first person in the Carolina Panthers Hall of Honor later that year. Jerry Richardson 's son, Mark, was appointed as the team 's second president in 1997 and served in that role until he stepped down in 2009. His brother Jon, who had been president of Bank of America Stadium, stepped down at the same time. The resignations of Mark and Jon Richardson were unexpected, as it was thought that the two would eventually take over the team from their father. Mark Richardson was replaced by Danny Morrison, who had previously served as the athletic director of both Texas Christian University and Wofford College, Richardson 's alma mater. Coaches ( edit ) The Carolina Panthers have had four head coaches. Dom Capers was the head coach from 1995 to 1998 and led the team to one playoff appearance. Counting playoff games, he finished with a record of 31 -- 35 (. 470 ). George Seifert coached the team from 1999 to 2001, recording 16 wins and 32 losses (. 333 ) ; he is the only head coach in team history not to have led the team to a playoff appearance. John Fox, the team 's longest - tenured head coach, led the team from 2002 to 2010 and coached the team to three playoff appearances including Super Bowl XXXVIII which the Panthers lost. Including playoff games, Fox ended his tenure with a 78 -- 74 (. 513 ) record, making him the only Panthers coach to finish his tenure with the team with a winning record. Ron Rivera, the team 's current head coach, has held the position since 2011 and has led the team to three playoff appearances including Super Bowl 50 which the Panthers also lost. Counting playoff games, he has a career record of 67 -- 51 -- 1 (. 567 ). Statistically, Rivera has the highest winning percentage of any Panthers head coach. Name Term Totals Regular season Playoffs Ref PCT PCT PCT Dom Capers 1995 -- 1998 66 31 35 0. 470 64 30 34 0. 469. 500 George Seifert 1999 -- 2001 48 16 32 0. 333 48 16 32 0. 333 0 -- -- -- John Fox 2002 -- 2010 152 78 74 0. 513 144 73 71 0. 507 8 5. 625 Ron Rivera 2011 -- present 119 67 51. 567 112 64 47. 576 7. 429 Current staff ( edit ) Carolina Panthers staff Front Office Owner -- Jerry Richardson President -- Vacant General Manager -- Marty Hurney Senior Executive Scout -- Don Gregory Director of Player Personnel -- Mark Koncz Director of Team Administration - Rob Rogers Director of Pro Scouting -- Matt Allen Director of College Scouting - Jeff Morrow National Scout - Mike Szabo Head Coaches Head Coach -- Ron Rivera Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Norv Turner Run Game Coordinator -- John Matsko Quarterbacks -- Scott Turner Running Backs -- Jim Skipper Wide Receivers -- Lance Taylor Assistant Wide Receivers -- Jerricho Cotchery Tight Ends -- Pete Hoener Assistant Offensive Line -- Travelle Wharton Offensive Quality Control - Drew Terrell Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Eric Washington Defensive Line -- Brady Hoke Assistant Defensive Line -- Sam Mills III Linebackers -- Steve Russ Defensive Backs -- Curtis Fuller Assistant Defensive Backs ( Safeties ) -- Richard Rodgers Assistant Defensive Backs ( Nickels ) -- Jeff Imamura Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Chase Blackburn Assistant Special Teams - Heath Farwell Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Joe Kenn Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Jason Benguche → Coaching staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Team records ( edit ) Further information : List of Carolina Panthers seasons John Kasay, a fan favorite, holds the team 's career points record Since they began playing football in 1995, the Panthers have been to four NFC Championship Games ; they lost two ( 1996 and 2005 ) and won two ( 2003 and 2015 ). The Panthers have won six division championships : the NFC West championship in 1996 and the NFC South championship in 2003, 2008, 2013, 2014, and 2015. They are the first and only team to win the NFC South back to back and have won the NFC South more times than any other team in the division. They have finished as runners - up in their division six times, finishing second - place in the NFC West in 1997 and 1999 and finishing second - place in the NFC South in 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2012. They have qualified for the playoffs 8 times, most recently in 2017. Kicker John Kasay is the team 's career points leader. Kasay scored 1,482 points during his 16 seasons ( 1995 -- 2010 ) with the Panthers. Quarterback Cam Newton, who has played for the Panthers since 2011, is the career passing leader, having thrown for 20,257 yards over his six seasons with the team. Running back Jonathan Stewart is the career rushing leader for the Carolina Panthers. Stewart, during his tenure with the team ( 2008 -- present ), rushed for 6,868 yards with the Panthers. Wide receiver Steve Smith, the team 's leading receiver, recorded 12,197 receiving yards during his 13 - year ( 2001 -- 2013 ) tenure with the team. Carolina Panthers all - time record Regular season Playoffs Total Record 175 -- 180 -- 1 9 -- 7 175 -- 176 -- 1 Percentage. 493. 563. 496 References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Under NFL rules, an NFL owner and his family only need to control 30 percent of a team to be considered the team 's controlling owner. Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers Chronology ''. Carolina Panthers. Retrieved August 21, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers Team Capsule '' ( PDF ). 2016 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book. National Football League. July 15, 2016. Retrieved August 4, 2016. Jump up ^ Strickland, Bryan ( August 5, 2014 ). `` Panthers announce jersey colors ''. Carolina Panthers. Retrieved January 26, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Franchise nicknames ''. Pro Football Hall of Fame. January 1, 2005. Retrieved January 13, 2018. Team owner Jerry Richardson 's son Mark is responsible for the selection of Panthers as the team name. Mark, who felt that there should be some `` synergy '' between the name and the team colors also suggested the team colors of black, blue and silver. ^ Jump up to : `` Carolina Panthers ''. Forbes. 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Panther Football, LLC ''. North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State. January 1, 2000. Retrieved August 24, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Panthers Stadium, LLC ''. North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State. July 16, 2002. Retrieved August 24, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Chronology ''. Team History. Carolina Panthers. Retrieved January 19, 2013. Jump up ^ Hoffer, Richard ( October 28, 1991 ). `` The Franchise ''. Sports Illustrated. New York : Time Inc. 75 ( 19 ) : 64 -- 66, 70, 72 -- 73. ISSN 0038 - 822X. Retrieved April 28, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Swan, Gary ( September 19, 1996 ). `` Carolina 's Davis Has His Hands Full Again / Former 49ers corner renews duel with Rice ''. San Francisco Chronicle. OCLC 137344428. Retrieved January 19, 2013. Jump up ^ Caldwell, Dave ( November 3, 1994 ). `` Nfl Owners Decide Against Realignment Complications Carolina Panthers `` Slotted '' To Nfc West. Jacksonville Jaguars Go To Afc Central ``. The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved September 1, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Panthers let Capers go after dismal 4 -- 12 season ''. Sports Illustrated. Associated Press. December 28, 1998. Retrieved January 29, 2013. Jump up ^ Don, Pierson ( January 6, 1997 ). `` Panthers Push Out Cowboys ''. Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085 - 6706. Retrieved January 29, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 1996 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved May 11, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Panthers fire head coach Seifert after 1 -- 15 season ''. Sports Illustrated. January 2, 2002. Retrieved January 29, 2013. Jump up ^ Banks, Don ( May 22, 2001 ). `` Seattle moved to NFC in approved realignment plan ''. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved September 1, 2013. Jump up ^ Fryer, Jenna ( January 26, 2002 ). `` Carolina hires Fox as new head coach ''. Athens Banner - Herald. Archived from the original on July 30, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2013. Jump up ^ Chadiha, Jeffri ( September 1, 2003 ). `` Carolina Panthers ''. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved January 29, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Parcells can only do so much as Cowboys no match for Panthers ''. FOX Sports. January 4, 2004. Retrieved January 29, 2013. Jump up ^ King, Peter. `` What more could you want? ''. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved January 29, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Top Ten Super Bowls : Super Bowl XXXVIII ''. NFL.com. January 27, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Top 10 best Super Bowl games ''. Fox Sports on MSN. January 22, 2012. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2013. Jump up ^ Fischer - Baum, Reuben ( February 6, 2013 ). `` What Was The Best Super Bowl Ever? Ranking All 47 Games According To Watchability ''. Deadspin. Retrieved August 28, 2013. Jump up ^ Rothschild, Richard ( January 30, 2012 ). `` Grading all 45 Super Bowls ''. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved August 28, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panther 's ( sic ) ' Wine and Cheese ' Fans ''. NPR. January 29, 2004. Retrieved January 19, 2013. Jump up ^ Bernstein, Viv ( January 3, 2005 ). `` Pro Football ; New Orleans and Carolina Battle as if There 's No Tomorrow, and There Is n't ''. The New York Times. Retrieved January 29, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Panthers clinch berth, expend little effort vs. Falcons ''. ESPN.com. January 1, 2006. Retrieved January 29, 2013. Jump up ^ Bayless, Skip. `` Wanna go for a ( wild ) ride? ''. ESPN.com. Retrieved January 29, 2013. Jump up ^ Bayless, Skip. `` The Seahawks are far from super ''. ESPN.com. Retrieved January 29, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Seahawks smash Panthers, clinch first Super Bowl in team history ''. ESPN.com. January 22, 2006. Retrieved January 29, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Playoff - bound Saints rest key starters in loss to Panthers ''. ESPN.com. Retrieved January 29, 2013. Jump up ^ Yasinskas, Pat. `` Delhomme sees silver lining in long rehab from elbow injury ''. ESPN.com. Retrieved January 29, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Soaring Cardinals one game away from first Super Bowl berth ''. ESPN.com. January 10, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Report : Panthers wo n't fire coach, GM ''. ESPN.com. December 28, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2013. Jump up ^ Easterbrook, Gregg ( January 5, 2010 ). `` New York Jets in playoffs = conspiracy ''. ESPN.com. Retrieved January 30, 2013. Jump up ^ Odum, Charles ( January 3, 2011 ). `` Falcons beat Panthers 31 -- 10, win home - field edge ''. Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved January 30, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Ron Rivera knows he has to win ''. ESPN.com. January 29, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2013. Jump up ^ Leahy, Sean ( April 28, 2011 ). `` Carolina Panthers select Cam Newton with No. 1 pick in NFL draft ''. USA Today. Retrieved January 30, 2013. Jump up ^ Wilner, Barry ( February 4, 2012 ). `` Cam Newton Wins 2012 Offensive Rookie Of Year ''. The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 30, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Cam Newton, Greg Hardy help Panthers clinch NFC South title ''. ESPN.com. December 30, 2013. Retrieved December 30, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Playoff clinching : Carolina Panthers lock up NFC South ''. NFL.com. December 28, 2014. Retrieved December 29, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Panthers bury Cardinals behind Cam Newton, historic effort on defense ''. ESPN. January 3, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2015. Jump up ^ Hanzus, Dan ( January 3, 2016 ). `` Panthers clinch home - field advantage in playoffs ''. National Football League. Retrieved January 25, 2016. Jump up ^ Breiner, Ben ( February 5, 2016 ). `` Are the Panthers South Carolina 's team? ''. The State. Retrieved October 12, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Panthers introduce refined logo ''. Carolina Panthers. January 29, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers change logo for the first time ''. EPSN. January 30, 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Chandler, Charles ( October 26, 2008 ). `` Fifteen years of the Panthers ''. The Charlotte Observer. Archived from the original on February 15, 2013. Retrieved January 27, 2013. Jump up ^ Fowler, Scott ( February 2, 2012 ). `` Richardson tells Panther fan that helmets will change, uniforms wo n't ''. The Charlotte Observer. Retrieved January 27, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Wear your team jersey colors ''. Carolina Panthers. August 8, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2013. Jump up ^ Strickland, Brian ( September 28, 2012 ). `` Fans ask about team morale, uniforms ''. Carolina Panthers. Retrieved January 27, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Strickland, Bryan ( January 31, 2013 ). `` When will Panthers be back in black? ''. Carolina Panthers. Retrieved July 21, 2013. Jump up ^ Jones, Jonathan ( September 10, 2015 ). `` Carolina Panthers wearing blue, trying to beat Jacksonville 's heat ''. Carolina Observer. Retrieved March 21, 2018. Jump up ^ `` New NFL policy means no black Panthers helmet ''. Charlotte.com. September 17, 2013. Retrieved March 21, 2018. Jump up ^ Henson, Max. `` Notes : Committed to the Carolinas ''. Carolina Panthers. Retrieved January 27, 2013. Jump up ^ Fowler, Scott ( July 24, 2013 ). `` Panthers win Greatest Uniform Ever contest, and will now wear black more often ''. The Charlotte Observer. Retrieved July 25, 2013. Jump up ^ Strickland, Brian ( December 12, 2013 ). `` Notes : Panthers to wear black pants ''. Carolina Panthers. Retrieved December 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Panthers Unveil Color Rush Uniform ''. Carolina Panthers. November 19, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2016. Jump up ^ Fowler, Scott ( April 3, 2012 ). `` Carolina Panthers ' uniforms to honor Sam Mills legacy ''. The State. Retrieved January 27, 2013. Jump up ^ Strickland, Bryan ( April 3, 2012 ). `` Panthers uniforms unveiled ''. Carolina Panthers. Retrieved March 8, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Contact Us ''. Carolina Panthers. Retrieved January 19, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Tours ''. Carolina Panthers. Retrieved January 19, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Best Public Art in Uptown Charlotte ''. CBS Charlotte. October 1, 2012. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Hall of Honor ''. Carolina Panthers. Retrieved January 19, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Sam Mills III ''. Carolina Panthers. Retrieved September 9, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Stadium Facts ''. Carolina Panthers. Retrieved January 24, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Strickland, Brian ( July 30, 2012 ). `` Governor proclaims `` Carolina Panthers Day '' in S.C. '' Carolina Panthers. Retrieved May 7, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Cranston, Mike ( September 13, 2007 ). `` Panthers fortify practice facility to keep out spies ''. USA Today. Retrieved January 25, 2013. Jump up ^ Yasinskas, Pat ( May 4, 2009 ). `` NFC South not big on ' bubbles ' ''. ESPN.com. Retrieved January 25, 2013. Jump up ^ Banks, Don ( August 2, 2012 ). `` Postcard from camp : Panthers ''. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved January 25, 2013. Jump up ^ Breech, John ( January 24, 2016 ). `` LOOK : Panthers ' # OneCarolina hashtag has taken over social media ''. CBS Sports. Retrieved October 12, 2015. Jump up ^ Yasinskas, Pat ( August 29, 2008 ). `` Playoff drought leaves Dolphins ' fans parched for a winner ''. ESPN.com. p. 3. Retrieved January 19, 2013. Jump up ^ `` NFL Fan Value Experience ''. Sports Illustrated. November 7, 2007. Retrieved January 19, 2013. Jump up ^ Gantt, Darin ( January 16, 2013 ). `` Report : Richardson plans to have Panthers sold after he dies ''. Pro Football Talk. Retrieved September 9, 2013. Jump up ^ `` NFL Attendance − 2012 ''. ESPN.com. Retrieved September 9, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 2015 NFL Football Attendance - National Football League - ESPN ''. ESPN.com. Jump up ^ `` Mascot ''. Carolina Panthers. Retrieved January 22, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Sir Purr -- Outreach ''. Carolina Panthers. Retrieved April 28, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders ''. Carolina Panthers. Retrieved January 22, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Drumline ''. Carolina Panthers. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2013. Jump up ^ Schwartz, Nick ( February 1, 2016 ). `` How ' Keep Pounding ' became the Panthers ' inspirational team motto ''. USA Today. Retrieved February 9, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Keep Pounding Drummer ''. Carolina Panthers. Retrieved September 20, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Squires, Chase ( February 1, 2004 ). `` Squad 's ' 95 fans remember the team spirit ''. St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved September 9, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Stand and Cheer ''. Carolina Panthers. March 9, 2009. Retrieved September 9, 2013. Jump up ^ Inscoe, Corey ( October 27, 2015 ). `` The story behind that cheesy `` Stand and Cheer '' Carolina Panthers fight song - CharlotteFive ``. CharlotteFive.com. Retrieved January 16, 2018. Jump up ^ Sorenson, Tom ( October 25, 2010 ). `` Panthers like sweet sound of victory ''. The News & Observer. Archived from the original on September 9, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2010. Jump up ^ Keep Pounding. Jan 4, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Carolina Panthers Charities ''. Carolina Panthers. Archived from the original on September 15, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers -- Fisher Athletic High School Equipment Grant '' ( PDF ). Carolina Panthers. Retrieved September 11, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Charity Events ''. Carolina Panthers. Retrieved September 9, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Keep Pounding ''. Carolina Panthers. Retrieved September 9, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Community ''. Carolina Panthers. Retrieved September 9, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Radio ''. Carolina Panthers. Retrieved September 12, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Television ''. Carolina Panthers. Retrieved September 12, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers -- Spanish ''. Jump up ^ `` Who are these enthusiastic guys broadcasting Carolina Panthers games in Spanish? ''. charlotteobserver. ^ Jump up to : Sorenson, Tom ( September 28, 2008 ). `` Sorensen : Falcons vs. Panthers is no rivalry ''. The Charlotte Observer. Archived from the original on February 15, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Saints, Panthers rivalry deepening after New Orleans ' 30 -- 27 win ''. WWL - TV. October 21, 2011. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved January 22, 2013. Jump up ^ Yasinskas, Pat ( December 9, 2012 ). `` Panthers score some points for Rivera ''. ESPN.com. Retrieved January 22, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Yasinskas, Pat ( September 11, 2008 ). `` NFC South 's most intense rivalry : Panthers vs. Bucs ''. ESPN.com. Retrieved January 22, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Holder, Stephen F. ( October 19, 2009 ). `` Carolina Panthers cornerback Dante Wesley suspended for hit on Tampa Bay Buccaneers returner Clifton Smith ''. Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2013. Jump up ^ Fowler, Scott ( October 22, 2010 ). `` My Panthers - 49ers prediction ''. The Charlotte Observer. Scott Says. Retrieved January 22, 2013. Jump up ^ Person, Joseph ( January 12, 2016 ). `` A look back at past 5 games in Panthers - Seahawks rivalry ''. The Charlotte Observer. Retrieved January 25, 2016. Jump up ^ Fowler, Scott ( May 9, 2013 ). `` Panther Hall of Honor more like crawlspace ''. Scott Says. The Charlotte Observer. Retrieved May 9, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Mission Statement ''. Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved March 3, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Becoming a Hall of Famer ''. Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved January 25, 2016. Jump up ^ Person, Joseph ( January 5, 2011 ). `` Panthers owner looks back, ahead ''. The News & Observer. Archived from the original on March 16, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2012. Jump up ^ Biggs, Brad ( October 26, 2009 ). `` Change in NFL ownership rules aids family - owned teams like Bears ''. Chicago Sun - Times. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved April 29, 2013. Jump up ^ Badenhausen, Kurt ( July 16, 2012 ). `` Manchester United Tops The World 's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams ''. Forbes. Retrieved January 28, 2013. Jump up ^ Yasinskas, Pat ( September 1, 2009 ). `` Richardson 's sons resign unexpectedly ''. ESPN.com. Retrieved January 29, 2013. Jump up ^ Person, Joe ; Jones, Jonathan ; Green Jr., Ron ( September 2, 2009 ). `` Danny Morrison file ''. Charlotte.com. Retrieved January 29, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Head Coaches ''. Carolina Panthers. Retrieved April 28, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Dom Capers Record, Statistics, and Category Ranks ''. Sports - Reference. Retrieved January 27, 2016. Jump up ^ `` George Seifert Record, Statistics, and Category Ranks ''. Sports - Reference. Retrieved January 27, 2016. Jump up ^ `` John Fox Record, Statistics, and Category Ranks ''. Sports - Reference. Retrieved January 27, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Ron Rivera Record, Statistics, and Category Ranks ''. Sports - Reference. Retrieved January 27, 2016. Jump up ^ Yasinskas, Pat ( August 31, 2012 ). `` John Kasay back to Panthers? Doubt it ''. ESPN.com. Retrieved April 29, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers ''. CBS Sports. Retrieved March 5, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Playoff Game Summaries '' ( pdf ). NFL.com. Retrieved January 14, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Past Standings ( 1920 -- 2011 ) '' ( PDF ). NFL.com. Retrieved February 27, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Standings ''. NFL.com. Retrieved March 5, 2013. Jump up ^ Adam Stites ( December 7, 2015 ). `` 2015 NFL playoff picture, Week 13 : Panthers become first team to clinch, win NFC South ''. SBNation.com. Vox Media. ^ Jump up to : `` All - Time Leaders ''. Carolina Panthers. Retrieved March 13, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers Head - to - Head Records ''. Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved September 9, 2013. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carolina Panthers. Official website Carolina Panthers at NFL.com Carolina Panthers Founded in 1995 Based and headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Coaches Players Expansion draft First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Records and statistics Broadcasters Stadiums Memorial Stadium ( Clemson ) Bank of America Stadium Culture and lore Jerry Richardson Sir Purr Cardiac Cats Carolina Topcats `` Sweet Caroline '' ( song ) Rivalries Atlanta Falcons Tampa Bay Buccaneers Seattle Seahawks Hall of Honor Mike McCormack Sam Mills PSL Owners Wild card berths ( 2 ) 2005 2017 Division championships ( 6 ) 2003 2008 2013 2014 2015 Conference championships ( 2 ) 2003 2015 Retired numbers 51 Media Broadcasters Mick Mixon Eugene Robinson Bill Rosinski TV : WCCB Radio : WBT Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 24 ) 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Sports teams based in North Carolina Australian rules football USAFL / EAFL North Carolina Tigers Baseball IL Charlotte Knights Durham Bulls CL Buies Creek Astros Carolina Mudcats Down East Wood Ducks Winston - Salem Dash SAL Asheville Tourists Greensboro Grasshoppers Hickory Crawdads Kannapolis Intimidators ApL Burlington Royals CPL Asheboro Copperheads Edenton Steamers Fayetteville SwampDogs Forest City Owls Gastonia Grizzlies Morehead City Marlins High Point - Thomasville HiToms Wilmington Sharks Wilson Tobs TSL Outer Banks Daredevils Basketball NBA Charlotte Hornets G League Greensboro Swarm Football NFL Carolina Panthers NAL Carolina Cobras AAL Cape Fear Heroes Carolina Energy High Country Grizzlies Triangle Torch WFA Carolina Phoenix USWFL Carolina Queens Fayetteville Fierce Hockey NHL Carolina Hurricanes AHL Charlotte Checkers SPHL Fayetteville Marksmen FHL Carolina Thunderbirds Lacrosse MLL Charlotte Hounds Roller derby WFTDA Blue Ridge Rollergirls Cape Fear Roller Girls Carolina Rollergirls Charlotte Roller Girls Rogue Rollergirls Rugby SL Charlotte Rugby Club Soccer USL Charlotte Independence North Carolina FC NWSL North Carolina Courage PDL Carolina Dynamo Charlotte Eagles North Carolina FC U23 Tobacco Road FC Wilmington Hammerheads NPSL Asheville City SC Ultimate AUDL Raleigh Flyers College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) FBS Appalachian State Mountaineers Charlotte 49ers Duke Blue Devils East Carolina Pirates North Carolina Tar Heels NC State Wolfpack Wake Forest Demon Deacons FCS Campbell Camels Davidson Wildcats Elon Phoenix Gardner - Webb Bulldogs North Carolina A&T Aggies North Carolina Central Eagles Western Carolina Catamounts non-football Asheville Bulldogs Greensboro Spartans High Point Panthers Wilmington Seahawks See also Sports in North Carolina List of sports venues in North Carolina City of Charlotte, North Carolina Main Charlotteans Mecklenburg County Metrolina North Carolina Piedmont Neighborhoods Tallest buildings History Timeline Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence Queen Charlotte Charlottetown Resolutions Government Mayor of Charlotte : Vi Lyles Charlotte City Council Charlotte - Mecklenburg Schools Public Library System Charlotte Fire CMPD Colleges and universities University of North Carolina at Charlotte Central Piedmont Community College Charlotte School of Law Johnson C. Smith University Johnson & Wales University Queens University of Charlotte Attractions Museums : Bechtler Museum of Modern Art Billy Graham Library Carolinas Aviation Museum Discovery Place Harvey B. Gantt Center Levine Museum of the New South Mint Museum NASCAR Hall of Fame Performing Arts : North Carolina Blumenthal Performing Arts Center ImaginOn North Carolina Music Factory PNC Music Pavilion Tremont Music Hall Charlotte Philharmonic Orchestra Parks : First Ward Park Freedom Park Independence Park Little Sugar Creek Greenway Reedy Creek Park Romare Bearden Park Sports teams Carolina Panthers -- NFL Charlotte Hornets -- NBA Charlotte Hounds -- MLL Charlotte Checkers -- AHL Charlotte Independence -- United Soccer Leagues Charlotte Knights -- IL Charlotte Rugby Club -- RSL Charlotte 49ers -- NCAA Division I Johnson C. Smith University Golden Bulls -- NCAA Division II Media Newspapers : The Charlotte Observer The Charlotte Post Creative Loafing Q - Notes Charlotte Weekly Television : 3 WBTV ( CBS ) 9 WSOC ( ABC ) 14 WHKY ( Ind. ) 18 WCCB ( CW ) 30 WNSC ( PBS / ETV ) 36 WCNC ( NBC ) 42 WTVI ( PBS ) 46 WJZY ( Fox ) 55 WMYT ( MNT ) 58 WUNG ( PBS / UNC - TV ) 64 WAXN ( Ind. ) Economy Atrium Health Center city Companies Convention Center Transportation Charlotte Area Transit System Lynx Blue Line CityLynx Gold Line Charlotte Douglas International Airport Roads : I - 77 I - 85 I - 277 I - 485 US 21 US 29 US 74 US 521 NC 16 NC 49 NC 51 NC 115 Route 4 Rail : Carolinian Crescent Piedmont Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carolina_Panthers&oldid=833159802 '' Categories : Carolina Panthers 1995 establishments in North Carolina American football teams in North Carolina National Football League teams Sports clubs established in 1995 Sports teams in Charlotte, North Carolina Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Featured articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018, at 00 : 15. 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{ "text": "Liver - wikipedia Liver For other uses, see Liver ( disambiguation ). Liver The human liver is located in the upper right abdomen Location of human liver ( in red ) Details Precursor Foregut System Digestive system Artery Hepatic artery Vein Hepatic vein and hepatic portal vein Nerve Celiac ganglia and vagus nerve Identifiers Latin Jecur, iecur Greek Hepar ( ἧπαρ ) root hepat - ( ἡπατ - ) MeSH D008099 TA A05. 8.01. 001 FMA 7197 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion. In humans, it is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, below the diaphragm. Its other roles in metabolism include the regulation of glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells and the production of hormones. The liver is an accessory digestive gland that produces bile, an alkaline compound which helps the breakdown of fat. Bile aids in digestion via the emulsification of lipids. The gallbladder, a small pouch that sits just under the liver, stores bile produced by the liver. The liver 's highly specialized tissue consisting of mostly hepatocytes regulates a wide variety of high - volume biochemical reactions, including the synthesis and breakdown of small and complex molecules, many of which are necessary for normal vital functions. Estimates regarding the organ 's total number of functions vary, but textbooks generally cite it being around 500. Terminology related to the liver often starts in hepat - from ἡπατο -, the Greek word for liver. No way is yet known to compensate for the absence of liver function in the long term, although liver dialysis techniques can be used in the short term. Artificial livers are yet to be developed to promote long - term replacement in the absence of the liver. As of 2017, liver transplantation is the only option for complete liver failure. Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Gross anatomy 1.1. 1 Lobes 1.1. 2 Surfaces 1.1. 3 Impressions 1.2 Microscopic anatomy 1.3 Functional anatomy 1.4 Couinaud classification system 1.5 Gene and protein expression 2 Development 2.1 Fetal blood supply 3 Function 3.1 Blood supply 3.2 Biliary flow 3.3 Synthesis 3.4 Breakdown 3.5 Other 3.6 With aging 4 Clinical significance 4.1 Disease 4.2 Symptoms 4.3 Diagnosis 4.4 Liver regeneration 4.5 Liver transplantation 5 Society and culture 5.1 Food 6 Other animals 7 References 7.1 Works cited 8 External links Structure ( edit ) The liver is a reddish - brown, wedge - shaped organ with four lobes of unequal size and shape. A human liver normally weighs 1.44 -- 1.66 kg ( 3.2 -- 3.7 lb ), and has a width of about 15 cm. It is both the heaviest internal organ and the largest gland in the human body. Located in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity, it rests just below the diaphragm, to the right of the stomach and overlies the gallbladder. The liver is connected to two large blood vessels : the hepatic artery and the portal vein. The hepatic artery carries oxygen - rich blood from the aorta, whereas the portal vein carries blood rich in digested nutrients from the entire gastrointestinal tract and also from the spleen and pancreas. These blood vessels subdivide into small capillaries known as liver sinusoids, which then lead to lobules. Lobules are the functional units of the liver. Each lobule is made up of millions of hepatic cells ( hepatocytes ), which are the basic metabolic cells. The lobules are held together by a fine, dense, irregular, fibroelastic connective tissue layer which extends from the fibrous capsule covering the entire liver known as Glisson 's capsule. This extends into the structure of the liver, by accompanying the blood vessels ( veins and arteries ), ducts, and nerves at the hepatic hilum. The whole surface of the liver except for the bare area, is covered in a serous coat derived from the peritoneum, and this firmly adheres to the inner Glisson 's capsule. Gross Anatomy ( edit ) Lobes ( edit ) Further information : Lobes of liver The liver, viewed from above, showing the left and right lobes separated by the falciform ligament The liver, viewed from below, surface showing four lobes and the impressions The liver is grossly divided into two parts when viewed from above -- a right and a left lobe, and four parts when viewed from below ( left, right, caudate, and quadrate lobes ). The falciform ligament, divides the liver into a left and right lobe. From below, the two additional lobes are located between the right and left lobes, one in front of the other. A line can be imagined running from the left of the vena cava and all the way forward to divide the liver and gallbladder into two halves. This line is called `` Cantlie 's line ''. Other anatomical landmarks include the ligamentum venosum and the round ligament of the liver ( ligamentum teres ), which further divide the left side of the liver in two sections. An important anatomical landmark, the porta hepatis, divides this left portion into four segments, which can be numbered starting at the caudate lobe as I in an anticlockwise manner. From this parietal view, seven segments can be seen, because the eighth segment is only visible in the visceral view. Surfaces ( edit ) On the diaphragmatic surface, apart from a triangular bare area where it connects to the diaphragm, the liver is covered by a thin, double - layered membrane, the peritoneum, that helps to reduce friction against other organs. This surface covers the convex shape of the two lobes where it accommodates the shape of the diaphragm. The peritoneum folds back on itself to form the falciform ligament and the right and left triangular ligaments. These peritoneal ligaments are not related to the anatomic ligaments in joints, and the right and left triangular ligaments have no known functional importance, though they serve as surface landmarks. The falciform ligament functions to attach the liver to the posterior portion of the anterior body wall. The visceral surface or inferior surface, is uneven and concave. It is covered in peritoneum apart from where it attaches the gallbladder and the porta hepatis. Impressions ( edit ) Impressions of the liver Several impressions on the surface of the liver accommodate the various adjacent structures and organs. Underneath the right lobe and to the right of the gallbladder fossa are two impressions, one behind the other and separated by a ridge. The one in front is a shallow colic impression, formed by the hepatic flexure and the one behind is a deeper renal impression accommodating part of the right kidney and part of the suprarenal gland. The suprarenal impression is a small, triangular, depressed area on the liver. It is located close to the right of the fossa, between the bare area and the caudate lobe, and immediately above the renal impression. The greater part of the suprarenal impression is devoid of peritoneum and it lodges the right suprarenal gland. Medial to the renal impression is a third and slightly marked impression, lying between it and the neck of the gall bladder. This is caused by the descending portion of the duodenum, and is known as the duodenal impression. The inferior surface of the left lobe of the liver presents behind and to the left the gastric impression. This is moulded over the upper front surface of the stomach, and to the right of this is a rounded eminence, the tuber omentale, which fits into the concavity of the lesser curvature of the stomach and lies in front of the anterior layer of the lesser omentum. Microscopic Anatomy ( edit ) Cells, ducts, and blood vessels Microscopic anatomy of the liver Types of capillaries -- sinusoid on right Microscopically, each liver lobe is seen to be made up of hepatic lobules. The lobules are roughly hexagonal, and consist of plates of hepatocytes radiating from a central vein. The central vein joins to the hepatic vein to carry blood out from the liver. A distinctive component of a lobule is the portal triad, which can be found running along each of the lobule 's corners. The portal triad, misleadingly named, consists of five structures : a branch of the hepatic artery, a branch of the hepatic portal vein, and a bile duct, as well as lymphatic vessels and a branch of the vagus nerve. Between the hepatocyte plates are liver sinusoids, which are enlarged capillaries through which blood from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery enters via the portal triads, then drains to the central vein. Histology, the study of microscopic anatomy, shows two major types of liver cell : parenchymal cells and nonparenchymal cells. About 70 -- 85 % of the liver volume is occupied by parenchymal hepatocytes. Nonparenchymal cells constitute 40 % of the total number of liver cells but only 6.5 % of its volume. The liver sinusoids are lined with two types of cell, sinusoidal endothelial cells, and phagocytic Kupffer cells. Hepatic stellate cells are nonparenchymal cells found in the perisinusoidal space, between a sinusoid and a hepatocyte. Additionally, intrahepatic lymphocytes are often present in the sinusoidal lumen. Functional Anatomy ( edit ) The central area or hepatic hilum, includes the opening known as the porta hepatis which carries the common bile duct and common hepatic artery, and the opening for the portal vein. The duct, vein, and artery divide into left and right branches, and the areas of the liver supplied by these branches constitute the functional left and right lobes. The functional lobes are separated by the imaginary plane, Cantlie 's line, joining the gallbladder fossa to the inferior vena cava. The plane separates the liver into the true right and left lobes. The middle hepatic vein also demarcates the true right and left lobes. The right lobe is further divided into an anterior and posterior segment by the right hepatic vein. The left lobe is divided into the medial and lateral segments by the left hepatic vein. The hilar area of the liver is described in terms of three plates that contain the bile ducts and blood vessels. The contents of the whole plate system are surrounded by a sheath. The three plates are the hilar plate, the cystic plate and the umbilical plate and the plate system is the site of the many anatomical variations to be found in the liver. Couinaud classification system ( edit ) Main article : Liver segment Shape of human liver in animation, eight Couinaud segments labelled In the widely used Couinaud system, the functional lobes are further divided into a total of eight subsegments based on a transverse plane through the bifurcation of the main portal vein. The caudate lobe is a separate structure that receives blood flow from both the right - and left - sided vascular branches. The Couinaud classification of liver anatomy divides the liver into eight functionally independent liver segments. Each segment has its own vascular inflow, outflow and biliary drainage. In the centre of each segment are branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct. In the periphery of each segment is vascular outflow through the hepatic veins. The classification system uses the vascular supply in the liver to separate the functional units ( numbered I to VIII ), with unit 1, the caudate lobe, receiving its supply from both the right and the left branches of portal vein. It contains one or more hepatic veins which drain directly into the inferior vena cava. The remainder of the units ( II to VIII ) are numbered in a clockwise fashion : Gene and protein expression ( edit ) Further information : Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 60 % of these genes are expressed in a normal, adult liver. Over 400 genes are more specifically expressed in the liver, with some 150 genes highly specific for liver tissue. A large fraction of the corresponding liver specific proteins are mainly expressed in hepatocytes and secreted into the blood and constitute plasma proteins. Other liver specific proteins are certain liver enzymes such as HAO1 and RDH16, proteins involved in bile synthesis such as BAAT and SLC27A5, and transporter proteins involved in the metabolism of drugs, such as ABCB11 and SLC2A2. Examples of highly liver - specific proteins include apolipoprotein A II, coagulation factors F2 and F9, complement factor related proteins, and the fibrinogen beta chain protein. Development ( edit ) Organogenesis, the development of the organs takes place from the third to the eighth week during embryogenesis. The origins of the liver lie in both the ventral portion of the foregut endoderm ( endoderm being one of the three embryonic germ layers ) and the constituents of the adjacent septum transversum mesenchyme. In the human embryo, the hepatic diverticulum is the tube of endoderm that extends out from the foregut into the surrounding mesenchyme. The mesenchyme of septum transversum induces this endoderm to proliferate, to branch, and to form the glandular epithelium of the liver. A portion of the hepatic diverticulum ( that region closest to the digestive tube ) continues to function as the drainage duct of the liver, and a branch from this duct produces the gallbladder. Besides signals from the septum transversum mesenchyme, fibroblast growth factor from the developing heart also contributes to hepatic competence, along with retinoic acid emanating from the lateral plate mesoderm. The hepatic endodermal cells undergo a morphological transition from columnar to pseudostratified resulting in thickening into the early liver bud. Their expansion forms a population of the bipotential hepatoblasts. Hepatic stellate cells are derived from mesenchyme. After migration of hepatoblasts into the septum transversum mesenchyme, the hepatic architecture begins to be established, with liver sinusoids and bile canaliculi appearing. The liver bud separates into the lobes. The left umbilical vein becomes the ductus venosus and the right vitelline vein becomes the portal vein. The expanding liver bud is colonized by hematopoietic cells. The bipotential hepatoblasts begin differentiating into biliary epithelial cells and hepatocytes. The biliary epithelial cells differentiate from hepatoblasts around portal veins, first producing a monolayer, and then a bilayer of cuboidal cells. In ductal plate, focal dilations emerge at points in the bilayer, become surrounded by portal mesenchyme, and undergo tubulogenesis into intrahepatic bile ducts. Hepatoblasts not adjacent to portal veins instead differentiate into hepatocytes and arrange into cords lined by sinudoidal epithelial cells and bile canaliculi. Once hepatoblasts are specified into hepatocytes and undergo further expansion, they begin acquiring the functions of a mature hepatocyte, and eventually mature hepatocytes appear as highly polarized epithelial cells with abundant glycogen accumulation. In the adult liver, hepatocytes are not equivalent, with position along the portocentrovenular axis within a liver lobule dictating expression of metabolic genes involved in drug metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, ammonia detoxification, and bile production and secretion. WNT / β - catenin has now been identified to be playing a key role in this phenomenon. At birth, the liver comprises roughly 4 % of body weight and weighs on average 120 g. Over the course of further development, it will increase to 1.4 -- 1.6 kg but will only take up 2.5 -- 3.5 % of body weight. Fetal blood supply ( edit ) In the growing fetus, a major source of blood to the liver is the umbilical vein, which supplies nutrients to the growing fetus. The umbilical vein enters the abdomen at the umbilicus and passes upward along the free margin of the falciform ligament of the liver to the inferior surface of the liver. There, it joins with the left branch of the portal vein. The ductus venosus carries blood from the left portal vein to the left hepatic vein and then to the inferior vena cava, allowing placental blood to bypass the liver. In the fetus, the liver does not perform the normal digestive processes and filtration of the infant liver because nutrients are received directly from the mother via the placenta. The fetal liver releases some blood stem cells that migrate to the fetal thymus, creating the T - cells or T - lymphocytes. After birth, the formation of blood stem cells shifts to the red bone marrow. After 2 -- 5 days, the umbilical vein and ductus venosus are completely obliterated ; the former becomes the round ligament of liver and the latter becomes the ligamentum venosum. In the disorders of cirrhosis and portal hypertension, the umbilical vein can open up again. Function ( edit ) The various functions of the liver are carried out by the liver cells or hepatocytes. The liver is thought to be responsible for up to 500 separate functions, usually in combination with other systems and organs. Currently, no artificial organ or device is capable of reproducing all the functions of the liver. Some functions can be carried out by liver dialysis, an experimental treatment for liver failure. Blood supply ( edit ) Liver veins The liver receives a dual blood supply from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic arteries. The hepatic portal vein delivers around 75 % of the liver 's blood supply, and carries venous blood drained from the spleen, gastrointestinal tract, and its associated organs. The hepatic arteries supply arterial blood to the liver, accounting for the remaining quarter of its blood flow. Oxygen is provided from both sources ; about half of the liver 's oxygen demand is met by the hepatic portal vein, and half is met by the hepatic arteries. Blood flows through the liver sinusoids and empties into the central vein of each lobule. The central veins coalesce into hepatic veins, which leave the liver and drain into the inferior vena cava. Biliary flow ( edit ) Main article : Enterohepatic circulation Biliary tract The biliary tract is derived from the branches of the bile ducts. The biliary tract, also known as the biliary tree, is the path by which bile is secreted by the liver then transported to the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum. The bile produced in the liver is collected in bile canaliculi, small grooves between the faces of adjacent hepatocytes. The canaliculi radiate to the edge of the liver lobule, where they merge to form bile ducts. Within the liver, these ducts are termed intrahepatic bile ducts, and once they exit the liver, they are considered extrahepatic. The intrahepatic ducts eventually drain into the right and left hepatic ducts, which exit the liver at the transverse fissure, and merge to form the common hepatic duct. The cystic duct from the gallbladder joins with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct. Bile either drains directly into the duodenum via the common bile duct, or is temporarily stored in the gallbladder via the cystic duct. The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct enter the second part of the duodenum together at the hepatopancreatic ampulla, also known as the ampulla of Vater. Synthesis ( edit ) Further information : Proteins produced and secreted by the liver The liver plays a major role in carbohydrate, protein, amino acid, and lipid metabolism. The liver performs several roles in carbohydrate metabolism : The liver synthesizes and stores around 100 g of glycogen via glycogenesis, the formation of glycogen from glucose. When needed, the liver releases glucose into the blood by performing glycogenolysis, the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. The liver is also responsible for gluconeogenesis, which is the synthesis of glucose from certain amino acids, lactate, or glycerol. Adipose and liver cells produce glycerol by breakdown of fat, which the liver uses for gluconeogenesis. The liver is responsible for the mainstay of protein metabolism, synthesis as well as degradation. It is also responsible for a large part of amino acid synthesis. The liver plays a role in the production of clotting factors, as well as red blood cell production. Some of the proteins synthesized by the liver include coagulation factors I ( fibrinogen ), II ( prothrombin ), V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XIII, as well as protein C, protein S and antithrombin. In the first trimester fetus, the liver is the main site of red blood cell production. By the 32nd week of gestation, the bone marrow has almost completely taken over that task. The liver is a major site of production for thrombopoietin, a glycoprotein hormone that regulates the production of platelets by the bone marrow. The liver plays several roles in lipid metabolism : it performs cholesterol synthesis, lipogenesis, and the production of triglycerides, and a bulk of the body 's lipoproteins are synthesized in the liver. The liver plays a key role in digestion, as it produces and excretes bile ( a yellowish liquid ) required for emulsifying fats and help the absorption of vitamin K from the diet. Some of the bile drains directly into the duodenum, and some is stored in the gallbladder. The liver also produces insulin - like growth factor 1, a polypeptide protein hormone that plays an important role in childhood growth and continues to have anabolic effects in adults. Breakdown ( edit ) The liver is responsible for the breakdown of insulin and other hormones. The liver breaks down bilirubin via glucuronidation, facilitating its excretion into bile. The liver is responsible for the breakdown and excretion of many waste products. It plays a key role in breaking down or modifying toxic substances ( e.g., methylation ) and most medicinal products in a process called drug metabolism. This sometimes results in toxication, when the metabolite is more toxic than its precursor. Preferably, the toxins are conjugated to avail excretion in bile or urine. The liver breaks down ammonia into urea as part of the urea cycle, and the urea is excreted in the urine. Other ( edit ) The liver stores a multitude of substances, including glucose ( in the form of glycogen ), vitamin A ( 1 -- 2 years ' supply ), vitamin D ( 1 -- 4 months ' supply ), vitamin B12 ( 3 -- 5 years ' supply ), vitamin K, iron, and copper. The liver is responsible for immunological effects -- the mononuclear phagocyte system of the liver contains many immunologically active cells, acting as a ' sieve ' for antigens carried to it via the portal system. The liver produces albumin, the most abundant protein in blood serum. It is essential in the maintenance of oncotic pressure, and acts as a transport for fatty acids and steroid hormones. The liver synthesizes angiotensinogen, a hormone that is responsible for raising the blood pressure when activated by renin, an enzyme that is released when the kidney senses low blood pressure. The liver produces the enzyme catalase in order to break down hydrogen peroxide, a very toxic substance due to it being a powerful oxidising agent, into water and oxygen. With aging ( edit ) The oxidative capacity of the liver decreases with aging and therefore any medications that require oxidation ( for instance, benzodiazepines ) are more likely to accumulate to toxic levels. However, medications with shorter half - lives, such as lorazepam and oxazepam, are preferred in most cases when benzodiazepines are required in regard to geriatric medicine. Clinical significance ( edit ) Disease ( edit ) Main article : Liver disease Left lobe liver tumor The liver is a vital organ and supports almost every other organ in the body. Because of its strategic location and multidimensional functions, the liver is also prone to many diseases. The bare area of the liver is a site that is vulnerable to the passing of infection from the abdominal cavity to the thoracic cavity. Hepatitis is a common condition of inflammation of the liver. The most usual cause of this is viral, and the most common of these infections are hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Some of these infections are sexually transmitted. Inflammation can also be caused by other viruses in the family Herpesviridae such as the herpes simplex virus. Chronic ( rather than acute ) infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus is the main cause of liver cancer. Globally, about 248 million individuals are chronically infected with HBV ( with 843,724 in the U.S. ) and 142 million are chronically infected with HCV ( with 2.7 million in the U.S. ). Globally there are about 114 million and 20 million cases of hepatitis A and hepatitis E respectively, but these generally resolve, and do not become chronic ( see Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E ). Hepatitis D virus is a `` satellite '' of hepatitis B virus ( can only infect in the presence of hepatitis B ), and co-infects nearly 20 million people with hepatitis B, globally ( see Hepatitis D ). Hepatic encephalopathy is caused by an accumulation of toxins in the bloodstream that are normally removed by the liver. This condition can result in coma and can prove fatal. Other disorders caused by excessive alcohol consumption are grouped under alcoholic liver diseases and these include alcoholic hepatitis, fatty liver, and cirrhosis. Factors contributing to the development of alcoholic liver diseases are not only the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption, but can also include gender, genetics, and liver insult. Liver damage can also be caused by drugs, particularly paracetamol and drugs used to treat cancer. A rupture of the liver can be caused by a liver shot used in combat sports. Budd -- Chiari syndrome is a condition caused by blockage of the hepatic veins ( including thrombosis ) that drain the liver. It presents with the classical triad of abdominal pain, ascites and liver enlargement. Primary biliary cholangitis is an autoimmune disease of the liver. It is marked by slow progressive destruction of the small bile ducts of the liver, with the intralobular ducts ( Canals of Hering ) affected early in the disease. When these ducts are damaged, bile and other toxins build up in the liver ( cholestasis ) and over time damages the liver tissue in combination with ongoing immune related damage. This can lead to scarring ( fibrosis ) and cirrhosis. Cirrhosis increases the resistance to blood flow in the liver, and can result in portal hypertension. Congested anastomoses between the portal venous system and the systemic circulation, can be a subsequent condition. Many diseases of the liver are accompanied by jaundice caused by increased levels of bilirubin in the system. The bilirubin results from the breakup of the hemoglobin of dead red blood cells ; normally, the liver removes bilirubin from the blood and excretes it through bile. There are also many pediatric liver diseases, including biliary atresia, alpha - 1 antitrypsin deficiency, alagille syndrome, progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis and hepatic hemangioma a benign tumour the most common type of liver tumour, thought to be congenital. A genetic disorder causing multiple cysts to form in the liver tissue, usually in later life, and usually asymptomatic, is polycystic liver disease. Diseases that interfere with liver function will lead to derangement of these processes. However, the liver has a great capacity to regenerate and has a large reserve capacity. In most cases, the liver only produces symptoms after extensive damage. Hepatomegaly refers to an enlarged liver and can be due to many causes. It can be palpated in a liver span measurement. Liver diseases may be diagnosed by liver function tests -- blood tests that can identify various markers. For example, acute - phase reactants are produced by the liver in response to injury or inflammation. Symptoms ( edit ) The classic symptoms of liver damage include the following : Pale stools occur when stercobilin, a brown pigment, is absent from the stool. Stercobilin is derived from bilirubin metabolites produced in the liver. Dark urine occurs when bilirubin mixes with urine Jaundice ( yellow skin and / or whites of the eyes ) This is where bilirubin deposits in skin, causing an intense itch. Itching is the most common complaint by people who have liver failure. Often this itch can not be relieved by drugs. Swelling of the abdomen, and swelling of the ankles and feet occurs because the liver fails to make albumin. Excessive fatigue occurs from a generalized loss of nutrients, minerals and vitamins. Bruising and easy bleeding are other features of liver disease. The liver makes clotting factors, substances which help prevent bleeding. When liver damage occurs, these factors are no longer present and severe bleeding can occur. Pain in the upper right quadrant can result from the stretching of Glisson 's capsule in conditions of hepatitis and pre-eclampsia. Diagnosis ( edit ) The diagnosis of liver disease is made by liver function tests, groups of blood tests, that can readily show the extent of liver damage. If infection is suspected, then other serological tests will be carried out. A physical examination of the liver can only reveal its size and any tenderness, and some form of imaging such as an ultrasound or CT scan may also be needed. Sometimes a liver biopsy will be necessary, and a tissue sample is taken through a needle inserted into the skin just below the rib cage. This procedure may be helped by a sonographer providing ultrasound guidance to an interventional radiologist. Axial CT image showing anomalous hepatic veins coursing on the subcapsular anterior surface of the liver. Maximum intensity projection ( MIP ) CT image as viewed anteriorly showing the anomalous hepatic veins coursing on the anterior surface of the liver Lateral MIP view in the same patient A CT scan in which the liver and portal vein are shown. Liver regeneration ( edit ) Main article : Liver regeneration The liver is the only human internal organ capable of natural regeneration of lost tissue ; as little as 25 % of a liver can regenerate into a whole liver. This is, however, not true regeneration but rather compensatory growth in mammals. The lobes that are removed do not regrow and the growth of the liver is a restoration of function, not original form. This contrasts with true regeneration where both original function and form are restored. In some other species, such as fish, the liver undergoes true regeneration by restoring both shape and size of the organ. In the liver, large areas of the tissues are formed but for the formation of new cells there must be sufficient amount of material so the circulation of the blood becomes more active. This is predominantly due to the hepatocytes re-entering the cell cycle. That is, the hepatocytes go from the quiescent G0 phase to the G1 phase and undergo mitosis. This process is activated by the p75 receptors. There is also some evidence of bipotential stem cells, called hepatic oval cells or ovalocytes ( not to be confused with oval red blood cells of ovalocytosis ), which are thought to reside in the canals of Hering. These cells can differentiate into either hepatocytes or cholangiocytes. Cholangiocytes are the epithelial lining cells of the bile ducts. They are cuboidal epithelium in the small interlobular bile ducts, but become columnar and mucus secreting in larger bile ducts approaching the porta hepatis and the extrahepatic ducts. Research is being carried out on the use of stem cells for the generation of an artificial liver. Scientific and medical works about liver regeneration often refer to the Greek Titan Prometheus who was chained to a rock in the Caucasus where, each day, his liver was devoured by an eagle, only to grow back each night. The myth suggests the ancient Greeks may have known about the liver 's remarkable capacity for self - repair. Liver transplantation ( edit ) Main article : Liver transplantation Human liver transplants were first performed by Thomas Starzl in the United States and Roy Calne in Cambridge, England in 1963 and 1967, respectively. After resection of left lobe liver tumor Liver transplantation is the only option for those with irreversible liver failure. Most transplants are done for chronic liver diseases leading to cirrhosis, such as chronic hepatitis C, alcoholism, and autoimmune hepatitis. Less commonly, liver transplantation is done for fulminant hepatic failure, in which liver failure occurs over days to weeks. Liver allografts for transplant usually come from donors who have died from fatal brain injury. Living donor liver transplantation is a technique in which a portion of a living person 's liver is removed ( hepatectomy ) and used to replace the entire liver of the recipient. This was first performed in 1989 for pediatric liver transplantation. Only 20 percent of an adult 's liver ( Couinaud segments 2 and 3 ) is needed to serve as a liver allograft for an infant or small child. More recently, adult - to - adult liver transplantation has been done using the donor 's right hepatic lobe, which amounts to 60 percent of the liver. Due to the ability of the liver to regenerate, both the donor and recipient end up with normal liver function if all goes well. This procedure is more controversial, as it entails performing a much larger operation on the donor, and indeed there have been at least two donor deaths out of the first several hundred cases. A recent publication has addressed the problem of donor mortality, and at least 14 cases have been found. The risk of postoperative complications ( and death ) is far greater in right - sided operations than that in left - sided operations. With the recent advances of noninvasive imaging, living liver donors usually have to undergo imaging examinations for liver anatomy to decide if the anatomy is feasible for donation. The evaluation is usually performed by multidetector row computed tomography ( MDCT ) and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ). MDCT is good in vascular anatomy and volumetry. MRI is used for biliary tree anatomy. Donors with very unusual vascular anatomy, which makes them unsuitable for donation, could be screened out to avoid unnecessary operations. MDCT image. Arterial anatomy contraindicated for liver donation MDCT image. Portal venous anatomy contraindicated for liver donation MDCT image. 3D image created by MDCT can clearly visualize the liver, measure the liver volume, and plan the dissection plane to facilitate the liver transplantation procedure. Phase contrast CT image. Contrast is perfusing the right liver but not the left due to a left portal vein thrombus. Society and culture ( edit ) In Greek mythology, Prometheus was punished by the gods for revealing fire to humans, by being chained to a rock where a vulture ( or an eagle ) would peck out his liver, which would regenerate overnight. ( The liver is the only human internal organ that actually can regenerate itself to a significant extent. ) Many ancient peoples of the Near East and Mediterranean areas practiced a type of divination called haruspicy, where they tried to obtain information by examining the livers of sheep and other animals. In Plato, and in later physiology, the liver was thought to be the seat of the darkest emotions ( specifically wrath, jealousy and greed ) which drive men to action. The Talmud ( tractate Berakhot 61b ) refers to the liver as the seat of anger, with the gallbladder counteracting this. The Persian, Urdu, and Hindi languages ( جگر or जिगर or jigar ) refer to the liver in figurative speech to indicate courage and strong feelings, or `` their best '' ; e.g., `` This Mecca has thrown to you the pieces of its liver! ''. The term jan e jigar, literally `` the strength ( power ) of my liver '', is a term of endearment in Urdu. In Persian slang, jigar is used as an adjective for any object which is desirable, especially women. In the Zulu language, the word for liver ( isibindi ) is the same as the word for courage. The legend of Liver - Eating Johnson says that he would cut out and eat the liver of each man killed after dinner. In the motion picture The Message, Hind bint Utbah is implied or portrayed eating the liver of Hamza ibn ' Abd al - Muttalib during the Battle of Uhud. Although there are narrations that suggest that Hind did `` taste '', rather than eat, the liver of Hamza, the authenticity of these narrations has to be questioned. On November 26, 1987, the city of Ferrol, Spain, inaugurated what is believed to be the only monument to the liver in the world. The then - mayor, Jaime Quintanilla, also happened to be a doctor, and thought it appropriate to promote the monument. At an approximate cost of $3.200, the monument stands in the village of Balón. A plaque reads ( In Galician, free translation ) : `` The Liver ( is the ) basis of Life '', and below `` Through History, Mankind tried to cure all illness. By helping it on this duty, you are doing a great job. We are grateful for it ''. Food ( edit ) Main article : Liver ( food ) The liver of mammals, fowl, and fish are commonly eaten as food by humans. Domestic pig, ox, lamb, calf, chicken, and goose livers are widely available from butchers and supermarkets. Liver can be baked, boiled, broiled, fried, stir - fried, or eaten raw ( asbeh nayeh or sawda naye in Lebanese cuisine, or liver sashimi in Japanese cuisine. In many preparations, pieces of liver are combined with pieces of meat or kidneys, like in the various forms of Middle Eastern mixed grill ( e.g. meurav Yerushalmi ). Well - known examples include liver pâté, foie gras, chopped liver, and leverpastej. Liver sausages such as Braunschweiger and liverwurst are also a valued meal. Liver sausages may also be used as spreads. A traditional South African delicacy, namely skilpadjies, is made of minced lamb 's liver wrapped in netvet ( caul fat ), and grilled over an open fire. Animal livers are rich in iron, vitamin A and vitamin B, and cod liver oil is commonly used as a dietary supplement. Traditionally, some fish livers were valued as food, especially the stingray liver. It was used to prepare delicacies, such as poached skate liver on toast in England, as well as the beignets de foie de raie and foie de raie en croute in French cuisine. Other animals ( edit ) Sheep 's liver The liver is found in all vertebrates, and is typically the largest visceral ( internal ) organ. Its form varies considerably in different species, and is largely determined by the shape and arrangement of the surrounding organs. Nonetheless, in most species it is divided into right and left lobes ; exceptions to this general rule include snakes, where the shape of the body necessitates a simple cigar - like form. The internal structure of the liver is broadly similar in all vertebrates. An organ sometimes referred to as a liver is found associated with the digestive tract of the primitive chordate Amphioxus. Although it performs many functions of a liver, it is not considered a true liver but a homolog of the vertebrate liver. The amphioxus hepatic caecum produces the liver - specific proteins vitellogenin, antithrombin, plasminogen, alanine aminotransferase, and insulin / Insulin - like growth factor ( IGF ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Physiology : 6 / 6ch2 / s6ch2_30 - Essentials of Human Physiology Jump up ^ Elias, H. ; Bengelsdorf, H. ( 1 July 1952 ). `` The Structure of the Liver in Vertebrates ''. Cells Tissues Organs. 14 ( 4 ) : 297 -- 337. doi : 10.1159 / 000140715. Jump up ^ Abdel - Misih, Sherif R. Z. ; Bloomston, Mark ( 2010 ). `` Liver Anatomy ''. Surgical Clinics of North America. 90 ( 4 ) : 643 -- 53. doi : 10.1016 / j. suc. 2010.04. 017. PMC 4038911. PMID 20637938. ^ Jump up to : `` Anatomy and physiology of the liver -- Canadian Cancer Society ''. Cancer.ca. Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 26. ^ Jump up to : Tortora, Gerard J. ; Derrickson, Bryan H. ( 2008 ). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology ( 12th ed. ). John Wiley & Sons. p. 945. ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 08471 - 7. Jump up ^ Maton, Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA : Prentice Hall. ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1. OCLC 32308337. Jump up ^ Zakim, David ; Boyer, Thomas D. ( 2002 ). Hepatology : A Textbook of Liver Disease ( 4th ed. ). ISBN 9780721690513. Jump up ^ `` Etymology online hepatic ''. Retrieved December 12, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Liver Anatomy at eMedicine Jump up ^ Cotran, Ramzi S. ; Kumar, Vinay ; Fausto, Nelson ; Nelso Fausto ; Robbins, Stanley L. ; Abbas, Abul K. ( 2005 ). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease ( 7th ed. ). St. Louis, MO : Elsevier Saunders. p. 878. ISBN 0 - 7216 - 0187 - 1. 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 7295 - 3752 - 0. Jump up ^ Skandalakis, Lee J. ; Skandalakis, John E. ; Skandalakis, Panajiotis N. ( 2009 ). `` Liver ''. Surgical Anatomy and Technique : A Pocket Manual. pp. 497 -- 531. doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 0 - 387 - 09515 - 8_13. ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 09515 - 8. ^ Jump up to : Dorland 's illustrated medical dictionary 2012, p. 925. ^ Jump up to : Human Anatomy & Physiology + New Masteringa&p With Pearson Etext. Benjamin - Cummings Pub Co. 2012. ISBN 9780321852120. ^ Jump up to : Human Anatomy & Physiology + New Masteringa&p With Pearson Etext. Benjamin - Cummings Pub Co. 2012. p. 881. ISBN 9780321852120. ^ Jump up to : Kmieć Z ( 2001 ). `` Cooperation of liver cells in health and disease ''. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol. 161 : III -- XIII, 1 -- 151. PMID 11729749. Jump up ^ Pocock, Gillian ( 2006 ). Human Physiology ( Third ed. ). Oxford University Press. p. 404. 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Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21. Jump up ^ Uhlén, Mathias ; Fagerberg, Linn ; Hallström, Björn M. ; Lindskog, Cecilia ; Oksvold, Per ; Mardinoglu, Adil ; Sivertsson, Åsa ; Kampf, Caroline ; Sjöstedt, Evelina ( 2015 - 01 - 23 ). `` Tissue - based map of the human proteome ''. Science. 347 ( 6220 ) : 1260419. doi : 10.1126 / science. 1260419. ISSN 0036 - 8075. PMID 25613900. Jump up ^ Kampf, Caroline ; Mardinoglu, Adil ; Fagerberg, Linn ; Hallström, Björn M. ; Edlund, Karolina ; Lundberg, Emma ; Pontén, Fredrik ; Nielsen, Jens ; Uhlen, Mathias ( 2014 - 07 - 01 ). `` The human liver - specific proteome defined by transcriptomics and antibody - based profiling ''. The FASEB Journal. 28 ( 7 ) : 2901 -- 2914. doi : 10.1096 / fj. 14 - 250555. ISSN 0892 - 6638. PMID 24648543. Jump up ^ Gilbert SF ( 2000 ). Developmental Biology ( 6th ed. ). Sunderland ( MA ) : Sinauer Associates. ^ Jump up to : Lade AG, Monga SP ( 2011 ). `` Beta - catenin signaling in hepatic development and progenitors : which way does the WNT blow? ''. Dev Dyn. 240 ( 3 ) : 486 -- 500. doi : 10.1002 / dvdy. 22522. PMC 4444432. PMID 21337461. Jump up ^ Berg T, DeLanghe S, Al Alam D, Utley S, Estrada J, Wang KS ( 2010 ). `` β - catenin regulates mesenchymal progenitor cell differentiation during hepatogenesis ''. J Surg Res. 164 ( 2 ) : 276 -- 85. doi : 10.1016 / j. jss. 2009.10. 033. PMC 2904820. PMID 20381814. Jump up ^ Clemente, Carmin D. ( 2011 ). Anatomy a Regional Atlas of the Human Body. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 243. ISBN 978 - 1 - 58255 - 889 - 9. Jump up ^ Shneider, Benjamin L. ; Sherman, Philip M. ( 2008 ). Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease. Connecticut : PMPH - USA. p. 751. ISBN 1 - 55009 - 364 - 9. ^ Jump up to : Human Anatomy & Physiology + New Masteringa&p With Pearson Etext. Benjamin - Cummings Pub Co. 2012. p. 939. ISBN 9780321852120. Jump up ^ Jelkmann, Wolfgang ( 2001 ). `` The role of the liver in the production of thrombopoietin compared with erythropoietin ''. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 13 ( 7 ) : 791 -- 801. doi : 10.1097 / 00042737 - 200107000 - 00006. PMID 11474308. Jump up ^ `` If a person stops consuming the vitamin, the body 's stores of this vitamin usually take about 3 to 5 years to exhaust ''. Jump up ^ Cirrhosis Overview National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 22 Jump up ^ Hepatitis A, B, and C Center : Symptoms, Causes, Tests, Transmission, and Treatments. Webmd.com ( 2005 - 08 - 19 ). Retrieved on 2016 - 05 - 10. Jump up ^ Schweitzer A, Horn J, Mikolajczyk RT, Krause G, Ott JJ ( 2015 ). `` Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection : a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013 ''. 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Liver International. 29 ( 2 ) : 253 -- 9. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1478 - 3231.2008. 01838. x. PMID 18694401. Jump up ^ Hirschfield, GM ; Gershwin, ME ( Jan 24, 2013 ). `` The immunobiology and pathophysiology of primary biliary cirrhosis ''. Annual Review of Pathology. 8 : 303 -- 30. doi : 10.1146 / annurev - pathol - 020712 - 164014. PMID 23347352. Jump up ^ Dancygier, Henryk ( 2010 ). Clinical Hepatology Principles and Practice of. Springer. pp. 895 --. ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 04509 - 7. Retrieved 29 June 2010. Jump up ^ Saxena, Romil ; Theise, Neil ( 2004 ). `` Canals of Hering : Recent Insights and Current Knowledge ''. Seminars in Liver Disease. 24 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 8. doi : 10.1055 / s - 2004 - 823100. PMID 15085485. Jump up ^ Extraintestinal Complications : Liver Disease Crohn 's & Colitis Foundation of America. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 22 Jump up ^ Liver Information Archived 2010 - 01 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. HealthLine. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 22 Jump up ^ Ghent, Cam N ( 2009 ). `` Who should be performing liver biopsies? ''. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology. 23 ( 6 ) : 437 -- 8. PMC 2721812. PMID 19543575. Jump up ^ Sheporaitis, L ; Freeny, PC ( 1998 ). `` Hepatic and portal surface veins : A new anatomic variant revealed during abdominal CT ''. AJR. American journal of roentgenology. 171 ( 6 ) : 1559 -- 64. doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 171.6. 9843288. PMID 9843288. Jump up ^ Häussinger, Dieter, ed. ( 2011 ). Liver Regeneration. Berlin : De Gruyter. p. 1. ISBN 9783110250794. Jump up ^ Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease ( 7th ed. ). 1999. p. 101. ISBN 0 - 8089 - 2302 - 1. Jump up ^ Chu, Jaime ; Sadler, Kirsten C. ( 2009 ). `` New school in liver development : Lessons from zebrafish ''. Hepatology. 50 ( 5 ) : 1656 -- 63. doi : 10.1002 / hep. 23157. PMC 3093159. PMID 19693947. Jump up ^ W.T. Councilman ( 1913 ). `` Two ''. Disease and Its Causes. New York Henry Holt and Company London Williams and Norgate The University Press, Cambridge, U.S.A. Jump up ^ Suzuki K, Tanaka M, Watanabe N, Saito S, Nonaka H, Miyajima A ( 2008 ). `` p75 Neurotrophin receptor is a marker for precursors of stellate cells and portal fibroblasts in mouse fetal liver ''. Gastroenterology. 135 ( 1 ) : 270 -- 281. e3. doi : 10.1053 / j. gastro. 2008.03. 075. PMID 18515089. Jump up ^ Tietz PS, Larusso NF ( May 2006 ). `` Cholangiocyte biology ''. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 22 ( 3 ) : 279 -- 87. doi : 10.1097 / 01. mog. 0000218965.78558. bc. PMID 16550043. Jump up ^ An argument for the ancient Greek 's knowing about liver regeneration is provided by Chen, T.S. ; Chen, P.S. ( 1994 ). `` The myth of Prometheus and the liver ''. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 87 ( 12 ) : 754 -- 755. PMC 1294986. PMID 7853302. Counterarguments are provided by Tiniakos, D.G. ; Kandilis, A. ; Geller, S.A. ( 2010 ). `` Tityus : A forgotten myth of liver regeneration ''. Journal of Hepatology. 53 ( 2 ) : 357 -- 361. doi : 10.1016 / j. jhep. 2010.02. 032. PMID 20472318. and by Power, C. ; Rasko, J.E. ( 2008 ). `` Whither prometheus ' liver? Greek myth and the science of regeneration ''. Annals of Internal Medicine. 149 ( 6 ) : 421 -- 426. doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 149 - 6 - 200809160 - 00009. PMID 18794562. Jump up ^ Bramstedt K ( 2006 ). `` Living liver donor mortality : where do we stand? ''. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101 ( 4 ) : 755 -- 9. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1572 - 0241.2006. 00421. x. PMID 16494593. Jump up ^ Krishna, Gopi ; Hillman, James ( 1970 ). Kundalini -- the evolutionary energy in man. London : Stuart & Watkins. p. 77. ISBN 1570622809. Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05. Jump up ^ The Great Battle Of Badar ( Yaum - E-Furqan ). Shawuniversitymosque.org ( 2006 - 07 - 08 ). Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 19. Jump up ^ `` La Voz de Galicia `` Ferrol monument mentioned in US newspaper '' 07 / 30 / 2015 `` ''. Jump up ^ Schwabe, Calvin W. ( 1979 ). Unmentionable Cuisine. University of Virginia Press. pp. 313 --. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1162 - 5. Jump up ^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons, Thomas S. ( 1977 ). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA : Holt - Saunders International. pp. 354 -- 5. ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X. Jump up ^ Yuan, Shaochun ; Ruan, Jie ; Huang, Shengfeng ; Chen, Shangwu ; Xu, Anlong ( 2015 ). `` Amphioxus as a model for investigating evolution of the vertebrate immune system '' ( PDF ). Developmental & Comparative Immunology. 48 ( 2 ) : 297 -- 305. doi : 10.1016 / j. dci. 2014.05. 004. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 12 - 22. Jump up ^ Yu, Jr - Kai Sky ; Lecroisey, Claire ; Le Pétillon, Yann ; Escriva, Hector ; Lammert, Eckhard ; Laudet, Vincent ( 2015 ). `` Identification, Evolution and Expression of an Insulin - Like Peptide in the Cephalochordate Branchiostoma lanceolatum ''. PLoS ONE. 10 ( 3 ) : e0119461. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0119461. PMC 4361685. PMID 25774519. Jump up ^ Escriva, Hector ; Chao, Yeqing ; Fan, Chunxin ; Liang, Yujun ; Gao, Bei ; Zhang, Shicui ( 2012 ). `` A Novel Serpin with Antithrombin - Like Activity in Branchiostoma japonicum : Implications for the Presence of a Primitive Coagulation System ''. PLoS ONE. 7 ( 3 ) : e32392. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0032392. PMC 3299649. PMID 22427833. Jump up ^ Guo, Bin ; Zhang, Shicui ; Wang, Shaohui ; Liang, Yujun ( 2009 ). `` Expression, mitogenic activity and regulation by growth hormone of growth hormone / insulin - like growth factor in Branchiostoma belcheri '' ( PDF ). Cell and Tissue Research. 338 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 77. doi : 10.1007 / s00441 - 009 - 0824 - 8. PMID 19657677. Works cited ( edit ) Dorland 's illustrated medical dictionary ( 32nd ed. ). Philadelphia : Elsevier / Saunders. 2012. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4557 - 0985 - 4. External links ( edit ) Look up liver in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Livers. Liver at the Human Protein Atlas VIRTUAL Liver -- online learning resource Liver enzymes Anatomy of the liver, pancreas and biliary tree Liver Bare area Cantlie line Ligamentum venosum Porta hepatis Round ligament Lobes of liver Caudate Quadrate Fibrous capsule of Glisson Perisinusoidal space Liver sinusoid Periportal space Portal triad Lobules of liver Liver segment Microanatomy Hepatocyte Hepatic stellate cell Kupffer cell Biliary tract Bile ducts Intrahepatic bile ducts Bile canaliculus Canals of Hering Interlobular Left hepatic duct Right hepatic duct Common hepatic duct Gallbladder Cystic duct Common bile duct Ampulla of Vater Sphincter of Oddi Cells Cholecystocyte Pancreas Gross Tail Body Neck Head ( Uncinate process ) Ducts main accessory Microanatomy Pancreatic islets Centroacinar cell Stellate cell GND : 4034933 - 0 NDL : 00565010 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liver&oldid=854577629 '' Categories : Liver Organs ( anatomy ) Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лакку Лезги ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 138 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018, at 10 : 19 ( UTC ). 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "Vein Hepatic vein and hepatic portal vein Nerve Celiac ganglia and vagus nerve Identifiers Latin Jecur, iecur Greek Hepar ( ἧπαρ ) root hepat - ( ἡπατ - ) MeSH D008099 TA A05. 8.01. 001 FMA 7197 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion. In humans, it is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, below the diaphragm. Its other roles in metabolism include the regulation of glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells and the production of hormones. The liver is an accessory digestive gland that produces bile, an alkaline compound which helps the breakdown of fat. Bile aids in digestion via the emulsification of lipids. The gallbladder, a small pouch that sits just under the liver, stores bile produced by the liver. The liver 's highly specialized tissue consisting of mostly hepatocytes regulates a wide variety of high - volume biochemical reactions, including the synthesis and breakdown of small and complex molecules, many of which are necessary for normal vital functions. Estimates regarding the organ 's total number of functions" ], "id": [ "7506293973116241365" ], "short_answers": [ "in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, below the diaphragm" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of dams and reservoirs in India - wikipedia List of dams and reservoirs in India Map of the major rivers, lakes and reservoirs in India This page shows the state-wise list of dams and reservoirs in India. It also includes. Nearly 3200 major / medium dams and barrages had been constructed in India by the year 2012. This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it. Contents 1 Andhra Pradesh 2 Arunachal Pradesh 3 Chhattisgarh 4 Goa 5 Gujarat 6 Punjab 7 Himachal Pradesh 8 Jammu and Kashmir 9 Jharkhand 10 Karnataka 11 Kerala 12 Madhya Pradesh 13 Manipur 14 Maharashtra 15 Mizoram 16 Odisha 17 Rajasthan 18 Sikkim 19 Tamil Nadu 20 Telangana 21 Uttarakhand 22 West Bengal 23 See also 24 References Andhra Pradesh ( edit ) Main article : List of dams and reservoirs in Andhra Pradesh River Dam Height Length Type Storage capacity Reservoir Area Complete Godavari River Dowleswaram Barrage 15 ft 3.5 km 3.12 Tmcft gross storage capacity 1850 Krishna River Nagarjuna Sagar Dam 490 ft 1.6 km 11.472 billion cubic metres 1967 Krishna River Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond 6 Tmcft 2014 Krishna River Prakasham Barrage 1855 Krishna River Srisailam Dam 476 ft 512 meters 178.74 Tmcft 1981 Krishna River Srisailam tail pond 1981 Krishna River Galeru Nagari Under construction Owk Gorakallu Krishna river Telugu Ganga Brahmamsagar Godavari river Polavaram Project 129 ft 2,914 meters Under construction Penna River Somasila Dam 128 ft 760 meters 1989 Sangam anicut Penna River Nellore anicut Kandaleru River Kandaleru Dam Gandipalem Reservoir Gosthani River Tatipudi Reservoir Sunkesula Penna River Veligodu Alaganoor Handri - Neeva Penna River Mylavaram Dam Gandikota Reservoir Penna River PABR Dam 2002 Penna River MPR Dam Papagni River Veligallu Dam Reservoir Penna River Chitravathi Reservoir Penna River Cheyyeru Reservoir Tungabhadra River Rajolibanda Sileru River Balimela 1988 Godavari River Jalaput 2000 Krishna River Veligonda Under construction Gundlakamma River Gundlakamma Jeedipalli Thandava dam Sabari River Upper Sileru Dam Sileru River Donkarayi Dam Yeleru Kanithi, Visakhapatnam Vamsadhara River Gotta barrage Swarnamukhi River Kalyani Dam, Tirupati Nagavali River Jhanjavati Project Nagavali River Thotapalli Barrage 2015 Nagavali River Madduvalasa Reservoir Nagavali River Narayanapuram Project Arunachal Pradesh ( edit ) River Dam Height Length Type Storage capacity Reservoir Area Complete Ranganadi River Ranganadi 68 m ( 223 ft ) 344.75 m ( 1,131 ft ) Gravity 21,280 m ( 17 acre ⋅ ft ) 1,600,000 m ( 395 acres ) 2003 Chhattisgarh ( edit ) River Dam Height Length Type Storage capacity Reservoir Area Complete Mahanadi Dudhawa Dam 24.53 m 2,906.43 m 1964 Mahanadi Gangrel Dam 30.5 m 1,800 m Embankment, earth fill 910,500,000 m3 95 km2 1979 Hasdeo Minimata Hasdeo Bango 87 m ( 285 ft ) 2,509.5 m ( 8,233 ft ) Earth - fill & Gravity 3,416,000,000 m ( 2,769,396 acre ⋅ ft ) 18,490,000 m ( 4,569 acres ) 1990 Kherkatta Reservoir 20 m 610 m Embankment, earth fill 2,955,000 m3 Shivnath Mongra Barrage 2008 Sillari Murrum Silli Dam 34.15 m 2.591 m Embankment, earth fill 165,340,000 m3 25 km2 1923 Sondur Sondur Dam Tandula and Sukh nala Tandula Dam 312,250,000 m3 1921 Goa ( edit ) Main article : List of dams and reservoirs in Goa Gujarat ( edit ) Gujarat has over 200 dams with reservoirs that are large enough to be of particular concern in disaster preparedness planning. These include : River Dam Height Length Type Storage capacity Reservoir Area Complete Vishwamitri river Ajwa West Banas - Anjana River Dantiwada Dam Chaudhari River Hemil dam Mitti River Mitti Dam Rangholi River Ranghola dam Narmada River Sardar Sarovar Dam Sukhi River Sukhi Dam Tapti River Ukai Dam 80.772 meters 4927 meters 52000 hac Punjab ( edit ) River Dam Height Length Type Storage capacity Reservoir Area Complete Chenab River Damsal Dam 26m 160m Embankment, earth fill 2002 Himachal Pradesh ( edit ) River Dam Height Length Type Storage capacity Reservoir Area Complete Location Satluj River Bhakra Nangal Dam 226m ( 741 ft ) 520m Gravity 9.340 km 168.35 km 1963 Bilaspur Kol Dam Nathpa Dam Tons River Kishau Dam Beas River Pandoh Dam Pong Dam Ravi River Chamera Dam Jammu and Kashmir ( edit ) River Dam Height Length Type Storage capacity Reservoir Area Complete Chenab Salal Dam Suru Chutak Hydroelectric Plant Chenab Dul Hasti Hydroelectric Plant Kishanganga Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant 7.55 MCM Construction completed, commissioning awaited Indus Nimoo Bazgo Hydroelectric Plant Chenab Ratle Hydroelectric Plant 23.86 MCM Construction Halted Chenab Salal Hydroelectric Power Station Jhelum River Uri - II Dam 6.34 MCM Chenab Baglihar Dam 52 MCM Jharkhand ( edit ) River Dam Height Length Type Storage capacity Reservoir Area Complete Swarnarekha Getalsud Dam 35 m 717 km2 Konar Konar Dam Barakar Maithon Dam Damodar Panchet Damodar Tenughat Dam Vyas Thein Dam Barakar Tilaiya Dam Damodar Khandoli Dam Karnataka ( edit ) Main article : List of dams and reservoirs in Karnataka Dam / Reservoir River Location Storage capacity Reservoir level Height of Dam Length of Dam No. of Gates Type Reservoir Area Completed year Purpose Almatti Dam Krishna Basavana Bagevadi taluk, Bijapur district 123.25 tmcft 519.6 m 49.29 m 1564.85 m 26 Earth - fill, Gravity & Masonry dam 540.11 km2 1999 Irrigation & Hydroelectric Basava Sagara Dam Krishna Siddapura, Muddebihal taluk, Bijapur district 37.965 tmcft 492.252 m 29.72 m 10637.52 m 30 Earth - fill, Gravity & Masonry dam 132.06 km2 1982 Irrigation & Hydroelectric Bhadra Dam Bhadra Lakkavalli, Tarikere taluk, Chikkamagaluru district 71.50 tmcft 186 ft 194 ft 1708 m Earth - fill, Gravity & Masonry dam 112.508 km2 1965 Irrigation & Hydroelectric Tungabhadra Dam Tungabhadra Hospet, Ballari district 132.47 tmcft 497.74 m 49.39 m 2443 m 33 Earth - fill, Gravity & Masonry dam 378 km2 1953 Irrigation & Hydroelectric Krishna Raja Sagara Dam Kaveri Mandya 49.452 tmcft 124.80 ft 42.62 m 2621 m 152 Gravity & Masonry dam 107.808 km2 1931 Irrigation & Hydroelectric Linganamakki Dam Sharavathi Linganamakki, Sagara Taluk, Shimoga district 156.62 tmcft 554.43 m 61.26 m 2749.29 m 11 Earth - fill, Gravity & Masonry dam 317.28 km2 1964 Hydroelectric Harangi Reservoir Harangi Hudgur, Somawarapete taluk, Kodagu district 8.07 tmcft 871.42 m 53 m 845.8 m Earth - fill, Gravity & Masonry dam 19.081 km2 1982 Irrigation & Hydroelectric Shanti Sagara Haridra Channagiri taluk, Davanagere district 3.5 tmcft 27 ft m 27 ft 290 m Earth - fill 27 km2 - Irrigation Raja Lakhamagowda dam Ghataprabha Hidkal, Hukkeri taluk, Belgaum district 51.16 tmcft 745.79 m 53.34 m 10183 m 10 Earth - fill, Gravity & Masonry dam 63.38 km2 1977 Irrigation & Hydroelectric Renuka Sagara Dam Malaprabha Navilutheertha, Saundatti taluk, Belgaum district 37.73 tmcft 633.83 m 43.13 m 154.52 m Gravity & Masonry dam 54.97 km2 1972 Irrigation & Hydroelectric Kadra Dam Kali Karwar, Uttara Kannada district 13.74 tmcft 34.50 m 40.50 m 2313 m 8 Earth - fill, Gravity & Masonry dam 32.48 km2 1997 Hydroelectric Supa Dam Kali Joida, Uttara Kannada district 147.54 tmcft 564 m 101 m 331.29 m Gravity & Masonry dam 124 km2 Hydroelectric Kanva Reservoir Kanva Channapatna, Ramanagara district 0.85 tmcft - 22.57 m 1422 m - Earth - fill 4.37 km2 1946 Irrigation Kodasalli Dam Kali Joida, Uttara Kannada district 10.14 tmcft 75.5 m 52.1 m 534 m 9 Earth - fill, Gravity & Masonry dam 20.85 km2 2000 Hydroelectric Vani Vilasa Sagara Vedavathi Marikanive, Hiriyur Taluk, Chitradurga district 28.34 tmcft 652.28 m 43.28 m 405.4 m Earth - fill, Gravity & Masonry dam 87.63 km2 1907 Irrigation & Hydroelectric Kerala ( edit ) The following list shows the list of reservoirs in Kerala. Serial number River Name Area ( km2 ) District Co-ordinate Altitude ( m ) 1. Bharathapuzha River Malampuzha Dam 23.13 Palakkad 10 ° 50 ′ N 76 ° 41 ′ E  /  10.84 ° N 76.69 ° E  / 10.84 ; 76.69 104 2. Bharathapuzha River Mangalam Dam 3.93 Palakkad 10 ° 31 ′ N 76 ° 32 ′ E  /  10.51 ° N 76.54 ° E  / 10.51 ; 76.54 72 3. Bharathapuzha River Meenkara Dam 2.59 Palakkad 10 ° 37 ′ N 76 ° 48 ′ E  /  10.62 ° N 76.80 ° E  / 10.62 ; 76.80 152 4. Bharathapuzha River Chulliar Dam 1.59 Palakkad 10 ° 35 ′ N 76 ° 46 ′ E  /  10.59 ° N 76.77 ° E  / 10.59 ; 76.77 143 5. Bharathapuzha River Pothundi Dam 3.63 Palakkad 10 ° 32 ′ N 76 ° 38 ′ E  /  10.54 ° N 76.63 ° E  / 10.54 ; 76.63 93 6. Bharathapuzha River Walayar Dam 2.59 Palakkad 10 ° 50 ′ N 76 ° 52 ′ E  /  10.84 ° N 76.86 ° E  / 10.84 ; 76.86 197 7. Siruvani River Siruvani Dam Palakkad 8. Bharathapuzha River Kanjirampuzha Dam 5.12 Palakkad 10 ° 59 ′ N 76 ° 33 ′ E  /  10.98 ° N 76.55 ° E  / 10.98 ; 76.55 90 9. Chalakkudy River Parambikulam 20.92 Palakkad 10 ° 23 ′ N 76 ° 48 ′ E  /  10.39 ° N 76.8 ° E  / 10.39 ; 76.8 545 10. Chalakkudy River Thunakkadavu Dam 2.83 Palakkad 10 ° 25 ′ 59 '' N 76 ° 47 ′ 02 '' E  /  10.433 ° N 76.784 ° E  / 10.433 ; 76.784 565 11. Chalakkudy River Peruvaaripallam Dam Palakkad 10 ° 26 ′ 49 '' N 76 ° 46 ′ 12 '' E  /  10.447 ° N 76.77 ° E  / 10.447 ; 76.77 565 12. Chalakkudy River Sholayar Dam 8.70 Thrissur 10 ° 17 ' 76 ° 45 ' 13. Chalakkudy River Peringalkuthu Dam 2.63 Thrissur 14. Kallada River Thenmala Dam 25.90 Kollam 09 ° 57 ' 77 ° 4'20 '' 15. Karamana River Aruvikkara Dam 2.58 Thiruvananthapuram 08 ° 28 ' 77 ° 58 ' 16. Karuvanoor River Peechi Dam 12.63 Thrissur 10 ° 32 ′ N 76 ° 23 ′ E  /  10.53 ° N 76.39 ° E  / 10.53 ; 76.39 73 17. Keecheri River Vazhani Dam 2.55 Thrissur 10 ° 40 ' 76 ° 15 ' 18. Kuttiady River Kuttiady Dam 10.52 Kozhikode 11 ° 36 ' 75 ° 49'27 '' 19. Neyyar River Neyyar 15.00 Thiruvananthapuram 08 ° 32 ' 77 ° 08 ' 20. Pamba River Pamba Dam 5.70 Pathanamthitta 09 ° 20 ' 76 ° 53 ' 21. Pamba River Kakki 18.00 Pathanamthitta 9 ° 17 ′ N 77 ° 15 ′ E 981m 22. Periyar River Idukki Dam 61.60 Idukki 09 ° 48 ' 76 ° 53 ' 720 23. Periyar River Ponmudi Dam 2.60 Idukki 09 ° 55 ' 77 ° 05 ' 24. Periyar River Anayirankal Dam 4.33 Idukki 10 ° 0 ' 77 ° 0 ' 25. Periyar River Kundala Dam 2.30 Idukki 10 ° 0 ' 77 ° 0 ' 26. Periyar River Mattupatti Dam 3.24 Idukki 10 ° 05 ' 77 ° 05 ' 27. Periyar River Sengulam Dam 0.33 Idukki 10 ° 00 ' 77 ° 05 ' 28. Periyar River Neriamangalam Dam 4.13 Ernakulam 29. Periyar River Bhoothathankettu Dam 6.08 Ernakulam 30. Periyar River Periyar Lake 28.90 Idukki 10 ° 10 ' 76 ° 15 ' 31. Valapattanam River Pazhassi Dam 6.48 Kannur 32. Karamana River Peppara Dam 5.82 Thiruvananthapuram 33. Thodupuzha River Malankara Dam 11.00 Idukki 34. Kurumali River Chimmony Dam 85.067 Thrissur 10.4391 ° N 76.4604 ° E 35. Kabini River Banasura Sagar Dam Wayanad 36. Karapuzha River Karapuzha Dam Wayanad 37. Periyar River Mullaperiyar Dam Idukki 38. Periyar River Cheruthoni Dam Idukki 39. Periyar River Kulamavu Dam Idukki 40. Erattayar Lake Erattayar Dam Idukki Madhya Pradesh ( edit ) River Dam Height Length Type Storage capacity Reservoir Area Complete Son Bansagar Dam Narmada River Bargi Dam Indirasagar Omkareshwar Dam Barna River Barna Dam Kaliasote river Bhadbhada Dam Wainganga Bheemgarh Dam Chambal Gandhi Sagar Dam Halali River Halali Dam Kolar River Kolar Dam Betwa Rajghat Dam Tawa Tawa Reservoir Sank Tigra Dam Kerwa Dam Sindh River Madikheda Dam Gambhir river, Madhya Pradesh Yashwant Sagar Manipur ( edit ) River Dam Height Length Type Storage capacity Reservoir Area Complete Khuga River Khuga dam Barak River Tipaimukh Dam Maharashtra ( edit ) Main article : List of dams and reservoirs in Maharashtra Name of Dam Year Completed River Location Type Height ( m ) Length ( m ) Volume content ( 10 m ) Gross Storage Capacity ( 10 m ) Reservoir Area ( 10 m ) Effective Storage Capacity ( 10 m ) Purpose Designed Spillway Capacity ( m / s ) Dhamapur 1530 Malvan Sindhudurg Earthfill 11 217 2687 Irrigation 9.85 Vihar 1860 Vihar Mumbai Earthfill 25.6 817 353 41459.00 7270 41410.00 Water Supply Ekrukh 1871 Adela Solapur Earthfill 21.45 2360 130 61170.00 61170.00 Irrigation Water Supply 1239 Shirsufal 1879 local Pune, Baramati Earthfill 20.11 741 10100.00 1601 9520.00 Irrigation 112 Tulshi 1879 Tulshi Mumbai Earthfill Gravity 26 186 10429.00 1350 10273.00 Water supply 640 Khadakwasla 1880 Mutha Pune, Khadakwasala Earthfill Gravity 32.9 1539 1170 86000.00 14800 56000.00 Irrigation Water supply 2755 Ashti 1883 Ashti Solapur, Mohol Earthfill 17.6 3871 40000.00 23000.00 Irrigation 1359 Mhaswad 1887 Man Satara, Man Earthfill 24 2473 47880.00 16251 46210.00 Irrigation 4321.41 Tansa 1892 Tansa Mumbai Earthfill Gravity 41 2804 2670 208700.00 19.1 184600.00 Water supply 1188.6 Shetfal 1901 Shetfal Nalla Pune, Indapur Earthfill 20.11 3211 173 17360.00 3498 1693.00 Irrigation Khairbandha 1903 Fattepur Gondia Earthfill 18.16 2205 243.52 16798.00 4147 15953.00 Irrigation 363.3 Pathari 1905 local Solapur, Barshi Earthfill 18.43 2070 11880.00 11620.00 Irrigation 512 Chankapur 1911 Girna Kalwan Earthfill 41 3705 2123 79690.00 10320 76850.00 Irrigation 2237 Ramtek 1913 Sur Ramtek Earthfill 22.2 229 1300 105130.00 21270 103000.00 Irrigation 515 Chandpur 1915 Chandpur Tumsar Earthfill 19 1051 80.36 29025.00 9072 28879.00 Irrigation 339.25 Walwan 1916 Indrayani Pune, Lonavala Gravity 26.36 1356 182 72500.00 14250 72122.00 Hydroelectricity 171 Darna 1916 Darna Nashik, Igatpuri Gravity 28 1634 1886.1 226870.00 34750 209820.00 Irrigation 3336 Bodalkasa 1917 Bhagdeogoti Tiroda Earthfill 19.2 510 107.62 17392.00 6450 16454.00 Irrigation 206.63 Asolamendha 1918 local Shindewadi Earthfill 18.08 1376.52 350 67015.00 1880 56375.00 Irrigation 758 Shirvata 1920 Indrayani Pune, Lonavala Gravity 38.71 2212 460 185980.00 13.08 185110.00 Hydroelectricity 593 Thokarwadi 1922 Indrayani Pune, Maval Gravity 59.44 741 212 363700.00 24.3 321200.00 Hydroelectricity 546 Chorkhamara 1923 Sasanda Tiroda Earthfill 21.05 1178 300 21051.00 5235 20800.00 Irrigation 264.94 Ghorazari 1923 Gorazari Nagbhir Earthfill 23.55 731.7 90 45080.00 976 38000.00 Irrigation 320 Bhandardara 1926 Paravara Ahmednagar Gravity 82.35 2717 335 312400.00 743.18 307310.00 Irrigation 1503 Bhatghar 1927 Velvandi Pune, Bhor Gravity 57.92 1625 650 670650.00 31900 666000.00 Irrigation Hydroelectricity 1599 Mulshi 1927 Mula Pune, Mulashi Gravity 48.8 1533.38 52230.00 3802 Hydroelectricity 1892 Mas 1932 Mas Khamgaon Earthfill 17.71 663 399 17500.00 4810 15040.00 Irrigation 1753 Ghanewadi 1935 Kundlika Jalna Earthfill 15 836 14440.00 Water Supply Visapur 1936 Hanga Srigonda Earthfill 26 2692 130 33320.00 33320.00 Irrigation 2627 Radhanagari 1954 Bhogawati Radhanagari Gravity 42.68 1143 236810.00 18218 220000.00 Irrigation Hydroelectricity 1133 Vaitarna ( Modaksagar ) 1954 Vaitarna Mumbai Gravity 82 567.07 0.06 204980.00 8.39 174790.00 Water supply 5660 Purmepeda 1955 Bori Dhule Earthfill 24.7 1500 525 13550.00 303 12960.00 Irrigation 2141 Khasapur 1956 local Paranda Earthfill 23.78 1882 19830.00 430 15830.00 Irrigation 2863 Dheku 1960 Dheku Vaijapur Earthfill 20 2421 137 14000.00 447 12160.00 Irrigation 1945 Sindphana 1963 Sindphana Patoda Earthfill 19.05 1937 12593 12600.00 5068 10810.00 Irrigation 1857 Ekburji 1964 Chandrabhaga Washim Earthfill 23.7 830 566 14100.00 218 11960.00 Irrigation 1001 Khelocala 1964 Khelocala Sillod Earthfill 21 759 588 13000.00 3678 11070.00 Irrigation 1518 Upper Dudhana 1964 Dudhana Jalna Earthfill 18 2750 965 15000.00 445 13010.00 Irrigation 1912 Koyna 1964 Koyna Patan Gravity 103 805 1555 2797400.00 11535 2640000.00 Hydroelectricity 3883 Harni 1965 local Osmanabad, Tuljapur Earthfill 16.55 3059 13580.00 317 11180.00 Irrigation 1647 Gangapur 1965 Godavari Nashik Earthfill 36.59 3902 4612 215880.00 22860 203880.00 Irrigation 2293 Chandani 1965 Chandani Osmanabad, Paranda Earthfill 17.18 1920 289 20700.00 813 15220.00 Irrigation 3030 Bor 1965 Bor Bori Earthfill 36.28 1158 2474 138750.00 13506 127420.00 Irrigation 3058 Ghod 1965 Ghod Shirur Earthfill 29.6 3300 1020 216300.00 30992 154800.00 Irrigation 7419 Tisangi 1966 local Solapur, Pandharpur Earthfill 20.82 2866 24460.00 22760.00 Irrigation 410 Wunna 1966 Wunna Nagpur Earthfill 18.18 2525 390 23560.00 569 21640.00 Irrigation 1326.64 Galhati 1966 Galhati Ambad Earthfill 13.1 2987 13840.00 Irrigation 2152 Mangi 1966 Kanola Solapur, Karmala Earthfill 22.95 1475 32720.00 32720.00 Irrigation 2232 Mehakari 1966 Mehakari Ashti Earthfill 27.63 1308 163.5 16130.00 38 13000.00 Irrigation 2233 Wan 1966 Wan Beed, Ambejogai Earthfill 19 2798 1358 25180.00 2190.00 Irrigation 2340 Bhudihal 1966 Belwan Solapur, Sangola Earthfill 18.5 2975 32050.00 27950.00 Irrigation 2350 Nawegaonbandh 1967 local Navegaon Earthfill 11.58 625 45943.00 10344 29590.00 Irrigation 124.2 Pandherbodi 1967 local Umrer Earthfill 15.24 1769 284 13860.00 425 13120.00 Irrigation 432 Kurje ( Dhapcheri ) 1967 local Dahanu Earthfill 22.96 2507.76 846.12 39050.00 5620 38085.00 Irrigation Water Supply 598 Nalganga 1967 Nalganga Malkapur Earthfill 29.8 2516 1500 71860.00 10980 70540.00 Irrigation 2158 Sukhana 1968 Sukhana Aurangabad Earthfill 16.92 446 68 21340.00 6782 18480.00 Irrigation 2101 Kurnur 1968 Bori Osmanabad, Tuljapur Earthfill 23.7 1206 45 35240.00 570 32670.00 Irrigation 2190 Manar 1968 Manar Kandhar Earthfill 27 2592 1557 139000.00 2559 128700.00 Irrigation 8778 Yeldari 1968 Purna Yeldari Earthfill 51.2 4232 934310.00 101540 809660.00 Irrigation Hydroelectricity 10477 Siddheshwar 1968 Purna Siddeshwar Earthfill 38.26 6353.2 907.2 250850.00 40580 80940.00 Irrigation 10789 Kundrala 1969 local Mukhed Earthfill 18.5 999 370 14680.00 253 12990.00 Irrigation 811 Gharni 1969 Gharni Sirur Earthfill 15.24 956 25080.00 22460.00 Irrigation 1882 Dolwahal ( Weir ) 1969 Kundlika Roha Earthfill 12.5 543 1943 10070.00 3230 1840.00 Irrigation Water Supply 3030 Girna 1969 Girna Nandgaon Earthfill 54.56 963.17 2042 608980.00 60040 525920.00 Irrigation Hydroelectricity 8433 Malangaon 1970 Kan Sakri Earthfill 23.78 1141 500 13023.00 248 11325.00 Irrigation 1075 Karwand 1970 Arunanadi Sirpur Earthfill 39.3 2966 1191 33840.00 31500.00 Irrigation 2461 Itiadoh 1970 Garvi Arjuni Earthfill Gravity 29.85 505 911 288830.00 46910 225120.00 Irrigation Hydroelectricity 3230 Sirpur 1970 Bagh Deori Earthfill Gravity 24.69 2840 1195 203840.00 32970 192520.00 Irrigation 3633 Pujaritola 1970 Bagh Amgaon Earthfill Gravity 19.2 2661 664 65110.00 17650 48690.00 Irrigation 4246.88 Terna 1970 Terna Osmanabad Earthfill 15 2651 186 22910.00 380 18630.00 Irrigation Morna 1971 local Patur Earthfill 28.65 600 1109 44740.00 4930 41460.00 Irrigation 1631 Gyanganga 1971 Gyanganga Khamgaon Earthfill 35.73 639 1380 36270.00 4151 33930.00 Irrigation 1742 Upper Pus ( Pus ) 1971 Pus Yavatmal, Pusad Earthfill 42 744 1980 113920.00 8953 91260.00 Irrigation 4007 Malkhed 1972 Kholad Chandur Rly Earthfill 17.05 1422 481 10900.00 6717 8960.00 Irrigation Water Supply 1108 Tanajisagar ( Panshet ) 1972 Ambi Velhe Earthfill Gravity 63.56 1039 4190 303000.00 15645 294000.00 Irrigation Water supply 1162.4 Pawana 1972 Pawana Pune, Pawananagar Earthfill Gravity 42.37 1329 1989 30500.00 2365 241000.00 Hydroelectricity Water supply 1250 Kalyangirija 1972 Kalyangirija Jalna Earthfill 22.07 1183 520 10160.00 568 8469.00 Irrigation 1310 Bhojapur 1972 Mahalungi Nashik, Sinnar Earthfill 32.41 733 449 13730.00 3352 10700.00 Irrigation 1488 Saikheda 1972 Khuni Pandharkawada Earthfill 23.77 1740 909 38511.00 836 27184.00 Irrigation 2671 Mula 1972 Mula Ahmadnagar, Rahuri Earthfill Gravity 48.17 2856 7594 736320.00 53600 608890.00 Irrigation 5947 Upper Vaitarana 1973 Vaitarna Nashik, Igatpuri Earthfill Gravity 41 2531 1520 331630.00 37130 331000.00 Irrigation 1440 Panzara 1973 Panzara Sakri Earthfill 33.5 1430 1597 43500.00 5590 35800.00 Irrigation 1768 Yeralwadi 1973 Yerala Satara, Khatav Earthfill 19.5 2115 663 33020.00 18060.00 Irrigation 2083 Manyad 1973 Manyad Chalisgaon Earthfill 45 1677 896.5 53980.00 8710 40257.00 Irrigation 3755 Chulbandh Chulbandh Gondia Earthfill 22.08 465 130 21458.00 3750 16540.00 Irrigation 846.11 Dhamna local Bhokardan Earthfill 13 2560 443 10730.00 433 8490.00 Irrigation 1414 Dina Dina Charmoshi Earthfill 21.49 3137 957 61150.00 13765 55940.00 Irrigation 1671 Kanoli Bori Dhule Earthfill 24.5 459 290 11900.00 217 8450.00 Irrigation 1840 Nazare Karha Pune, Purandar Earthfill 22.54 2021 1010 22316.00 3890 16650.00 Irrigation Water Supply 2425 Karanjwan Kadwa Dindori Earthfill 39.31 2483 1960 175580.00 18420 166220.00 Irrigation 2724 Katepurna Katepurna Mahan Barshi Takali Earthfill 29.5 2000 693 97670.00 12430 86350.00 Irrigation Water Supply 2783 Kolkewadi Local Nallah Chiplun Gravity 64 497 576 36220.00 167 11220.00 Hydroelectricity 1081 Nirguna Nirguna Patur Earthfill 25.7 1800 124 32290.00 4760 28840.00 Irrigation 1678 Karpara Karpara Jintur Earthfill 16.66 1046 344 27320.00 778 24700.00 Irrigation 2033 Palkhed Kadva Nashik, Dindori Earthfill 34.75 4110 1228 230100.00 5760 212400.00 Irrigation 4592 Kanholibara 1976 Krishna Hingana Earthfill 21.05 1365 115.3 22213.00 333 19820.00 Irrigation 1141 Vir Baji Pasalkar ( Varasgaon ) 1976 Mosi Pune, Velhe Earthfill Gravity 63.4 785 10550 374000.00 24200 275000.00 Irrigation Hydroelectricity 1416 Alwandi 1976 Vaitarna Nashik, Igatpuri Earthfill 37.8 2548 930 353750.00 37130 331110.00 Irrigation 1420 Adhala 1976 Adhala Akola Earthfill 40 623 1437 30000.00 2306 27600.00 Irrigation 1582 Tiru 1976 Tiru Osmanabad Earthfill 21 1851 311 23320.00 690 15401.00 Irrigation 1985 Kamthikhairy ( Pench ) 1976 Pench Nagpur Earthfill 32 1876 4928 230000.00 23653 180000.00 Irrigation Water Supply 12000 Jayakwadi 1976 Godavari Aurangabad, Paithan Earthfill 41.3 10415 13410 2909000.00 39800 2170000.00 Irrigation Hydroelectricity 18153 Jakapur 1977 local Latur Earthfill 14.8 2257 322 10176.00 Irrigation 1305 Pargaon Ghatshil 1977 Kinha Pargaon Ghatshil Earthfill 22.46 911.65 297 12450.00 3740 Irrigation 1467 Dhom 1977 Krishna Wai Earthfill Gravity 50 2478 6335 382270.00 2498 331100.00 Irrigation Hydroelectricity 1778.29 Suki 1977 Suki Khiroda Earthfill 42 716 1430 50170.00 366 39860.00 Irrigation 2336 Hingani ( Pangaon ) 1977 Bhogawati Solapur, Barshi Earthfill 21.87 2193 74 45510.00 31970.00 Irrigation 2435 Yedgaon 1977 Kukadi Pune, Junnar Earthfill Gravity 29.74 4511 1004 93430.00 1700 79270.00 Irrigation 3844 Bori 1977 Bori Parola Earthfill 20 3365 5534 40960.00 8460 25020.00 Irrigation 4206 Adan 1977 Aran Karanja Earthfill Rockfill 30.13 755 1428 78320.00 10520 67250.00 Irrigation 4623 Januna 1978 local Barshi Takali Earthfill 11.95 390 150 11310.00 404 1180.00 Irrigation 260 Makardhokada 1978 Amb Umrer Earthfill 18.81 1645 652.87 21356.00 322 19931.00 Irrigation 450 Matoba 1978 Bhima Pune, Daund Earthfill 17.5 1662 45.6 45200.00 1900 37100.00 Irrigation 476 Tulshi 1978 Tulshi Radhanagari Earthfill Gravity 48.68 1512 25 98290.00 533 89910.00 Irrigation Hydroelectricity 640 Khandeshar 1978 Vali Osmanabad Earthfill 17.14 1257 305 10840.00 3000 8820.00 Irrigation 800 Karadkhed 1978 local Degloor Earthfill 19 1454 498 12000.00 289 10980.00 Irrigation 1148 Ambadi 1978 Sivana Aurangabad, Kannad Earthfill 20 2210 707 12000.00 9420.00 Irrigation 1412 Barvi 1978 Kalyanthane Thane Earthfill 48.78 746 178580.00 0.04 176940.00 Water Supply 1585 Waghadi 1978 Waghadi Ghatanji Earthfill Gravity 26 960 773 41110.00 6580 35360.00 Irrigation 1815 Aner 1978 Aner Shivpur Earthfill 47 2275 3162 103270.00 58914.00 Irrigation 4318 Waghad 1979 Kalwan Nashik, Dindori Earthfill 45.6 952 1783 76480.00 526 70000.00 Irrigation 1610 Koradi 1979 Koradi Buldhana, Mehkar Earthfill 19.31 900 1193 22500.00 6465 15120.00 Irrigation 2446 Kawadas ( Pickup ) 1979 local Thane, Javhar Earthfill 28.08 630 180 13700.00 5480 9970.00 Irrigation 3700 Mandohol 1979 Mandohol Parner Earthfill 27.07 739 426 11300.00 199.51 8780.00 Irrigation 11420 Pethwadaj 1980 local Kandhar Earthfill 19.5 1260 495 11600.00 2970 9040.00 Irrigation 1185 Haranbari 1980 Mosam Satana Earthfill 34 1419 2375 34780.00 5540 33020.00 Irrigation 1312 Kelzar 1981 Aram Satana Earthfill 32.5 1236 1622 17100.00 1660 16210.00 Irrigation 832.4 Uma 1981 Uma Murtijapur Earthfill 20.42 2140 434 14010.00 2600 11690.00 Irrigation 1340 Sonal 1981 Aran M Pir Earthfill 19.6 1114 698 20270.00 16920.00 Irrigation 1368 Masoli 1981 Masoli Gangakhed Earthfill 24.84 1086 626 34080.00 6970 27390.00 Irrigation 2028 Goki 1981 Goki Darwha Earthfill Gravity 23.06 1572 658 50220.00 11360 42710.00 Irrigation Water supply 2066 Yelavi 1982 local Sangli, Jath Earthfill 15.25 764 111 22260.00 2180.00 Irrigation 557 Rangawali 1982 Rangawali Dhule Earthfill 25.63 1878 1289 15020.00 329 12890.00 Irrigation 1168 Ozarkhed 1982 Unanda Nashik, Dindori Earthfill 35.3 3266 2052 67950.00 6880 60320.00 Irrigation 1610 Tawarja 1982 Tawarja Latur Earthfill 14.3 2222 361 20520.00 741 16950.00 Irrigation 1903 Tillari ( Proj. ) 1982 Tillari Sawantwadi Earthfill Gravity 73 943 9274 462170.00 16250 447290.00 Irrigation Water supply 2465 Manjara 1952 Manjara Beed, Kalamb Earthfill 25 4203 2213 250700.00 173320.00 Irrigation 6000 Isapur 1982 Penganga Nanded Earthfill 57 4120.1 11216 1254000.00 951000.00 Irrigation 10480 Hatnur 1982 Tapi Jalgaon, Bhusawal Earthfill 25.5 2580 3850 388000.00 48160 255000.00 Irrigation 26415 Chandai Chandai Nalla Varora Earthfill 11.91 1830 181 13200.00 523 10690.00 Irrigation 842.85 Alandi Alandi Nashik Earthfill 29.3 1690 2782 29600.00 55900 27820.00 Irrigation 1002 Borna Borna Beed, Ambejogai Earthfill 22.3 866 460 10908.00 2191 9060.00 Irrigation 1249 Wadaj Meena Pune, Junnar Earthfill Gravity 30.7 1875 1009 36000.00 467 33200.00 Irrigation 1426 Chargaon Chargaon Varora Earthfill 14.4 3065 428 21700.00 12921.9 19866.00 Irrigation 1450.5 Pothara Pothara Hinganghat Earthfill 14.21 2220 318 38400.00 13900 34720.00 Irrigation 1732 Burai Burai Sakri Earthfill 30.6 1013 168 21330.00 31440 14210.00 Irrigation 2149 Erai Erai Chandrapur Earthfill Gravity 30 1620 985 226500.00 58000 193000.00 Water supply 2610 Bhatsa Bhatsa Thane, Shahapur Earthfill Gravity 88.5 959 18250 976150.00 2725 942115.00 Irrigation Water supply 5342 Lower Pus Pus Mahagaon Earthfill 28 3346 6167 81160.00 15890 59630.00 Irrigation 5437 Natuwadi 1984 Tr. of Charti Khed Earthfill 45.25 900 22.3 28080.00 2000 27230.00 Irrigation 690.73 Manikdoh 1984 Kukadi Pune, Junnar Gravity 51.8 930 596 308060.00 18434 283070.00 Irrigation Hydroelectricity 1439 Kolar 1984 Kolar Saoner Earthfill 30.11 2910 1084 35380.00 6430 31320.00 Irrigation 1598.2 Kordi 1985 Kordi Navapur Earthfill 27.75 1952 923 11690.00 1677 10300.00 Irrigation 735 Amalocalalla 1985 Amalocalalla Rajura Earthfill 37.75 1607 133.4 22700.00 3703 21200.00 Irrigation 1067 Morna ( Shirala ) 1985 Morna Shirala Earthfill 31.2 1115 793 21160.00 3203 15150.00 Irrigation 1075 Tillari ( Main ) 1986 Tillari Chandgad Gravity 38.05 485 250 113266.00 9290 92020.00 Hydroelectricity 1028 Kalyan 1986 Kalyan Jalna Earthfill 16.49 1554 492 15360.00 533 10360.00 Irrigation 1315 Girija 1986 Girija Aurangabad, Khultabad Earthfill 19.1 3060 70 24500.00 775 21230.00 Irrigation 1649 Ujani 1980 Bhima Solapur, Tembhurni Earthfill 56.4 2534 3140000.00 337000.00 1517000.00 Irrigation 15717 Kundlika 1986 Kundlika Beed, Majalgaon Earthfill 28.45 1403 46350.00 6850 Irrigation 2751 Kanher 1986 Wenna Satara Earthfill Gravity 50.34 1954 6308 286000.00 18.63 271680.00 Irrigation Hydroelectricity 3203 Sina 1986 Sina Ahmadnagar, Karjat Earthfill 28.5 1580 681.5 67950.00 12834 Irrigation 4450 Dham 1986 Dham Arvi Earthfill 33.35 1728 2737 72460.00 7780 62510.00 Irrigation 5416.6 Wandri Wandri Thane, Palghar Earthfill 29.6 1336 1206 36510.00 4438 34710.00 Irrigation 567 Raigavan local Beed, Kalam Earthfill 19.74 2090 12703.00 4920 11259.00 Irrigation 1411 Dhamni ( Surya ) Surya Dhamni Earthfill 59 1563 1270 285310.00 16130 273350.00 Irrigation Hydroelectricity 2696 Majalgaon Sindphana Beed, Majalgaon Earthfill 31.19 6488 5759 453640.00 78130 311300.00 Irrigation Hydroelectricity 14500 Khekaranalla 1988 KhekaraNalla Kalmeshwar Earthfill 24.5 330 306 26325.00 5566 23810.00 Irrigation 1343 Kalisarar 1988 Kalisarar Salekasa Earthfill Gravity 25.52 830 697 30460.00 6500 27750.00 Irrigation 1402 Khairi 1989 Kar Ahmadnagar, Jamkhed Earthfill 18.91 1210 54 15110.00 492 13743.00 Irrigation 1962 Totladoh 1989 Pench Ramtek Gravity 74.5 680 972 1241109.00 77710 1091000.00 Hydroelectricity 12072 Adol 1990 Adola Borala Earthfill 18.47 1725 479 15270.00 3141 Irrigation 1274 Shahanoor 1990 Shahanoor AnjangaonSurji Earthfill 57.81 828 3446 47850.00 2970 46040.00 Irrigation Water Supply 2406 Lower Wunna ( Nand ) 1990 Nand Nagpur Earthfill Gravity 16.25 2513 1833 62182.00 21642 53182.00 Irrigation 5238 Nagyasakya 1992 Panzan Nandgaon Earthfill 23.09 1440 292 15620.00 4050 11240.00 Irrigation 51.55 Sakol 1992 local Latur, Udgir Earthfill 17.65 1425 371 12689.00 4256 10950.00 Irrigation 1178 Borgaon 1993 local Yavatmal Earthfill 20 830 1404 14040.00 288 12224.00 Irrigation 686 Pakadiguddam 1993 Deogad Chandrapur Earthfill 19 1814 1067 13307.00 2579 11800.00 Irrigation 803 Devargan 1993 Devari Latur, Udgir Earthfill 15.58 1715 13410.00 4010 10670.00 Irrigation 1136 Upper Wardha 1993 Wardha Amrawati Earthfill Gravity 46.2 5920 6500 786480.00 93122 614800.00 Irrigation Hydroelectricity Water supply 19457 Bokani 1994 local Latur, Udgir Earthfill 17.03 1440 13460.00 3170 8590.00 Irrigation 1258.8 Benitura 1994 local Latur, Omerga Earthfill 13.48 1780 12810.00 Irrigation 1614 Sakat 1994 Dudhana Osmanabad, Paranda Earthfill 19.8 2775 14430.00 4340 13440.00 Irrigation 1686 Tembhapuri 1994 Nagzari Aurangabad Earthfill 16.42 5300 809 21260.00 8495 19000.00 Irrigation 2038 Arunawati 1994 Arunawati Yavatmal, Digras Earthfill Gravity 29.5 5170 4412 198395.00 39290 169675.00 Irrigation 8525 Sankh 1995 Local Jath, Sangli Earthfill 17.66 3282 743 Irrigation 3226 Waldevi 1995 Waldevi Nashik Earthfill 36.4 1890 1304 33720.00 3437 32050.00 Irrigation 809 Tisgaon 1995 Parashri Nashik, Dindori Earthfill 24.9 1674 1080 15140.00 292 12440.00 Irrigation 1744 Mukane 1995 Aaundha Nawapur Earthfill 26.93 1530 2271 214160.00 3018 203970.00 Irrigation 1938 Masalga local Latur, Nilanga Earthfill 10.26 2023 14670.00 3696 Irrigation 996 Vishwamitri Vishwamitri Patur Earthfill 21.06 1275 565 10116.00 1766 Irrigation 1332 Jam Jam Katol Earthfill 24 3460 107 28050.00 7565 23550.00 Irrigation 1564 Kadwa 1997 Kadwa Nashik, Igatpuri Earthfill 31.84 1660 1245 59590.00 6705 52910.00 Irrigation 2821 Bahula 1997 Bahula Tumsar Earthfill 17 5280 847 20030.00 581 16330.00 Irrigation 3802 Lower Wunna ( Wadgaon ) 1997 Wadgaon Nagpur Earthfill Gravity 23.65 5330 2998 152600.00 36138 136000.00 Irrigation 10877 Kashypi 1998 Kashyapi Rajapur Earthfill 41.75 1291 2761 52690.00 2867 52430.00 Irrigation 799 Purnaneopur 1998 Purna Aurangabad, Kannad Earthfill 16.6 2725 506 11380.00 3848 9340.00 Irrigation 1184 Punegaon 1998 Unanda Sangli, Tasgaon Earthfill 24.14 1803 991 20399.00 3646 17750.00 Irrigation 1332 Sonwad 1998 Sonwad Sindkheda Earthfill 18.58 4699 614 12690.00 3434 9530.00 Irrigation 1349 Narangi 1998 local Vaijapur Earthfill 16.5 13290.00 Irrigation 2296 Bor Dahegaon 1998 local Vaijapur Earthfill 16.7 13400.00 Irrigation 2510 Mun 1998 Mun Buldhana, Khamgaon Earthfill 30.2 1466 1362 42480.00 4527 36830.00 Irrigation 3623 Awashi 1999 local Ratnagiri, Dapoli Earthfill 36.51 350 894 11151.00 831 10440.00 Irrigation 221.18 Vadiwale 1999 Kundali Pune, Lonavala Earthfill 29 485.64 8.73 40870.00 3558 30390.00 Irrigation 746.82 Anjanapalshi 1999 Anjana Aurangabad, Kannad Earthfill 19.4 1952 937 15550.00 3887 13740.00 Irrigation 1167 Pimpalgaon Joge 1999 AR Pune, Junnar Earthfill 28.6 1560 235520.00 263000 110240.00 Irrigation 1943.7 Savatri 1999 Savatri Ratnagiri, Poladpur Gravity 33.62 320 196 29450.00 2700 26360.00 Water supply 3919.79 Temghar 2000 Mutha Pune, Lavarde Earthfill Gravity 42.5 1075 1188 107900.00 55512 101010.00 Irrigation 626.5 Dongargaon 2000 local Rajura Earthfill 23 572 285 14180.00 3757 12440.00 Irrigation 840 Hetwane 2000 Bhogeshwari Raigadh, Pen Earthfill 48.2 675 144980 147490.00 6740 137625.00 Irrigation Water Supply 1084 Gunjwani 2000 Kanand Pune, Velhe Earthfill Gravity 52.82 1730 6871 104690.00 6410 104480.00 Irrigation 1175 Chilewadi 2000 Mandvi Pune, Junnar Earthfill 62.56 440 36.23 27170.00 67410 24610.00 Irrigation 1680 Nira Devghar 2000 Nira Pune, Bhor Earthfill 58.53 2430 99.38 337390.00 14307 332130.00 Irrigation 1852 Kar 2000 Kar Wardha Earthfill 25.13 1067 265.06 25960.00 4480 21060.00 Irrigation 2314 Dimbhe 2000 Ghod Pune, Ambegaon Gravity 67.21 852 1151.23 38220.00 17547 35391.00 Irrigation 2872 Bhama Asakhed 2000 Bhama Pune, Chakan Earthfill 51 1425 6183 230473.00 21630 217100.00 Irrigation 3431.72 Wan 2000 Wan Akola Earthfill Gravity 67.65 500 599 83465.00 4391 81955.00 Irrigation Hydroelectricity Water supply 3874 Berdewadi 2001 local Lanja Earthfill 61.19 656 1796.2 15841.00 871 15356.00 Irrigation 296 Chitri 2001 Chitri Kolhapur, Ajara Earthfill 55.1 1710 2606 53414.00 2931 52359.00 Irrigation 571 Uttarmand 2001 Uttarmand Satara, Patan Earthfill 46.45 1389 24925.00 2393 Irrigation 824 Jamkhedi 2001 Jamkhedi Dhule, Sakri Earthfill 29.62 1750 710 14450.00 2081 12290.00 Irrigation 1113 Bhivargi 2001 Patan Sangli, Jath Earthfill 15.85 1606 11200.00 8630.00 Irrigation Madan 2002 Waghadinalla Arvi Earthfill 26.55 1291 976.14 11460.00 10460.00 Irrigation 662.5 Babhulgaon 2003 local Solapur, Barshi Earthfill 16.93 16.5 56100 56100.00 2270 Irrigation 1046 Chargad 2003 Chargad Amravati Earthfill 24.5 3740 1095 12005.00 2842 8266.00 Irrigation Water Supply 1107.5 Andra Valley 2003 Andra Pune, Maval Earthfill 40.45 330 207.86 83310.00 7421 82750.00 Irrigation 1110 Pentakali 2003 Penganga Buldhana, Mehkar Earthfill 27.5 990 694.35 67355.00 12870 59976.00 Irrigation 6476 Kudnur 2005 local Chandgad Earthfill 20.99 316 208.68 11925.00 214 1062.00 Irrigation 58.24 Deogad 2005 Karli Nalla Phonda Earthfill 54.68 1784 6200 100428.00 5731 98020.00 Irrigation Hydroelectricity 2078 Shivana Takli 2005 Shivna Kannad Earthfill 17.7 4524 622 39360.00 887 38190.00 Irrigation 4415 Popatkhed 2005 Dather Akot Earthfill 42.6 12192.00 10709.00 Irrigation Morbe 2006 Dhavari Khalapur Gravity 59.1 3420 18075 19089.00 9780 160.01 Water supply 690.4 Lalocalalla 2006 local Samudrapur Earthfill 13.9 3385 407.67 29515.00 9039 27613.00 Irrigation 925 Morana ( Gureghar ) 2006 Morana Patan Earthfill 47.02 420 39550.00 31.27 36990.00 Irrigation 1360.11 Tarandale 2007 local Kankawali Earthfill 48 400 10800.00 9810.00 147.7 Kalmodi 2007 Arala Khed Gravity 40.6 104 139.28 42670.00 2710 42670.00 Irrigation 963.21 Sina Kolegaon 2007 Sina Osmanabad, Paranda Earthfill 36.6 234 150490.00 1529 89340.00 Irrigation 7689 Katangi Katanginalla Goregaon Earthfill 13.65 2360 464.12 11120.00 31.02 9400.00 Irrigation 845.5 Bham Tapi Dharni Earthfill Gravity 67.5 10982 378,000.00 1551.6 378,000.00 Irrigation 445 Sarang Kheda Waki Nashik, Sinnar Earthfill 34.5 1081 76.2 75800.00 7203 70550.00 Irrigation 563 Chenna Chenna Gadchiroli Earthfill 33 740 413 14800.00 1930 14790.00 Irrigation 602 Madan local Madan Earthfill 26.5 1413 773 11460.00 10560.00 Irrigation 662 Godavari Darna Nashik, Igatpuri Earthfill 34.75 1028 3007 46730.00 2565 40790.00 Irrigation 662 Karwappa Karwappa Gadchiroli Earthfill 35 1416 991 32560.00 4454 32560.00 Irrigation 841 Manikpuri Waki Nandurbar, Shahada Earthfill 42.84 888 1453 14760.00 650 13450.00 Irrigation 912 Lower Tapi Kadwa Nashik Earthfill 21.8 860 303.72 16460.00 3150 11470.00 Irrigation 983 Bhavali Bham Thane, Shahapur Earthfill 33.97 1550 329 75050.00 4980 69760.00 Irrigation 990 Jamkhed local Mukhed Earthfill 16.9 1605 44 10230.00 8150.00 Irrigation 1019 Nagan Nagan Navapur Earthfill 29.24 2940 1800 25150.00 3334 22760.00 Irrigation 1103 Talamba Karli Kudal Earthfill 57.41 2955 7343 308750.00 21350 285630.00 Irrigation Hydroelectricity 1354.47 Wakod Nagzari Aurangabad Earthfill 14.28 2975 577 12050.00 4480 11400.00 Irrigation 1380 Mahamadwadi Gad river Konakwadi Earthfill 59.33 1590 12000 93374.00 4243 91399.00 Irrigation Hydroelectricity 1678 Lower Panzara ( Akkalp ) Punad Kalwan Earthfill 33.28 706 1114 39750.00 3123 36990.00 Irrigation 1791 Waki Godavari Pachora Earthfill 51.87 869 4582 53730.00 2054 53340.00 Irrigation 1808 Dara Shiwan Nandurbar Earthfill 31.3 4828 2410 24180.00 2070 21700.00 Irrigation Water Supply 1864 Upper Kadwa Manyad Nandgaon Earthfill 32.92 1470 471.66 14010.00 238 9460.00 Irrigation 2032 Gomai Gomai Nandurbar, Shahada Earthfill 23.9 5596 1391 28104.00 5920 20352.00 Irrigation 2049 Utawali Utawali Buldhana, Mehkar Earthfill 26.05 2112 1910 20808.00 3642 Irrigation 2336 Chandrabhaga Chandrabhaga Amravati Earthfill 44.7 1573 2952 41427.00 3262 41248.00 Irrigation Hydroelectricity Water supply 2476 Tultuli Khobragadi Gadchiroli Earthfill 21.59 5280 2745 225051.00 50920 216948.00 Irrigation 3460 Purna Purna Amravati Earthfill 38 3120 1277 41759.00 5880 35370.00 Irrigation Hydroelectricity Water supply 3906 Anjneri Panzara Sakri Earthfill 32.3 3137 4326 107790.00 14815 87870.00 Irrigation 4332 Nawatha Burai Dhule Earthfill 29 2610 1427 36930.00 7360 33910.00 Irrigation 4342 Human Human Chandrapur Earthfill Gravity 28 3222 2448 313731.00 80930 313731.00 Irrigation 9242 Prakasha Barrage Tapi Nandurbar Earthfill 39.5 1070 179 325000.00 3850 248210.00 Irrigation 16071 Lower Wardha Wardha Wardha Earthfill Gravity 27.8 9464 2639 253340.00 54654 216870.00 Irrigation 20788 Dhaner Tapi Burhanpur Gravity 27.7 425 141000.00 170 141000.00 Irrigation 21083 Nanduri Tapi Ama Local Nallaher Earthfill Gravity 20 2186 1381.25 42056.00 575.36 35780.00 Irrigation Water supply 49299.5 Sulwade Barrage Tapi Nandurbar, Shahada Earthfill 27.73 688 226 63640.00 11870 62110.00 Irrigation 50517 Wadishewadi Tapi Nandurbar, Shahada Earthfill 36.5 614.5 324 92190.00 18230 91810.00 Irrigation 50529 Dehali Tapi Sind Kheda Earthfill 28.26 5349 1762 65060.00 1229 65060.00 Irrigation Water Supply 64227 Gosi ( Kd ) Wainganga Bhandara Earthfill 22.5 1135 3828 769483.00 22258 376592.00 Irrigation 67000 Punad Dehli Nandurbar, Akkalkuva Earthfill 29.62 1820 123 19080.00 2202 17290.00 Irrigation Mizoram ( edit ) River Dam Height Length Type Storage capacity Reservoir Area Complete Serlui B Dam Tuirial Dam Odisha ( edit ) River Dam Height Length Type Storage capacity Reservoir Area Complete Sileru Balimela Reservoir Mahanadi Hirakud Dam 60.96 m 4800 m Earth - fill, Gravity & Masonry dam 195.68 m 192.024 m 1957 Sileru Jalaput Dam Sankh Mandira Dam Jonk Patora Dam Brahmani Rengali Dam Indravati Indravati Dam Salia rever Salia Dam Rajasthan ( edit ) River Dam Height Length Type Storage capacity Reservoir Area Complete Chambal Jawahar Sagar Dam Jawai Jawai Dam Kota Barrage Mahi Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam Chambal Rana Pratap Sagar dam Jakham Jakham Dam Banas River Bisalpur Dam Sikkim ( edit ) River Dam Height Length Type Storage capacity Reservoir Area Complete Rangit Dam Tamil Nadu ( edit ) River Dam Height Length Type Storage capacity Reservoir Area Complete Noyyal Aathupalayam Dam 1992 ( closed 1995 due to pollution ) Aliyar Reservoir 3.869 TMC Ft 1969 Amaravathi Dam 4 TMC ft 1957 Bhavani Bhavanisagar Reservoir 32.8 TMC ft 1955 Gomukhinadhi Reservoir 1965 Kallanai Anaicut ( Built by British ) 19th century Kallanai Dam ( Built by Chola ) 2nd century AD Bhavani Kodiveri Dam 17th Century Kaveri Mettur Dam 93.4 TMC ft 1934 Nallathangal Dam 2007 Noyyal Orathuppalayam Dam 1992 Pechiparai Reservoir 1906 Perunchani Reservoir 1952 Puzhal Reservoir 1876 Sathanur Reservoir 1958 Solaiyar Kerala Dam 1965 Vaigai Vaigai Dam 1959 Vaigai Reservoir 1959 Thamirabarani Manimuthar Dam & Karaiyar Dam 1957 Telangana ( edit ) Main article : List of dams and reservoirs in Telangana River Dam Height Length Type Storage capacity Reservoir Area Complete Godavari River Sriram Sagar Project 90.31 1977 Godavari River Singur Dam 29.91 1989 Godavari River Nizam Sagar 17.8 1931 Godavari River Yellampalli 20.17 Godavari River Lower Manair Dam 24.07 1985 Godavari River Mid Manair Dam 25.87 2017 Godavari River Upper Manair Dam 1985 Godavari River Medigadda Barrage 16.17 Godavari River Annaram Barrage 11.9 Godavari River Sundilla Barrage 5.11 Godavari River Kadam Reservoir 7.6 1958 Godavari River Sri Komaram Bheem Project 2011 Godavari River Dummugudem Lift Irrigation Scheme Godavari River Vattivagu Reservoir Godavari River Pranahita Chevella Godavari River Icchampally Project Godavari River Swarna Reservoir Godavari River Sathnala Dam Godavari River Nawabpet Reservoir Godavari River Tapaspalli Reservoir Godavari River Pocharam Dam Reservoir Godavari River Manjeera Reservoir Godavari River Devadula project Godavari River Pakhala Reservoir Godavari River Palakurthy Reservoir Godavari River Kinnerasani Reservoir Godavari River Kanthapally Barrage Godavari River Alisagar Reservoir 1931 Godavari River Alisagar Lift Irrigation Scheme 2002 Godavari River Lower Penganga River Irrigation Project 1997 Godavari River Lendi Dam Godavari River Sadarmat 1.58 Godavari River Pedavagu Godavari River Neelwai Godavari River Ralevagu Godavari River Gollavagu Godavari River Suddavagu Godavari River Chelmelavagu Project ( NTR Sagar ) Godavari River PP Rao Project Krishna River Nagarjuna Sagar Dam 312.04 1967 Krishna River Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond Krishna River Srisailam Dam 215.807 1984 Krishna River Srisailam tail pond u / c Krishna River Jurala Project 9.66 1995 Krishna River Pulichinthala Project 45.77 Krishna River Lower Jurala HEP Krishna River Rajolibanda Dam 1956 Krishna River Dindi Reservoir Krishna River Osman Sagar Reservoir Krishna River Himayath Sagar Krishna River Musi Reservoir Krishna River Koilsagar Mathadivagu Reservoir Krishna River Shankara Samudram Balancing Reservoir Krishna River Alimineti Madhava Reddy Project Krishna River Udaya Samudram Balancing Reservoir Peddadevulapally Balancing Reservoir Krishna River Ramanpad reservoir Krishna River Gundrevula reservoir Krishna River Singotam reservoir Krishna River Jonnalaboguda reservoir Godavari River Pulkurthy Reservoir Salivagu Reservoir Nashkal Reservoir Mylaram Reservoir Chakunta Reservoir Chalivagu Reservoir Narsingapur Reservoir Bheemghanpur Reservoir Rangaiah - Yerraiah Reservoir Wyra Reservoir Krishna River Palair Reservoir Shanigaram Reservoir Thotapally Reservoir Uttarakhand ( edit ) River Dam Height Length Type Storage capacity Reservoir Area Complete Yamuna Lakhwa Barrage Dhauliganga Dhauligange Dam Tons Gusain Dam Yamuna Lakhwar Dam Ramganga Ramgange Dam Bhagirathi Tehri Dam 260 Bhagirathi Koteshwar Dam Dhauliganga Tapovan Vishnugad Dam icchar tons river West Bengal ( edit ) River Dam Height Length Type Storage capacity Reservoir Area Complete Damodar River Durgapur Barrage Ganges River Farakka Barrage Damodar River Panchet Dam Kangsabati River Mukutmanipur Dam See also ( edit ) List of largest reservoirs in India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Head works ( Dam, Barrage, Weir, Anicut, Lift ) in India ''. Government of India. Retrieved 9 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` National register of dams in India '' ( PDF ). Government of India. Retrieved July 9, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Dams & barrages location map in India ''. Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14. Jump up ^ http://www.cgwrd.in/organisation/photo-gallery/category/1-dams-a-barrages.html. first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) ; Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Gujarat : Disaster Management Plan : Operation of gates and rule curve levels for Irrigation Projects '' ( PDF ). Narmada, Water Resources, Water Supply and Kalpsar Department. Jump up ^ `` Almatti Dam ''. India - WRIS. Retrieved 27 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` Almatti Dam ''. Krishna Bhagya Jala Nigam Limited. Retrieved 27 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` Basava Sagara ( Narayanapur Dam ) ''. India - WRIS. Retrieved 27 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` Basava Sagara ( Narayanapur Dam ) ''. Krishna Bhagya Jala Nigam Limited. Retrieved 27 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` Bhadra Dam ''. India - WRIS. Retrieved 27 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` Bhadhra Reservoir Project ''. KARNATAKA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT. Retrieved 27 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` Tungabhadra Dam ''. India - WRIS. Retrieved 27 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` Krishnarajasagar Dam ''. India - WRIS. Retrieved 27 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` Linganamakki Dam ''. India - WRIS. Retrieved 27 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` Harangi Dam ''. India - WRIS. Retrieved 27 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` Ghataprabha Dam ''. waterresources.kar.nic.in. Retrieved 27 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` Malaprabha Dam ''. waterresources.kar.nic.in. Retrieved 27 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` Kadra Dam ''. India - WRIS /. Retrieved 27 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` Supa Dam ''. India - WRIS /. Retrieved 15 October 2016. Jump up ^ `` Kanva Dam ''. India - WRIS /. Retrieved 15 October 2016. Jump up ^ `` Kodasalli Dam ''. India - WRIS /. Retrieved 15 October 2016. Jump up ^ `` Vani Vilasa Sagara Dam ''. India - WRIS /. Retrieved 21 October 2016. Lists of dams and reservoirs in India By states / union territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chandigarh Chhattisgarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Lakshadweep Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Other List of largest reservoirs in India List of the tallest dams in India List of dams and reservoirs in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Dams and reservoirs Africa Angola Botswana Burundi Cameroon Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Ethiopia Ghana Ivory Coast Kenya Liberia Malawi Mali Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Rwanda South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Azerbaijan China Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Laos Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Thailand United Arab Emirates Vietnam Australasia Australia East Timor Indonesia New Zealand Papua New Guinea Europe Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia - Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Macedonia Netherlands Norway Serbia Spain Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom North America Canada Dominican Republic Mexico United States South America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Paraguay Largest dams Tallest dams Reservoirs by volume Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_India&oldid=854711101 '' Categories : Lists of dams in India Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Incomplete lists from August 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018, at 07 : 44 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of dams and reservoirs in India", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_India&amp;oldid=854711101" }

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{ "text": "SI base unit - wikipedia SI base unit Jump to : navigation, search The seven SI base units and the interdependency of their definitions : for example, to extract the definition of the metre from the speed of light, the definition of the second must be known while the ampere and candela are both dependent on the definition of energy which in turn is defined in terms of length, mass and time. The International System of Units ( SI ) defines seven units of measure as a basic set from which all other SI units can be derived. The SI base units and their physical quantities are the metre for measurement of length, the kilogram for mass, the second for time, the ampere for electric current, the kelvin for temperature, the candela for luminous intensity, and the mole for amount of substance. The SI base units form a set of mutually independent dimensions as required by dimensional analysis commonly employed in science and technology. The names and symbols of SI base units are written in lowercase, except the symbols of those named after a person, which are written with an initial capital letter. For example, the metre ( US English : meter ) has the symbol m, but the kelvin has symbol K, because it is named after Lord Kelvin and the ampere with symbol A is named after André - Marie Ampère. Several other units, such as the litre ( US English : liter ), are formally not part of the SI, but are accepted for use with SI. Contents ( hide ) 1 Seven SI base units 2 Proposed redefinitions 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Seven SI base units ( edit ) SI base units Name Symbol Measure Current ( 2005 ) formal definition Historical origin / justification Dimension symbol metre m length `` The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1 / 7008299792458000000 ♠ 299 792 458 of a second. '' 17th CGPM ( 1983, Resolution 1, CR, 97 ) 1 / 7007100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 000 of the distance from the Earth 's equator to the North Pole measured on the circumference through Paris. kilogram kg mass `` The kilogram is the unit of mass ; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. '' 3rd CGPM ( 1901, CR, 70 ) The mass of one litre of water at the temperature of melting ice. A litre is one thousandth of a cubic metre. second s time `` The second is the duration of 7009919263177000000 ♠ 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom. '' 13th CGPM ( 1967 / 68, Resolution 1 ; CR, 103 ) `` This definition refers to a caesium atom at rest at a temperature of 0 K. '' ( Added by CIPM in 1997 ) The day is divided in 24 hours, each hour divided in 60 minutes, each minute divided in 60 seconds. A second is 1 / ( 24 × 60 × 60 ) of the day. ampere electric current `` The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 metre apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 6993200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 newton per metre of length. '' 9th CGPM ( 1948 ) The original `` International Ampere '' was defined electrochemically as the current required to deposit 1.118 milligrams of silver per second from a solution of silver nitrate. Compared to the SI ampere, the difference is 0.015 %. kelvin thermodynamic temperature `` The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1 / 7002273160000000000 ♠ 273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. '' 13th CGPM ( 1967 / 68, Resolution 4 ; CR, 104 ) `` This definition refers to water having the isotopic composition defined exactly by the following amount of substance ratios : 0.000 155 76 mole of H per mole of H, 0.000 379 9 mole of O per mole of O, and 0.002 005 2 mole of O per mole of O. '' ( Added by CIPM in 2005 ) The Celsius scale : the Kelvin scale uses the degree Celsius for its unit increment, but is a thermodynamic scale ( 0 K is absolute zero ). Θ mole mol amount of substance `` 1. The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12 ; its symbol is ' mol '. 2. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles. '' 14th CGPM ( 1971, Resolution 3 ; CR, 78 ) `` In this definition, it is understood that unbound atoms of carbon 12, at rest and in their ground state, are referred to. '' ( Added by CIPM in 1980 ) Atomic weight or molecular weight divided by the molar mass constant, 1 g / mol. candela cd luminous intensity `` The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 7014540000000000000 ♠ 540 × 10 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1 / 683 watt per steradian. '' 16th CGPM ( 1979, Resolution 3 ; CR, 100 ) The candlepower, which is based on the light emitted from a burning candle of standard properties. J Name Symbol Measure Current ( 2005 ) formal definition Historical origin / justification Dimension symbol Proposed redefinitions ( edit ) Main article : Proposed redefinition of SI base units Proposed SI System : Dependence of base unit definitions on physical constants with fixed numerical values and on other base units that are derived from the same set of constants. The definitions of the base units have been modified several times since the Metre Convention in 1875, and new additions of base units have occurred. Since the redefinition of the metre in 1960, the kilogram is the only unit that is directly defined in terms of a physical artifact, rather than a property of nature. However, the mole, the ampere, and the candela are linked through their definitions to the mass of the platinum -- iridium cylinder stored in a vault near Paris. It has long been an objective in metrology to define the kilogram in terms of a fundamental constant, in the same way that the metre is now defined in terms of the speed of light. The 21st General Conference on Weights and Measures ( CGPM, 1999 ) placed these efforts on an official footing, and recommended `` that national laboratories continue their efforts to refine experiments that link the unit of mass to fundamental or atomic constants with a view to a future redefinition of the kilogram. '' Two possibilities have attracted particular attention : the Planck constant and the Avogadro constant. In 2005, the International Committee for Weights and Measures ( CIPM ) approved preparation of new definitions for the kilogram, the ampere, and the kelvin and it noted the possibility of a new definition of the mole based on the Avogadro constant. The 23rd CGPM ( 2007 ) decided to postpone any formal change until the next General Conference in 2011. In a note to the CIPM in October 2009, Ian Mills, the President of the CIPM Consultative Committee - Units ( CCU ) catalogued the uncertainties of the fundamental constants of physics according to the current definitions and their values under the proposed new definition. He urged the CIPM to accept the proposed changes in the definition of the kilogram, ampere, kelvin, and mole so that they are referenced to the values of the fundamental constants, namely the Planck constant ( h ), the electron charge ( e ), the Boltzmann constant ( k ), and the Avogadro constant ( N ). See also ( edit ) International vocabulary of metrology International System of Quantities Non-SI units mentioned in the SI Metric prefix Physical constant Electric constant Magnetic constant References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ), The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed. ), ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6, archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ 94th Meeting of the International Committee for Weights and Measures ( 2005 ). Recommendation 1 : Preparative steps towards new definitions of the kilogram, the ampere, the kelvin and the mole in terms of fundamental constants Jump up ^ 23rd General Conference on Weights and Measures ( 2007 ). Resolution 12 : On the possible redefinition of certain base units of the International System of Units ( SI ). Jump up ^ Ian Mills, President of the CCU ( October 2009 ). `` Thoughts about the timing of the change from the Current SI to the New SI '' ( PDF ). CIPM. Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 23. Jump up ^ Ian Mills ( 29 September 2010 ). `` Draft Chapter 2 for SI Brochure, following redefinitions of the base units '' ( PDF ). CCU. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01. External links ( edit ) International Bureau of Weights and Measures National Physical Laboratory NIST - SI SI units Authority : International System of Units ( BIPM ) Base units ampere candela kelvin kilogram metre mole second Derived units with special names becquerel coulomb degree Celsius farad gray henry hertz joule katal lumen lux newton ohm pascal radian siemens sievert steradian tesla volt watt weber Other accepted units astronomical unit bar dalton day decibel degree of arc electronvolt hectare hour litre minute minute of arc neper second of arc tonne atomic units natural units See also Conversion of units Metric prefixes Proposed redefinitions Systems of measurement Book Category SI base quantities Base quantity Quantity SI unit Name Symbol Dimension symbol Unit name ( symbol ) Example length l, x, r, ( etc. ) metre ( m ) r = 10 m mass m kilogram ( kg ) m = 10 kg time, duration second ( s ) t = 10 s electric current I, i I ampere ( A ) I = 10 A thermodynamic temperature Θ kelvin ( K ) T = 10 K amount of substance n mole ( mol ) n = 10 mol luminous intensity J candela ( cd ) I = 10 cd Specification The quantity ( not the unit ) can have a specification : T = 300 K Derived quantity Definition A quantity Q is expressed in the base quantities : Q = f ( l, m, t, I, T, n, I v ) ( \\ displaystyle Q = f \\ left ( ( \\ mathit ( l, m, t, I, T, n, I ) ) \\ mathrm ( _ ( v ) ) \\ right ) ) Derived dimension dim Q = L M T I Θ N J ( Superscripts a -- g are algebraic exponents, usually a positive, negative or zero integer. ) Example Quantity acceleration = l t, dim acceleration = L T possible units : m s, km Ms, etc. See also History of the metric system International System of Quantities Proposed redefinitions Systems of measurement Book Category Outline Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SI_base_unit&oldid=827157044 '' Categories : SI units SI base units SI base quantities Dimensional analysis Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский Scots Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська اردو 粵語 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018, at 02 : 38. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "SI base unit", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=SI_base_unit&amp;oldid=827157044" }

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{ "text": "Easter - wikipedia Easter Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the Christian and cultural festival. For other uses, see Easter ( disambiguation ). Festival Easter Icon of the Resurrection, with Christ having kicked down the gates of Hades and pulling Adam and Eve out of the tombs. Christ is flanked by saints, and Satan -- depicted as an old man -- is bound and chained. ( See Resurrection of Jesus in Christian art. ) Type Christian, cultural Significance Celebrates the resurrection of Jesus Celebrations Church services, festive family meals, Easter egg decoration, and gift - giving Observances Prayer, all - night vigil, sunrise service Date variable, variable, date of Easter 2017 date 16 April ( Western ) 16 April ( Eastern ) 2018 date 1 April ( Western ) 8 April ( Eastern ) 2019 date 21 April ( Western ) 28 April ( Eastern ) 2020 date 12 April ( Western ) 19 April ( Eastern ) Related to Passover, of which it is regarded the Christian fulfillment ; Septuagesima, Sexagesima, Quinquagesima, Shrove Tuesday, Ash Wednesday, Clean Monday, Lent, Great Lent, Palm Sunday, Holy Week, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday which lead up to Easter ; and Thomas Sunday, Ascension, Pentecost, Trinity Sunday, and Corpus Christi which follow it. Easter, also called Pascha ( Greek, Latin ) or Resurrection Sunday, is a festival and holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead, described in the New Testament as having occurred on the third day of his burial after his crucifixion by the Romans at Calvary c. 30 AD. It is the culmination of the Passion of Jesus, preceded by Lent ( or Great Lent ), a forty - day period of fasting, prayer, and penance. Most Christians refer to the week before Easter as `` Holy Week '' -- it contains the days of the Easter Triduum, including Maundy Thursday, commemorating the Maundy and Last Supper, as well as Good Friday, commemorating the crucifixion and death of Jesus. In Western Christianity, Eastertide, or the Easter Season, begins on Easter Sunday and lasts seven weeks, ending with the coming of the fiftieth day, Pentecost Sunday. In Eastern Christianity, the season of Pascha begins on Pascha and ends with the coming of the fortieth day, the Feast of the Ascension. Easter and the holidays that are related to it are moveable feasts which do not fall on a fixed date in the Gregorian or Julian calendars which follow only the cycle of the sun ; rather, its date is determined on a lunisolar calendar similar to the Hebrew calendar. The First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) established two rules, independence of the Jewish calendar and worldwide uniformity, which were the only rules for Easter explicitly laid down by the council. No details for the computation were specified ; these were worked out in practice, a process that took centuries and generated a number of controversies. It has come to be the first Sunday after the ecclesiastical full moon that occurs on or soonest after 21 March, but calculations vary. Easter is linked to the Jewish Passover by much of its symbolism, as well as by its position in the calendar. In most European languages the feast called Easter in English is termed by the words for passover in those languages and in the older English versions of the Bible the term Easter was the term used to translate passover. Easter customs vary across the Christian world, and include sunrise services, exclaiming the Paschal greeting, clipping the church, and decorating Easter eggs ( symbols of the empty tomb ). The Easter lily, a symbol of the resurrection, traditionally decorates the chancel area of churches on this day and for the rest of Eastertide. Additional customs that have become associated with Easter and are observed by both Christians and some non-Christians include egg hunting, the Easter Bunny, and Easter parades. There are also various traditional Easter foods that vary regionally. Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Theological significance 3 Early Christianity 4 Date 4.1 Computations 4.2 Controversies over the date 4.3 First Council of Nicaea ( 325 AD ) 4.4 Reform of the date 4.5 Table of the dates of Easter 5 Position in the church year 5.1 Western Christianity 5.2 Eastern Christianity 6 Religious observance 6.1 Western Christianity 6.2 Eastern Christianity 7 Non-observing Christian groups 8 Easter celebrations around the world 8.1 Easter eggs 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 External links Etymology Main article : Names of Easter The modern English term Easter, cognate with modern Dutch ooster and German Ostern, developed from an Old English word that usually appears in the form Ēastrun, - on, or - an ; but also as Ēastru, - o ; and Ēastre or Ēostre. The most widely accepted theory of the origin of the term is that it is derived from the name of an Old English goddess mentioned by the 7th to 8th - century English monk Bede, who wrote that Ēosturmōnaþ ( Old English ' Month of Ēostre ', translated in Bede 's time as `` Paschal month '' ) was an English month, corresponding to April, which he says `` was once called after a goddess of theirs named Ēostre, in whose honour feasts were celebrated in that month ''. In Latin and Greek, the Christian celebration was, and still is, called Pascha ( Greek : Πάσχα ), a word derived from Aramaic פסחא ( Paskha ), cognate to Hebrew פֶּסַח ( Pesach ). The word originally denoted the Jewish festival known in English as Passover, commemorating the Jewish Exodus from slavery in Egypt. As early as the 50s of the 1st century, Paul, writing from Ephesus to the Christians in Corinth, applied the term to Christ, and it is unlikely that the Ephesian and Corinthian Christians were the first to hear Exodus 12 interpreted as speaking about the death of Jesus, not just about the Jewish Passover ritual. In most of the non-English speaking world, the feast is known by names derived from Greek and Latin Pascha. Pascha is also a name by which Jesus himself is remembered in the Orthodox Church, especially in connection with his resurrection and with the season of its celebration. Theological significance One of the earliest known depictions of the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus ( Rabbula Gospel illuminated manuscript, 6th century ) The New Testament states that the resurrection of Jesus, which Easter celebrates, is a foundation of the Christian faith. The resurrection established Jesus as the powerful Son of God and is cited as proof that God will judge the world in righteousness. For those who trust in Jesus ' death and resurrection, `` death is swallowed up in victory. '' Any person who chooses to follow Jesus receives `` a new birth into a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead ''. Through faith in the working of God those who follow Jesus are spiritually resurrected with him so that they may walk in a new way of life and receive eternal salvation. Easter is linked to Passover and the Exodus from Egypt recorded in the Old Testament through the Last Supper, sufferings, and crucifixion of Jesus that preceded the resurrection. According to the New Testament, Jesus gave the Passover meal a new meaning, as in the upper room during the Last Supper he prepared himself and his disciples for his death. He identified the matzah and cup of wine as his body soon to be sacrificed and his blood soon to be shed. Paul states, `` Get rid of the old yeast that you may be a new batch without yeast -- as you really are. For Christ, our Passover lamb, has been sacrificed '' ; this refers to the Passover requirement to have no yeast in the house and to the allegory of Jesus as the Paschal lamb. One interpretation of the Gospel of John is that Jesus, as the Passover lamb, was crucified at roughly the same time as the Passover lambs were being slain in the temple, on the afternoon of Nisan 14. The scriptural instructions specify that the lamb is to be slain `` between the two evenings '', that is, at twilight. By the Roman period, however, the sacrifices were performed in the mid-afternoon. Josephus, Jewish War 6.10. 1 / 423 ( `` They sacrifice from the ninth to the eleventh hour '' ). Philo, Special Laws 2.27 / 145 ( `` Many myriads of victims from noon till eventide are offered by the whole people '' ). This interpretation, however, is inconsistent with the chronology in the Synoptic Gospels. It assumes that text literally translated `` the preparation of the passover '' in John 19 : 14 refers to Nisan 14 ( Preparation Day for the Passover ) and not necessarily to Yom Shishi ( Friday, Preparation Day for the Passover week Sabbath ) and that the priests ' desire to be ritually pure in order to `` eat the passover '' refers to eating the Passover lamb, not to the public offerings made during the days of Unleavened Bread. Early Christianity The Last Supper celebrated by Jesus and his disciples. The early Christians, too, would have celebrated this meal to commemorate Jesus ' death and subsequent resurrection. The first Christians, Jewish and Gentile, were certainly aware of the Hebrew calendar. Jewish Christians, the first to celebrate the resurrection of Jesus, timed the observance in relation to Passover. Direct evidence for a more fully formed Christian festival of Pascha ( Easter ) begins to appear in the mid-2nd century. Perhaps the earliest extant primary source referring to Easter is a mid-2nd - century Paschal homily attributed to Melito of Sardis, which characterizes the celebration as a well - established one. Evidence for another kind of annual Christian festival, the commemoration of martyrs, begins to appear at about the same time as evidence for the celebration of Easter. While martyrs ' days ( usually the individual dates of martyrdom ) were celebrated on fixed dates in the local solar calendar, the date of Easter was fixed by means of the local Jewish lunisolar calendar. This is consistent with the celebration of Easter having entered Christianity during its earliest, Jewish, period, but does not leave the question free of doubt. The ecclesiastical historian Socrates Scholasticus attributes the observance of Easter by the church to the perpetuation of its custom, `` just as many other customs have been established '', stating that neither Jesus nor his Apostles enjoined the keeping of this or any other festival. Although he describes the details of the Easter celebration as deriving from local custom, he insists the feast itself is universally observed. Date A stained - glass window depicting the Passover Lamb, a concept integral to the foundation of Easter Easter and the holidays that are related to it are moveable feasts, in that they do not fall on a fixed date in the Gregorian or Julian calendars ( both of which follow the cycle of the sun and the seasons ). Instead, the date for Easter is determined on a lunisolar calendar similar to the Hebrew calendar. The First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) established two rules, independence of the Jewish calendar and worldwide uniformity, which were the only rules for Easter explicitly laid down by the Council. No details for the computation were specified ; these were worked out in practice, a process that took centuries and generated a number of controversies. ( See also Computus and Reform of the date of Easter. ) In particular, the Council did not decree that Easter must fall on Sunday. This was already the practice almost everywhere. In Western Christianity, using the Gregorian calendar, Easter always falls on a Sunday between 22 March and 25 April inclusive, within about seven days after the astronomical full moon. The following day, Easter Monday, is a legal holiday in many countries with predominantly Christian traditions. Eastern Christianity bases its calculations on the Julian Calendar. Because of the 13 - day difference between the calendars between 1900 and 2099, 21 March corresponds, during the 21st century, to 3 April in the Gregorian Calendar. Easter therefore varies between 4 April and 8 May in the Gregorian calendar ( the Julian calendar is no longer used as the civil calendar of the countries where Eastern Christian traditions predominate ). Also, because the Julian `` full moon '' is always several days after the astronomical full moon, the eastern Easter is often later, relative to the visible moon 's phases, than western Easter. Among the Oriental Orthodox some churches have changed from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar and the date for Easter as for other fixed and moveable feasts is the same as in the Western church. Computations Main article : Computus In 725, Bede succinctly wrote, `` The Sunday following the full Moon which falls on or after the equinox will give the lawful Easter. '' However, this does not precisely reflect the ecclesiastical rules. The full moon referred to ( called the Paschal full moon ) is not an astronomical full moon, but the 14th day of a lunar month. Another difference is that the astronomical equinox is a natural astronomical phenomenon, which can fall on 19, 20 or 21 March, while the ecclesiastical date is fixed by convention on 21 March. In applying the ecclesiastical rules, Christian churches use 21 March as the starting point in determining the date of Easter, from which they find the next full moon, etc. The Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches continue to use the Julian calendar. Their starting point in determining the date of Orthodox Easter is also 21 March but according to the Julian reckoning, which in the current century corresponds to 3 April in the Gregorian calendar. In addition, the lunar tables of the Julian calendar are four days ( sometimes five days ) behind those of the Gregorian calendar. The 14th day of the lunar month according to the Gregorian system is figured as the ninth or tenth day according to the Julian. The result of this combination of solar and lunar discrepancies is divergence in the date of Easter in most years ( see table ). Easter is determined on the basis of lunisolar cycles. The lunar year consists of 30 - day and 29 - day lunar months, generally alternating, with an embolismic month added periodically to bring the lunar cycle into line with the solar cycle. In each solar year ( 1 January to 31 December inclusive ), the lunar month beginning with an ecclesiastical new moon falling in the 29 - day period from 8 March to 5 April inclusive is designated as the paschal lunar month for that year. Easter is the third Sunday in the paschal lunar month, or, in other words, the Sunday after the paschal lunar month 's 14th day. The 14th of the paschal lunar month is designated by convention as the Paschal full moon, although the 14th of the lunar month may differ from the date of the astronomical full moon by up to two days. Since the ecclesiastical new moon falls on a date from 8 March to 5 April inclusive, the paschal full moon ( the 14th of that lunar month ) must fall on a date from 21 March to 18 April inclusive. The Gregorian calculation of Easter was based on a method devised by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius ( or Lilio ) for adjusting the epacts of the moon, and has been adopted by almost all Western Christians and by Western countries which celebrate national holidays at Easter. For the British Empire and colonies, a determination of the date of Easter Sunday using Golden Numbers and Sunday letters was defined by the Calendar ( New Style ) Act 1750 with its Annexe. This was designed to match exactly the Gregorian calculation. Controversies over the date Main article : Easter controversy A five - part Russian Orthodox icon depicting the Easter story. Eastern Orthodox Christians use a different computation for the date of Easter than the Western churches. The precise date of Easter has at times been a matter of contention. By the later 2nd century, it was widely accepted that the celebration of the holiday was a practice of the disciples and an undisputed tradition. The Quartodeciman controversy, the first of several Easter controversies, arose concerning the date on which the holiday should be celebrated. The term `` Quartodeciman '' refers to the practice of celebrating Easter on Nisan 14 of the Hebrew calendar, `` the LORD 's passover '' ( Leviticus 23 : 5 ). According to the church historian Eusebius, the Quartodeciman Polycarp ( bishop of Smyrna, by tradition a disciple of John the Apostle ) debated the question with Anicetus ( bishop of Rome ). The Roman province of Asia was Quartodeciman, while the Roman and Alexandrian churches continued the fast until the Sunday following ( the Sunday of Unleavened Bread ), wishing to associate Easter with Sunday. Neither Polycarp nor Anicetus persuaded the other, but they did not consider the matter schismatic either, parting in peace and leaving the question unsettled. Controversy arose when Victor, bishop of Rome a generation after Anicetus, attempted to excommunicate Polycrates of Ephesus and all other bishops of Asia for their Quartodecimanism. According to Eusebius, a number of synods were convened to deal with the controversy, which he regarded as all ruling in support of Easter on Sunday. Polycrates ( circa 190 ), however, wrote to Victor defending the antiquity of Asian Quartodecimanism. Victor 's attempted excommunication was apparently rescinded, and the two sides reconciled upon the intervention of bishop Irenaeus and others, who reminded Victor of the tolerant precedent of Anicetus. Quartodecimanism seems to have lingered into the 4th century, when Socrates of Constantinople recorded that some Quartodecimans were deprived of their churches by John Chrysostom and that some were harassed by Nestorius. It is not known how long the Nisan 14 practice continued. But both those who followed the Nisan 14 custom, and those who set Easter to the following Sunday had in common the custom of consulting their Jewish neighbors to learn when the month of Nisan would fall, and setting their festival accordingly. By the later 3rd century, however, some Christians began to express dissatisfaction with the custom of relying on the Jewish community to determine the date of Easter. The chief complaint was that the Jewish communities sometimes erred in setting Passover to fall before the Northern Hemisphere spring equinox. The Sardica paschal table confirms these complaints, for it indicates that the Jews of some eastern Mediterranean city ( possibly Antioch ) fixed Nisan 14 on dates well before the spring equinox on multiple occasions. Because of this dissatisfaction with reliance on the Jewish calendar, some Christians began to experiment with independent computations. Others, however, believed that the customary practice of consulting Jews should continue, even if the Jewish computations were in error. First Council of Nicaea ( 325 AD ) Main article : First Council of Nicaea This controversy between those who advocated independent computations, and those who wished to continue the custom of relying on the Jewish calendar, was formally resolved by the First Council of Nicaea in 325, which endorsed changing to an independent computation by the Christian community in order to celebrate in common. This effectively required the abandonment of the old custom of consulting the Jewish community in those places where it was still used. Epiphanius of Salamis wrote in the mid-4th century : the emperor... convened a council of 318 bishops... in the city of Nicea... They passed certain ecclesiastical canons at the council besides, and at the same time decreed in regard to the Passover that there must be one unanimous concord on the celebration of God 's holy and supremely excellent day. For it was variously observed by people That the older custom ( called `` protopaschite '' by historians ) did not at once die out, but persisted for a time, is indicated by the existence of canons and sermons against it. Dionysius Exiguus, and others following him, maintained that the 318 Bishops assembled at the Nicene Council had specified a particular method of determining the date of Easter ; subsequent scholarship has refuted this tradition. In any case, in the years following the council, the computational system that was worked out by the church of Alexandria came to be normative. It took a while for the Alexandrian rules to be adopted throughout Christian Europe, however. The 8 - year cycle originally employed was replaced by ( or by the time of ) Augustalis 's treatise on the measurement of Easter, after which Rome used his 84 - year lunisolar calendar cycle until 457. It then switched to an adaptation by Victorius of the Alexandrian rules. Because this Victorian cycle differed from the Alexandrian cycle in the dates of some of the Paschal Full Moons, and because it tried to respect the Roman custom of fixing Easter to the Sunday in the week of the 16th to the 22nd of the lunar month ( rather than the 15th to the 21st as at Alexandria ), by providing alternative `` Latin '' and `` Greek '' dates in some years, occasional differences in the date of Easter as fixed by Alexandrian rules continued. The Alexandrian rules were adopted in the West following the tables of Dionysius Exiguus in 525. From this time, therefore, all discrepancies between Alexandria and Rome as to the correct date for Easter cease, as both churches were using identical tables. Early Christians in Britain and Ireland also used an 84 - year cycle. From the 5th century onward this cycle set its equinox to 25 March and fixed Easter to the Sunday falling in the 14th to the 20th of the lunar month inclusive. This 84 - year cycle was replaced by the Alexandrian method in the course of the 7th and 8th centuries. Churches in western continental Europe used a late Roman method until the late 8th century during the reign of Charlemagne, when they finally adopted the Alexandrian method. Since 1582, when the Catholic Church adopted the Gregorian calendar while the Eastern Orthodox and most Oriental Orthodox Churches retained the Julian calendar, the date on which Easter is celebrated has again differed. The Greek island of Syros, whose population is divided almost equally between Catholics and Orthodox, is one of the few places where the two Churches share a common date for Easter, with the Catholics accepting the Orthodox date -- a practice helping considerably in maintaining good relations between the two communities. Reform of the date See also : Reform of the date of Easter The congregation lighting their candles from the new flame, just as the priest has retrieved it from the altar -- note that the picture is flash - illuminated ; all electric lighting is off, and only the oil lamps in front of the Iconostasis remain lit. ( St. George Greek Orthodox Church, Adelaide ). In the 20th century, some individuals and institutions have propounded a fixed date for Easter, the most prominent proposal being the Sunday after the second Saturday in April. Despite having some support, proposals to reform the date have not been implemented. An Orthodox congress of Eastern Orthodox bishops, which included representatives mostly from the Patriarch of Constantinople and the Serbian Patriarch, met in Constantinople in 1923, where the bishops agreed to the Revised Julian calendar. The original form of this calendar would have determined Easter using precise astronomical calculations based on the meridian of Jerusalem. However, all the Eastern Orthodox countries that subsequently adopted the Revised Julian calendar adopted only that part of the revised calendar that applied to festivals falling on fixed dates in the Julian calendar. The revised Easter computation that had been part of the original 1923 agreement was never permanently implemented in any Orthodox diocese. In the United Kingdom, the Easter Act 1928 set out legislation to allow the date of Easter to be fixed as the first Sunday after the second Saturday in April ( or, in other words, the Sunday in the period from 9 to 15 April ). However, the legislation has not been implemented, although it remains on the Statute book and could be implemented subject to approval by the various Christian churches. At a summit in Aleppo, Syria, in 1997, the World Council of Churches ( WCC ) proposed a reform in the calculation of Easter which would have replaced the present divergent practices of calculating Easter with modern scientific knowledge taking into account actual astronomical instances of the spring equinox and full moon based on the meridian of Jerusalem, while also following the Council of Nicea position of Easter being on the Sunday following the full moon. The recommended World Council of Churches changes would have sidestepped the calendar issues and eliminated the difference in date between the Eastern and Western churches. The reform was proposed for implementation starting in 2001, but it was not ultimately adopted by any member body. In January 2016, Christian churches again considered the idea of a fixed and unified date of Easter, probably either the second or third Sunday in April. Table of the dates of Easter See also : Western vs Eastern dates, in a wider timeframe ( 1998 - 2038 ) The WCC presented comparative data of the relationships : Table of dates of Easter 2001 -- 2025 ( in Gregorian dates ) Year Full Moon Jewish Passover Astronomical Easter Gregorian Easter Julian Easter 8 April 15 April 2002 28 March 31 March 5 May 2003 16 April 17 April 20 April 27 April 5 April 6 April 11 April 2005 25 March 24 April 27 March 1 May 2006 13 April 16 April 23 April 2007 2 April 3 April 8 April 2008 21 March 20 April 23 March 27 April 2009 9 April 12 April 19 April 30 March 4 April 2011 18 April 19 April 24 April 2012 6 April 7 April 8 April 15 April 2013 27 March 26 March 31 March 5 May 2014 15 April 20 April 2015 4 April 5 April 12 April 2016 23 March 23 April 27 March 1 May 2017 11 April 16 April 2018 31 March 1 April 8 April 2019 21 March 20 April 24 March 21 April 28 April 2020 8 April 9 April 12 April 19 April 2021 28 March 4 April 2 May 2022 16 April 17 April 24 April 2023 6 April 9 April 16 April 2024 25 March 23 April 31 March 5 May 2025 13 April 20 April Notes : 1. Astronomical Easter is the first Sunday after the Astronomical full moon. In the Eastern reckoning, that full moon is derived from the Metonic cycle while in the West it is referred to the meridian of Jerusalem. 2. Passover commences at sunset preceding the date indicated ( as does Easter in many traditions ). Position in the Church year Further information : Liturgical year Liturgical year Western Advent Christmastide Epiphanytide Ordinary Time Pre-Lent / Shrovetide Lent Holy Week Paschal Triduum Eastertide Pentecost Ordinary Time / Kingdomtide Eastern Nativity Fast Christmastide Ordinary Time Pre-Great Lent Great Lent Eastertide Apostles ' Fast Ordinary Time East Syriac Rite Weeks of Annunciation Weeks of Epiphany Weeks of Great Fast Weeks of Resurrection Slihe or Weeks of Apostles Qaita or Weeks of Summer Eliya - Sliba - Muse or Weeks of Eliyah, Cross and Muse Qudas Edta or Weeks of Dedication of Church Western Christianity In Western Christianity, Easter is preceded by Lent, a period of fasting and penitence in preparation for Easter, which begins on Ash Wednesday and lasts forty days ( not counting Sundays ). The week before Easter, known as Holy Week, is very special in the Christian tradition. The Sunday before Easter is Palm Sunday, with the Wednesday before Easter being known as Spy Wednesday. The last three days before Easter are Maundy Thursday, Good Friday and Holy Saturday ( sometimes referred to as Silent Saturday ). Palm Sunday, Maundy Thursday and Good Friday respectively commemorate Jesus ' entry in Jerusalem, the Last Supper and the Crucifixion. Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday are sometimes referred to as the Easter Triduum ( Latin for `` Three Days '' ). Many churches begin celebrating Easter late in the evening of Holy Saturday at a service called the Easter Vigil. The week beginning with Easter Sunday is called Easter Week or the Octave of Easter, and each day is prefaced with `` Easter '', e.g. Easter Monday ( a public holiday in many countries ), Easter Tuesday ( a much less widespread public holiday ), etc. Easter Saturday is therefore the Saturday after Easter Sunday. The day before Easter is properly called Holy Saturday. Eastertide, or Paschaltide, the season of Easter, begins on Easter Sunday and lasts until the day of Pentecost, seven weeks later. Eastern Christianity In Eastern Christianity, the spiritual preparation for Easter begins with Great Lent, which starts on Clean Monday and lasts for 40 continuous days ( including Sundays ). The last week of Great Lent ( following the fifth Sunday of Great Lent ) is called Palm Week, and ends with Lazarus Saturday. The Vespers which begins Lazarus Saturday officially brings Great Lent to a close, although the fast continues through the following week. After Lazarus Saturday comes Palm Sunday, Holy Week, and finally Easter itself, and the fast is broken immediately after the Paschal Divine Liturgy. The Paschal Vigil begins with the Midnight Office, which is the last service of the Lenten Triodion and is timed so that it ends a little before midnight on Holy Saturday night. At the stroke of midnight the Paschal celebration itself begins, consisting of Paschal Matins, Paschal Hours, and Paschal Divine Liturgy. Placing the Paschal Divine Liturgy at midnight guarantees that no Divine Liturgy will come earlier in the morning, ensuring its place as the pre-eminent `` Feast of Feasts '' in the liturgical year. The liturgical season from Easter to the Sunday of All Saints ( the Sunday after Pentecost ) is known as the Pentecostarion ( the `` fifty days '' ). The week which begins on Easter Sunday is called Bright Week, during which there is no fasting, even on Wednesday and Friday. The Afterfeast of Easter lasts 39 days, with its Apodosis ( leave - taking ) on the day before Ascension. Pentecost Sunday is the fiftieth day from Easter ( counted inclusively ). Religious observance Depiction of The Resurrection of Jesus Christ, by Piero della Francesca. Western Christianity This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Easter festival is kept in many different ways among Western Christians. The traditional, liturgical observation of Easter, as practised among Roman Catholics, Lutherans, and some Anglicans begins on the night of Holy Saturday with the Easter Vigil. This, the most important liturgy of the year, begins in total darkness with the blessing of the Easter fire, the lighting of the large Paschal candle ( symbolic of the Risen Christ ) and the chanting of the Exultet or Easter Proclamation attributed to Saint Ambrose of Milan. Epistle reading, I Corinthians 5 : 7 -- 8 ( in Latin ), for the Solemn Mass of Easter Day After this service of light, a number of readings from the Old Testament are read. These tell the stories of creation, the sacrifice of Isaac, the crossing of the Red Sea, and the foretold coming of the Messiah. This part of the service climaxes with the singing of the Gloria and the Alleluia and the proclamation of the Gospel of the resurrection. At this time, the lights are brought up and the church bells are rung, according to local custom. A sermon may be preached after the gospel. The focus then moves from the lectern to the font. Anciently, Easter was considered the ideal time for converts to receive baptism, and this practice continues within Roman Catholicism and the Anglican Communion. Whether there are baptisms at this point or not, it is traditional for the congregation to renew the vows of their baptismal faith. This act is often sealed by the sprinkling of the congregation with holy water from the font. The Catholic sacrament of Confirmation is also celebrated at the Vigil. The Easter Vigil concludes with the celebration of the Eucharist ( known in some traditions as Holy Communion ). Certain variations in the Easter Vigil exist : Some churches read the Old Testament lessons before the procession of the Paschal candle, and then read the gospel immediately after the Exsultet. Eastern Christianity Icon of the Resurrection by an unknown 17th - century Bulgarian artist Easter is the fundamental and most important festival of the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches : This is the Expected and Holy Day, the One among the Sabbaths, the Sovereign and Lady of days, Feast of feasts, Celebration of celebrations, on which we praise Christ for all eternity! Boris Kustodiev 's Pascha Greetings ( 1912 ) shows traditional Russian khristosovanie ( exchanging a triple kiss ), with such foods as red eggs, kulich and paskha in the background. Every other religious festival in their calendar, including Christmas, is secondary in importance to the celebration of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. This is reflected in rich Paschal customs in the cultures of countries that have traditionally had an Orthodox Christian majority. Eastern Catholics have similar emphasis in their calendars, and many of their liturgical customs are very similar. This is not to say that Christmas and other elements of the Christian liturgical calendar are ignored. Instead, these events are all seen as necessary but preliminary to, and illuminated by, the full climax of the Resurrection, in which all that has come before reaches fulfillment and fruition. They shine only in the light of the Resurrection. Easter is the primary act that fulfills the purpose of Christ 's ministry on earth -- to defeat death by dying and to purify and exalt humanity by voluntarily assuming and overcoming human frailty. This is succinctly summarized by the Paschal troparion, sung repeatedly for forty days, through the Apodosis of Easter, which is the day before Ascension : Χριστὸς ἀνέστη ἐκ νεκρῶν, θανάτῳ θάνατον πατήσας, καὶ τοῖς ἐν τοῖς μνήμασι ζωὴν χαρισάμενος. Christ is risen from the dead, Trampling down death by death, And upon those in the tombs Bestowing life! Preparation for Easter begins with the season of Great Lent. In addition to fasting, almsgiving, and prayer, Orthodox Christians cut down on all entertainment and non-essential worldly activities, gradually eliminating them until Great and Holy Friday, the most austere day of the year. On the evening of Great and Holy Saturday, the Midnight Office commences an hour or two before midnight ( see paschal vigil ). Religious Procession in Kursk Province, a controversial painting by Ilya Repin ( 1880 -- 83 ), depicting a Bright Week outdoor procession. At its completion all light in the church building is extinguished, and all wait in darkness and silence for the stroke of midnight. Then, a new flame is struck in the altar, or the priest lights his candle from the perpetual lamp kept burning there, and he then lights candles held by deacons or other assistants, who then go to light candles held by the congregation ( this practice has its origin in the reception of the Holy Fire at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem ). Then the priest and congregation go in a procession around the temple, holding lit candles, chanting : By Thy Resurrection O Christ our savior, the angels in Heaven sing, enable us who are on Earth, to glorify thee in purity of heart. This procession reenacts the journey of the Myrrhbearers to the Tomb of Jesus `` very early in the morning ''. After circling around the temple once or three times, the procession halts in front of the closed doors. In the Greek practice the priest reads a selection from the Gospel Book. Then, in all traditions, the priest makes the sign of the cross with the censer in front of the closed doors ( which represent the sealed tomb ). Traditional Paschal Outdoor Procession during Bright Week by Russian Orthodox Old - Rite Church. He and the people chant the Paschal Troparion, and all of the bells and semantra are sounded. Then all re-enter the temple and paschal matins begins immediately, followed by the paschal hours and then the paschal divine liturgy. The Paschal Homily of St. John Chrysostom is read at matins. After the dismissal of the liturgy, the priest may bless paschal eggs and baskets brought by the faithful containing those foods which have been forbidden during the Great Fast. Immediately after the Liturgy it is customary for the congregation to share a meal, essentially an agápē dinner ( albeit at 2 : 00 am or later ). In Greece the traditional meal is mageiritsa, a hearty stew of chopped lamb liver and wild greens seasoned with egg - and - lemon sauce. Traditionally, easter eggs, hard - boiled eggs dyed bright red to symbolize the spilt Blood of Christ and the promise of eternal life, are cracked together to celebrate the opening of the Tomb of Christ. The next morning, Easter Sunday proper, there is no Divine Liturgy, since the liturgy for that day has already been celebrated. Instead, in the afternoon `` Agápē Vespers '' is sung. In this service, it has become customary during the last few centuries for the priest and members of the congregation to read a portion of the Gospel of John in as many languages as they can manage, to show the universality of the Resurrection. For the remainder of the week, known as `` Bright Week '', fasting ( other than before holy communion is suppressed, and the customary Paschal greeting is : `` Christ is risen! '', to which the response is : `` Truly he is risen! '' This may also be done in many different languages. The services during Bright Week are nearly identical to those on Easter itself, except that they do not take place at midnight, but at their normal times during the day. The outdoor procession during Bright Week takes place either after paschal matins or the paschal divine liturgy. Non-observing Christian groups Nonconformist Protestant Christians prefer to use a simple Christian cross, rather than a crucifix, to emphasize the Resurrection. Along with the celebration of Christmas and Advent, many Lenten and Easter traditions were altered or even abandoned altogether by various offshoots of the Protestant Reformation, as they were deemed `` pagan '' or `` Popish '' ( and therefore tainted ) by many of the Reformation 's Puritan movements. However, some of the major Reformation Churches and movements ( Lutheran, Methodist and Anglican for example ), chose to retain a large proportion of the observances of the established Church Year along with many of its associated traditions. In Lutheran Churches, for example, not only were the days of Holy Week observed, but also Christmas, Easter and Pentecost were observed with three - day festivals ( the day itself and the two following ). Other Protestant groups took a different attitude, with most Anabaptists, Quakers, Congregationalists and Presbyterian Puritans regarding such festivals as an abomination. The Puritan rejection of Easter traditions was ( and is ) based partly upon their interpretation of 2 Corinthians 6 : 14 -- 16 and partly upon a more general belief that, if a religious practice or celebration is not actually written in the Christian Bible, then that practice / celebration must be a later development and can not be considered an authentic part of Christian practice or belief -- so at best simply unnecessary, at worst actually sinful. Groups such as the Restored Church of God reject the celebration of Easter, seeing it as originating in a pagan spring festival taken over by the `` Roman '' Catholic Church. Jehovah 's Witnesses maintain a similar view, observing a yearly commemorative service of the Last Supper and the subsequent execution of Christ on the evening of Nisan 14 ( as they calculate the dates derived from the lunar Hebrew Calendar ). It is commonly referred to by many Witnesses as simply `` The Memorial ''. Jehovah 's Witnesses believe that such verses as Luke 22 : 19 -- 20 and 1 Corinthians 11 : 26 constitute a commandment to remember the death of Christ though not the resurrection, and they do so on a yearly basis just as Passover is celebrated annually by the Jews. Members of the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ), as part of their historic testimony against times and seasons, do not celebrate or observe Easter or any other Christian holidays, believing instead that `` every day is the Lord 's day '', and that elevation of one day above others suggests that it is acceptable to do un-Christian acts on other days. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Quakers were persecuted for this non-observance of Holy Days. Some Christian groups feel that Easter is something to be regarded with great joy : not marking the day itself, but remembering and rejoicing in the event it commemorates -- the miracle of Christ 's resurrection. In this spirit, these Christians teach that each day and all Sabbaths should be kept holy, in Christ 's teachings. Hebrew - Christian, Sacred Name, and Armstrong movement churches ( such as the Living Church of God ) usually reject Easter in favor of Nisan 14 observance and celebration of the Christian Passover. This is especially true of Christian groups that celebrate the New Moons or annual High Sabbaths in addition to seventh - day Sabbath. They support this textually with reference to the letter to the Colossians : `` Let no one... pass judgment on you in matters of food and drink or with regard to a festival or new moon or sabbath. These are shadows of things to come ; the reality belongs to Christ. '' ( Col. 2 : 16 -- 17, NAB ) Easter celebrations around the world Main article : Easter customs An Easter postcard depicting the Easter Bunny In countries where Christianity is a state religion, or where the country has large Christian population, Easter is often a public holiday. As Easter is always a Sunday, many countries in the world also have Easter Monday as a public holiday. Some retail stores, shopping malls, and restaurants are closed on Easter Sunday. Good Friday, which occurs two days before Easter Sunday, is also a public holiday in many countries, as well as in 12 U.S. states. Even in states where Good Friday is not a holiday, many financial institutions, stock markets, and public schools are closed. Few banks that are normally open on regular Sundays are closed on Easter. In the Nordic countries Good Friday, Easter Sunday and Easter Monday are public holidays, and Good Friday and Easter Monday are bank holidays. In Denmark, Iceland and Norway Maundy Thursday is also a public holiday. It is a holiday for most workers except some shopping malls which keep open for a half - day. Many businesses give their employees almost a week off, called Easter break. Schools are closed between Palm Sunday and Easter Monday. According to a 2014 poll, 6 of 10 Norwegians travel during Easter, often to a countryside cottage ; 3 of 10 said their typical Easter included skiing. In the Netherlands both Easter Sunday and Easter Monday are national holidays. Like first and second Christmas Day, they are both considered Sundays, which results in a first and a second Easter Sunday, after which the week continues to a Tuesday. Even though Good Friday is an official national holiday, it is not a mandatory day off for commercial companies. In Commonwealth nations Easter Day is rarely a public holiday, as is the case for celebrations which fall on a Sunday. In the United Kingdom both Good Friday and Easter Monday are bank holidays. However, in Canada Easter Sunday is a public holiday, along with Easter Monday. In the Canadian province of Quebec, either Good Friday or Easter Monday are statutory holidays ( although most companies give both ). In some countries Good Friday is a public holiday as well. In Australia, because of its location in the southern hemisphere, Easter takes place in autumn. Hence, Australian Easter is associated with harvest time, rather than with the coming of spring as in the northern hemisphere. The religious aspect of Easter remains the same. Good Friday and Easter Monday are public holidays across all states and territories. `` Easter Saturday '' ( the Saturday before Easter Sunday ) is a public holiday in every state except Tasmania and Western Australia, while Easter Sunday itself is a public holiday only in New South Wales. Easter Tuesday is additionally a conditional public holiday in Tasmania, varying between award, and was also a public holiday in Victoria until 1994. In the United States, because Easter falls on a Sunday, which is already a non-working day for federal and state employees, it has not been designated as a federal or state holiday. Easter parades are held in many American cities, involving festive strolling processions, with the New York City parade being the best known. Easter eggs are a popular cultural symbol of Easter. Easter eggs Main article : Easter egg The egg is an ancient symbol of new life and rebirth. In Christianity it became associated with Jesus ' crucifixion and resurrection. The custom of the Easter egg originated in the early Christian community of Mesopotamia, who stained eggs red in memory of the blood of Christ, shed at his crucifixion. As such, for Christians, the Easter egg is a symbol of the empty tomb. The oldest tradition is to use dyed chicken eggs, but a modern custom is to substitute decorated chocolate, or plastic eggs filled with candy such as jellybeans. The Easter Bunny is a popular legendary anthropomorphic Easter gift - giving character analogous to Santa Claus in American culture. Many Americans follow the tradition of coloring hard - boiled eggs and giving baskets of candy. On Easter Monday, the President of the United States holds an annual Easter egg roll on the White House lawn for young children. Since the rabbit is a pest in Australia, the Easter Bilby is available as an alternative. Easter eggs are a widely popular symbol of new life in Poland and other Slavic countries ' folk traditions. A batik - like decorating process known as pisanka produces intricate, brilliantly - colored eggs. The celebrated House of Fabergé workshops created exquisite jewelled Easter eggs for the Russian Imperial family from 1885 to 1916. See also Christianity portal Holidays portal Divine Mercy Sunday Life of Jesus in the New Testament List of Easter hymns Movable Eastern Christian Observances Regina Coeli Greek words ( wiktionary ) : Πάσχα ( Easter ) vs πάσχα ( Passover ) vs πάσχω ( to suffer ). Footnotes Jump up ^ Traditional names for the feast in English are `` Easter Day '', as in the Book of Common Prayer, `` Easter Sunday '', used by James Ussher ( The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, Volume 4 ) and Samuel Pepys ( The Diary of Samuel Pepys, Volume 2 ) and plain `` Easter '', as in books printed in 1575, 1584, 1586 Jump up ^ In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Greek word Pascha is used for the celebration ; in English, the analogous word is Pasch. Jump up ^ Old English pronunciation : ( ˈæːɑstre, ˈeːostre ) Jump up ^ Acts 2 : 1 ; 12 : 3 ; 20 : 6 ; 27 : 9, 1 Cor 16 : 8 Jump up ^ Eusebius reports that Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria, proposed an 8 - year Easter cycle, and quotes a letter from Anatolius, Bishop of Laodicea, that refers to a 19 - year cycle. An 8 - year cycle has been found inscribed on a statue unearthed in Rome in the 17th century, and since dated to the 3rd century. References Jump up ^ Ferguson, Everett ( 2009 ). Baptism in the Early Church : History, Theology, and Liturgy in the First Five Centuries. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 351. ISBN 9780802827487. Retrieved 23 April 2014. The practices are usually interpreted in terms of baptism at the pasch ( Easter ), for which compare Tertullian, but the text does not specify this season, only that it was done on Sunday, and the instructions may apply to whenever the baptism was to be performed. ^ Jump up to : Norman Davies ( 20 January 1998 ). Europe : A History. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780060974688. In most European languages Easter is called by some variant of the late Latin word Pascha, which in turn derives from the Hebrew pesach, passover. Jump up ^ Gamman, Andrew ; Bindon, Caroline ( 11 February 2014 ). Stations for Lent and Easter. Kereru Publishing Limited. p. 7. ISBN 9780473276812. Easter Day, also known as Resurrection Sunday, marks the high point of the Christian year. It is the day that we celebrate the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead. Jump up ^ Boda, Mark J. ; Smith, Gordon T. ( 2006 ). Repentance in Christian Theology. Liturgical Press. p. 316. ISBN 9780814651759. Retrieved 19 April 2014. Orthodox, Catholic, and all Reformed churches in the Middle East celebrate Easter according to the Eastern calendar, calling this holy day `` Resurrection Sunday, '' not Easter. Jump up ^ Bernard Trawicky, Ruth Wilhelme Gregory ( 2000 ). Anniversaries and Holidays. American Library Association. ISBN 9780838906958. Easter is the central celebration of the Christian liturgical year. It is the oldest and most important Christian feast, celebrating the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. The date of Easter determines the dates of all movable feasts except those of Advent. Jump up ^ Aveni, Anthony ( 2004 ). `` The Easter / Passover Season : Connecting Time 's Broken Circle '', The Book of the Year : A Brief History of Our Seasonal Holidays. Oxford University Press. pp. 64 -- 78. ISBN 0 - 19 - 517154 - 3. Jump up ^ Peter C. Bower ( 1 January 2003 ). The Companion to the Book of Common Worship. Geneva Press. ISBN 9780664502324. Retrieved 11 April 2009. Maundy Thursday ( or le mandé ; Thursday of the Mandatum, Latin, commandment ). The name is taken from the first few words sung at the ceremony of the washing of the feet, `` I give you a new commandment '' ( John 13 : 34 ) ; also from the commandment of Christ that we should imitate His loving humility in the washing of the feet ( John 13 : 14 -- 17 ). The term mandatum ( maundy ), therefore, was applied to the rite of foot - washing on this day. Jump up ^ Gail Ramshaw ( 2004 ). Three Day Feast : Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Easter. Augsburg Books. ISBN 9781451408164. Retrieved 11 April 2009. In the liturgies of the Three Days, the service for Maundy Thursday includes both, telling the story of Jesus ' last supper and enacting the footwashing. Jump up ^ Leonard Stuart ( 1909 ). New century reference library of the world 's most important knowledge : complete, thorough, practical, Volume 3. Syndicate Pub. Co. Retrieved 11 April 2009. Holy Week, or Passion Week, the week which immediately precedes Easter, and is devoted especially to commemorating the passion of our Lord. The Days more especially solemnized during it are Holy Wednesday, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday. Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about the date of Easter ''. Jump up ^ Weiser, Francis X. ( 1958 ). Handbook of Christian Feasts and Customs. New York : Harcourt, Brace and Company. p. 214. ISBN 0 - 15 - 138435 - 5. Jump up ^ `` clipping the church ''. Oxford Reference. Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093 / acref / 9780198607663.001. 0001. Retrieved 30 March 2013. Jump up ^ Anne Jordan ( 5 April 2000 ). Christianity. Nelson Thornes. ISBN 9780748753208. Retrieved 7 April 2012. Easter eggs are used as a Christian symbol to represent the empty tomb. The outside of the egg looks dead but inside there is new life, which is going to break out. The Easter egg is a reminder that Jesus will rise from His tomb and bring new life. Eastern Orthodox Christians dye boiled eggs red to represent the blood of Christ shed for the sins of the world. ^ Jump up to : The Guardian, Volume 29. H. Harbaugh. 1878. Retrieved 7 April 2012. Just so, on that first Easter morning, Jesus came to life and walked out of the tomb, and left it, as it were, an empty shell. Just so, too, when the Christian dies, the body is left in the grave, an empty shell, but the soul takes wings and flies away to be with God. Thus you see that though an egg seems to be as dead as a sone, yet it really has life in it ; and also it is like Christ 's dead body, which was raised to life again. This is the reason we use eggs on Easter. ( In olden times they used to color the eggs red, so as to show the kind of death by which Christ died, - a bloody death. ) ^ Jump up to : Gordon Geddes, Jane Griffiths ( 22 January 2002 ). Christian belief and practice. Heinemann. ISBN 9780435306915. Retrieved 7 April 2012. Red eggs are given to Orthodox Christians after the Easter Liturgy. They crack their eggs against each other 's. The cracking of the eggs symbolizes a wish to break away from the bonds of sin and misery and enter the new life issuing from Christ 's resurrection. Jump up ^ Collins, Cynthia ( 19 April 2014 ). `` Easter Lily Tradition and History ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 20 April 2014. The Easter Lily is symbolic of the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Churches of all denominations, large and small, are filled with floral arrangements of these white flowers with their trumpet - like shape on Easter morning. Jump up ^ Schell, Stanley ( 1916 ). Easter Celebrations. Werner & Company. p. 84. We associate the lily with Easter, as pre-eminently the symbol of the Resurrection. Jump up ^ Luther League Review : 1936 -- 1937. Luther League of America. 1936. Jump up ^ Vicki K. Black ( 1 July 2004 ). The Church Standard, Volume 74. Church Publishing, Inc. ISBN 9780819225757. Retrieved 7 April 2012. In parts of Europe, the eggs were dyed red and were then cracked together when people exchanged Easter greetings. Many congregations today continue to have Easter egg hunts for the children after the services on Easter Day. Jump up ^ The Church Standard, Volume 74. Walter N. Hering. 1897. Retrieved 7 April 2012. When the custom was carrierd over into Christian practice the Easter eggs were usually sent to the priests to be blessed and sprinked with holy water. In later times the coloring and decorating of eggs was introduced, and in a royal roll of the time of Edward I., which is preserved in the Tower of London, there is an entry of 18d. for 400 eggs, to be used for Easter gifts. Jump up ^ Brown, Eleanor Cooper ( 2010 ). From Preparation to Passion. ISBN 9781609577650. Retrieved 7 April 2012. So what preparations do most Christians and non-Christians make? Shopping for new clothing often signifies the belief that Spring has arrived, and it is a time of renewal. Preparations for the Easter Egg Hunts and the Easter Ham for the Sunday dinner are high on the list too. Jump up ^ Wallis, Faith ( 1999 ). Bede : The Reckoning of Time. Liverpool University Press. p. 54. ISBN 0853236933. Jump up ^ `` History of Easter ''. The History Channel website. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved 9 March 2013. Jump up ^ Karl Gerlach ( 1998 ). The Antenicene Pascha : A Rhetorical History. Peeters Publishers. p. XVIII. ISBN 9789042905702. The second century equivalent of easter and the paschal Triduum was called by both Greek and Latin writers `` Pascha ( πάσχα ) '', a Greek transliteration of the Aramaic form of the Hebrew פֶּסַח, the Passover feast of Ex. 12. Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 5 : 7 Jump up ^ Karl Gerlach ( 1998 ). The Antenicene Pascha : A Rhetorical History. Peters Publishers. p. 21. ISBN 9789042905702. For while it is from Ephesus that Paul writes, `` Christ our Pascha has been sacrificed for us, '' Ephesian Christians were not likely the first to hear that Ex 12 did not speak about the rituals of Pesach, but the death of Jesus of Nazareth. ^ Jump up to : Vicki K. Black ( 1 July 2004 ). Welcome to the Church Year : An Introduction to the Seasons of the Episcopal Church. Church Publishing, Inc. ISBN 9780819219664. Easter is still called by its older Greek name, Pascha, which means `` Passover '', and it is this meaning as the Christian Passover - the celebration of Jesus ' triumph over death and entrance into resurrected life - that is the heart of Easter in the church. For the early church, Jesus Christ was the fulfillment of the Jewish Passover feast : through Jesus, we have been freed from slavery of sin and granted to the Promised Land of everlasting life. Jump up ^ Orthros of Holy Pascha, Stichera : `` Today the sacred Pascha is revealed to us. The new and holy Pascha, the mystical Pascha. The all - venerable Pascha. The Pascha which is Christ the Redeemer. The spotless Pascha. The great Pascha. The Pascha of the faithful. The Pascha which has opened unto us the gates of Paradise. The Pascha which sanctifies all faithful. '' Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 15 : 12 -- 20 Torrey, Reuben Archer ( 1897 ). `` The Resurrection of Christ ''. Torrey 's New Topical Textbook. Retrieved 31 March 2013. ( interprets primary source references in this section as applying to the Resurrection ) `` The Letter of Paul to the Corinthians ''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 10 March 2013. Jump up ^ Romans 1 : 4 Jump up ^ Acts 17 : 31 ^ Jump up to : `` Jesus Christ ''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 11 March 2013. Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 15 : 20 -- 26, 1 Corinthians 15 : 54 -- 57 Jump up ^ 1 Peter 1 : 3 Jump up ^ Romans 6 : 1 -- 9 Jump up ^ 1 Peter 1 : 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 5 : 7 Jump up ^ John 1 : 29, Revelation 5 : 6, 1 Peter 1 : 19, 1 Peter 1 : 2, and the associated notes and Passion Week table in Barker, Kenneth, ed. ( 2002 ). Zondervan NIV Study Bible. Grand Rapids : Zondervan. p. 1520. ISBN 0 - 310 - 92955 - 5. Karl Gerlach ( 1998 ). The Antenicene Pascha : A Rhetorical History. Peeters Publishers. pp. 32, 56. ISBN 9789042905702. Jump up ^ Exodus 12 : 6 Jump up ^ Exodus 12 : 18, John 13 : 2, John 18 : 28, John 19 : 14. Barker, Kenneth, ed. ( 2002 ). Zondervan NIV Study Bible. Grand Rapids : Zondervan. ISBN 0 - 310 - 92955 - 5. Jump up ^ John 18 : 28 Jump up ^ Leviticus 23 : 8 Jump up ^ Melito of Sardis. `` Homily on the Pascha ''. Kerux. Northwest Theological Seminary. Retrieved 28 March 2007. Jump up ^ Cheslyn Jones, Geoffrey Wainwright, Edward Yarnold, and Paul Bradshaw, Eds., The Study of Liturgy, Revised Edition, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, p. 474. Jump up ^ Genung, Charles Harvey ( 1904 ). `` The Reform of the Calendar ''. The North American Review. 179 ( 575 ) : 569 -- 583. JSTOR 25105305. Jump up ^ Cheslyn Jones, Geoffrey Wainwright, Edward Yarnold, and Paul Bradshaw, Eds., The Study of Liturgy, Revised Edition, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, p. 459 : `` ( Easter ) is the only feast of the Christian Year that can plausibly claim to go back to apostolic times... ( It ) must derive from a time when Jewish influence was effective... because it depends on the lunar calendar ( every other feast depends on the solar calendar ). '' Jump up ^ Socrates, Church History, 5.22, in Schaff, Philip ( 13 July 2005 ). `` The Author 's Views respecting the Celebration of Easter, Baptism, Fasting, Marriage, the Eucharist, and Other Ecclesiastical Rites ''. Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories. Calvin College Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 28 March 2007. Jump up ^ Karl Gerlach ( 1998 ). The Antenicene Pascha : A Rhetorical History. Peeters Publishers. p. 21. ISBN 9789042905702. Long before this controversy, Ex 12 as a story of origins and its ritual expression had been firmly fixed in the Christian imagination. Though before the final decades of the 2nd century only accessible as an exegetical tradition, already in the Pauline letters the Exodus saga is deeply involved with the celebration of bath and meal. Even here, this relationship does not suddenly appear, but represents developments in ritual narrative that mus have begun at the very inception of the Christian message. Jesus of Nazareth was crucified during Pesach - Mazzot, an event that a new covenant people of Jews and Gentiles both saw as definitive and defining. Ex 12 is thus one of the few reliable guides for tracing the synergism among ritual, text, and kerygma before the Council of Nicaea. Jump up ^ Sozomen, Book 7, Chapter 18 Jump up ^ Caroline Wyatt ( 25 March 2016 ). `` Why ca n't the date of Easter be fixed ''. BBC. Retrieved 13 April 2017. Jump up ^ The Date of Easter. Article from United States Naval Observatory ( 27 March 2007 ). Jump up ^ `` The Church in Malankara switched entirely to the Gregorian calendar in 1953, following Encyclical No. 620 from Patriarch Mor Ignatius Aphrem I, dt. December 1952. '' Calendars of the Syriac Orthodox Church. Retrieved 22 April 2009 Jump up ^ Wallis, Faith ( 1999 ). Bede : The Reckoning of Time. Liverpool University Press. p. 148. ISBN 0853236933. Jump up ^ Paragraph 7 of Inter gravissimas ISO.org to `` the vernal equinox, which was fixed by the fathers of the ( first ) Nicene Council at XII calends April ( 21 March ) ''. This definition can be traced at least back to chapters 6 & 59 of Bede 's De temporum ratione ( 725 ). ^ Jump up to : Montes, Marcos J. `` Calculation of the Ecclesiastical Calendar '' Archived 3 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine... Retrieved 12 January 2008. Jump up ^ G Moyer ( 1983 ), `` Aloisius Lilius and the ' Compendium novae rationis restituendi kalendarium ' '', pages 171 -- 188 in G.V. Coyne ( ed. ). Jump up ^ Eusebius, Church History 5.23. Jump up ^ Socrates, Church History, 6.11, at Schaff, Philip ( 13 July 2005 ). `` Of Severian and Antiochus : their Disagreement from John ''. Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories. Calvin College Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 28 March 2009. Jump up ^ Socrates, Church History 7.29, at Schaff, Philip ( 13 July 2005 ). `` Nestorius of Antioch promoted to the See of Constantinople. His Persecution of the Heretics ''. Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories. Calvin College Christian Classics Ethereal Librar. Retrieved 28 March 2009. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Church History, 7.32. Jump up ^ Peter of Alexandria, quoted in the Chronicon Paschale. In Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, eds., Ante - Nicene Christian Library, Volume 14 : The Writings of Methodius, Alexander of Lycopolis, Peter of Alexandria, And Several Fragments, Edinburgh, 1869, p. 326, at Donaldson, Alexander ( 1 June 2005 ). `` That Up to the Time of the Destruction of Jerusalem, the Jews Rightly Appointed the Fourteenth Day of the First Lunar Month ''. Gregory Thaumaturgus, Dionysius the Great, Julius Africanus, Anatolius and Minor Writers, Methodius, Arnobius. Calvin College Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 28 March 2009. Jump up ^ MS Verona, Biblioteca Capitolare LX ( 58 ) folios 79v -- 80v. Jump up ^ Sacha Stern, Calendar and Community : A History of the Jewish Calendar Second Century BCE -- Tenth Century CE, Oxford, 2001, pp. 124 -- 132. Jump up ^ Eusebius, Church History, 7.20, 7.31. Jump up ^ Allen Brent, Hippolytus and the Roman Church in the Third Century, Leiden, E.J. Brill, 1995. Jump up ^ Epiphanius, Adversus Haereses, Heresy 69, 11, 1, in Willams, F. ( 1994 ). The Panarion of Epiphianus of Salamis Books II and III. Leiden : E.J. Brill. p. 331. Jump up ^ Apostolic Canon 7 : `` If any bishop, presbyter, or deacon shall celebrate the holy day of Easter before the vernal equinox with the Jews, let him be deposed. '' A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, Second Series, Volume 14 : The Seven Ecumenical Councils, Eerdmans, 1956, p. 594. Jump up ^ St. John Chrysostom, `` Against those who keep the first Passover '', in Saint John Chrysostom : Discourses against Judaizing Christians, translated by Paul W. Harkins, Washington, D.C., 1979, p. 47ff. Jump up ^ Mosshammer, Alden A. ( 2008 ). The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era. Oxford : Oxford University Press. pp. 50 -- 52, 62 -- 65. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954312 - 0. ^ Jump up to : Mosshammer, Alden A. ( 2008 ). The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era. Oxford : Oxford University Press. pp. 239 -- 244. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954312 - 0. ^ Jump up to : Holford - Strevens, Leofranc, and Blackburn, Bonnie ( 1999 ). The Oxford Companion to the Year. Oxford : Oxford University Press. pp. 808 -- 809. ISBN 0 - 19 - 214231 - 3. Jump up ^ Mosshammer, Alden A. ( 2008 ). The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era. Oxford : Oxford University Press. pp. 223 -- 224. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954312 - 0. Jump up ^ Holford - Strevens, Leofranc, and Blackburn, Bonnie ( 1999 ). The Oxford Companion to the Year. Oxford : Oxford University Press. pp. 870 -- 875. ISBN 0 - 19 - 214231 - 3. Jump up ^ `` Easter : A date with God ''. The Economist. 20 April 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2011. Only in a handful of places do Easter celebrants alter their own arrangements to take account of their neighbours. Finland 's Orthodox Christians mark Easter on the Western date. And on the Greek island of Syros, a Papist stronghold, Catholics and Orthodox alike march to Orthodox time. The spectacular public commemorations, involving flower - strewn funeral biers on Good Friday and fireworks on Saturday night, bring the islanders together, rather than highlighting division. Jump up ^ `` Easter ( holiday ) ''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ Jump up to : Hieromonk Cassian, A Scientific Examination of the Orthodox Church Calendar, Center for Traditionalist Orthodox Studies, 1998, p. 51 -- 52, ISBN 0 - 911165 - 31 - 2. Jump up ^ M. Milankovitch, `` Das Ende des julianischen Kalenders und der neue Kalender der orientalischen Kirchen '', Astronomische Nachrichten 200, 379 -- 384 ( 1924 ). Jump up ^ Miriam Nancy Shields, `` The new calendar of the Eastern churches '', Popular Astronomy 32 ( 1924 ) 407 -- 411 ( page 411 ). This is a translation of M. Milankovitch, `` The end of the Julian calendar and the new calendar of the Eastern churches '', Astronomische Nachrichten No. 5279 ( 1924 ). Jump up ^ `` Hansard Reports, April 2005, regarding the Easter Act of 1928 ''. United Kingdom Parliament. Retrieved 14 March 2010. Jump up ^ WCC : Towards a common date for Easter Archived 13 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ http://cathnews.com/cathnews/23940-christian-churches-close-to-deal-to-fix-common-date-for-easter Jump up ^ `` Towards a Common Date for Easter ''. Aleppo, Syria : World Council of Churches ( WCC ) / Middle East Council of Churches Consultation ( MECC ). 10 March 1997. Jump up ^ Lash, Ephrem ( Archimandrite ) ( 25 January 2007 ). `` On the Holy and Great Sunday of Pascha ''. Monastery of Saint Andrew the First Called, Manchester, England. Archived from the original on 9 April 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2007. Jump up ^ `` Pentecost Sunday ''. About.com. Retrieved 28 March 2013. Jump up ^ Luke 24 : 1 Jump up ^ Mark 16 : 1 -- 8 Jump up ^ Otto, Diane L. ( 2007 ). Guess What I Discovered on the Way to Church?. Xulon Press. p. 413. ISBN 978 - 1 - 60266 - 349 - 7. Jump up ^ Daniels, Bruce Colin ( 1995 ). Puritans at Play : Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England. Macmillan, p. 89, ISBN 978 - 0 - 31216124 - 8 Jump up ^ Pack, David. `` The True Origin of Easter ''. The Restored Church of God. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Easter or the Memorial -- Which Should You Observe? ''. Watchtower Magazine. Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. 1 April 1996. Retrieved 11 April 2014. Jump up ^ `` A Careful and Free Inquiry into the True Nature and Tendency of the... '' Jump up ^ See Quaker Faith & practice of Britain Yearly Meeting, Paragraph 27 : 42 Jump up ^ Quaker life, December 2011 : `` Early Quaker Top 10 Ways to Celebrate ( or Not ) `` the Day Called Christmas '' by Rob Pierson Archived 6 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Public holidays in Scandinavian countries, for example ; `` Public holidays in Sweden ''. VisitSweden. Retrieved 10 April 2014. `` Public holidays ( in Denmark ) ''. VisitDenmark. Retrieved 10 April 2014. Jump up ^ `` Bank Holidays ''. Nordea Bank AB. Retrieved 10 April 2014. Jump up ^ `` Lov om detailsalg fra butikker m.v. '' ( in Danish ). retsinformation.dk. Retrieved 10 April 2014. Jump up ^ Mona Langset ( 12 April 2014 ) Nordmenn tar påskeferien i Norge ( in Norwegian ) VG Jump up ^ `` Dutch Easter traditions -- how the Dutch celebrate Easter ''. Dutch Community. Retrieved 10 April 2014. Jump up ^ `` UK bank holidays ''. gov.uk. Jump up ^ `` Easter 2016 ''. Public Holidays Australia. Retrieved 1 June 2015. Jump up ^ Public holidays, australia.gov.au Jump up ^ Duchak, Alicia ( 2002 ). An A-Z of Modern America. Rutledge. ISBN 9780415187558. Jump up ^ `` Easter Symbols and Traditions - Holidays - HISTORY.com ''. HISTORY.com. Retrieved 27 April 2017. Jump up ^ Siemaszkiewicz, Wojciech ; Deyrup, Marta Mestrovic ( 8 May 2013 ). Wallington 's Polish Community. Arcadia Publishing. p. 101. ISBN 9781439643303. The tradition of Easter eggs dates back to early Christians in Mesopotamia. The Easter egg is a reminder that Jesus rose from the grave, promising an eternal life for believers. Jump up ^ Donahoe 's Magazine, Volume 5. T.B. Noonan. 1881. Retrieved 24 April 2014. The early Christians of Mesopotamia had the custom of dyeing and decorating eggs at Easter. They were stained red, in memory of the blood of Christ, shed at His crucifixion. The Church adopted the custom, and regarded the eggs as the emblem of the resurrection, as is evinced by the benediction of Pope Paul V., about 1610, which reads thus : `` Bless, O Lord! we beseech thee, this thy creature of eggs, that it may become a wholesome sustenance to thy faithful servants, eating it in thankfulness to thee on account of the resurrection of the Lord. '' Thus the custom has come down from ages lost in antiquity. ) Jump up ^ `` Easter Egg Roll ''. The White House. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2014. Jump up ^ von Solodkoff, A. ( 1989 ). Masterpieces from the House of Fabergé. Abradale Press. ISBN 9780810980891. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Easter Wikimedia Commons has media related to Easter. Look up Easter in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikisource has original text related to this article : Category : Easter Liturgical 50 Catholic Prayers for Easter Liturgical Resources for Easter Holy Pascha : The Resurrection of Our Lord ( Orthodox icon and synaxarion ) Traditions Liturgical Meaning of Holy Week ( Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia ) Easter in the Armenian Orthodox Church Roman Catholic View of Easter ( from the Catholic Encyclopedia ) Easter in Belarus : In Pictures on the official website of the Republic of Belarus Polish Easter Traditions Calculating A Perpetual Easter and Passover Calculator Julian and Gregorian Easter for any year plus other info Almanac -- The Christian Year Julian or Gregorian Easter and associated festivals for any year Easter Dating Method for calculator Dates for Easter 1583 -- 9999 Orthodox Paschal Calculator Julian Easter and associated festivals in Gregorian calendar 1583 -- 4099 About the Greek Easter and Greek Easter Calculator Orthodox Paschal calculator with technical discussion and full source code in javascript Easter Main topics Controversies Date Easter Sunday Etymology Observances Traditions Christianity Apostles ' Fast Bright Week Burial of Jesus Crucifixion of Jesus Dormition of the Theotokos Easter Monday Easter Vigil Epitaphios Exsultet Good Friday Good Friday Prayer Good Friday prayer for the Jews Great Lent Holy Week Jesus Last Supper Lent Lumen Christi Maundy Thursday Myrrhbearers Paschal candle Paschal cycle Paschal greeting Paschal Homily Paschal Tide Paschal trikirion Paschal troparion The Passion Pentecostarion Resurrection of Jesus Tenebrae Traditions Artos Burning of Judas Cascarón Clipping the church Croatian pisanica Crucession Easter basket Easter Bilby Easter bonnet Easter Bunny Easter egg Easter egg tree Easter postcard Easter Sepulchre Egg dance Egg decorating Egg decorating in Slavic culture Egg hunt Egg rolling Egg tapping Egg tossing Fasika Gorzkie żale Holy Fire Holy Week procession Lieldienas Osterbrunnen Pace Egg play Polish pisanka Pysanka Radonitsa Rouketopolemos Saitopolemos Scoppio del carro Sunrise service Święconka Traditional Easter games and customs Media Film Fiction Songs Related topics Computus Dionysius Exiguus ' Easter table Easter controversy Easter Epic Ecclesiastical new moon Paschal Full Moon Pussy willow Reform of the date of Easter Related events Divine Mercy Sunday Easter Monday Easter Tuesday Easter Wednesday Easter Thursday Easter Friday Easter Saturday Eastertide Easter Triduum Easter Week Good Friday Holy Saturday Maundy Thursday Mid-Pentecost Octave of Easter Palm Sunday Pentecost Pre-Lenten Season Trinity Sunday Society Ēostre Maslenitsa Salzburg Easter Festival Links to related articles Holy Week Palm Sunday Holy Monday Holy Tuesday Holy Wednesday Maundy Thursday Good Friday Holy Saturday Easter Sunday Easter Monday Liturgical year of the Catholic Church Based on the General Roman Calendar ( 1969 ) Advent Advent Sunday Immaculate Conception ^ Gaudete Sunday ( O Antiphons ) Christmastide Christmas ( Nativity of Jesus ) ^ Holy Family Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God ^ Epiphany ^ Baptism of the Lord Ordinary Time I Presentation of Jesus at the Temple ( Candlemas ) Feast of the Annunciation ( Carnival ) Lent Ash Wednesday Saint Joseph 's Day ^ Laetare Sunday Holy Week : Palm Sunday, Holy Wednesday, Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Chrism ) Paschal Triduum Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Lord 's Supper ) Good Friday Liturgy of the Word, Adoration of the Cross, Holy Communion Holy Saturday Easter Vigil Eastertide Easter Sunday : Resurrection of Jesus Octave of Easter ( Divine Mercy Sunday ) Feast of the Ascension ^ Pentecost Ordinary Time II Trinity Sunday Corpus Christi ^ Sacred Heart Visitation of Mary Saint John the Baptist Feast of Saints Peter and Paul ^ Transfiguration of Jesus Assumption of Mary ^ Nativity of Mary Feast of the Cross All Saints ' Day ^ All Souls ' Day Presentation of Mary Feast of Christ the King Legend ^ = Holy days of obligation ( 10 ) Catholicism portal See also : Computus Liturgical colours Solemnity Older calendars : General Roman Calendar of 1960 General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII of 1950 General Roman Calendar of 1954 Tridentine Calendar Holidays, observances, and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr. Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA, FL, HI, VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial, DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Easter", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Easter&amp;oldid=841457136" }

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{ "text": "Gold reserve - wikipedia Gold reserve Jump to : navigation, search For private and state holdings in gold, see Gold holdings. World Gold Reserves from 1845 to 2013, in tonnes ( also known as metric tons in the United States ) Official U.S. gold reserve since 1900 Changes in Central Bank Gold Reserves by Country 1993 - 2014 Changes in Central Bank Gold Reserves by Country versus time for the last 10 years Gold reserves per capita A gold reserve was the gold held by a national central bank, intended mainly as a guarantee to redeem promises to pay depositors, note holders ( e.g. paper money ), or trading peers, during the eras of the gold standard, and also as a store of value, or to support the value of the national currency. The World Gold Council estimates that all the gold ever mined totaled 187,200 tonnes in 2017 but other independent estimates vary by as much as 20 %. At a price of US $1,250 per troy ounce, reached on 16 August 2017, one tonne of gold has a value of approximately US $40.2 million. The total value of all gold ever mined would exceed US $7.5 trillion at that valuation and using WGC 2017 estimates. Contents ( hide ) 1 Wartime relevance 2 IMF holdings 3 Officially reported holdings 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Wartime relevance ( edit ) During most of history, a nation 's gold reserves were considered its key financial asset and a major prize of war. A typical view was expressed in a secret memorandum by the British Chief of the Imperial General Staff from October 1939, at the beginning of World War II. The British Military and the British Secret Service laid out `` measures to be taken in the event of an invasion of Holland and Belgium by Germany '' and presented them to the War Cabinet : It will be for the Treasury in collaboration with the Bank of England, and the Foreign Office, to examine the possible means of getting the bullion and negotiable securities into the same place of safety. The transport of many hundreds of tons of bullion presents a difficult problem and the loading would take a long time. The ideal would of course be to have the gold transferred to this country or to the United States of America. (... ) The gold reserves of Belgium and Holland amount to about £ 70 million and £ 110 million respectively. ( Foot ) Note : H.M. Treasury has particularly requested that this information, which is highly confidential should in no circumstances be divulged. The total weight of this bullion amounts to about 1800 tons and its evacuation would be a matter of the utmost importance would present a considerable problem if it had to be undertaken in a hurry when transport facilities were disorganized. At present this gold is believed to be stored at Brussels and The Hague respectively, neither of which is very well placed for its rapid evacuation in an emergency. The Belgian government rushed to ship the gold to a safe place : Dakar, the capital of Senegal, then part of the French colonial empire. After the Germans occupied Belgium and France in 1940, they demanded the Belgian gold reserve back. In 1941, Vichy French officials arranged the transport of 4,944 boxes with 198 tons of gold to officials of the German Reichsbank. IMF holdings ( edit ) Since early 2011, the gold holdings of the IMF have been constant at 90.5 million troy ounces ( 2,814.1 metric tons ). Officially reported holdings ( edit ) The IMF regularly maintains statistics of national assets as reported by various countries. This data is used by the World Gold Council to periodically rank and report the gold holdings of countries and official organizations. On 17 July 2015, China announced that it increased its gold reserves by about 57 percent from 1,054 to 1,658 metric tons, while disclosing its official gold reserves for the first time in six years. The gold listed for each of the countries in the table may not be physically stored in the country listed, as central banks generally have not allowed independent audits of their reserves. Gold leasing by central banks could place into doubt the reported gold holdings in the table below. Top 20 according to World Gold Council 's latest rankings ( as of February 2018 ) Rank Country / Organization Gold holdings ( in tonnes ) Gold 's share of forex reserves United States 8,133.5 75.0 % Germany 3,373.6 70.2 % International Monetary Fund 2,814.0 N / A Italy 2,451.8 67.5 % 5 France 2,436.0 64.9 % 6 Russia 1,857.0 17.7 % 7 China 1,842.6 2.4 % 8 Switzerland 1,040.0 5.4 % 9 Japan 765.2 2.5 % 10 Netherlands 612.5 66.3 % 11 Turkey 564.8 21.8 % 12 India 558.1 5.6 % 13 European Central Bank 504.8 28.2 % 14 Taiwan 423.6 3.7 % 15 Portugal 382.5 61.0 % 16 Saudi Arabia 322.9 2.7 % 17 United Kingdom 310.3 8.5 % 18 Kazakhstan 301.0 40.2 % 19 Lebanon 286.8 21.3 % 20 Spain 281.6 16.9 % See also ( edit ) Gold Reserve ( company ) Black Friday ( 1869 ) -- Also referred to as the Gold Panic of 1869 Federal Reserve Bank of New York Gold as an investment Gold repatriation Gold reserves of Norway Gold reserves of the United Kingdom Gold standard List of countries by gold production Moscow gold, the reserves of the Bank of Spain sent to the Soviet Union during the Spanish Civil War Peak gold Romanian Treasure, the Romanian gold reserves sent ( alongside other valuable objects ) to Russia for safekeeping during World War I, but never returned Silver as an investment Strategic Petroleum Reserve ( United States ) United States Bullion Depository, often known as Fort Knox Vaulted gold Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ One tonne is equal to approximately 32,150.75 troy ounces. Gold, silver, & other precious metals & gems are weighed by the troy ounce : 12 troy ounces = 1 pound ( and not 16 to 1 as in most other normal weights ), so there would be 24,000 troy ounces to one ton of weight. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How much gold has been mined? '', World Gold Council Jump up ^ `` How much gold is there in the world? '' by Ed Prior, BBC News, 1 April 2013 Jump up ^ Memorandum by War Cabinet Secretary E.E. Bridges from October 6, 1939, Secret : Holland and Belgium : Measures to be taken in the event of an invasion by Germany. P. 1 and 4. The National Archives ( United Kingdom ) Jump up ^ `` Belgian gold in foreign hands ''. Museum of the National Bank of Belgium. 4 March 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` Gold in the IMF ''. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on April 22, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Data Template on International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity -- Reporting Countries ''. Jump up ^ `` Gold & Foreign Exchange Reserves ''. Jump up ^ `` Major Factors Affecting Gold Prices Fluctuation ''. FXdailyReport.Com. 2016 - 07 - 22. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28. Jump up ^ `` - Sprott Global Resource Investments Ltd ''. Jump up ^ `` Research - World Gold Council ''. Jump up ^ `` Latest World Official Gold Reserves - World Gold Council ''. Jump up ^ `` Gold Demand Trends - World Gold Council ''. Jump up ^ ( `` Top 40 reported official gold holdings ( as at February 2018 ) '' Jump up ^ Gold has been added to Turkey 's balance sheet as a result of a policy accepting gold in its reserve requirements from commercial banks. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gold_reserve&oldid=828138294 '' Categories : Gold Gold standard Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Қазақша Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Саха тыла Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018, at 19 : 55. About Wikipedia", "title": "Gold reserve", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Gold_reserve&amp;oldid=828138294" }

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{ "text": "Kingdom Hearts III - wikipedia Kingdom Hearts III Jump to : navigation, search Kingdom Hearts III Developer ( s ) Square Enix Business Division 3 Publisher ( s ) Square Enix Director ( s ) Tetsuya Nomura Tai Yasue Producer ( s ) Rie Nishi Composer ( s ) Yoko Shimomura Series Kingdom Hearts Engine Unreal Engine 4 Platform ( s ) PlayStation 4, Xbox One Release 2018 Genre ( s ) Action role - playing Mode ( s ) Single - player Kingdom Hearts III is an upcoming action role - playing video game developed and published by Square Enix for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It is the twelfth installment in the Kingdom Hearts series, a sequel to Kingdom Hearts II, and the final chapter in the Dark Seeker saga. Set after the events of Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance, returning protagonist Sora is joined by Donald Duck, Goofy, King Mickey and Riku in their search for the seven Guardians of Light and the `` Key to Return Hearts '' as they attempt to thwart Master Xehanort 's plan to bring about a second Keyblade War. Their journey has them cross paths with characters and visit worlds based on different Disney properties and Square Enix 's Final Fantasy franchise. Concepts for the game began as early as 2006 after the release of Kingdom Hearts II : Final Mix in Japan, with the game not confirmed to be in development until E3 2013 after years of rumors and speculation. Kingdom Hearts III sees many returning gameplay features from the series, while introducing new `` Attraction Flow '' attacks that incorporate various Disney Parks attractions. The game was built using Unreal Engine 4, and is scheduled for release in 2018. Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Story 2.1 Setting 2.2 Characters 2.3 Premise 3 Development 3.1 Design 3.2 Music 4 Release 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Gameplay Gameplay in Kingdom Hearts III is similar to its predecessors, with director Tetsuya Nomura stating that the combat would be along the lines of the system seen in Kingdom Hearts II, with an evolution similar to what was seen from Kingdom Hearts to Kingdom Hearts II, and closely tied to the gameplay in Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance. He also revealed that the handheld games of the series were where he could experiment with the combat, and that some of the well - received additions may appear in Kingdom Hearts III. Nomura noted that new gameplay elements are the `` skeleton '' of the game, saying, `` When creating a Kingdom Hearts game, we start with a gameplay system that I think would be a fun element, and once we have an idea of what kind of gameplay or system we want in place, we flesh out the story around it, surrounding the basic concept of what kind of fun we 're going to have with this new installment. '' Additionally, the development team `` always want to try something new '', taking previously introduced mechanics and making small `` tweak ( s ) '' to them so they are customized for Kingdom Hearts III. Sora returns as the main playable character, once again joined in the party by Donald Duck and Goofy, with the ability to have two additional characters join the party for a total of five - player parties. This is an increase from previous main entries in the series, where players were limited to two additional party members at any given time along with Sora. Another main playable character will be available in the game, with King Mickey and multiplayer elements being considered. Describing the gameplay, Nomura called the action `` pretty frantic '', as well as `` really flashy and exciting. The enemy AI is a lot more intricate, too, and I think the gameplay will reflect that new dynamic balance. '' Sora can perform magic, with a new, powerful tier of each spell available to him, similar to what Aqua has available to her in Kingdom Hearts 0.2 : Birth by Sleep -- A Fragmentary Passage. Shotlocks also return, first introduced in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep, and uses a focus meter that can target and lock on to individual enemies. Kingdom Hearts III features an updated look for Sora, as well as an `` Attraction Flow '' attack that utilizes Disney Parks attractions. New gameplay elements include new enemy types, traversal elements such as wall running and jumping, summons, Keyblade transformations, and team - up attacks, which combine Sora, Donald, and Goofy into one attack. Sora faces Heartless, Nobodies, and the Unversed in the game, while Dream Eaters also make an appearance. In addition to these traditional `` smaller '' enemies, the player will face giant bosses, which give `` Sora greater freedom of movement and room to experiment with attacks -- including the new theme - park - ride summon attacks, '' known as `` Attraction Flow '', such as `` Mad Tea Party '', `` Big Magic Mountain '', `` Pirate Ship '', and `` Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters ''. Sora also has the ability to jump on certain enemies, such as ones shaped like a vehicle, and mechs, which are called Gigas. Regarding traversal, Nomura noted the new mechanic, called `` Athletic Flow '' in Japanese, was refined from the Flowmotion mechanic from Dream Drop Distance, which players felt was `` a little too free... and it was kind of hard to control on their end. '' `` Athletic Flow '' allows the player to utilize the environment to access previously unreachable areas. Situation Commands return from previous entries, which can trigger the Keyblade transformations. Nomura revealed that Keyblade transformations were conceived as early as the development of Kingdom Hearts II : Final Mix and would be similar to Aqua 's ability in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep, saying, `` Each Keyblade transformation is unlocked by clearing all missions in one of ( the game 's ) worlds, and each individual world offers its own unique Keyblade transformation. '' He further elaborated stating there were two forms each Keyblade can take, with `` multiple layers in terms of transforming '' starting with one transformation and achieving the second after `` successfully connect ( ing ) your combos ''. One of the available forms, the default weapon 's `` Second Form '', changes Sora 's battle skills rather than transform the Keyblade. The Keyblade transformations have also been referred to as `` Drive Forms '', a term which was used for a similar mechanic in Kingdom Hearts II. The Gummi Ship also returns as a means of travel between the different worlds of the game. The mechanic has been split into two phases : exploration and combat. Exploration has been likened to being more open - world, while the combat has increased its scale from previous games, with more enemies present. Story Kingdom Hearts chronology Back Cover ( Unchained / Union ) χ Birth by Sleep A Fragmentary Passage Kingdom Hearts Chain of Memories 358 / 2 Days II Coded Dream Drop Distance III Setting Most of the worlds featured in the game based on Disney properties are new to the series, such as the Tangled - themed Kingdom of Corona, the Big Hero 6 - themed San Fransokyo, and worlds based on Pixar films Toy Story and Monsters, Inc... Returning worlds also appear, such as the Hercules - themed Olympus, Yen Sid 's Mysterious Tower, and the realm of darkness. Twilight Town, which also returns, serves as a tutorial stage at the beginning of the game. Nomura revealed the Tangled world was the first determined to be in the game, as the development team wanted to include Rapunzel due to her strong personality and her hair, saying, `` she is able to utilize her hair in such a way where she 's whipping it around. She can even use it for attacks, and that was just so appealing, and we thought it would make for such great gameplay ''. The Big Hero 6 and Toy Story worlds feature an original story, with the former set after the events of the film, and the latter set between the events of Toy Story 2 and Toy Story 3. This is different from previous worlds, which loosely follow plot lines from the films on which they are based. Members of Pixar Animation Studios assisted with the Toy Story world 's creation. On the amount of worlds featured in the game, Nomura noted the development team focused on creating `` rich gameplay in an individual world... designed so players can take their time and enjoy the gameplay that 's available '' opposed to having `` multiple different little worlds ''. The game will not feature any worlds based on Final Fantasy. Since the release of Kingdom Hearts II in 2005, The Walt Disney Company acquired Pixar, Marvel Entertainment, and Lucasfilm. When asked if any of these properties would appear in Kingdom Hearts III, Nomura said he contacts Disney after he hears of an acquisition, though he noted that `` Disney 's pretty honest ( on the possibility of an inclusion ). If the situation is really difficult, they 'll say, it 's really difficult. If it 's impossible, they 'll say it 's impossible. '' He later stated that even though the Disney Company had acquired these properties, Disney Interactive Studios may not necessarily have the ability to license the content due to existing deals, such as Disney 's deal with Electronic Arts for Star Wars games. Co-director Tai Yasue added that they were `` looking at all of Disney, the new ones as well '' when choosing worlds for the game, including worlds based on Marvel Comics and Star Wars. He expanded, saying, `` We have to come up with a world that has a lot of originality. We want variety... so we do n't want too many of one sort of world, that would look the same. For each world there has to be some meaning for it, in the plot... Also, gameplay-wise, is that world something that would make gameplay fun? '' In July 2015, at D23 Expo 2015, the Marvel world based on Big Hero 6 was revealed. Two years later, at D23 Expo 2017, the Toy Story world was revealed to be part of the game. Nomura had hoped to include a Toy Story world in the franchise since Kingdom Hearts II, saying he felt `` Sora really fit in and matched well with that world '' and being `` able to execute that into the game is something I 'm really excited for. '' The second Pixar world in the game, based on Monsters, Inc., was revealed at D23 Expo Japan 2018. Characters Sora returns as the protagonist of the game, while supporting characters Riku, Kairi, Donald Duck, Goofy, King Mickey, Master Eraqus, and Lea also return. Returning antagonists include Master Xehanort and his various forms -- his Heartless, Ansem ; his Nobody, Xemnas ; and his youthful incarnation, Young Xehanort -- Marluxia, Vanitas, and Disney characters Maleficent and Pete. Disney characters who serve as members of Sora 's party include the returning Hercules, and new to the series, Rapunzel and Flynn Rider, Woody and Buzz Lightyear, and Sulley and Mike Wazowski. Characters that appear as summons for Sora include Ariel from The Little Mermaid. Additional Disney character appearances include Hades, with new characters Baymax, Hamm, Rex, Sarge and the Bucket O ' Soldiers, the Squeeze Toy Aliens, and Boo joining. Premise Continuing from Dream Drop Distance, Sora, Donald, and Goofy attempt to search for seven guardians of light and the `` Key to Return Hearts '', while King Mickey and Riku search for previous Keyblade wielders, in an attempt to stop Master Xehanort 's plan to balance the light and darkness, which may ultimately lead to the final showdown between Sora and Master Xehanort. By the start of the game, Sora has completed his Mark of Mastery, which he was attempting to do at the end of Dream Drop Distance. Kingdom Hearts III will serve as the final chapter of the `` Dark Seeker / Xehanort '' saga, with Nomura revealing that the plot of the game will pick up `` immediately after the events of Dream Drop Distance. '' He also added that the plot will examine the seven lights and thirteen darknesses coming together for the final battle, but that everyone that is expected to fulfill these roles may not. Development After Square Enix finished development of Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix, Tetsuya Nomura was approached by Disney, who expressed interest in a sequel. In regard to a possible release of Kingdom Hearts III, Nomura said `` We have various ideas, but we 're not at the point where we can say that. '' He added that due to the development of Final Fantasy XV -- titled Final Fantasy Versus XIII at the time -- `` it 's physically impossible at the present. I feel that it 's not the right time to talk about the future of Kingdom Hearts. '' In response to questions about the secret film in Final Mix, Nomura noted that it was of a `` new series '' in Kingdom Hearts rather than Kingdom Hearts III. When asked about Kingdom Hearts III, Nomura noted that fans and partners alike were interested in its release, and would work to `` realize it '' as soon as possible. In the Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Ultimania guide book, Nomura announced three upcoming titles, one of which was Kingdom Hearts III. However, Final Fantasy XV was still his primary focus, preventing him from starting production on Kingdom Hearts III. He later noted that Kingdom Hearts III would not see a release until after 2012, due to his continuing work on Final Fantasy XV, regardless of the 10th anniversary of the series occurring in that year. The Nintendo 3DS video game Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance was announced to connect to Kingdom Hearts III, both in terms of gameplay system and story. Sony announced Kingdom Hearts III for the PlayStation 4 with a teaser trailer at its E3 2013 event in June 2013. Square Enix later confirmed the game 's cross-platform release for the Xbox One as a port of the PlayStation 4 version. Unlike Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II, which were developed by Square Enix 's Product Development Division 1 team, Kingdom Hearts III was developed by Square Enix 's 1st Production Department, who developed Birth by Sleep, Dream Drop Distance, and worked on the HD 1.5 Remix collection and Square Enix 's Business Division 3. Rie Nishi serves as the game 's producer. Directly after E3 2013, Nomura claimed that Kingdom Hearts III was announced `` too early '', based on where the game stood in development. He continued by saying, `` Many fans were feeling impatient due to our continuous releases of spin - off titles, so we decided to announce it at the same time as Final Fantasy XV ''. Kingdom Hearts III is not intended to be the final game in the series. Series producer Shinji Hashimoto stated in September 2013 that as both Kingdom Hearts III and Final Fantasy XV are directed by Nomura, it is expected that there would be a significant gap between the release of the two, `` as ( they ) want each game to be perfect in terms of quality. '' Hashimoto also reiterated Nomura 's statements about the game 's announcement at E3 2013, as `` the company thought it was about time it addressed speculation about the long - awaited conclusion to the trilogy. '' In early 2014, Haley Joel Osment, the English voice of Sora in the series, stated he had been in talks with the development team after the announcement and, assuming he would be back. He added that since dialogue was one of the last parts of the process, he believed he would not begin until mid-2014 at the earliest. A short teaser for the game appeared at the end of the Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix trailer at E3 2014. Yasue revealed that the sequence seen in the teaser was the opening scene for the game. He added that it was created by Nomura, who had `` a real clear picture of ( what ) the starting sequence '' should be, and that the text seen and heard was going to `` be a real integral part of the story ''. In September 2014, it was announced that Nomura would no longer be the director of Final Fantasy XV, focusing his attention on other projects, including Kingdom Hearts III. Nomura had been the director of Final Fantasy XV since the game was announced as Final Fantasy Versus XIII in 2006. The following month, Nomura revealed that the game had switched to using Epic Games ' Unreal Engine 4, due to a `` variety of reasons ''. He also added that the development team had the full support of Epic, and the change would not hinder the game 's development. According to Kotaku and IGN, it was noted that it had been assumed that Square Enix had been using its in - house Luminous Studio engine to develop the game. Bill Farmer, the English voice actor for Goofy, stated in January 2015 that he had completed his voice acting for the game. Also in the month, Yasue revealed that working on HD 2.5 Remix simultaneously allowed the developers to learn all the best qualities from the series to aid in creating III, saying `` For III we want to evolve it in a new direction, but at the same time we do n't want to change what is fundamental about Kingdom Hearts. '' Additionally, he stated the Kingdom Hearts team was sharing knowledge with the Final Fantasy XV team to expand the game and get the most out of the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. In June 2015, Nomura revealed that development was on track and that secret films were being considered. He also stated that the team had an internal release window they were trying to hit. In November 2015, new footage was shown at D23 Expo Japan 2015, footage which was cut from the E3 2015 trailer for time. A gameplay trailer was released during the Kingdom Hearts Orchestra World Tour in Los Angeles in mid-June 2017. The next month, it was announced at D23 2017 that the game would release in 2018. Nomura also stated that a Nintendo Switch version of the game might be created, but wanted to focus on the development and promise of completing the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions before exploring other platform possibilities. Commenting on the long development process, Nomura noted it was not due to problems with development or any choices made by the development team, but rather internal Square Enix corporate decisions, such as changing to the Unreal Engine 4 about a year into the game 's development, which lead to `` extensive delays '' and `` a bit of time that needed to be rewinded and started over '', and `` certain timing and resources challenges within Square Enix '', despite submitting and getting approved a plan for when more personal resources would be needed on the project. Regarding downloadable content for the game, Nomura stated that `` nothing is set in stone '' regarding it, but he told the development team to `` be prepared to be able to accommodate for something like that. We ca n't suddenly develop a system where we 're accommodating for downloadable content. So it 's not confirming or denying either way, but just so that the development team will be prepared ''. At D23 Japan 2018, Square Enix revealed the game was being developed in three sections, with approximately three worlds in each section. At that time, the worlds in the first section were said to be 90 percent complete and development of the middle section at around 60 percent. No update was given on the final section of the game, though Nomura stated its contents were `` something he 's always wanted to do and put into Kingdom Hearts, ever since the days of working on Final Fantasy... It is bound to surprise everyone. '' Design In June 2013, Nomura discussed the updated visuals, saying that the development team tried to return the character 's texture to the original `` paintbrush art from Disney productions ''. The resulting visuals were referred to as the Kingdom Shader. Nomura continued, `` It may look like a pretty drastic change, but I see it as a rich evolution of everything we 've shown you up to now. '' Nomura also revealed that Sora is the same proportions as in previous games ; however, they `` muted the volume on his hair -- it 's not as wild. '' Regarding updating Sora 's look from his Kingdom Hearts II design, Nomura noted that outfit 's popularity, but felt `` the desire to change it '' since the game is the first numbered sequel since II 's release. He added that the basis for the resulting design is a mix between Sora 's costumes for Kingdom Hearts II and Dream Drop Distance, one that is `` a lot more sleek and sporty '' since `` Sora does a lot more... acrobatic ( and )... action - oriented movements ''. Riku and King Mickey also receive updated outfits. Speaking on the designs of the worlds, Nomura said the updated graphical capabilities allowed the development team `` to depict the world ( s ) of the original film ( s ) as close to ( their ) original form as possible '' after previously creating worlds to be `` a stylized Kingdom Hearts world ''. Music Main article : Music of Kingdom Hearts Series composer Yoko Shimomura returns to compose the music. Takeharu Ishimoto and Tsuyoshi Sekito are also contributing music to the game. In October 2013, Teruzane Utada, father of singer Hikaru Utada, stated that Hikaru would once again be involved in the theme song for Kingdom Hearts III, as she did with Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II. In February 2018, Hikaru 's theme for the game was revealed, titled `` Chikai '' in Japanese and `` Do n't Think Twice '' in English. Release Kingdom Hearts III is scheduled to be released in 2018 for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. Notes Jump up ^ Kingdom Hearts III ( Japanese : キングダム ハーツ III, Hepburn : Kingudamu Hātsu Surī ) References ^ Jump up to : Splechta, Mike ( June 26, 2013 ). `` Tetsuya Nomura discusses Kingdom Hearts 1.5, Kingdom Hearts 3 and Final Fantasy 15 ''. GameZone. Retrieved June 28, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Square Enix ( June 25, 2013 ). Square Enix Presents E3 2013 - Day1 ( # 03 ) - KINGDOM HEARTS HD 1.5 ReMIX Interview. YouTube. Retrieved June 28, 2013. Jump up ^ Martens, Todd ( July 26, 2013 ). `` Tetsuya Nomura is ready -- at last -- for ' Kingdom Hearts 3 '' to progress ``. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 28, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Corriea, Alexa Ray ( June 16, 2015 ). `` Kingdom Hearts III Shows Sora at His Most Powerful ''. GameSpot. Retrieved June 17, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Wallace, Kimberly ( July 15, 2017 ). `` Gummi Ship Confirmed For Kingdom Hearts III ''. Game Informer. GameStop. Retrieved July 16, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Yin - Poole, Wesley ( June 11, 2017 ). `` New Kingdom Hearts 3 gameplay trailer shows off Sora, Donald Duck and Goofy ''. Eurogamer. Retrieved June 11, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Dornbush, Jonathon ; Schwartz, Terri ( July 15, 2017 ). `` Kingdom Hearts 3 Director Hints at Second Playable Character ''. IGN. Retrieved July 16, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Gifford, Kevin ( June 19, 2013 ). `` Kingdom Hearts 3 detailed by game director Tetsuya Nomura ''. Polygon. Retrieved June 19, 2013. Jump up ^ Osborn, Alex ( July 16, 2017 ). `` Kingdom Hearts 3 Director Confirms Gummi Ship Will Return, New Magic Ability Tiers ''. IGN. Retrieved July 17, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Pramath ( January 15, 2017 ). `` Kingdom Hearts 3 To Have Situation Commands ''. Gaming Bolt. Retrieved July 17, 2017. Jump up ^ Lyons, Zachary ( June 11, 2017 ). `` Kingdom Hearts 3 Orchestra Trailer : Complete break - down and analysis ''. PlayStation Universe. Retrieved July 17, 2017. Jump up ^ Lopa, Vanessa ( June 23, 2015 ). `` Kingdom Hearts 3 New Screenshots Hint at Shotlock ''. Gameranx. Retrieved February 11, 2018. Jump up ^ Hilliard, Kyle ( July 17, 2017 ). `` Kingdom Hearts III 's Confirmed Weapons, Locations, And Keyblades ''. Game Informer. GameStop. Retrieved February 11, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Riendeau, Danielle ( June 16, 2015 ). `` Watch the Kingdom Hearts 3 gameplay trailer ''. Polygon. Retrieved June 16, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Futter, Mike ( June 16, 2015 ). `` Kingdom Hearts 3 Sends Sora And Friends to the World of Tangled ''. Game Informer. Game Stop. Retrieved June 17, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Romano, Sal ( June 23, 2015 ). `` Kingdom Hearts III has mostly new worlds, release window internally decided ''. Gematsu. Retrieved June 25, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Romano, Sal ( November 3, 2015 ). `` New Kingdom Hearts III and 2.8 trailers coming tomorrow ''. Gematsu. Retrieved November 3, 2015. Jump up ^ Wood, Chandler ( February 10, 2018 ). `` Kingdom Hearts 3 Monsters Inc. World Confirmed in New Trailer, Lots of Gameplay Footage ''. PlayStationLifeStyle.net. Retrieved February 13, 2018. Jump up ^ Anderton, Joe ( February 10, 2018 ). `` Kingdom Hearts III reveals a Monsters, Inc. world in two brand - new trailers ''. Digital Spy. Retrieved February 10, 2018. Jump up ^ Foster, George ( February 10, 2018 ). `` Kingdom Hearts 3 : 10 Major Reveals From D23 2018 - 6. Dream Eaters Return ''. What Culture. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Romano, Sal ( June 16, 2015 ). `` Tetsuya Nomura and Tai Yasue talk Kingdom Hearts III and Unchained Chi at E3 ''. Gematsu. Retrieved June 19, 2015. Jump up ^ DisneyVideoGames ( October 14, 2013 ). D23 Expo Japan 2013. YouTube. Retrieved October 15, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Wallace, Kimberley ( January 2014 ). `` Taking Disney attractions for a joyride ''. Game Informer. GameStop. 24 ( 249 ) : 73. ^ Jump up to : Wallace, Kimberly ( July 16, 2017 ). `` Nomura Shares More Details on Kingdom Hearts III And Its Toy Story World ''. Game Informer. GameStop. Retrieved July 16, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Dornbush, Jonathon ; Schwartz, Terri ( July 18, 2017 ). `` 8 Cool Things We Learned About Kingdom Hearts 3 at D23 Expo ''. IGN. Retrieved July 18, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Wallace, Kimberly ( July 16, 2017 ). `` Nomura Reveals More on Kingdom Hearts III 's Keyblade Transformations And Summons ''. Game Informer. GameStop. Retrieved July 17, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Nakamura, Toshi ( June 20, 2013 ). `` Here Are Some Things To Expect in Kingdom Hearts 3 ''. Kotaku. Retrieved June 24, 2013. ^ Jump up to : スズタク ( July 21, 2017 ). `` 『 キングダム ハーツ III 』 は 『 トイ ・ ストーリー 』 抜き では 考え られ なかっ た. 野村 さん が 武器 変形 や フォーム を 説明 '' ( in Japanese ). Dengeki Online. Retrieved August 20, 2017 -- via KH13.com. Jump up ^ Dornbush, Jonathon ( October 27, 2016 ). `` A Deep Dive into Kingdom Hearts 3 ' Two New Screenshots ''. IGN. Retrieved October 28, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Pereira, Chris ( February 10, 2018 ). `` New Kingdom Hearts 3 Trailer Shows Monsters Inc. World, New Gameplay Details Revealed ''. GameSpot. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Square Enix Announces Next Generation Development of Kingdom Hearts III ''. Square Enix via PRNewswire. June 11, 2013. Archived from the original on June 18, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2015. Jump up ^ Kingdom Hearts ( @ KingdomHearts ) ( August 14, 2015 ). `` The Heartless Dandelions make quite an entrance in Rapunzel 's Kingdom of Corona in the # kingdomhearts III trailer! '' ( Tweet ). Retrieved August 17, 2015 -- via Twitter. ^ Jump up to : Carle, Chris ( August 16, 2015 ). `` D23 2015 : KINGDOM HEARTS 3 ADDS BIG HERO 6 WORLD ''. IGN. Retrieved August 16, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Kingdom Hearts III Goes To Infinity And Beyond ''. Square Enix. July 15, 2017. Archived from the original on July 16, 2017. Retrieved July 16, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Frank, Allegra ( July 15, 2017 ). `` Kingdom Hearts 3 gets a new trailer and its first Pixar - based world ''. Polygon. Retrieved July 15, 2017. Jump up ^ Dunsmore, Kevin ( December 18, 2015 ). `` Square Enix Releases New Kingdom Hearts III and 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue Footage ''. Hardcore Gamer. Retrieved December 19, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Foster, George ( February 10, 2018 ). `` Kingdom Hearts 3 : 10 Major Reveals From D23 2018 - 4. Riku And Mickey 's Outfits Revealed ''. What Culture. Retrieved February 10, 2018. Jump up ^ Hilliard, Kyle ( July 17, 2017 ). `` Kingdom Hearts III 's Confirmed Weapons, Locations, And Keyblades ''. Game Informer. GameStop. Retrieved February 11, 2018. Jump up ^ Foutch, Haleigh ( August 29, 2017 ). `` Producer Roy Conli on ' Born in China ', Joining the ' Frozen ' Family & ' Kingdom Hearts III ' ''. Collider. Retrieved September 8, 2017. Jump up ^ Corriea, Alexa Ray ( June 14, 2016 ). `` Kingdom Hearts 3 Wo n't Feature Final Fantasy Worlds ''. Game Spot. Retrieved June 15, 2016. Jump up ^ Silva, Marty ( June 12, 2013 ). `` E3 2013 : Kingdom Hearts ' Creator Speaks on Disney 's Recent Acquisitions ''. Retrieved June 12, 2013. Jump up ^ Minotti, Mike ( June 16, 2015 ). `` Star Wars in Kingdom Hearts III? Nomura says it 's complicated ''. Venture Beat. Retrieved June 19, 2015. Jump up ^ MacDonald, Keza ( December 2, 2014 ). `` Marvel and Star Wars are `` Not Off - Limits '' for Kingdom Hearts 3 ``. Kotaku. Retrieved December 2, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Marnell, Blair ( June 11, 2017 ). `` Kingdom Hearts 3 Trailer Features Hades And Teases The Return Of ( Spoiler ) ''. Nerdist. Retrieved June 11, 2017. Jump up ^ Dornbush, Jonathon ( July 15, 2017 ). `` A Deep Dive into The Kingdom Hearts 3 D23 Expo Trailer Gameplay And Story Details ''. IGN. Retrieved July 16, 2017. ^ Jump up to : McWhertor, Michael ( February 10, 2018 ). `` New Kingdom Hearts 3 trailer shows off Monsters Inc. world ''. Polygon. Retrieved February 10, 2018. Jump up ^ Ehrenhofler, Courtney ( July 16, 2017 ). `` Kingdom Hearts III D23 Trailer -- Toy Story World and Release Window Revealed ''. TechRaptor. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Sterling, Jim ( March 25, 2010 ). `` Kingdom Hearts 3 confirmed, more KH games coming ''. Destructoid. Retrieved March 28, 2013. Jump up ^ Gantayat, Anoop ( October 30, 2006 ). `` Nomura on Kingdom Hearts III ''. IGN. Retrieved July 16, 2017. Jump up ^ McElroy, Griffin ( February 6, 2010 ). `` Nomura working to ' realize ' Kingdom Hearts III, explains Sora 's furry origins ''. Joystiq. Retrieved July 16, 2017. Jump up ^ Fletcher, JC ( March 25, 2010 ). `` Nomura mentions three more Kingdom Hearts games in interview ''. Joystiq. Retrieved July 16, 2017. Jump up ^ Gantayat, Anoop ( September 28, 2010 ). `` No Kingdom Hearts 3 By 2012 ''. IGN. Retrieved July 16, 2017. Jump up ^ Yin - Poole, Wesley ( November 17, 2010 ). `` Kingdom Hearts 3D will connect with III ''. Eurogamer. Retrieved January 15, 2011. Jump up ^ Corriea, Alexa Ray ( June 10, 2013 ). `` Kingdom Hearts 3 coming to PS4 ''. Polygon. Retrieved June 10, 2013. Jump up ^ `` E3 2013 : Kingdom Hearts III Heading to Xbox One ''. IGN. June 11, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Sony Unleashes a Smackdown in an E3 To Remember ''. Game Informer. GameStop. XXIII ( 244 ) : 17. July 2013. Square Enix teased the long - awaited third entry in the Kingdom Hearts series, as well as Final Fantasy XV ( the newly branded name for Final Fantasy Versus XIII ). While those titles are n't PS4 exclusives, we learned that Sony 's console is the lead platform, with the Xbox One version effectively built as a port. Jump up ^ Ishaan ( June 11, 2013 ). `` Kingdom Hearts 3 Being Developed By Square Enix 's Osaka Studio ''. Siliconera. Retrieved June 11, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 第 3 ビジネス ・ ディビジョン キャリア 採用 Square Enix - Recruiting - ''. Square Enix. March 25, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Kingdom Hearts III in 7 / 4 Famitsu Weekly! ''. KHInsider. June 18, 2013. Retrieved June 26, 2013. Jump up ^ Weaver, Timothy ( June 13, 2013 ). `` Kingdom Hearts 3 was announced too early, says Tetsuya Nomura ''. PlayStation Universe. Retrieved June 13, 2013. Jump up ^ Karmali, Luke ( September 10, 2013 ). `` Expect a Wait Between Kingdom Hearts III and Final Fantasy XV ''. IGN. Retrieved September 10, 2013. Jump up ^ Schwartz, Terri ( January 8, 2014 ). `` ' Spoils of Babylon ' : Haley Joel Osment recalls taxidermy crows, teases ' Kingdom Hearts 3 ' ''. Zap2It. Retrieved June 6, 2014. Jump up ^ Schreier, Jason ( June 11, 2014 ). `` This Is The Intro To Kingdom Hearts III ''. Kotaku. Retrieved June 11, 2014. Jump up ^ Juba, Joe ( September 17, 2014 ). `` Tetsuya Nomura No Longer Directing Final Fantasy XV ''. Game Informer. GameStop. Retrieved September 18, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Ashcraft, Brian ( October 7, 2014 ). `` Kingdom Hearts III Is Being Made with Unreal Engine 4 ''. Kotaku. Retrieved October 7, 2014. Jump up ^ Karmali, Luke ( October 7, 2014 ). `` Kingdom Hearts 3 Switches To Unreal Engine 4 ''. IGN. Retrieved October 7, 2014. Jump up ^ Watts, Steve ( January 7, 2015 ). `` Goofy Voice Actor Claims Kingdom Hearts 3 Coming This Year ''. IGN. Retrieved January 7, 2015. Jump up ^ MacDonald, Keza ( January 23, 2015 ). `` The Kingdom Hearts Remakes Were ' Good Training ' For Kingdom Hearts 3 ''. Kotaku. Retrieved January 23, 2015. Jump up ^ Goldfarb, Andrew ; Schwartz, Terri ( July 15, 2017 ). `` Kingdom Hearts 3 Director : Switch Version ' Maybe ' Possible After Xbox One, PS4 Versions Are Released ''. IGN. Retrieved July 16, 2017. Jump up ^ Rougeau, Michael ( July 17, 2017 ). `` Kingdom Hearts 3 Director Tetsuya Nomura Explains What Took So Long ''. Game Spot. Retrieved July 18, 2017. Jump up ^ Wallace, Kimberley ( September 2017 ). `` Kingdom Hearts III Reaches For The Stars ''. Game Informer. GameStop. 27 ( 293 ) : 65 - 67. With Kingdom Hearts III, I feel like we were able to recreate the world of the original CG film pieces close to its original quality in terms of its graphics and the look of the different worlds, '' Nomura says. `` Up until then, we created the worlds so that it looks like it is a stylized Kingdom Hearts world, but now with Kingdom Hearts III, we were able to depict the world of the original film as close to its original form as possible. Jump up ^ `` 石 元 丈晴 氏 × 野村 哲也 氏 が 初 対談! 『 ディシディア FF NT 』 サウンド トラック 発売 記念 インタビュー ''. Famitsu ( in Japanese ). February 28, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2018. English translation via `` Nomura confirms Takeharu Ishimoto and Tsuyoshi Sekito are working on Kingdom Hearts 3 Soundtrack ''. KH Insider. March 1, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2018. Jump up ^ Chieng, Kevin ( October 17, 2013 ). `` Hikaru Utada Returns for Kingdom Hearts 3 Theme Song ( Update : Involvement `` Undecided '' ) ``. GameTrailers. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved October 21, 2013. Jump up ^ Ashcraft, Brian ( February 10, 2018 ). `` Listen To Kingdom Hearts III 's Theme Song By Utada Hikaru ''. Kotaku. Retrieved February 10, 2018. External links Official website ( hide ) Kingdom Hearts series Console games Kingdom Hearts Kingdom Hearts II Kingdom Hearts III Handheld games Chain of Memories Coded 358 / 2 Days Birth by Sleep Dream Drop Distance χ HD Collections HD 1.5 Remix HD 2.5 Remix HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue Characters Sora Organization XIII Roxas Terra Ventus Aqua Music Yoko Shimomura `` Hikari '' `` Passion '' `` Chikai '' Other Media Universe Mobile World of Final Fantasy Book 2010s portal Disney portal Role - playing games portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_Hearts_III&oldid=829992099 '' Categories : Action role - playing video games Crossover video games Disney video games Donald Duck video games Goofy ( Disney ) video games Kingdom Hearts Mickey Mouse video games PlayStation 4 games Square Enix games Unreal Engine games Upcoming video games scheduled for 2018 Video game sequels Video games scored by Yoko Shimomura Xbox One games Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from June 2014 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano مصرى 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 March 2018, at 01 : 50. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Kingdom Hearts III", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Kingdom_Hearts_III&amp;oldid=829992099" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "be `` a stylized Kingdom Hearts world ''. Music Main article : Music of Kingdom Hearts Series composer Yoko Shimomura returns to compose the music. Takeharu Ishimoto and Tsuyoshi Sekito are also contributing music to the game. In October 2013, Teruzane Utada, father of singer Hikaru Utada, stated that Hikaru would once again be involved in the theme song for Kingdom Hearts III, as she did with Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II. In February 2018, Hikaru 's theme for the game was revealed, titled `` Chikai '' in Japanese and `` Do n't Think Twice '' in English. Release Kingdom Hearts III is scheduled to be released in 2018 for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. Notes Jump up ^ Kingdom Hearts III ( Japanese : キングダム ハーツ III, Hepburn : Kingudamu Hātsu Surī ) References ^ Jump up to : Splechta, Mike ( June 26, 2013 ). `` Tetsuya Nomura discusses Kingdom Hearts 1.5, Kingdom Hearts 3 and Final Fantasy 15 ''. GameZone. Retrieved June 28, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Square Enix ( June 25, 2013 ). Square Enix Presents E3 2013 - Day1 ( # 03 ) - KINGDOM HEARTS HD 1.5 ReMIX Interview. YouTube. Retrieved June 28, 2013. Jump up ^" ], "id": [ "13599994576401925912" ], "short_answers": [ "2018" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The New Colossus - wikipedia The New Colossus Jump to : navigation, search The New Colossus Emma Lazarus 's manuscript Created 1883 Location Statue of Liberty, Liberty Island, New York City, New York, U.S. Author ( s ) Emma Lazarus Purpose Sonnet was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the monument in 1903 `` The New Colossus '' is a sonnet that American poet Emma Lazarus ( 1849 -- 1887 ) wrote in 1883 to raise money for the construction of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty. In 1903, the poem was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal 's lower level. Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the poem 2 Contents 3 Influence 4 References 5 External links History of the poem ( edit ) The Statue of Liberty in New York City This poem was written as a donation to an auction of art and literary works conducted by the `` Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty '' to raise money for the pedestal 's construction. Lazarus 's contribution was solicited by fundraiser William Maxwell Evarts. Initially she refused but writer Constance Cary Harrison convinced her that the statue would be of great significance to immigrants sailing into the harbor. `` The New Colossus '' was the first entry read at the exhibit 's opening on November 2, 1883, and remained associated with the exhibit through a published catalog until the exhibit closed after the pedestal was fully funded in August 1885, but was forgotten and played no role at the opening of the statue in 1886. It was, however, published in Joseph Pulitzer 's New York World as well as The New York Times during this time period. In 1901, Lazarus 's friend Georgina Schuyler began an effort to memorialize Lazarus and her poem, which succeeded in 1903 when a plaque bearing the text of the poem was put on the inner wall of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty. The line `` Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp! '' is missing a comma, and reads `` Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp! '' on the plaque hanging inside the Statue of Liberty since its unveiling in 1903. The original manuscript is held by the American Jewish Historical Society. Contents ( edit ) The Colossus of Rhodes, as depicted in an artist 's impression of 1880 Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land ; Here at our sea - washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name MOTHER OF EXILES. From her beacon - hand Glows world - wide welcome ; her mild eyes command The air - bridged harbor that twin cities frame. `` Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp! '' cries she With silent lips. `` Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest - tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door! '' The title of the poem and the first two lines refer to the Colossus of Rhodes, which was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, sometimes described as standing astride the harbor. The `` sea - washed, sunset gates '' are the mouths of the Hudson and East Rivers, to the west of Brooklyn. The `` imprisoned lightning '' refers to the electric light in the torch, then a novelty. The `` air - bridged harbor that twin cities frame '' refers to New York Harbor between New York City and Brooklyn, which were consolidated into one unit in 1898, 15 years after the poem was written. The `` huddled masses '' are the many immigrants coming to the United States ( many of them through Ellis Island at the port of New York ). Influence ( edit ) Bronze plaque inside the Statue of Liberty Paul Auster wrote that `` Bartholdi 's gigantic effigy was originally intended as a monument to the principles of international republicanism, but ' The New Colossus ' reinvented the statue 's purpose, turning Liberty into a welcoming mother, a symbol of hope to the outcasts and downtrodden of the world. '' John T. Cunningham wrote that `` The Statue of Liberty was not conceived and sculpted as a symbol of immigration, but it quickly became so as immigrant ships passed under the torch and the shining face, heading toward Ellis Island. However, it was ( Lazarus 's poem ) that permanently stamped on Miss Liberty the role of unofficial greeter of incoming immigrants. '' The poem has entered the political realm. It was quoted in John F. Kennedy 's book A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) as well as a 2010 political speech by President Obama advocating immigration policy reform. On August 2nd, 2017, the poem and its importance to the Statue of Liberty 's symbolism and thus the effect on American immigration policy, was debated in a White House briefing. Classical composer David Ludwig has set the poem to music, which was performed at the worship service of President Obama 's 2013 inauguration ceremony. Author and scholar Julia Gordon - Bramer theorizes that Sylvia Plath 's poem, `` Lady Lazarus, '' is about the Statue of Liberty and Jewish immigrant poet Emma Lazarus in her book, Fixed Stars Govern a Life : Decoding Sylvia Plath, volume one ( 2014, Stephen F. Austin State University Press ). Parts of the poem also appear in popular culture. The Broadway musical Miss Liberty, with music and lyrics by Irving Berlin, an immigrant himself, used the final stanza beginning `` Give me your tired, your poor '' as the basis for a song. It was also read in the 1941 film Hold Back the Dawn as well as being recited by the heroine in Alfred Hitchcock 's wartime film Saboteur. Harpist and singer Joanna Newsom indirectly references the poem in her 2015 song `` Sapokanikan, '' in contrast to the forbidding colossus of Percy Bysshe Shelley 's `` Ozymandias. '' The poem is read aloud in the eponymous episode entitled ' New Colossus ' in the 2016 Netflix web series The OA. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument ''. US : National Park Service. 2007 - 12 - 31. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24. Jump up ^ Lazarus, Emma, The New Colossus, Liberty State Park Jump up ^ Sutherland, Cara A ( 2003 ), The Statue of Liberty : The Museum of the City of New York, Barnes & Noble, p. 77, ISBN 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 4, auction of art and literary work ; Mark Twain also contributed. ^ Jump up to : Young, Bette Roth ( 1997 ), Emma Lazarus in Her World : Life and Letters, The Jewish Publication Society, p. 3, ISBN 0 - 8276 - 0618 - 4,... fell into obscurity. At the unveiling of the statue (... ) both Emma and her sonnet were absent (... ) Georgina Schuyler set in motion a successful attempt to memorialize her friend by placing the poem, inscribed on a bronze tablet, inside the pedestal.... Jump up ^ Felder, Deborah G ; Rosen, Diana L ( 2003 ), Fifty Jewish Women Who Changed the World, Citadel, p. 45, ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2443 - X,... William Maxwell Evert ( sic ; presumably a misspelling of `` William Maxwell Evarts ) asked (... ) Lazarus (... ) to compose original works (... ) who (... ) refused (... ) until (... ) Constance Cary Harrison (... ) suggested that she consider what the statue would mean to the thousand of immigrants who would see it as they sailed into New York.... Jump up ^ `` Image - Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty Catalogue ''. Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty - Engineering, Construction, and Crossing the Atlantic ''. Jump up ^ `` National Park Service - Statue of Liberty - Emma Lazarus ''. Jump up ^ Shapiro, Gary ( 2006 - 12 - 08 ). `` Misprint is spied in Lazarus poem at Liberty island ''. The New York Sun. Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08. Jump up ^ Roberts, Sam ( 2011 ), `` How a Sonnet Made a Statue the ' Mother of Exiles ' '', New York Times, retrieved 2013 - 11 - 21 Jump up ^ Auster, Paul ( 2005 ), `` NYC = USA '', Collected Prose : Autobiographical Writings, True Stories, Critical Essays, Prefaces, and Collaborations with Artists, Picador, p. 508, ISBN 0 - 312 - 42468 - X. Jump up ^ Cunningham, John T ( 2003 ), Ellis Island : Immigration 's Shining Center, Arcadia Publishing, pp. 46 -- 48, ISBN 0 - 7385 - 2428 - X. ^ Jump up to : McGill, Meredith L. ( 2008 ). The Traffic in Poems : Nineteenth - century Poetry and Transatlantic Exchange. Rutgers University Press. p. 118. Jump up ^ Jackson, David ( July 1, 2010 ). `` Obama edits Emma Lazarus poem on Statue of Liberty ''. The Oval. USA Today. Retrieved July 15, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Curtis Part of Inauguration Day Ceremonies ''. Retrieved March 12, 2017. Jump up ^ Esther Schor, Emma Lazarus, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group - 2008, page 255 Jump up ^ Hicks, Michael ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ). `` '' ' The text will not yield ' : Fleeting Tesserae in Joanna Newsom 's Sapokanikan `` ''. Medium. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 09. Jump up ^ `` The OA Recap : Yearning to Breathe Free ''. Vulture. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17. See Also Walt Kelly, The Pogo Papers, 1953, p. 152, for reference to right - wing ( McCarran act ) policy & the Goldman quote. External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The New Colossus Lazarus, Emma, `` The new Colossus '', A Century of Immigration, 1820 -- 1924 ( handwritten ) ( sonnet ), Library of Congress. The latter page says `` Courtesy of the American Jewish Historical Society, New York and Newton Centre, Massachusetts ''. The poem itself, having been published in 1883 or at the very latest 1903 is in the public domain -- -- --, Schor, Esther, ed., The New Colossus ( interactive ed. ), Nextbook Press. Manuscript notebook from the Emma Lazarus collection at the American Jewish Historical Society. Includes an undated manuscript version of `` The New Colossus. '' Cavitch, Max ( 2008 ). `` Emma Lazarus and the Golem of Liberty. '' In The Traffic in Poems : Nineteenth - Century Poetry and Transatlantic Exchange. Ed. Meredith L. McGill. New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press. 97 - 122. Marom, Daniel ( 2000 ). `` Who is the ' Mother of Exiles '? An Inquiry into Jewish Aspects of Emma Lazarus 's ' The New Colossus ' ''. Prooftexts. 20 ( 3 ) : 231 -- 61. doi : 10.1353 / ptx. 2000.0020. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Colossus&oldid=801557554 '' Categories : 1883 poems American poems Sonnets Statue of Liberty Jewish American literature Works about immigration to the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Norsk Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017, at 11 : 57. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The New Colossus", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_New_Colossus&amp;oldid=801557554" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "The New Colossus Jump to : navigation, search The New Colossus Emma Lazarus 's manuscript Created 1883 Location Statue of Liberty, Liberty Island, New York City, New York, U.S. Author ( s ) Emma Lazarus Purpose Sonnet was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the monument in 1903 `` The New Colossus '' is a sonnet that American poet Emma Lazarus ( 1849 -- 1887 ) wrote in 1883 to raise money for the construction of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty. In 1903, the poem was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal 's lower level. Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the poem 2 Contents 3 Influence 4 References 5 External links History of the poem ( edit ) The Statue of Liberty in New York City This poem was written as a donation to an auction of art and literary works conducted by the `` Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty '' to raise money for the pedestal 's construction. Lazarus 's contribution was solicited by fundraiser William Maxwell Evarts" ], "id": [ "999794843936920777" ], "short_answers": [ "1903" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of Midsomer murders episodes - wikipedia List of Midsomer murders episodes Midsomer Murders is a British television detective drama that has aired on ITV since 1997. The show is based on Caroline Graham 's Chief Inspector Barnaby book series, as originally adapted by Anthony Horowitz. The current lead character is DCI John Barnaby ( Neil Dudgeon ), who works for Causton CID. Dudgeon 's character is the younger cousin of former lead character DCI Tom Barnaby ( John Nettles ). Dudgeon first appeared as randy gardener Daniel Bolt in the Series 4 episode `` Garden of Death ''. Dudgeon permanently joined the show in 2011 following Nettles 's departure. As of 20 May 2018, 116 episodes have aired over 19 series. Episodes 1 to 100 were originally released on DVD as 25 `` sets, '' which are now discontinued, and have been re-released as `` series '' 1 to 16 in redesigned packages. Series 20 was announced by ITV in April 2017. Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Pilot ( 1997 ) 2.2 Series 1 ( 1998 ) 2.3 Series 2 ( 1999 ) 2.4 Series 3 ( 1999 -- 00 ) 2.5 Series 4 ( 2000 -- 01 ) 2.6 Series 5 ( 2001 -- 02 ) 2.7 Series 6 ( 2003 ) 2.8 Series 7 ( 2003 -- 04 ) 2.9 Series 8 ( 2004 -- 05 ) 2.10 Series 9 ( 2005 -- 06 ) 2.11 Series 10 ( 2006 -- 08 ) 2.12 Series 11 ( 2008 -- 10 ) 2.13 Series 12 ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2.14 Series 13 ( 2010 -- 11 ) 2.15 Series 14 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.16 Series 15 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.17 Series 16 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.18 Series 17 ( 2015 ) 2.19 Series 18 ( 2016 ) 2.20 Series 19 ( 2016 -- 18 ) 2.21 Series 20 ( 2018 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot 23 March 1997 ( 1997 - 03 - 23 ) 22 March 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 22 ) 6 May 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 06 ) 20 January 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 20 ) 5 February 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 05 ) 12 September 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 12 ) 29 January 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 29 ) 5 10 September 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 10 ) 16 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 16 ) 5 5 23 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 23 ) 22 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 22 ) 6 5 3 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 03 ) 31 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 31 ) 7 7 2 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 02 ) 25 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 25 ) 8 8 10 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 10 ) 2 October 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 02 ) 9 8 9 October 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 09 ) 17 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 17 ) 10 8 12 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 12 ) 11 May 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 11 ) 11 7 1 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) 5 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 05 ) 12 7 22 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 22 ) 14 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) 13 8 10 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 10 ) 2 February 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 02 ) 14 8 23 March 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 23 ) 11 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) 15 6 1 February 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 01 ) 30 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) 16 5 24 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 24 ) 12 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 12 ) 17 28 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 18 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 18 6 6 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) 17 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 19 6 18 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 18 ) 20 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) 20 6 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Pilot ( 1997 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming date `` The Killings at Badger 's Drift '' Jeremy Silberston Anthony Horowitz 23 March 1997 ( 1997 - 03 - 23 ) September / October 1996 When DCI Barnaby and DS Troy arrive in the village of Badger 's Drift to investigate the sudden death of Emily Simpson, her next door neighbour insists that she had been murdered, after she had seen her return from a walk, unnerved and shocked by something she had witnessed. When the post mortem confirms her death was no accident, the pair discover that nothing is what it seems to be within the sleepy village as they try to find out what exactly she saw. Their investigation soon turns up a web of sex, blackmail and lies, and the possibility that the murder could be connected to a shooting accident two years ago, which claimed another woman 's life. First appearances of DCI Tom Barnaby, DS Gavin Troy, Dr George Bullard, Joyce Barnaby and Cully Barnaby. Series 1 ( 1998 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming date `` Written in Blood '' Jeremy Silberston Anthony Horowitz 22 March 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 22 ) July / August 1997 After debating on who their next guest speaker should be, the Midsomer Worthy Writers ' Circle decide to invite famous writer, Max Jennings, to their next meeting, despite opposition to the choice by Gerald Hadleigh, the group 's secretary. When Hadleigh is found dead the day after Jennings visit, brutally bludgeoned and stripped naked, Barnaby and Troy discover that the victim had many mysteries to him, prompting them to delve into his private life and his past. Matters soon become complicated when Jennings disappears and is later found dead, and a witness recalls seeing a mysterious woman in Hadleigh 's house the night before his murder. `` Death of a Hollow Man '' Jeremy Silbertson Caroline Graham 29 March 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 29 ) August / September 1997 Whilst investigating the murder of Agnes Gray, a quiet animal - loving woman who was bludgeoned to death and found floating in a river near to the village of Ferne Basset, Barnaby gets more than he bargained for when he attends his wife 's performance in the Causton Amateur Dramatics ' production of Amadeus. When Agnes ' cousin, Esslyn Carmichael, inadvertently cuts his own throat during the final act, it 's quickly discovered that the tape on the prop blade he had used was removed without anyone knowing. The detective is left wondering who had wanted to turn Esslyn 's final act into a true coup de theatre, as he and Troy try to determine what the motive was behind the two murders. `` Faithful unto Death '' Baz Taylor Douglas Watkinson 22 April 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 22 ) October 1997 Local villagers in Morton Fendle are up in arms, demanding answers from Alan Hollingsworth, the owner of a local craft centre they had invested in, after news comes out that it has recently fallen into financial turmoil. As tensions begin rising in the village, Barnaby soon suspects that something has happened to Alan 's wife, Simone, when his behaviour suddenly changes. His suspicions are soon confirmed when it transpires that Simone was kidnapped, after one of Alan 's neighbours is murdered, shortly after witnessing something they should n't have. 5 `` Death in Disguise '' Baz Taylor Douglas Watkinson 6 May 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 06 ) November / December 1997 Bill Carter, one of the founders of a local New Age commune called the Lodge of the Golden Windhorse, dies suddenly after falling down some stairs and breaking his neck. Although there was uncertainty as to whether it was the result of an accident or murder, Barnaby and Troy find themselves having to determine which it was, when Ian Craigie, the commune 's leader, is stabbed to death with a carving knife a few days later, while attending a spiritual seance with the rest of the commune and the parents of one of its members. It 's not long before they discover hidden truths about the commune 's founding and some of its members. Series 2 ( 1999 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming date Viewers ( millions ) 6 `` Death 's Shadow '' Jeremy Silberston Anthony Horowitz 20 January 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 20 ) May / June 1998 10.41 Plans by Barnaby to renew his wedding vows at the church of St Michael 's in Badger 's Drift, are quickly put on hold when the body of Richard Bayly, a local developer, is found decapitated in his own home. The detective is left mystified as to why anyone would kill a man who had only been given weeks to live, after being recently diagnosed with a brain tumour. As he and Troy attempt to find out, they soon encounter a hotbed of corruption and property feuding occurring within the village as the body count rises and the mystery deepens. 7 `` Strangler 's Wood '' Jeremy Silberston Anthony Horowitz 3 February 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 03 ) June / July 1998 10.70 Nine years ago, three women were strangled with a neck - tie and left naked in woodland outside Midsomer Worthy, so when a Brazilian woman who recently arrived in the village is murdered in the exact same fashion and found within the same woods, Barnaby is forced to cut short some father - daughter bonding time with Cully to determine if it is the work of the same killer. As he and Troy investigate the area, including a local tobacco company the victim was associated with, they soon encounter several matters, including a retired detective obsessed with the previous murders, problematic evidence, family troubles, and secret affairs, before another death follows. First appearance of Dr Dan Peterson 8 `` Dead Man 's Eleven '' Jeremy Silberston Anthony Horowitz 12 September 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 12 ) April / May 1999 11.07 As the cricket team for Fletcher 's Cross prepare for their annual match against Midsomer Worthy, tragedy strikes for their captain and local landowner, Robert Cavendish, when the search for his wife Tara, who went missing whilst walking their dog, turns up her body near to a disused quarry he had owned. For Barnaby and Troy, suspicions are drawn in on Robert 's son, who openly resented his father 's wife, and who owned the cricket bat that killed her. Yet their investigation also turns up a wealth of secrets, lies, affairs, blackmail, and a mysterious death that occurred shortly before a break - in, before matters are complicated when another murder occurs during the cricket match. 9 `` Blood Will Out '' Moira Armstrong Douglas Watkinson 19 September 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 19 ) September 1998 9.99 Hector Bridges, a local magistrate, is infuriated when one of his geese is stolen, just as two bands of travellers arrive in Martyr Warren. Although Barnaby and Troy are called in to deal with the theft and later dissuade him from forcefully evicting the travellers from the village, they soon have a murder on their hands, when a short while later Bridges is killed with his own shotgun. It quickly transpires that many in the village had hated the magistrate, who lied, bullied, and committed many an injustice, leaving the detectives determined to find who among them had pulled the trigger after Bridges pushed them past their breaking point. Series 3 ( 1999 -- 00 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 10 `` Death of a Stranger '' Moira Armstrong Douglas Watkinson 31 December 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 31 ) May / June 1999 5.87 Shortly before his retirement, Superintendent Pringle believes he has solved the murder of a tramp who was killed during a fox hunt outside the village of Upper Marshwood. However, Barnaby, who had been in France on holiday during the investigation, is not convinced that the local poacher Pringle arrested, who pleads he is innocent, is the true culprit. Barnaby soon turns out to be right when the poacher 's father is found murdered in the woods with his own shotgun. As Barnaby and Troy reopen the murder case, they soon find themselves dealing with the village 's upper classes, who are none too willing to give much away. 11 `` Blue Herrings '' Peter Smith Hugh Whitemore 22 January 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 22 ) June / July 1999 8.88 When Alice Bly arrives at the Lawnside nursing home in Aspern Tallow to rest up from hospital treatment, she is unconvinced by the home 's director and its physician that one of the residents had died naturally, on the night shortly after her arrival, especially as the deceased owned a valuable Cartier watch that has since gone missing. Despite having a week off from police work, her nephew Barnaby, concerned for her well being, decides to investigate the matter, and it is not long before he and Troy uncover theft, lies and secret flings, as more deaths follow. 12 `` Judgement Day '' Jeremy Silberston Anthony Horowitz 29 January 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 29 ) August / September 1999 9.65 Even though Midsomer Mallow is a contender to be the ' Perfect English Village ' in a competition of the same name, underneath the surface of the village not everything is perfect as local thief Peter Drinkwater is up to no good. After robbing a retired actor 's mansion of valuable goods, Mr Drinkwater is stabbed with a pitchfork at the local farm he is using as a base. Despite the villagers ' best efforts to keep the murder quiet so as to not ruin their chances in the competition, several further deaths occur eventually bringing Detective Chief Inspector Barnaby back several decades to uncover the killer. Last appearance of Dr Dan Peterson 13 `` Beyond The Grave '' Peter Cregeen Douglas Livingstone 5 February 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 05 ) October 1998 9.40 Cully 's latest boyfriend, Nico, decides to shadow Troy in preparation for a TV role he recently got, but gets more hands - on experience than he expected when investigations into a slashed painting at a museum in Aspern Tallow, a 17th century portrait of Royalist Jonathan Lowrie, are overshadowed by the murder of his descendant, Marcus Lowrie. It is n't long before Barnaby and Troy, with Nico 's assistance, find themselves dealing with mysterious, ghostly events, escaped criminals, and a museum trustee who has more to them than meets the eye. Series 4 ( 2000 -- 01 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Garden of Death '' Peter Smith Christopher Russell 10 September 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 10 ) June / July 2000 7.65 Villagers of Midsomer Deverell are appalled when the Inkpen family plan to turn their public memorial garden into a small tea shop. Yet when Elspeth Inkpen announces that it is none of the village 's business what her family is planning, Barnaby and Troy wonder if someone is determined to stop this happening, when her daughter is soon found murdered in the garden. As the detectives investigate, they slowly uncover greed, snobbery, illegitimacy, mourning and violence, before Elspeth is soon found dead in what appears to have been suicide. 15 `` Destroying Angel '' David Tucker David Hoskins 26 August 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 26 ) July / August 2000 9.99 Following the funeral of local hotelier Karl Wainwright, his hotel 's manager and a well liked Punch and Judy performer, Gregory Chambers, disappears unusually in yet another picturesque Midsomer village. Most people dismiss his disappearance completely but when he does n't turn up, a search is conducted and a severed hand, confirmed to be Gregory 's, turns up in the woods. Further deaths and a mushroom poisoning occur surrounding the beneficiaries of Karl Wainwright 's will. All is not as it seems. 16 `` The Electric Vendetta '' Peter Smith Terry Hodgkinson 2 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 02 ) August / September 2000 9.99 A man 's naked body found under mysterious circumstances, within a crop circle on Sir Harry Chatwyn 's wheat field, leads police to investigating how he wound up in the field after being electrocuted. While the nearby village of Midsomer Parva is abuzz with UFO mania, Barnaby is unconvinced by a local ufologist that the man 's death was the result of alien activity, as he uncovers rivalries, theft and hatred during his investigations, soon after a well known burglar is found dead in another crop circle with identical injuries. 17 `` Who Killed Cock Robin? '' David Tucker Jeremy Paul 9 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 09 ) September / October 2000 9.13 Returning home one night, in a drunken state, the local doctor of Newton Magna calls in the police after he had accidentally hit a man, yet when Barnaby and Troy arrive, the injured man is nowhere to be found. As they investigate the mystery, Barnaby encounters an old adversary who is working to help renovate the village and whose daughter is getting married to a local boy. Matters soon become complicated, when the body of the best man 's father is found in a well that was being renovated, whom the detectives soon discover had disappeared on the day he was planning to run away with a local farmer 's wife. 18 5 `` Dark Autumn '' Jeremy Silberston Peter J. Hammond 16 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 16 ) October / November 2000 9.77 Goodmans Land is a sleepy Midsomer village, and remains so one Autumn morning apart from the womanising postman Dave Cutler is horrifically killed in the middle of the village whilst doing his early shift. When D.C.I. Barnaby comes in to investigate, he learns that many of the village 's women were ' having it on ' with Mr Cutler. Turning a disused dance hall into the Criminal Investigation Department, numerous unexplained deaths soon occur in Goodmans Land. Can Barnaby riddle out the reason for the strange 1950s dance music heard playing at each murder scene? And, with the help of WPC Jay Nash and not forgetting D.S. Troy, can Barnaby find the murderer once again? Series 5 ( 2001 -- 02 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 19 `` Tainted Fruit '' Jeremy Silberston Peter J. Hammond 23 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 23 ) April / May 2001 9.80 On the same day that a local district nurse is charged for drink driving following an evening event in Midsomer Malham, a local veterinarian discovers that someone has stolen barbiturates from his surgery. Barnaby and Troy become greatly concerned for the safety of Melissa Townsend, a thoroughly disliked young woman who had recently received death threats that blamed her for the death of a local poacher, but are unable to prevent someone from murdering her, after her body is found with a syringe in the stomach beside her father 's swimming pool. While a wealth of hatred lies within the village, it slowly transpires that someone wanted to hide a secret when the pair uncover blackmail and greed at the heart of their investigations. 20 `` Market For Murder '' Sarah Hellings Christopher Russell 16 June 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 16 ) June / July 2001 8.99 Wealthy stock broker Selwyn Proctor is furious when someone torches his car, but Barnaby and Troy have other things on their mind, when the elderly head of a local reading club, Marjorie Empson, is battered to death with her walking stick, whilst getting ready for bed following the club 's latest meeting. It soon transpires the women of Midsomer Market 's reading club were secretly investing in the stock market and had been doing well, but that two of the members were outvoted from selling their shares. When one of the members is initially suspected of the murder, but later murdered a short while after she is cleared of suspicions, Barnaby discovers the second victim was having secret affairs, leading him to believe the killer is privy to secrets within the village. 21 `` A Worm in the Bud '' David Tucker Michael Russell 23 June 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 23 ) October / November 2001 9.52 Two farmers of Midsomer Worthy are at loggerheads over the proposed development of Setwale Wood. James Harrington of Abbey Farm wants his land felled, whereas his ex-friend Simon Bartlett of Grange Farm will do anything to stop this going ahead with the help of friend and barrister Bernadette Sullivan. However, all of this is pushed out of their minds when Simon 's wife Susan is found dead in the Wood by some local children. Even though her parents do n't believe her, Julie Fielding is adamant she saw the woman 's body. When Mr Fielding sees the body, too, the next day, it is in the pond in Setwale Wood and it is confirmed that Mrs Bartlett committed suicide. After the trees start to be cut down, another body turns up, leaving Barnaby and Troy to believe that both victims were that of murder. With the help of little Julie and her brother, D.C.I. Barnaby learns of the Wood 's history and a web of lies and secrets beneath the surface of this picturesque village. 22 `` Ring Out Your Dead '' Sarah Hellings Andrew Payne 15 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 15 ) September / October 2001 9.43 The bell ringers at Midsomer Wellow church have high hopes of winning the annual striking competition, but this does n't look likely after one of their number is found shot through the heart in the bell tower during a practise. It is difficult for Mr Barnaby to uncover prospective murderers of this mostly well - liked man, but with a few more deaths, an attempted burglary and some word - processed lines from a local folk poem taking Barnaby and Troy on a journey to the far past, it looks like the killer could be right under their noses. 23 5 `` Murder on St Malley 's Day '' Peter Smith Andrew Payne 22 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 22 ) July / August 2001 9.37 Daniel Talbot, a student of the prestigious Devington School, drops dead shortly after returning for help upon being viciously attacked during the school 's annual St. Malley 's Day race. His father, Anthony Talbot, insists that someone from the nearby village of Midsomer Parva was responsible, but things are not as straightforward for Barnaby and Troy, when they slowly discover that Daniel had wanted to run away during the race. Their investigation quickly turns up hidden conspiracies concerning both the school and its secretive, elite group known as the Pudding Club, whose members throw up a wall of silence, just before more bodies turn up. Series 6 ( 2003 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 24 `` A Talent for Life '' Sarah Hellings David Hoskins 3 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 03 ) May / June 2002 9.23 The double murder of eccentric widow, Isobel Hewitt, and adulterous doctor, Duncan Goff, lead Barnaby and Troy into finding out more about their personal and private lives in the village of Malham Bridge. While Troy suspects an antique dealer that Isobel befriended is the culprit, Barnaby is not convinced, believing anyone the victims knew when they were alive could have been the murderer, from the doctor 's wife to the local owner of a restaurant. Even Isobel 's close family and members of a local fly fishing group are suspects as they investigate all possible angles. 25 `` Death and Dreams '' Peter Smith Peter J. Hammond 10 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 10 ) June / July 2002 9.46 When Martin Wroath is found dead in his home in Midsomer Worthy, Barnaby is unconvinced that he committed suicide with his own shotgun in an unnecessarily complex fashion. When a second murder occurs on an assault course at a local cottage hospital, in which Wroath was a patient, the detective suspects a link between the two murders, and soon finds a wealth of hatred, jealously and lies, before discovering that rope in the village is mysteriously disappearing. 26 `` Painted in Blood '' Sarah Hellings Andrew Payne 17 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 17 ) July / August 2002 9.45 Joyce is taking part in an open - air art class, being held on the village green of Midsomer Florey, when she discovers the body of an elderly fellow student, Ruth Fairfax, concealed beneath some undergrowth shortly after a session. Just as Barnaby begins to learn that Ruth was not all she seemed to be, officers of the NIS pull him off the case. While Troy is allowed to assist them, Barnaby is left handling a local operation into a spate of thefts, yet he decides to continue his investigations in secret. In doing so, he soon turns up armed robbery, unaccounted stolen money, former criminals, and secret liaisons, before discovering that the NIS investigation is not being as thorough as it should be. 27 `` A Tale of Two Hamlets '' Peter Smith Alan Plater 24 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 24 ) September / October 2002 9.28 At his family home in Upper Warden, arrogant actor Larry Smith is killed, when a summer house he walks in to as part of a promotion for the sequel to his hit film, The House of Satan, is suddenly destroyed in an explosion. His family quickly fling accusations for his murder directly at the residents of rival village, Lower Warden, leading Barnaby and Troy to determine if this is the case, especially when Larry 's director, another member of the family, is electrocuted while using an exercise bike. It 's not long before secrets, affairs and blackmail begin to surface from within the two villages. 28 5 `` Birds of Prey '' Jeremy Silberston Michael Russell 31 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 31 ) October / November 2002 9.32 While Troy assists an attractive wildlife liaison officer with an investigation into the illegal sale of protected bird eggs, Barnaby travels to Midsomer Magna to investigate the sudden death of a man, who apparently drowned himself. While there was evidence he was desperately seeking to avoid bankruptcy, and had visited a local millionaire to get back his money from a scheme he had invested in, a post mortem reveals that he had been murdered. The two detectives soon find their investigations crossing over, when a man found to have an illegal collection of bird eggs, is also murdered, prompting concerns that the millionaire 's scheme is being used to defraud many, and that someone is willing to kill to keep the scheme going. Series 7 ( 2003 -- 04 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 29 `` The Green Man '' Sarah Hellings Michael Russell 2 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 02 ) May / June 2003 10.01 When a tunnel collapses on a canal project near to Midsomer Worthy, several skeletons turn up. Barnaby investigates a possible murder when one skeleton is discovered to have teeth bearing modern dental work. Meanwhile, Troy, recently having earned a promotion to Inspector, tackles his last case in the county by visiting the village to investigate a more recent murder - that of a youth, one of several who had caused problems for the villagers, who had been shot with a gun he and his friends had been using the night before to shoot wild animals. Slowly but surely, both begin uncovering a web of lies, affairs and domestic arguments, alongside a mysterious recluse with a hidden past. Last regular appearance of DS Gavin Troy 30 `` Bad Tidings '' Peter Smith Peter J. Hammond 4 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 04 ) June / July 2003 9.96 DS Dan Scott, Barnaby 's cocky new sergeant, is thrust into his first case when the two detectives look into the murder of a woman who had been stabbed to death after a Spanish themed evening in Midsomer Mallow, before being left in a field she hated, with a red rose in her mouth. Not long after their investigation begins, a retired doctor, whom she had worked for, is murdered in his home during the village 's open day with an apple left beside his body. It quickly becomes clear the two victims knew a secret about one of the villagers, something that they are prepared to silence by any means necessary. First appearance of DS Dan Scott 31 `` The Fisher King '' Peter Smith Elizabeth - Anne Wheal 18 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 18 ) September / October 2003 10.17 Several decades ago, Roger Heldman died in what appeared to be an accident at a dig near to Midsomer Barrow, shortly after it had turned up two important Celtic pieces. When one of them, a spear, is used to kill his son Gareth, a womaniser like his father, Barnaby and Scott delve into a world of falsehoods, rituals, lies and hidden interrelationships, to uncover the truth. Initial suspicions lie to both the local river keeper, Harry Green, and the victim 's half - brother, David Hartley - Reade, until new evidence suggests Roger was murdered. Then David is murdered during the climax of a summer solstice celebration, while performing a ceremony to save his failing marriage. 32 `` Sins of Commission '' Richard Holthouse Elizabeth - Anne Wheal 11 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 11 ) July / August 2003 9.71 While Midsomer St Michael prepares for the 12th year of its Literary Festival, which often becomes a hotbed for feuding writers, editors and publishers, Barnaby and Scott are called to the village to investigate who had expertly broken the neck of a former prize - winning author. They soon find that the world of fictional writing is far darker than it appears, when the victim 's editor is shortly found dead during the festival 's opening ceremony, leading the detectives to uncover lies, fraud and hidden truths, as the pair search for a connection behind the deaths. 33 5 `` The Maid in Splendour '' Richard Holthouse Andrew Payne 25 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 25 ) October / November 2003 10.24 As a conflict between residents of Midsomer Worthy and commercial developers brews over the fate of a local pub, the Maid In Splendour, a popular barman who works there, Jamie Cruickshank, is found dead at an abandoned cottage in woods near to the village. As Barnaby and Scott investigate, they wonder who wanted him dead when the pub 's new manager, Stephen Bannerman, seemed a more likely target after they find that he was thoroughly disliked and was threatening to tear the Splendour down. When Bannerman is soon murdered, the detectives wonder if Jamie 's murder was unintentional. 34 6 `` The Straw Woman '' Sarah Hellings Jeff Dodds 29 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 29 ) November / December 2003 10.03 When the village of Midsomer Parva set alight the straw effigy of a woman as part of the revival of an old pagan festival, no one could foresee it ending in tragedy when the local curate screams out in agony from within the effigy. His death quickly turns the community against Liz Francis, the local teacher who organized it, yet as Barnaby and Scott investigate his murder, they soon discover that the curate had been in conflict with Alan Clifford, a pornographer who had moved into the area recently. When more people suddenly die from bouts of spontaneous human combustion, the detectives soon suspect someone is using the illusion of witchcraft to cover up the real motive behind the murders. 35 7 `` Ghosts of Christmas Past '' Renny Rye David Hoskins 25 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 25 ) January / February 2004 6.90 Nine years after Ferdinand Villiers committed suicide at his family 's home of Draycott Hall, the extended Villiers family gather together to celebrate Christmas. When a note in a Christmas cracker proclaims that two members of the family will be dead by midnight on Boxing Day, everyone assumes it to be nothing more than a joke until Aunt Lydia, the eldest member of the family, nearly dies from smoke suffocation before falling down the stairs during the night. Just before she dies from her injuries, Barnaby learns from her that someone had pushed her and soon discovers her near - death earlier in the evening was no accident. Both he and Scott soon find themselves trying to determine the motive for Lydia 's death, and quickly uncover many secrets and lies tied to Ferdinand 's suicide, before another member of the family is killed in what appears to be a shooting accident. Series 8 ( 2004 -- 05 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 36 `` Things That Go Bump in the Night '' Peter Smith Peter J. Hammond 10 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 10 ) May / June 2004 8.56 When local undertaker, Patrick Pennyman, is found by his wife bludgeoned to death in his own chapel of rest with a heavy object, Barnaby and Scott find themselves wondering who within Fletcher 's Cross left him with a shocked look upon his face before he was killed. As they investigate, the pair quickly find themselves drawn towards a local spiritualist church that had been heavily controversial in the village, after a friend of Joyce, investigating both the church and the undertaker on suspicion that they were stealing from the dead and using information acquired from them, is murdered shortly after the latest spiritualist meeting. 37 `` Dead in the Water '' Renny Rye Douglas Watkinson 17 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 17 ) June / July 2004 9.13 A day at the annual Midsomer Regatta is cut short for Barnaby, when the body of Guy Sweetman, a member of a local boating club, emerges from the river at Morton Shallows. Both he and Scott quickly learn that Guy was a ladies ' man with many enemies, and had been in secret meetings with a few other members. It 's not long before the two detectives uncover lies, jealously, a planned robbery and blackmail, before the latest woman Guy loved and was planning to marry, is attacked and nearly killed. 38 `` Orchis Fatalis '' Peter Smith Terry Hodgkinson 9 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 09 ) July / August 2004 8.74 When a female classics scholar, a member of a group of orchid lovers, is found poisoned in her own home by a local handyman, Barnaby find himself returning to Midsomer Malham the day after he and his wife had helped out in the village 's annual garden show. It quickly transpires that the victim not only had a secret lover, but had also smuggled a rare, priceless, one - of - a-kind orchid - the Yellow Roth - out of Borneo. It soon becomes clear the orchid was the motive for her murder, when one of the other members who bought the Roth is soon found dead, with their own collection destroyed. 39 `` Bantling Boy '' Sarah Hellings Steve Trafford 16 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 16 ) September / October 2004 8.80 A successful day at the races for the racehorse, Bantling Boy, is overshadowed the following day when Bruce Hartley, one of the horse 's owners and an alcoholic horse trainer, is found murdered within the horse 's stables, having been struck on the back of the head. Barnaby and Scott quickly learn that the night before his murder, Hartley had been in dispute with the other owners of the horse at Bantling Hall, and had refused to allow them to accept an offer to buy the horse. Although they assume the motive was over the sale of the horse, they soon find a darker motive when one of the other owners is murdered in the exact same fashion, but with a pennant of cloth left in their mouth. 40 5 `` Second Sight '' Richard Holthouse Tony Etchells 23 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 23 ) October / November 2004 8.69 Barnaby and Scott are drawn into the strange world surrounding the ability of `` Second Sight '', when they find themselves in the village of Midsomer Mere to investigate the sudden death of John Ransom, shortly after he had been kicked out of the local pub for fighting with his brother - in - law over the upcoming baptism of his niece. John is quickly discovered to have been a lab rabbit for his brother Max, who suspected he had the ability, much like those of local family, the Kirbys. As Barnaby tries to determine if the ability is real, he soon encounters tensions between the two families, an unlucky bookmaker, a priest attempting to save the local church, a man who he swears he saw before, and more murders. 41 6 `` Hidden Depths '' Sarah Hellings David Hoskins 13 March 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 13 ) November / December 2004 8.56 While it appears to be suicide at first, Barnaby is quickly convinced by the evidence he sees that Nick Turner, a solicitor who lived in Midsomer Magna, did not walk off the roof of his home, but was dropped to his death. When it transpires that his neighbour, Jack Wilmot, has disappeared shortly after his death, both Barnaby and Scott begin a search for answers, and soon turn up rumours that Nick had lost money he had stolen from his clients ' accounts. It 's not long before their investigations turn sinister, when Nick 's rival, Otto Benham, is brutally murdered after having wine bottles catapulted at him, all within view of his wife. 42 7 `` Sauce for the Goose '' Renny Rye Andrew Payne 3 April 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 03 ) January / February 2005 9.73 When the body of a man is found dead and naked, within the sterilizer of the Plummer & Son Famous Relish factory in Little Upton, Barnaby finds himself investigating the Plummer family, the makers of his father 's favourite condiment. The victim was well known to the family and had been on a tour of the factory the day before his body was found, around the same time that the Plummers had been discussing the state of the floundering business during a general meeting, to which Ralph Plummer had angered his siblings by refusing to sell it. It 's not long before legal documents, resentment of the family, and odd sightings, add to the mystery of the investigations. 43 8 `` Midsomer Rhapsody '' Richard Holthouse Richard Cameron 2 October 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 02 ) February / March 2005 6.97 Arthur Leggott, a retired music teacher, is bludgeoned to death in his home in Badger 's Drift, when he confronts an intruder who apparently came for a musical manuscript by the late composer, Joan Alder. It soon becomes clear the manuscript is the key to solving the murders, when a valuable one that had been sold cheaply at auction, shows signs it had been written by another hand, as more murders slowly follow the first. Last appearance of DS Dan Scott Series 9 ( 2005 -- 06 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 44 `` The House in the Woods '' Peter Smith Barry Simner 9 October 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 09 ) May / June 2005 8.49 Caroline and Peter Cave are house - hunting in Midsomer Newton. While checking out, they mention they have n't been able to find what they 're looking for : something old and derelict that they can do up. Anne Merrick tells them that Winyard, the perfect abandoned cottage in the woods, might be for sale. At the real estate agency, they are told the house is not yet available for viewing. Later that evening they find the house on their own. However, Caroline has read up on the cottage 's haunted reputation and only reluctantly explores it with Peter. The next morning they are found strangled in their own car. D.C.I. Barnaby starts the investigation with the help of PC Ben Jones ( as Scott has called in sick ) and they come across the world of estate agents, identical twins, ghosts, piano wire, and more before another body turns up. First appearance of PC Ben Jones as Acting DC ( later promoted to DS Ben Jones ) 45 `` Dead Letters '' Renny Rye Peter J. Hammond 26 February 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 26 ) June / July 2005 8.54 Villagers of Midsomer Barton are all set to celebrate Oak Apple Week, especially as the carnival queen event is set to return after an eight year absence. Yet the body of the mother of a deceased, one - time carnival queen, found in a stream, looks set to spoil things, as Barnaby and Jones find themselves digging up the past. From familiar faces, to drunken boasts and hidden obessions, it slowly becomes clear that the mother 's daughter might be the key to solving the murder, when more deaths follow. 46 `` Vixen 's Run '' Peter Smith Michael Aitkens 5 March 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 05 ) July / August 2005 8.94 Wealthy, eccentric and obese aristocrat Freddy Butler drops dead, shortly after gathering all three of his wives at Haddington Hall to make an announcement. Although George Bullard is adamant his death is from natural causes, the case is far from simple when Freddy 's solicitor is deliberately killed in a house fire shortly afterwards and Freddy 's will goes missing. Barnaby and Jones find themselves investigating the extended Butler family, uncovering hidden secrets, illegitimate children and elusive treasure in the process. 47 `` Down Among the Dead Men '' Renny Rye Douglas Watkinson 12 March 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 12 ) September / October 2005 8.07 Martin Barrett, a local council clerk living in Midsomer Worthy, is murdered during the night by shotgun, prompting Barnaby and Jones to find a motive for his murder. When they discover that Barrett was an expert blackmailer, his victims become prime suspects for his death - from a local pub landlord, a cleaner, a prominent member of the police board, to a former marine geologist. As they investigate, finding themselves drawn to the seaside, they slowly uncover deception, theft, attempted blackmail and hatred. 48 5 `` Four Funerals and a Wedding '' Sarah Hellings Elizabeth - Anne Wheal 24 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 24 ) October / November 2005 7.29 In the village of Broughton, a ninety - year - old battle of the sexes has often occurred, with men trying to oppose an event that the women have managed to successfully hold without interruption, until it culminates with casualties on both sides - Mildred Danvers, an elderly woman who had returned on the day of a funeral and poisoned in her hotel room, and Rev. Anthony Gant, shot during a major event being held in the village green, in view of many. It soon becomes clear someone may have wished to kill both to cover up a dark truth, and soon Barnaby has to figure out who amongst the village wanted both dead, complicated further when Gant 's curate is murdered next. 49 6 `` Country Matters '' Richard Holthouse Andrew Payne 10 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 10 ) November / December 2005 5.80 Villagers in Elverton - cum - Latterly are up in arms and divided, over the building of a supermarket. Things soon come to a head when independent environmental supervisor, Frank Hopkirk, is found stabbed to death at a Jubb 's Timber Yard, the site of the new supermarket, by a pair of children. When Barnaby and Jones investigate to determine who wanted Hopkirk dead, they find out that he secretly came to the village under various aliases for sexual rendezvous with various women in fantasy role - playing scenarios, and that he had been making further investigations on the future development site and having doubts over claims it was contaminated. Either someone did n't like his investigations, or someone did n't like his sexual appetite, but either way, Barnaby finds himself investigating lies and more to uncover the truth. 50 7 `` Death in Chorus '' Sarah Hellings David Lawrence 3 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 03 ) January / February 2006 6.28 Barnaby and DC Ben Jones ( Jason Hughes ) find themselves attempting to unravel the deaths of a choir tenor, and later a bird watcher, before more murders occur. The case is complicated by a rivalry between the Midsomer Worthy and Aston Wherry choirs, due to compete in an upcoming competition, and suspicions that an art scam is to be conducted, and soon Barnaby and Jones become concerned about a local woman, who they fear may become a victim herself. Particularly when it becomes clear the bird watcher had been photographing suspicious activity of late. 51 8 `` Last Year 's Model '' Richard Holthouse David Hoskins 17 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 17 ) February / March 2006 6.78 A few months ago, Annie Woodrow was arrested, accused of murdering her friend, Frances Trevelyan, on the motive of wanting Frances ' husband. Her time in court has come, but DCI Barnaby is certain she still is holding things back in regards to the murder, and decides to monitor the trial. Yet a chance remark by Frances ' youngest daughter, and a meeting with an old friend and psychiatrist, makes him begin to doubt the evidence for her conviction. Soon he and DC Jones, awaiting news of his promotion to DS, find themselves reinvestigating the case, and it soon becomes clear that they may have missed details that could implicate another in the murder. Series 10 ( 2006 -- 08 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 52 `` Dance with the Dead '' Peter Smith Peter J. Hammond 12 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 12 ) May / June 2006 7.80 A disused airfield near Morton Fendle is the location for a romantic evening between young Simon Bright and his girlfriend Laura Sharp - absolutely nothing could ruin their date. The next morning, when Frances Kirby is out for her morning jog, she notices the vintage car they were in up at the airfield, containing Simon Bright 's dead body, with Laura nowhere to be seen. Confused, Detective Chief Inspector Barnaby and D.S. Jones ca n't work out whether it was a suicide pact or murder. Furthermore, they 've got to find Miss Sharp and their investigation leads them to linking Simon and Laura with the villagers of Morton Fendle, who met at Elaine Trim 's dancing classes. Eventually, the Barnaby family plus Jones make it to a 40s style dance night at the village hall before more villagers start turning up dead. 53 `` The Animal Within '' Renny Rye David Hoskins 19 January 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 19 ) June / July 2006 6.95 When Faith Alexander ( Lisa Eichhorn ) arrives in Midsomer County to meet her long - lost uncle Rex Masters, she gets a shock - Rex 's staff had been told that she was dead. Things become even more complex when Rex 's body is found in a nearby river, bearing wounds that suggest he was murdered. Barnaby and Jones are soon on the case, trying to establish who would have wanted the elderly man dead. Several people soon come forward with multiple wills, which confuse the matter, but when two more people, close friends of Rex, are also murdered, the investigation raises question on the motive, leading Barnaby to wonder if it was down to finances, passion, or something from Rex 's past. 54 `` King 's Crystal '' Peter Smith Steve Trafford 26 January 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 26 ) July / August 2006 6.88 Following the death of Alan King while on a business trip to China, the family company, King 's Crystal, is in financial trouble. As plans to shut the Midsomer Magna factory are being put into action, Alan 's wife Hilary and brother Charles are married in the village church - much to the dismay of Alan 's son Ian. In addition to strife between members of the family, the factory workers are outraged at the loss of their jobs. So when company accountant Peter Baxter is found murdered, Barnaby and Jones suspect a disgruntled employee is to blame. But in order to investigate the matter further, Jones is forced to work undercover, and infiltrate the local group of Freemasons in the village. 55 `` The Axeman Cometh '' Renny Rye Michael Aitkens 2 February 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 02 ) August / September 2006 6.87 The music lovers of Midsomer County are delighted when a host of bands arrives for the Midsomer Rocks festival. Barnaby himself is particularly looking forward to seeing recently re-formed rock band, Hired Gun, perform on stage, but he soon gets close to the band for rather unfortunate reasons. During their opening performance, the band 's singer, Mimi ( Suzi Quatro ), falls to the ground dead - electrocuted by a wire that had been run through the microphone stand. Barnaby and Jones soon find the rest of the band could be targets, and when another is killed, questions are raised as to whether former band member, Ginger Foxton, who went missing for 30 years and is presumed dead, is still at large. The detectives soon have to delve into a world of rock music, drug use and greed, to find the truth. First appearance of Simon Dixon ( Cully 's boyfriend and later fiance, portrayed by Sam Hazeldine ). 56 5 `` Death and Dust '' Sarah Hellings Douglas Watkinson 8 May 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 08 ) October / November 2006 6.18 The suspicious death of popular young GP Dr Alan Delaney brings Barnaby and Jones to Midsomer Market to investigate. The detectives are baffled as to a motive for murder - until they consider that the newly engaged Dr James Kirkwood may have been the intended victim. Before long, Barnaby and Jones are heading to Wales - former home to Delyth Mostyn, James 's fiancee, to delve deeper into the mystery. There are certainly possible suspects in the murder and attempt on Kirkwood, from Delyth 's children, who oppose the engagement, Delyth 's husband, and more, as the detectives investigate things, in hopes of uncovering the truth before a major walk is to take place on Mount Snowdon. First appearance of WPC ( later DC ) Gail Stephens 57 6 `` Picture of Innocence '' Richard Holthouse Andrew Payne 3 June 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 03 ) November / December 2006 7.31 In the build - up to Luxton Deeping 's annual photographic exhibition, a battle rages between the traditional and digital photographers of the pretty village. The dispute seems harmless enough - until Lionel Bell is found murdered in a nearby woodland, strangled with the cord of his light meter. Barnaby soon gets to work tracking down the killer, but it seems someone is trying to implicate the detective in the murder. And once he is replaced on the case, finding the culprit seems less likely than ever, as his replacement is more concerned of an upcoming wedding than the investigation. Barnaby is forced to work off the case to uncover who is framing him, and who wants dead other photographers in the village. 58 7 `` They Seek Him Here '' Sarah Hellings Barry Purchese 27 April 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 27 ) January / February 2007 7.98 The residents of Midsomer Magna are thrilled when a production crew arrives at the local manor house to film a version of The Scarlet Pimpernel. But the crew members are n't the only visitors to the area - Jones has spotted notorious criminal George Ince nearby. But when the director, Nick Cheney, is found dead - his head severed by a prop guillotine - Barnaby must discover who would have wanted the victim dead. It soon becomes clear that things are not so simple, and the detectives soon have to shift through varying motives, layered by lies, hidden truths, and a possible robbery to be committed. 59 8 `` Death in a Chocolate Box '' Richard Holthouse Tony Etchells 11 May 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 11 ) February / March 2007 6.88 Barnaby is in Midsomer Holm, bidding farewell to reformed criminal Ronnie Tyler, who has taken part in a rehabilitation scheme in the village. Also present is disgraced ex-policeman Jack Colby, a former colleague of Barnaby 's - but Jack refuses to talk to his old friend. When Jack is murdered, the detective must delve into the dark secrets in the victim 's past. There are certainly dark secrets to uncover, and Barnaby has to determine whether the victim 's part in a scandal years earlier at Causton police station, is key to the mystery behind his death. It is n't long before he finds that Eddie Marston is attempting blackmail, and soon murdered as a result, and that Lord Holm is in love with Jack 's wife, psychotherapist Gina. Series 11 ( 2008 -- 10 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 60 `` Shot at Dawn '' Richard Holthouse Michael Aitkens 1 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) July / August 2007 6.62 It 's a good day for the Hicks family, as the name of Tommy Hicks - who was executed during World War I for `` cowardice and desertion '' - is added to the list on Midsomer Parva 's war memorial. Tommy 's son Lionel and grandson Dave, mayor of Causton and whom Barnaby does not like ( owing to dodgy building work by the mayor 's company ), are thrilled, but the snooty Hammonds are decidedly less pleased. Henry, the patriarch of the Hammond family, is particularly riled by his insalubrious neighbours, and has nurtured a long - running feud with the Hickses. But the evening after a battle re-enactment in the village, Henry is murdered - and Barnaby must delve into the history of the two families to find the killer, discovering a web of fraud, lies, and hidden truths. 61 `` Blood Wedding '' Peter Smith David Lawrence 6 July 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 06 ) June / July 2007 7.20 As the Barnabys prepare for Cully 's wedding, Lord Fitzroy and Beth Porteous are married in the pretty village of Bledlow. At the lavish reception at Bledlow Hall that follows, however, tragedy strikes - maid of honour Marina Fellowes is found murdered in one of the rooms by some of the guests. With their honeymoon cancelled, the Fitzroys must contend with a police presence in their home, as Barnaby and Jones try to learn more about the family history. It soon becomes clear there are secrets, deception, and an illegtimate son involved in the mystery, which is further complicated when the estate manager is killed by an arrow. Last appearance of Simon Dixon and final, guest appearance of DI Gavin Troy 62 `` Left for Dead '' Renny Rye Michael Crompton 20 July 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 20 ) August / September 2007 7.25 Barnaby and Jones are in Dunstan to investigate the deaths of a reclusive couple. As they try to establish whether Ron and Libby Wilson were murdered or died of natural causes, their attention is drawn to a dispute raging between a local builder and road protesters nearby. When another death occurs, the detectives learn that there are plenty of dark secrets and fierce hostilities in this apparently idyllic village. Will Jack Purdy 's quick temper lead to violence? How far would the protesters go to prevent the bypass being built? And do current events somehow relate to the death of Michael Wilson many years earlier? 63 `` Midsomer Life '' Peter Smith David Hoskins 13 July 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 13 ) October / November 2007 7.16 When the body of Londoner Charlie Finleyson is discovered in woodland near Midsomer Sonning, Barnaby and Jones find themselves investigating employees at local Midsomer Life magazine. It turns out the dead man was married to the ex-wife of Guy Sandys, the wealthy owner of the publication. As the detectives become aware of a feud between Guy and the proprietor of the Morecroft Hotel, tensions are also heating up between the locals and visiting Londoners. Soon Barnaby and Jones find themselves to trying to piece together the truth about the murder, and soon learn that someone might be trying to conceal something in their past. 64 5 `` The Magician 's Nephew '' Richard Holthouse Michael Russell 27 July 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 27 ) November / December 2007 7.01 A children 's magic show goes horribly wrong when one of the performers dies during a trick. Barnaby and Jones discover that the victim was poisoned with a rare toxin extracted from Ecuadorean poison frogs - so the hunt is on for a particularly ruthless and imaginative killer. The detectives soon learn that a feud is raging between local occult practitioner Ernest Balliol and famous writer Aloysius Wilmington. While some of the villagers - such as Ernest 's daughter Isolde - believe that powerful magical forces are at play, others think the reasons for the bloodshed may have their roots in the distant past. Barnaby and Jones soon find themselves delving into the occult, magic, and ancients books of power, to determine what happened, and soon sense a mixture of both might be the motive for the murder, when a book shop owner is killed with shattered glass, laced in the same poison. 65 6 `` Days of Misrule '' Renny Rye Elizabeth - Anne Wheal 24 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 24 ) February / March 2008 5.89 Barnaby and Jones are forced to take part in a team building exercise and Tom has plenty of problems dealing with the young, new, acting Chief Superintendent, John Cotton ( Nick Fletcher ). Following an explosion in a truck that had been stored in a truck depot, a body is soon discovered in a nearby lake, which turns out to be Alec Grainger, who had been seen arguing with James Parkes ( Joseph Millson ), the son of Colonel Matt Parkes ( Tim Pigott - Smith ). James appears to be involved in shady business deals and is blamed by his grandmother Caroline Halsey ( Judy Parfitt ) -- and others -- for the suicide of a woman he got pregnant two years before. Barnaby and Jones find themselves delving into a mixture of fraud, smuggling, and lies, trying to piece together the truth. 66 7 `` Talking to the Dead '' Sarah Hellings David Lawrence 5 May 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 05 ) March / April 2008 5.92 When two couples vanish into thin air in the village of Monks Barton, Barnaby and Jones hear rumours of haunted woods and witchcraft. Barnaby remains sceptical of this, even when an unidentified body is found in a shallow grave and the missing start turning up dead. He soon has to determine if ghosts, criminals, or something else, is behind the abductions and murders. N.B. : This episode was delayed until 2010 : it finally aired on ITV one week before `` The Made - to - Measure Murders ''. Series 12 ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 67 `` The Dogleg Murders '' Richard Holthouse Andrew Payne 22 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 22 ) June / July 2008 6.14 No one could suspect that a prestigious golf club would be the setting for murder, but when one of the major members is found dead, bludgeoned to death in a thicket next to the 13th hole, Barnaby and Jones try to determine what made him leave the fairway. It seems the club has a rift between the snobbish members, and local villagers, the latter only allowed onto the course for a few hours a week. Before long, another member turns up dead, and the detectives soon find the club has a hidden history, involving gambling, illegal money lending and assault, prompting the pair to determine if a club member, or one of its staff, is responsible for the deeds. 68 `` The Black Book '' Peter Smith Nicholas Martin 5 August 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 05 ) July / August 2008 6.28 A newly discovered masterpiece by landscape artist Henry Hogson causes a stir when it is auctioned for £ 400,000 -- just hours before its former owner is tortured and killed. When another Hogson is stolen, Barnaby decides to become an expert on the Midsomer painter, with the help of art teacher Matilda Simms ( Susannah Harker ). He soon realises the paintings are not what they seem -- but the death toll is rising. 69 `` Secrets and Spies '' Renny Rye Michael Aitkens 29 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 29 ) August / September 2008 6.90 Former secret agent Geoffrey Larkin arrives in Midsomer Parva and stays at Allenby House, a country mansion run by former spies Sir Malcolm Frazer ( Benjamin Whitrow ), his son Nicky ( Peter Davison ) and Nicky 's wife Jenny ( Alice Krige ) as a safe house. Geoffrey is soon gashed to death after a cricket match in Midsomer Parva, and the locals blame the ' beast of Midsomer '. However, Barnaby -- a former spy himself -- soon realises that the killing has links to Allenby House and Cold War Berlin, but is initially thrown off the case by MI6. But when a further murder occurs MI6 Agent Glen Jarvis ( Neil Stuke ) asks Barnaby back on the case. 70 `` The Glitch '' Richard Holthouse Michael Russell 23 September 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) October / November 2008 6.34 Midsomer University science fellow and cycling enthusiast George Jeffers ( David Haig ) threatens to make public a problem with his state - of - the - art invention Kernel Logic, but American software boss Clinton Finn fears he will lose millions if the truth comes out. When a schoolteacher is killed in a hit - and - run, Barnaby suspects Jeffers was the intended target. The subsequent murder of a fellow cyclist ( Philip Jackson ) brings the involvement of fellow University associates ( Jonathan Cecil and Jim Norton ) into sharper focus. 71 5 `` Small Mercies '' Peter Smith Peter J. Hammond 28 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 28 ) November / December 2008 6.43 In the peaceful village of Little Worthy, Bob Moss was about to open up his beloved model village, when he found a gruesome extra attraction. Young local, Richard Tanner, had been stabbed in the side and his corpse tied down like Gulliver in Lilliput. Barnaby and Jones wonder who wanted him dead, but when the woman he was secretly meeting is killed during the village 's Crazy Craft race, the pair have to delve in and discover who might be lying and hiding secrets. 72 6 `` The Creeper '' Renny Rye Andrew Payne 27 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 27 ) February / March 2009 6.35 A cat burglar is on the loose, one known as `` the Creeper '', but the wave of burglaries they have committed, seem to have finally led to murder, when David Roper ( Rik Mayall ) is found smothered in his bed on the Chettham family estate. Yet Barnaby and Jones learn he may have been planning to write a book that could have been quite uncomfortable for someone, leading the pair to determine whether members of the Chettham family, or their friends, were responsible. 73 7 `` The Great and the Good '' Richard Holthouse David Hoskins 14 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) March / April 2009 5.46 A sleep - walking school teacher ( Nancy Carroll ) starts to believe she has slit the throats of her mentor ( Tim Wylton ) and a local handyman man in her sleep, but her friends ( Paola Dionisotti and Monica Dolan ) are not convinced that she is the culprit, nor is Barnaby. A local philanthropist ( Paul Chapman ) and his social - climbing wife ( Suzanne Burden ) are planning the annual Frobisher night - but will it go without a hitch, and can they identify the killer? Series 13 ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 74 `` The Made - to - Measure Murders '' Peter Smith Andrew Payne 12 May 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 12 ) June / July 2009 5.53 The residents of Milton Cross, a feudal estate with a church, farms, houses and acres of land, depend on lord of the manor Edward Milton for their livelihoods. But when Sonia Woodley is stabbed in the churchyard two years after the death of her abusive husband Gerald, Barnaby and Jones investigate, trying to work out who killed her. It soon becomes clear someone took a pair of tailor scissors to do the deed, but who amongst the villagers could have done so, is unclear, and the investigation is complicated, when the pair learn the local reverend had received a letter from Sonia. When he himself is killed, the pair believe something in the letter may be key to solving the mystery. 75 `` The Sword of Guillaume '' Renny Rye Michael Aitkens 10 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 10 ) July / August 2009 7.02 Barnaby is not convinced about Mayor David Hicks ' plans to revive an annual trip to Brighton, suspecting his proposal to buy coastal land there, is rather a fraudulent scheme. Naturally, he joins the trip, but during their time in Brighton, a hated property developer ( Tim McInnerny ) is beheaded on a ghost house ride, prompting Barnaby to team up with his cousin to determine whether the developer 's renters, the mayor, a gloomy reverend ( Mark Gatiss ), or the lady of a large estate are responsible, and soon discovers a hotbed of jealously, debt, lies and more, conceal a far darker secret. First appearance of DCI John Barnaby, cousin of DCI Tom Barnaby. 76 `` Blood on the Saddle '' Richard Holthouse David Lawrence 8 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 08 ) August / September 2009 6.07 Ford Florey is a town with a Wild West Society and many grudges. During a Wild West show at the local faire, the witch on the ' Dunk the Witch ' stall is well and truly dunked but laughter soon turns to horror when she does n't get up and the water in the tank starts to turn red. Barnaby and Jones need to be quick on the draw to track down the murderer, and soon begin to wonder whether a dispute over land was the motive, or something far more sinister, especially when more people are killed, with methods linked to the Wild West. 77 `` The Silent Land '' Peter Smith Peter J. Hammond 22 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) October / November 2009 5.45 On a dark night in the village of March Magna, Barnaby 's wife Joyce swerves her car and narrowly misses a shadowy figure in the road - or so she thinks, when later that night a body is discovered in the old cemetery. The victim was a member of the council who was strange and weird, but someone seemed to have quite a grudge on him, and so Barnaby and Jones delve into his background, and the village, attempting to determine who might have wanted him dead, finding ghosts, grudges, and more beneath the village 's surface. 78 5 `` Master Class '' Renny Rye Nicholas Martin 6 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 06 ) February / March 2010 6.10 Piano student Zoe Stock has won a place at the Devington Manor Winter School led by internationally renowned musician, Sir Michael Fielding ( James Fox ). Yet when she is there, things become mysterious when from the river bank in the grounds of the manor she sees a woman jump from the bridge and disappear underwater. When Barnaby and Jones start investigating the possible drowning, they discover unsavoury connections to the past that could prove lethal 20 years later, especially when someone attempts to kill. It is n't long, before murder does occur, and the detectives attempt to fathom what occurred in the drowning, and the present day murders. 79 6 `` The Noble Art '' Richard Holthouse Barry Purchese 13 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 13 ) April 2010 5.70 When Midsomer Morchard 's very own boxer, John Kinsella, wins a world title in New York, the success seems to be a joyous time for all, until murder rears its ugly head. When a local solicitor is found dead by his assistant and Kinsella 's manager, Barnaby attempts to determine what is going on, and soon discover issues with inheritance, affairs, anger, and gambling to make matters difficult. Meanwhile Kinsella 's trainer Teddy Molloy ( Phil Daniels ) has his own hidden agenda. When a re-enactment of a Victorian boxing match gets heated, and Kinsella 's manager is found dead in his home 's gym, the pair attempt to determine who is responsible, although Barnaby 's judgement seems to be clouded on this one. 80 7 `` Not in My Back Yard '' Peter Smith J.C. Wilsher 12 January 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 12 ) May / June 2010 6.93 A planning dispute turns to murder, after a leading light in the Midsomer Conservation Society suspects her neighbours are involved in a money - making development scam. Political wrangling, burglaries and sexual liaisons abound in picturesque Great Pelfe - but when a member of the possible scam is themselves murdered, Barnaby wonders what is truly going on behind the scenes of an important by - election. 81 8 `` Fit for Murder '' Renny Rye Andrew Payne 2 February 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 02 ) June / July 2010 8.10 Barnaby reluctantly accompanies Joyce on a spa weekend to Swavely Manor. But as he attempts to de-stress, a woman is found dead in the flotation chamber. He abandons his treatment to investigate, but his personal worries are never far away as he contemplates his future, while trying to determine if an argument between the spa 's owners and their neighbours is the motive, or something else. Last appearance of Tom Barnaby, Joyce Barnaby, Cully Barnaby, and DC Gail Stephens Series 14 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 82 `` Death in the Slow Lane '' Richard Holthouse Michael Aitkens 23 March 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 23 ) July / August 2010 6.44 New DCI John Barnaby arrives in Midsomer and is bemused by the quaint villages and their quirky residents. But when a local DJ is crushed to death at a traditional girls ' boarding school, he soon discovers that murder and deception are never far away. As the death toll rises, could Barnaby 's first case also be his last? First appearance of Sykes the dog 83 `` Dark Secrets '' Simon Langton Michael Aitkens 30 March 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 30 ) August / September 2010 6.32 The reclusive lives of elderly eccentrics William and Mary Bingham ( Edward Fox and Phyllida Law ) comes under police scrutiny when a social services investigator ( Jeff Rawle ) is murdered. Barnaby and Jones must unearth generations of family secrets and decipher astronomical charts to find the killer. First appearance of Sarah Barnaby 84 `` Echoes of the Dead '' Nick Laughland Peter J. Hammond 20 April 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 20 ) September / October 2010 5.47 When a young woman is dressed like a bride and drowned in a bath, it triggers a spate of ghoulish wedding - themed murders in Great Worthy. The case takes Barnaby and Jones to a donkey sanctuary, a heritage steam railway and a pub run by an ex-copper and former brothel madam. With the serial killer still at large, could history be repeating itself? 85 `` The Oblong Murders '' Renny Rye David Hoskins 25 May 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 25 ) October / November 2010 5.33 Jones goes undercover at the Oblong Foundation after one of the cult 's young female members disappears suddenly. But he and Barnaby soon start digging into an old case involving the death of a couple in a boat explosion. Last appearance of Dr. George Bullard 86 5 `` The Sleeper Under the Hill '' Nick Laughland David Lawrence 21 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) March / April 2011 5.83 In Midsomer Mow, the gruesome discovery of a farmer 's eviscerated body in an ancient stone circle is made just days before the spring equinox. First appearance of Dr. Kate Wilding 87 6 `` The Night of the Stag '' Simon Langton Nicholas Martin 12 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) May / June 2011 6.04 A VAT inspector goes missing as he hunts for an illicit cider still responsible for brewing The Beast, a potent local hooch. At the Midsomer Abbas spring fayre which celebrates its friendship with Midsomer Herne, Barnaby and Jones sample the local cider, while temperance preacher Norman Grigor calls on residents to repent of their drunken ways. Suddenly, Barnaby is violently ill as the body of missing man Peter Slim is found floating in the cider vat. Meanwhile Samuel Quested ( Warren Clarke ), the traditionalist mayor of Midsomer Abbas, seeks to revive the ancient rite known as ' The Stag '. 88 7 `` A Sacred Trust '' Renny Rye Rachel Cuperman and Sally Griffiths 26 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 26 ) June / July 2011 6.38 Barnaby and Jones investigate the cloistered world of Midsomer Priory when a nun is strangled to death. The detectives uncover a complex mystery involving holy orders, teenage romantic liaisons, African art and missing antique silver as the community is forced to open its doors to 21st - century policing. 89 8 `` A Rare Bird '' Nick Laughland Steve Trafford 11 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) July / August 2011 6.43 A row between keen birdwatchers in Midsomer - in - the - Marsh turns nasty when their president is killed. Patrick Morgan met his death while hoping to sight a rare bird, but is his obsession with ornithology to blame -- or something more sinister? Series 15 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 90 `` The Dark Rider '' Alex Pillai Michael Aitkens 1 February 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 01 ) September / October 2011 6.94 When Bentham DeQuetteville falls to his death from a roof after seeing a headless horseman, his aristocratic family seem more concerned about their forthcoming Civil War re-enactment than the incident. As Barnaby and Jones try to find out the truth behind the ghostly figure, their investigation uncovers shocking secrets about the DeQuettevilles. 91 `` Murder of Innocence '' Renny Rye Elizabeth - Anne Wheal 21 March 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 21 ) November / December 2011 5.60 When a barrister is killed in Midsomer, suspicion falls on convicted murderer Grady Felton. Grady has just returned to the village of Binwell where he committed the murder years ago amid much anger from locals. But Grady has a solid alibi. Barnaby suspects he is working with an accomplice -- until Grady himself is targeted in an arson attack. 92 `` Written in the Stars '' Renny Rye Steve Trafford 25 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) May / June 2012 5.05 As darkness covers Midsomer Stanton during a total eclipse of the sun, amateur astronomer Jeremy Harper is killed by a blow to the head with a meteorite. Barnaby and Jones soon discover intrigue, sexual tension and academic rivalry are rife among the star - seeking community. 93 `` Death and the Divas '' Nick Laughland Rachel Cuperman and Sally Griffiths 2 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 02 ) April / May 2012 6.49 The murder of a journalist has chilling echoes of a 1960s horror film starring Midsomer 's own Stella Harris. When Stella 's more famous sister returns after a 40 - year family rift, the killings escalate, each reminiscent of a movie plot. Is life -- and death -- imitating art? 94 5 `` The Sicilian Defence '' Alex Pillai Paul Logue 9 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 09 ) June / July 2012 6.95 Harriet Farmer wakes up after being in a coma since the night she tried to elope. Soon afterwards, a serial killer strikes members of a chess club. Could the attack which left Harriet for dead a year ago be linked to moves on a chess board? And where is her boyfriend Finn? 95 6 `` Schooled in Murder '' Andy Hay Lisa Holdsworth 30 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) July / August 2012 6.89 When Debbie Moffett is crushed to death with a giant round of cheese at the home of the world - famous Midsomer Blue, secret and controversial plans to modernise the dairy are revealed while rumours about private lives of the parents cause a row at the prestigious local prep school. As other people linked to the dairy meet agonising deaths, long - held secrets start to emerge. Last regular appearance of DS Ben Jones Series 16 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 96 `` The Christmas Haunting '' Nick Laughland Chris Murray 24 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 24 ) June / July 2013 4.92 DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson investigate the fatal stabbing of a man with an antique sword during a ghost - hunting party at a ' haunted ' manor house. Is blacksmith 's daughter Rose Wilton seeking revenge from the beyond the grave, or can Barnaby and Nelson find a more earthly motive behind the murder and trap the killer? First appearance of DS Charlie Nelson 97 `` Let Us Prey '' Alex Pillai Paul Logue 8 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 08 ) April / May 2013 6.06 A series of murders in Midsomer St Claire seem to be inspired by macabre images on a medieval fresco recently discovered in the church crypt. As the village prepares for storms and flooding it appears that someone is using ancient torture methods to punish modern - day ' sinners '. But who is responsible and why? 98 `` Wild Harvest '' Renny Rye Rachel Cuperman & Sally Griffiths 29 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 29 ) May / June 2013 6.24 When Martin Strickland, a local farmer is found dead in his own woods, covered by truffle oil and mauled to death by a wild boar, the investigation leads Barnaby to Wyvern House, a posh picturesque country house restaurant run by a very passionate celebrity chef ( Sharon Small ). But soon, another murder occurs and this time, the poison spreads further than the intended target. 99 `` The Flying Club '' Luke Watson Michael Aitkens 5 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 05 ) July / August 2013 6.05 When the owner of Finchmere Airfield is dropped from a plane to meet a gruesome death, Barnaby and Nelson find the exciting world of stunt pilots and military heroes hides many dark secrets. Are anti-aircraft campaigners behind Bernard King 's murder or does it link back to a tragic World War Two mission? 100 5 `` The Killings of Copenhagen '' Alex Pillai Paul Logue 12 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 12 ) September / October 2013 6.54 DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson join forces with two female Danish police detectives after Eric Calder is poisoned by Strychnine coating when opening one of his famous golden clusters. First appearance of baby Betty Barnaby. This is the last episode to have been originally released on Region 1 DVD as 25 `` sets '', which have now been re-packaged as `` series '' 1 to 16 in redesigned packages. Series 17 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 101 `` The Dagger Club '' Alex Pillai Chris Murray 28 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) April / May 2014 5.91 The unveiling of a newly - discovered novel by deceased Midsomer crime - writer George Summersbee at the Luxton Deeping Crime Festival is jeopardised when the manuscript is stolen and a woman is fatally electrocuted by a booby - trapped roulette wheel. Can new dad Barnaby untangle a web of jealousy and obsession to find the killer? 102 `` Murder by Magic '' Charles Palmer Rachel Cuperman & Sally Griffiths 4 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) June / July 2014 5.59 Pub landlady Hannah Altman is crushed to death when a stunt goes wrong during a magic show by famous illusionist Gideon Latimer ( Andrew Lee Potts ), whose life is torn between his wife and his overbearing mother ( Amanda Burton ). When Kate discovers the safety wires have been sabotaged, a murder investigation is launched. Barnaby and Nelson uncover conflicts between the village church and Midsomer Oaks ' ancient pagan traditions. Vicar Magnus Soane ( Jack Shepherd ) and his curate repeatedly clash over these traditions. But with the murders seemingly all linked to Gideon 's illusions, who is staging the deathly tricks and why? 103 `` The Ballad of Midsomer County '' Renny Rye Paul Logue 11 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) May / June 2014 5.39 It 's the day of the Little Crosby Folk Festival and organiser Toby Winning is found dead, having drowned in a bowl of eggs and live eels. The murder seems to have been inspired by a ballad made famous by the late, lamented star Johnny Carver. Then it comes to light the victim recently announced plans to move the event to a new location, which would have cost local entrepreneur Frank Wainwright dearly. Toby 's estranged wife Alice also comes under suspicion, before two further killings take place, echoing more lyrics from the song. 104 `` A Vintage Murder '' Nick Laughland Lisa Holdsworth 18 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) August 2014 5.03 The launch of the latest sparkling wine by Midsomer Vinae Winery falls flat when critic Nadia Simons gives it a scathing review, then guests sampling the vintage start to collapse. Owner William Carnarvon suspects the Farmers ' Wives Association of trying to destroy his business, while his wife Diana frets over her mother Matilda, one of the victims. Pathologist Kate reveals the drink was laced with slug poison, but how is the attack connected to the death of a child in a hit - and - run? Barnaby and Nelson are called in to investigate. Last appearance of Dr. Kate Wilding Series 18 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 105 `` Habeas Corpus '' Alex Pillai Rachel Cuperman & Sally Griffiths 6 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) March / April 2015 6.04 When wealthy landowner Gregory Lancaster 's body goes missing on the night of his death, a sinister web of secrets and lies is exposed in the village of Little Malton. DCI Barnaby, DS Nelson and new Forensic Pathologist Kam Karimore are drawn into a macabre world of body - snatching as they seek to identify the villain. First appearance of Dr. Kam Karimore 106 `` The Incident at Cooper Hill '' Renny Rye Paul Logue 13 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 13 ) April / May 2015 5.90 Mysterious lights are seen in the sky over famous UFO hot - spot Cooper Hill. When a local forest - ranger suffers a strange death, the visiting UFO spotters are convinced aliens are responsible. DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson unearth suspicions, betrayals and long - buried secrets in their search for the truth. 107 `` Breaking the Chain '' Rob Evans Chris Murray 27 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) June / July 2015 5.80 An international cycling competition comes to the Midsomer village of Burwood Mantle. When the race leader is murdered, DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson find themselves drawn into a ruthlessly competitive world of blackmail, bribery and bloodshed where winning comes at any cost. 108 `` A Dying Art '' Matt Carter Jeff Povey 3 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) July / August 2015 5.54 Art comes to the picturesque Midsomer village of Angel 's Rise with the opening of a new Sculpture Park. But when its launch is marred by murder, DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson have to get creative to crack a case where art imitates death, and everything has a deeper meaning. 109 5 `` Saints and Sinners '' Renny Rye Lisa Holdsworth 10 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) August / September 2015 5.83 The discovery of a Saint 's bones at an archaeological dig causes a stir in the village of Midsomer Cicely. But when the leader of the dig is murdered, DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson soon realise that it 's not only skeletons that have been long buried in the hallowed ground. 110 6 `` Harvest of Souls '' Nick Laughland Caleb Ranson 17 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) September / October 2015 5.60 The annual harvest fair and the daredevil riders of the Wall of Death come to Midsomer village Whitcombe Mallet. When the owner of an equestrian centre is trampled by his horse DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson have to unravel a complex feud from the past, where nothing is what it seems. Last appearance of DS Charlie Nelson and of Sykes the dog. Series 19 ( 2016 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 111 `` The Village That Rose from the Dead '' Nick Laughland Rachel Cuperman & Sally Griffiths 18 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 18 ) April / May 2016 5.68 The ghost village of Little Auburn has been abandoned since the war. When a young man is found murdered during its grand reopening, DCI Barnaby and DS Winter must unravel a sinister web of lies from both past and present in order to catch the killer. First appearances of DS Jamie Winter ( Nick Hendrix ) and Paddy the Dog 112 `` Crime and Punishment '' Renny Rye Paul Logue 4 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) May / June 2016 6.25 The Bleakridge Watch patrols the streets of their remote village, exposing anyone who steps outside the law. When one of their members dies, DCI Barnaby and DS Winter uncover just how far some people will go for power... 113 `` Last Man Out '' Matt Carter Jeff Povey 11 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) June / July 2016 6.55 Tensions run high in Lower Pampling as a new type of cricket threatens a century of tradition. When a star cricketer dies during a tournament, DCI Barnaby and DS Winter 's investigation draws them into a dangerous game with a surprise visitor from Barnaby 's past... Guest appearance by DI Ben Jones ( Jason Hughes ) 114 `` Red in Tooth & Claw '' Steve Hughes Lisa Holdsworth 18 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) August / September 2016 5.98 When a dead body is discovered covered in live rabbits, DCI Barnaby and DS Winter uncover a sinister side to the local pet show. Is this a rivalry taken too far or is the killer driven by something darker? 115 5 `` Death by Persuasion '' Alex Pillai Chris Murray 20 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) ( AUS ) 13 May 2018 ( UK ) September / October 2016 5.5 When a young woman slips away from a camp site where a Jane Austen fantasy event is taking place dressed in period attire, and is found stabbed in the woods with a quill, DCI Barnaby and DS Winter discover that the victim was a journalist interested in the village 's healthcare drone delivery program, and are forced to look back in time to find the killer. 116 6 `` The Curse of the Ninth '' Matt Carter Julia Gilbert 27 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) ( AUS ) 20 May 2018 ( UK ) October / November 2016 4.68 Barnaby and Winter uncover multiple motives when the winner of a fought - after music award is found strangled with a violin string moments before a performance, including rivalry over the prize, disagreements about the music festival business, and a missing Stradivarius violin. Last appearance of Dr. Kam Karimore Series 20 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) On 2 May 2018, all six episodes of series 20 were made available in the U.S. through streaming services Acorn TV and BritBox. No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 117 `` The Ghost of Causton Abbey '' Matt Carter Helen Jenkins 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA TBA Causton is buzzing at the opening of a new brewery on the site of a famously cursed Abbey. But excitement turns to fear when a man is found boiled to death in one of the vats. DCI Barnaby and DS Winter are puzzled ; could this really be about beer? First appearance of Dr. Fleur Perkins 118 `` Death of the Small Coppers '' Paul Harrison Chris Murray 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA TBA When Mahesh Sidana - butterfly collector and founding member of an elite IQ society - is found murdered, pinned to a wall in a manner akin to his treasured butterfly specimens, DCI Barnaby and DS Winter are thrust into a crime that impacts not only on their community, but internationally. With the help of an old friend, can they catch the culprit before another victim is found? 119 `` Drawing Dead '' Toby Frow Jeff Povey 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA TBA Carver Valley 's comic festival is in full swing when the village is shocked by the murder of a former supermodel. With a scathing comic shaming several villagers as the only lead, Barnaby and Winter are left trying to separate fact from fiction. 120 `` The Lions of Causton '' Matt Carter Nick Hicks - Beach 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA TBA Barnaby gets to relive his former days of sporting glory when a death at the local Rugby Club sends Barnaby and Winter into a muddle of rucks, old grudges, new romances... and artisanal chocolates? 121 5 `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Audrey Cooke Helen Jenkins 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA TBA Barnaby is less than impressed when Sarah drags him to a family friend 's wedding. But soon things go from bad to worse when tragedy strikes and Barnaby is called into action to catch a murderer with an apparent penchant for local brides. 122 6 `` Send in the Clowns '' Nick Laughland Julia Gilbert 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA TBA Things take a gruesome turn when Ferabbees Circus comes to town, bringing with it a chain of sinister clown sightings, threatening notes and deathly dangerous circus acts. Barnaby will have to face up to his fears in order to solve the case. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Guardian ( 2 January 2008 ). `` Midsomer shines for ITV ''. London. Retrieved 9 April 2008. Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders celebrates 20th Anniversary ''. `` ITV Press Centre ''. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders says farewell as Sykes retires ''. ITV. ITV PLC. 22 September 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2018. Jump up ^ Moodie, Clemmie ( 26 December 2016 ). `` TV 's dog star bow - wows out... at 98! Pet who appeared in Midsomer Murders, Cranford and host of TV adverts hangs up his collar for a well - earned retirement ''. The Daily Mail. Associated Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 20 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders : Season 20 ''. Amazon Video. Retrieved 5 May 2018. External links ( edit ) Full episode guide at IMDB.com hide Midsomer Murders Episodes `` Destroying Angel '' `` Electric Vendetta '' `` Ring Out Your Dead '' `` Market For Murder '' `` Painted in Blood '' `` Dead in the Water '' `` Orchis Fatalis '' `` Second Sight '' `` The Christmas Haunting '' `` The Killings of Copenhagen '' Characters Tom Barnaby Novels by Caroline Graham The Killings at Badger 's Drift ( 1987 ) Death of a Hollow Man ( 1989 ) Death in Disguise ( 1992 ) Written in Blood ( 1994 ) Faithful unto Death ( 1996 ) A Place of Safety ( 1999 ) A Ghost in the Machine ( 2004 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Midsomer_Murders_episodes&oldid=845239476 '' Categories : Lists of British crime television series episodes Midsomer Murders Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2016 Use British English from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Magyar Polski Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018, at 12 : 15. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of Midsomer Murders episodes", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Midsomer_Murders_episodes&amp;oldid=845239476" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "wikipedia List of Midsomer murders episodes Midsomer Murders is a British television detective drama that has aired on ITV since 1997. The show is based on Caroline Graham 's Chief Inspector Barnaby book series, as originally adapted by Anthony Horowitz. The current lead character is DCI John Barnaby ( Neil Dudgeon ), who works for Causton CID. Dudgeon 's character is the younger cousin of former lead character DCI Tom Barnaby ( John Nettles ). Dudgeon first appeared as randy gardener Daniel Bolt in the Series 4 episode `` Garden of Death ''. Dudgeon permanently joined the show in 2011 following Nettles 's departure. As of 20 May 2018, 116 episodes have aired over 19 series. Episodes 1 to 100 were originally released on DVD as 25 `` sets, '' which are now discontinued, and have been re-released as `` series '' 1 to 16 in redesigned packages. Series 20 was announced by ITV in April 2017. Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Pilot ( 1997 ) 2.2 Series 1 ( 1998 ) 2.3 Series 2 ( 1999 ) 2.4 Series 3 ( 1999 -- 00 ) 2.5 Series 4 ( 2000 -- 01 ) 2.6 Series 5 ( 2001 -- 02 ) 2.7 Series 6 ( 2003 )" ], "id": [ "2782928075817622371" ], "short_answers": [ "19" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Grapes of Wrath - wikipedia The Grapes of Wrath Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the novel. For other uses, see Grapes of Wrath ( disambiguation ). The Grapes of Wrath First edition cover Author John Steinbeck Cover artist Elmer Hader Country United States Language English Genre Novel Publisher The Viking Press - James Lloyd Publication date April 14, 1939 Pages 464 OCLC 289946 Dewey Decimal 813.52 The Grapes of Wrath is an American realist novel written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939. The book won the National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize for fiction, and it was cited prominently when Steinbeck was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962. Set during the Great Depression, the novel focuses on the Joads, a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma home by drought, economic hardship, agricultural industry changes, and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work. Due to their nearly hopeless situation, and in part because they are trapped in the Dust Bowl, the Joads set out for California. Along with thousands of other `` Okies '', they seek jobs, land, dignity, and a future. The Grapes of Wrath is frequently read in American high school and college literature classes due to its historical context and enduring legacy. A celebrated Hollywood film version, starring Henry Fonda and directed by John Ford, was released in 1940. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Religious Interpretation 4 Development 4.1 Title 5 Author 's note 6 Critical reception 7 Adaptations 7.1 In film 7.2 In music 7.3 In theatre 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Bibliography 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The narrative begins just after Tom Joad is paroled from McAlester prison, where he had been imprisoned after being convicted of homicide. On his return to his home near Sallisaw, Oklahoma, Tom meets former preacher Jim Casy, whom he remembers from his childhood, and the two travel together. When they arrive at Tom 's childhood farm home, they find it deserted. Disconcerted and confused, Tom and Casy meet their old neighbor, Muley Graves, who tells them the family has gone to stay at Uncle John Joad 's home nearby. Graves tells them that the banks have evicted all the farmers, but he refuses to leave the area. The next morning, Tom and Casy go to Uncle John 's. Tom finds his family loading their remaining possessions into a Hudson Motor Car Company sedan converted to a truck ; with their crops destroyed by the Dust Bowl, the family has defaulted on their bank loans, and their farm has been repossessed. Consequently, the Joads see no option but to seek work in California, described in handbills as fruitful and offering high pay. The Joads put everything they have into making the journey. Although leaving Oklahoma would violate his parole, Tom decides it is worth the risk, and invites Casy to join him and his family. Traveling west on Route 66, the Joad family find the road crowded with other migrants. In makeshift camps, they hear many stories from others, some returning from California, and the group worries about lessening prospects. The family dwindles as well : Grandpa dies along the road, and they bury him in a field ; Grandma dies close to the California state line ; and both Noah ( the eldest Joad son ) and Connie Rivers ( the husband of the pregnant Joad daughter, Rose of Sharon ) leave the family. Led by Ma, the remaining members realize they can only continue, as nothing is left for them in Oklahoma. Reaching California, they find the state oversupplied with labor ; wages are low, and workers are exploited to the point of starvation. The big corporate farmers are in collusion and smaller farmers suffer from collapsing prices. Weedpatch Camp, one of the clean, utility - supplied camps operated by the Resettlement Administration, a New Deal agency, offers better conditions but does not have enough resources to care for all the needy families. Nonetheless, as a Federal facility, the camp protects the migrants from harassment by California deputies. `` How can you frighten a man whose hunger is not only in his own cramped stomach but in the wretched bellies of his children? You ca n't scare him -- he has known a fear beyond every other. '' -- Chapter 19 In response to the exploitation, Casy becomes a labor organizer and tries to recruit for a labor union. The remaining Joads work as strikebreakers in a peach orchard, where Casy is involved in a strike that eventually turns violent. When Tom Joad witnesses Casy 's fatal beating, he kills the attacker and flees as a fugitive. The Joads later leave the orchard for a cotton farm, where Tom is at risk of being arrested for the homicide. Tom bids his mother farewell and promises to work for the oppressed. Rose of Sharon 's baby is stillborn. Ma Joad remains steadfast and forces the family through the bereavement. With rain, the Joads ' dwelling is flooded and they move to higher ground. In the final chapter of the book, the family takes shelter from the flood in an old barn. Inside they find a young boy and his father, who is dying of starvation. Rose of Sharon takes pity on the man and offers him her breast milk to save him from starvation. Characters ( edit ) Tom Joad : Protagonist of the story ; the Joad family 's second son, named after his father. Later on, Tom takes leadership of the family even though he is young. Ma Joad : Matriarch. Practical and warm - spirited, she tries to hold the family together. Her given name is never learned ; it is suggested that her maiden name was Hazlett. Pa Joad : Patriarch, also named Tom, age 50. Hardworking sharecropper and family man. Pa becomes a broken man upon losing his livelihood and means of supporting his family, forcing Ma to assume leadership. Uncle John Joad : Pa Joad 's older brother ( Tom describes him as `` a fella about 60 '', but in narrative he is described as 50 ). He felt guilty about the death of his young wife years before, and has been prone to binges involving alcohol and prostitutes, but is generous with his goods. Jim Casy : A former preacher who lost his faith. He is a Christ - like figure and is based on Ed Ricketts. Al Joad : The third youngest son, a `` smart - aleck sixteen - year - older '' who cares mainly for cars and girls ; he looks up to Tom, but begins to find his own way. Rose of Sharon Joad Rivers : Childish and dreamy teenage daughter ( 18 ) who develops into a mature woman. Pregnant in the beginning of the novel, she delivers a stillborn baby, perhaps due to malnutrition. Connie Rivers : Rose of Sharon 's husband. Nineteen years old and naïve, he is overwhelmed by marriage and impending fatherhood ; he abandons his wife shortly after they arrive in California. Noah Joad : The oldest son, he is the first to leave the family, planning to live off fishing on the Colorado River. Injured at birth and described as `` strange '', he may have slight learning difficulties. Grampa Joad : Tom 's grandfather, who expresses his strong desire to stay in Oklahoma. His full name is given as William James Joad. Grampa is drugged by his family with `` soothin ' syrup '' to force him to leave, but he dies the first evening on the road. Casy attributes his death to a stroke but says that Grampa is `` jus ' stayin ' with the lan '. He couldn ' leave it. '' Granma Joad : Grampa Joad 's religious wife ; she loses her will to live after his death. She dies while the family is crossing the Mojave Desert. Ruthie Joad : The youngest daughter, age twelve. She is shown to be reckless and childish. Quarreling with another child, she reveals Tom in hiding. Winfield Joad : The youngest male in the family, age ten, `` kid - wild and calfish ''. Jim Rawley : Manages the camp at Weedpatch, he shows the Joads surprising favor. Muley Graves : A neighbor of the Joads ' ; he is invited to come along to California with them but refuses. The family leave two of their dogs with him ; a third they take but it is killed by a car during their travels. Ivy and Sairy Wilson : Migrants from Kansas, they attend the death of Grampa and share the journey as far as the California state line. Mr. Wainwright : The father of Aggie Wainwright and husband of Mrs. Wainwright. Worries over his daughter Aggie. Mrs. Wainwright : Mother to Aggie Wainwright and wife to Mr. Wainwright. She helps Ma deliver Rose of Sharon 's baby. Aggie Wainwright : Sixteen - year - old daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Wainwright. Intends to marry Al. Floyd Knowles : The man at the Hooverville who urges Tom and Casy to join labor organizations. His agitation results in Casy 's being jailed. Religious interpretation ( edit ) This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. ( April 2017 ) Many scholars note Steinbeck for his many uses of Christian imagery within The Grapes of Wrath. The largest implications lie with Tom Joad and Jim Casy, who are both interpreted as Christ - like figures at certain intervals within the novel. These two are often interpreted together, with Jim Casy representing Jesus Christ in the early days of his ministry, up until his death, which is interpreted as representing the death of Christ. From there, Tom takes over, rising in Casy 's place as the Christ figure risen from the dead. However, the religious imagery is not limited to these two characters. Scholars have regularly inspected other characters and plot points within the novel, including Ma Joad, Rose of Sharon, Rose of Sharon 's stillborn child, and Uncle John. In an article first published in 2009, Ken Eckert even compared the migrant 's movement west as a reversed version of the slaves ' escape from Egypt in Exodus. Many of these extreme interpretations are brought on by Steinbeck 's own documented beliefs, which Eckert himself refers to as `` unorthodox. '' Development ( edit ) This is the beginning -- from `` I '' to `` we ''. If you who own the things people must have could understand this, you might preserve yourself. If you could separate causes from results, if you could know that Paine, Marx, Jefferson, Lenin were results, not causes, you might survive. But that you can not know. For the quality of owning freezes you forever into `` I '', and cuts you off forever from the `` we ''. -- Chapter 14 Steinbeck was known to have borrowed from field notes taken during 1938 by Farm Security Administration worker and author Sanora Babb. While Babb collected personal stories about the lives of the displaced migrants for a novel she was developing, her supervisor, Tom Collins, shared her reports with Steinbeck, then working at the San Francisco News. Babb 's own novel, Whose Names Are Unknown, was eclipsed in 1939 by the success of The Grapes of Wrath and was shelved until it was finally published in 2004, a year before Babb 's death. The Grapes of Wrath developed from The Harvest Gypsies, a series of seven articles that ran in the San Francisco News, from October 5 to 12, 1936. The newspaper commissioned that work on migrant workers from the Midwest in California 's agriculture industry. ( It was later compiled and published separately. ) Title ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) While writing the novel at his home, 16250 Greenwood Lane, in what is now Monte Sereno, California, Steinbeck had unusual difficulty devising a title. The Grapes of Wrath, suggested by his wife Carol Steinbeck, was deemed more suitable than anything by the author. The title is a reference to lyrics from `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '', by Julia Ward Howe ( emphasis added ) : Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord : He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored ; He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword : His truth is marching on. These lyrics refer, in turn, to the biblical passage Revelation 14 : 19 -- 20, an apocalyptic appeal to divine justice and deliverance from oppression in the final judgment. This and other biblical passages had inspired a long tradition of imagery of Christ in the winepress, in various media. The passage reads : And the angel thrust in his sickle into the earth, and gathered the vine of the earth, and cast it into the great winepress of the wrath of God. And the winepress was trodden without the city, and blood came out of the winepress, even unto the horse bridles, by the space of a thousand and six hundred furlongs. The phrase also appears at the end of chapter 25 in Steinbeck 's book, which describes the purposeful destruction of food to keep the price high : ( A ) nd in the eyes of the hungry there is a growing wrath. In the souls of the people the grapes of wrath are filling and growing heavy, growing heavy for the vintage. The image invoked by the title serves as a crucial symbol in the development of both the plot and the novel 's greater thematic concerns : from the terrible winepress of Dust Bowl oppression will come terrible wrath but also the deliverance of workers through their cooperation. This is suggested but not realized within the novel. Author 's note ( edit ) When preparing to write the novel, Steinbeck wrote : `` I want to put a tag of shame on the greedy bastards who are responsible for this ( the Great Depression and its effects ). '' He famously said, `` I 've done my damnedest to rip a reader 's nerves to rags. '' This work won a large following among the working class due to Steinbeck 's sympathy for the migrants and workers ' movement, and his accessible prose style. Critical reception ( edit ) Steinbeck scholar John Timmerman sums up the book 's influence : `` The Grapes of Wrath may well be the most thoroughly discussed novel -- in criticism, reviews, and college classrooms -- of 20th century American literature. '' The Grapes of Wrath is referred to as a Great American Novel. At the time of publication, Steinbeck 's novel `` was a phenomenon on the scale of a national event. It was publicly banned and burned by citizens, it was debated on national radio ; but above all, it was read. '' According to The New York Times, it was the best - selling book of 1939 and 430,000 copies had been printed by February 1940. In that month it won the National Book Award, favorite fiction book of 1939, voted by members of the American Booksellers Association. Soon it won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. The book was noted for Steinbeck 's passionate depiction of the plight of the poor, and many of his contemporaries attacked his social and political views. Bryan Cordyack writes, `` Steinbeck was attacked as a propagandist and a socialist from both the left and the right of the political spectrum. The most fervent of these attacks came from the Associated Farmers of California ; they were displeased with the book 's depiction of California farmers ' attitudes and conduct toward the migrants. They denounced the book as a ' pack of lies ' and labeled it ' communist propaganda ' ''. Some accused Steinbeck of exaggerating camp conditions to make a political point. Steinbeck had visited the camps well before publication of the novel and argued their inhumane nature destroyed the settlers ' spirit. In 1962, the Nobel Prize committee cited Grapes of Wrath as a `` great work '' and as one of the committee 's main reasons for granting Steinbeck the Nobel Prize for Literature. In 2005 Time magazine included the novel in its `` TIME 100 Best English - language Novels from 1923 to 2005 ''. In 2009, The Daily Telegraph of the United Kingdom included the novel in its `` 100 novels everyone should read ''. In 1998, the Modern Library ranked The Grapes of Wrath tenth on its list of the 100 best English - language novels of the 20th century. In 1999, French newspaper Le Monde of Paris ranked The Grapes of Wrath as seventh on its list of the 100 best books of the 20th century. In the UK, it was listed at number 29 among the `` nation 's best loved novels '' on the BBC 's 2003 survey The Big Read. Adaptations ( edit ) In film ( edit ) The book was quickly made into a famed, 1940 Hollywood movie of the same name directed by John Ford and starring Henry Fonda as Tom Joad. The first part of the film version follows the book fairly accurately. However, the second half and the ending, in particular, differ significantly from the book. John Springer, author of The Fondas ( Citadel, 1973 ), said of Henry Fonda and his role in film version of The Grapes of Wrath : `` The Great American Novel made one of the few enduring Great American Motion Pictures. '' The documentary American : The Bill Hicks Story ( 2009 ) revealed that The Grapes of Wrath was comedian Bill Hicks ' favorite novel. He based his famous last words on Tom Joad 's final speech : `` I left in love, in laughter, and in truth, and wherever truth, love and laughter abide, I am there in spirit. '' In July 2013, Steven Spielberg announced his plans to direct a remake of The Grapes of Wrath for DreamWorks. In music ( edit ) Woody Guthrie 's two - part song -- `` Tom Joad -- Parts 1 & 2 '' -- from the album Dust Bowl Ballads ( 1940 ), explores the protagonist 's life after being paroled from prison. It was covered in 1988 by Andy Irvine, who recorded both parts as a single song -- `` Tom Joad '' -- on Patrick Street 's second album, No. 2 Patrick Street. The song `` Here Comes that Rainbow Again '' by Kris Kristofferson ( 1981 ) is based on the scene in the roadside diner where Pa Joad buys a loaf of bread and two candy sticks for Ruthie and Winfield. The band The Mission UK included a song, titled `` The Grapes of Wrath '', in their album Carved in Sand ( 1990 ). The progressive rock band Camel released an album, titled Dust and Dreams ( 1991 ), inspired by the novel. American rock singer - songwriter Bruce Springsteen named his 11th studio album, The Ghost of Tom Joad ( 1995 ), after the character. The first track on the album is titled `` The Ghost of Tom Joad ''. The song -- and to a lesser extent, the other songs on the album -- draws comparisons between the Dust Bowl and modern times. Rage Against the Machine recorded a version of `` The Ghost of Tom Joad '' in 1997. Like Andy Irvine in 1988, Dick Gaughan recorded Woody Guthrie 's `` Tom Joad '' on his album Outlaws & Dreamers ( 2001 ). An opera based on the novel was co-produced by the Minnesota Opera, and Utah Symphony and Opera, with music by Ricky Ian Gordon and libretto by Michael Korie. The opera made its world premiere in February 2007, to favorable local reviews. Bad Religion have a song entitled `` Grains of Wraith '' on their album, New Maps of Hell ( 2007 ). Bad Religion lead vocalist, Greg Graffin, is a fan of Steinbeck 's. The song `` Dust Bowl Dance '' on Mumford & Sons ' album Sigh No More ( 2009 ) is based on the novel. Pink Floyd 's song `` Sorrow '', written by David Gilmour, from the album A Momentary Lapse of Reason is thematically derived / based on the novel. In Theatre ( edit ) The Steppenwolf Theatre Company produced a stage version of the book, adapted by Frank Galati. Gary Sinise played Tom Joad for its entire run of 188 performances on Broadway in 1990. One of these performances was filmed and shown on PBS the following year. In 1990, the Illegitimate Players theater company in Chicago produced Of Grapes and Nuts, an original, satirical mash - up of The Grapes of Wrath and Steinbeck 's acclaimed novella Of Mice and Men. See also ( edit ) Novels portal The Jungle Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Grapes of Wrath, a classic for today? ''. BBC News. April 14, 2009. Retrieved August 26, 2013. Jump up ^ The official publication date of April 14, 1939, was exactly four years to the day of the Black Sunday Storm, among the worst Dust Bowl dust storms which, in real life, caused Oklahomans to migrate to California in search of work. ^ Jump up to : `` 1939 Book Awards Given by Critics : Elgin Groseclose 's ' Ararat ' is Picked as Work Which Failed to Get Due Recognition '', The New York Times, February 14, 1940, page 25. ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times ( 1851 -- 2007 ). ^ Jump up to : `` Novel '' The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 8 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : Osterling, Anders. `` Nobel Prize in Literature 1962 -- Presentation Speech ''. Retrieved February 18, 2007. Jump up ^ `` AP : English Literature ''. CollegeBoard. Retrieved May 9, 2012. Jump up ^ `` The Big Read The Grapes of Wrath ''. National Endowment for the Arts. Retrieved May 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Eckert, Ken ( 2009 - 11 - 01 ). `` ( Exodus Inverted : A New Look at The Grapes of Wrath, Color Plates ) ''. Religion and the Arts. 13 ( 4 ) : 340 -- 357. doi : 10.1163 / 156852909X460447. ISSN 1568 - 5292. Jump up ^ Eckert, Ken ( 2009 - 11 - 01 ). `` ( Exodus Inverted : A New Look at The Grapes of Wrath, Color Plates ) ''. Religion and the Arts. 13 ( 4 ) : 340 -- 357. doi : 10.1163 / 156852909X460447. ISSN 1568 - 5292. Jump up ^ Sanora Babb ( Ken Burns ) Jump up ^ Published by the Simon S. Lubin Society of California as a pamphlet entitled `` Their Blood is Strong. '' Republished 1988 by Heyday as `` The Harvest Gypsies : On the Road to the Grapes of Wrath. '' Source : Cordyack. ^ Jump up to : Cordyack, Brian. `` 20th - Century American Bestsellers : John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath ''. Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois, Urbana - Champaign. Retrieved February 18, 2007. Jump up ^ DeMott, Robert ( 1992 ). Robert DeMott 's Introduction to The Grapes of Wrath. Viking Penguin, a Division of Penguin Books. p. xviii. ISBN 0 - 14 - 018640 - 9. Jump up ^ http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/8555 Jump up ^ Dana, Gioia. `` The Grapes of Wrath Radio Show -- Transcript ''. The Big Read. The National Endowment for the Arts. Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22. Writer Richard Rodriguez discussed The Grapes of Wrath as The Great American Novel : `` There has n't been anything like this novel since it was written. And this is the great American novel that everyone keeps waiting for but it has been written now. '' Jump up ^ Lisca, Peter ( 1958 ). `` The Wide World of John Steinbeck ''. Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press. Jump up ^ Shillinglaw, Susan ; Benson, Jackson J ( February 2, 2002 ). `` Of Men and Their Making : The Non-Fiction Of John Steinbeck ''. London : Penguin. Retrieved December 17, 2008. Jump up ^ `` All Time 100 Novels ''. Time. October 16, 2005. Retrieved May 25, 2010. Jump up ^ `` 100 novels everyone should read ''. The Daily Telegraph. January 16, 2009. Retrieved June 5, 2012. Jump up ^ `` The Big Read '', BBC, April 2003. Retrieved January 12, 2014 Jump up ^ Nixon, Rob. `` The Grapes of Wrath ''. This Month Spotlight. Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Steven Spielberg eyes Grapes of Wrath ''. guardian.co.uk. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Steven Spielberg in talks to remake ' The Grapes Of Wrath ' ''. nme.com. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013. Jump up ^ Sleeve notes from No. 2 Patrick Street, Green Linnet SIF 1088, 1988. Jump up ^ Symynkywicz, Jeffery B. ( 2008 ). The Gospel According to Bruce Springsteen : Rock and Redemption, from Asbury Park to Magic. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0 - 664 - 23169 - 1. p. 122. Jump up ^ `` Dick Gaughan Discography Outlaws & Dreamers ( 2001 ) '', Retrieved 8th October 2015 Jump up ^ Michael Anthony, `` ' Grapes ' is a sweet, juicy production '', Minneapolis Star Tribune, 2 / 12 / 2007 Jump up ^ Books The Answer The Bad Religion Page -- Since 1995 Jump up ^ `` American Playhouse '' The Grapes of Wrath ( TV Episode 1991 ), retrieved 2017 - 09 - 30 Jump up ^ Lawrence Bommer, `` Sending Up Steinbeck, '' Chicago Reader, 11 / 8 / 1990 Bibliography ( edit ) Garcia, Reloy. `` The Rocky Road to Eldorado : The Journey Motif in John Steinbeck 's The Grapes of Wrath. '' Steinbeck Quarterly 14.03 - 04 ( Summer / Fall 1981 ) : 83 - 93 Gregory, James N. `` Dust Bowl Legacies : the Okie Impact on California, 1939 -- 1989 ''. California History 1989 68 ( 3 ) : 74 -- 85. ISSN 0162 - 2897 Henkel, Scott. `` A Seditious Proposal. '' The Grapes of Wrath : A Reconsideration ' Vol. 1. Ed. Michael J. Meyer. Amsterdam : Rodopi, 2009. 219 - 42. Saxton, Alexander. `` In Dubious Battle : Looking Backward ''. Pacific Historical Review 2004 73 ( 2 ) : 249 -- 262. ISSN 0030 - 8684 Fulltext : online at Swetswise, Ingenta, Ebsco Sobchack, Vivian C. `` The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) : Thematic Emphasis Through Visual Style ''. American Quarterly 1979 31 ( 5 ) : 596 -- 615. ISSN 0003 - 0678 Fulltext : in Jstor. Discusses the visual style of John Ford 's cinematic adaptation of the novel. Usually the movie is examined in terms of its literary roots or its social protest. But the imagery of the film reveals the important theme of the Joad family 's coherence. The movie shows the family in closeups, cramped in small spaces on a cluttered screen, isolated from the land and their surroundings. Dim lighting helps abstract the Joad family from the reality of Dust Bowl migrants. The film 's emotional and aesthetic power comes from its generalized quality attained through this visual style. Windschuttle, Keith. `` Steinbeck 's Myth of the Okies ''. The New Criterion, Vol. 20, No. 10, June 2002. Zirakzadeh, Cyrus Ernesto. `` John Steinbeck on the Political Capacities of Everyday Folk : Moms, Reds, and Ma Joad 's Revolt ''. Polity 2004 36 ( 4 ) : 595 -- 618. ISSN 0032 - 3497 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Grapes of Wrath. Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck in the Santa Cruz Mountains -- A history of Steinbeck 's life living in the Santa Cruz Mountain 's while writing The Grapes of Wrath 2 short radio episodes `` Spring in California '' and `` Route 66 '' from The Grapes of Wrath, California Legacy Project. `` The Grapes of Wrath revisited, '' ( videos ) The Guardian ( Chris McGreal journeys along Route 66 -- following the path of the Joads, of John Steinbeck 's The Grapes of Wrath, to compare that account of the Great Depression with today 's United States under President Barack Obama. Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture -- Grapes of Wrath National Public Radio : Grapes of Wrath, Present at the Creation Oklahoma Digital Maps : Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory The Grapes of Wrath on Open Library at the Internet Archive `` National Steinbeck Center in Salinas, CA ''. steinbeck.org. National Steinbeck Center. Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 1918 -- 1925 His Family by Ernest Poole ( 1918 ) The Magnificent Ambersons by Booth Tarkington ( 1919 ) The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton ( 1921 ) Alice Adams by Booth Tarkington ( 1922 ) One of Ours by Willa Cather ( 1923 ) The Able McLaughlins by Margaret Wilson ( 1924 ) So Big by Edna Ferber ( 1925 ) 1926 -- 1950 Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis ( declined ) ( 1926 ) Early Autumn by Louis Bromfield ( 1927 ) The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder ( 1928 ) Scarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin ( 1929 ) Laughing Boy by Oliver La Farge ( 1930 ) Years of Grace by Margaret Ayer Barnes ( 1931 ) The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck ( 1932 ) The Store by Thomas Sigismund Stribling ( 1933 ) Lamb in His Bosom by Caroline Pafford Miller ( 1934 ) Now in November by Josephine Winslow Johnson ( 1935 ) Honey in the Horn by Harold L. Davis ( 1936 ) Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell ( 1937 ) The Late George Apley by John Phillips Marquand ( 1938 ) The Yearling by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings ( 1939 ) The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck ( 1940 ) In This Our Life by Ellen Glasgow ( 1942 ) Dragon 's Teeth by Upton Sinclair ( 1943 ) Journey in the Dark by Martin Flavin ( 1944 ) A Bell for Adano by John Hersey ( 1945 ) All the King 's Men by Robert Penn Warren ( 1947 ) Tales of the South Pacific by James A. Michener ( 1948 ) Guard of Honor by James Gould Cozzens ( 1949 ) The Way West by A.B. Guthrie Jr. ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 The Town by Conrad Richter ( 1951 ) The Caine Mutiny by Herman Wouk ( 1952 ) The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway ( 1953 ) A Fable by William Faulkner ( 1955 ) Andersonville by MacKinlay Kantor ( 1956 ) A Death in the Family by James Agee ( 1958 ) The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters by Robert Lewis Taylor ( 1959 ) Advise and Consent by Allen Drury ( 1960 ) To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee ( 1961 ) The Edge of Sadness by Edwin O'Connor ( 1962 ) The Reivers by William Faulkner ( 1963 ) The Keepers of the House by Shirley Ann Grau ( 1965 ) The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter by Katherine Anne Porter ( 1966 ) The Fixer by Bernard Malamud ( 1967 ) The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron ( 1968 ) House Made of Dawn by N. Scott Momaday ( 1969 ) The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford by Jean Stafford ( 1970 ) Angle of Repose by Wallace Stegner ( 1972 ) The Optimist 's Daughter by Eudora Welty ( 1973 ) The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Humboldt 's Gift by Saul Bellow ( 1976 ) Elbow Room by James Alan McPherson ( 1978 ) The Stories of John Cheever by John Cheever ( 1979 ) The Executioner 's Song by Norman Mailer ( 1980 ) A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole ( 1981 ) Rabbit Is Rich by John Updike ( 1982 ) The Color Purple by Alice Walker ( 1983 ) Ironweed by William Kennedy ( 1984 ) Foreign Affairs by Alison Lurie ( 1985 ) Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry ( 1986 ) A Summons to Memphis by Peter Taylor ( 1987 ) Beloved by Toni Morrison ( 1988 ) Breathing Lessons by Anne Tyler ( 1989 ) The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love by Oscar Hijuelos ( 1990 ) Rabbit at Rest by John Updike ( 1991 ) A Thousand Acres by Jane Smiley ( 1992 ) A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain by Robert Olen Butler ( 1993 ) The Shipping News by E. Annie Proulx ( 1994 ) The Stone Diaries by Carol Shields ( 1995 ) Independence Day by Richard Ford ( 1996 ) Martin Dressler : The Tale of an American Dreamer by Steven Millhauser ( 1997 ) American Pastoral by Philip Roth ( 1998 ) The Hours by Michael Cunningham ( 1999 ) Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay by Michael Chabon ( 2001 ) Empire Falls by Richard Russo ( 2002 ) Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides ( 2003 ) The Known World by Edward P. Jones ( 2004 ) Gilead by Marilynne Robinson ( 2005 ) March by Geraldine Brooks ( 2006 ) The Road by Cormac McCarthy ( 2007 ) The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao by Junot Díaz ( 2008 ) Olive Kitteridge by Elizabeth Strout ( 2009 ) Tinkers by Paul Harding ( 2010 ) A Visit from the Goon Squad by Jennifer Egan ( 2011 ) No award given ( 2012 ) The Orphan Master 's Son by Adam Johnson ( 2013 ) The Goldfinch by Donna Tartt ( 2014 ) All the Light We Cannot See by Anthony Doerr ( 2015 ) The Sympathizer by Viet Thanh Nguyen ( 2016 ) The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead ( 2017 ) Works by John Steinbeck Novels and novellas Cup of Gold ( 1929 ) The Red Pony ( 1933 ) To a God Unknown ( 1933 ) Tortilla Flat ( 1935 ) In Dubious Battle ( 1936 ) Of Mice and Men ( 1937 ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 1939 ) The Moon Is Down ( 1942 ) Cannery Row ( 1945 ) The Wayward Bus ( 1947 ) The Pearl ( 1947 ) Burning Bright ( 1950 ) East of Eden ( 1952 ) Sweet Thursday ( 1954 ) The Short Reign of Pippin IV : A Fabrication ( 1957 ) The Winter of Our Discontent ( 1961 ) The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights ( 1976 ) Short story collections The Pastures of Heaven ( 1932 ) The Long Valley ( 1938 ) Screenplays The Forgotten Village ( 1941 ) The Pearl ( 1947 ) The Red Pony ( 1949 ) Viva Zapata! ( 1952 ) Adaptations Of Mice and Men Of Mice and Men ( 1937 play ) Of Mice and Men ( 1939 film ) Of Mice and Men ( 1969 opera ) Of Mice and Men ( 1992 film ) Best Laid Plans ( 2012 film ) The Grapes of Wrath The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 film ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 1988 play ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 2007 opera ) The Red Pony The Red Pony ( 1949 film ) The Red Pony ( 1949 film score ) The Red Pony ( 1973 film ) Other Tortilla Flat ( 1942 film ) The Moon Is Down ( 1943 film ) La perla ( The Pearl ) ( 1947 film ) East of Eden ( 1955 film ) The Wayward Bus ( 1957 film ) East of Eden ( 1981 miniseries ) Cannery Row ( 1982 film ) The Winter of Our Discontent ( 1983 film ) In Dubious Battle ( 2016 film ) Non-fiction Sea of Cortez : A Leisurely Journal of Travel and Research ( 1941 ) Bombs Away : The Story of a Bomber Team ( 1942 ) A Russian Journal ( 1948 ) The Log from the Sea of Cortez ( 1951 ) Once There Was a War ( 1958 ) Travels with Charley ( 1962 ) America and Americans ( 1966 ) Journal of a Novel : The East of Eden Letters ( 1969 ) John Steinbeck 's The Grapes of Wrath ( 1939 ) Characters Tom Joad Jim Casy Grandpa William James Joad Ruthie Joad Connie Rivers Muley Graves Performances The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 film ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 1988 play ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 2007 opera ) Music `` The Ghost of Tom Joad '' Dust Bowl Ballads ( `` Tom Joad '' `` Do Re Mi '' ) `` Pastures of Plenty '' Dust and Dreams Related Great Depression Dust Bowl Blue Willow `` Over Logging '' `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' VIAF : 178502508 LCCN : no2008156136 GND : 4305432 - 8 SUDOC : 02736304X BNF : cb119421113 ( data ) BNE : XX2043346 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grapes_of_Wrath&oldid=834482555 '' Categories : 1939 American novels Culture of Bakersfield, California U.S. Route 66 Novels set in Oklahoma Novels set in California History of Southern California Great Plains American novels adapted into films Novels by John Steinbeck National Book Award for Fiction winning works Pulitzer Prize for the Novel - winning works Dust Bowl Great Depression novels American novels adapted into plays Viking Press books The Grapes of Wrath Novels adapted into operas Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2013 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2014 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2014 Articles with Open Library links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote تۆرکجه Башҡортса Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018, at 23 : 41. 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{ "text": "History of the British canal system - wikipedia History of the British canal system Jump to : navigation, search The British canal system of water transport played a vital role in the United Kingdom 's Industrial Revolution at a time when roads were only just emerging from the medieval mud and long trains of packhorses were the only means of `` mass '' transit by road of raw materials and finished products. ( It was no accident that amongst the first canal promoters were the pottery manufacturers of Staffordshire. ) The UK was the first country to acquire a nationwide canal network. Traditional working canal boats Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 18th century 1.2 19th century 1.3 20th century 1.4 21st century 2 Early history 2.1 Roman Britain 2.2 Middle Ages 2.3 Post-medieval transport systems 3 The Industrial Revolution 3.1 The Sankey Brook Navigation 3.2 The Bridgewater Canal 3.3 Horse drawn canal transport 3.4 The Golden Age 3.5 The people 4 Standard locks 5 Geography 5.1 The West Midlands and the North West of England 5.2 Yorkshire and the East of England 5.3 London and the South East 5.4 South Wales and South West England 5.5 Scotland 6 Operations 7 Gradual decline 7.1 Railway competition 7.2 Limited modernisation to broad canals 7.3 20th century nationalisation 7.4 Transport Act 1968 8 Restoration 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Bibliography 11 External links Overview ( edit ) Anderton Boat Lift The canal system dates to Roman Britain, but was largely used for irrigation or to link rivers. The navigable water network in the British Isles grew as the demand for industrial transport increased. It grew rapidly at first, and became an almost completely connected network covering the South, Midlands, and parts of the North of England and Wales. There were canals in Scotland, but they were not connected to the English canals or, generally, to each other ( the main exception being the Monkland Canal, the Union Canal and the Forth and Clyde Canal which connected the River Clyde and Glasgow to the River Forth and Edinburgh ). As building techniques improved, older canals were improved by straightening, embankments, cuttings, tunnels, aqueducts, inclined planes, and boat lifts, which together snipped many miles and locks, and therefore hours and cost, from journeys. However, there was often fierce opposition to the building. 18th century ( edit ) The modern canal network came into being because the Industrial Revolution ( which began in Britain during the mid-18th century ) demanded an economic and reliable way to transport goods and commodities in large quantities. Some 29 river navigation improvements took place in the 16th and 17th centuries starting with the Thames locks and the River Wey Navigation. The biggest growth was in the so - called `` narrow '' canals which extended water transport to the emerging industrial areas of the Staffordshire potteries and Birmingham as well as a network of canals joining Yorkshire and Lancashire and extending to London. 19th century ( edit ) The 19th century saw some major new canals such as the Caledonian Canal and the Manchester Ship Canal. By the second half of the 19th century, many canals were increasingly becoming owned by railway companies or competing with them, and many were in decline, with decreases in mile - ton charges to try to remain competitive. After this, the less successful canals ( particularly narrow - locked canals, whose boats could only carry about thirty tons ) failed quickly. 20th century ( edit ) The Falkirk Wheel The 20th century brought competition from road haulage, and only the strongest canals survived until the Second World War. After the war, there was a rapid decline in trade on all the remaining canals, and by the mid 1960s only a token traffic was left, even on the widest and most industrial waterways. In the 1960s the infant canal leisure industry was only just sufficient to prevent the closure of the remaining canals, but then the pressure to maintain canals for leisure purposes increased. From the 1970s, increasing numbers of closed canals were restored by enthusiast volunteers. The success of these projects has led to the funding and use of contractors to complete large restoration projects and complex civil engineering projects such as the restoration of the Victorian Anderton Boat Lift and the new Falkirk Wheel rotating lift. 21st century ( edit ) Restoration projects by volunteer - led groups continue. There is now a substantial network of interconnecting, fully navigable canals across the country. In places, serious plans are in progress by the Environment Agency and British Waterways Board, later the Canal & River Trust, for building new canals to expand the network, link isolated sections, and create new leisure opportunities for navigating `` canal rings '', for example the Fens Waterways Link and the Bedford and Milton Keynes Waterway. Early history ( edit ) Roman Britain ( edit ) The first British canals were built in Roman times as irrigation or land drainage canals or short connecting spurs between navigable rivers, such as the Foss Dyke, Car Dyke and Bourne - Morton Canal ; all in Lincolnshire. See Roman Britain and list of Roman canals. Middle ages ( edit ) A spate of building projects, such as castles, monasteries and churches, led to the improvement of rivers for the transportation of building materials. Various Acts of Parliament were passed regulating transportation of goods, tolls and horse towpaths for various rivers. These included the rivers Severn, Witham, Trent and Yorkshire Ouse. The first Act for navigational improvement in England was in 1425, for improvement of the river Lea, a major tributary of the River Thames. Post-medieval transport systems ( edit ) In the post-medieval period, some natural waterways were `` canalised '' or improved for boat traffic in the 16th century. The first Act of Parliament was obtained by the City of Canterbury in 1515, to extend navigation on the River Stour in Kent, followed by the River Exe in 1539, which led to the construction in 1566 of a new channel, the Exeter Canal. Simple flash locks were provided to regulate the flow of water and allow loaded boats to pass through shallow waters by admitting a rush of water, but these were not purpose - built canals as we understand them today. The transport system that existed before the canals were built consisted of coastal shipping and horses and carts struggling along mostly unsurfaced mud roads ( although there were some surfaced turnpike roads ). There was also a small amount of traffic carried along navigable rivers. In the 17th century, as early industry started to expand, this transport situation was highly unsatisfactory. The restrictions of coastal shipping and river transport were obvious, and horses and carts could only carry one or two tons of cargo at a time. The poor state of most of the roads meant that they could often become unusable after heavy rain. Because of the small loads that could be carried, supplies of essential commodities such as coal and iron ore were limited, and this kept prices high and restricted economic growth. One horse - drawn canal barge could carry about thirty tonnes at a time, faster than road transport and at half the cost. Some 29 river navigation improvements took place in the 16th and 17th centuries. In 1605, the government of King James I established the Oxford - Burcot Commission, which began to improve the system of locks and weirs on the River Thames, which were opened between Oxford and Abingdon by 1635. In 1635 Sir Richard Weston was appointed to develop the River Wey Navigation, making Guildford accessible by 1653. In 1670 the Stamford Canal opened, indistinguishable from 18th century examples with a dedicated cut and double - door locks. In 1699 legislation was passed to permit the Aire & Calder Navigation which was opened 1703, and the Trent Navigation which was built by George Hayne and opened in 1712. Subsequently, the Kennet built by John Hore opened in 1723, the Mersey and Irwell opened in 1725, and the Bristol Avon in 1727. John Smeaton was the engineer of the Calder & Hebble which opened in 1758, and a series of eight pound locks was built to replace flash locks on the River Thames between Maidenhead and Reading, beginning in 1772. The net effect of these was to bring most of England, with the notable exceptions of Birmingham and Staffordshire, within 15 miles ( 24 km ) of a waterway. The industrial Revolution ( edit ) The modern canal system was mainly a product of the 18th and early 19th centuries. It came into being because the Industrial Revolution ( which began in Britain during the mid-18th century ) demanded an economic and reliable way to transport goods and commodities in large quantities. By the early 18th century, river navigations such as the Aire and Calder Navigation were becoming quite sophisticated, with pound locks and longer and longer `` cuts '' ( some with intermediate locks ) to avoid circuitous or difficult stretches of rivers. Eventually, the experience of building long multi-level cuts with their own locks gave rise to the idea of building a `` pure '' canal, a waterway designed on the basis of where goods needed to go, not where a river happened to be. The claim for the first pure canal in Great Britain is debated between `` Sankey '' and `` Bridgewater '' supporters. The first true canal in the United Kingdom was the Newry Canal in Northern Ireland constructed by Thomas Steers in 1741. The Sankey Brook Navigation ( edit ) Main article : Sankey Canal The Sankey Brook Navigation, which connected St Helens with the River Mersey, is often claimed as the first modern `` purely artificial '' canal, because although it was originally a scheme to make the Sankey Brook navigable, it included an entirely new artificial channel that was effectively a canal along the Sankey Brook valley. However, `` Bridgewater '' supporters point out that the last quarter - mile ( 400 m ) of the navigation is indeed a canalised stretch of the Brook, and that it was the Bridgewater Canal ( less obviously associated with an existing river ) that captured the popular imagination and inspired further canals. The Bridgewater canal ( edit ) Main article : Bridgewater Canal In the mid-18th century the 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, who owned a number of coal mines in northern England, wanted a reliable way to transport his coal to the rapidly industrialising city of Manchester. He commissioned the engineer James Brindley to build a canal to do just that. Brindley 's design included an aqueduct carrying the canal over the River Irwell. This was an engineering wonder which immediately attracted tourists. The construction of this canal was funded entirely by the Duke and it was called the Bridgewater Canal. It opened in 1761 and was the longest canal constructed in Britain to that date. Horse drawn canal transport ( edit ) The new canals proved highly successful. The boats on the canals were horse - drawn with a towpath alongside the canal for the horse to walk along. This horse - drawn system proved to be highly economical and became standard across the British canal network. Commercial horse - drawn canal boats could be seen on the UK 's canals until as late as the 1950s, although by then diesel powered boats, often towing a second unpowered boat, had become standard. The canal boats could carry thirty tons at a time with only one horse pulling - more than ten times the amount of cargo per horse that was possible with a cart. Because of this huge increase in supply, the Bridgewater Canal reduced the price of coal in Manchester by nearly two - thirds within just a year of its opening. The Bridgewater Canal was also a huge financial success : it repaid the cost of its construction within just a few years. The Golden Age ( edit ) This success proved the viability of canal transport, and soon industrialists in many other parts of the country wanted canals. After the Bridgewater Canal, the early canals were built by groups of private individuals with an interest in improving communications. In Staffordshire the famous potter Josiah Wedgwood saw an opportunity to bring bulky cargoes of clay to his factory doors, and to transport his fragile finished goods to market in Manchester, Birmingham or further afield by water, minimising breakages. Within just a few years of the Bridgewater 's opening, an embryonic national canal network came into being, with the construction of canals such as the Oxford Canal and the Trent & Mersey Canal. The new canal system was both cause and effect of the rapid industrialisation of the Midlands and the north. The period between the 1770s and the 1830s is often referred to as the `` Golden Age '' of British canals. For each canal, an Act of Parliament was necessary to authorise construction, and as people saw the high incomes achieved from canal tolls, canal proposals came to be put forward by investors interested in profiting from dividends, at least as much as by people whose businesses would profit from cheaper transport of raw materials and finished goods. In a further development, there was often out - and - out speculation, in which people would try to buy shares in a newly floated company simply to sell them on for an immediate profit, regardless of whether the canal was ever profitable, or even built. During this period of `` canal mania '', huge sums were invested in canal building, and although many schemes came to nothing, the canal system rapidly expanded to nearly 4,000 miles ( over 6,400 kilometres ) in length. Many rival canal companies were formed and competition was rampant. Perhaps the best example was Worcester Bar in Birmingham, a point where the Worcester and Birmingham Canal and the Birmingham Canal Navigations Main Line were only 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) apart. For many years, a dispute about tolls meant that goods travelling through Birmingham had to be portaged from boats in one canal to boats in the other. The people ( edit ) For the first era of canals until toll cuts to combat railway competition family boating did not exist. Crews were all male and their families lived in cottages on the bank. The practice of all male crews for steamers continued until after the First World War. Wives and children came aboard as extra labour and to save rental costs during the latter part of the 19th century. About this time boat decoration of `` Roses and Castles '' began to appear. During this period, whole families lived aboard the boats. They were often marginalised from land - based society. The church of St Thomas the Martyr, Oxford, under the curacy of John Jones, acquired in 1839 an innovative `` Boatman 's Floating Chapel '', a houseboat to serve the families working on the river and the canals. This boat was St Thomas ' first chapel of ease ; it was donated by H. Ward, a local coal merchant, and used until it sank in 1868. It was replaced by a chapel dedicated to St Nicholas, which remained in use until 1892. Others tried to care for the boat people. Mary Ward ( 1885 -- 1972 ) acted as a nurse for decades from the rope shop at Stoke Bruerne. Standard locks ( edit ) For reasons of economy and the constraints of 18th - century engineering technology, the early canals were built to a narrow width. The standard for the dimensions of narrow canal locks was set by Brindley with his first canal locks, those on the Trent and Mersey Canal in 1776. These locks were 72 feet 7 inches ( 22.12 m ) long by 7 feet 6 inches ( 2.29 m ) wide. The narrow width was perhaps set by the fact that he was only able to build Harecastle Tunnel to accommodate 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) wide boats. His next locks were wider. He built locks 72 feet 7 inches ( 22.12 m ) long by 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) wide when he extended the Bridgewater Canal to Runcorn, where the canal 's only locks lowered boats to the River Mersey. The narrow locks on the Trent and Mersey limited the width ( beam ) of the boats ( which came to be called narrowboats ), and thus limited the quantity of the cargo they could carry to around thirty tonnes. This decision would in later years make the canal network economically uncompetitive for freight transport, and by the mid 20th century it was no longer possible to work a thirty - tonne load economically. Geography ( edit ) Brindley believed it would be possible to use canals to link the four great rivers of England : the Mersey, Trent, Severn and Thames. The Trent and Mersey Canal was the first part of this ambitious network, but although he and his assistants surveyed the whole potential system, he did not live to see it completed - coal was finally transported from the Midlands to the Thames at Oxford in January 1790, eighteen years after his death. Development of the network was left to other engineers, notably Thomas Telford, whose Ellesmere Canal helped link the Severn and the Mersey. The bulk of the canal system was built in the industrial Midlands and the north of England, where navigable rivers most needed extending and connecting, and heavy cargoes of manufactured goods, raw materials or coal most needed carrying. Most of the traffic on the canal network was internal. However, the network linked with coastal port cities such as London, Liverpool, and Bristol, where cargo could be exchanged with seagoing ships for import and export. The west Midlands and the north west of England ( edit ) The North West and West Midlands regions contain a dense network of canals. The great manufacturing cities of Manchester and Birmingham were major economic drivers for the ' canal mania ' which reached its peak in 1793, and both benefited from a network of canals, most of which survive. In the industrial conurbation of Birmingham and the Black Country, a dense network of nearly 160 miles ( 260 km ) of canals, dubbed the Birmingham Canal Navigations ( BCN ) was constructed to serve the network of industries. A similarly dense network of canals was constructed in the Greater Manchester area, serving the local textile industries : The Bridgewater, Rochdale, and Ashton canals were examples of these. Manchester had a canal connection to the nearby port of Liverpool via the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. However, in the nineteenth century, Manchester 's merchants became dissatisfied with the poor service and high charges offered by the Liverpool docks, and the near - monopoly of the railways. They decided to bypass the Liverpool monopoly on coastal trade by converting a section of the Irwell into the Manchester Ship Canal, which opened in 1894, turning Manchester into an inland port in its own right. Birmingham 's canals linked to the national network in several directions. To the north, several trunk cross-country canals, linking Birmingham to Manchester were constructed, including the Trent and Mersey and Shropshire Union Canal. The Coventry Canal, the Oxford Canal, and what is now the Grand Union Canal linked southwards to London. And to the south - west, the Worcester & Birmingham and Staffordshire & Worcestershire canals linked to the River Severn. Yorkshire and the east of England ( edit ) The industrial revolution saw Yorkshire towns and cities such as Leeds, Sheffield, Bradford and Huddersfield develop large textile and coal mining industries, which required an efficient transport system. As early as the late 17th century, the Aire and Calder and Calder and Hebble navigations had been canalised, allowing navigation from Leeds to the Humber Estuary, whereas the River Don Navigation connected Sheffield to the Humber. Later in the 18th century, the Leeds and Liverpool Canal was constructed, creating an east - west link, giving access to the port at Liverpool allowing export of finished goods. The Rochdale and Huddersfield Broad and Narrow canals connected to Manchester. The East Midlands cities of Nottingham and Leicester were connected to the national network via the canalised River Trent and River Soar, whilst Leicester had a connection to London via the Grand Union Canal. London and the South east ( edit ) By contrast, London was a port, served by already - navigable rivers like the Thames and the River Lea, ( which was canalised ). It needed canals only to take goods in and out from seagoing ships, where such rivers were unavailable. As early as 1790 London was linked to the national network via the River Thames and the Oxford Canal. A more direct route between London and the national canal network ; the Grand Junction Canal opened in 1805. Apart from this, relatively few canals were built in London itself ; the few that were included the Limehouse Cut, the Regent 's Canal and the now defunct Grand Surrey and Croydon canals. To the south of London, the Wey and Arun Canal linked London to Portsmouth. However, the canal was a financial failure and closed in 1871. South Wales and South west England ( edit ) A newly restored section of Stroudwater Navigation which linked the Thames and Severn Canal to the Gloucester and Sharpness and the River Severn The South West of England had several east - west cross-country canals, which connected the River Thames to the River Severn and the River Avon, allowing the cities of Bristol and Bath to be connected to London : These were Thames and Severn Canal which linked to the Stroudwater Navigation, the Kennet and Avon Canal and the Wilts and Berks Canal, which linked to these three rivers ; all of these linked into the national canal system via the Oxford Canal and the River Severn ( via the Worcester & Birmingham and Staffordshire & Worcestershire canals ). All of these east - west canals fell derelict in the early 20th century, and only the Kennet and Avon is today navigable, having been restored. A few self - contained canals, not connected to the national system, were built in Devon and Cornwall, such as the Bude Canal and the St. Columb Canal. The same was true for South Wales, with several isolated canals running along the South Wales Valleys. These included the Swansea Canal, the Neath and Tennant Canal, the Glamorganshire Canal and the Monmouthshire & Brecon Canal. Nearly all of these canals were constructed to serve local industries, and fell derelict when faced with competition from other modes of transport. Scotland ( edit ) Within Scotland, the Forth and Clyde Canal and the Union Canal connected the major cities in the industrial Central Belt ; they also provide a short cut for boats to cross between the west and the east without a sea voyage. The Caledonian Canal provided a similar function in the Highlands of Scotland. The Crinan Canal avoided the need for a long diversion around the Kintyre peninsula, and the Glasgow, Paisley and Johnstone Canal was intended to link these three places directly to the west coast of Scotland, but never reached beyond Johnstone. The Monkland Canal was conceived in 1769 by tobacco merchants and other entrepreneurs as a way of bringing cheap coal into Glasgow from the coalfields of the Monklands area. Operations ( edit ) On the majority of British canals, the canal - owning companies did not own or run a fleet of boats since this was usually prohibited by the Acts of Parliament setting them up to prevent monopolies developing. Instead, they charged private operators tolls to use the canal. These tolls were also usually regulated by the Acts. From these tolls they would try, with varying degrees of success, to maintain the canal, pay back initial loans and pay dividends to their shareholders. In winter special icebreaker boats with reinforced hulls would be used to break the ice. The boats used on canals were usually derived from local coasting or river craft, but on the narrow canals the 7 - foot - wide ( 2.1 m ) narrowboat was the standard. Their 72 - foot ( 22 m ) length came from the boats used on the Mersey estuary, with their width of 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) chosen as half that of existing boats, and adopted to make canals cheaper to build. All boats on the canals were horsedrawn. Packet boats carried packages up to 112 pounds ( 51 kg ) in weight as well as passengers at relatively high speed day and night. To compete with railways, the flyboat was introduced, cargo - carrying boats working day and night. These boats were crewed by three men, who operated a watch system whereby two men worked while the other slept. Horses were changed regularly. When steam boats were introduced in the late nineteenth century, crews were enlarged to four. The boats were owned and operated by individual carriers, or by carrying companies who would pay the captain a wage depending on the distance travelled, and the amount of cargo. Gradual decline ( edit ) Railway competition ( edit ) From about 1840 railways began to threaten canals, as they could not only carry more than the canals but could transport people and goods far more quickly than the walking pace of the canal boats. Most of the investment that had previously gone into canal building was diverted into railway building. Canal companies were unable to compete against the speed of the new railways, and in order to survive, they had to slash their prices. This put an end to the huge profits that canal companies had enjoyed before the coming of the railways, and also had an effect on the boatmen who faced a drop in wages. Flyboat working virtually ceased, as it could not compete with the railways on speed and the boatmen found they could only afford to keep their families by taking them with them on the boats. This became standard practice across the canal system, with in many cases families with several children living in tiny boat cabins, creating a considerable community of boat people. Though this community ostensibly had much in common with Gypsies both communities strongly resisted any such comparison, and surviving boat people feel deeply insulted if described as ' water gypsies '. By the 1850s the railway system had become well established and the amount of cargo carried on the canals had fallen by nearly two - thirds, lost mostly to railway competition. In many cases struggling canal companies were bought out by railway companies. Sometimes this was a tactical move by railway companies to gain ground in their competitors ' territory, but sometimes canal companies were bought out, either to close them down and remove competition or to build a railway on the line of the canal. A notable example of this is the Croydon Canal. Larger canal companies survived independently and were able to continue to make profits. The canals survived through the 19th century largely by occupying the niches in the transport market that the railways had missed, or by supplying local markets such as the coal - hungry factories and mills of the big cities. Overall, the canals adapted to the appearance of railways and in 1900 the canal network differed little from its extent in 1830. Limited modernisation to broad canals ( edit ) During the 19th century in much of continental Europe the canal systems of many countries such as France, Germany and the Netherlands were drastically modernised and widened to take much larger boats, often able to transport up to two thousand tonnes, compared to the thirty to one hundred tonnes that was possible on the much narrower British canals. As it is economic to transport freight by canal only if this is done in bulk, the widening ensured that in many of these countries, canal freight transport is still economically viable. This canal modernisation never occurred on a large scale in the UK, mainly because of the power of the railway companies who owned most of the canals and saw no reason to invest in a competing, and from their point of view obsolete, form of transport. In view of this attitude, there was little point in the non-railway owned canals modernising, since they controlled only parts of the system. The only significant exception to this was the modernisation carried out on the Grand Union Canal in the 1930s. Thus almost uniquely in Europe, many of the UK 's canals remain as they have been since the 18th and 19th century : mostly operated with narrowboats less than 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) wide and 70 feet ( 21 m ) long ( although in parts of the country slightly larger canals were constructed, called ' broad ' or ' wide ' canals, which could take boats that were 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) wide and 70 feet ( 21 m ) long ). A major exception to this stagnation was the Manchester Ship Canal, newly built in the 1890s using the existing River Irwell and River Mersey, to take ocean - going ships into the centre of Manchester via its neighbour Salford. 20th century nationalisation ( edit ) The canal network gradually declined. During the early 20th century, especially in the 1920s and 1930s, many canals, mostly in rural areas, were abandoned due to falling traffic, caused mainly by competition from road transport. However, the main network saw brief surges in use during the First and Second World Wars and still carried a substantial amount of freight until the early 1950s. The final blow was delivered by technological change. Most of the canal system and inland waterways were nationalised in 1948, along with the railways, under the British Transport Commission, whose subsidiary Docks and Inland Waterways Executive managed them into the 1950s. A report in 1955 by the British Transport Commission placed the canals in the UK into three categories according to their economic prospects ; waterways to be developed, waterways to be retained, and waterways having insufficient commercial prospects to justify their retention for navigation. During the 1950s and 1960s freight transport on the canals declined rapidly in the face of mass road transport, and several more canals were abandoned during this period. Most of the traffic on the canals by this time was in coal delivered to waterside factories which had no other convenient access. In the 1950s and 60s, these factories either switched to using other fuels, often because of the Clean Air Act of 1956, or closed completely. The last regular long distance narrow boat carrying contract, to a jam factory near London, ended in 1971, although lime juice continued to be carried between Brentford and Boxmoor until 1981, substantial tonnages of aggregates were carried by narrow boat subsequently on the Grand Union ( River Soar ) until 1996 and more recently between Denham and West Drayton. Under the Transport Act of 1962, the canals were transferred in 1963 to the British Waterways Board ( BWB ), which later became British Waterways, and the railways to the British Railways Board ( BRB ). In the same year a remarkably harsh winter saw many boats frozen into their moorings, and unable to move for weeks at a time. This was one of the reasons given for the decision by BWB to formally cease most of its narrow boat carrying on the canals - with boats and traffics transferred to a private operator, Willow Wren Canal Transport services. By this time the canal network had shrunk to just two thousand miles ( 3,000 kilometres ), half the size it was at its peak in the early 19th century. However, the basic network was still intact ; many of the closures were of duplicate routes or branches. Transport Act 1968 ( edit ) The Transport Act 1968 classified the nationalised waterways as : Commercial - Waterways that could still support commercial traffic ; Cruising - Waterways that had a potential for leisure use, such as cruising, fishing and recreational use ; Remainder - Waterways for which no potential commercial or leisure use could be seen. British Waterways Board was required, under the Act, to keep Commercial Waterways, mainly in the north - east, fit for commercial use ; and Cruising Waterways fit for cruising. However, these obligations were subject to the caveat of being by the most economical means. There was no requirement to maintain Remainder waterways or keep them in a navigable condition ; they were to be treated in the most economic way possible, which could mean abandonment. British Waterways could also change the classification of an existing waterway. Parts, or all, of a Remainder Waterway canal, could also be transferred to local authorities, etc. ; and this transfer could, as happened, allow roads and motorways to be built over them, mitigating the need to provide ( expensive ) accommodation bridges or aqueducts. The act also allowed local authorities to contribute to the upkeep of Remainder Waterways. Restoration ( edit ) Though commercial use of the UK 's canals declined after the Second World War, recreational use gradually increased as people had more leisure time and disposable income. The establishment in 1946 of a group called the Inland Waterways Association by L.T.C. Rolt and Robert Aickman has helped revive interest in the UK 's canals to the point where they are a major leisure destination. Since the formation of the Basingstoke Canal Purchasing Committee in March 1949, waterway restoration organisations have returned many hundreds of miles of abandoned and remainder canals to use, and work is still ongoing to save many more. Many restoration projects have been led by local canal societies or trusts, who were initially formed to fight the closure of a remainder waterway or to save an abandoned canal from further decay. They now work with local authorities and landowners to develop restoration plans and secure funding. The physical work is sometimes done by contractors, sometimes by volunteers. In 1970 the Waterway Recovery Group was formed to co-ordinate volunteer efforts on canals and river navigation 's throughout the United Kingdom. British Waterways began to see the economic and social potential of canalside development, and moved from hostility towards restoration, through neutrality, towards a supportive stance. Whilst British Waterways was broadly supportive of restoration, its official policy was that it would not take on the support of newly restored navigations unless they came with a sufficient dowry to pay for their ongoing upkeep. In effect, this meant either reclassifying the Remainder Waterway as a Cruising Waterway or entering into an agreement for another body to maintain the waterway. There has also been a movement to redevelop canals in inner city areas, such as Birmingham, Manchester, Salford and Sheffield, which have both numerous waterways and urban blight. In these cities, waterways redevelopment provides a focus for successful commercial / residential developments such as Gas Street Basin in Birmingham, Castlefield Basin and Salford Quays in Manchester, Victoria Quays in Sheffield. However, these developments are sometimes controversial. In 2005 environmentalists complained that housing developments on London 's waterways threatened the vitality of the canal system. Today the major majority of canals in England and Wales are managed by the Canal & River Trust which, unlike its predecessor British Waterways, tries to have a more positive view on canal restoration and in some cases actively supports ongoing restoration projects such as the restoration projects on the Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal and the Grantham Canal. See also ( edit ) UK Waterways portal Canals of the United Kingdom for a list of the UK 's canals Canals of Ireland of a list of canals throughout Ireland Tooley 's Boatyard References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reader 's Digest Library of Modern Knowledge. London : Readers Digest. 1978. p. 990. Jump up ^ `` Canal Acts - UK Parliament ''. Parliament.uk. 2010 - 04 - 21. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12. ^ Jump up to : Skempton, quoted in Burton, ( 1995 ). Chapter 2 : The River Navigations ^ Jump up to : Hadfield, Charles ( 1981 ). The Canal Age ( Second ed. ). David & Charles. ISBN 0 - 7153 - 8079 - 6. Jump up ^ See http://www.britishwaterways.co.uk/ ^ Jump up to : Rolt, Inland Waterways ^ Jump up to : Burton, ( 1995 ). Chapter 2 : The River Navigations Jump up ^ History of the Lee Navigation ( 1190 - 1790 ) Jump up ^ London Canal Museum Jump up ^ Fred. S. Thacker The Thames Highway : Volume I General History 1920 - republished 1968 David & Charles Jump up ^ Dictionary of National Biography - Sir Richard Weston Jump up ^ History of Burton from ' British History Online ' Jump up ^ Fred. S. Thacker The Thames Highway : Volume II Locks and Weirs 1920 - republished 1968 David & Charles Jump up ^ L.T.C. Rolt ( 1969 ). Navigable Waterways. Longmans, London. ^ Jump up to : Burton, ( 1995 ). Chapter 3 : Building the Canals Jump up ^ Hadfield, Charles ( 1966 ). The Canals of the West Midlands. David & Charles. ISBN 0 - 7153 - 4660 - 1. Jump up ^ Hibbert, Christopher & Edward ( 1988 ). The Encyclopaedia of Oxford. Macmillan. ISBN 0 - 333 - 39917 - X. ^ Jump up to : Boughey, Joseph. ( 1998 ) Hadfield 's British Canals, Sutton Publishing Ltd, ISBN 0 - 7509 - 1840 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Russell, Ronald. ( 1983 ) Lost Canals & Waterways of Britain, Sphere Books Ltd, ISBN 0 - 7221 - 7562 - 0 Jump up ^ Palmer ( chairman ) 1955, pp. 68 -- 70. ^ Jump up to : `` Transport Act 1968 ''. Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ Squires ( 2008 ), p. 24 Jump up ^ Squires ( 2008 ), p. 71 Jump up ^ Guardian article on London waterways developments Bibliography ( edit ) Blair, John ( ed. ) ( 2007 ). Waterways and Canal - building in Medieval England. Oxford : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 921715 - 1. Broadbridge, S.R. ( 1974 ). The Birmingham Canal Navigations. Volume 1 : 1768 - 1846. Newton Abbot : David & Charles. ISBN 0 - 7153 - 6381 - 6. Volume 2 was never published. Burton, Anthony ( 1995 ). The Great Days of the Canals. London : Tiger Books International. ISBN 1 - 85501 - 695 - 8. Burton, Anthony ( 1983 ). The Waterways of Britain : A Guide to the Canals and Rivers of England, Scotland and Wales. London : Willow Books, William Collins and Sons & Co Ltd. ISBN 0 - 00 - 218047 - 2. Hadfield, Charles ( 1966 ). The Canals of the West Midlands. Newton Abbot : David & Charles. ISBN 0 - 7153 - 4660 - 1. Hadfield, Charles ( 1981 ). The Canal Age ( Second ed. ). David & Charles. ISBN 0 - 7153 - 8079 - 6. Lindsay, Jean ( 1968 ). The Canals of Scotland. Newton Abbot : David & Charles. ISBN 0 - 7153 - 4240 - 1. Malet, Hugh ( 1961 / 1990 ). Bridgewater : The Canal Duke 1736 - 1803, 3rd rev ed, paperback. Nelson, UK : Henton Publishing Co. ISBN 0 - 86067 - 136 - 4. Paget - Tomlinson, E. ( 2006 ) The Illustrated History of Canal & River Navigations : Landmark Publishing Ltd ISBN 1 - 84306 - 207 - 0 Palmer ( chairman ), Robert ( 1955 ). `` Canals and Inland Waterways, Report of the Board of Survey ''. British Transport Commission. `` Reader 's Digest Library of Modern Knowledge ''. London : Reader 's Digest. 1978... Rolt, L.T.C. ( 1944 ). Narrow Boat. London : Eyre Methuen. ISBN 0 - 413 - 22000 - 1. Rolt, L.T.C. ( 1950 ). The Inland waterways of England. London : George Allen and Unwin Ltd. ISBN 0 - 04 - 386003 - 6. Roger Squires ( 2008 ). Britain 's restored canals. Landmark Publishing. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84306 - 331 - 5. Thompson, Hubert Gordon ( 1904 ). The Canal System of England. London : T. Fisher Unwin. External links ( edit ) British canal history in maps by Dr. Mike Stevens ( hide ) Navigable canals of the United Kingdom England Aire and Calder Ashby - de-la - Zouch Ashton Basingstoke Canal Beverley Beck Birmingham Canal Navigations Bridgewater Bridgwater and Taunton Bude Calder and Hebble Cambridgeshire Lodes Chelmer and Blackwater Chesterfield Chichester Coventry Driffield Droitwich Erewash Foss Dyke Gloucester and Sharpness Grand Union Grand Western Grantham Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Hollinwood Branch Huddersfield Broad Huddersfield Narrow Ipswich and Stowmarket Kennet and Avon Lancaster Leeds and Liverpool Lee Navigation Limehouse Llangollen Lydney Macclesfield Manchester Bolton & Bury Manchester Ship Canal Market Weighton Middle Level Navigations Montgomery North Walsham & Dilham Nottingham Oxford Peak Forest Pocklington Regent 's Canal Ribble Link Ripon Rochdale Royal Military Canal Sankey Selby Sheffield and South Yorkshire Shropshire Union Sleaford South Forty - Foot Drain Staffordshire and Worcestershire Stort Stourbridge Stratford - upon - Avon Stroudwater Thames and Medway Thames and Severn Trent and Mersey Weaver Wey and Arun Wey and Godalming Wilts & Berks Witham Navigable Drains Worcester and Birmingham Northern Ireland Broharris Canal Coalisland Canal Dukart 's Canal Lagan Canal Newry Canal Shannon -- Erne Waterway Strabane Canal Ulster Canal Scotland Caledonian Canal Crinan Canal Forth and Clyde Union Canal Wales Llangollen Canal Monmouthshire and Brecon Montgomery Canal Neath and Tennant Swansea Canal Features Aqueducts ( list ) Basins Locks Rings Tunnels ( list ) Winding holes Related topics British Waterways Canal & River Trust Scottish Canals History of the British canal system Narrowboats National Waterways Museum Navigable aqueduct Waterways Ireland Notes : Contains canalised river. Partly or mostly navigable, and / or under restoration. A system of canals. Canals which form part of this system are not listed here individually. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_British_canal_system&oldid=822465811 '' Categories : Canals in the United Kingdom Water transport infrastructure Industrial Revolution Economic history of the United Kingdom History of transport in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2018 Use British English from January 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018, at 14 : 53. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "History of the British canal system", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=History_of_the_British_canal_system&amp;oldid=822465811" }

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{ "text": "Def Jam Recordings - wikipedia Def Jam Recordings Jump to : navigation, search Not to be confused with Deaf Jam or Def Poetry Jam. Def Jam Recordings Parent company Universal Music Group Founded 1983 ; 34 years ago ( 1983 ) Founder Rick Rubin Russell Simmons Distributor ( s ) Universal Music Distribution ( International ) Virgin EMI ( United Kingdom ) Universal Music Enterprises ( reissues ) Genre Various Country of origin United States Location New York City, New York, U.S. Official website defjam.com Def Jam Recordings is an American record label focused predominantly on hip hop and urban music, owned by Universal Music Group ( UMG ). In the UK, the label takes on the name Def Jam UK and is operated through Virgin EMI Records, while in Japan, it is known as Def Jam Japan, operating through Universal Music Japan. The label distributes releases of various record labels, including Kanye West 's GOOD Music, Ludacris ' Disturbing Tha Peace, and ARTium Recordings, headed by Def Jam 's current executive vice president, No I.D.. Current artists include Iggy Azalea, Logic, Big Sean, Kanye West, Leona Lewis, 2 Chainz, Axwell Λ Ingrosso, Mother Mother, Afrojack, Jeezy, Jeremih, Ludacris, Alesso, Pusha T, Vince Staples, Desiigner and Jhené Aiko among others. Contents ( hide ) 1 Company history 1.1 Founding and CBS Records Group era ( 1983 -- 1994 ) 1.2 PolyGram era ( 1994 -- 1998 ) 1.3 The Island Def Jam Music Group founding ( 1998 -- 2000 ) 1.4 2000s 1.5 2010s 2 Notable current artists 3 References 4 External links Company History ( edit ) Founding and CBS Records Group Era ( 1983 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) Def Jam was founded by Rick Rubin in his dormitory in Weinstein Hall at New York University and its first release was a single by his punk - rock group Hose. Russell Simmons joined Rubin shortly after they were introduced to each other, according to one story, by Vincent Gallo. Another cites DJ Jazzy Jay as their connector. Rubin has said he met Simmons on the TV show, `` Graffiti Rock '' and recognized him then as `` the face of hip hop '' : `` He was five years older than me, and he was already established in the music business. And I had no experience whatsoever. '' The first single released with the Def Jam Recordings logo was T La Rock & Jazzy Jay 's `` It 's Yours. '' The first releases with Def Jam Recordings catalog numbers were LL Cool J 's `` I Need a Beat '' and the Beastie Boys ' `` Rock Hard, '' both in 1984. The singles sold well, eventually leading to a distribution deal with CBS Records through Columbia Records the following year. This created a short - lived subsidiary label called OBR Records, short for Original Black Recordings, catered toward R&B artists -- the first artist signed to that imprint was Oran `` Juice '' Jones, who enjoyed success with his hit single `` The Rain ''. A few years later, Russell Simmons and Lyor Cohen started an umbrella label called Rush Associated Labels to handle Def Jam and its numerous spinoff labels. RAL became the home to Nice & Smooth and EPMD after both acts were acquired due to the folding of their former label Sleeping Bag Records. Other acts under the RAL umbrella included Redman, Onyx, Flatlinerz, Domino, Warren G and Jayo Felony. Def Jam also signed its first and only thrash metal band, Slayer, in 1986, and the band 's third and fourth albums were the only two Def Jam releases to be distributed through Geffen Records under Warner Bros. Records as opposed to Columbia / CBS. As the decade drew to a close, the label signed Public Enemy, whose controversial lyrical content garnered the company both critical acclaim and disdain. Lyor Cohen became president of Def Jam / RAL in 1988, after winning a power struggle with Rubin, who would shortly thereafter leave the company to form Def American Recordings. Rubin would take Slayer with him to Def American in its initial stages. PolyGram Era ( 1994 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) By 1992, despite recent multi-platinum selling releases from Public Enemy, and EPMD, Def Jam ran into severe financial troubles and was faced with folding. However, in 1994, PolyGram purchased Sony 's 50 % stake in Def Jam Recordings -- subsequently bringing the label into its fold. Following PolyGram 's purchase, Def Jam distributed the Violator Records - signed artist Warren G 's Regulate... G Funk Era album, which went triple platinum and brought much - needed revenue to Def Jam through its distribution deal with Violator. PolyGram acquired an additional 10 % in Def Jam Recordings in 1996, further strengthening its ownership of Def Jam. Shortly thereafter, Rush Associated Labels was renamed Def Jam Music Group. The label remained profitable as its veteran star LL Cool J released his successful album Mr. Smith in 1995. The label later signed Foxy Brown, whose debut album Ill Na Na became a platinum seller in 1997. The Island Def Jam Music Group founding ( 1998 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) In 1998, PolyGram was purchased by Seagram and merged with the MCA family of labels, which became Universal Music Group. It then purchased the remaining interest of Def Jam Recordings from Russell Simmons for a reported $100 million. UMG merged 14 + record labels including : Def Jam, Island Records and Mercury Records to form The Island Def Jam Music Group. Despite the formation of IDJMG, the Def Jam, Mercury, and Island labels ( among others ) continued to operate as separate imprints underneath the bigger umbrella. Lyor Cohen was appointed co-president of IDJMG, and Kevin Liles succeeded him as president of Def Jam. In 1999, IDJMG created a R&B spin - off label called Def Soul Recordings to run alongside Def Jam Recordings, which inherited many of Island Records ' urban artists ( and also some from Mercury Records ), including Dru Hill and its lead singer Sisqó, the Isley Brothers and Kelly Price. Def Soul also issued recordings by Musiq, Montell Jordan, Case, 112, Patti LaBelle, and Christina Milian. Island 's 4th & B'way Records was also folded into Def Jam. Kevin Liles also served as President of Def Soul Records. Also in 1999, the label began to distribute releases by Murder Inc. Records, run by former Def Jam executive Irv Gotti. Murder Inc. 's roster of artists would include Ja Rule, Ashanti, Lloyd, Vita. The following year, it launched another subsidiary, Def Jam South, which focused on Southern rap and distributed releases from labels such as Disturbing tha Peace, whose artists have included Ludacris, Chingy, and Bobby Valentino. Russell Simmons tapped Texas - born and raised rap legend Scarface ( a.k.a. Brad Jordan ) as the original head of Def Jam South. After about a 4 - year run at Def Jam South, Scarface negotiated a release from the company in 2003. In 2014, Universal Music Group announced that The Island Def Jam Music Group would end operations, and the assets would be separated into three different entities : Def Jam Recordings, Island Records, and Motown Records. The Mercury Records label has been dormant since IDJMG was dismantled. 2000s ( edit ) In 2000, The Island Def Jam Music Group announced the formation of Def Jam Germany, the first international Def Jam company. This increased the label 's presence around the world. Def Jam Germany signed German rappers Spezializtz and Philly MC. The label was located in Berlin and opened on May 23, 2000. In addition to signing and marketing local artists, Def Jam Germany also marketed all U.S. signed Def Jam artists in the German territory. But the German division folded just two years later in 2002. Many of the artists were picked up by Universal / Urban, while others did not get a new contract. The second international label is a Japanese branch, Def Jam Japan ( デフ ・ ジャム ・ ジャパン, Defu Jamu Japan ), also founded in 2000. Their artist roster has included AI, Teriyaki Boyz, Nitro Microphone Underground, and South Korean boy band BTS. In 2003, Murder Inc. became the center of a money laundering investigation involving illegal profits from drug trade, leading to the label 's eventual release from its distribution contract by 2005. The final shares of Roc - A-Fella Records were sold to The Island Def Jam Music Group in 2004, by which time it had launched the career of producer - turned - rapper Kanye West. In 2004, Cohen left IDJMG for Warner Music Group, and was replaced by former Arista - now Epic executive L.A. Reid. An unhappy Liles eventually decided to follow Cohen to Warner. A bidding war for Jay - Z 's contract began, and Reid appointed Jay - Z president of Def Jam. Under Jay - Z 's leadership, Def Jam launched the successful careers of contemporary R&B singers Rihanna and Ne - Yo. At the end of 2007, Jay - Z decided not to renew his contract as the President and CEO of Def Jam in order to start his new venture, Roc Nation. Following Jay - Z 's departure, L.A. Reid took over leadership of the label, as opposed to hiring a replacement. In June 2008, Shakir Stewart was appointed as Executive Vice President of Def Jam, a position that was previously left vacant since December 2007. 2010s ( edit ) In March 2012, it was announced that former Warner Bros. Records executive Joie Manda would become the first president of Def Jam since Jay - Z. Until March 2013 when he exited his post at Def Jam and it was announced he 'd be heading up the urban division of Interscope Records by his former boss, Barry Weiss. The - Dream served as Def Jam 's executive vice president between 2012 and 2014. No I.D. upholds the position of executive vice president after helping to establish GOOD Music with Kanye West ; Steve Bartels is the current CEO of Def Jam. On April 1, 2014, it was announced that Island Def Jam would no longer be active following the resignation of CEO Barry Weiss. A press release serviced by Universal Music Group stated that IDJMG, and all of its assets would be reorganized into Def Jam Recordings, Island Records and Motown Records, all as separate entities. Def Jam Recordings operates as a stand - alone label within Universal Music Group. Steve Bartels serves a time as President / CEO of Def Jam Recording till it was announced on August 3, 2017, that as of January 2018, Eminem 's longtime manager and co-founder of Shady Records, Paul Rosenberg has been appointed the new President / CEO of Def Jam Recordings. Notable current artists ( edit ) 2 Chainz Afrojack Alessia Cara Alesso Amir Obé August Alsina Axwell Λ Ingrosso Babyface Bibi Bourelly Big Sean BTS Common Conway Dave East Desiigner Earl St. Clair Elijah Blake Fabolous Flesh - N - Bone Iggy Azalea Jadakiss Jahkoy Jeezy Jeremih Jhené Aiko Juelz Santana Justin Bieber Kacy Hill Kanye West Leona Lewis Lil Durk Logic Mark Battles Maejor Ali Mother Mother Moxie Raia Nas Q - Tip Teyana Taylor Toni Braxton Trap Beckham Vince Staples Westside Gunn YG References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Breihan, Tom. `` Kanye 's G.O.O.D. Music Signs With Def Jam ''. pitchfork.com. Pitchfork. Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Kanye West 's G.O.O.D. Music Signs Worldwide Deal With Island Def Jam ''. billboard.com. Billboard. Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 01. Jump up ^ Herschberg, Lynn ( September 2, 2007 ). `` The Music Man ''. New York Times Magazine. Jump up ^ Turner, Edwin ( 2011 - 12 - 17 ). `` I Review Def Jam 25, the Overstuffed Illustrated Oral History of a Record Label that Helped Change American Culture ''. Biblioklept. Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 28. Jump up ^ `` Def Jam Records launched by Russell Simmons and Rick Rubin ''. The Guardian. 12 June 2011. Jump up ^ `` Rick Rubin, Russell Simmons : Def Jam 's First 25 Years ''. NPR. 9 October 2011. Jump up ^ Moore, Maurice. `` Indianapolis : CRUSH Ent Presents : EPMD & DJ Scratch @ The Vogue ''. bestevents.us. Best Events. Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 03. Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 02. Jump up ^ `` PolyGram acquires 50 % of Def Jam ''. Business Wire. 1994 - 11 - 16. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Hiphop Geschichte des Labels DefJam ''. netzfeuilleton.de. 2014 - 11 - 10. Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Def Jam Japan ( A Universal Music Company ) ''. Universal-music.co.jp. Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 05. Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 05. Jump up ^ `` Hip - Hop 's Irv ' Gotti ' Surrenders to FBI - Celebrity Gossip Entertainment News Arts And Entertainment ''. FOXNews.com. 2005 - 01 - 27. Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 05. ^ Jump up to : Ogunnaike, Lola ( Aug. 28, 2005 ). `` Jay - Z, From Superstar to Suit ''. New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2008. Jump up ^ Reid, Shaheem ( 2007 - 12 - 24 ). `` Jay - Z Stepping Down As Def Jam President / CEO ''. MTV News. Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 05. Jump up ^ Markman, Rob ( 2012 - 03 - 12 ). `` Def Jam Names Joie Manda New President ''. MTV.com. Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 05. Jump up ^ Aswad, Jem ( March 28, 2013 ). `` Joie Manda Resigns as Def Jam President, Moving to Interscope ''. Billboard. Jump up ^ pologod. `` No I.D. Is The New Executive Vice President Of Def Jam Recordings ''. The Source. Jump up ^ miranda ( 1 April 2014 ). `` Island Def Jam Is Over ''. XXL Mag. Jump up ^ `` Eminem 's Manager Paul Rosenberg Named New CEO of Def Jam ''. Billboard. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03. Jump up ^ Caramanica, Jon ( 19 May 2015 ). `` Alessia Cara Speaks Up for the Outsiders on ' Here ' ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 1 June 2015. Jump up ^ `` MTV Jams ' Fab 5 List : Spotlight On August Alsina ''. MTV. 2013 - 07 - 24. Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Axwell Λ Ingrosso Sign To Def Jam Recordings Def Jam ''. Def Jam. 2014 - 09 - 19. Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 26. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02. Jump up ^ Common ( 2014 - 06 - 04 ). `` Common Signs To No I.D. 's Artium / Def Jam Recordings ''. Def Jam. Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 06. Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04. Jump up ^ Conway ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ). `` CONWAY THE MACHINE SPEAKS ON SHADY DEAL AND REVEALS DETAILS ABOUT ' G.O.A.T. ' ''. Mass Appeal. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18. Jump up ^ Elijah Blake ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ). `` Elijah Blake ''. Def Jam. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08. External links ( edit ) Interview with Shakir Stewart, HitQuarters Nov 5 Def Jam Recordings Discography Founders Russell Simmons Rick Rubin Subsidiaries ARTium Records Def Jam South Def Soul Disturbing tha Peace GOOD Music Radio Killa Records Roc - A-Fella Records Def Jam South Founders Russell Simmons Related articles and record labels Def Jam Recordings We the Best Music Group Disturbing tha Peace Slip - n - Slide Records Vivendi History List of owned assets Directors Vincent Bolloré Arnaud de Puyfontaine Pierre Rodocanachi Universal Music Group Universal Music Distribution Universal Music Publishing Group Decca Label Group Decca Records Deutsche Grammophon Island Records Mercury Records Roc Nation StarRoc Takeover Roc Nation Republic Records Cash Money Records Big Machine Label Group Universal Music Enterprises Hip - O Records Def Jam Recordings Show Dog - Universal Music Vevo Capitol Christian Music Group Motown Gospel Sparrow Records Tooth & Nail Records Capitol Music Group Astralwerks Apple Records Blue Note Records Capitol Records Caroline Distribution Harvest Records mau5trap Motown Priority Records Virgin Records Interscope Geffen A&M Records A&M Records A&M Octone Records DGC Records Geffen Records Interscope Records UM Latin Entertainment Capitol Latin Disa Records Fonovisa Records Machete Music UMG Nashville MCA Nashville Mercury Nashville Records Lost Highway Records Capitol Records Nashville EMI Records Nashville UM UK Capitol UK Decca Records Island UK Polydor Records Virgin EMI Records Verve Records GRP Records Impulse! Records Verve Forecast Records Film / TV units Eagle Rock Entertainment PolyGram Entertainment Universal Music TV Canal+ Group Canal+ Canalsat Afrique Calédonie Caraïbes D8 StudioCanal UK Other assets Dailymotion ( 90 % ) Gameloft ( 96 % ) Telecom Italia ( 20.03 % ) Mediaset ( 12.3 % ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Def_Jam_Recordings&oldid=802446668 '' Categories : American record labels Companies based in New York City Labels distributed by Universal Music Group Hip hop record labels Record labels established in 1983 Rhythm and blues record labels Vivendi subsidiaries Def Jam Recordings Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017, at 05 : 35. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Def Jam Recordings", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Def_Jam_Recordings&amp;oldid=802446668" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "The second international label is a Japanese branch, Def Jam Japan ( デフ ・ ジャム ・ ジャパン, Defu Jamu Japan ), also founded in 2000. Their artist roster has included AI, Teriyaki Boyz, Nitro Microphone Underground, and South Korean boy band BTS. In 2003, Murder Inc. became the center of a money laundering investigation involving illegal profits from drug trade, leading to the label 's eventual release from its distribution contract by 2005. The final shares of Roc - A-Fella Records were sold to The Island Def Jam Music Group in 2004, by which time it had launched the career of producer - turned - rapper Kanye West. In 2004, Cohen left IDJMG for Warner Music Group, and was replaced by former Arista - now Epic executive L.A. Reid. An unhappy Liles eventually decided to follow Cohen to Warner. A bidding war for Jay - Z 's contract began, and Reid appointed Jay - Z president of Def Jam. Under Jay - Z 's leadership, Def Jam launched the successful careers of contemporary R&B singers Rihanna and Ne - Yo. At the end of 2007, Jay - Z decided not to renew his contract as the President and CEO of Def Jam in order to start his new venture, Roc Nation. Following Jay - Z 's departure, L.A. Reid took over leadership of the" ], "id": [ "12712542383961333804" ], "short_answers": [ "2004" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Fall of Constantinople - wikipedia Fall of Constantinople Jump to : navigation, search For other sieges of the city, see List of sieges of Constantinople. Conquest of Constantinople Part of the Byzantine -- Ottoman Wars and Ottoman wars in Europe The last siege of Constantinople, contemporary 15th century French miniature Date 6 April -- 29 May 1453 ( 53 days ) Location Constantinople ( present - day Istanbul ) Result Decisive Ottoman victory Fall of the Byzantine Empire Constantinople becomes the Ottoman Empire 's new capital Belligerents Ottoman Empire Byzantine Empire Republic of Genoa Republic of Venice Kingdom of Sicily Papal States Ottoman Defectors Commanders and leaders Mehmed II Zagan Pasha Suleiman Baltoghlu Hamza Bey Constantine XI † Loukas Notaras Theophilos Palaiologos † Giovanni Giustiniani Longo ( WIA ) Orhan Çelebi Strength Ottomans Land forces : 50,000 -- 80,000 100,000 -- 160,000 -- 200,000 70 cannons 14 large and 56 small caliber ) Naval forces : 70 ships, 20 galleys 90 -- 126 ships Byzantines Land forces : 7,000 -- 10,000 - 12,000, many of whom were civilians 600 Ottoman defectors Naval forces : 26 ships Casualties and losses Unknown but heavy 4,000 killed in total ( including combatants and civilians ) 30,000 enslaved or deported Jump up ^ More specifically, the Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty Jump up ^ The Venetians decided to make a peace treaty with the Ottomans in September 1451, because they were on good terms already with the Ottomans and they did not want to ruin a relationship. They also did not want the Ottomans to interfere with their trade in the Black Sea and Mediterranean. The Venetians ' efforts mainly included giving Constantine XI ships and a total of 800 soldiers in February 1453. The Venetians also promised that a larger fleet would arrive to save Constantine, this fleet would be full of ammunition, fresh soldiers and supplies. This fleet arrived too late. Jump up ^ The Kingdom of Sicily mainly donated ships and a few soldiers, it was not official however, and was done by several Cardinals. Jump up ^ The Genoese captain Giovanni Giustiniani Longo was wounded in battle, but managed to escape, he died during the early days of June 1453. Jump up ^ Figures according to recent estimates and Ottoman archival data. The Ottoman Empire, for demographic reasons, would not have been able to put more than 80,000 men into the field at the time. Jump up ^ Figures according to contemporaneous Western / Christian estimates Jump up ^ By nationality, there were 5,000 Greeks and 2,000 foreigners, mostly of Genoese and Venetian origin. Byzantine -- Ottoman wars Bapheus Dimbos Catalan campaign Prusa Pelekanon Nicaea Nicomedia 1st Gallipoli 2nd Gallipoli Adrianople 1st Thessalonica Philadelphia 1st Constantinople 2nd Constantinople 2nd Thessalonica 3rd Constantinople Trebizond The Fall of Constantinople ( Greek : Ἅλωσις τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, Halōsis tēs Kōnstantinoupoleōs ; Turkish : İstanbul'un Fethi Conquest of Istanbul ) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading army of the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453. The Ottomans were commanded by the then 21 - year - old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, who defeated an army commanded by Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos. The conquest of Constantinople followed a 53 - day siege that had begun on 6 April 1453. The capture of Constantinople ( and two other Byzantine splinter territories soon thereafter ) marked the end of the Byzantine Empire, a continuation of the Roman Empire dating to 27 BC, an imperial state lasting for nearly 1,500 years. The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople also dealt a massive blow to Christendom, as the Muslim Ottoman armies thereafter were left unchecked to advance into Europe without an adversary to their rear. After the conquest, Sultan Mehmed II transferred the capital of the Ottoman Empire from Edirne to Constantinople. It was also a watershed moment in military history. Since ancient times, cities had used ramparts and city walls to protect themselves from invaders, and Constantinople 's substantial fortifications had been a model followed by cities throughout the Mediterranean region and Europe. The Ottomans ultimately prevailed due to the use of gunpowder ( which powered formidable cannons ). The conquest of the city of Constantinople and the end of the Byzantine Empire was a key event in the Late Middle Ages which also marks, for some historians, the end of the Middle Ages. Contents ( hide ) 1 State of the Byzantine Empire 2 Preparations 2.1 Strength 2.1. 1 Ottoman dispositions and strategies 2.1. 2 Byzantine dispositions and strategies 3 Siege 3.1 Final assault 3.2 Plundering phase 4 Aftermath 4.1 Third Rome 4.2 Impact on the Churches 5 Cultural references 5.1 Legends 5.2 Cultural impact 5.3 Impact on the Renaissance 5.4 Megali idea 5.5 Renaming of the city 5.6 In historical fiction 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links State of the Byzantine Empire ( edit ) Constantinople had been an imperial capital since its consecration in 330 under Roman Emperor, Constantine the Great. In the following eleven centuries, the city had been besieged many times but was captured only once : during the Fourth Crusade in 1204. The crusaders established an unstable Latin state in and around Constantinople while the remaining empire splintered into a number of Byzantine successor states, notably Nicaea, Epirus and Trebizond. They fought as allies against the Latin establishments, but also fought among themselves for the Byzantine throne. The Nicaeans eventually reconquered Constantinople from the Latins in 1261. Thereafter there was little peace for the much - weakened empire as it fended off successive attacks by the Latins, the Serbians, the Bulgarians, and, most importantly, the Ottoman Turks. The Black Plague between 1346 and 1349 killed almost half of the inhabitants of Constantinople. The city was severely depopulated due to the general economic and territorial decline of the empire, and by 1453 consisted of a series of walled villages separated by vast fields encircled by the fifth - century Theodosian walls. By 1450 the empire was exhausted and had shrunk to a few square miles outside the city of Constantinople itself, the Princes ' Islands in the Sea of Marmara, and the Peloponnese with its cultural center at Mystras. The Empire of Trebizond, an independent successor state that formed in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, also survived on the coast of the Black Sea. Preparations ( edit ) When Sultan Mehmed II succeeded his father in 1451, he was just nineteen years old. Many European courts assumed that the young Ottoman ruler would not seriously challenge Christian hegemony in the Balkans and the Aegean. This calculation was boosted by Mehmed 's friendly overtures to the European envoys at his new court. But Mehmed 's mild words were not matched by actions. By early 1452, work began on the construction of a second fortress ( Rumeli hisarı ) on the Bosphorus, on the European side several miles north of Constantinople, set directly across the strait on the Asian side from the Anadolu Hisarı fortress, built by his great - grandfather Bayezid I. This pair of fortresses ensured complete control of sea traffic on the Bosphorus ; and defended against attack by the Genoese colonies on the Black Sea coast to the north. ( This new fortress, was called Boğazkesen, which means ' strait - blocker ' or ' throat - cutter ', to emphasize its strategic position. ) In October 1452, Mehmed ordered Turakhan Beg to station a large garrison force in the Peloponnese to block Thomas and Demetrios ( despotes in Southern Greece ) from providing aid to their brother Constantine XI Palaiologos during the impending siege of Constantinople. Michael Critobulus says about the speech of Mehmed II to his soldiers : `` My friends and men of my empire! You all know very well that our forefathers secured this kingdom that we now hold at the cost of many struggles and very great dangers and that, having passed it along in succession from their fathers, from father to son, they handed it down to me. For some of the oldest of you were sharers in many of the exploits carried through by them -- those at least of you who are of maturer years -- and the younger of you have heard of these deeds from your fathers. They are not such very ancient events nor of such a sort as to be forgotten through the lapse of time. Still the eyewitness of those who have seen testifies better than does the hearing of deeds that happened but yesterday or the day before. '' Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI swiftly understood Mehmed 's true intentions and turned to Western Europe for help ; but now the price of centuries of war and enmity between the eastern and western churches had to be paid. Since the mutual excommunications of 1054, the Pope in Rome was committed to establishing authority over the eastern church. Nominal union had been negotiated in 1274, at the Second Council of Lyon, and indeed, some Palaiologoi emperors ( Latin, Palaeologan ) had since been received into the Latin church. Emperor John VIII Palaiologos had also recently negotiated union with Pope Eugene IV, with the Council of Florence of 1439 proclaiming a Bull of Union. These events, however, stimulated a propaganda initiative by anti-unionist Orthodox partisans in Constantinople ; the population, as well as the laity and leadership of the Byzantine Church, became bitterly divided. Latent ethnic hatred between Greeks and Italians, stemming from the events of the Massacre of the Latins in 1182 by the Greeks and the sack of Constantinople in 1204 by the Latins, played a significant role. Finally, the attempted Union failed, greatly annoying Pope Nicholas V and the hierarchy of the Roman church. The Byzantine Empire in the first half of the 15th century. Thessaloniki was captured by the Ottomans in 1430. A few islands in the Aegean and the Propontis remained under Byzantine rule until 1453 ( not shown on the map ). In the summer of 1452, when Rumelı Hisari was completed and the threat had become imminent, Constantine wrote to the Pope, promising to implement the Union, which was declared valid by a half - hearted imperial court on 12 December 1452. Although he was eager for an advantage, Pope Nicholas V did not have the influence the Byzantines thought he had over the Western kings and princes, some of whom were wary of increasing Papal control, and these had not the wherewithal to contribute to the effort, especially in light of the weakened state of France and England from the Hundred Years ' War, Spain being in the final part of the Reconquista, the internecine fighting in the German Principalities, and Hungary and Poland 's defeat at the Battle of Varna of 1444. Although some troops did arrive from the mercantile city states in the north of Italy, the Western contribution was not adequate to counterbalance Ottoman strength. Some Western individuals, however, came to help defend the city on their own account. Cardinal Isidore, funded by the pope, arrived in 1452 with 200 archers One of these was an accomplished soldier from Genoa, Giovanni Giustiniani, who arrived with 400 men from Genoa and 300 men from Genoese Chios, in January 1453. As a specialist in defending walled cities, he was immediately given the overall command of the defense of the land walls by the emperor. Around the same time, the captains of the Venetian ships that happened to be present in the Golden Horn offered their services to the Emperor, barring contrary orders from Venice, and Pope Nicholas undertook to send three ships laden with provisions, which set sail near the end of March. In Venice, meanwhile, deliberations were taking place concerning the kind of assistance the Republic would lend to Constantinople. The Senate decided upon sending a fleet in February 1453, but there were delays, and when it finally set out late in April, it was already too late for it to be able to take part in the battle. Further undermining Byzantine morale, seven Italian ships with around 700 men slipped out of the capital at the moment when Giustiniani arrived, men who had sworn to defend the capital. At the same time, Constantine 's attempts to appease the Sultan with gifts ended with the execution of the Emperor 's ambassadors -- even Byzantine diplomacy could not save the city. Restored Walls of Constantinople The chain that closed off the entrance to the Golden Horn in 1453, now on display in the İstanbul Archaeology Museums. Fearing a possible naval attack along the shores of the Golden Horn, Emperor Constantine XI ordered that a defensive chain be placed at the mouth of the harbour. This chain, which floated on logs, was strong enough to prevent any Turkish ship from entering the harbour. This device was one of two that gave the Byzantines some hope of extending the siege until the possible arrival of foreign help. This strategy was enforced because in 1204 the armies of the Fourth Crusade successfully circumvented Constantinople 's land defenses by breaching the Golden Horn Wall. Another strategy employed by the Byzantines was the repair and fortification of the Land Wall ( Theodosian Walls ). Emperor Constantine deemed it necessary to ensure that the Blachernae district 's wall were the most fortified because that section of the wall protruded northwards. The land fortifications comprised a 60 ft ( 18 m ) wide moat fronting inner and outer crenellated walls studded with towers every 45 -- 55 metres. Strength ( edit ) Map of Constantinople and the dispositions of the defenders and the besiegers The army defending Constantinople was relatively small, totaling about 7,000 men, 2,000 of whom were foreigners. At the onset of the siege, probably fewer than 50,000 people were living within the walls, including the refugees from the surrounding area. Turkish commander Dorgano, who was in Constantinople in the pay of the Emperor, was also guarding one of the quarters of the city on the seaward side with the Turks in his pay. These Turks kept loyal to the Emperor and perished in the ensuing battle. The defending army 's Genoese corps were well trained and equipped, while the rest of the army consisted of small numbers of well - trained soldiers, armed civilians, sailors and volunteer forces from foreign communities, and finally monks. The garrison used a few small - calibre artillery bullets, which nonetheless proved ineffective. The rest of the city repaired walls, stood guard on observation posts, collected and distributed food provisions, and collected gold and silver objects from churches to melt down into coins to pay the foreign soldiers. The Ottomans had a much larger force. Recent studies and Ottoman archival data state that there were about 50,000 -- 80,000 Ottoman soldiers including between 5,000 and 10,000 Janissaries, an elite infantry corps, and thousands of Christian troops, notably 1,500 Serbian cavalry that the Serbian lord Đurađ Branković was forced to supply as part of his obligation to the Ottoman sultan -- just a few months before, he had supplied the money for the reconstruction of the walls of Constantinople. Contemporaneous Western witnesses of the siege, who tend to exaggerate the military power of the Sultan, provide disparate and higher numbers ranging from 160,000 to 200,000 and to 300,000 ( Niccolò Barbaro : 160,000 ; the Florentine merchant Jacopo Tedaldi and the Great Logothete George Sphrantzes : 200,000 ; the Cardinal Isidore of Kiev and the Archbishop of Mytilene Leonardo di Chio : 300,000 ). At this time cannons were being made. Ottoman dispositions and strategies ( edit ) The Dardanelles Gun, cast in 1464 and based on the Orban bombard that was used by the Ottoman besiegers of Constantinople in 1453 ( British Royal Armouries collection ). Mehmed built a fleet to besiege the city from the sea ( partially manned by Greek sailors from Gallipoli ). Contemporary estimates of the strength of the Ottoman fleet span between about 100 ships ( Tedaldi ), 145 ( Barbaro ), 160 ( Ubertino Pusculo ), 200 -- 250 ( Isidore of Kiev, Leonardo di Chio ) to 430 ( Sphrantzes ). A more realistic modern estimate predicts a fleet strength of 126 ships comprising 6 large galleys, 10 ordinary galleys, 15 smaller galleys, 75 large rowing boats, and 20 horse - transports. Before the siege of Constantinople, it was known that the Ottomans had the ability to cast medium - sized cannons, but the range of some pieces they were able to field far surpassed the defenders ' expectations. Instrumental to this Ottoman advancement in arms production was a somewhat mysterious figure by the name of Orban ( Urban ), a Hungarian ( though some suggest he was German ). One cannon designed by Orban was named `` Basilica '' and was 27 feet ( 8.2 m ) long, and able to hurl a 600 lb ( 272 kg ) stone ball over a mile ( 1.6 km ). Modern painting of Mehmed and the Ottoman Army approaching Constantinople with a giant bombard, by Fausto Zonaro The master founder initially tried to sell his services to the Byzantines, who were unable to secure the funds needed to hire him. Orban then left Constantinople and approached Mehmed II, claiming that his weapon could blast ' the walls of Babylon itself '. Given abundant funds and materials, the Hungarian engineer built the gun within three months at Edirne, from which it was dragged by sixty oxen to Constantinople. In the meantime, Orban also produced other cannons for the Turkish siege forces. Orban 's cannon had several drawbacks : it took three hours to reload ; cannonballs were in very short supply ; and the cannon is said to have collapsed under its own recoil after six weeks ( this is disputed, however, given that it was only reported in the letter of Archbishop Leonardo di Chio and in the later and often unreliable Russian chronicle of Nestor Iskander ). Having previously established a large foundry about 150 miles ( 240 km ) away, Mehmed now had to undergo the painstaking process of transporting his massive artillery pieces. Orban 's giant cannon was said to have been accompanied by a crew of 60 oxen and over 400 men. In preparation for the final assault, Mehmed had an artillery train of seventy large pieces dragged from his headquarters at Edirne, in addition to the bombards cast on the spot. Mehmed planned to attack the Theodosian Walls, the intricate series of walls and ditches protecting Constantinople from an attack from the West, the only part of the city not surrounded by water. His army encamped outside the city on the Monday after Easter, 2 April 1453. The bulk of the Ottoman army were encamped south of the Golden Horn. The regular European troops, stretched out along the entire length of the walls, were commanded by Karadja Pasha. The regular troops from Anatolia under Ishak Pasha were stationed south of the Lycus down to the Sea of Marmara. Mehmed himself erected his red - and - gold tent near the Mesoteichion, where the guns and the elite regiments, the Janissaries, were positioned. The Bashi - bazouks were spread out behind the front lines. Other troops under Zagan Pasha were employed north of the Golden Horn. Communication was maintained by a road that had been constructed over the marshy head of the Horn. Byzantine dispositions and strategies ( edit ) Painting of the Fall of Constantinople, by Theophilos Hatzimihail The city had about 20 km of walls ( land walls : 5.5 km ; sea walls along the Golden Horn : 7 km ; sea walls along the Sea of Marmara : 7.5 km ), one of the strongest sets of fortified walls in existence. The walls had recently been repaired ( under John VIII ) and were in fairly good shape, giving the defenders sufficient reason to believe that they could hold out until help from the West arrived.In addition, the defenders were relatively well - equipped with a fleet of 26 ships : 5 from Genoa, 5 from Venice, 3 from Venetian Crete, 1 from Ancona, 1 from Aragon, 1 from France, and about 10 Byzantine. On 5 April, the Sultan himself arrived with his last troops, and the defenders took up their positions. As their numbers were insufficient to occupy the walls in their entirety, it had been decided that only the outer walls would be manned. Constantine and his Greek troops guarded the Mesoteichion, the middle section of the land walls, where they were crossed by the river Lycus. This section was considered the weakest spot in the walls and an attack was feared here most. Giustiniani was stationed to the north of the emperor, at the Charisian Gate ( Myriandrion ) ; later during the siege, he was shifted to the Mesoteichion to join Constantine, leaving the Myriandrion to the charge of the Bocchiardi brothers. Minotto and his Venetians were stationed in the Blachernae palace, together with Teodoro Caristo, the Langasco brothers, and Archbishop Leonardo of Chios. To the left of the emperor, further south, were the commanders Cataneo, with Genoese troops, and Theophilus Palaeologus, who guarded the Pegae Gate with Greek soldiers. The section of the land walls from the Pegae Gate to the Golden Gate ( itself guarded by a certain Genoese called Manuel ) was defended by the Venetian Filippo Contarini, while Demetrius Cantacuzenus had taken position on the southernmost part of the Theodosian wall. The sea walls were manned more sparsely, with Jacobo Contarini at Stoudion, a makeshift defense force of Greek monks to his left hand, and prince Orhan at the Harbour of Eleutherius. Pere Julià was stationed at the Great Palace with Genoese and Catalan troops ; Cardinal Isidore of Kiev guarded the tip of the peninsula near the boom. The sea walls at the southern shore of the Golden Horn were defended by Venetian and Genoese sailors under Gabriele Trevisano. Two tactical reserves were kept behind in the city, one in the Petra district just behind the land walls and one near the Church of the Holy Apostles, under the command of Loukas Notaras and Nicephorus Palaeologus, respectively. The Venetian Alviso Diedo commanded the ships in the harbor. Although the Byzantines also had cannons, they were much smaller than those of the Ottomans and the recoil tended to damage their own walls. According to David Nicolle, despite many odds, the idea that Constantinople was inevitably doomed is wrong, and the overall situation was not as one - sided as a simple glance at a map might suggest.It has also been claimed that Constantinople was `` the best - defended city in Europe '' at that time. Siege ( edit ) At the beginning of the siege, Mehmed sent out some of his best troops to reduce the remaining Byzantine strongholds outside the city of Constantinople. The fortress of Therapia on the Bosphorus and a smaller castle at the village of Studius near the Sea of Marmara were taken within a few days. The Princes ' Islands in the Sea of Marmara were taken by Admiral Baltoghlu 's fleet. Mehmed 's massive cannon fired on the walls for weeks, but due to its imprecision and extremely slow rate of reloading the Byzantines were able to repair most of the damage after each shot, limiting the cannon 's effect. The Ottoman Turks transport their fleet overland into the Golden Horn. Meanwhile, despite some probing attacks, the Ottoman fleet under Suleiman Baltoghlu could not enter the Golden Horn due to the chain the Byzantines had previously stretched across the entrance. Although one of the fleet 's main tasks was to prevent any ships from outside from entering the Golden Horn, on 20 April a small flotilla of four Christian ships managed to slip in after some heavy fighting, an event which strengthened the morale of the defenders and caused embarrassment to the Sultan. Baltoghlu 's life was spared after his subordinates testified to his bravery during the conflict. Mehmed ordered the construction of a road of greased logs across Galata on the north side of the Golden Horn, and dragged his ships over the hill, directly into the Golden Horn on 22 April, bypassing the chain barrier. This seriously threatened the flow of supplies from Genoese ships from the -- nominally neutral -- colony of Pera, and demoralized the Byzantine defenders. On the night of 28 April, an attempt was made to destroy the Ottoman ships already in the Golden Horn using fire ships, but the Ottomans had been warned in advance and forced the Christians to retreat with heavy losses. Forty Italians escaped their sinking ships and swam to the northern shore. On orders of Mehmed, they were impaled on stakes, in sight of the city 's defenders on the sea walls across the Golden Horn. In retaliation, the defenders brought their Ottoman prisoners, 260 in all, to the walls, where they were executed, one by one, before the eyes of the Ottomans. With the failure of their attack on the Ottoman vessels, the defenders were forced to disperse part of their forces to defend the sea walls along the Golden Horn. The Ottoman army had made several frontal assaults on the land wall of Constantinople, but were always repelled with heavy losses. Venetian surgeon Niccolò Barbaro, describing in his diary one of such frequent land attacks especially by the Janissaries, wrote : `` They found the Turks coming right up under the walls and seeking battle, particularly the Janissaries... and when one or two of them were killed, at once more Turks came and took away the dead ones... without caring how near they came to the city walls. Our men shot at them with guns and crossbows, aiming at the Turk who was carrying away his dead countryman, and both of them would fall to the ground dead, and then there came other Turks and took them away, none fearing death, but being willing to let ten of themselves be killed rather than suffer the shame of leaving a single Turkish corpse by the walls. '' Siege of Constantinople as depicted between 1453 and 1475. After these inconclusive frontal offensives, the Ottomans sought to break through the walls by constructing underground tunnels in an effort to mine them from mid-May to 25 May. Many of the sappers were miners of Serbian origin sent from Novo Brdo by the Serbian despot. They were placed under the command of Zagan Pasha. However, an engineer named Johannes Grant, a German who came together with the Genoese contingent, had counter-mines dug, allowing Byzantine troops to enter the mines and kill the workers. The Byzantines intercepted the first Serbian tunnel on the night of 16 May. Subsequent tunnels were interrupted on 21, 23, and 25 May, and destroyed with Greek fire and vigorous combat. On 23 May, the Byzantines captured and tortured two Turkish officers, who revealed the location of all the Turkish tunnels, which were then destroyed. On 21 May, Mehmed sent an ambassador to Constantinople and offered to lift the siege if they gave him the city. He promised he would allow the Emperor and any other inhabitants to leave with their possessions. Moreover, he would recognize the Emperor as governor of the Peloponnese. Lastly, he guaranteed the safety of the population that might choose to remain in the city. Constantine XI only agreed to pay higher tributes to the sultan and recognized the status of all the conquered castles and lands in the hands of the Turks as Ottoman possession. `` Giving you though the city depends neither on me nor on anyone else among its inhabitants ; as we have all decided to die with our own free will and we shall not consider our lives. '' Around this time, Mehmed had a final council with his senior officers. Here he encountered some resistance ; one of his Viziers, the veteran Halil Pasha, who had always disapproved of Mehmed 's plans to conquer the city, now admonished him to abandon the siege in the face of recent adversity. Zagan Pasha argued against Halil Pasha, and insisted on an immediate attack. Mehmed planned to overpower the walls by sheer force, expecting that the weakened Byzantine defense by the prolonged siege would now be worn out before he ran out of troops and started preparations for a final all - out offensive. Final assault ( edit ) Painting by the Greek folk painter Theophilos Hatzimihail showing the battle inside the city, Constantine is visible on a white horse Preparations for the final assault were started in the evening of 26 May and continued to the next day. For 36 hours after the war council decision to attack, the Ottomans extensively mobilized their manpower in order to prepare for the general offensive. Prayer and resting would be then granted to the soldiers on the 28th, and then the final assault would be launched. On the Byzantine side, a small Venetian fleet of 12 ships, after having searched the Aegean, reached the Capital on May 27 and reported to the Emperor that no large Venetian relief fleet was on its way. On May 28, as the Ottoman army prepared for the final assault, large - scale religious processions were held in the city. In the evening a last solemn ceremony was held in the Hagia Sophia, in which the Emperor and representatives of both the Latin and Greek church partook, together with nobility from both sides. Shortly after midnight on May 29 the all - out offensive began. The Christian troops of the Ottoman Empire attacked first, followed by the successive waves of the irregular azaps, who were poorly trained and equipped, and Anatolians who focused on a section of the Blachernae walls in the northwest part of the city, which had been damaged by the cannon. This section of the walls had been built earlier, in the eleventh century, and was much weaker. The Anatolians managed to breach this section of walls and entered the city but were just as quickly pushed back by the defenders. Finally, as the battle was continuing, the last wave, consisting of elite Janissaries, attacked the city walls. The Genoese general in charge of the land troops, Giovanni Giustiniani, was grievously wounded during the attack, and his evacuation from the ramparts caused a panic in the ranks of the defenders. Sultan Mehmed II 's entry into Constantinople, painting by Fausto Zonaro ( 1854 -- 1929 ). With Giustiniani 's Genoese troops retreating into the city and towards the harbor, Constantine and his men, now left to their own devices, kept fighting and managed to successfully hold off the Janissaries for a while, but eventually they could not stop them from entering the city. The defenders were also being overwhelmed at several points in Constantine 's section. When Turkish flags were seen flying above a small postern gate, the Kerkoporta, which was left open, panic ensued, and the defense collapsed, as Janissary soldiers, led by Ulubatlı Hasan pressed forward. Many Greek soldiers ran back home to protect their families, the Venetians ran over to their ships, and a few of the Genoese got over to Galata. The rest committed suicide by jumping off the city walls or surrendered. The Greek houses nearest to the walls were the first to suffer from the Ottomans. It is said that Constantine, throwing aside his purple regalia, led the final charge against the incoming Ottomans, perishing in the ensuing battle in the streets just like his soldiers. On the other hand, Nicolò Barbaro, a Venetian eyewitness to the siege, wrote in his diary that it was said that Constantine hanged himself at the moment when the Turks broke in at the San Romano gate, although his ultimate fate remains unknown. After the initial assault, the Ottoman Army fanned out along the main thoroughfare of the city, the Mese, past the great forums, and past the Church of the Holy Apostles, which Mehmed II wanted to provide a seat for his newly appointed patriarch which would help him better control his Christian subjects. Mehmed II had sent an advance guard to protect key buildings such as the Church of the Holy Apostles. A small few lucky civilians managed to escape. When the Venetians retreated over to their ships, the Ottomans had already taken the walls of the Golden Horn. Luckily for the occupants of the city, the Ottomans were not interested in killing them, but rather in the loot they could get from raiding the city 's houses, so they decided to attack the city instead. The Venetian captain ordered his men to break open the gate of the Golden Horn. Having done so, the Venetians left in ships filled with soldiers and refugees. Shortly after the Venetians left, a few Genoese ships and even the Emperor 's ships followed them out of the Golden Horn. This fleet narrowly escaped prior to the Ottoman navy assuming control over the Golden Horn, which was accomplished by midday. The Army converged upon the Augusteum, the vast square that fronted the great church of Hagia Sophia whose bronze gates were barred by a huge throng of civilians inside the building, hoping for divine protection. After the doors were breached, the troops separated the congregation according to what price they might bring in the slave markets. Ottoman casualties are unknown but they are believed by most historians to be very heavy due to several unsuccessful Ottoman attacks made during the siege and final assault. Barbaro described blood flowing in the city `` like rainwater in the gutters after a sudden storm '', and bodies of the Turks and Christians floating in the sea `` like melons along a canal ''. Plundering phase ( edit ) Mehmed II had promised to his soldiers three days to plunder the city, to which they were entitled. Soldiers fought over the possession of some of the spoils of war. According to the Venetian surgeon Nicolò Barbaro `` all through the day the Turks made a great slaughter of Christians through the city ''. According to Philip Mansel, widespread persecution of the city 's civilian inhabitants took place, resulting in thousands of murders and rapes and 30,000 civilians being enslaved or forcibly deported. The looting was extremely thorough in certain parts of the city. Weeks later on 2 June, the Sultan would find the city largely deserted and half in ruins ; churches had been desecrated and stripped, houses were no longer habitable and stores and shops were emptied. He is famously reported to have been moved to tears by this, speaking `` What a city we have given over to plunder and destruction. '' Aftermath ( edit ) On the third day of the conquest, Mehmed II ordered all looting to stop and issued a proclamation that all Christians who had avoided capture or who had been ransomed could return to their homes without further molestation, although many had no homes to return to, and many more had been taken captive and not ransomed. Byzantine historian George Sphrantzes, an eyewitness to the fall of Constantinople, described the Sultan 's actions : `` On the third day after the fall of our city, the Sultan celebrated his victory with a great, joyful triumph. He issued a proclamation : the citizens of all ages who had managed to escape detection were to leave their hiding places throughout the city and come out into the open, as they were to remain free and no question would be asked. He further declared the restoration of houses and property to those who had abandoned our city before the siege. If they returned home, they would be treated according to their rank and religion, as if nothing had changed. '' The Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque, but the Greek Orthodox Church was allowed to remain intact and Gennadius Scholarius was appointed Patriarch of Constantinople. This was once thought to be the origin of the Ottoman millet system, however, it is now considered a myth and no such system existed in the fifteenth century. Following the city 's conquest, the Church of the Holy Wisdom ( the Hagia Sophia ) was converted into a mosque. After the sack, many feared other European Christian kingdoms would suffer the same fate as Constantinople. Two possible responses emerged amongst the humanists and churchmen of that era : Crusade or dialogue. Pope Pius II strongly advocated for another Crusade, while Nicholas of Cusa supported engaging in a dialogue with the Ottomans. The Morean ( Peloponnesian ) fortress of Mystras, where Constantine 's brothers Thomas and Demetrius ruled, constantly in conflict with each other and knowing that Mehmed would eventually invade them as well, held out until 1460. Long before the fall of Constantinople, Demetrius had fought for the throne with Thomas, Constantine, and their other brothers John and Theodore. Thomas escaped to Rome when the Ottomans invaded Morea while Demetrius expected to rule a puppet state, but instead was imprisoned and remained there for the rest of his life. In Rome, Thomas and his family received some monetary support from the Pope and other Western rulers as Byzantine emperor in exile, until 1503. In 1461 the independent Byzantine state in Trebizond fell to Mehmed. Constantine XI had died without producing an heir, and had Constantinople not fallen he likely would have been succeeded by the sons of his deceased elder brother, who were taken into the palace service of Mehmed after the fall of Constantinople. The oldest boy, renamed to Murad, became a personal favorite of Mehmed and served as Beylerbey ( Governor - General ) of Rumeli ( the Balkans ). The younger son, renamed Mesih Pasha, became Admiral of the Ottoman fleet and Sancak Beg ( Governor ) of the Province of Gallipoli. He eventually served twice as Grand Vizier under Mehmed 's son, Bayezid II. With the capture of Constantinople, Mehmed II had acquired the `` natural '' capital of its kingdom, albeit one in decline due to years of war. The loss of the city was a crippling blow to Christendom, and it exposed the Christian west to a vigorous and aggressive foe in the east. The Christian re-conquest of Constantinople remained a goal in Western Europe for many years after its fall to the House of Osman. Rumors of Constantine XI 's survival and subsequent rescue by an angel led many to hope that the city would one day return to Christian hands. Pope Nicholas V called for an immediate counter-attack in the form of a crusade. When no European monarch was willing to lead the crusade, the Pope himself decided to go, but his early death stopped this plan. As Western Europe entered the 16th century, the age of Crusading began to come to an end. For some time Greek scholars had gone to Italian city - states, a cultural exchange begun in 1396 by Coluccio Salutati, chancellor of Florence, who had invited Manuel Chrysoloras, a Byzantine scholar to lecture at the University of Florence. After the conquest many Greeks, such as John Argyropoulos and Constantine Lascaris, fled the city and found refuge in the Latin West, bringing with them knowledge and documents from the Greco - Roman tradition to Italy and other regions that further propelled the Renaissance. Those Greeks who stayed behind in Constantinople mostly lived in the Phanar and Galata districts of the city. The Phanariotes, as they were called, provided many capable advisers to the Ottoman rulers. Third Rome ( edit ) Main article : Third Rome Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror, by Gentile Bellini Byzantium is a term used by modern historians to refer to the later Roman Empire. In its own time, the Empire ruled from Constantinople ( or `` New Rome '' as some people call it, although this was a laudatory expression that was never an official title ) was considered simply as `` the Roman Empire. '' The fall of Constantinople led competing factions to lay claim to being the inheritors of the Imperial mantle. Russian claims to Byzantine heritage clashed with those of the Ottoman Empire 's own claim. In Mehmed 's view, he was the successor to the Roman Emperor, declaring himself Kayser - i Rum, literally `` Caesar of Rome '', that is, of the Roman Empire, though he was remembered as `` the Conqueror ''. He founded a political system that survived until 1922 with the establishment of the Republic of Turkey. Stefan Dušan, Tsar of Serbia, and Ivan Alexander, Tsar of Bulgaria both made similar claims, regarding themselves as legitimate heirs to the Roman Empire. Other potential claimants, such as the Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman Empire have disintegrated into history. Impact on the churches ( edit ) In 17th century Russia, the Fall of Constantinople had a role in the fierce theological and political controversy between adherents and opponents of the reforms in the Russian Orthodox Church, carried out by Patriarch Nikon and intended to bring the Russian Church closer to the norms and practices of other Orthodox churches. Avvakum and other of the `` Old Believers '' saw these reforms as a corruption of the Russian Church, which they considered to be the `` true '' Church of God. As the other Churches were more closely related to Constantinople in their liturgies, Avvakum argued that Constantinople fell to the Turks because of these heretical beliefs and practices. The fall of Constantinople has a profound impact on the ancient Pentarchy of the Orthodox Church. Today, the four ancient sees of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria and Constantinople are almost completely void of followers and believers due to the Islamization and Dhimma system that Christians lived under since the earliest days of Islam. As a result of this process, the center of authority in the Orthodox Church changed and became centered in Eastern Europe ( e.g., Russia ) rather than previously, in the former Byzantine Middle East. Cultural references ( edit ) Legends ( edit ) There are many legends in Greece surrounding the Fall of Constantinople. It was said that the partial lunar eclipse that occurred on 22 May 1453 represented a fulfillment of a prophecy of the city 's demise. Four days later, the whole city was blotted out by a thick fog, a condition unknown in that part of the world in May. When the fog lifted that evening, a strange light was seen playing about the dome of the Hagia Sophia, which some interpreted as the Holy Spirit departing from the city. `` This evidently indicated the departure of the Divine Presence, and its leaving the City in total abandonment and desertion, for the Divinity conceals itself in cloud and appears and again disappears. '' For others, there was still a distant hope that the lights were the campfires of the troops of John Hunyadi who had come to relieve the city. Another legend holds that two priests saying divine liturgy over the crowd disappeared into the cathedral 's walls as the first Turkish soldiers entered. According to the legend, the priests will appear again on the day that Constantinople returns to Christian hands. Another legend refers to the Marble King ( Constantine XI ), holding that an angel rescued the emperor when the Ottomans entered the city, turning him into marble and placing him in a cave under the earth near the Golden Gate, where he waits to be brought to life again ( a variant of the sleeping hero legend ). Cultural impact ( edit ) Guillaume Dufay composed several songs lamenting the fall of the Eastern church, and the duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, avowed to take up arms against the Turks. However, as the growing Ottoman power from this date on coincided with the Protestant Reformation and subsequent Counter-Reformation, the recapture of Constantinople became an ever - distant dream. Even France, once a fervent participant of the Crusades, became an ally of the Ottomans. Nonetheless, depictions of Christian coalitions taking the city and of the late Emperor 's resurrection by Leo the Wise persisted. Impact on the Renaissance ( edit ) Main article : Greek scholars in the Renaissance The migration waves of Byzantine scholars and émigrés in the period following the sacking of Constantinople and the fall of Constantinople in 1453 is considered by many scholars key to the revival of Greek and Roman studies that led to the development of the Renaissance humanism and science. These émigrés were grammarians, humanists, poets, writers, printers, lecturers, musicians, astronomers, architects, academics, artists, scribes, philosophers, scientists, politicians and theologians. They brought to Western Europe the far greater preserved and accumulated knowledge of their own ( Greek ) civilization. Megali idea ( edit ) Between 1919 and 1922, Greek politician Eleftherios Venizelos attempted to implement the Megali Idea ( recapture of Constantinople from the Ottoman Empire ) in the Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 1922 ) since the Ottoman Empire was severely weakened by its defeat in World War I and by the occupation of Constantinople by the British and French. However, in the course of the war Venizelos lost the election of 1920 and went into exile and Greece was defeated in the war by Turkey. Renaming of the city ( edit ) Ottomans used the Arabic transliteration of the city 's name `` Kostantiniyye, '' ( القسطنطينية ), as can be seen in numerous Ottoman documents. Islambol ( اسلامبول, Full of Islam ) or Islambul ( find Islam ) or Islam ( b ) ol ( old Turkic : be Islam ), both in Turkish Language, were folk - etymological adaptations of Istanbul created after the Ottoman conquest of 1453 to express the city 's new role as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire. It is first attested shortly after the conquest, and its invention was ascribed by some contemporary writers to Sultan Mehmed II himself. The name of Istanbul is thought to be derived from the Greek phrase īs tīmbolī ( n ) ( Greek : εἰς τὴν πόλιν, translit. eis tēn pólin, `` to the City '' ), and it is claimed that it had already spread among the Turkish populace of the Ottoman Empire before the conquest. However, Istanbul only became the official name of the city in 1930 by the revised Turkish Postal Law as part of Atatürk 's reforms. In historical fiction ( edit ) Lew Wallace, The Prince of India ; or, Why Constantinople Fell. New York : Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1893. 2 volumes Mika Waltari, The Dark Angel ( Original title Johannes Angelos ) 1952. Translated from the Finnish by Naomi Walford and pub. in English edition, New York : Putnam, 1953 Muharem Bazdulj, `` The Bridge on Land '' from The Second Book, 2000. Translated from Bosnian by Oleg Andric and Andrew Wachtel and pub. in English edition, Evanston : Northwestern University Press, 2005 Andrew Novo, Queen of Cities, Seattle : Coffeetown Press, 2009 Jack Hight, Siege. London : John Murray Publisher Ltd, 2010 James Shipman, `` Constantinopolis '', Amazon Digital Services, 2013 C.C. Humphreys, A Place called Armageddon. London : Orion, 2011 Emanuele Rizzardi, L'ultimo Paleologo. PubMe Editore, 2017 See also ( edit ) Byzantine Empire portal Military history of the Ottoman Empire portal Fetih 1453 `` How many angels can dance on the head of a pin? '', question linked to the imagery of pointless debate while the city was falling. Military of the Ottoman Empire Tursun Beg ( Turkish historian ) Ulubatlı Hasan Dolfin Dolfin, venetian, naval commander during the siege Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ While Mehmed II had been steadily preparing for the siege of Constantinople, he had sent the old general Turakhan and the latter 's two sons, Ahmed Beg and Omar Beg, to invade the Morea and to remain there all winter also to prevent the despots Thomas and Demetrius from giving aid to Constantine XI. Jump up ^ According to Sphrantzes, whom Constantine had ordered to make a census, the Emperor was appalled when the number of native men capable of bearing arms turned out to be only 4,983. Leonardo di Chio gave a number of 6,000 Greeks. Jump up ^ The Spanish Cristóbal de Villalón claims there were ' 60,000 Turkish households, 40,000 Greek and Armenian, 10,000 Jewish. Jump up ^ Another expert who was employed by the Ottomans was Ciriaco de ' Pizzicolli, also known as Ciriaco of Ancona, a traveler and collector of antiquities. Jump up ^ These were the three Genoese ships sent by the Pope, joined by a large Imperial transport ship which had been sent on a foraging mission to Sicily previous to the siege and was on its way back to Constantinople. Jump up ^ Runciman speculates that he may have been Scottish Jump up ^ Original text : Τὸ δὲ τὴν πόλιν σοῖ δοῦναι οὔτ ' ἐμὸν ἐστίν οὔτ ' ἄλλου τῶν κατοικούντων ἐν ταύτῃ κοινῇ γὰρ γνώμῃ πάντες αὐτοπροαιρέτως ἀποθανοῦμεν καὶ οὐ φεισόμεθα τῆς ζωῆς ἡμῶν. Jump up ^ Sources hostile towards the Genoese ( such as the Venetian Nicolò Barbaro ), however, report that Longo was only lightly wounded or not wounded at all, but, overwhelmed by fear, simulated the wound to abandon the battlefield, determining the fall of the city. These charges of cowardice and treason were so widespread that the Republic of Genoa had to deny them by sending diplomatic letters to the Chancelleries of England, France, the Duchy of Burgundy and others. Giustiniani was carried to Chios, where he succumbed to his wounds a few days later. Jump up ^ Barbaro added the description of the emperor 's heroic last moments to his diary based on information he received afterward. According to some Ottoman sources Constantine was killed in an accidental encounter with Turkish marines a little further to the south, presumably while making his way to the Sea of Marmara in order to escape by sea. Jump up ^ It is possible that all these phenomena were local effects of the cataclysmic Kuwae volcanic eruption in the Pacific Ocean. The `` fire '' seen may have been an optical illusion due to the reflection of intensely red twilight glow by clouds of volcanic ash high in the atmosphere. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tekbaşina. `` 1453'de İstanbul'u Fatih'e karşı savunan Osmanlı Şehzadesi kim? '' ( Who Were the Ottoman Princes Defending Istanbul against the Conqueror in 1453? ). Milliyet blog ( in Turkish ). Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13. ^ Jump up to : Vasiliev, Alexander ( 1928 ). A History of the Byzantine Empire, Vol. II. II. Translated by Ragozin, S. Madison : University of Wisconsin Press. ^ Jump up to : Pertusi, Agostino, ed. ( 1976 ). La Caduta di Costantinopoli, I : Le testimonianze dei contemporanei scrittori greci e latini ( The Fall of Constantinople, I : The Testimony of the Contemporary Greek and Latin Writers ) ( in Italian ). I. Verona : Fondazione Lorenzo Valla. ^ Jump up to : Nicol, Donald M. ( 1993 ). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261 - 1453 ( 2nd ed. ). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ^ Jump up to : Runciman, Steven ( 1965 ). The Fall of Constantinople, 1453 ( Canto ed. ). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521398329. Jump up ^ Kaufmann, J.E. ; Kaufmann, Hanna W. ( 2004 ). The Medieval Fortress : Castles, Forts, and Walled Cities of the Middle Agess. Boston, Massachusetts : Da Capo Press. ISBN 0 - 306 - 81358 - 0. Jump up ^ Sehgal, Ikram ul - Majeed ( 2005 ). `` Defence Journal '' ( 8 ). Jump up ^ Goffman, Daniel ( 2002 ). The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 - 521 - 45908 - 7. Jump up ^ Patrick, James ( 2007 ). ' Renaissance And Reformation. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 0 - 7614 - 7650 - 4. ^ Jump up to : Nicolle, David ( 2000 ). Constantinople 1453 : The End of Byzantium ( Campaign ). 78. Oxford : Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1 - 84176 - 091 - 9. ^ Jump up to : İnalcıkt, Halil ( 2001 ). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Klasik Çağ ( 1300 -- 1600 ) ( The Ottoman Empire, The Classical Age, 1300 - 1600 ). Translated by Itzkouritz, Norman ; Imber, Colin. London : Orion. ^ Jump up to : Severy, Merle ( December 1983 ). `` Byzantine Empire ''. National Geographic. Vol. 164 no. 6. ^ Jump up to : Sphrantzes, George. Οικτρός Γεώργιος ο Φραντζής ο και Πρωτοβεσιαρίτης Γρηγόριος τάχα μοναχός ταύτα έγραψεν υπέρ των καθ ' αυτών και τινων μερικών γεγονότων εν τώ της αθλίας ζωής αυτε χρόνω ( The Pitiful George Frantzes Who was Protovestiaros, Now a Monk, Wrote This for the Βetterment of Others and as Recompense for Some Deeds in His Miserable Life, This Chronicle ) ( in Greek ). Jump up ^ Pears, Edwin ( 1903 ). The Destruction of the Greek Empire. London : Longman 's, Green & Co. Jump up ^ Lanning, Michael Lee ( 2005 ). The Battle 100 : The Stories Behind History 's Most Influential Battles. Sourcebooks, Inc. ISBN 1 - 4022 - 2475 - 3. Jump up ^ Friedman, Saul S. ( 2006 ). A history of the Middle East. McFarland. ISBN 0 - 7864 - 5134 - 3. Jump up ^ Uyar, Mesut ; Erickson, Edward J. ( 2009 ). A military history of the Ottomans : from Osman to Atatürk. Santa Barbara : Praeger. p. 37. ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98876 - 0. ^ Jump up to : Kennedy Hickman. `` Fall of Constantinople, 1453 -- Byzantine - Ottoman Wars ''. About.com Education. Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13. Jump up ^ Tucker, Spencer C. ( 2009 ). A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABL - CLIO. Jump up ^ Heath, Ian ( 1995 ). Byzantine Armies AD 1118 -- 1461 ( Men - at - Arms ). 287. Oxford : Osprey Publishers. ISBN 1855323478. Jump up ^ Bartusis, Mark C. ( 1997 ). The Late Byzantine Army : Arms and Society, 1204 -- 1453. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press. Jump up ^ `` İstanbul'un fethinde 600 Türk askeri, Fatih'e karşı savaştı '' ( In the Conquest of Istanbul 600 Turkish Military Fought Against the Conqueror ). Osmanlı Arauştırmalarlı ( in Turkish ). ^ Jump up to : Hatzopoulos, Dionysios. `` Fall of Constantinople, 1453 ''. Hellenic Electronic Center. ^ Jump up to : `` Part II : Fall of Constantinople ''. The American Legion 's Burnpit. Jump up ^ Momigliano & Schiavone ( 1997 ), Introduction ( `` La Storia di Roma '' ), p. XXI Jump up ^ `` The fall of Constantinople ''. The Economist. 23 December 1999. Retrieved 7 June 2017. Jump up ^ Frantzes, Georgios ; Melisseidis ( Melisseides ), Ioannis ( Ioannes ) A. ; Zavolea - Melissidi, Pulcheria ( 2004 ). Εάλω η ΠόλιςΤ ο χρονικό της άλωσης της Κωνσταντινούπολης : Συνοπτική ιστορία των γεγονότων στην Κωνσταντινούπολη κατά την περίοδο 1440 - 1453 ( The City has Fallen : Chronicle of the Fall of Constantinople : Concise History of Events in Constantinople in the Period 1440 - 1453 ) ( in Greek ) ( 5 ed. ). Athens : Vergina Asimakopouli Bros. ISBN 9607171918. Jump up ^ Foster, Charles ( 22 September 2006 ). `` The Conquest of Constantinople and the end of empire ''. Contemporary Review. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009. It is the end of the Middle Ages ) ^ Jump up to : Norwich, John Julius ( 1997 ). A Short History of Byzantium. New York : Vintage Books. Jump up ^ Madden, Thomas ( 2005 ). Crusades : The Illustrated History. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan. Jump up ^ Haldon, John ( 2000 ). Byzantium at War 600 -- 1453. New York : Osprey. ^ Jump up to : Mango, Cyril ( 2002 ). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York : Oxford University Press. Jump up ^ `` The Black Death ''. Archived from the original on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ), Channel 4 -- History. Jump up ^ Runciman Fall. p. 60 Jump up ^ Norwich Short Byz. Hist. p. 373 Jump up ^ `` Bosphorus ( i.e. Bosporus ), View from Kuleli, Constantinople, Turkey ''. World Digital Library. 1890 -- 1900. Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20. Jump up ^ name = `` norwichshortbyzhist '' / > Jump up ^ Setton, Kenneth M. ( 1978 ). The Papacy and the Levant ( 1204 -- 1571 ) : The Fifteenth Century. 2. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 0 - 87169 - 127 - 2. Jump up ^ Crowley, Roger ( 2013 - 02 - 12 ). 1453 : The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West. Hachette Books. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 0558 - 1. Jump up ^ Michael Spilling, ed., Battles That Changed History : Key Battles That Decided the Fate of Nations ( London, Amber Books Ltd. 2010 ) p. 187. ^ Jump up to : Nicolò Barbaro, Giornale dell'Assedio di Costantinopoli, 1453. The autograph copy is conserved in the Biblioteca Marciana in Venice. Barbaro 's diary has been translated into English by John Melville - Jones ( New York : Exposition Press, 1969 ) ^ Jump up to : ( in French ) Concasty, M. - L., Les `` Informations '' de Jacques Tedaldi sur le siège et la prise de Constantinople ^ Jump up to : Rutheniae, Isidorus ( 6 July 1453 ). `` Isidore of Ruthenia '' ( Letter ) ( in Latin ). Letter to Bisarion. ^ Jump up to : ( in Latin ) Leonardo di Chio, Letter to Pope Nicholas V, dated 16 August 1453, edited by J. - P. Migne, Patrologia Graeca, 159, 923A -- 944B. Jump up ^ Leonardo di Chio, Letter, 927B : `` three hundred thousand and more ''. Jump up ^ Ubertino Pusculo, Constantinopolis, 1464 Jump up ^ Leonardo di Chio, Letter, 930C. Jump up ^ Davis, Paul ( 1999 ). 100 Decisive Battles. Oxford. p. 166. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514366 - 9. Jump up ^ Arnold ( 2001 ) p. 111 Jump up ^ `` The fall of Constantinople ''. The Economist. 23 December 1999. Jump up ^ Crowley ( 2005 ), pp. 150 -- 54 Jump up ^ Marios Philippides and Walter K. Hanak, The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, ( Ashgate Publishing, 2011 ), 520. Jump up ^ From Jean Chartier, Chronicle of Charles VII, king of France, MS Bnf Français 2691, f. 246v ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Crowley, Roger. 1453 : the holy war for Constantinople and the clash of Islam and the West. New York : Hyperion, 2005. pp. 168 -- 171. ISBN 1 - 4013 - 0850 - 3. Jump up ^ `` 29 Μαϊου 1453 : Όταν `` η Πόλις εάλω... '' ( 29 May 1453 : When the City Fell... ). `` iefemerida.com '' ( in Greek ). 29 May 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2017. Jump up ^ Desimoni, C. ( 1874 ). Adamo di Montaldo. Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria ( Proceedings of the Ligurian Society for Homeland History ) ( in Italian ). X. Genoa. Jump up ^ Smith, Michael Llewellyn, The Fall of Constantinople, History Makers magazine No. 5, Marshall Cavendish, Sidgwick & Jackson ( London ). Jump up ^ Reinert, Stephen ( 2002 ). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York : Oxford UP. Jump up ^ Mansel, Philip ( 1995 ). Constantinople : City of the World 's Desire. Hachette UK. p. 79. ISBN 0 - 7195 - 5076 - 9. Jump up ^ George Sphrantzes. The Fall of the Byzantine Empire : A Chronicle by George Sphrantzes 1401 -- 1477. Translated by Marios Philippides. University of Massachusetts Press, 1980. ISBN 978 - 0 - 87023 - 290 - 9. Jump up ^ Kritovoulos ( or Kritoboulos ). History of Mehmed the Conqueror. Translated by Charles T. Riggs. Greenwood Press Reprint, 1970. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8371 - 3119 - 1. Jump up ^ Braude, Benjamin ( 1982 ). `` Foundation Myths of the Millet System ''. In Braude, Benjamin ; Bernard Lewis. Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire. 1. New York : Holmes & Meier. pp. 69 -- 90. ISBN 0841905193. Jump up ^ Masters, Bruce ( 2009 ). `` Millet ''. In Ágoston, Gábor ; Bruce Masters. Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. pp. 383 -- 4. Jump up ^ Volf, Miroslav ( 2010 ). `` Body counts : the dark side of Christian history ''. The Christian Century. 127 ( Journal Article ) : 11 --. ISSN 0009 - 5281. ^ Jump up to : Norwich, John Julius ( 1995 ). Byzantium : The Decline and Fall. New York : Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0 - 679 - 41650 - 1. Jump up ^ Lowry, Heath W. ( 2003 ). The Nature of the Early Ottoman State. Albany, NY : SUNY Press. p. 115 - 116. Jump up ^ N.G. Wilson, From Byzantium to Italy. Greek Studies in the Italian Renaissance, London, 1992. ISBN 0 - 7156 - 2418 - 0 Jump up ^ `` John Argyropoulos ''. britannica.com. Retrieved 2 October 2009... ^ Jump up to : Byzantines in Renaissance Italy Jump up ^ `` Saving the Third Rome. `` Fall of the Empire '', Byzantium and Putin 's Russia ``. IWM. Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13. Jump up ^ Guillermier, Pierre ; Serge Koutchmy ( 1999 ). Total Eclipses : Science, Observations, Myths, and Legends. Springer. p. 85. ISBN 1 - 85233 - 160 - 7. Retrieved 27 February 2008. Jump up ^ Kritovoulos, Michael. History of Mehmed the Conqueror. Translated by C.T. Riggs. Princetone, NJ : Princeton University Press, 1954. Pg. 59. Jump up ^ `` # 1543 '' ( Press release ). Pasadena, California : Public Information Office, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, National Aeronautics & Space Administration ( NASA ). 1993. Retrieved 5 June 2017. Jump up ^ The Marble King ( in Greek ) Archived 13 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Greeks in Italy Archived 7 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Sakaoğlu, Necdet ( 1993 -- 94 ). `` İstanbul'un adları '' ( The names of Istanbul ). Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi ( in Turkish ). Istanbul : Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı. Jump up ^ Robinson, Richard D. ( 1965 ). The First Turkish Republic : A Case Study in National Development. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Room, Adrian, ( 1993 ), Place Name changes 1900 -- 1991, ( Metuchen, N.J., & London : The Scarecrow Press, Inc. ), ISBN 0 - 8108 - 2600 - 3 pp. 46, 86. Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Turkey ''. BBC News. 10 December 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2010. Further reading ( edit ) Babinger, Franz ( 1992 ) : Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0 - 691 - 01078 - 1 Crowley, Roger ( 2005 ) : 1453 : The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West. Hyperion. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 0558 - 1 Fletcher, Richard A. : The Cross and the Crescent ( 2005 ) Penguin Group ISBN 0 - 14 - 303481 - 2 Harris, Jonathan ( 2007 ) : Constantinople : Capital of Byzantium. Hambledon / Continuum. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84725 - 179 - 4 Harris, Jonathan ( 2010 ) : The End of Byzantium. Yale University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11786 - 8 Melville Jones, John, The Siege of Constantinople 1453 : Seven Contemporary Accounts, Amsterdam 1972 Momigliano, Arnaldo ; Schiavone, Aldo ( 1997 ). Storia di Roma, 1 ( in Italian ). Turin : Einaudi. ISBN 88 - 06 - 11396 - 8. Murr Nehme, Lina ( 2003 ). 1453 : The Conquest of Constantinople. Aleph Et Taw. ISBN 2 - 86839 - 816 - 2. Pertusi, Agostino, ed. ( 1976 ). La Caduta di Costantinopoli, II : L'eco nel mondo ( The Fall of Constantinople, II : The Echo in the World ) ( in Italian ). II. Verona : Fondazione Lorenzo Valla. Philippides, Marios and Walter K. Hanak, The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, Ashgate, Farnham and Burlington 2011. Smith, Michael Llewellyn, `` The Fall of Constantinople '', in History Makers magazine No. 5 ( London, Marshall Cavendish, Sidgwick & Jackson, 1969 ) p. 192 Wheatcroft, Andrew ( 2003 ) : The Infidels : The Conflict Between Christendom and Islam, 638 -- 2002. Viking Publishing ISBN 0 - 670 - 86942 - 2 Wintle, Justin ( 2003 ) : The Rough Guide History of Islam. Rough Guides. ISBN 1 - 84353 - 018 - X External links ( edit ) Media related to Fall of Constantinople at Wikimedia Commons Ancient History Encyclopedia - 1453 : The Fall of Constantinople Byzantine Empire topics History Preceding Roman Empire Dominate ( 330 -- 717 ) Early Constantinian - Valentinian era ( Constantinian dynasty - Valentinian dynasty ) Theodosian era Leonid era Justinian era Heraclian era Twenty Years ' Anarchy ( 717 -- 1204 ) Middle Isaurian era Nikephorian era Amorian era Macedonian era Doukid era Komnenian era Angelid era ( 1204 -- 1453 ) Late Fourth Crusade Frankokratia represented by Latin Empire Byzantine Successor States ( Nicaea / Epirus -- Thessalonica / Morea / Trebizond ) Palaiologan era Decline of the Byzantine Empire Fall of Constantinople Governance Central Emperors Basileus Autokrator Senate Imperial bureaucracy Eparch Early Praetorian prefects Magister officiorum Comes sacrarum largitionum Comes rerum privatarum Quaestor sacri palatii Middle Logothetes tou dromou Sakellarios Logothetes tou genikou Logothetes tou stratiotikou Chartoularios tou sakelliou Chartoularios tou vestiariou Epi tou eidikou Protasekretis Epi ton deeseon Late Megas logothetes Mesazon Provincial Early Praetorian prefectures Dioceses Provinces Quaestura exercitus Exarchate of Ravenna Exarchate of Africa Middle Themata Kleisourai Bandon Catepanates Late Kephale Despotates Diplomacy Treaties Diplomats Military Army Battle tactics Military manuals Wars Battles Revolts Siege warfare Generals Mercenaries Early Late Roman army East Roman army Foederati Bucellarii Scholae Palatinae Excubitors Middle Themata Kleisourai Tourma Droungos Bandon Tagmata Domestic of the Schools Hetaireia Akritai Varangian Guard Late Komnenian army Pronoia Vestiaritai Palaiologan army Allagion Paramonai Grand Domestic Navy Karabisianoi Maritime themata Cibyrrhaeot Aegean Sea Samos Dromon Greek fire Droungarios of the Fleet Megas doux Admirals Naval battles Religion and law Religion Eastern Orthodox Church Byzantine Rite Ecumenical councils Saints Patriarchate of Constantinople Arianism Monophysitism Paulicianism Iconoclasm Great Schism Bogomilism Hesychasm Mount Athos Missionary activity Bulgaria Moravia Serbs Kievan Rus ' Jews Muslims Law Codex Theodosianus Corpus Juris Civilis Ecloga Basilika Hexabiblos Mutilation Culture and society Architecture Secular Sacred Cross-in - square Domes Constantinople Great Palace of Constantinople Blachernae Palace Hagia Sophia Hagia Irene Chora Church Pammakaristos Church City Walls Thessalonica Arch of Galerius and Rotunda Hagios Demetrios Hagia Sophia Panagia Chalkeon Ravenna San Vitale Sant'Apollinare in Classe Sant'Apollinare Nuovo Other locations Daphni Monastery Hosios Loukas Nea Moni of Chios Saint Catherine 's Monastery Mystras Art Icons Enamel Glass Mosaics Painters Macedonian period art Komnenian renaissance Economy Agriculture Coinage Mints Trade silk Silk Road Varangians Dynatoi Literature Novel Acritic songs Digenes Akritas Alexander romance Historians Everyday life Calendar Cuisine Dance Dress Flags and insignia Hippodrome Music Octoechos People Byzantine Greeks Slavery Units of measurement Science Learning Encyclopedias Inventions Medicine Philosophy Neoplatonism Scholars University Impact Byzantine commonwealth Byzantine studies Museums Byzantinism Cyrillic script Neo-Byzantine architecture Greek scholars in the Renaissance Third Rome Megali Idea Byzantine Empire portal Major sieges by the Ottoman Empire by century 14th 1326 Prusa 1331 Nicaea 1333 Nicomedia 1360s Adrianople 1385 Sofia 1393 Tarnovo 15th 1422 Constantinople 1422 -- 30 Thessalonica 1448 Svetigrad 1453 Constantinople 1456 Belgrade 1461 Trebizond 1462 Mytilene 1470 Negroponte 1478 Scutari 1480 Rhodes 1481 Otranto 16th 1517 Cairo 1521 Belgrade 1522 Rhodes 1529 Peñón of Algiers 1529 Vienna 1532 Güns ( Kőszeg ) 1532 Maribor 1534 Tunis 1534 Baghdad 1537 Klis 1537 Corfu 1538 Diu 1538 Aden 1539 Castelnuovo 1541 Buda 1543 Nice 1543 Esztergom 1547 Van 1551 Tripoli 1552 Muscat 1552 Hormuz 1552 Temesvár 1552 Eger 1556 Oran 1563 Oran 1565 Malta 1566 Szigetvar 1574 Tunis 1578 Gvozdansko 1593 Sisak 1596 Eger 17th 1638 Baghdad 1663 Uyvar 1664 Novi Zrin 1648 -- 69 Candia 1672 Kamenets 1683 Vienna 18th -- 19th 1739 Belgrade 1825 -- 26 Missolonghi Ottoman defeats shown in italics. GND : 4128316 - 8 Coordinates : 41 ° 01 ′ 00 '' N 28 ° 58 ′ 37 '' E  /  41.0167 ° N 28.9769 ° E  / 41.0167 ; 28.9769 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&oldid=826606733 '' Categories : Fall of Constantinople 1453 in the Ottoman Empire 1450s in the Byzantine Empire Battles of the Byzantine -- Ottoman wars Conflicts in 1453 East -- West Schism Sieges involving Serbia Sieges involving the Byzantine Empire Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire Sieges of Constantinople Battles of Mehmed the Conqueror History of Istanbul Massacres in the Byzantine Empire Last stand battles Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with French - language external links CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Articles with Latin - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2012 Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2014 Articles containing Ottoman Turkish - language text Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018, at 01 : 46. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Fall of Constantinople", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&amp;oldid=826606733" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Bapheus Dimbos Catalan campaign Prusa Pelekanon Nicaea Nicomedia 1st Gallipoli 2nd Gallipoli Adrianople 1st Thessalonica Philadelphia 1st Constantinople 2nd Constantinople 2nd Thessalonica 3rd Constantinople Trebizond The Fall of Constantinople ( Greek : Ἅλωσις τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, Halōsis tēs Kōnstantinoupoleōs ; Turkish : İstanbul'un Fethi Conquest of Istanbul ) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading army of the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453. The Ottomans were commanded by the then 21 - year - old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, who defeated an army commanded by Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos. The conquest of Constantinople followed a 53 - day siege that had begun on 6 April 1453. The capture of Constantinople ( and two other Byzantine splinter territories soon thereafter ) marked the end of the Byzantine Empire, a continuation of the Roman Empire dating to 27 BC, an imperial state lasting for nearly 1,500 years. The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople also dealt a massive blow to Christendom, as the Muslim Ottoman armies thereafter were left unchecked to advance into Europe without an adversary to their rear. After the conquest, Sultan Mehmed II transferred the capital of the Ottoman Empire from Edirne to Constantinople." ], "id": [ "4079594471191678557" ], "short_answers": [ "Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Sadie Robertson - wikipedia Sadie Robertson Jump to : navigation, search Sadie Robertson Robertson in October 2014 Sadie Carroway Robertson ( 1997 - 06 - 11 ) June 11, 1997 ( age 20 ) West Monroe, Louisiana, U.S. Education Ouachita Christian School Occupation Student, TV personality, actress, Republican Years active 2012 -- present Television Duck Dynasty Dancing with the Stars Parent ( s ) Willie Robertson Korie Robertson Relatives Phil Robertson ( grandfather ) Kay Robertson ( grandmother ) Si Robertson ( great - uncle ) Bella Robertson ( sister ) Rebecca Robertson ( sister ) John Luke Robertson ( brother ) Willie Robertson Jr. ( brother ) Rowdy Robertson ( brother ) Sadie Carroway Robertson ( born June 11, 1997 ) is an American actress and reality television star on the A&E show Duck Dynasty. Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and work 2 Filmography 3 Dancing with the Stars 3.1 Performance history 4 References 5 External links Life and work ( edit ) Robertson was born in West Monroe, Louisiana. She is the granddaughter of Phil Robertson, founder of Duck Commander. Her parents are Korie ( née Howard ) Robertson and Willie Robertson, the company 's current CEO. She has five siblings ; John Luke Robertson, Rebecca Loftin, Willie Robertson Jr., Bella Robertson, and Rowdy Robertson. She sang Away in a Manger with Alison Krauss for her family 's bestselling album, Duck the Halls : A Robertson Family Christmas. Robertson is an author, a speaker, and was the first runner up on Dancing with the Stars Season 19. Robertson has also ventured into acting, with roles in the films God 's Not Dead 2 and I 'm Not Ashamed, and launched her successful `` Live Original Tour '' in the fall of 2016. Robertson toured with Winter Jam to 45 cities in 2017. Robertson has several business ventures including a prom dress line with Sherri Hill, school supplies for DaySpring, jewelry and home goods with Glory Haus, and a fashion line with rue21. She also partnered with Roma Boots and worked alongside them in their mission to `` give poverty the boot. '' In 2014, Robertson wrote a New York Times bestseller book about faith and Christian values called `` Live Original ''. She has also written a devotional by the same title ( Live Original ) and a fiction book, `` Life Just Got Real : A Live Original Novel '' ( Live Original Fiction ). In 2018, she released a sequel to her first book `` Live Original '' called Live Fearless. Politically, Robertson supported Donald Trump during the 2016 United States presidential election, as did her father Willie. Robertson is also a devoted Christian. Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2016 God 's Not Dead 2 Marlene 2016 I 'm Not Ashamed Charity 2017 Sun, Sand, & Romance Chloe Hallmark Channel Music Video 2018 The Long Way Brett Eldredge music video Notes 2012 -- 2017 Duck Dynasty Herself 2014 Dancing with the Stars Herself Dancing with the Stars ( edit ) In 2014, she was a celebrity competitor on Dancing with the Stars : season 19. She paired with professional dancer Mark Ballas and finished the competition in second place behind Alfonso Ribeiro. Performance history ( edit ) Week Dance / Song Judges ' scores Result Inaba Goodman Hough Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` Birthday '' 8 8 9 9 Safe Jazz / `` She 's Country '' 8 7 8 8 Safe Viennese Waltz / `` Married Life '' 8 8 8 8 Safe Samba / `` Hunter '' 9 9 10 9 Safe 5 Charleston / `` Crazy Stupid Love '' 9 9 9 9 No elimination 6 Rumba / `` Diamonds '' 9 10 8 8 Safe 7 Paso doble / `` Come with Me Now '' Team Freestyle / `` Time Warp 7 8 7 8 8 8 8 8 Safe 8 Contemporary / `` Uninvited '' Cha - cha - cha Dance - Off / `` Really Do n't Care '' 9 No 9 extra 10 points 10 awarded Safe 9 Jive / `` 1, 2, 3 Turnaround '' Trio Foxtrot / `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' 8 10 9 10 8 10 8 10 Last to be called safe 10 Semi-finals Quickstep / `` Problem '' Argentine tango / `` Problem '' ( acoustic version ) 9 9 10 9 9 10 9 9 Last to be called safe 11 Finals Samba / `` Hunter '' Freestyle / `` Super Mario Bros. theme '' Samba & Quickstep Fusion / `` Nitty Gritty '' 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 Runner - up Score given by guest judge Kevin Hart in place of Goodman. The American public scored the dance in place of Goodman with the averaged score being counted alongside the three other judges. This week only, for `` Partner Switch - Up '' week, Robertson performed with Derek Hough instead of Ballas. Score given by guest judge Jessie J in place of Goodman. Score given by guest judge Pitbull in place of Goodman. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Instagram, @ legitsadierob. `` Sadie Robertson instagram page ''. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 12. Jump up ^ `` Duck Dynasty Christmas Album Tops the Charts ''. Nola Defender. 2013 - 11 - 24. Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21. Jump up ^ `` ' Duck Dynasty ' Stars React to Their Xmas Album Outselling Gaga 's ' ARTPOP ' - Interview - Fuse ''. Fuse.tv. Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21. Jump up ^ Cronk, Harold ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ), God 's Not Dead 2, retrieved 2016 - 09 - 06 Jump up ^ Baugh, Brian ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ), I 'm Not Ashamed, retrieved 2016 - 09 - 06 Jump up ^ ' Duck Dynasty ' Star Sadie Robertson to Release Line of Christian - Themed Home Decor, Inspirational Jewelry Jump up ^ Seemayer, Zach ( August 8, 2016 ). `` ExclusiveE : ' Duck Dynasty ' Star Sadie Robertson Endorses Donald Trump : ' I Trust Him ' ''. Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved March 11, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With The Stars ' Season 19 Cast -- ' DWTS ' Celebrities Announced - Hollywood Life ''. Hollywood Life. Retrieved 9 February 2015. Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Season 19 Finale Recap : And the Winner Is... '' buddytv.com. Retrieved 9 February 2015. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sadie Robertson. Sadie Robertson on IMDb YouTube Channel Introduction ( hide ) Duck Commander Robertson family Duckmen Phil Robertson Si Robertson Willie Robertson Jase Robertson Other Kay Robertson Korie Robertson Sadie Robertson Other media Duck Commander ( 2009 ) Duck Dynasty ( 2012 -- 17 ) ( Episodes ) Duck the Halls : A Robertson Family Christmas ( 2013 ) Si - cology 1 : Tales and Wisdom from Duck Dynasty 's Favorite Uncle ( 2013 ) Duck Commander : Before the Dynasty ( 2014 ) Jep & Jessica : Growing the Dynasty ( 2016 -- 17 ) Going Si - ral ( 2016 -- 17 ) Sponsorship NASCAR Sprint Cup Series at Texas Motor Speedway Independence Bowl Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sadie_Robertson&oldid=832356119 '' Categories : 1997 births 21st - century American writers 21st - century Christians Actresses from Louisiana American Christian writers American members of the Churches of Christ American women writers Howard family Living people Louisiana Republicans Participants in American reality television series People from West Monroe, Louisiana Robertson family Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018, at 14 : 02. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Sadie Robertson", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Sadie_Robertson&amp;oldid=832356119" }

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{ "text": "Could It Be I 'm Falling in Love - Wikipedia Could It Be I 'm Falling in Love Jump to : navigation, search `` Could It Be I 'm Falling in Love '' One of A-side labels of U.S. vinyl release Single by The Spinners from the album Spinners B - side `` Just You and Me, Baby '' Released December 1972 ( 1972 - 12 ) Format 7 inch single Genre Philadelphia soul Length 4 : 13 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Mystro & Lyric Producer ( s ) Thom Bell The Spinners singles chronology `` How Could I Let You Get Away '' ( 1972 ) `` Could It Be I 'm Falling in Love '' ( 1972 ) `` One of a Kind ( Love Affair ) '' ( 1973 ) Alternative cover Dutch single sleeve `` Could It Be I 'm Falling in Love '' is a 1972 song recorded by the American R&B vocal group The Spinners ( known as `` Detroit Spinners '' in the UK ). The song was co-written by Melvin and Mervin Steals, two songwriter brothers working for Atlantic, who were sometimes credited as `` Mystro and Lyric. '' It was produced by Thom Bell, recorded at Philly 's Sigma Sound Studios and the house band MFSB provided the backing. Bobby Smith sings lead through most of the song while Philippé Wynne handles vocal duties on the song 's outro. Released as the follow - up single to the group 's first hit for Atlantic Records, `` I 'll Be Around, '' `` Could It Be I 'm Falling in Love '' would equal the success of its predecessor, peaking at number one on the R&B chart and number four on the Billboard Pop Singles chart and selling over one million copies. The song also found success in the UK, peaking at number 11 on the UK Singles Chart. Contents ( hide ) 1 The Spinners version credits 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Cover versions 4 References 5 External links The Spinners version credits ( edit ) Lead vocals by Bobby Smith and Philippé Wynne Background vocals by Bobby Smith, Philippé Wynne, Pervis Jackson, Henry Fambrough and Billy Henderson Additional Background vocals by Linda Creed, with the Sigma Sweethearts Barbara Ingram, Carla Benson and Yvette Benton Instrumentation by MFSB Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 -- 73 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Best Selling Soul Singles US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 14 US Cash Box Top 100 Canadian RPM 12 UK 11 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 47 US Cash Box 46 Canada 98 Cover versions ( edit ) The song has been covered many times over the years, including a duet by David Grant and Jaki Graham ( which peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart in 1985 ) and versions by Regina Belle, El Barrio, Messenjah, Worlds Apart, Peter White, Larry Carlton, Jeff Kashiwa, Donny Osmond, Earl Klugh, Boyz II Men, and Houston Person. Preceded by `` Why Ca n't We Live Together '' by Timmy Thomas Billboard 's Best Selling Soul Singles number one single February 10, 1973 Succeeded by `` Love Train '' by The O'Jays References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Could It Be I 'm Falling in Love ''. Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 22. Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel ( 2004 ). Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004. Record Research. p. 545. Jump up ^ `` Lyrics : Could It Be I 'm Falling In Love by Spinners ''. Top40db.net. 1972 - 12 - 30. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06. Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles, February 24, 1973 ''. Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada ''. Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 23. Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 23. Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1973 / Top 100 Songs of 1973 ''. Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 11. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 25. Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada ''. Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06. External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) The Spinners Henry Fambrough Charlton Washington Marvin Taylor Jessie Robert Peck Ronnie Moss Pervis Jackson Billy Henderson C.P. Spencer James Edwards Bobby Smith George Dixon Edgar `` Chico '' Edwards G.C. Cameron Philippé Wynne John Edwards Frank Washington Harold `` Spike '' Bonhart Studio albums The Original Spinners 2nd Time Around Spinners Mighty Love New and Improved Pick of the Litter Happiness Is Being with the Spinners Singles `` That 's What Girls Are Made For '' `` I 'll Always Love You '' `` Truly Yours '' `` It 's a Shame '' `` How Could I Let You Get Away '' `` I 'll Be Around '' `` Could It Be I 'm Falling in Love '' `` One of a Kind ( Love Affair ) '' `` Together We Can Make Such Sweet Music '' `` Mighty Love '' `` I 'm Coming Home '' `` Then Came You '' `` Sadie '' `` Games People Play '' `` The Rubberband Man '' `` Are You Ready for Love '' `` Working My Way Back to You '' / `` Forgive Me, Girl '' `` Cupid '' / `` I 've Loved You for a Long Time '' `` Yesterday Once More '' / `` Nothing Remains the Same '' `` Funny How Time Slips Away '' `` I 'll Be Around '' ( with Rappin ' 4 - Tay ) Related articles Discography Atlantic Records Motown Volt Records Book : The Spinners Category : The Spinners Portal : R&B and Soul Music This 1970s pop song - related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Could_It_Be_I%27m_Falling_in_Love&oldid=806622880 '' Categories : 1972 singles 1985 singles 1994 singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles The Spinners ( American R&B group ) songs Atlantic Records singles 1972 songs 1970s pop song stubs Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017, at 04 : 37. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Could It Be I'm Falling in Love", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Could_It_Be_I%27m_Falling_in_Love&amp;oldid=806622880" }

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{ "text": "British and Irish Lions - wikipedia British and Irish Lions Jump to : navigation, search For the Great Britain Lions rugby league team, see Great Britain national rugby league team. For the 2017 Lions tour, see 2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand. The British & Irish Lions Unions Rugby Football Union Irish Rugby Football Union Scottish Rugby Union Welsh Rugby Union Nickname ( s ) The Lions Coach ( es ) Warren Gatland ( 2017 tour ) Captain ( s ) Sam Warburton ( 2017 tour ) Peter O'Mahony ( 2017 tour ) Most caps Willie John McBride ( 17 ) Top scorer Jonny Wilkinson ( 67 ) Most tries Tony O'Reilly ( 6 ) Team kit First match Otago 3 -- 8 Shaw & Shrewsbury Team ( 28 April 1888 ) Largest win Western Australia 10 -- 116 British and Irish Lions ( 8 June 2001 ) Largest test win Argentina 0 -- 46 British Lions ( 7 Aug 1927 ) Largest defeat New Zealand 38 -- 6 British Lions ( 16 July 1983 ) Largest test defeat New Zealand 38 -- 6 British Lions ( 16 July 1983 ) Current season ← 2013 2021 → The British and Irish Lions is a rugby union team selected from players eligible for any of the Home Nations -- the national sides of the British Isles ; England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The Lions are a Test side, and generally select international players, but they can pick uncapped players available to any one of the four unions. The team currently tours every four years, with these rotating among Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. The 2009 Test series was lost 1 -- 2 to South Africa, while the 2013 Test series was won 2 -- 1 over Australia. The most recent series, the 2017 Test series against the world champions, New Zealand, was drawn 1 -- 1 -- 1. From 1888 onwards combined rugby sides from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland toured the Southern Hemisphere. The first tour was a commercial venture, and was undertaken without official backing. The six subsequent visits enjoyed a growing degree of support from the authorities, before the 1910 South Africa tour, which was the first tour representative of the four Home Unions. In 1949 the four Home Unions formally created a Tours Committee and for the first time, every player of the 1950 Lions squad had played internationally before the tour. The 1950s tours saw high win rates in provincial games, but the Test series were typically lost or drawn. The winning series in 1971 ( New Zealand ) and 1974 ( South Africa ) changed this pattern. The last tour of the amateur age took place in 1993. Contents ( hide ) 1 Naming and symbols 1.1 Team members 1.2 Team anthem 1.3 Team colours and strip 1.3. 1 Unsanctioned tours 1.3. 2 Blue jerseys, the Lions named and the crest adopted 1.3. 3 Red jerseys 1.3. 4 Jersey evolution 2 History 2.1 1888 -- 1909 2.2 1910 -- 1949 2.3 1950 -- 1969 2.4 1970 -- 1979 2.5 1980 -- 2005 2.6 2009 2.7 2013 2.8 2017 3 Overall 4 Tours 4.1 Format 4.2 Results 4.2. 1 Tour Test matches 4.2. 2 Other International matches 4.3 Lions non-tour and home matches 5 Records 5.1 Most capped players 5.2 Top point scorers 5.3 Top try scorers 6 See also 7 Sources 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Naming and symbols ( edit ) Team members ( edit ) Main article : List of British and Irish Lions players The multi-nation team that is today named the British and Irish Lions first came into existence in 1888 as the Shaw & Shrewsbury Team. It was then primarily English in composition but also contained players from Scotland and Wales. Later the name British Isles became associated with the team. On their 1950 tour of New Zealand and Australia they officially adopted the name British Lions, the nickname first used by British and South African journalists on the 1924 South African tour after the lion emblem on their ties, the emblem on their jerseys having been dropped in favour of the four - quartered badge with the symbols of the four represented unions. When the team first emerged in the 19th century, it represented the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, then one single state. The team continued to exist after the Irish war of independence and civil war and the subsequent division of Ireland in 1922 into the Irish Free State ( later the state of Ireland ) and Northern Ireland. To avoid ambiguity and possible offence to Irish players, it was later decided to define the team 's identity as representing the two sovereign states -- the United Kingdom and Ireland -- with the team members being either `` British '' or `` Irish ''. From the 2001 tour of Australia, the official name British and Irish Lions has been used. The team is often referred to simply as the Lions. Team anthem ( edit ) As the Lions represent two sovereign states, they do not have a national anthem. For the 2005 tour to New Zealand, the Lions management commissioned a song, `` The Power of Four '', although it was met with little support among Lions fans at the matches and has not been used since. Team colours and strip ( edit ) For more than half a century, the Lions have been synonymous with the red jersey that sports the amalgamated crests of the four unions. However, prior to 1950 the strip went through a number of significantly different formats. Unsanctioned tours ( edit ) In 1888, the promoter of the first expedition to Australia and New Zealand, Arthur Shrewsbury, demanded `` something that would be good material and yet take them by storm out here ''. The result was a jersey in thick red, white and blue hoops, worn above white shorts and dark socks. The tours to South Africa in 1891 and 1896 retained the red, white and blue theme but this time as red and white hooped jerseys and dark blue shorts and socks. The 1899 trip to Australia saw a reversion to red, white and blue jerseys, but with the blue used in thick hoops and the red and white in thin bands. The shorts remained blue, as did the socks although a white flash was added to the latter. The one - off test in 1999 between England and Australia that was played to commemorate Australia 's first test against Reverend Matthew Mullineux 's British side saw England wear an updated version of this jersey. In 1903, the South Africa tour followed on from the 1896 tour, with red and white hooped jerseys. The slight differences were that the red hoops were slightly thicker than the white ( the opposite was true in 1896 ), and the white flash on the socks introduced in 1899 was partially retained. The Australia tour of 1904 saw exactly the same kit as in 1899, and it seemed that the British touring sides had settled on kits particular to the host destination. However, in 1908 with the Scottish and Irish unions refusing to be involved, the Anglo - Welsh side only sported red jerseys with a thick white band on their jerseys on tour to Australia and New Zealand. Blue shorts were retained, but the socks were for the first time red, with a white flash. Blue jerseys, the Lions named and the crest adopted ( edit ) The Scots were once again involved in Dr Tom Smyth 's 1910 team to South Africa. Thus, dark blue jerseys, were introduced with white shorts and the red socks of 1908. The jerseys also had a single lion - rampant crest. The 1924 tour returned to South Africa, retaining the blue jerseys but now with shorts to match. It is the 1924 tour that is credited as being the first in which the team were referred to as `` the Lions '', the irony being that it was on this tour that the single lion - rampant crest was replaced with the forerunner of the four - quartered badge with the symbols of the four represented unions, that is still worn today. Although the lion had been dropped from the jersey, the players had worn the lion motif on their ties as they arrived in South Africa, which led the press and public referring to them as `` the Lions ''. The unofficial 1927 Argentina tour used the same kit and badge. So powerful was the attribution of `` the Lions '' nickname that three heraldic versions of the animal returned as the jersey badge in 1930. This was the tour to New Zealand where the tourists ' now standard blue jerseys caused some controversy. The convention in rugby is for the home side to accommodate its guests when there is a clash of kit. The New Zealand side, by then already synonymous with the appellation `` All Blacks '', had an all black kit that clashed with the Lions ' blue. After much reluctance and debate New Zealand agreed to change for the Tests and the All Blacks became the All Whites for the first time. On the 1930 tour a delegation led by the Irish lock George Beamish expressed their displeasure at the fact that whilst the blue of Scotland, white of England and red of Wales were represented in the strip there was no green for Ireland. A green flash was added to the socks, which from 1938 became a green turnover ( although on blue socks thus eliminating red from the kit ), and that has remained a feature of the strip ever since. In 1936, the four - quartered badge returned for the tour to Argentina and has remained on the kits ever since, but other than that the strip remained the same. Red jerseys ( edit ) The adoption of the red jersey happened in the 1950 tour. A return to New Zealand was accompanied by a desire to avoid the controversy of 1930 and so red replaced blue for the jersey with the resultant kit being that which is still worn today, the combination of red jersey, white shorts and green and blue socks, representing the four unions. The only additions to the strip since 1950 began appearing in 1993, with the addition of kit suppliers logos in prominent positions. Umbro had in 1989 asked for `` maximum brand exposure whenever possible '' but this did not affect the kit 's appearance. Since then, Nike, Adidas and Canterbury have had more overt branding on the shirts, with sponsors Scottish Provident ( 1997 ), NTL ( 2001 ), Zurich ( 2005 ), HSBC ( 2009 and 2013 ) and Standard Life Investments ( 2017 ). Jersey evolution ( edit ) 1888, 1891 1899, 1904 1908 1910 -- 1938 1950 -- present History ( edit ) 1888 -- 1909 ( edit ) Shaw & Shrewsbury Team, 1888, The first British or Irish touring rugby team, a private - enterprise trip to Australia and New Zealand. Despite its label as an England side, the team which toured South Africa in 1891 contained several Scots. England v Cape Colony, 1891. The first match of the Bill MacLagan undefeated tour of South Africa. The earliest tours date back to 1888, when a 21 - man squad visited Australia and New Zealand. The squad drew players from England, Scotland and Wales, though English players predominated. The 35 - match tour of two host nations included no tests, but the side played provincial, city and academic sides, winning 27 matches. They played 19 games of Australian rules football, against prominent clubs in Victoria and South Australia, winning six and drawing one of these ( see Australian rules football in England ). The first tour, although unsanctioned by rugby bodies, established the concept of Northern Hemisphere sporting sides touring to the Southern Hemisphere. Three years after the first tour, the Western Province union invited rugby bodies in Britain to tour South Africa. Some saw the 1891 team -- the first sanctioned by the Rugby Football Union -- as the English national team, though others referred to it as `` the British Isles ''. The tourists played a total of twenty matches, three of them tests. The team also played the regional side of South Africa ( South Africa did not exist as a political unit in 1891 ), winning all three matches. In a notable event of the tour, the touring side presented the Currie Cup to Griqualand West, the province they thought produced the best performance on the tour. Five years later a British Isles side returned to South Africa. They played one extra match on this tour, making the total of 21 games, including four tests against South Africa, with the British Isles winning three of them. The squad had a notable Irish orientation, with the Irish national team contributing six players to the 21 - man squad. In 1899 the British Isles touring side returned to Australia for the first time since the unofficial tour of 1888. The squad of 23 for the first time ever had players from each of the home nations. The team again participated in 21 matches, playing state teams as well as northern Queensland sides and Victorian teams. A four - test series took place against Australia, the tourists winning three out of the four. The team returned via Hawaii and Canada playing additional games on route. Four years later, in 1903, the British Isles team returned to South Africa. The opening performance of the side proved disappointing from the tourists ' point of view, with defeats in its opening three matches by Western Province sides in Cape Town. From then on the team experienced mixed results, though more wins than losses. The side lost the test series to South Africa, drawing twice, but with the South Africans winning the decider 8 to nil. No more than twelve months passed before the British Isles team ventured to Australia and New Zealand in 1904. The tourists devastated the Australian teams, winning every single game. Australia also lost all three tests to the visitors, even getting held to a standstill in two of the three games. Though the New Zealand leg of the tour did not take long in comparison to the number of Australian games, the British Isles experienced considerable difficulty across the Tasman after whitewashing the Australians. The team managed two early wins before losing the test to New Zealand and only winning one more game as well as drawing once. Despite their difficulties in New Zealand, the tour proved a raging success on - field for the British Isles. In 1908, another tour took place to Australia and New Zealand. In a reversal of previous practice, the planners allocated more matches in New Zealand rather than in Australia : perhaps the strength of the New Zealand teams and the heavy defeats of all Australian teams on the previous tour influenced this decision. Some commentators thought that this tour hoped to reach out to rugby communities in Australia, as rugby league ( infamously ) started in Australia in 1908. The Anglo - Welsh side ( Irish and Scottish unions did not participate ) performed well in all the non-test matches, but drew a test against New Zealand and lost the other two. 1910 -- 1949 ( edit ) Three members of the team that toured Argentina in 1927. Visits that took place before the 1910 South Africa tour ( the first selected by a committee from the four Home Unions ) had enjoyed a growing degree of support from the authorities, although only one of these included representatives of all four nations. The 1910 tour to South Africa marked the official beginning of British Isles rugby tours : the inaugural tour operating under all four unions. The team performed moderately against the non-test parties, claiming victories in just over half their matches. The test series, however, went to South Africa, who won two of the three games. A side managed by Oxford University -- supposedly the England rugby team, but actually including three Scottish players -- toured Argentina at the time : the people of Argentina termed it the `` Combined British ''. The next British Isles team tour did not take place until 1924, again in South Africa. The team, led by Ronald Cove - Smith, struggled with injuries and lost three of the four test matches, drawing the other 3 -- 3. In total, 21 games were played, with the touring side winning 9, drawing 3 and losing 9. In 1927 a short, nine - game series took place in Argentina, with the British isles winning all nine encounters ; the tour did however become a financial success for Argentine rugby. After a seemingly long absence from New Zealand, the Lions returned in 1930 to some success. The Lions won all of their games that did not have test status except for the matches against Auckland, Wellington and Canterbury ; they did however lose three of their four test matches against New Zealand, winning the first test 6 -- 3. The side also visited Australia, losing a test but winning five out of the six non-test games. In 1936 the British Isles visited Argentina for the second time, winning all ten of their matches and only conceding nine points in the whole tour. Two years later in 1938 the British Isles toured in South Africa, winning more than half of their normal matches. Despite having lost the test series to South Africa by game three, they won the final test. This is when they were named THE LIONS by their then Captain Sam Walker. 1950 -- 1969 ( edit ) The first post-war tour went to New Zealand and Australia in 1950. The Lions, sporting newly redesigned jerseys and displaying a fresh style of play, managed to win 22 and draw one of 29 matches over the two nations. The Lions won the opening four fixtures before losing to Otago and Southland, but succeeded in holding the All Blacks to a 9 -- 9 draw. The Lions performed well in the remaining All Black tests though they lost all three, the team did not lose another non-test in the New Zealand leg of the tour. The Lions won all their games in Australia except for their final fixture against a New South Wales XV in Newcastle. They won both tests against Australia, in Brisbane, Queensland and in Sydney. In 1955 the Lions toured South Africa and left with another imposing record, one draw and 19 wins from the 25 fixtures. The four - test series against South Africa, a thrilling affair, ended in a drawn series. The 1959 tour to Australia and New Zealand marked once again a very successful tour for the Lions, who only lost six of their 35 fixtures. The Lions easily won both tests against Australia and lost the first three tests against New Zealand, but did find victory ( 9 -- 6 ) in the final test. After the glittering decade of the 1950s, the first tour of the 1960s proved not nearly as successful as previous ones. The 1962 tour to South Africa saw the Lions still win 16 of their 25 games, but did not fare well against the Springboks, losing three of the four tests. For the 1966 tour to Australia and New Zealand John Robins became the first Lions Coach, and the trip started off very well for the Lions, who stormed through Australia, winning five non-tests and drawing one ; and most notably defeating Australia in two tests as well. The Lions however experienced mixed results during the New Zealand leg of the tour, as well as losing all of the tests against the All Blacks. The Lions also played a test against Canada on their way home, winning 19 to 8 in Toronto. The 1968 tour of South Africa saw the Lions win 15 of their 16 provincial matches, but the team actually lost three tests against the Springboks and drew one. 1970 -- 1979 ( edit ) The 1970s saw a renaissance for the Lions. The 1971 team, centred around the skilled Welsh half - back pairing of Gareth Edwards and Barry John, secured a series win over the All Blacks. The tour started with a loss to Queensland but proceeded to storm through the next provincial fixtures, winning 11 games in a row. The Lions then went on to defeat the All Blacks in Dunedin. The Lions would only lose a single match on the rest of the tour, and won the test series against New Zealand, winning and drawing the last two games, to take the series two wins to one. One of the best - known and most successful Lions team toured South Africa in 1974 under the esteemed Irish forward Willie John McBride. It went through 22 games unbeaten, and triumphed 3 -- 0 ( with one drawn ) in the test open series. The test series featured a lot of violence. The management of the Lions concluded that the Springboks dominated their opponents with physical aggression. At that time, test match referees came from the home nation, substitutions took place only if a doctor found a player unable to continue and there were no video cameras or sideline officials to prevent violent play. The Lions decided `` to get their retaliation in first '' with the infamous `` 99 call ''. The Lions postulated that a South African referee would probably not send off all of the Lions if they all retaliated against `` blatant thuggery ''. Famous video footage of the ' battle of Boet Erasmus Stadium ' shows JPR Williams running over half of the pitch and launching himself at Van Heerden after such a call. The 1977 tour to New Zealand saw the Lions drop only one non-test out of 21 games, a loss to a Universities side. The team did not win the test series though, winning one game but losing the other three. In August 1977 the British Lions made a stopover in Fiji on the way home from their tour of New Zealand. Fiji beat them 25 -- 21 at Buckhurst Park, Suva. 1980 -- 2005 ( edit ) The British and Irish Lions against the All Blacks in 2005 The Lions toured South Africa in 1980, and completed a flawless non-test record, winning 14 out of 14 matches. The Lions however lost the first three tests to South Africa, winning the last one, with the series already won by the Springboks. The 1983 tour to New Zealand saw the team successful in the non-test games, winning all but two games, but being whitewashed in the test series against the All Blacks. A tour to South Africa by the Lions was anticipated in 1986. However, the invitation for the Lions to tour South Africa was never accepted because of controversy surrounding Apartheid, and the tour did not go ahead. The Lions did not return to South Africa until 1997, after the Apartheid era. A Lions team was selected in April 1986 for the International Rugby Board centenary match against a ' The Rest '. The team was organised by the Four Home Unions Committee and the players were given the status of official British Lions. The Lions tour to Australia in 1989 was a short affair, being only 12 matches in total. The tour was very successful for the Lions, who won all eight non-test matches and won the test series against Australia, two to one. The tour to New Zealand in 1993 was the last of the amateur era. The Lions won six and lost four non-test matches, and lost the test series 2 -- 1. The tour to South Africa in 1997 was a success for the Lions, who completed the tour with only two losses, and won the test series 2 -- 1. In 2001, the ten - game tour to Australia saw the Wallabies win the test series 2 -- 1. This series saw the first award of the Tom Richards Trophy. In the Lions ' 2005 tour to New Zealand, coached by Clive Woodward, the Lions won seven games against provincial teams, were defeated by the New Zealand Maori team, and suffered heavy defeats in all three tests. 2009 ( edit ) Main article : 2009 British and Irish Lions tour to South Africa The Lions faced the World Cup winners South Africa, with Ian McGeechan leading a coaching team including Warren Gatland, Shaun Edwards and Rob Howley. The Lions were captained by Irish lock Paul O'Connell. The initial Lions selection consisted of fourteen Irish players, thirteen Welsh, eight English and two Scots in the 37 - man squad. In the first Test on 20 June, they lost 26 -- 21, and lost the series in the second 28 -- 25 in a tightly - fought game at Loftus Versfeld on 27 June. The Lions won the third Test 28 -- 9 at Ellis Park, and the series finished 2 -- 1 to South Africa. 2013 ( edit ) Main article : 2013 British and Irish Lions tour to Australia During June 2013 the British and Irish Lions toured Australia. Former Scotland and Lions full - back Andy Irvine was appointed as tour manager in 2010. Wales head coach Warren Gatland was the Lions ' head coach, and their tour captain was Sam Warburton. The tour started in Hong Kong with a match against the Barbarians before moving on to Australia for the main tour featuring six provincial matches and three tests. The Lions won all but one non-test matches, losing to the Brumbies 14 -- 12 on 18 June. The first test was followed shortly after this, which saw the Lions go 1 - up over Australia winning 23 -- 21. Australia did have a chance to take the win in the final moments of the game, but a missed penalty by Kurtley Beale saw the Lions take the win. The Wallabies drew the series in the second test winning 16 -- 15, though the Lions had a chance to steal the win had it not been because of a missed penalty by Leigh Halfpenny. With tour captain Warburton out of the final test due to injury, Alun Wyn Jones took over the captaincy in the final test in Sydney. The final test was won by the Lions in what was a record win, winning 41 -- 16 to earn their first series win since 1997 and their first over Australia since 1989. 2017 ( edit ) Main article : 2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand Following his winning tour of Australia in 2013, Warren Gatland was reappointed as Lions head coach for the tour to New Zealand in June and July 2017. In April 2016, it was announced that the side would again be captained again by Sam Warburton. The touring schedule included 10 games : an opening game against the Provincial Barbarians, challenge matches against all five of New Zealand 's Super Rugby sides, a match against the Māori All Blacks and three tests against New Zealand. The Lions defeated the Barbarians in the first game of the tour, before being beaten by the Blues three days later. The team recovered to beat the Crusaders but this was followed up with another midweek loss, this time against the Highlanders. The Lions then faced the Māori All Blacks, winning comfortably to restore optimism and followed up with their first midweek victory of the tour against the Chiefs. On 24 June, the Lions, captained by Peter O'Mahony, faced New Zealand in Eden Park in the first test and were beaten 30 -- 15. This was followed by the final midweek game of the tour, a draw against the Hurricanes. For the second test, Gatland recalled Warburton to his starting team, restoring his captaincy. In Wellington Regional Stadium, the Lions beat New Zealand 24 -- 21 to tie the series going into the final game, ending the side 's 47 - game winning run at home. In the final test at Eden Park the following week, the team 's played out a draw, ending the test match series in a tie for the first time in history of competition between the sides. Overall ( edit ) Overall test matches Updated after the 2017 Tour Against Played Won Lost Drawn For Against % Won Argentina 7 6 0 236 31 86 Australia 23 17 6 0 414 248 74 New Zealand 41 7 30 399 700 17 South Africa 46 17 23 6 470 546 37 Total 117 47 59 11 1,519 1,525 40 Overall tour results Against Tours Won Lost Drawn % Won Argentina 0 0 100 % Australia 9 7 0 78 % New Zealand 12 10 8 % South Africa 13 8 31 % Total 37 15 20 41 % Tours ( edit ) Format ( edit ) The Lions currently tour three Southern Hemisphere nations ; Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. They also routinely toured in Argentina before the Second World War. Tours currently take place every four years. The most recent tour was to New Zealand in 2017, and before that the Lions toured visited Australia in June -- July 2013. In a break with tradition, a `` home '' fixture against Argentina took place at Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 23 May 2005, before the Lions went to New Zealand. It finished in a draw, 25 -- 25. On tour, games take place against local provinces, clubs or representative sides as well as the full tests against the host 's national team. The Lions, and their predecessor teams, have often played games against other nearby countries on tour. For example, they played Rhodesia ( the future Zimbabwe ) in 1910, 1924, 1938, 1955, 1962, 1968 & 1974 during their tours to South Africa. They also were beaten by Fiji on their 1977 tour to New Zealand. In addition, they toured pre-independence Namibia ( then South West Africa ), in 1955, 1962, 1968, and 1974. There have also been games in other countries on the way home. These include games in Canada in 1959 and 1966, East Africa ( then mostly Kenya, and held in Nairobi ), and an unofficial game against Ceylon ( future Sri Lanka ) in 1950. Previous tours have seen some non-Test players become demotivated, but more recently this issue has reduced because of high injury rates, increased use of replacements and greater selection flexibility. In recent tours a common issue has been weak opposition in many non-Test games, partly as opposition countries have their top players in national training camps, partly as sides protect top players for domestic games which are seen as more commercially important than Lions games, and possibly partly to prevent the Lions having high standard preparatory games. Results ( edit ) Tour Test matches ( edit ) Year To Captain Head coach Top scorer in Tests Result Tests record 1888 New Zealand & Australia Robert Seddon Andrew Stoddart Alfred Shaw Arthur Shrewsbury No Test matches played 1891 South Africa Bill Maclagan Edwin Ash Arthur Rotherham, 4 Won 3 -- 0 1896 South Africa Johnny Hammond Thomas Crean Roger Walker J.F. Byrne, 12 Won 3 -- 1 1899 Australia Matthew Mullineux Frank Stout Matthew Mullineux Charlie Adamson, 17 Won 3 -- 1 1903 South Africa Mark Morrison Johnny Hammond John Gillespie, 4 Lost 0 -- 1 1904 Australia & New Zealand David Bedell - Sivright Teddy Morgan Arthur O'Brien Percy Bush, 20 Won Lost 3 -- 0 ( Australia ) 0 -- 1 ( New Zealand ) 1908 New Zealand & Australia Arthur ' Boxer ' Harding George Harnett Reggie Gibbs, 3 Jack Jones, 3 Lost 0 -- 2 -- 1 ( NZ ) No tests against Australia 1910 South Africa Tommy Smyth Jack Jones William Cail Walter E. Rees Jack Spoors, 9 Lost 1 -- 2 1910 Argentina John Raphael R.V. Stanley Harold Monks, 10 ( no test caps awarded ) Won 1 -- 0 1924 South Africa Ronald Cove - Smith Harry Packer Tom Voyce, 6 Lost 0 -- 3 -- 1 1927 Argentina David MacMyn James Baxter Ernest Hammett, 40 ( no test caps awarded ) Won 4 -- 0 1930 New Zealand & Australia Doug Prentice Carl Aarvold James Baxter Carl Aarvold, 9 Lost Lost 1 -- 3 ( New Zealand ) 0 -- 1 ( Australia ) 1936 Argentina Bernard Gadney Doug Prentice John Brett, 7 ( no test caps awarded ) Won 1 -- 0 1938 South Africa Sam Walker Major B.C. Hartley Vivian Jenkins, 9 Lost 1 -- 2 1950 New Zealand & Australia Karl Mullen Bleddyn Williams Leslie B. Osborne Lewis Jones, 26 Lost Won 0 -- 3 -- 1 ( NZ ) 2 -- 0 ( Australia ) 1955 South Africa Robin Thompson Cliff Morgan Jack Siggins Jeff Butterfield, 12 Tied 2 -- 2 1959 Australia & New Zealand Ronnie Dawson O.B. Glasgow David Hewitt, 16 Won Lost 2 -- 0 ( Australia ) 1 -- 3 ( New Zealand ) 1962 South Africa Arthur Smith Dickie Jeeps Harry McKibbin John Willcox, 5 Lost 0 -- 3 -- 1 1966 Australia, & New Zealand David Watkins Mike Campbell - Lamerton John Robins Stewart Wilson, 30 Won Lost 2 -- 0 ( Australia ) 0 -- 4 ( New Zealand ) 1968 South Africa Tom Kiernan Ronnie Dawson Tom Kiernan, 35 Lost 0 -- 3 -- 1 1971 New Zealand John Dawes Carwyn James Barry John, 30 Won 2 -- 1 -- 1 South Africa Willie John McBride Syd Millar Phil Bennett, 26 Won 3 -- 0 -- 1 1977 New Zealand Phil Bennett John Dawes Phil Bennett, 18 Lost 1 -- 3 1980 South Africa Bill Beaumont Noel Murphy Tony Ward, 18 Lost 1 -- 3 New Zealand Ciaran Fitzgerald Jim Telfer Ollie Campbell, 15 Lost 0 -- 4 1989 Australia Finlay Calder Ian McGeechan Gavin Hastings, 28 Won 2 -- 1 1993 New Zealand Gavin Hastings Ian McGeechan Gavin Hastings, 38 Lost 1 -- 2 1997 South Africa Martin Johnson Ian McGeechan Jim Telfer Neil Jenkins, 41 Won 2 -- 1 2001 Australia Martin Johnson Graham Henry Jonny Wilkinson, 36 Lost 1 -- 2 2005 New Zealand Brian O'Driscoll Martin Corry Gareth Thomas Sir Clive Woodward Stephen Jones, 14 Lost 0 -- 3 2009 South Africa Paul O'Connell Ian McGeechan Stephen Jones, 39 Lost 1 -- 2 2013 Australia Sam Warburton Alun Wyn Jones Warren Gatland Leigh Halfpenny, 49 Won 2 -- 1 2017 New Zealand Sam Warburton Peter O'Mahony Warren Gatland Owen Farrell, 31 Tied 1 -- 1 -- 1 Other International matches ( edit ) Main article : History of rugby union matches between the British and Irish Lions and other countries Year Against Captain Head coach Top Scorer Result Related tour 1910 Southern Rhodesia Jack Jones William Cail Walter E. Rees Reg Plummer, 6 Won 1910 British Lions tour to South Africa 1924 Rhodesia Neil MacPherson Harry Packer Ian Smith, 6 Won 1924 British Lions tour to South Africa 1930 Ceylon James Leo Farrell James Baxter Won 1930 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia 1938 Rhodesia Sam Walker Bernard Charles Hartley Viv Jenkins, 7 Won 1938 British Lions tour to South Africa 1938 Rhodesia Sam Walker Bernard Charles Hartley Elvet Jones, 9 Won 1938 British Lions tour to South Africa 1950 Ceylon Leslie B. Osborne Won 1950 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia 1955 South - West Africa Angus Cameron Jack Siggins Tony O'Reilly, 3 Frank Sykes, 3 Haydn Morris, 3 Won 1955 British Lions tour to South Africa 1955 Rhodesia Cliff Morgan Jack Siggins Frank Sykes, 9 Won 1955 British Lions tour to South Africa 1955 Rhodesia Cliff Morgan Jack Siggins Doug Baker, 6 Won 1955 British Lions tour to South Africa 1955 East Africa ( Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika ) Robin Thompson Jack Siggins Arthur Smith, 15 Won 1955 British Lions tour to South Africa 1962 Rhodesia Arthur Smith Harry McKibbin Mike Weston, 12 Won 1962 British Lions tour to South Africa 1962 South - West Africa Dickie Jeeps Harry McKibbin Mike Weston, 3 Keith Rowlands, 3 Raymond Hunter, 3 Won 1962 British Lions tour to South Africa 1962 East Africa Mike Campbell - Lamerton Harry McKibbin Richard Sharp, 14 Won 1962 British Lions tour to South Africa 1966 Canada Mike Campbell - Lamerton John Robins Noel Murphy, 6 Won 1966 British Lions tour to Australia and New Zealand 1968 Rhodesia Tom Kiernan Ronnie Dawson Keith Jarrett, 10 Won 1968 British Lions tour to South Africa 1968 South - West Africa Jim Telfer Ronnie Dawson Bob Hiller, 11 Won 1968 British Lions tour to South Africa South - West Africa Gareth Edwards Syd Millar Andy Irvine, 8 Won 1974 British Lions tour to South Africa Rhodesia Gareth Edwards Syd Millar Andy Irvine, 22 Won 1974 British Lions tour to South Africa 1977 Fiji Phil Bennett John Dawes Phil Bennett, 13 Lost 1977 British Lions tour to New Zealand 1977 Barbarian F.C. Phil Bennett John Dawes Phil Bennett, 8 Won Home match as part of Queen Elizabeth II 's Silver Jubilee celebrations after returning from New Zealand 1986 The Rest Colin Deans Mick Doyle John Beattie, 4 Lost Home match as part of IRB centenary celebrations 1989 France Rob Andrew Ian McGeechan Gavin Hastings, 22 Won One - off match as part of French bi-centennial celebrations 1990 Rest of Europe David Sole Roger Uttley Gavin Hastings, 19 Won Charity match in aid of Romania. Not billed as Lions, but as Four Home Unions 2005 Argentina Michael Owen Clive Woodward Jonny Wilkinson, 20 Draw 2005 New Zealand tour warm - up -- Home match 2013 Barbarians F.C. Paul O'Connell Warren Gatland Owen Farrell, 15 Won 2013 Australia tour warm - up -- Away match Lions non-tour and home matches ( edit ) Main article : History of rugby union matches between the British and Irish Lions and other countries The Lions have played a number of `` home matches '' against international opposition. With the exception of the 2005 home match against Argentina ( which was played as a warm - up to the 2005 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand ), these matches have been one - offs to mark special occasions : The Lions played an unofficial international match in 1955 at Cardiff Arms Park against a Welsh XV to mark the 75th anniversary of the Welsh Rugby Union. The Lions won 20 -- 17 but did not include all the big names of the 1955 tour, such as Tony O'Reilly, Jeff Butterfield, Phil Davies, Dickie Jeeps, Bryn Meredith and Jim Greenwood, for example. In 1977, the Lions played their first official home game, against the Barbarians as a charity fund - raiser held as part of the Queen 's silver jubilee celebrations. The Baa - Baas line - up featured JPR Williams, Gerald Davies, Gareth Edwards, Jean - Pierre Rives and Jean - Claude Skrela. The Lions included 13 of the team which played in the fourth test vs New Zealand three weeks before, and won 23 -- 14. In 1986, a match was organised against The Rest as both a warm - up to the 1986 South Africa tour, which was subsequently cancelled, and as a celebration match to mark the International Rugby Board 's centenary. The Lions lost 15 -- 7, but never toured that year. In 1989, Rob Andrew captained the Lions in their victory against France in Paris. The game formed part of the celebrations of the bi-centennial of the French Revolution. The Lions won 29 -- 27. In 1990, a team titled the `` Four Home Unions '' was put together to play the `` Rest of Europe XV ''. This was a match to raise money for the rebuilding of Romania following the overthrow of Nicolae Ceaușescu in December 1989. The team 's logo was that used by the Lions, i.e. the crests of the four home unions united in a shield. The Rest of Europe played under the symbol of the Federația Română de Rugby. Records ( edit ) Players in bold are still active at club level. Most capped players ( edit ) Updated 03 July 2017 # Name Tours Caps Position Willie John McBride 1962 -- 1974 17 Lock Dickie Jeeps 1955 -- 1962 13 Scrum - half Mike Gibson 1966 -- 1971 12 Centre Graham Price 1977 -- 1983 12 Prop 5 Tony O'Reilly 1955 -- 1959 10 Wing Rhys Williams 1955 -- 1959 10 Lock Gareth Edwards 1968 -- 1974 10 Scrum - half 8 Syd Millar 1955 -- 1959 9 Prop Andy Irvine 1974 -- 1980 9 Full - back Alun Wyn Jones 2009 -- 2017 9 Lock Top point scorers ( edit ) Updated 03 July 2017 # Name Career Points Caps Position Jonny Wilkinson 2001 -- 2005 67 6 Fly - half Gavin Hastings 1989 -- 1993 66 6 Full - back Stephen Jones 2005 -- 2009 53 6 Fly - half Leigh Halfpenny 2013 -- 2017 49 Full - back 5 Phil Bennett 1974 -- 1977 44 8 Fly - half 6 Neil Jenkins 1997 -- 2001 41 Fly - half 7 Tom Kiernan 1962 -- 1968 35 5 Full - back 8 Owen Farrell 2013 -- 2017 31 Fly - half 9 Stewart Wilson 1966 - 1966 30 5 Full - back Barry John 1968 -- 1971 30 5 Fly - half Top try scorers ( edit ) Updated 03 July 2017 # Name Career Tries Caps Position Tony O'Reilly 1955 -- 1959 6 10 Wing J.J. Williams 1974 -- 1977 5 7 Wing Willie Llewellyn 1904 - 1904 Wing Malcolm Price 1959 - 1959 5 Centre 5 Alf Bucher 1899 - 1899 Wing Jack Spoors 1910 - 1910 Full - back Carl Aarvold 1930 - 1930 5 Centre Jeff Butterfield 1955 - 1955 Centre Ken Jones 1962 -- 1966 6 Centre Gerald Davies 1968 -- 1971 5 Wing See also ( edit ) Rugby union portal List of British and Irish Lions test matches Rugby union and apartheid Sources ( edit ) Godwin, Terry ; Rhys, Chris ( 1981 ). The Guinness Book of Rugby Facts & Feats. London : Guinness Superlatives. ISBN 0 - 85112 - 214 - 0. Griffiths, John ( 1987 ). The Phoenix Book of International Rugby Records. London : Phoenix House. ISBN 0 - 460 - 07003 - 7. Notes ( edit ) a. Names of the Lions in the languages of Britain and Ireland : English : British and Irish Lions Irish : Leoin na Breataine agus na hÉireann Scots : Breetish an Erse Lions Scottish Gaelic : Leòghainn Bhreatainn agus Èireann Welsh : Llewod Prydeinig a Gwyddelig Cornish : Lewyow Predennek ha Iwerdhonek References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lions History -- The History of the British & Irish Lions ''. www.lionsrugby.com. Jump up ^ Editorial, Reuters. `` Lions captain Warburton on bench, O'Mahony leads team ''. ^ Jump up to : `` ESPN Scrum 's Statsguru ''. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03. Jump up ^ Griffiths ( 1987 ), pg 9 : 3. Jump up ^ Griffiths ( 1987 ), pg 9 : 6. ^ Jump up to : Godwin ( 1981 ), pg 231. Jump up ^ Griffiths ( 1987 ), pg 9 -- 8. ^ Jump up to : `` Lions change stripes '' at Lions website, 17 April 2005 ( archive ) ^ Jump up to : Bath, Richard ( 2008 ). The British & Irish Lions Miscellany. London : Vision Sports Publishing. p. 76. Jump up ^ Richard Bath, The British & Irish Lions Miscellany, page 1, 2008, ( Vision Sports Publishing : London ) ^ Jump up to : Richard Bath, The British & Irish Lions Miscellany, page 77, 2008, ( Vision Sports Publishing : London ) Jump up ^ Lions name is a source of great pride The Times 19 June 2009 Jump up ^ `` 2013 British Lions Shirt Launched ''. 29 October 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` Pics : Lions Release New Jersey Ahead of 2017 Tour To New Zealand ''. Pundit Arena. 1 November 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2017. Jump up ^ Griffiths, John ( 5 December 2011 ). `` The Lions tour that never was, Cecil Afrika 's Sevens ' career and Shane Williams ' try - scoring rate ''. ESPN scrum. Retrieved 10 September 2012. Jump up ^ Thomas, Clem ( 2005 ). The History of the British and Irish Lions. Edinburgh : Mainstream Publishing. p. 202. ISBN 1 - 84596 - 030 - 0. Jump up ^ `` O'Connell handed Lions captaincy ''. BBC Sport. 21 April 2009. Retrieved 21 April 2009. Jump up ^ `` Springboks Take The Series : SA 28 Lions 25 ''. Rugby Breakdown. 27 June 2009. Archived from the original on 3 July 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2009. Jump up ^ Jones, Chris ( 18 October 2010 ). `` Andy Irvine proud to be named Lion king for Australia tour ''. Evening Standard. Retrieved 21 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` Lions line up match in Hong Kong ''. BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 18 October 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` Lions at Home ''. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Jump up ^ `` International legends celebrate WRU landmark ''. wru.co.uk. 15 December 2005. Retrieved 24 October 2012. Jump up ^ Seeckts, Richard. `` Lions prevail in Queen 's silver jubilee celebrations ''. espnscrum.co.uk. Retrieved 5 June 2013. External links ( edit ) British and Irish Lions website British and Irish Lions Supporters Site Results from rugbydata.com Physiotherapy and Sports Medicine Head - to - head records of the British and Irish Lions British and Irish Lions vs : Argentina Australia New Zealand South Africa Other countries British and Irish Lions tours Australia 1888 1899 1904 1908 1930 1950 1959 1966 1971 1989 2001 2013 New Zealand 1888 1899 1904 1908 1930 1950 1959 1966 1971 1977 1993 2005 2017 South Africa 1891 1896 1903 1910 1924 1938 1955 1962 1968 1980 1997 2009 Argentina 1910 1927 1936 Home matches 1955 v Wales XV 1977 v Barbarians 1986 v World XV 1989 v France 1989 v Europe XV 2005 v Argentina 2013 v Barbarians International rugby union teams Tier 1 teams Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales Tier 2 teams Canada Fiji Georgia Japan Namibia Portugal Romania Russia Samoa Spain Tonga United States Uruguay Tier 3 ( Development One ) teams Belgium Brazil Chile Germany Hong Kong Ivory Coast Kenya South Korea Zimbabwe Tier 3 ( Development Two ) teams American Samoa Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Barbados Bermuda Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Cayman Islands China Chinese Taipei Colombia Cook Islands Costa Rica Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Finland Ghana Greece Guam Guyana Hungary India Indonesia Iran Israel Jamaica Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malaysia Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Monaco Mongolia Morocco Netherlands Nigeria Niue Norway Pakistan Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Rwanda Senegal Serbia Singapore Slovenia Solomon Islands Sri Lanka St Lucia St Vincent and the Grenadines Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Tahiti Tanzania Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Zambia French Rugby Federation Mayotte Réunion Guadeloupe Martinique New Caledonia Wallis and Futuna Non-affiliated to World Rugby Algeria Benin Burkina Faso Catalonia Central Africa Chad Congo Curaçao Democratic Republic of the Congo Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Egypt Estonia Gabon Gibraltar Guatemala Jordan Lebanon Libya Macau Montenegro Niger Panama Qatar San Marino Slovakia St. Kitts and Nevis Turkey Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu Combination teams African Leopards British and Irish Lions Pacific Islanders South American XV Defunct teams Arabian Gulf Commonwealth of Independent States Czechoslovakia East Africa East Germany Nyasaland ( Malawi ) Soviet Union West Germany Yugoslavia BBC Wales Sports Personality of the Year 1954 Ken Jones 1955 John Disley 1956 Joe Erskine 1957 Dai Rees 1958 Howard Winstone 1959 Graham Moore 1960 Brian Curvis 1961 Bryn Meredith 1962 Ivor Allchurch 1963 Howard Winstone 1964 Lynn Davies 1965 Clive Rowlands 1966 Lynn Davies 1967 Howard Winstone 1968 Martyn Woodroffe 1969 Tony Lewis 1970 David Broome 1971 John Dawes, the Wales national rugby union team & the Welsh Lions 1972 Richard Meade 1973 Berwyn Price 1974 Gareth Edwards 1975 Arfon Griffiths 1976 Mervyn Davies & the Wales national rugby union team 1977 Phil Bennett 1978 Johnny Owen 1979 Terry Griffiths 1980 Duncan Evans 1981 John Toshack 1982 Steve Barry 1983 Colin Jones 1984 Ian Rush 1985 Steve Jones 1986 Kirsty Wade 1987 Ian Woosnam 1988 Colin Jackson 1989 Stephen Dodd 1990 Ian Woosnam 1991 Ian Woosnam 1992 Tanni Grey 1993 Colin Jackson 1994 Steve Robinson 1995 Neville Southall 1996 Ryan Giggs 1997 Scott Gibbs 1998 Iwan Thomas 1999 Colin Jackson 2000 Tanni Grey - Thompson 2001 Joe Calzaghe 2002 Mark Hughes 2003 Nicole Cooke 2004 Tanni Grey - Thompson 2005 Gareth Thomas 2006 Joe Calzaghe 2007 Joe Calzaghe 2008 Shane Williams 2009 Ryan Giggs 2010 Gareth Bale 2011 Chaz Davies 2012 Jade Jones 2013 Leigh Halfpenny 2014 Geraint Thomas 2015 Dan Biggar 2016 Jade Jones Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_and_Irish_Lions&oldid=806849526 '' Categories : British and Irish Lions International rugby union teams Multinational rugby union teams 1888 establishments in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from October 2015 Pages using Template : Football kit with incorrect pattern parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing Irish - language text Articles containing Scots - language text Articles containing Scottish Gaelic - language text Articles containing Welsh - language text Articles containing Cornish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Māori Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017, at 15 : 01. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "British and Irish Lions", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=British_and_Irish_Lions&amp;oldid=806849526" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Investments ( 2017 ). Jersey evolution ( edit ) 1888, 1891 1899, 1904 1908 1910 -- 1938 1950 -- present History ( edit ) 1888 -- 1909 ( edit ) Shaw & Shrewsbury Team, 1888, The first British or Irish touring rugby team, a private - enterprise trip to Australia and New Zealand. Despite its label as an England side, the team which toured South Africa in 1891 contained several Scots. England v Cape Colony, 1891. The first match of the Bill MacLagan undefeated tour of South Africa. The earliest tours date back to 1888, when a 21 - man squad visited Australia and New Zealand. The squad drew players from England, Scotland and Wales, though English players predominated. The 35 - match tour of two host nations included no tests, but the side played provincial, city and academic sides, winning 27 matches. They played 19 games of Australian rules football, against prominent clubs in Victoria and South Australia, winning six and drawing one of these ( see Australian rules football in England ). The first tour, although unsanctioned by rugby bodies, established the concept of Northern Hemisphere sporting sides touring to the Southern Hemisphere. Three years after the first tour, the Western Province union" ], "id": [ "5800177053258897000" ], "short_answers": [ "1888" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Angels Take Manhattan - wikipedia The Angels Take Manhattan 230 -- `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' Doctor Who episode Official poster from the BBC website. Cast Doctor Matt Smith ( Eleventh Doctor ) Companions Karen Gillan ( Amy Pond ) Arthur Darvill ( Rory Williams ) Others Alex Kingston -- River Song Mike McShane -- Grayle Rob David -- Sam Garner Ozzie Yue -- Foreman Bentley Kalu -- Hood Burnell Tucker -- Old Garner Production Directed by Nick Hurran Written by Steven Moffat Produced by Marcus Wilson Executive producer ( s ) Steven Moffat Caroline Skinner Incidental music composer Murray Gold Series Series 7 Length 45 minutes Originally broadcast 29 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 29 ) Chronology ← Preceded by Followed by → `` The Power of Three '' `` P.S. '' ( mini-webisode ) `` The Snowmen '' Doctor Who episodes ( 1963 -- 1989 ) Doctor Who episodes ( 2005 -- present ) `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' is the fifth episode of the seventh series of the revived British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast on BBC One on 29 September 2012. It is the last in the first block of episodes in the seventh series, followed by the 2012 Christmas special `` The Snowmen ''. The episode was written by head writer Steven Moffat and directed by Nick Hurran. In the episode, alien time traveller the Doctor ( Matt Smith ) takes his companions Amy Pond ( Karen Gillan ) and her husband Rory Williams ( Arthur Darvill ) to Central Park in New York City. There, recurring monsters the Weeping Angels send Rory back to the 1930s, where he is reunited with River Song ( Alex Kingston ), Amy and Rory 's daughter. Amy and the Doctor attempt to rescue Rory, but the Doctor realises along the way that this adventure will be his last with Amy and Rory. Actors Gillan and Darvill both departed the series with this episode. Amy 's departure from the series was a compromise between Gillan and Moffat. Moffat wrote several endings and situations for the couple, eventually deciding to incorporate the Weeping Angels. Despite being Amy and Rory 's last episode, it was not the last episode Gillan and Darvill filmed. Production took place in April 2012, with location filming in Wales and a small crew filming in the United States in Central Park. `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' was watched by 7.82 million viewers in the UK and received mostly positive reviews, though critics noted some plot holes and other logical issues. Contents 1 Plot 1.1 Continuity 2 Production 3 Broadcast and reception 3.1 Critical reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The Doctor, Amy, and Rory enjoy a picnic in New York 's Central Park in 2012, with the Doctor reading from a pulp novel about a 1930s detective named Melody Malone. Despite Amy 's insistence, the Doctor refuses to read ahead to reveal spoilers and tears out the last page of the book. Meanwhile, Rory goes to get coffee and is sent back to the 1930s by a cherub Weeping Angel. There, he meets River Song, who is playing the part of Melody Malone. In the present, the Doctor and Amy are shocked to find Rory written into the book. Amy insists on reading ahead, but the Doctor warns her that anything she reads will be destined to happen. Instead, they attempt to take the TARDIS back to the 1930s, finding the time machine struggling to make the journey. Cherub angels as they appear at the Doctor Who Experience. Rory and River are captured by Mr. Grayle, who has a weakened Weeping Angel in his possession. Mr. Grayle orders Rory locked in the cellar with a number of the cherub angels, while he has the Angel grab River by the wrist while he interrogates her. River is able to use her vortex manipulator to set a beacon for the TARDIS, allowing the Doctor and Amy to arrive. Amy, aware of River 's having written the book to help guide them, uses the table of contents of the book to look for Rory. The Doctor is dismayed when he reads about River 's wrist being broken and the title of the last chapter, `` Amelia 's Last Farewell ''. He refuses to help River escape, hoping that the future can be changed. However, River breaks her own wrist to free herself, and the Doctor uses his regeneration energy to heal her. Amy finds the cellar empty and the Doctor is able to use River 's vortex manipulator to locate Rory at the nearby Winter Quay apartment building. Inside, Rory finds himself drawn to an apartment with his name on it. Just as the Doctor and the others arrive, Rory finds an elderly version of himself in the bedroom. The Doctor warns that Rory 's fate is now sealed -- he will die in that room, without having seen Amy for a very long time beforehand. He deduces that the Angels have been using the Quay as a battery farm, sending the victims to their past while feeding off their time energy. Rory and Amy refuse to accept their fate, and as the Angels converge, they flee to the roof, where the Statue of Liberty, revealed to be a Weeping Angel, waits for them. Rory surmises that if he kills himself by jumping off the roof, he 'll create a paradox that will destroy the building and the Angels, resetting the future. Refusing to allow him to die alone, Amy joins him and the two jump off the roof. The Doctor, River, Amy, and Rory suddenly find themselves near the TARDIS in a New York graveyard back in 2012, Rory 's plan having worked. As the four prepare to depart, Rory catches sight of a tombstone with his name on it. He is then touched by a surviving, albeit weakened, Angel and sent into the past. The Doctor is unable to take the TARDIS back to get him, due to the paradox Rory and Amy created. Amy refuses to be parted from Rory and willingly allows herself to be touched by the same Angel in the hope of being sent back to the same time as he was. Her name then appears along with Rory 's on the tombstone. The Doctor is distraught, but River reminds him that while their fates are now sealed, Amy likely published the Melody Malone book in the past and may have left him a message. The Doctor races back to where they had their picnic and recovers the final page, finding the afterword written by Amy to him. Amy explains that she and Rory lived out a good and happy life for themselves, and asks the Doctor to visit her childhood self to assure her that he will come back for her to take her on amazing journeys. The episode ends with a young Amelia Pond sitting in her back garden, then looking up and smiling as the TARDIS engines are heard. Continuity ( edit ) Images from `` The Eleventh Hour '' of a young Amelia Pond going to the garden and awaiting the Doctor are shown at the episode 's conclusion. Amy 's afterword contains several references to her adventures with the Doctor : fighting pirates ( `` The Curse of the Black Spot '' ) ; falling in love with `` a man who will wait two thousand years to keep her safe '' ( `` The Big Bang '' ) ; giving hope to `` the greatest painter who ever lived '' ( `` Vincent and the Doctor '' ) ; and saving `` a whale in outer space. '' ( `` The Beast Below '' ) Production ( edit ) Matt Smith during filming of the episode in Central Park, New York, part of the final scene where the Doctor reads Amy Pond 's afterword. In December 2011, Doctor Who showrunner Steven Moffat announced that Amy and Rory would leave in the seventh series in `` heartbreaking '' circumstances. Amy 's exit was a mutual decision between Moffat and Gillan. Gillan stated that she wanted to go `` on a high when the character was at her prime '' and to `` go with everything that she wants ''. She wanted her character to have a final ending, and ruled out returning to the show in the future as she felt it would take away from the impact of her final scene. Moffat stated he felt `` tremendous pressure '' writing Amy and Rory 's ending. He later revealed that he `` completely changed '' the ending as he was writing it, feeling the emphasis was wrong. During rewrites Moffat went back and forth deciding whether or not Amy and Rory should live or die. He eventually decided that death would complement the storyline involving the `` old, sentimental '' and `` dangerous '' characterisation of the Doctor. At one point he considered making the story that involved the Daleks, but felt the Weeping Angels were a `` better fit ''. Moffat was also interested in coming up with a new form for the Angels, and so he introduced the cherubs. He also said that since the Angels had debuted in `` Blink '', fans had suggested that the Statue of Liberty could be a Weeping Angel. Gillan refused to read the script for a few weeks after she received it because she `` did n't want to make it real ''. She said in an interview, `` I literally could n't read it without crying. It was the most highly - charged read - through I 've ever experienced. But I could n't have asked for a better exit. I do n't think it 'll be what people expect. '' A scene written by Chris Chibnall showing how Rory 's father Brian ( Mark Williams ) became aware of Amy and Rory 's fate did not make it into production. However, on 12 October 2012, the BBC released an animated storyboard entitled `` P.S. '' that depicted the scene with narration by Darvill. It takes place one week later in Brian 's timeline after `` The Power of Three '' when a man named Anthony delivers him a letter from Rory, telling him that they will never return and that Anthony is their son they adopted in 1946. The scene was written to be a DVD extra, and was not filmed due to time constraints. The read - through for `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' took place in the Upper Boat Studios on 23 March 2012, alongside that for the episode `` Asylum of the Daleks ''. The final episode Gillan and Darvill shot as Amy and Rory was actually the previous episode, `` The Power of Three ''. Nevertheless, Gillan and Smith got very emotional filming the final graveyard scene. Amy and Rory 's scene on the rooftop was filmed in a car park in Cardiff, Wales, with a greenscreen standing in for the New York skyline. To create the effect of the two plunging down, Gillan and Darvill were suspended upside - down by wires and raised and lowered. Much of the episode was filmed in Central Park in New York City in April 2012. The filming was attended by thousands of American fans, which surprised the cast and crew. Other scenes were shot at night in the city, as well as by the East River in front of the Brooklyn Bridge and in the Tudor City apartment complex. Moffat was in New York City when he came up with the story, and thought it was appropriate for the Weeping Angels. He described the city as `` a different backdrop '' to shoot a Doctor Who story in, and made use of its architecture. Fellow executive producer Caroline Skinner felt that the location `` has such scale and romance '' which `` ( gave ) the episode a real atmosphere and a very different tone for Doctor Who ''. The week spent filming in the city was done by a `` small unit by American standards '' according to producer Marcus Wilson. They did not take any props of Angels or the TARDIS, which were instead added in post-production. Filming for the episode also occurred at a cemetery in Llanelli. During post-production, the New York skyline was inserted into the cemetery scenes. Gillan insisted on reading Amy 's afterword to Smith when his reaction was filmed. They were not expecting it to be in front of a crowd in Central Park, and Smith said he had to `` treat this like a play ''. Because the content was so secret, Gillan had to read very quietly and Smith could not hold the real page because a spectator might take a picture of it. Gillan found that she only had one page of the script, and had to improvise the rest. The Doctor Who logo in the title sequence featured a texture showing the Statue of Liberty 's crown, in keeping with the varied `` blockbuster '' themes for each of the opening five episodes of the series. The beginning of the episode features the song `` Englishman in New York '' by Sting. On 4 October 2012, BBC Books released the ebook The Angel 's Kiss : A Melody Malone Mystery, a prequel to the story that the Doctor was reading in the episode. Broadcast and reception ( edit ) `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on 29 September 2012 on BBC One, and on the same date in the United States on BBC America. Overnight ratings showed that it was watched by 5.9 million viewers live, an increase of 400,000 from the previous week. The final consolidated rating rose to 7.82 million viewers, making it the thirteenth most - watched programme of the week on British television. The episode also received 0.92 million requests on BBC 's online iPlayer, placing it seventh for the month on the site despite only being available for a few days. It also received an Appreciation Index of 88, the second highest of the series behind `` Asylum of the Daleks '' ( 89 ). Critical reception ( edit ) The episode received mostly positive reviews. Dan Martin of The Guardian gave a positive review, writing, `` This was a fitting end to a golden era, and bravo to Steven Moffat for telling such an involving, emotional story with such style ''. He also praised the concept of the cherubs and the Angels in New York. However, he noted that he was `` flummoxed '' as to where in River 's timeline the episode took place. The Daily Telegraph reviewer Gavin Fuller gave it five out of five stars, concluding `` ' The Angels Take Manhattan ' brought this mini-run of the series to a close with easily the best episode of the five : a powerful, taut, compelling, filmic, emotionally punchy affair which re-established the Angels as one of the standout monsters of the series and gave Amy Pond a fine send off ''. While he praised the four actors he felt Gillan was the star, and noted that Rory did not `` get any sort of send - off ''. Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club gave `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' a grade of A, attributing its success to `` the way it does double duty as a twist adventure and a highly emotional story of farewells ''. Sam Wollaston, also writing for The Guardian, wrote positively of the scare factor in the episode, as well as the sadness. Neela Debnath of The Independent described it as a `` wonderful swansong to the duo '' and particularly praised the `` stylish '' cinematography and sense of danger. However, she considered the `` only flaw '' to be `` the rule that time can not be changed if one knows what is going to happen... though it is probably best not to question the timey wimey side of things and just accept it and enjoy the adventure ''. IGN 's Matt Risley rated the episode 9 out of 10, writing that it `` stood strong as a heartfelt, emotional end for the TARDIS ' longest serving companions ( since the show 's noughties ' return at least ), and the best episode of the season thus far ''. Risley also praised the three leads, though he did admit the episode `` left a few nitpicky questions ''. Digital Spy reviewer Morgan Jeffery gave `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' five out of five stars, despite noting `` plotholes... and slightly - too - convenient plot contrivances '' and that Rory did not get a heroic exit. Jeffery particularly praised the build - up to Amy and Rory 's departure as well as the `` superb production design ''. Dave Golder of SFX awarded the episode four out of five stars, believing that the `` bittersweet exit '' of the Ponds distracted the viewer from various narrative problems, such as the Statue of Liberty. He felt that Gillan and Darvill `` were on top form '' as well as Smith 's `` brilliant performance '' and a `` less over-the - top River '', and also wrote positively about the noir theme and the Angels using the Winter Quay as a battery farm. The Huffington Post writer Maureen Ryan was more critical of the episode, worrying that the BBC 's international promotion of the show was to the detriment of the quality of the writing. She felt that Amy deserved a better exit and `` was crowded out by the distracting presence of River Song and by the fact that Rory was the one to make the essential choices first ''. She also personally disliked the `` timey - wimey '' devices, and commented that the `` big and operatic tone the director was clearly going for clashed with the mood of film noir '' and that the Angels `` felt less menacing '' and the `` pace was a little too frantic ''. The episode was nominated for the 2013 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation ( Short Form ), alongside `` Asylum of the Daleks '' and `` The Snowmen ''. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Fourth Dimension : The Angels Take Manhattan ''. BBC. Retrieved 5 October 2012. Jump up ^ Masters, Tim ( 15 December 2011 ). `` Doctor Who 's Amy and Rory to leave during next series ''. BBC News. Retrieved 18 August 2012. ^ Jump up to : Goldman, Eric ( 16 February 2012 ). `` Karen Gillan : Why She 's Leaving Doctor Who ''. IGN. Retrieved 18 August 2012. Jump up ^ Millar, Paul ( 2 November 2011 ). `` ' Doctor Who ' Karen Gillan : ' I wo n't make return cameos ' ''. Digital Spy. Retrieved 28 September 2012. Jump up ^ Falls, Amanda Harris ( 27 September 2012 ). `` ' Doctor Who ' Bids Farewell to the Ponds ''. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 28 September 2012. Jump up ^ Ryan, Maureen ( 3 May 2012 ). `` ' Doctor Who ' Details : Steven Moffat On Amy Pond And Rory Pond 's Exit And What 's Coming Next ''. The Huffington Post. Retrieved 18 August 2012. Jump up ^ Jeffery, Morgan ; Mansell, Tom ( 17 August 2012 ). `` Exclusive : ' Doctor Who ' Steven Moffat : ' I completely changed Amy and Rory 's exit ' ''. Digital Spy. Retrieved 18 August 2012. Jump up ^ Jones, Paul ( 3 October 2013 ). `` Doctor Who -- Steven Moffat : Why the Ponds had to die ''. Radio Times. Retrieved 18 January 2013. ^ Jump up to : Mulkern, Patrick ( 23 September 2012 ). `` Doctor Who : The Angels Take Manhattan preview ''. Radio Times. Retrieved 23 September 2012. ^ Jump up to : Hogan, Michael ( 14 August 2012 ). `` Karen Gillan ' in denial ' about leaving Doctor Who ''. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 18 August 2012. Jump up ^ Hilton, Beth ( 19 May 2012 ). `` ' Doctor Who ' Karen Gillan : ' My exit wo n't be what people expect ' ''. Digital Spy. Retrieved 18 August 2012. Jump up ^ `` P.S. What Happened to Brian and the Ponds? ''. BBC. 11 October 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : P.S. '' ( Video ). BBC. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012. Jump up ^ Stuart, Alasdair ( 9 November 2012 ). `` BLOG Was Doctor Who 's To Brian Really That Sweet? ''. SFX. Retrieved 28 January 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Days of the Ponds '' ( Video ). BBC. 29 September 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` A Fall With Grace '' ( Video ). BBC. 1 October 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012. Jump up ^ Woener, Meredith ( 11 April 2012 ). `` Exclusive Photos from Doctor Who 's New York Set ''. io9. Retrieved 24 June 2012. Jump up ^ Johnston, Garth ( 12 April 2012 ). `` Doctor Who Is Filming In NYC This Week! ''. Gothamist. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2013. Jump up ^ Golder, Dave ( 14 April 2012 ). `` Doctor Who Series 7 : Manhattan Night Filming Pics ''. SFX. Retrieved 18 August 2012. Jump up ^ Barnes, Marcus ( 13 April 2012 ). `` It 's Who York! Matt Smith and Karen Gillan head to the Big Apple to film new scenes for the sci - fi series ''. Daily Mail. Retrieved 26 January 2013. ^ Jump up to : Radish, Christina ( 20 July 2012 ). `` Comic - Con : Showrunner Steven Moffat and Producer Caroline Skinner Talk Doctor Who, What to Expect on Upcoming Episodes, the New Companion and More ''. Collider. Retrieved 19 August 2012. Jump up ^ McAlpine, Fraser ( 4 April 2012 ). `` Watch : Steven Moffat on Filming ' Doctor Who ' in New York ''. BBC America. Retrieved 18 August 2012. Jump up ^ Griffith - Delgado, Jennifer ( 29 April 2012 ). `` Doctor Who Cemetery Filming Photos ''. io9. Retrieved 24 June 2012. ^ Jump up to : Golder, Dave ( 29 September 2012 ). `` Doctor Who 7.05 `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' Review ``. SFX. Retrieved 1 October 2012. Jump up ^ Mulkern, Patrick ( 15 August 2012 ). `` Doctor Who premiere -- new title sequence, Matt Smith on Twitter and a Big Surprise ''. Radio Times. Retrieved 3 October 2012. Jump up ^ Golder, Dave ( 27 September 2012 ). `` Doctor Who 's First E-Book Exclusive, Inspired By `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' ``. SFX. Retrieved 1 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : The Angels Take Manhattan ''. BBC. Retrieved 30 September 2012. Jump up ^ Collis, Clark ( 28 September 2012 ). `` ' Doctor Who in the U.S. ' : Watch a clip from tomorrow 's Time Lord documentary -- EXCLUSIVE ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 27 January 2013. Jump up ^ Golder, Dave ( 30 September 2012 ). `` Doctor Who `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' Overnight Ratings ``. SFX. Retrieved 30 September 2012. Jump up ^ Golder, Dave ( 9 October 2012 ). `` Doctor Who `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' Final Ratings ``. SFX. Retrieved 9 October 2012. Jump up ^ Golder, Dave ( 8 October 2012 ). `` Doctor Who Dominates September iPlayer Chart ''. SFX. Retrieved 9 October 2012. Jump up ^ Golder, Dave ( 1 October 2012 ). `` Doctor Who `` The Power of Three '' Final Ratings ``. SFX. Retrieved 1 October 2012. Jump up ^ Martin, Dan ( 29 September 2012 ). `` Doctor Who : The Angels Take Manhattan -- series 33, episode five ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 30 September 2012. Jump up ^ Fuller, Gavin ( 29 September 2012 ). `` Doctor Who, episode 5 : The Angels Take Manhattan, review ''. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 30 September 2012. Jump up ^ Phipps, Keith ( 29 September 2012 ). `` The Angels Take Manhattan ''. The A.V. Club. Retrieved 30 September 2012. Jump up ^ Wollaston, Sam ( 30 September 2012 ). `` TV review : Doctor Who ; The Thick of It ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 30 September 2012. Jump up ^ Debnath, Neela ( 29 September 2012 ). `` Review of Doctor Who ' The Angels Take Manhattan ' ''. The Independent. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2012. Jump up ^ Risley, Matt ( 30 September 2012 ). `` Doctor Who `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' Review ``. IGN. Retrieved 30 September 2012. Jump up ^ Jeffery, Morgan ( 29 September 2012 ). `` ' Doctor Who ' - ' The Angels Take Manhattan ' review ''. Digital Spy. Retrieved 1 October 2012. Jump up ^ Ryan, Maureen ( 28 September 2012 ). `` ' Doctor Who ' : Amy and Rory 's Last Episode ( And Has The Show Gotten Too Big? ) ''. The Huffington Post. Retrieved 1 October 2012. Jump up ^ Rigby, Sam ( 30 March 2013 ). `` ' Doctor Who ' nominated for three Hugo Awards ''. Digital Spy. Retrieved 31 March 2013. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Eleventh Doctor `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' at the BBC Doctor Who homepage The Angels Take Manhattan on Tardis Data Core, an external wiki `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' at Doctor Who : A Brief History of Time ( Travel ) Doctor Who episodes 1963 -- 1989 episodes 2005 -- present episodes Original series ( 1963 -- 1989 ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 1996 film Doctor Who Revived series ( 2005 -- present ) 2008 -- 2010 specials 5 6 7 2013 specials 8 9 10 11 Episodes 840 ( 97 missing ) Stories 276 Series 7 Christmas `` The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe '' `` The Snowmen '' Series `` Asylum of the Daleks '' `` Dinosaurs on a Spaceship '' `` A Town Called Mercy '' `` The Power of Three '' `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' `` The Bells of Saint John '' `` The Rings of Akhaten '' `` Cold War '' `` Hide '' `` Journey to the Centre of the TARDIS '' `` The Crimson Horror '' `` Nightmare in Silver '' `` The Name of the Doctor '' Supp. `` Good as Gold '' Pond Life `` P.S. '' Doctor Who episodes by Steven Moffat Ninth Doctor `` The Empty Child '' / `` The Doctor Dances '' Tenth Doctor `` The Girl in the Fireplace '' `` Blink '' `` Silence in the Library '' / `` Forest of the Dead '' Eleventh Doctor Series 5 `` The Eleventh Hour '' `` The Beast Below '' `` The Time of Angels '' / `` Flesh and Stone '' `` The Pandorica Opens '' / `` The Big Bang '' Series 6 `` A Christmas Carol '' `` The Impossible Astronaut '' / `` Day of the Moon '' `` A Good Man Goes to War '' `` Let 's Kill Hitler '' `` The Wedding of River Song '' Series 7 `` The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe '' `` Asylum of the Daleks '' `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' `` The Snowmen '' `` The Bells of Saint John '' `` The Name of the Doctor '' Specials `` The Day of the Doctor '' `` The Time of the Doctor '' Twelfth Doctor Series 8 `` Deep Breath '' `` Into the Dalek '' `` Listen '' `` Time Heist '' `` The Caretaker '' `` Dark Water '' / `` Death in Heaven '' Series 9 `` Last Christmas '' `` The Magician 's Apprentice '' / `` The Witch 's Familiar '' `` The Girl Who Died '' `` The Zygon Inversion '' `` Heaven Sent '' `` Hell Bent '' `` The Husbands of River Song '' Series 10 `` The Return of Doctor Mysterio '' `` The Pilot '' `` Extremis '' `` The Pyramid at the End of the World '' `` World Enough and Time '' / `` The Doctor Falls '' `` Twice Upon a Time '' Mini episodes `` Time Crash '' Meanwhile in the TARDIS `` Space '' / `` Time '' Night and the Doctor `` The Night of the Doctor '' `` The Last Day '' Other episodes Doctor Who : The Curse of Fatal Death Doctor Who : River Song stories Tenth Doctor `` Silence in the Library '' / `` Forest of the Dead '' Eleventh Doctor `` The Time of Angels '' / `` Flesh and Stone '' `` The Pandorica Opens '' / `` The Big Bang '' `` The Impossible Astronaut '' / `` Day of the Moon '' `` A Good Man Goes to War '' `` Let 's Kill Hitler '' `` The Wedding of River Song '' `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' `` The Name of the Doctor '' Twelfth Doctor `` The Husbands of River Song '' Minor appearances `` Closing Time '' `` The Pilot '' Home media Night and the Doctor Doctor Who : Weeping Angel stories Television episodes `` Blink '' `` The Time of Angels '' / `` Flesh and Stone '' `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' Minor appearances `` The God Complex '' `` The Time of the Doctor '' `` Hell Bent '' `` The Lost '' Audio `` Fallen Angels '' `` The Side of the Angels '' Novels Touched by an Angel The Angel 's Kiss : A Melody Malone Mystery See also The Monsters Are Coming `` Good as Gold '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Angels_Take_Manhattan&oldid=856973368 '' Categories : 1938 in fiction 2012 British television episodes Eleventh Doctor episodes Screenplays by Steven Moffat Doctor Who pseudohistorical serials Doctor Who stories set on Earth Television episodes set in New York City Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2013 Use British English from January 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018, at 18 : 37 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "The Angels Take Manhattan", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Angels_Take_Manhattan&amp;oldid=856973368" }

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{ "text": "Grand Slam ( Tennis ) - wikipedia Grand Slam ( Tennis ) Jump to : navigation, search For other uses, see Grand Slam. Tennis Grand Slam tournaments ATP World Tour Finals WTA Tour Championships ATP Masters 1000 WTA Premier tournaments Summer Olympics ATP 500 series ATP 250 series WTA International tournaments ATP Challenger Tour Finals ATP Challenger WTA 125s ITF Men 's Circuit ITF Women 's Circuit Wheelchair Tennis Masters Summer Paralympics No ATP / WTA Rankings Davis Cup Fed Cup World Team Cup Hopman Cup Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Location of the four major tennis championships The Grand Slam tournaments, also called majors, are the four most important annual tennis events. They offer the most ranking points, prize money, public and media attention, the greatest strength and size of field, and greater number of `` best of '' sets for men. The Grand Slam itinerary consists of the Australian Open in mid January, the French Open in May and June, Wimbledon in July, and the US Open in August and September. Each tournament is played over a period of two weeks. The Australian and United States tournaments are played on hard courts, the French on clay, and Wimbledon on grass. Wimbledon is the oldest, founded in 1877, followed by the US in 1881, the French in 1891, and the Australian in 1905. However, of these four, only Wimbledon was a major before 1924 -- 25, when all four became designated Grand Slam tournaments. Skipping Grand Slam tournaments -- especially the Australian Open because of the remoteness, the inconvenient dates ( around Christmas and New Year 's Day ) and the low prize money -- was not unusual before 1982, which was the start of the norm of counting Grand Slam titles. Grand Slam tournaments are not operated by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) or the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ), which were formally founded in 1972 and 1973 respectively, though the ATP and WTA do award ranking points based on a player 's performance at a major. The term Grand Slam, without qualification, and also originally, refers to the achievement of winning all four major championships within a single calendar year within one of the five events : men 's and women 's singles ; men 's, women 's, and mixed doubles. In doubles, one team may accomplish a Grand Slam playing together or one player may achieve it with different partners. Winning the four majors in consecutive tournaments but not in the same year is known as a Non-Calendar Year Grand Slam, while winning all four majors at any point during the course of a career is known as a Career Grand Slam. Winning the gold medal at the Summer Olympic Games in addition to the four majors in one calendar year is known as a `` Golden Grand Slam '' or more commonly the `` Golden Slam ''. Also, winning the Year - End Championship ( known as ATP Finals for men 's singles and doubles disciplines, and WTA Finals for both women 's disciplines ) in the same period is known as a `` Super Slam ''. Together, all four Majors in all three disciplines ( singles, doubles, and mixed doubles ) are called a `` boxed set '' of Grand Slam titles. No male or female player has won all twelve events in one calendar year, although a `` career boxed set '' has been achieved by three female players. Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the term `` Grand Slam '' 2 History 3 Tournament details 4 Winners 4.1 Grand Slam champions 4.2 Players who completed the Grand Slam 4.2. 1 Chronological 4.2. 2 Per player 5 Non-calendar year Grand Slam 5.1 Controversy over terminology 5.2 Achievements and near misses 6 Career Grand Slam 6.1 Men 's singles 6.2 Women 's singles 6.3 Men 's doubles 6.4 Women 's doubles 6.5 Mixed doubles 6.6 Boys ' singles 6.7 Boys ' doubles 6.8 Men 's wheelchair doubles 6.9 Women 's wheelchair doubles 7 Most consecutive Grand Slam tournament titles 7.1 Men 's singles 7.2 Women 's singles 7.3 Men 's doubles 7.4 Women 's doubles 7.5 Mixed doubles 7.6 Men 's wheelchair singles 7.7 Women 's wheelchair singles 7.8 Men 's wheelchair doubles 7.9 Women 's wheelchair doubles 8 Most consecutive Grand Slam singles finals 8.1 Men 8.2 Women 8.3 Most Grand Slam singles titles without a loss 8.4 Most Grand Slam mixed doubles titles without a loss 9 Golden Slam 9.1 Non-calendar year Golden Slam 9.2 Career Golden Slam 10 Super Slam 10.1 Non-calendar year Super Slam 10.2 Career Super Slam 11 Three Major tournament titles in a year 12 Triple Crown 13 Boxed Set 13.1 Career Boxed Set 14 Multiple Career Grand Slams 15 Pro Slam 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 External links Origin of the term `` Grand Slam '' ( edit ) The term Glossary of contract bridge terms slam for winning all of the tricks in the whist family card games ( see also whist terms ) is attested from early in the 17th century. Grand slam for all of the tricks, in contrast to small slam or little slam for all but one, dates from early in the 19th century. This use was inherited by contract bridge, a modern development of whist defined in 1925 that became very popular in Britain and America by 1930. Grand slam has been used in golf since 1930, when Bobby Jones won the four major championships, two British and two American tournaments. Although John F. Kieran of The New York Times is widely credited with first applying the term `` grand slam '' to tennis to describe the winning of all four major tennis tournaments in a calendar year, sports columnist Alan Gould had used the term in that connection almost two months before Kieran. History ( edit ) The possibility of being the reigning champion of all the current four Majors did not exist until 1924 -- 25, when the International Lawn Tennis Federation designated the Australasian, French ( before 1925 only open to members of French tennis clubs ), British and American championship tournaments as the four Majors. Before that time only three events : Wimbledon, the World Hard Court Championships ( held in Paris & once in Brussels ) and the World Covered Court Championships ( held in various locations ) were considered the premier international tennis events by the ILTF. Tony Wilding of New Zealand won all three of those earlier majors in one year : 1913. It has been possible to complete a Grand Slam in most years and most disciplines since 1925. It was not possible from 1940 to 1945 because of interruptions at Wimbledon, the Australian and French opens due to the Second World War, the years from 1970 to 1985 when there was no Australian tournament in mixed doubles, and 1986 when there was no Australian Open at all. Phil Dent has pointed out that skipping Grand Slam tournaments -- especially the Australian Open -- was not unusual then, before counting major titles became the norm. Thus, many players had never played the Austral ( as ) ian amateur or open championships : the Doherty brothers, William Larned, Maurice McLoughlin, Beals Wright, Bill Johnston, Bill Tilden, René Lacoste, Henri Cochet, Bobby Riggs, Jack Kramer, Ted Schroeder, Pancho Gonzales, Budge Patty, Manuel Santana, Jan Kodeš and others, while Brookes, Ellsworth Vines, Jaroslav Drobný, Manuel Orantes, Ilie Năstase ( at 35 years old ) and Björn Borg came just once. Beginning in 1969, when the first Australian Open was held on the Milton Courts at Brisbane, the tournament was open to all players, including professionals, who at that point were prohibited from playing the traditional circuit. Nevertheless, except for the 1969 and 1971 tournaments, many of the best players missed this championship until 1982, because of the remoteness, the inconvenient dates ( around Christmas and New Year 's Day ) and the low prize money. In 1970, George MacCall 's National Tennis League, which employed Rod Laver, Ken Rosewall, Andrés Gimeno, Pancho Gonzales, Roy Emerson and Fred Stolle, prevented its players from entering the tournament because the guarantees were insufficient. The tournament was won by Arthur Ashe. In terms of the current four majors, the first to win all four in a single year was Don Budge, who completed the feat in 1938. To date, 17 players have completed a Grand Slam, though only six in the most prestigious singles titles. Of these players, three have won multiple Grand Slams : Rod Laver accomplished the feat twice in men 's singles ; Margaret Court accomplished the feat three times, in two different disciplines -- once in women 's singles and twice in mixed doubles ; and Esther Vergeer completed a grand slam twice in Women 's wheelchair doubles. The four Junior disciplines, boys ' and girls ' singles and doubles, provide limited opportunities to achieve a Grand Slam. Players are only eligible from age 13 to 18, with 18 - year - olds likely to hold a physical advantage. Only Stefan Edberg has completed the Grand Slam in a Junior discipline. Tournament details ( edit ) Event Dates Venue Current champion ( s ) Men 's Singles Women 's Singles Men 's Doubles Women 's Doubles Mixed Doubles Australian Open mid / late January Melbourne Park, Melbourne Roger Federer Serena Williams Henri Kontinen John Peers Bethanie Mattek - Sands Lucie Šafářová Abigail Spears Juan Sebastián Cabal French Open late May / early June Stade Roland Garros, Paris Rafael Nadal Jeļena Ostapenko Ryan Harrison Michael Venus Bethanie Mattek - Sands Lucie Šafářová Gabriela Dabrowski Rohan Bopanna Wimbledon late June / early July All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, London Roger Federer Garbiñe Muguruza Marcelo Melo Łukasz Kubot Ekaterina Makarova Elena Vesnina Martina Hingis Jamie Murray US Open late August / early September USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center, New York City Rafael Nadal Sloane Stephens Jean - Julien Rojer Horia Tecău Chan Yung - jan Martina Hingis Martina Hingis Jamie Murray Winners ( edit ) Grand Slam champions ( edit ) Per discipline ( all - time ) List of Grand Slam men 's singles champions List of Grand Slam women 's singles champions List of Grand Slam men 's doubles champions List of Grand Slam women 's doubles champions List of Grand Slam mixed doubles champions List of Grand Slam boys ' singles champions List of Grand Slam boys ' doubles champions List of Grand Slam girls ' singles champions List of Grand Slam girls ' doubles champions List of wheelchair tennis champions Per tournament ( Open Era only ) List of Australian Open champions List of French Open champions List of Wimbledon Open Era champions List of US Open ( tennis ) champions Players who completed the Grand Slam ( edit ) Chronological ( edit ) # Year Player Discipline Notes 1938 Don Budge Men 's singles Part of a total of 6 consecutive titles 1951 Ken McGregor Frank Sedgman Men 's doubles Part of a total of 7 consecutive titles ( 8 consecutive for Sedgman ) 1953 Maureen Connolly Women 's singles Part of 6 consecutive titles 1960 Maria Bueno Women 's doubles With Christine Truman and Darlene Hard 5 1962 Rod Laver Men 's singles 6 1963 Margaret Court Ken Fletcher Mixed doubles Part of consecutive titles ( Court 7, Fletcher 6 ) 7 1965 Margaret Court Mixed doubles With John Newcombe, Ken Fletcher and Fred Stolle -- part of 5 consecutive titles 8 1967 Owen Davidson Mixed doubles With Lesley Turner and Billie Jean King 9 1969 Rod Laver Men 's singles Only player to complete the singles ' Grand Slam twice 10 1970 Margaret Court Women 's singles Six consecutive titles 11 Stefan Edberg ( in junior tennis ) Boys ' singles Only Junior to complete a Grand Slam 12 1984 Martina Navratilova Pam Shriver Women 's doubles Eight consecutive titles 13 1988 Steffi Graf Women 's singles Five consecutive titles 14 1998 Martina Hingis Women 's doubles With Mirjana Lučić and Jana Novotná 15 2009 Esther Vergeer Korie Homan Women 's wheelchair doubles Part of 14 consecutive titles for Vergeer 16 2011 Esther Vergeer Sharon Walraven Women 's wheelchair doubles Part of consecutive titles ( Vergeer 8, Walraven 7 ) 17 2013 Aniek van Koot Jiske Griffioen Women 's wheelchair doubles 18 2014 Stéphane Houdet Men 's wheelchair doubles With Joachim Gérard and Shingo Kunieda 19 2014 Yui Kamiji Jordanne Whiley Women 's wheelchair doubles Part of 5 consecutive titles Per player ( edit ) Player Grand Slams Singles Doubles Mixed Total Margaret Court Rod Laver Esther Vergeer ( wheelchair tennis ) Don Budge Ken McGregor Frank Sedgman Maureen Connolly Maria Bueno Ken Fletcher Owen Davidson Stefan Edberg ( junior tennis ) Martina Navratilova Pam Shriver Steffi Graf Martina Hingis Korie Homan ( wheelchair tennis ) Sharon Walraven ( wheelchair tennis ) Aniek van Koot ( wheelchair tennis ) Jiske Griffioen ( wheelchair tennis ) Stéphane Houdet ( wheelchair tennis ) Yui Kamiji ( wheelchair tennis ) Jordanne Whiley ( wheelchair tennis ) Non-calendar year Grand Slam ( edit ) Controversy over terminology ( edit ) In 1982, the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) began offering a $1 million bonus to any singles player to win four consecutive major titles, no matter the time of completion. Although groups variously identified as the Men 's International Professional Tennis Council, `` abetted primarily by some British tennis writers '', and `` European tennis journalists '' had advocated for the ITF to change the definition of `` Grand Slam '', ITF General Secretary David Gray made it clear that this was not going to happen. In a 1983 letter to tennis journalist Paul Fein, Gray clarified : There seems to be some confusion. The ITF 's only initiative in this matter has been the organisation of the offer of a bonus of $1 m. to any player who holds all four Grand Slam titles simultaneously (... ) In spite of all that we have read on this matter, it has never been my Committee of Management 's intention to alter the basis of the classic Grand Slam i.e., the capture of all four titles in a year. The ITF 's plan was to offer the cash bonus for three years, apparently to encourage players to compete in all four major tournaments as much as to reward success at them. Even before the ITF had announced their bonus, the Grand Slam controversy had taken on a life of its own. Writing in 1982, Neil Amdur claimed, `` Now the sport spins nervously under the influence of big dollars and even bigger egos, and tradition has almost gone the way of white balls and long flannels (... ) If the four major tournaments want to offer a $1 million incentive for any player in the future who can sweep their titles -- and such talks have been rumored -- that bonus would be a welcome addition. But changing what the Grand Slam is all about is like a baseball player believing that he ' hit for the cycle ' after slugging a single, double and triple in the first game of a doubleheader and a home run in his first time at bat in the second game. '' Despite seeming clarity from the ITF, some journalists suggested that the sport 's organizing body had turned its back on history and changed the `` rules '' of tennis by redefining a Grand Slam. Such confusion continued for years. For instance, when Steffi Graf completed the Grand Slam in 1988, George Vecsey wrote, `` Even the International Tennis Federation, which should have more respect for history, ruled in 1982 that winning any four straight majors constituted a Grand Slam -- and offered a $1 million bonus for it (... ) But many tennis people, and most writers, and probably most fans, too, did not accept the new rules, and the I.T.F. has dropped the gimmick. '' Vecsey was only half right : the ITF dropped the `` gimmick '' of the cash bonus, but it had never changed any rules. However, the ambiguous way the ITF described the Grand Slam in their Constitution led to journalists continuing to make the same assumption as Vecsey over two decades later. For instance, when Rafael Nadal was on the verge of completing a non-calendar year Grand Slam at the 2011 Australian Open, one writer observed, `` Most traditionalists insist that the ' Grand Slam ' should refer only to winning all four titles in a calendar year, although the constitution of the International Tennis Federation, the sports governing body, spells out that ' players who hold all four of these titles at the same time achieve the Grand Slam '. '' This was true until later in 2011, when the ITF edited the description to eliminate all confusion. As it now stands, `` The Grand Slam titles are the championships of Australia, France, the United States of America and Wimbledon. Players who hold all four of these titles in one calendar year achieve the ' Grand Slam '. '' When Martina Navratilova won the 1984 French Open and became the reigning champion of all four women 's singles events, she was the first player to receive the bonus prize in recognition of her achievement. Some media outlets did, indeed, say that she had won a Grand Slam. Others simply noted the ongoing controversy : `` Whether the Slam was Grand or Bland or a commercial sham tainted with an asterisk the size of a tennis ball, Martina Navratilova finally did it. '' Although the ITF recognizes what is now unofficially known as the `` non-calendar year Grand Slam '' on its Roll of Honour, no subsequent player to win four or more majors in a row -- Steffi Graf, Serena Williams, or Novak Djokovic -- has received bonus prize money. Combining the Grand Slam and non-calendar year Grand Slam, the total number of times that players achieved the feat ( of being the reigning champion in all four majors ) expands to 18. Achievements and near misses ( edit ) Three women have won four or more consecutive major titles since 1970, with Navratilova taking six in a row in 1983 -- 1984. On the men 's side, Novak Djokovic was the first singles player since Rod Laver to hold all four major titles at once, which he accomplished between Wimbledon 2015 and the 2016 French Open. Prior to the Open Era, Don Budge received the same accolades in winning the French Championships in 1938, but then completed the more prestigious Grand Slam at the 1938 US Championships, giving him six majors in a row, the only male to ever win more than four consecutive major tournaments. The Bryan brothers ( Bob and Mike ) were the last to achieve a non-calendar year Grand Slam in men 's doubles. Several players and teams came up one title short. Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde, known collectively as The Woodies, reached the final of the 1997 French Open while holding all the other three titles, but lost to Yevgeny Kafelnikov and Daniel Vacek. In singles, Pete Sampras lost the 1994 French Open quarterfinal to fellow countryman Jim Courier, having won the previous three majors. Roger Federer in 2006 and 2007 and Novak Djokovic in 2012 repeated this, both ultimately losing the French Open final to Rafael Nadal. Nadal himself was prevented from achieving this feat by his countryman David Ferrer, who defeated him in the quarterfinal of the 2011 Australian Open, which Nadal entered holding the other three major titles. In women 's doubles, Martina Hingis and Sania Mirza had won three Majors from Wimbledon 2015 to the 2016 Australian Open, but lost in the third round of the 2016 French Open to Barbora Krejčíková and Kateřina Siniaková. In 2017, Bethanie Mattek - Sands and Lucie Šafářová had the chance to win four consecutive titles at Wimbledon, but withdrew from their scheduled second round match following an acute knee injury suffered by Mattek - Sands in the second round of the Ladies ' Singles competition. This list is for those players who achieved a non-calendar Grand Slam, but who failed to win the Grand Slam during the same streak. Men 's singles : Novak Djokovic ( 2015 -- 16 ) Four consecutive major titles from 2015 Wimbledon to 2016 French Open Women 's singles : Martina Navratilova ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Six consecutive major titles from 1983 Wimbledon to US Open 1984 Steffi Graf ( 1993 -- 94 ) Four consecutive major titles from 1993 French Open to the 1994 Australian Open Serena Williams ( 2002 -- 03, 2014 -- 15 ) Four consecutive major titles from 2002 French Open to the 2003 Australian Open Four consecutive major titles from 2014 US Open to 2015 Wimbledon Men 's doubles : Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan ( 2012 -- 13 ) Four consecutive major titles from 2012 US Open to 2013 Wimbledon Women 's doubles : Louise Brough ( 1949 -- 50 ) Four consecutive major titles from the 1949 French Championships to 1950 Australian Championships ( three times with Margaret Osborne duPont and the 1950 Australian Championships won with Doris Hart ) Pam Shriver and Martina Navratilova ( 1986 -- 87 ) Four consecutive major titles from 1986 Wimbledon to the 1987 French Open Navratilova also won the 1986 French Open with Andrea Temesvári, totaling 5 consecutive major titles for her Gigi Fernández and Natasha Zvereva ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Six consecutive major titles from the 1992 French Open to 1993 Wimbledon Natasha Zvereva ( 1996 -- 97 ) Four consecutive major titles from the 1996 US Open to 1997 Wimbledon ( three times with Gigi Fernández and the 1997 Australian Open won with Martina Hingis ) Serena Williams and Venus Williams ( 2009 -- 10 ) Four consecutive titles from 2009 Wimbledon to the 2010 French Open Mixed doubles : Billie Jean King ( 1967 -- 68 ) Four consecutive major titles from 1967 French Championships to the 1968 Australian Championships ( three times with Owen Davidson and the 1968 Australian Championships won with Dick Crealy ). Men 's wheelchair doubles : Stéphane Houdet ( 2009 -- 10 ) Five consecutive titles from the 2009 French Open to 2010 French Open ( the first two with Michaël Jeremiasz, the 2009 US Open won with Stefan Olsson and the last two with Shingo Kunieda ) Shingo Kunieda ( 2014 -- 15 ) Four consecutive titles from the 2014 Wimbledon to 2015 French Open ( the first three with Stéphane Houdet and the 2015 French Open with Gordon Reid ) Note ^ From 1977 to 1985, the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year. Career Grand Slam ( edit ) The career achievement of all four major championships in one format is termed a Career Grand Slam in that format. Dozens of players have accomplished that ( column two ) and 17 have doubled it : won a second championship in each of the four majors in one format ( column three ). Two or more career championships in all four majors is sometimes called a `` Multiple Slam Set ''. Three players have Multiple Slam Sets in two formats, one in three formats, so 22 players are counted in the table ( column three ). Their achievements are tabulated below. Career Grand Slams by format Format Numbers of players Completed the Career GS Completed at least 2 Men 's singles 8 players ( 2 Golden, 1 Super ) 2 players Women 's singles 10 players ( 2 Golden, 2 Super ) 5 players Men 's doubles 21 players ( 14 as teams ) 5 players ( 2 as a team ) Women 's doubles 21 players ( 10 as teams ) 8 players ( 6 as teams ) Mixed doubles 17 players ( 7 as teams ) 4 players ( 2 as teams ) Eight men and ten women have won Career Grand Slams in singles play ( rows one and two ) ; among them two men and five women have at least two Career Grand Slams in singles ( column three ). Since the beginning of the open era, five men and six women have achieved this ( Rod Laver, Andre Agassi, Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal, Novak Djokovic ; Margaret Court, Chris Evert, Martina Navratilova, Steffi Graf, Serena Williams and Maria Sharapova ). Several singles players have won three major championships without achieving the Career Grand Slam, grouped by the missing Grand Slam tournament : Australian Open : René Lacoste, Henri Cochet, Helen Wills, Althea Gibson, Tony Trabert, Margaret Osborne duPont, and Manuel Santana French Open : Frank Sedgman, Ashley Cooper, Louise Brough Clapp, Virginia Wade, Arthur Ashe, Pete Sampras, John Newcombe, Jimmy Connors, Boris Becker, Stefan Edberg, Martina Hingis, and Lindsay Davenport Wimbledon : Ken Rosewall, Hana Mandlíková, Ivan Lendl, Monica Seles, Guillermo Vilas, Mats Wilander, Justine Henin, and Stan Wawrinka US Open : Jean Borotra, Jack Crawford, Lew Hoad, and Evonne Goolagong Cawley Several doubles players have won three major championships without achieving the Career Grand Slam : Australian Open : John Van Ryn, Helen Wills, Elizabeth Ryan, Margaret Osborne duPont, Darlene Hard, Billie Jean King, Betty Stöve, Robert Seguso, Mahesh Bhupathi, Lindsay Davenport, Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina. French Open : John Bromwich, Nancy Richey, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, Cara Black, and Sania Mirza Wimbledon : Vic Seixas, Ashley Cooper, Virginia Wade, Virginia Ruano Pascual, Paola Suárez, Bethanie Mattek - Sands, and Lucie Šafářová US Open : Jean Borotra, Jacques Brugnon, Jack Crawford, Althea Gibson, and Rod Laver Only six players have completed a Career Grand Slam in both singles and doubles : one male ( Roy Emerson ) and five female ( Margaret Court, Doris Hart, Shirley Fry Irvin, Martina Navratilova, and Serena Williams ). Court, Hart and Navratilova are the only three players to have completed a `` Career Boxed Set '', winning all four titles in singles, doubles, and mixed doubles ; this has never been done by a male player. The remainder of this section is a complete list, by format, of all players who have won the Career Grand Slam. Players are ordered chronologically by their completion of the Slam. Men 's singles ( edit ) Eight men have won all four grand slam tournaments. Two of the eight men achieved a double career Slam. Originally, the grand slams were held on grass ( Australian, Wimbledon, and US Open ) and clay ( French ) and the first four players achieved their grand slams on two surfaces. The US Open changed its surface from grass to clay in 1975 and then to hard court in 1978. The Australian Open changed from grass to hard court in 1988. The last four players ( Agassi, Federer, Nadal, Djokovic ) achieved their grand slam on three different surfaces : hard court, clay, and grass. # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Fred Perry 26 1934 1935 1934 1933 Don Budge 23 1938 1938 1937 1937 Rod Laver 24 1960 1962 1961 1962 Roy Emerson 27 1961 1963 1964 1961 5 Andre Agassi 29 1995 1999 1992 1994 6 Roger Federer 27 2009 2003 7 Rafael Nadal 24 2009 2005 2008 8 Novak Djokovic 29 2008 2016 2011 2011 Women 's singles ( edit ) Each woman 's `` first wins '' in the four Majors are listed chronologically and their ages upon completion of the Slam are given in brackets. Five of the ten women achieved at least two career Slams, two of the ten have achieved three careers slams and Steffi Graf is the only player to achieve four career Slams. # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Maureen Connolly 18 1953 1953 1952 1951 Doris Hart 28 1949 1950 1951 1954 Shirley Fry Irvin 29 1957 1951 1956 1956 Margaret Court 20 1960 1962 1963 1962 5 Billie Jean King 28 1968 1972 1966 1967 6 Chris Evert 27 1982 7 Martina Navratilova 26 1981 1982 1978 8 Steffi Graf 19 1988 1988 1988 9 Serena Williams 21 2003 2002 2002 1999 10 Maria Sharapova 25 2008 2012 2006 Note : From 1977 to 1985, the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year. Men 's doubles ( edit ) At Men 's Doubles, 21 players have won the career Slam including fourteen who `` slammed '' with a unique partner. The latter are listed first, as seven teams, ignoring any major wins with other partners. Five of the 21 men achieved at least a double career Slam at Men 's Doubles, led by Roy Emerson and John Newcombe with triple Slams. # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Adrian Quist 26 1936 1935 1935 1939 Frank Sedgman 24 1951 1951 1948 1950 Ken McGregor 23 1951 1951 1951 1951 Lew Hoad 21 1953 1953 1953 1956 Ken Rosewall 22 1953 1953 1956 1956 6 Neale Fraser 25 1957 1958 1959 1957 7 Roy Emerson 25 1962 1960 1959 1959 8 John Newcombe 23 1965 1967 1965 1967 Tony Roche 24 1965 1967 1965 1967 10 Bob Hewitt 37 1963 1972 1962 1977 11 John Fitzgerald 28 1982 1986 1989 1984 Anders Järryd 29 1989 13 Jacco Eltingh 28 1994 1995 1998 1994 Paul Haarhuis 32 1994 1995 1998 1994 15 Todd Woodbridge 29 1992 2000 1993 1995 Mark Woodforde 34 1992 2000 1993 1989 17 Jonas Björkman 32 1998 2005 2002 2003 18 Bob Bryan 28 2006 2003 2006 2005 Mike Bryan 28 2006 2003 2006 2005 20 Daniel Nestor 35 2002 2007 2008 21 Leander Paes 38 2012 1999 1999 2006 Note : From 1977 to 1985, the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year. Women 's doubles ( edit ) At Women 's Doubles, 21 players have won the career Slam including ten who `` slammed '' with a unique partner. Eight of the 22 achieved at least a double career Slam at Women 's Doubles, led by Martina Navratilova with seven or more titles in each Major. # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Louise Brough Clapp 27 1950 1946 1946 1942 Doris Hart 26 1949 1951 1951 1951 Shirley Fry Irvin 30 1957 1950 1951 1951 Maria Bueno 20 1960 1960 1958 1960 5 Margaret Court 22 1961 1964 1964 1963 Lesley Turner Bowrey 21 1964 1964 1964 1961 7 Judy Tegart Dalton 32 1964 1966 1969 1970 8 / Martina Navratilova 23 1980 1976 1977 9 Kathy Jordan 21 1981 1980 1980 1981 Anne Smith 21 1981 1980 1980 1981 11 Pam Shriver 21 1982 1984 1981 12 Helena Suková 25 1990 1990 1985 13 Gigi Fernández 28 1993 1991 1992 1988 / Natasha Zvereva 21 1993 1989 1991 1991 15 / Jana Novotná 25 1990 1990 1989 1994 16 Martina Hingis 17 1997 1998 1998 17 Serena Williams 19 2001 1999 2000 1999 Venus Williams 20 2001 1999 2000 1999 19 Lisa Raymond 33 2000 2006 2001 2001 20 Sara Errani 27 2013 2012 2014 2012 Roberta Vinci 31 2013 2012 2014 2012 Note : From 1977 to 1985, the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year. Mixed doubles ( edit ) At Mixed Doubles, a total of 17 players have won the career Slam, including seven who `` slammed '' as a pair ( won all four with same partner ) -- an odd number because Margaret Court has accomplished a career Grand Slam separately with Ken Fletcher and Marty Riessen. The other four of the seven are Doris Hart, Frank Sedgman, Leander Paes, and Martina Hingis. Also three of the 15 players have accomplished multiple career Grand Slams in mixed doubles, led by Margaret Court 's quadruple Slam. # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Jean Borotra 29 1928 1927 1925 1926 Doris Hart 26 1949 1951 1951 1951 Frank Sedgman 21 1949 1951 1951 1951 Margaret Court 20 1963 1963 1963 1961 5 Ken Fletcher 23 1963 1963 1963 1963 6 Owen Davidson 23 1965 1967 1967 1966 7 Billie Jean King 24 1968 1967 1967 1967 8 Marty Riessen 33 1969 1969 1969 9 Bob Hewitt 39 1961 1970 1977 1979 10 Todd Woodbridge 24 1993 1992 1994 1990 11 Mark Woodforde 27 1992 1995 1993 1992 12 / Martina Navratilova 46 2003 1985 1985 13 Daniela Hantuchová 22 2002 2005 2001 2005 14 Mahesh Bhupathi 29 2006 1997 2002 1999 15 Cara Black 30 2002 2008 16 Leander Paes 42 2003 2016 1999 2008 Martina Hingis 35 2006 2016 2015 2015 Boys ' singles ( edit ) Stefan Edberg ( 1983 ) Boys ' doubles ( edit ) Mark Kratzmann ( 1983 French Open, Wimbledon & US Open ; 1984 Australian Open ) Men 's wheelchair doubles ( edit ) # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Kunieda, Shingo Shingo Kunieda ( JPN ) 24 2007 2008 2006 2007 Jeremiasz, Michael Michael Jeremiasz ( FRA ) 32 2003 2009 2009 2005 Houdet, Stéphane Stéphane Houdet ( FRA ) 40 2007 2009 2009 Scheffers, Maikel Maikel Scheffers ( NED ) 28 2011 2008 2011 5 Peifer, Nicolas Nicolas Peifer ( FRA ) 25 2016 2011 2015 2011 6 Reid, Gordon Gordon Reid ( GBR ) 25 2017 2015 2016 2015 Women 's wheelchair doubles ( edit ) # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Vergeer, Esther Esther Vergeer ( NED ) 27 2007 2009 2005 Homan, Korie Korie Homan ( NED ) 29 2009 2009 2009 2005 Walraven, Sharon Sharon Walraven ( NED ) 40 2011 Griffioen, Jiske Jiske Griffioen ( NED ) 27 2006 2008 2012 2006 5 van Koot, Aniek Aniek van Koot ( NED ) 23 2013 2012 2013 6 Kamiji, Yui Yui Kamiji ( JPN ) 20 2014 2014 2014 2014 Whiley, Jordanne Jordanne Whiley ( GRB ) 22 2014 2014 2014 2014 Most consecutive Grand Slam tournament titles ( edit ) Men 's singles ( edit ) 6 : Don Budge ( from the 1937 Wimbledon to the 1938 U.S. Championships ). Women 's singles ( edit ) 6 : Maureen Connolly ( from the 1952 Wimbledon to the 1953 U.S. Championships ). 6 : Margaret Court ( from the 1969 US Open to the 1971 Australian Open ). 6 : Martina Navratilova ( from the 1983 Wimbledon to the 1984 US Open ). Note : From 1977 to 1985, the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year. Men 's doubles ( edit ) Team : 7 : Ken McGregor and Frank Sedgman ( from the 1951 Australian Championships to the 1952 Wimbledon ) Player : 8 : Frank Sedgman ( from the 1950 U.S. Championships to the 1952 Wimbledon ) Women 's doubles ( edit ) Team and Player : 8 : Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver ( from the 1983 Wimbledon to the 1985 French Open ) Mixed doubles ( edit ) Team : 6 : Margaret Court and Ken Fletcher ( from the 1963 Australian Championships to the 1964 French Championships ) Player : 7 : Margaret Court ( from the 1962 US Championships to the 1964 French Championships ) Men 's wheelchair singles ( edit ) 13 : Shingo Kunieda ( from the 2007 Australian Open to the 2011 French Open ) Women 's wheelchair singles ( edit ) 13 : Esther Vergeer ( from the 2005 French Open to the 2009 US Open ) 7 : Esther Vergeer ( from the 2010 French Open to the 2012 Wimbledon ) Men 's wheelchair doubles ( edit ) Player : 5 : Stéphane Houdet ( from the 2009 French Open to the 2010 French Open ) 5 : Stéphane Houdet ( from the 2014 Australian Open to the 2015 Australian Open ) Women 's wheelchair doubles ( edit ) Team : 7 : Esther Vergeer and Sharon Walraven ( from the 2010 Wimbledon to 2012 Australian Open ) Player : 14 : Esther Vergeer ( from the 2005 French Open to the 2009 US Open ) 8 : Esther Vergeer ( from the 2010 French Open to the 2012 French Open ) Most consecutive Grand Slam singles Finals ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Rank Player Cons. finals From To Roger Federer 10 2005 Wimbledon Championships 2007 US Open Roger Federer 8 2008 French Open 2010 Australian Open Jack Crawford 7 1933 Australian Championships 1934 Wimbledon Championships Don Budge 6 1937 Wimbledon Championships 1938 U.S. Championships = Rod Laver 6 1961 Wimbledon Championships 1962 U.S. Championships = Novak Djokovic 6 2015 Australian Open 2016 French Open 7 Fred Perry 5 1934 Wimbledon Championships 1935 Wimbledon Championships = Frank Sedgman 5 1951 U.S. Championships 1952 U.S. Championships = Fred Stolle 5 1964 Wimbledon Championships 1965 Wimbledon Championships = Rafael Nadal 5 2011 French Open 2012 French Open Women ( edit ) Rank Player Cons. finals From To Steffi Graf 13 1987 French Open 1990 French Open Martina Navratilova 11 1985 French Open 1987 US Open Maureen Connolly 6 1952 Wimbledon Championships 1953 US Championships = Margaret Court 6 1969 US Open 1971 Australian Open = Martina Navratilova 6 1983 Wimbledon Championships 1984 US Open = Chris Evert 6 1984 French Open 1985 Wimbledon Championships = / Monica Seles 6 1991 US Open 1993 Australian Open 8 Margaret Court 5 1963 Wimbledon Championships 1964 Wimbledon Championships = Margaret Court 5 1965 Australian Championships 1966 Australian Championships = Steffi Graf 5 1993 Australian Open 1994 Australian Open = Martina Hingis 5 1997 Australian Open 1998 Australian Open Most Grand Slam singles titles without a loss ( edit ) Helen Wills Moody won all 16 of the Grand Slam singles tournaments she played beginning with the 1924 U.S. Championships and extending to the 1933 Wimbledon Championships ( not counting her defaults in the 1926 French and Wimbledon Championships ). During this period, she won 6 Wimbledons, 4 French Championships, and 6 U.S. Championships. She also won the 1924 Summer Olympics during this period. Moody never entered the Australian Championships. Most Grand Slam mixed doubles titles without a loss ( edit ) Doris Hart won all 13 of the Grand Slam mixed doubles tournaments she played beginning with the 1951 French Championships and extending to the 1955 U.S. Championships. During this period, she won 5 Wimbledons, 3 French Championships, and 5 U.S. Championships. Golden Slam ( edit ) Tennis was an Olympic sport from the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics through the 1924 Games, then was dropped for the next 64 years ( except as a demonstration sport in 1968 and 1984 ) before returning in 1988. As there were only three Major championships designated by the International Lawn Tennis Federation before 1925, none of the tennis players who participated in the Olympics between 1896 and 1924 had a chance to complete a Golden Grand Slam. However, there was a possibility to complete a Career Golden Grand Slam by winning the 1920 Olympics or 1924 Olympics plus each of the four grand slams, all of which were present from 1925 onwards. The term Golden Slam ( initially `` Golden Grand Slam '' ) was coined in 1988. Only one player has completed the Golden Slam : Steffi Graf ( 1988 Australian Open, 1988 French Open, 1988 Wimbledon Championships, 1988 US Open, and 1988 Olympic gold medal ) Non-calendar year Golden Slam ( edit ) Winning four consecutive Grand Slam tournaments and Olympic event in the period of twelve months, although not in the same year, is called a `` Non-calendar year Golden Slam ''. Only Bob and Mike Bryan have achieved this by winning the 2012 Olympics, 2012 US Open, 2013 Australian Open, 2013 French Open and 2013 Wimbledon Championships. After they won the final at Wimbledon, this was coined the `` Golden Bryan Slam ''. Career Golden Slam ( edit ) A player who wins all four Grand Slam tournaments and the Olympic gold medal during his or her career is said to have achieved a Career Golden Slam. Serena Williams is the only player to have achieved a Career Golden Slam in both singles and doubles. # Player Discipline Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Olympics Pam Shriver Women 's doubles 1982 1984 1981 1988 Steffi Graf Women 's singles 1988 1988 1988 1988 Gigi Fernández Women 's doubles 1993 1991 1992 1988 1992 Andre Agassi Men 's singles 1995 1999 1992 1994 5 Todd Woodbridge Men 's doubles 1992 2000 1993 1992 Mark Woodforde Men 's doubles 1992 2000 1993 1992 7 Serena Williams Women 's doubles 2001 1999 2000 1999 2000 Venus Williams Women 's doubles 2001 1999 2000 1999 2000 9 Shingo Kunieda Men 's wheelchair doubles 2009 2008 2006 2007 10 Korie Homan Women 's wheelchair doubles 2009 2009 2009 2005 2008 11 Esther Vergeer Women 's wheelchair doubles 2007 2009 2005 2000 12 Daniel Nestor Men 's doubles 2002 2007 2009 2000 13 Michaël Jeremiasz Men 's wheelchair doubles 2003 2009 2009 2005 2008 14 Stéphane Houdet Men 's wheelchair doubles 2007 2009 2009 2008 15 Rafael Nadal Men 's singles 2009 2005 2008 2008 16 Sharon Walraven Women 's wheelchair doubles 2011 2011 2008 17 Bob Bryan Men 's doubles 2006 2003 2006 2005 2012 Mike Bryan Men 's doubles 2006 2003 2006 2005 2012 19 Serena Williams Women 's singles 2003 2002 2002 1999 2012 20 Aniek van Koot Women 's wheelchair doubles 2013 2012 2013 2016 Jiske Griffioen Women 's wheelchair doubles 2006 2008 2012 2006 2016 22 Nicolas Peifer Men 's wheelchair doubles 2016 2011 2015 2011 2016 Super Slam ( edit ) Soon after the Open Era began in 1968, the new professional tours each held a year - end championship ( YEC ), which are elite tournaments involving only the top performers of the given season. The subsequent return of tennis to the Olympics in 1988 gave rise to the notion of a Super Slam as a combination of Golden Slam and YEC title. Eligible YECs are currently called the ATP Finals for men, WTA Finals for women, and the Wheelchair Tennis Masters. No player has ever completed the Super Slam in a single season. Non-calendar year Super Slam ( edit ) Only one player has completed the Super Slam in a period of twelve months : Steffi Graf ( 1987 Virginia Slims Championships, 1988 Australian Open, 1988 French Open, 1988 Wimbledon Championships, 1988 US Open and 1988 Olympic gold medal ) Career Super Slam ( edit ) # Player Discipline Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Olympics Year - end Pam Shriver Women 's doubles 1982 1984 1981 1988 1981 Steffi Graf Women 's singles 1988 1988 1988 1988 Gigi Fernández Women 's doubles 1993 1991 1992 1988 1992 1993 Andre Agassi Men 's singles 1995 1999 1992 1994 1990 5 Todd Woodbridge Men 's doubles 1992 2000 1993 1992 1992 Mark Woodforde Men 's doubles 1992 2000 1993 1992 1992 7 Esther Vergeer Women 's wheelchair doubles 2007 2009 2005 2000 2001 8 Korie Homan Women 's wheelchair doubles 2009 2009 2009 2005 2008 9 Daniel Nestor Men 's doubles 2002 2007 2009 2000 2007 10 Michaël Jeremiasz Men 's wheelchair doubles 2003 2009 2009 2005 2008 2008 11 Stéphane Houdet Men 's wheelchair doubles 2007 2009 2009 2008 2006 12 Sharon Walraven Women 's wheelchair doubles 2011 2011 2008 13 Bob Bryan Men 's doubles 2006 2003 2006 2005 2012 2003 Mike Bryan Men 's doubles 2006 2003 2006 2005 2012 2003 15 Serena Williams Women 's singles 2003 2002 2002 1999 2012 2001 16 Shingo Kunieda Men 's wheelchair doubles 2009 2008 2006 2007 2012 17 Aniek van Koot Women 's wheelchair doubles 2013 2012 2013 2016 2012 Jiske Griffioen Women 's wheelchair doubles 2006 2008 2012 2006 2016 19 Nicolas Peifer Men 's wheelchair doubles 2016 2011 2015 2011 2016 2016 Three major tournament titles in a year ( edit ) Players who have won three of the four Grand Slam tournaments in the same year. Jack Crawford, Lew Hoad, Martina Navratilova and Serena Williams won the first three events, but lost the last grand slam tournament. Crawford, an asthmatic, won two of the first three sets of the 1933 U.S. Championships final against Fred Perry, then tired in the heat and lost the last two sets and the match. Key SF QF # R RR Q # NH ( W ) Won ; ( F ) finalist ; ( SF ) semifinalist ; ( QF ) quarterfinalist ; ( # R ) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1 ; ( RR ) round - robin stage ; ( Q # ) qualification round ; ( A ) absent ; ( NH ) not held. To avoid confusion and double counting, these charts are updated either at the conclusion of a tournament, or when the player 's participation in the tournament has ended. Men 's singles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Jack Crawford 1933 Fred Perry 1934 QF Tony Trabert 1955 SF Lew Hoad 1956 5 Ashley Cooper 1958 SF 6 Roy Emerson 1964 QF 7 Jimmy Connors 8 Mats Wilander 1988 QF 9 Roger Federer 3R 10 Roger Federer 2006 11 Roger Federer 2007 12 Rafael Nadal QF 13 Novak Djokovic 2011 SF 14 Novak Djokovic 2015 Women 's singles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Helen Wills 1928 Helen Wills 1929 Margaret Court 1962 2R Margaret Court 1965 5 Margaret Court 1969 SF 6 Billie Jean King 1972 7 Margaret Court 1973 SF 8 Martina Navratilova 4R 9 Martina Navratilova 1984 SF 10 Steffi Graf 1989 11 Monica Seles 1991 12 / Monica Seles 1992 13 Steffi Graf 1993 14 Steffi Graf 1995 15 Steffi Graf 16 Martina Hingis 1997 17 Serena Williams 2002 18 Serena Williams 2015 SF Men 's doubles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Jacques Brugnon 1928 SF John Van Ryn 1933 SF Jack Crawford 1935 UR John Bromwich 1950 SF 5 Ken McGregor 1952 Frank Sedgman 1952 7 Ken Rosewall 1953 UR Lew Hoad 1953 UR 9 Ken Rosewall 1956 Lew Hoad 1956 11 Tony Roche 1967 QF John Newcombe 1967 QF 13 John Newcombe 1973 14 Anders Järryd SF 15 Anders Järryd 1991 3R John Fitzgerald 1991 3R 17 Jacco Eltingh 1998 18 Bob Bryan 2013 SF Mike Bryan 2013 SF note : UR = Unknown Result. Please help us find this information. Women 's doubles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Margaret Osborne duPont 1946 Louise Brough 1946 Margaret Osborne duPont 1949 Louise Brough 1949 5 Louise Brough 1950 6 Doris Hart 1951 Shirley Fry Irvin 1951 8 Doris Hart 1952 Shirley Fry Irvin 1952 10 Doris Hart 1953 Shirley Fry Irvin 1953 12 Darlene Hard 1960 13 Lesley Turner Bowrey 1964 14 Nancy Richey 1966 2R 15 Betty Stöve 1972 16 Margaret Court 1973 QF Virginia Wade 1973 QF 18 Martina Navratilova 1982 SF 19 Martina Navratilova Pam Shriver 21 Martina Navratilova 1986 NH 22 Martina Navratilova QF Pam Shriver QF 24 Helena Suková 1990 Jana Novotná 1990 26 Gigi Fernández 1992 QF Natasha Zvereva 1992 SF 28 Gigi Fernández 1993 SF Natasha Zvereva 1993 SF 30 Gigi Fernández 1994 SF Natasha Zvereva 1994 SF 32 Natasha Zvereva 1997 33 Jana Novotná 1998 34 Virginia Ruano Pascual SF Paola Suárez SF 36 Serena Williams 2009 3R Venus Williams 2009 3R Mixed doubles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Eric Sturgess 1949 Frank Sedgman 1951 Doris Hart 1951 Frank Sedgman 1952 Doris Hart 1952 6 Vic Seixas 1953 Doris Hart 1953 8 Margaret Court 1964 9 Billie Jean King 1967 10 Marty Riessen 1969 QF Margaret Court 1969 SF 12 Bob Hewitt 1979 NH 13 Martina Navratilova 1985 NH 14 Mark Woodforde 1992 3R 15 Martina Hingis 2015 2R Leander Paes 2015 2R Boys ' singles Mark Kratzmann 1984 : Australian Open, Wimbledon, US Open Nicolás Pereira 1988 : French Open, Wimbledon, US Open Gaël Monfils 2004 : Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon Girls ' singles Natalia Zvereva 1987 : French Open, Wimbledon, US Open Magdalena Maleeva 1990 : Australian Open, French Open, US Open Boys ' doubles Mark Kratzmann 1983 : French Open, Wimbledon, US Open Simon Youl 1983 : French Open, Wimbledon, US Open Jason Stoltenberg 1988 : Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon Todd Woodbridge 1988 : Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon Ben Ellwood 1994 : Australian Open, Wimbledon, US Open Brendan Evans 2004 : Australian Open, Wimbledon, US Open Scott Oudsema 2004 : Australian Open, Wimbledon, US Open Girls ' doubles Beth Herr 1982 : French Open, Wimbledon, US Open Corina Morariu 1995 : Australian Open, French Open, US Open Ludmilla Varmuzova 1995 : Australian Open, French Open, US Open Victoria Azarenka 2005 : Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova 2006 : Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon Urszula Radwańska 2007 : French Open, Wimbledon, US Open Tímea Babos 2010 : French Open, Wimbledon, US Open Sloane Stephens 2010 : French Open, Wimbledon, US Open Taylor Townsend 2012 : Australian Open, Wimbledon, US Open Barbora Krejčíková 2013 : French Open, Wimbledon, US Open Kateřina Siniaková 2013 : French Open, Wimbledon, US Open Men 's wheelchair singles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Shingo Kunieda 2007 NH Shingo Kunieda 2009 NH Shingo Kunieda NH Shingo Kunieda 2014 NH 5 Shingo Kunieda 2015 NH Women 's wheelchair singles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Esther Vergeer 2007 NH Esther Vergeer 2009 NH Esther Vergeer 2011 NH Men 's wheelchair doubles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Stéphane Houdet 2009 SF Shingo Kunieda 2013 SF Shingo Kunieda 2014 SF Women 's wheelchair doubles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Esther Vergeer 2007 NH Yui Kamiji 2016 NH Note : From 1977 to 1985, the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year. Triple Crown ( edit ) Winning singles, doubles and mixed doubles titles at one Grand Slam event is called a Triple Crown. It has become a rare accomplishment in tennis. This is partly because the final match in all three disciplines often takes place concurrently in the same day if not in consecutive days. Doris Hart for example attained her first Triple Crown after playing three Wimbledon final matches held in one single day. Notes : This list excludes the 1909 triple crown of Jeanne Matthey and the 1920, 1921, 1922 and 1923 triple crown wins of Suzanne Lenglen. The French Championship tennis tournament at the time was a domestic competition not recognized as an international major. At the time the major clay court event ( actual precursor of the French Open in its current international format ) was the World Hard Court Championships, where Suzanne Lenglen also attained triple championship in 1921 and 1922 ). Also the 1941 triple championship of Alice Weiwers is not listed due to its disputed official status : French championships held in Vichy France from 1941 to 1945 are currently not recognized by Fédération Française de Tennis. Men Total Player Year Triple champion of 3 times Don Budge 1937 Wimbledon 1938 Wimbledon 1938 US Championships 2 times Bill Tilden 1922 US Championships 1923 US Championships Frank Sedgman 1951 US Championships 1952 Wimbledon Neale Fraser 1959 US Championships 1960 US Championships 1 time Jack Hawkes 1926 Australian Championships Jean Borotra 1928 Australian Championships Jack Crawford 1932 Australian Championships Bobby Riggs 1939 Wimbledon Vic Seixas 1954 US Championships Ken Rosewall 1956 US Championships Women Total Player Year Triple champion of 5 times Suzanne Lenglen 1920 Wimbledon 1922 Wimbledon 1925 French Championships 1925 Wimbledon 1926 French Championships Margaret Court 1963 Australian Championships 1964 French Championships 1965 Australian Championships 1969 Australian Open 1970 US Open 4 times Alice Marble 1938 US Championships 1939 Wimbledon 1939 US Championships 1940 US Championships Doris Hart 1951 Wimbledon 1952 French Championships 1952 Wimbledon 1954 US Championships 3 times Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman 1909 US Championships 1910 US Championships 1911 US Championships Mary Browne 1912 US Championships 1913 US Championships 1914 US Championships Daphne Akhurst Cozens 1925 Australian Championships 1928 Australian Championships 1929 Australian Championships Nancye Wynne Bolton 1940 Australian Championships 1947 Australian Championships 1948 Australian Championships Louise Brough Clapp 1947 US Championships 1948 Wimbledon 1950 Wimbledon Billie Jean King 1967 Wimbledon 1967 US Championships 1973 Wimbledon 2 times Mabel Cahill 1891 US Championships 1892 US Championships Helen Wills Moody 1924 US Championships 1928 US Championships 1 time Juliette Atkinson 1895 US Championships Molla Bjurstedt Mallory 1917 US Championships Helen Jacobs 1934 US Championships Simonne Mathieu 1938 French Championships Sarah Palfrey Cooke 1941 US Championships Margaret Osborne duPont 1950 US Championships Thelma Coyne Long 1952 Australian Championships Maureen Connolly 1954 French Championships Martina Navratilova US Open Boxed set ( edit ) Another Grand Slam - related accomplishment is winning a `` boxed set '' of Grand Slam titles -- which is at least one of every possible type of Major championship available to a player : the singles, doubles, and mixed doubles at all four Grand Slam events of the year. This has never been accomplished within a year or consecutively across two calendar years. Career boxed set ( edit ) The Career Boxed Set refers to winning one of every possible grand slam title ( singles, doubles, mixed ) over the course of an entire career. No male player has completed this, although Frank Sedgman came close. He only missed out on the French Open singles title. Men who participate in top / elite level singles have played comparatively few doubles, and very few mixed doubles. So far, only three women have completed the boxed set during their careers : Boxed Sets Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Margaret Court 22 ( Pre-Open Era ) 1960 ( WS ) 1961 ( WD ) 1963 ( XD ) 1962 ( WS ) 1964 ( WD ) 1963 ( XD ) 1963 ( WS ) 1964 ( WD ) 1963 ( XD ) 1962 ( WS ) 1963 ( WD ) 1961 ( XD ) 31 ( Post-Open Era ) 1969 ( WS ) 1969 ( WD ) 1969 ( XD ) 1969 ( WS ) 1973 ( WD ) 1969 ( XD ) 1970 ( WS ) 1969 ( WD ) 1968 ( XD ) 1969 ( WS ) 1968 ( WD ) 1969 ( XD ) Doris Hart 29 1949 ( WS ) 1950 ( WD ) 1949 ( XD ) 1950 ( WS ) 1948 ( WD ) 1951 ( XD ) 1951 ( WS ) 1947 ( WD ) 1951 ( XD ) 1954 ( WS ) 1951 ( WD ) 1951 ( XD ) Martina Navratilova 46 1981 ( WS ) 1980 ( WD ) 2003 ( XD ) 1982 ( WS ) 1975 ( WD ) 1974 ( XD ) 1978 ( WS ) 1976 ( WD ) 1985 ( XD ) 1983 ( WS ) 1977 ( WD ) 1985 ( XD ) Court is not only unique in having two boxed sets, but is also unique in the timing of her accomplishments. Her first boxed set was completed before the start of the open era, and she has a boxed set achieved solely within the open era. Martina Hingis has come closer than any other currently active player to joining this elite group. She just needs the French Open singles, having reached the final in 1997 and 1999. Prior to Hingis, it was Billie Jean King who came close at completing a career boxed set. She only needed the Australian Open women 's doubles title and although she reached the final twice ( in 1965 and 1969 ), she failed to win the title. Multiple career Grand Slams ( edit ) Of the many players who have managed to win a full set of four majors, there is a small number who have gone on to win all four majors a second or more times. The completion of `` Multiple Career Grand Slams '' or sometimes called `` multiple slam sets '' ( MSS ) has been achieved by only 22 unique players up to the end of the 2015 Wimbledon. MSS players can be found in each of the five tennis disciplines : men 's or women 's singles, men 's or women 's doubles, mixed doubles. It can also be found in women 's wheelchair doubles. Of these, five players have completed MSS in more than one discipline : Roy Emerson, Martina Navratilova, Frank Sedgman and Serena Williams have MSS in two disciplines, Margaret Court has MSS in three disciplines. This table shows each multiple occurrence of a complete MSS for each of the players who have accomplished multiple slams in a particular tennis discipline. The year shown for each of the four majors is the year that particular major win was repeated as part of that player 's achievement of their second ( all 22 players ) and third ( 8 players ) and fourth ( 4 players ) and fifth through seventh ( Martina Navratilova, in women 's doubles ) complete slam set of Major wins. For example, the fourth row shows that Margaret Court completed her third career slam set in Women 's Singles -- winning each of the four majors three times -- during the 1970 Wimbledon Championships ( bold ). More specific, she won : Australian open 11 times, the third in 1962 ; French Open five times, the third in 1969 ; Wimbledon three times ( determines the maximum of sets ), the third in 1970 and finally US Open five times, the third in 1969. Grey background shades lesser achievements by the same player in the same discipline ( e.g., Court in the eighth row ) ; yellow highlights the greatest achievement in the discipline ( e.g., Graf in the third row ). Slam Sets completed, second and subsequent sets ( chronological sequence in column one ) Name Country Discipline MSS Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open 09 Emerson, Roy Roy Emerson AUS Men 's Singles 1963 1967 1965 1964 13 Laver, Rod Rod Laver AUS Men 's Singles 1962 1969 1962 1969 34 Graf, Steffi Steffi Graf GER Women 's Singles 1994 1995 1992 1995 15 Court, Margaret Margaret Court AUS Women 's Singles 1962 1969 1970 1969 49 Williams, Serena Serena Williams USA Women 's Singles 2007 2015 2009 2008 21 Navratilova, Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Singles 1984 1979 1984 22 Evert, Chris Chris Evert USA Women 's Singles 1984 1976 1976 06 Court, Margaret Margaret Court AUS Women 's Singles 1961 1964 1965 1965 30 Graf, Steffi Steffi Graf FRG Women 's Singles 1989 1988 1989 1989 31 Graf, Steffi Steffi Graf GER Women 's Singles 1990 1993 1991 1993 42 Williams, Serena Serena Williams USA Women 's Singles 2005 2013 2003 2002 16 Emerson, Roy Roy Emerson AUS Men 's Doubles 1969 1962 1971 1965 18 Newcombe, John John Newcombe AUS Men 's Doubles 1971 1973 1968 1973 01 Sedgman, Frank Frank Sedgman AUS Men 's Doubles 1952 1952 1951 1951 04 Fraser, Neale Neale Fraser AUS Men 's Doubles 1958 1960 1961 1960 10 Stolle, Fred Fred Stolle AUS Men 's Doubles 1964 1968 1964 1966 14 Rosewall, Ken Ken Rosewall AUS Men 's Doubles 1956 1968 1956 1969 43 Bryan, Bob Bob Bryan USA Men 's Doubles 2007 2013 2011 2008 44 Bryan, Mike Mike Bryan USA Men 's Doubles 2007 2013 2011 2008 07 Emerson, Roy Roy Emerson AUS Men 's Doubles 1966 1961 1961 1960 17 Newcombe, John John Newcombe AUS Men 's Doubles 1967 1969 1966 1971 28 Navratilova, Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Doubles 7 1988 1988 1986 29 Shriver, Pam Pam Shriver USA Women 's Doubles 1985 1988 1984 35 Zvereva, Natasha Natasha Zvereva BLR Women 's Doubles 1997 1993 1993 1995 12 Court, Margaret Margaret Court AUS Women 's Doubles 1962 1965 1969 1968 32 Fernández, Gigi Gigi Fernández USA Women 's Doubles 1994 1992 1993 1990 36 Novotná, Jana Jana Novotná CZE Women 's Doubles 1995 1991 1990 1997 37 Williams, Serena Serena Williams USA Women 's Doubles 2003 2002 2009 38 Williams, Venus Venus Williams USA Women 's Doubles 2003 2002 2009 50 Hingis, Martina Martina Hingis SUI Women 's Doubles 1998 2000 1998 2015 19 Navratilova, Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Doubles 1982 1982 1979 1978 20 Navratilova, Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Doubles 1984 1981 1980 23 Navratilova, Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Doubles 1984 1985 1982 25 Navratilova, Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Doubles 5 1985 1986 1984 26 Navratilova, Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Doubles 6 1984 1986 24 Shriver, Pam Pam Shriver USA Women 's Doubles 1985 1982 1984 27 Shriver, Pam Pam Shriver USA Women 's Doubles 1984 1986 33 Zvereva, Natasha Natasha Zvereva BLR Women 's Doubles 1994 1992 1992 1992 11 Court, Margaret Margaret Court AUS Mixed Doubles 1969 1969 1968 1964 02 Hart, Doris Doris Hart USA Mixed Doubles 1950 1952 1952 1952 03 Sedgman, Frank Frank Sedgman AUS Mixed Doubles 1950 1952 1952 1952 40 Bhupathi, Mahesh Mahesh Bhupathi IND Mixed Doubles 2009 2012 2005 2005 05 Court, Margaret Margaret Court AUS Mixed Doubles 1964 1964 1965 1962 08 Court, Margaret Margaret Court AUS Mixed Doubles 1965 1965 1966 1963 41 Vergeer, Esther Esther Vergeer NED Women 's wheelchair doubles 2007 2009 2011 2007 45 Griffioen, Jiske Jiske Griffioen NED Women 's wheelchair doubles 2007 2013 2013 2007 51 van Koot, Aniek Aniek van Koot NED Women 's wheelchair doubles 2013 2013 2013 2015 39 Vergeer, Esther Esther Vergeer NED Women 's wheelchair doubles 2006 2008 2006 48 Houdet, Stéphane Stéphane Houdet FRA Men 's wheelchair doubles 2015 2014 2014 47 Kunieda, Shingo Shingo Kunieda JPN Men 's wheelchair doubles 2008 2013 2014 46 Houdet, Stéphane Stéphane Houdet FRA Men 's wheelchair doubles 2014 2009 2013 2011 By discipline ( numbers of players and table entries ) Men 's Singles ( 2 people ; 2 entries ) Women 's Singles ( 5 people ; 9 entries ) Men 's Doubles ( 8 people ; 10 entries ) Women 's Doubles ( 9 people ; 17 entries ) Mixed Doubles ( 4 people, 6 entries ) Men 's Wheelchair Doubles ( 2 people ; 3 entries ) Women 's Wheelchair Doubles ( 3 people ; 4 entries ) Pro Slam ( edit ) Before the Open Era began in 1968, only amateur players were allowed to compete in the four majors. Many male top players `` went pro '' in order to win prize money legally, competing on a professional world tour comprising completely different events. From 1927 through 1967, the three oldest pro events were considered `` majors '' of the pro tour : the U.S. Pro Tennis Championships, French Pro Championship and Wembley Championships. A player who won all three in a calendar year was considered to achieve a `` Professional Grand Slam '', or `` Pro Slam ''. The feat was accomplished twice : Ken Rosewall in 1963 ; Rod Laver in 1967. Three other players won those three major trophies during their pro careers : Ellsworth Vines, Hans Nüsslein and Don Budge. The pro slams did not have a women 's draw. See also ( edit ) Tennis portal List of Grand Slam related tennis records Lists of tennis records and statistics Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Australian Open is played on Plexicushion while the US Open is played on DecoTurf. Jump up ^ In 1984, the Australian Open was the last event held, rather than the first. ^ Jump up to : Until 2016, Wimbledon have never hosted singles tournament for wheelchairs. ^ Jump up to : Notwithstanding year when the US Open did not take place due to date clashes with the Paralympics. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Q. What is the points breakdown for all tournament categories? ''. RANKINGS : Frequently Asked Questions ( 10 ). ATP World Tour -- Official Site of Men 's Professional Tennis ( atpworldtour.com ). Retrieved 7 March 2014. Jump up ^ `` Overview ''. ITFTennis.com. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 11. Jump up ^ `` Sport and the Media : Managing the Nexus ''. Google Books. 2016 - 05 - 12. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 11. Jump up ^ USOpen.org. Archived 1 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Grandslamhistory.com `` STATS ''. Grand Slam History Reference Book ( grandslamhistory.com ). Retrieved 7 March 2014. Jump up ^ Crowe, Jerry ( 22 May 1994 ). LA Times `` Return to Grand Slam Glory : Rod Laver Was the Last Man to Sweep Four Major Titles and Thinks It Can Be Done Again ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 March 2014. Jump up ^ `` Slam ''. Online Etymological Dictionary ( etymonline.com ). Douglas Harper. Retrieved 9 January 2013. Jump up ^ Martin, John ( 12 September 2015 ). `` Writings Offer Encyclopedic Insight on Winners of Grand Slams. '' The New York Times p. SP8. Retrieved 14 December 2016. Jump up ^ Gould, Alan ( 18 July 1933 ). `` Sports Slants : ( subsection ) Tennis ' Grand Slam ' ``. The Reading Eagle ( Reading, Pennsylvania ). p. 10. Retrieved 7 March 2014. Jump up ^ `` ( 6 ) 1912 -- 1914 : The first World Clay Court Championships ''. Histoire du tennis : La légende du grand chelem ( www.histoiredutennis.com ). 30 April 2001. Retrieved 16 July 2012. Jump up ^ Robertson, Max ( 1974 ). The Encyclopedia of Tennis. The Viking Press. p. 33. ISBN 067029408X. Jump up ^ Bonnie DeSimoneArchive ( 26 May 2007 ). `` Chris Evert owned Roland Garros like no other ''. Sports.espn.go.com. Retrieved 20 April 2012. Jump up ^ `` Milton Tennis Centre ''. Australian Stadiums. Archived from the original on 17 January 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2008. Jump up ^ Nikki Tugwell ( 14 January 2008 ). `` Hewitt chases amazing slam win ''. The Daily Telegraph. news.com.au. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2008. Jump up ^ Fein, Paul. Tennis Confidential ( 2002 ). 218. Jump up ^ Amdur, Neil. ( 17 August 1982 ). `` Leave Grand Slam of Tennis Alone '' The New York Times Retrieved 14 December 2016. Jump up ^ Fein, Paul. Tennis Confidential ( 2002 ). 221. Jump up ^ Amdur, Neil. ( 17 August 1982 ). `` Leave Grand Slam of Tennis Alone '' The New York Times Retrieved 14 December 2016. Jump up ^ Vecsey, George. ( 11 September 1988 ). `` A Champion For All Seasons '' The New York Times Retrieved 14 December 2016. Jump up ^ Newman, Paul. ( 13 January 2011 ). `` Nadal : ' This will be my only shot at doing the Grand Slam ' '' The Independent Retrieved 14 December 2016. Jump up ^ ITF Constitution landing page. Full text of the Memorandum, Articles of Association and Bye - laws of ITF LIMITED. Jump up ^ Stratte - McClure, Joel ( 25 June 1984 ). `` Martina Navratilova Takes the Grand Slam and Nets a Cool Million While She 's at It ''. People. Retrieved 29 July 2009. Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick, Curry. ( 18 June 1984 ). `` Worthy of Really High Fives '' Sports Illustrated Retrieved 14 December 2016. Jump up ^ Tandon, Kamakshi ( 5 January 2009 ). `` Gold Standard : Graf mints Golden Slam in 1988 ''. TENNIS ( tennis.com ). Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2009. Jump up ^ `` Guinness world records ''. Retrieved 18 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` Steffi Graf : The Queen Returns to Centre Court -- Golden Grand Slam definition. ''. Retrieved 18 January 2015. Jump up ^ Cronin, Matt ( 2 July 2013 ). `` Bryan Twins on Verge of Golden Slam ''. 10sBalls.com. Retrieved 6 July 2013. Jump up ^ Gibson, Owen ( 6 July 2013 ). `` Bob and Mike Bryan complete the ' Golden Bryan Slam ' at Wimbledon ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Serena Williams Blitzes To Olympic Singles Gold ''. Retrieved 18 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` # 7 : Andre Agassi ''. Sports Illustrated. Photo Gallery : Top 10 Men 's Tennis Players of All Time. p. 4. Retrieved 21 December 2013. Jump up ^ Kay, Dimitri ( 22 November 2010 ). `` Rafael Nadal Will Bid To Emulate Andre Agassi at the World Tour Finals ''. Retrieved 4 February 2014. Jump up ^ Nelson, Murry R., ed. ( 2013 ). American Sports : A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas. Greenwood Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780313397523. Jump up ^ Vecsey, George ( 11 September 1988 ). `` Sports of The Times ; A Champion For All Seasons ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 15 May 2012. Jump up ^ Jimmy Connors at the Association of Tennis Professionals. Retrieved 19 September 2010. Jump up ^ `` Wimbledon announces Wheelchair Tennis Singles events from 2016 ''. www.wimbledon.com. AELTC. 12 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` US Open -- The Unbelievable, Unbreakable Records ''. Archived from the original on 18 June 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2014. Jump up ^ `` Martina Navratilova ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 17 June 2014. Jump up ^ `` 40 Important Women 's Moments : 1987, Martina 's Triple Crown ''. Retrieved 17 June 2014. Jump up ^ `` Hingis and Paes complete career mixed slam ''. rolandgarros.com. Fédération Française de Tennis ( FFT ). 3 June 2016. Jump up ^ Robertson, Max ( 1974 ). Encyclopedia of Tennis. pp. 60 -- 71. ^ Jump up to : Geist, Robert ( 1999 ). Ken Rosewall : Der Grosse Meister. Austria. p. 137. ^ Jump up to : Lee, Raymond ( September 2007 ). `` Greatest Player of All Time : A Statistical Analysis ''. Tennis Week Magazine. Jump up ^ Craig, Hunt. `` Legends of the game # 3 -- Ken Rosewall ''. Tennis Sydney. Retrieved 10 January 2015. Jump up ^ Anderson, Dave ( 30 August 2009 ). `` The Greatest? Do n't Forget Laver 's Lost Years ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 24 April 2014. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grand Slam ( tennis ). Official website of the Australian Open Official website of the French Open Official website of Wimbledon Official website of the US Open All - times Grand Slam tournaments finals -- Reference book. Grand Slam tournaments Open era ( 1968 -- present ) Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Pre-open era ( amateur ) ( 1924 -- 67 ) Australian Championships French Championships Wimbledon Championships US National Championships Pre-open era ( professional ) ( 1927 -- 67 ) US Pro French Pro Wembley Pro ILTF ( 1913 -- 23 ) World Hard Court Championships World Grass Court Championships World Covered Court Championships History of tennis Grand Slam tournament champions Australian Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) French Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) Wimbledon Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) US Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) All tournaments Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Grand Slam overall records Grand Slam tournament venues Australian Open Melbourne Park Rod Laver Arena Hisense Arena Margaret Court Arena French Open Stade Roland Garros Court Philippe Chatrier Court Suzanne Lenglen Court 1 Wimbledon All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club Centre Court No. 1 Court No. 2 Court No. 3 Court US Open USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center Arthur Ashe Stadium Louis Armstrong Stadium Grandstand Grand Slam / non-calendar year / career Grand Slam - winning singles / doubles tennis players Grand Slam Men 's singles 1938 : Don Budge 1962 : Rod Laver 1969 : Rod Laver Women 's singles 1953 : Maureen Connolly 1970 : Margaret Court 1988 : Steffi Graf Men 's doubles 1951 : Ken McGregor / Frank Sedgman Women 's doubles 1960 : Maria Bueno 1984 : Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1998 : Martina Hingis Mixed doubles 1963 : Margaret Court / Ken Fletcher 1965 : Margaret Court 1967 : Owen Davidson Non-calendar year Grand Slam Men 's singles 2015 -- 16 : Novak Djokovic Women 's singles 1983 -- 84 : Martina Navratilova 1993 -- 94 : Steffi Graf 2002 -- 03 : Serena Williams 2014 -- 15 : Serena Williams Men 's doubles 2012 -- 13 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan Women 's doubles 1949 -- 50 : Louise Brough 1986 -- 87 : Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1992 -- 93 : Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva 1996 -- 97 : Natasha Zvereva 2009 -- 10 : Serena Williams / Venus Williams Mixed doubles 1967 -- 68 Billie Jean King Career Grand Slam Men 's singles 1933 - 34 - 35 : Fred Perry 1937 - 38 : Don Budge 1960 - 61 - 62 : Rod Laver 1961 - 63 - 64 : Roy Emerson 1992 - 94 - 95 - 99 : Andre Agassi 2003 - 04 - 09 : Roger Federer 2005 - 08 - 09 - 10 : Rafael Nadal 2008 - 11 - 16 : Novak Djokovic Women 's singles 1951 - 52 - 53 : Maureen Connolly 1949 - 50 - 51 - 54 : Doris Hart 1951 - 56 - 57 : Shirley Fry Irvin 1960 - 62 - 63 : Margaret Court 1966 - 67 - 68 - 72 : Billie Jean King 1974 - 75 - 82 : Chris Evert 1978 - 81 - 82 - 83 : Martina Navratilova 1987 - 88 : Steffi Graf 1999 - 2002 - 03 : Serena Williams 2004 - 06 - 08 - 12 : Maria Sharapova Men 's doubles 1935 - 36 - 39 : Adrian Quist 1948 - 50 - 51 Frank Sedgman 1951 : Ken McGregor 1953 -- 56 : Lew Hoad / Ken Rosewall 1957 - 58 - 59 : Neale Fraser 1959 - 60 - 62 : Roy Emerson 1965 -- 67 : John Newcombe / Tony Roche 1962 - 64 - 67 - 77 : Bob Hewitt 1982 - 84 - 86 - 89 : John Fitzgerald 1983 - 87 - 89 : Anders Järryd 1994 - 95 - 98 : Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1989 - 92 -- 93 - 2000 : Mark Woodforde 1992 -- 93 - 95 - 2000 : Todd Woodbridge 1998 - 2002 - 03 - 05 : Jonas Björkman 2003 - 05 - 06 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2002 - 04 - 07 - 08 : Daniel Nestor 1999 - 2006 - 12 : Leander Paes Women 's doubles 1942 - 46 - 50 : Louise Brough Clapp 1947 - 48 - 50 - 51 : Doris Hart 1950 - 51 - 57 : Shirley Fry Irvin 1956 -- 1957 : Althea Gibson 1958 -- 60 : Maria Bueno 1961 -- 64 : Lesley Turner Bowrey 1961 - 63 - 64 : Margaret Court 1964 - 66 - 69 - 70 : Judy Tegart Dalton 1980 -- 81 : Kathy Jordan / Anne Smith 1975 - 76 - 77 - 80 : / Martina Navratilova 1981 - 82 - 83 - 84 : Pam Shriver 1989 - 90 - 93 : Helena Suková 1988 -- 90 - 91 - 92 : Gigi Fernández 1989 - 90 - 91 - 93 : / Natasha Zvereva 1989 - 90 - 94 : Jana Novotná 1996 - 97 - 98 : Martina Hingis 1999 - 2000 - 01 : Serena Williams / Venus Williams 2000 - 01 - 06 : Lisa Raymond 2012 - 13 - 14 : Sara Errani / Roberta Vinci Mixed doubles 1925 - 26 - 27 - 28 Jean Borotra 1949 -- 51 : Doris Hart / Frank Sedgman 1961 - 1963 : Margaret Court 1962 - 1963 : Ken Fletcher 1965 - 66 - 67 : Owen Davidson 1967 -- 68 : Billie Jean King 1969 -- 75 : Marty Riessen 1961 - 70 - 77 - 79 : Bob Hewitt 1992 -- 93 - 95 : Mark Woodforde 1990 - 93 - 94 - 95 : Todd Woodbridge 1974 - 85 - 2003 : Martina Navratilova 2001 - 02 - 05 : Daniela Hantuchová 1997 - 99 - 2005 - 06 : Mahesh Bhupathi 2002 - 04 - 08 - 10 : Cara Black 1999 - 2003 - 08 - 16 : Leander Paes 2006 - 15 - 16 : Martina Hingis Tennis records and statistics Grand Slam Records Champions Men 's singles Chronological Women 's singles Chronological Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Champions by country Singles Singles finals Open Era singles Men 's finals Women 's finals Age of first title Men 's Singles Open Era All - time Misc. ATP Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Singles Doubles Awards No. 1 rankings ATP singles ATP doubles All - time Select players Singles Doubles Open Era Match wins Masters Series Women 's Singles Open Era All - time WTA Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Awards No. 1 rankings WTA singles and doubles All - time Select players Other Notable rivalries Open Era Titles leaders Records Tournaments Singles Doubles Olympics ITF Rankings Champions Match duration Longest Shortest Tiebreaker Golden set Serving Speed Aces Tennis ITF History Glossary Match types Statistics Players Umpires Women 's tennis Basics General Scoring system point Strategy grips serve and volley Equipment ball racket strings Official Technology electronic line judge hawk - eye cyclops Courts Carpet Clay Grass Hard Shots Backhand Backspin Drop shot Flat Forehand Groundstroke Half volley Lob Passing shot Serve ace Smash Topspin Volley Grand Slams Events Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Stats Records Singles finals Professional tours Men ATP World Tour ATP Challenger Tour ITF Men 's Circuit Women WTA Tour WTA 125K series ITF Women 's Circuit Team tennis tournaments Active Davis Cup Fed Cup Hopman Cup Laver Cup World TeamTennis International Premier Tennis League Defunct Wightman Cup World Team Cup Champions Tennis League Multi-sport events Intercontinental Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade Commonwealth Island Mediterranean Continental All - Africa Asian Pacific Pan American Outline Portal WikiCommons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Slam_(tennis)&oldid=803778305 '' Categories : Tennis terminology Grand Slam ( tennis ) Tennis tournaments Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2013 Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2014 Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017, at 15 : 46. 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{ "text": "Gunfight at the O.K. Corral - wikipedia Gunfight at the O.K. Corral Jump to : navigation, search For the film, see Gunfight at the O.K. Corral ( film ). `` O.K. Corral '' redirects here. For the location, see O.K. Corral ( building ). `` The OK Corral '' redirects here. For the episode of Doctor Who titled `` The OK Corral '', see The Gunfighters. Gunfight at the O.K. Corral Tombstone in 1881 Date October 26, 1881 Location Tombstone, Arizona Territory, United States Participants Virgil, Morgan, and Wyatt Earp, and Doc Holliday vs. Tom and Frank McLaury, Billy and Ike Clanton, and Billy Claiborne Outcome Virgil and Morgan wounded, Holliday grazed ; Tom and Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton killed Deaths Three O.K. Corral gunfight Principal events Gunfight at the O.K. Corral O.K. Corral hearing and aftermath Earp Vendetta Ride Lawmen Virgil Earp Wyatt Earp Morgan Earp Doc Holliday Johnny Behan Outlaw Cowboys Ike Clanton Billy Clanton Tom McLaury Frank McLaury Billy Claiborne The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a 30 - second shootout between lawmen and members of a loosely organized group of outlaws called the Cowboys that took place at about 3 : 00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in Tombstone, Arizona Territory. It is generally regarded as the most famous shootout in the history of the American Wild West. The gunfight was the result of a long - simmering feud, with Cowboys Billy Claiborne, Ike and Billy Clanton, and Tom and Frank McLaury on one side and town Marshal Virgil Earp, Special Policeman Morgan Earp, Special Policeman Wyatt Earp, and temporary policeman Doc Holliday on the other side. All three Earp brothers had been the target of repeated death threats made by the Cowboys, who objected to the Earps ' interference in their illegal activities. Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed. Ike Clanton claimed that he was unarmed and ran from the fight, along with Billy Claiborne. Virgil, Morgan, and Doc Holliday were wounded, but Wyatt Earp was unharmed. The shootout has come to represent a period of the American Old West when the frontier was virtually an open range for outlaws, largely unopposed by law enforcement officers who were spread thin over vast territories. The gunfight was not well - known to the American public until 1931, when Stuart Lake published the initially well - received biography Wyatt Earp : Frontier Marshal two years after Earp 's death. The book was the basis for the 1946 film My Darling Clementine, directed by John Ford, and the 1957 film Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, after which the shootout became known by that name. Since then, the conflict has been portrayed with varying degrees of accuracy in numerous Western films and books, and has become an archetype for much of the popular imagery associated with the Old West. Despite its name, the gunfight did not take place within or next to the O.K. Corral, which fronted Allen Street and had a rear entrance lined with horse stalls on Fremont Street. The shootout actually took place in a narrow lot on the side of C.S. Fly 's Photographic Studio on Fremont Street, six doors west of the O.K. Corral 's rear entrance. Some members of the two opposing parties were initially only about 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) apart. About 30 shots were fired in 30 seconds. Tom and Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton were killed. Ike Clanton filed murder charges against the Earps and Doc Holliday. The lawmen were eventually exonerated by a local justice of the peace after a 30 - day preliminary hearing and then by a local grand jury. The gunfight was not the end of the conflict. On December 28, 1881, Virgil Earp was ambushed and maimed in a murder attempt by the Cowboys. On March 18, 1882, Cowboys fired from a dark alley through the glass door of a saloon, killing Morgan Earp. The suspects in both incidents furnished alibis supplied by other Cowboys and were not indicted. Wyatt Earp, newly appointed as Deputy U.S. Marshal in Cochise County, then took matters into his own hands in a personal vendetta. He was pursued by county sheriff Johnny Behan, who had received a warrant from Tucson for Wyatt 's shooting of Frank Stilwell. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Conflicting versions of events 3 Origins of the conflict 3.1 Earps versus Cowboys 3.2 The Earps as lawmen 3.3 Rural Cowboys vs. Tombstone interests 3.4 Relevant law in Tombstone 3.5 Smuggling and stock thefts 3.6 Earp loses sheriff 's office to Behan 4 Earp conflicts with Cowboys 4.1 March stagecoach robbery and murder 4.1. 1 Suspects identified 4.1. 2 Suspect escapes Behan 's jail 4.1. 3 Earp pursues suspects 4.1. 4 Wyatt offers Ike reward money 4.1. 5 Earp, Cowboy fallout 4.2 Earp and Behan attracted to Josephine Marcus 4.3 September stage holdup 4.3. 1 Stilwell and Spence arrests 4.3. 2 Cowboys accuse Holliday of robbery 4.4 Ike Clanton 's conflict with Doc Holliday 5 Morning of the gunfight 5.1 Events leading up to the Ike Clanton court hearing 5.2 Ike Clanton court hearing 5.3 Tom McLaury 's concealed weapon 5.4 More Cowboys enter town 5.5 Virgil and Wyatt Earp 's reactions 5.6 Behan attempts to disarm Cowboys 5.7 Virgil decides to disarm Cowboys 6 The Gunfight 6.1 Physical proximity 6.2 Gun battle begins 7 Outcome of the battle 7.1 Cowboy wounds 7.2 Weapons carried by the Cowboys 8 Public reaction 8.1 Sympathy for Cowboys 8.2 Spicer hearings 9 In popular culture 9.1 Gunfight sketch 9.2 Paintings 9.3 Origin of the gunfight 's name 9.4 Film and television 9.5 In print 9.6 In mathematics 9.7 In Music 10 References 10.1 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Tombstone, Arizona Southeastern Arizona near Tombstone in 1887 Tombstone, near the Mexican border, was founded in March 1879. After silver was discovered in the area, Tombstone grew rapidly into a frontier mining boomtown. At its founding, it had a population of just 100, and only two years later, in late 1881, the population was more than 7,000 ( excluding Chinese, Mexicans, women, and children ), making it the largest boomtown in the Southwest. Silver mining and its attendant wealth attracted many professionals and merchants, who brought their wives and families. With them came churches and ministers. They brought a Victorian sensibility and became the town 's elite. By 1881 there were fancy restaurants, a bowling alley, four churches, an ice house, a school, an opera house, two banks, three newspapers, and an ice cream parlor, along with 110 saloons, 14 gambling halls, and numerous brothels, all situated among a number of dirty, hardscrabble mines. Horse rustlers and bandits from the countryside often came to town, and shootings were frequent. In the 1880s, illegal smuggling and theft of cattle, alcohol, and tobacco across the Mexico -- United States border, about 30 miles ( 48 km ) from Tombstone, were common. The Mexican government assessed heavy export taxes on these items, and smugglers earned a handsome profit by stealing them in Mexico and selling them across the border. Fire insurance map of Tombstone in 1886 James, Virgil, and Wyatt Earp arrived in Tombstone on December 1, 1879, when the small town was mostly composed of tents as living quarters, a few saloons and other buildings, and the mines. Virgil had been hired as Deputy U.S. Marshal for eastern Pima County, with his offices in Tombstone, only days before his arrival. In June 1881 he was also appointed as Tombstone 's town marshal ( or police chief ). Though not universally liked by the townspeople, the Earps tended to protect the interests of the town 's business owners and residents ; even so, Wyatt Earp helped protect Cowboy `` Curly Bill '' Brocius from being lynched after he accidentally killed Tombstone city Marshal Fred White. In contrast, Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan was generally sympathetic to the interests of the rural ranchers and members of the loosely organized outlaw group called the Cochise County Cowboys, or simply the Cowboys ( in that time and region, the term cowboy generally meant an outlaw ; legitimate cowmen were instead referred to as cattle herders or ranchers. ) Conflicting versions of events ( edit ) Newspaper coverage of the fight Many of the supporting facts about the events leading up to the gunfight and details of the gunfight itself are uncertain. Newspapers of the day were not above taking sides, and news reporting often editorialized on issues to reflect the publisher 's interests. John Clum, publisher of The Tombstone Epitaph, had helped organize a `` Committee of Safety '' ( a vigilance committee ) in Tombstone in late September 1881. He was elected as the city 's first mayor under the new city charter of 1881. Clum and his newspaper tended to side with the interests of local business owners and supported Deputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp. Harry Woods, the publisher of the other major newspaper, The Daily Nugget, was an undersheriff to Behan. He and his newspaper tended to side with Behan, the Cowboys ( some of whom were part - time ranchers and landowners ), and the rural interests of the ranchers. Much of what is known of the event is based on a month - long preliminary hearing held afterward, generally known as the Spicer hearings. Reporters from both newspapers covered the hearings and recorded the testimony there and at the coroner 's inquest, but only the reporter from The Daily Nugget knew shorthand. The testimony recorded by the court recorder and the two newspapers varied greatly. According to the Earps ' version of events, the fight was in self - defense because the Cowboys, armed in violation of local ordinance, aggressively threatened the lawmen and defied a lawful order to hand over their weapons. The Cowboys maintained that they raised their hands, offering no resistance, and were shot in cold blood by the Earps. Sorting out who was telling the truth was difficult and remains so. Though usually opposing each other in their reporting of events, reporting by both the Epitaph and the Nugget initially supported the lawmen 's version of events. Woods, the publisher of the pro-Cowboy Nugget, was out of town during the hearings, and an experienced reporter, Richard Rule, wrote the story. The Nugget staff had a close relationship with Sheriff Behan, but Rule 's story, as printed in the Nugget the day after the shootout, backed up the Earps ' version of events. This varied widely from Behan 's and the Cowboys ' later court testimony. Subsequent stories about the gunfight published in the Nugget after that day supported Behan 's and the Cowboys ' view of events. Other stories in the Epitaph countered the Nugget 's later view entirely and supported the lawmen. In addition, Dr. George Goodfellow, who examined the Cowboys after their death, told the court that the angle of the wound in Billy Clanton 's wrist indicated that his hands could not have been in the air, or holding his coats open by the lapels, as witnesses loyal to the Cowboys testified. Part - time newspaper reporter Howell `` Pat '' Hayhurst transcribed the testimony from the hearings in the early 1930s as part of a Federal Writers ' Project, part of the Works Progress Administration. According to one report, Hayhurst was a friend of the Behan family. After he completed his transcription, he kept the original document in his home, where it was destroyed in a house fire. Origins of the conflict ( edit ) Earps versus Cowboys ( edit ) Virgil Earp Wyatt Earp The interpersonal conflicts and feuds leading to the gunfight were complex. Each side had strong family ties. The brothers James, Virgil, Wyatt, Morgan, and Warren Earp were a tight - knit family, working together as pimps, lawmen, and saloon owners in several frontier towns, among other occupations, and had moved together from one town to another. Virgil served in the Union Army during the American Civil War and in 1877 became a police officer in Prescott, Arizona. He followed that with a job as a night watchman before he became a constable. Wyatt had held two jobs as a police officer in the cattle - drive towns of Wichita and Dodge City, Kansas. James, Virgil, and Wyatt Earp, together with their wives, arrived in Tombstone on December 1, 1879, during the early period of rapid growth associated with mining, when there were only a few hundred residents. Virgil was appointed Deputy U.S. Marshal shortly before he arrived in Tombstone. In the summer of 1880, Morgan and Warren Earp also moved to Tombstone. Wyatt arrived hoping he could leave `` lawing '' behind. He bought a stagecoach, only to find the business was already very competitive. The Earps invested together in several mining claims and water rights. The Earps were Republicans and Northerners who had never worked as cowmen or ranchers. The Earps quickly came into conflict with Frank and Tom McLaury, Billy and Ike Clanton, Johnny Ringo, and William `` Curly Bill '' Brocius, among others. They were part of a large, loose association of cattle smugglers and horse thieves known as the Cowboys, outlaws who had been implicated in various crimes. Ike Clanton was prone to drinking heavily and threatened the Earp brothers numerous times. Tombstone resident George Parson wrote in his diary, `` A Cowboy is a rustler at times, and a rustler is a synonym for desperado -- bandit, outlaw, and horse thief. '' The San Francisco Examiner wrote in an editorial, `` Cowboys ( are ) the most reckless class of outlaws in that wild country... infinitely worse than the ordinary robber. '' At that time during the 1880s in Cochise County, it was an insult to call a legitimate cattleman a `` Cowboy ''. The Cowboys teamed up for various crimes and came to each other 's aid. Virgil Earp thought that some of the Cowboys had met at Charleston, Arizona, and taken `` an oath over blood drawn from the arm of Johnny Ringo, the leader, that they would kill us. '' The Earps as lawmen ( edit ) Among the lawmen involved in the O.K. Corral shooting, only Virgil had any real experience in combat, and he had far more experience than any of his brothers as a sheriff, constable, and marshal. The Earps ' work as lawmen was not welcomed by the Cowboys, who viewed the Earps as badge - toting tyrants who ruthlessly enforced the business interests of the town. In direct conflict with the Earps ' roles as lawmen, Johnny Behan was Cochise County Sheriff. Virgil Earp had served for three years during the Civil War and had also been involved in a police shooting in Prescott, Arizona Territory. He was appointed Deputy U.S. Marshal for eastern Pima County by U.S. Marshal Crawley Dake, on November 27, 1879, before the Earps arrived in Tombstone on December 1, 1879. He was appointed acting Tombstone 's town marshal ( or police chief ) on September 30, 1880, after popular Tombstone town marshal Fred White was shot and killed by Curly Bill Brocius. Only a few days later, Virgil ran for the office on November 12, 1880 but lost to Ben Sippy. However, on June 6, 1881, Sippy asked for a two - week leave of absence. The city soon discovered $3,000 in financial improprieties in Sippy 's records. A few days later Virgil was appointed as town marshal in his place. At the time of the gunfight, Virgil was both Deputy U.S. Marshal and town marshal. The city suspended him as town marshal after Ike Clanton filed murder charges, and after he was wounded in an assassination attempt on December 29, 1881, Wyatt replaced him as Deputy U.S. Marshal. After Wyatt Earp first arrived in Tombstone, his business efforts yielded little profit, and he took a job as a stagecoach shotgun messenger for Wells Fargo, guarding shipments of silver bullion. On July 28, 1880 Wyatt was appointed Pima County Deputy Sheriff. He held this position for only three months until after the election of November 9, 1880, when he resigned. When Virgil was maimed by an assassination attempt, Wyatt was appointed Deputy U.S. Marshal in his place. He held that position until he left Cochise County in April 1882. Wyatt Earp was an imposing, handsome man : blond, 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) tall, weighing about 165 to 170 pounds ( 75 to 77 kg ), broad - shouldered, long - armed, and muscular. He had been a boxer and was reputed to be an expert with a pistol. According to author Leo Silva, Earp showed no fear of any man. Wyatt had been an assistant marshal when he and policeman James Masterson, along with a few other citizens, fired their pistols at several cowboys who were fleeing town after shooting up a theater. A member of the group, George Hoyt ( sometimes spelled Hoy ), was shot in the arm and died of his wound a month later. Wyatt always claimed to have been the one to shoot Hoyt, although it could have been anyone among the lawmen. Wyatt had developed a reputation as a no - nonsense, hard - nosed lawman, but prior to the gunfight in October 1881, he had been involved in only one other shooting, in Dodge City, Kansas during the summer of 1878. The 1931 book Wyatt Earp : Frontier Marshal was a best - selling biography by Stuart N. Lake. It established Wyatt Earp 's role as a fearless lawman in the American Old West and the legend of the `` Gunfight at the O.K. Corral '' in the public consciousness. But Lake and many others in the popular media wildly exaggerated Wyatt 's role as the central figure in the gunfight. It was only discovered much later that Wyatt Earp : Frontier Marshal, based on eight interviews with Earp, was largely fictional. The book and later Hollywood portrayals embellished Wyatt 's reputation and magnified his mystique as a western lawman. Morgan Earp had no known experience with gunfighting prior to their arrival in Tombstone. While Wyatt was Pima County Deputy Sheriff on July 27, 1881, Morgan Earp took over his job as shotgun messenger for Wells Fargo. Morgan also occasionally assisted Virgil and at the time of the gunfight was wearing a deputy city marshal 's badge and drawing pay. Doc Holliday had a reputation as a gunman and had reportedly been in nine shootouts during his life, although it has only been verified that he killed three men. One well - documented episode occurred on July 19, 1879, when Holliday and his business partner, former deputy marshal John Joshua Webb, were seated in their saloon in Las Vegas, New Mexico. Former U.S. Army scout Mike Gordon got into a loud argument with one of the saloon girls that he wanted to take with him. Gordon stormed from the saloon and began firing his revolver into the building. Before Gordon could get off his second shot, Holliday killed him. Holliday was tried for the murder but acquitted, mostly based on the testimony of Webb. Holliday had saved Wyatt Earp 's life at one time and had become a close friend. He had been living in Prescott, Arizona Territory and making a living as a gambler since late 1879. There, he first met future Tombstone sheriff Johnny Behan, a sometime gambler and saloon owner. In late September 1880, Holliday followed the Earps to Tombstone. Rural Cowboys vs. Tombstone interests ( edit ) Further information : Cochise County Cowboys and Cochise County in the Old West Ike Clanton The ranch owned by Newman Haynes Clanton near Charleston, Arizona was believed to be the local center for the Cowboys ' illegal activities. Tom and Frank McLaury worked with the rustlers buying and selling stolen cattle. Many of the rural ranchers and Cowboys resented the growing influence of the city residents over county politics and law enforcement. The ranchers largely maintained control of the country outside Tombstone, due in large part to the sympathetic support of Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan, who favored the Cowboys and rural ranchers, and who also grew to intensely dislike the Earps. Behan tended to ignore the Earps ' complaints about the McLaurys ' and Clantons ' horse thieving and cattle rustling. The Earps were known to bend the law in their favor when it affected their gambling and saloon interests, which earned them further enmity with the Cowboy faction. Relevant law in Tombstone ( edit ) To reduce crime in Tombstone, on April 19, 1881, the city council passed ordinance 9, requiring anyone carrying a bowie knife, dirk, pistol or rifle to deposit their weapons at a livery or saloon soon after entering town. The ordinance was the legal basis for City Marshal Virgil Earp 's decision to confront the Cowboys on the day of the shootout. Smuggling and stock thefts ( edit ) For more details on the ambush and murder of outlaw Cowboys, see Guadalupe Canyon Massacre. In the borderlands south of Tombstone there was only one passable route between Arizona and Mexico, a passage known as Guadalupe Canyon. In August 1881, 15 Mexicans carrying gold, coins and bullion to make their purchases were ambushed and killed in Skeleton Canyon. The next month Mexican Commandant Felipe Neri dispatched troops to the border, where they killed five Cowboys, including Old Man Clanton, in Guadalupe Canyon. The Earps knew that the McLaurys and Clantons were reputed to be mixed up in the robbery and murder in Skeleton Canyon. Wyatt Earp said in his testimony after the shootout, `` I naturally kept my eyes open and did not intend that any of the gang should get the drop on me if I could help it. '' Earp loses Sheriff 's office to Behan ( edit ) For more details on his service as a lawman in Tombstone, see Johnny Behan. Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell appointed Wyatt Earp as deputy sheriff over eastern Pima County On July 27, 1880, Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell, whose offices were in the county seat of Tucson, appointed Wyatt Earp as deputy sheriff. On October 28, 1880, Tombstone Town Marshal Fred White attempted to disarm some late - night revelers who were shooting their pistols in the air. When he attempted to disarm Curly Bill Brocius, the gun discharged, striking White in the abdomen. Wyatt saw the shooting and pistol - whipped Brocius, knocking him unconscious, and arrested him. Wyatt later told his biographer John Flood that he thought Brocius was still armed at the time, and did n't see Brocius ' pistol on the ground. Brocius waived the preliminary hearing so he and his case could be immediately transferred to Tucson. Wyatt and a deputy took Brocius in a wagon the next day to Tucson to stand trial, possibly saving him from being lynched. Wyatt testified that he thought the shooting was accidental. It was also demonstrated that Brocius ' pistol could be fired from half - cock. Fred White left a statement before he died two days later that the shooting was not intentional. Based on the evidence presented, Brocius was not charged with White 's death. The Tombstone council convened and appointed Virgil Earp as `` temporary assistant city marshal '' to replace White for a salary of $100 per month until an election could be held on November 12. For the next few weeks, Virgil represented federal and local law enforcement and Wyatt represented Pima County. In the November 2, 1880 election for Pima County sheriff, Democrat Shibell ran against Republican Bob Paul, who was expected to win. Votes arrived as late as November 7, and Shibell was unexpectedly reelected. He immediately appointed Johnny Behan as the new deputy sheriff for eastern Pima County, a job that Wyatt wanted. A controversy ensued when Paul uncovered ballot - stuffing by Cowboys and he sued to overturn the election. Paul finally became sheriff in April 1881, but it was too late to reappoint Wyatt Earp as deputy sheriff because on January 1, 1881, the eastern portion of Pima County containing Tombstone had been split off into the new Cochise County, which would need its own sheriff, based in the county 's largest city, Tombstone. This position was filled by a political appointment from the governor, and Wyatt and Behan both wanted the job. The Cochise County sheriff 's position was worth more than $40,000 a year ( about $992,690 today ) because the office holder was also county assessor and tax collector, and the board of supervisors allowed him to keep ten percent of the amounts paid. Behan utilized his existing position and his superior political connections to successfully lobby for the position. He also promised Wyatt a position as his undersheriff if he was appointed over Wyatt. Wyatt withdrew from the political contest and the governor and legislature appointed Behan to the job of Cochise County sheriff on February 10, 1881. Behan reneged on his deal with Earp and appointed Harry Woods as undersheriff instead. Behan said he broke his promise to appoint Earp because Wyatt Earp used Behan 's name to threaten Ike Clanton when Wyatt recovered his stolen horse from Clanton. Earp conflicts with Cowboys ( edit ) Tensions between the Earp family and both the Clanton and McLaury clans increased through 1881. On July 25, 1880, Captain Joseph H. Hurst, of Company A, 12th Infantry, and Commanding Officer of Fort Bennett, asked Deputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp to help him track Cowboys who had stolen six U.S. Army mules from Camp Rucker. This was a federal matter because the animals were U.S. property. Hurst brought four soldiers, and Virgil invited Wyatt and Morgan Earp, as well as Wells Fargo agent Marshall Williams. The posse found the mules on the McLaury 's Ranch on Babacomari Creek, northwest of Tombstone, as well as the branding iron used to change the `` US '' brand to `` D8 ''. To avoid bloodshed, Cowboy Frank Patterson promised Hurst they would return the mules and Hurst persuaded the posse to withdraw. Hurst went to nearby Charleston, but the Cowboys showed up two days later without the mules, laughing at Hurst and the Earps. In response, Hurst had printed and distributed a handbill in which he named Frank McLaury as specifically assisting with hiding the mules. He reprinted this in The Tombstone Epitaph on July 30, 1880. Virgil later said that McLaury had asked him if he had posted the handbills. When Virgil said he had not, McLaury said if Virgil had printed the handbills it was Frank 's intention to kill Virgil. He warned Virgil, `` If you ever again follow us as close as you did, then you will have to fight anyway. '' This incident was the first run - in between the Clantons and McLaurys and the Earps. March stagecoach robbery and murder ( edit ) A Kinnear Express stagecoach operating from Tombstone to Bisbee in the 1880s. This thoroughbrace stagecoach used thick leather straps to support the body of the carriage and serve as shock - absorbing springs. On the evening of March 15, 1881, a Kinnear & Company stagecoach carrying US $26,000 in silver bullion ( about $645,248 in today 's dollars ) was en route from Tombstone to Benson, Arizona, the nearest freight terminal. Bob Paul, who had run for Pima County Sheriff and was contesting the election he lost due to ballot - stuffing, was temporarily working once again as the Wells Fargo shotgun messenger. He had taken the reins and driver 's seat in Contention City because the usual driver, a well - known and popular man named Eli `` Budd '' Philpot, was ill. Philpot was riding shotgun. Near Drew 's Station, just outside Contention City, a man stepped into the road and commanded them to `` Hold! '' Three Cowboys attempted to rob the stage. Paul, in the driver 's seat, fired his shotgun and emptied his revolver at the robbers, wounding a Cowboy later identified as Bill Leonard in the groin. Philpot, riding shotgun, and passenger Peter Roerig, riding in the rear dickey seat, were both shot and killed. The horses spooked and Paul was n't able to bring the stage under control for almost a mile, leaving the robbers with nothing. Paul, who normally rode shotgun, later said he thought the first shot killing Philpot had been meant for him. Suspects identified ( edit ) Wyatt Earp and Bat Masterson in 1876 as lawmen in Dodge City, Kansas Deputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp, along with temporary federal deputies Wyatt and Morgan Earp, Wells Fargo agent Marshall Williams, former Kansas Sheriff Bat Masterson ( who was dealing faro at the Oriental Saloon ), and County Sheriff Behan set out to find the robbers. Wells Fargo issued a wanted poster offering a US $3,600 ( $1,200 per robber ) reward for capture of the robbers, dead or alive. Robbery of a mail - carrying stagecoach was both a federal crime and territorial crime, and the posse consisted of both county and federal authorities and deputies. The posse trailed the robbers to a nearby ranch where they found a drifter named Luther King. He would n't tell who his confederates were until the posse lied and told him that Doc Holliday 's girlfriend had been shot. Fearful of Holliday 's reputation, he confessed to holding the reins of the robbers ' horses, and identified Bill Leonard, Harry `` The Kid '' Head and Jim Crane as the robbers. They were all known Cowboys and rustlers. Behan and Williams escorted King back to Tombstone. Suspect escapes Behan 's jail ( edit ) Somehow King walked in the front door of the jail and a few minutes later out the back. King had arranged with Undersheriff Harry Woods ( publisher of the Nugget ) to sell the horse he had been riding to John Dunbar, Sheriff Behan 's partner in the Dexter Livery Stable. On March 19, King conveniently escaped while Dunbar and Woods were making out the bill - of - sale. Woods claimed that someone had deliberately unlocked a secured back door to the jail. The Earps and the townspeople were furious at King 's easy escape. Williams was later dismissed from Wells Fargo, leaving behind a number of debts, when it was determined he had been stealing from the company for years. Earp pursues suspects ( edit ) The Earps pursued the other two men for 17 days, riding for 60 hours without food and 36 hours without water, during which Bob Paul 's horse died, and Wyatt and Morgan 's horses became so weak, that the two men walked 18 miles ( 29 km ) back to Tombstone to obtain new horses. After pursuing the Cowboys for over 400 miles ( 640 km ) they could not obtain more fresh horses and were forced to give up the chase. They returned to Tombstone on April 1. Behan submitted a bill for $796.84 to the county for posse expenses, but he refused to reimburse the Earps for any of their costs. Virgil was incensed. They were finally reimbursed by Wells, Fargo & Co. later on, but the incident caused further friction between county and federal law enforcement, and between Behan and the Earps. Wyatt offers Ike reward money ( edit ) After he was passed over by Johnny Behan for the position of undersheriff, Wyatt thought he might beat him in the next Cochise County election in late 1882. He thought catching the murderers of Bud Philpot and Peter Roerig would help him win the sheriff 's office. Wyatt later said that on June 2, 1881 he offered the Wells, Fargo & Co. reward money and more to Ike Clanton if he would provide information leading to the capture or death of the stage robbers. According to Wyatt, Ike was initially interested, but the plan was foiled when the three suspects -- Leonard, Head and Crane -- were killed in unrelated incidents. Ike began to fear that word of his possible cooperation had leaked, threatening to compromise his standing among the Cowboys. Undercover Wells Fargo Company agent M. Williams suspected a deal, and said something to Ike, who was fearful that other Cowboys might learn of his double - cross. Ike now began to threaten Wyatt and Doc Holliday ( who had learned of the deal ) for apparently revealing Ike 's willingness to help arrest his friends. Earp, Cowboy fallout ( edit ) The fallout over the Cowboys ' attempt to implicate Holliday and the Earps in the robbery, along with Behan 's involvement in King 's escape, was the beginning of increasingly bad feelings between the Earp brothers and Cowboy factions. Earp and Behan attracted to Josephine Marcus ( edit ) Wyatt Earp and Cochise County sheriff Johnny Behan were interested in the same sheriff 's position and also may have shared an interest in the same woman, Josephine Marcus, known as Sadie. Citizens of Tombstone believed that Behan and Marcus were married, but Behan was a known womanizer and had sex with prostitutes and other women. Marcus ended the relationship after she came home and found Behan in bed with the wife of a friend and kicked him out, although she used the Behan surname through the end of that summer. She rented her home sometime before April 1881 to a doctor, George Goodfellow. Wyatt Earp was still living with his common - law wife, Mattie Blaylock, who was listed as his wife in the 1880 census, but she had a growing addiction to the opiate laudanum. There are no contemporary Tombstone records that indicate a relationship between Marcus and Earp, but Earp certainly knew her, because both Behan and Earp had offices above the Crystal Palace Saloon. Sadie, traveling as either Mrs. J.C. Earp or Mrs. Wyatt Earp, left for Los Angeles on March 25, 1882, and then returned to her family in San Francisco. In July 1882, Wyatt left Colorado and went to San Francisco, where he sought out Sadie and his brother Virgil, who was seeking treatment for his arm. In February or March 1883, Sadie and Earp left San Francisco for Gunnison, where Earp ran a Faro bank until he received a request in April for assistance from Luke Short in Dodge City. Sadie was his common - law wife for the next 46 years. September stage holdup ( edit ) Tensions between the Earps and the McLaurys further increased when another passenger stage on the ' Sandy Bob Line ' in the Tombstone area, bound for Bisbee, was held up on September 8, 1881. The masked bandits robbed all of the passengers of their valuables since the stage was not carrying a strongbox. During the robbery, the driver heard one of the robbers describe the money as `` sugar '', a phrase known to be used by Frank Stilwell. Stilwell had until the prior month been a deputy for Sheriff Behan but had been fired for `` accounting irregularities ''. Tom McLaury Wyatt and Virgil Earp rode with a sheriff 's posse and tracked the Bisbee stage robbers. Virgil had been appointed Tombstone 's town marshal ( i.e., chief of police ) on June 6, 1881, after Ben Sippy abandoned the job. However, Virgil at the same time continued to hold his position of deputy U.S. marshal, and it was in this federal capacity that he continued to chase robbers of stage coaches outside Tombstone city limits. At the scene of the holdup, Wyatt discovered an unusual boot print left by someone wearing a custom - repaired boot heel. The Earps checked a shoe repair shop in Bisbee known to provide widened boot heels and were able to link the boot print to Stilwell. Stilwell and Spence arrests ( edit ) Frank Stilwell had just arrived in Bisbee with his livery stable partner, Pete Spence, when the two were arrested by Deputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp for the holdup. Both were friends of Ike Clanton and the McLaurys. At the preliminary hearing, Stilwell and Spence were able to provide several witnesses who supported their alibis. Judge Spicer dropped the charges for insufficient evidence just as he had done for Doc Holliday earlier in the year. Released on bail, Spence and Stilwell were re-arrested October 13 by Marshal Virgil Earp for the Bisbee robbery on a new federal charge of interfering with a mail carrier. The newspapers, however, reported that they had been arrested for a different stage robbery that occurred on October 8 near Contention City. Ike and other Cowboys believed the new arrest was further evidence that the Earps were illegally persecuting the Cowboys. They told the Earps that they could expect retaliation. While Virgil and Wyatt were in Tucson for the federal hearing on the charges against Spence and Stilwell, Frank McLaury confronted Morgan Earp. He told him that the McLaurys would kill the Earps if they tried to arrest Spence, Stilwell, or the McLaurys again. The Tombstone Epitaph reported `` that since the arrest of Spence and Stilwell, veiled threats ( are ) being made that the friends of the accused will ' get the Earps. ' '' Cowboys accuse Holliday of robbery ( edit ) Milt Joyce, a county supervisor and owner of the Oriental Saloon, had a contentious relationship with Doc Holliday. In October 1880, Holliday had trouble with a gambler named Johnny Tyler in Milt Joyce 's Oriental Saloon. Tyler had been hired by a competing gambling establishment to drive customers from the Oriental Saloon. Holliday challenged Tyler to a fight, but Tyler ran. Joyce did not like Holliday or the Earps and he continued to argue with Holliday. Joyce ordered Holliday removed from the saloon but would not return Holliday 's revolver. But Holliday returned carrying a double - action revolver. Milt brandished a pistol and threatened Holliday, but Holliday shot Joyce in the palm, disarming him, and then shot Joyce 's business partner William Parker in the big toe. Joyce then hit Holliday over the head with his revolver. Holliday was arrested and pleaded guilty to assault and battery. Holliday and his on - again, off - again mistress Big Nose Kate had many fights. After a particularly nasty, drunken argument, Holliday kicked her out. County Sheriff John Behan and Milt Joyce saw an opportunity and exploited the situation. They plied Big Nose Kate with more booze and suggested to her a way to get even with Holliday. She signed an affidavit implicating Holliday in the attempted stagecoach robbery and murders. Holliday was a good friend of Bill Leonard, a former watchmaker from New York, one of three men implicated in the robbery. Judge Wells Spicer issued an arrest warrant for Holliday. The Earps found witnesses who could attest to Holliday 's location at the time of the murders and Kate sobered up, revealing that Behan and Joyce had influenced her to sign a document she did n't understand. With the Cowboy plot revealed, Spicer freed Holliday. The district attorney threw out the charges, labeling them `` ridiculous. '' Doc gave Kate some money and put her on a stage out of town. Ike Clanton 's conflict with Doc Holliday ( edit ) Wyatt Earp testified after the gunfight that five or six weeks prior he had met Ike Clanton outside the Alhambra Hotel. Ike told Wyatt that Doc Holliday had told him he knew of Ike 's meetings with Wyatt and about Ike providing information on Head, Leonard, and Crane, as well as their attempted robbery of the stage. Ike now accused Earp of telling Holliday about these conversations. Earp testified that he told Ike he had not told Holliday anything. Wyatt Earp offered to prove this when Holliday and the Clantons next returned to town. A month later, the weekend before the shootout, Morgan Earp, concerned about possible trouble with the Cowboys, brought Doc Holliday back from a fiesta celebration in Tucson where Holliday had been gambling. Upon his return, Wyatt Earp asked Holliday about Ike 's accusation. On the morning of Tuesday, October 25, 1881, the day before the gunfight, Ike Clanton and Tom McLaury drove 10 miles ( 16 km ) in a spring wagon from Chandler 's Milk Ranch at the foot of the Dragoon Mountains to Tombstone. They were in town to sell a large number of beef stock, most of them owned by the McLaurys. Seeing Ike Clanton in the Alhambra Saloon around midnight, Holliday confronted Ike, accusing him of lying about their previous conversations. They got into a heated argument. Wyatt Earp ( who was not wearing a badge ) encouraged his brother, Tombstone Deputy City Marshal Morgan Earp, to intervene. Morgan escorted Holliday out onto the street and Ike, who had been drinking steadily, followed them. City Marshal Virgil Earp arrived a few minutes later and threatened to arrest both Holliday and Clanton if they did not stop arguing. Ike and Wyatt talked again a few minutes later, and Ike threatened to confront Holliday in the morning. Ike told Earp that the fighting talk had been going on for a long time and that he intended to put an end to it. Ike told Earp, `` I will be ready for you in the morning. '' Wyatt Earp walked over to the Oriental Saloon and Ike followed him. Ike sat down to have another drink, his revolver in plain sight, and told Earp `` You must not think I wo n't be after you all in the morning. '' Morning of the gunfight ( edit ) Events leading up to the Ike Clanton court hearing ( edit ) O.K. Corral after a fire in 1882 After Holliday 's confrontation with Ike Clanton, Wyatt Earp took Holliday back to his room at Camillus Sidney `` Buck '' Fly 's Lodging House to sleep off his drinking, then went home and to bed. Tombstone Marshal Virgil Earp played cards with Ike Clanton, Tom McLaury, Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan and a fifth man ( unknown to Ike and to history ), until morning. At about dawn on October 26, the card game broke up and Behan and Virgil Earp went home to bed. Ike Clanton testified later he saw Virgil take his six - shooter out of his lap and stick it in his pants when the game ended. Not having rented a room, Tom McLaury and Ike Clanton had no place to go. Shortly after 8 : 00 am barkeeper E.F. Boyle spoke to Ike Clanton in front of the telegraph office. Clanton had been drinking all night and Boyle encouraged him to get some sleep, but Ike insisted he would not go to bed. Boyle later testified he noticed Ike was armed and covered his gun for him. Boyle later said that Ike told him, `` ' As soon as the Earps and Doc Holliday showed themselves on the street, the ball would open -- that they would have to fight '... I went down to Wyatt Earp 's house and told him that Ike Clanton had threatened that when him and his brothers and Doc Holliday showed themselves on the street that the ball would open. '' Ike said in his testimony afterward that he remembered neither meeting Boyle nor making any such statements that day. Later in the morning, Ike picked up his rifle and revolver from the West End Corral, where he had deposited his weapons and stabled his wagon and team after entering town. By noon that day, Ike was still drinking and once again armed, in violation of the city ordinance against carrying firearms in the city. He told others he was looking for Holliday or an Earp. At about 1 : 00 pm, Virgil and Morgan Earp surprised Ike on 4th Street where Virgil pistol whipped him from behind. Disarming him, the Earps took Ike to appear before Judge Wallace for violating the ordinance. Wyatt waited with Clanton while Virgil went to find Judge Wallace so the court hearing could be held. Ike Clanton court hearing ( edit ) Morgan Earp While Wyatt waited for Virgil to return with Judge Wallace, witnesses overheard Wyatt tell Clanton, `` you cattle thieving son - of - a-bitch, and you know that I know you are a cattle thieving son - of - a-bitch, you 've threatened my life enough, and you 've got to fight! '', and Ike Clanton made the remark, `` Fight is my racket, and all I want is four feet of ground! '' Ike reported in his testimony afterward that Wyatt Earp cursed him. He said Wyatt, Virgil and Morgan offered him his rifle and to fight him right there in the courthouse, which Ike declined. Ike also denied ever threatening the Earps. Ike was fined $25 plus court costs and after paying the fine left unarmed. Virgil told Ike he would leave Ike 's confiscated rifle and revolver at the Grand Hotel, which was favored by Cowboys when in town. Ike testified that he picked up the weapons from William Soule, the jailer, a couple of days later. Tom McLaury 's concealed weapon ( edit ) Pete Spence, an alias for Elliot Larkin Ferguson, in an 1893 Yuma Penitentiary prison mugshot Outside the court house where Ike was being fined, Wyatt almost walked into 28 year - old Tom McLaury as the two men were brought up short nose - to - nose. Tom, who had arrived in town the day before, was required by the well - known city ordinance to deposit his pistol when he first arrived in town. When Wyatt demanded, `` Are you heeled or not? '', McLaury said he was not armed. Wyatt testified that he saw a revolver in plain sight on the right hip of Tom 's pants. As an unpaid deputy marshal for Virgil, Wyatt habitually carried a pistol in his waistband, as was the custom of that time. Witnesses reported that Wyatt drew his revolver from his coat pocket and pistol whipped Tom McLaury with it twice, leaving him prostrate and bleeding on the street. Saloon - keeper Andrew Mehan testified at the Spicer hearing afterward that he saw McLaury deposit a revolver at the Capital Saloon sometime between 1 -- 2 : 00 pm, after the confrontation with Wyatt, which Mehan also witnessed. Wyatt said in his deposition afterward that he had been temporarily acting as city marshal for Virgil the week before while Virgil was in Tucson for the Pete Spence and Frank Stilwell trial. Wyatt said that he still considered himself a deputy city marshal, which Virgil later confirmed. Since Wyatt was an off - duty officer, he could not legally search or arrest Tom for carrying a revolver within the city limits - -- a misdemeanor offense. Only Virgil or one of his city police deputies, including Morgan Earp and possibly Warren Earp, could search him and take any required action. Wyatt, a non-drinker, testified at the Spicer hearing that he went to Haffords and bought a cigar and went outside to watch the Cowboys. At the time of the gunfight about two hours later, Wyatt could not know if Tom was still armed. It was early afternoon by the time Ike and Tom had seen doctors for their head wounds. The day was chilly, with snow still on the ground in some places. Both Tom and Ike had spent the night gambling, drinking heavily, and without sleep. Now they were both out - of - doors, both wounded from head beatings, and at least Ike was still drunk. More Cowboys enter town ( edit ) Frank McLaury At around 1 : 30 -- 2 : 00 pm, after Tom had been pistol - whipped by Wyatt, Ike 's 19 - year - old younger brother Billy Clanton and Tom 's older brother Frank McLaury arrived in town. They had heard from their neighbor, Ed `` old man '' Frink, that Ike had been stirring up trouble in town overnight, and they had ridden into town on horseback to back up their brothers. They arrived from Antelope Springs, 13 miles ( 21 km ) east of Tombstone, where they had been rounding up stock with their brothers and had breakfasted with Ike and Tom the day before. Both Frank and Billy were armed with a revolver and a rifle, as was the custom for riders in the country outside Tombstone. Apache warriors had engaged the U.S. Army near Tombstone just three weeks before the O.K. Corral gunfight, so the need for weapons outside of town was well established and accepted. Billy and Frank stopped first at the Grand Hotel on Allen Street, and were greeted by Doc Holliday. They learned immediately after of their brothers ' beatings by the Earps within the previous two hours. The incidents had generated a lot of talk in town. Angrily, Frank said he would not drink, and he and Billy left the saloon immediately to seek Tom. By law, both Frank and Billy should have left their firearms at the Grand Hotel. Instead, they remained fully armed. Virgil and Wyatt Earp 's reactions ( edit ) Wyatt said that he saw Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury in Spangenberger 's gun and hardware store on 4th Street filling their gun belts with cartridges. Ike testified afterward that Tom was not there and that he had tried to buy a new revolver but the owner saw Ike 's bandaged head and refused to sell him one. Ike apparently had not heard Virgil tell him that his confiscated weapons were at the Grand Hotel around the corner from Spangenberger 's shop. When Virgil Earp learned that Wyatt was talking to the Cowboys at Spangenberg 's gun shop, he went there himself. Virgil testified afterward that he thought he saw all four men, Ike Clanton, Billy Clanton, Frank McLaury, and Tom McLaury, buying cartridges. Virgil went around the corner on Allen Street to the Wells Fargo office, where he picked up a 10 - gauge or 12 - gauge, short, double - barreled shotgun. It was an unusually cold and windy day in Tombstone, and Virgil was wearing a long overcoat. To avoid alarming Tombstone 's public, Virgil hid the shotgun under his overcoat when he returned to Hafford 's Saloon. From Spangenberg 's, the Cowboys moved to the O.K. Corral where witnesses overheard them threatening to kill the Earps. For unknown reasons the Cowboys then walked out the back of the O.K. Corral and then west, stopping in a narrow, empty lot next to C.S. Fly 's boarding house. Virgil initially avoided a confrontation with the newly arrived Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton, who had not yet deposited their weapons at a hotel or stable as the law required. The statute was not specific about how far a recently arrived visitor might `` with good faith, and within reasonable time '' travel into town while carrying a firearm. This permitted a traveler to keep his firearms if he was proceeding directly to a livery, hotel or saloon. The three main Tombstone corrals were all west of 4th street between Allen and Fremont, a block or two from where Wyatt saw the Cowboys buying cartridges. Miner Ruben F. Coleman later told The Tombstone Epitaph : I was in the O.K. Corral at 2 : 30 p.m. when I saw the two Clantons and the two McLaurys in an earnest conversation across the street at Dunbar 's corral. I went up the street and notified Sheriff Behan and told them it was my opinion that they meant trouble, and it was his duty, as sheriff, to go and disarm them. I told him they had gone to the West End Corral. I then went and saw Marshal Virgil Earp and notified him to the same effect. Behan attempts to disarm Cowboys ( edit ) Johnny Behan Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan, a friend of the Cowboys, later testified that he woke up about 1 : 30 pm after the late - night card game, and went to get a shave at a barbershop. That 's where he first learned that the Cowboys were armed. Behan stated he quickly finished his shave and went to locate the Cowboys. At about 2 : 30 pm he found Frank McLaury holding a horse and talking to someone on Fourth Street near the corner of Fremont. When he saw Ike Clanton and Tom McLaury near C.S. Fly 's photography studio, he walked there with Frank. He told the Cowboys that they must give up their arms. Ike Clanton said he was not armed, and Tom McLaury pulled his coat open to show he was not carrying a weapon. The Cowboys were located in a narrow 15 -- 20 feet ( 4.6 -- 6.1 m ) lot between the Harwood house and Fly 's 12 - room boarding house and photography studio at 312 Fremont Street, where Doc Holliday roomed. Behan later said he attempted to persuade Frank McLaury to give up his weapons, but Frank insisted that he would only give up his guns after City Marshal Virgil Earp and his brothers were first disarmed. The Cowboys were about a block and a half from the West End Corral at 2nd Street and Fremont, where Ike and Tom 's wagon and team were stabled. Virgil Earp later testified that he thought Ike and Tom were stabled at the O.K. Corral on Allen between 3rd and 4th, from which he thought they would be departing if they were leaving town. While Ike Clanton later said he was planning to leave town, Frank McLaury reported that he had decided to remain behind to take care of some business. Will McLaury, Tom and Frank 's brother and a judge in Fort Worth, Texas, claimed in a letter he wrote during the preliminary hearing after the shootout that Tom and Frank were still armed because they were planning to conduct business before leaving town to visit him in Texas. He wrote that Billy Clanton, who had arrived on horseback with Frank, intended to go with the McLaurys to Fort Worth. Will McLaury came to Tombstone after the gun fight and joined the prosecution team in an attempt to convict the Earps and Holliday for his brothers ' murder. Paul Johnson told a different story, that the McLaurys were about to leave for Iowa to attend the wedding of their sister, Sarah Caroline, in Iowa. Tom and Frank were especially close to Sarah, one of their 14 siblings and half - siblings. Caroline married James Reed in Richland, Iowa at the end of November that year. Virgil decides to disarm Cowboys ( edit ) Citizens reported to Virgil on the Cowboys ' movements and their threats told him that Ike and Tom had left their livery stable and entered town while armed, in violation of the city ordinance. Virgil Earp was told by several citizens that the McLaurys and the Clantons had gathered on Fremont Street. Virgil decided he had to disarm the Cowboys. His decision to take action may have been influenced by the Cowboy 's repeated threats to the Earps, their proximity to Holliday 's room in Fly 's boarding house, and their location on the route the Earps usually took to their homes two blocks further west on Fremont Street. Several members of the citizen 's vigilance committee offered to support him with arms, but Virgil said no. He had during the prior month appointed Morgan as a Special Policeman. He had also appointed Wyatt as a Special Policeman while Virgil had been in Prescott on business. He had also called on Doc Holliday that morning for help with disarming the Clantons and McLaurys. Wyatt spoke of his brothers Virgil and Morgan as the `` marshals '' while he acted as `` deputy. '' Virgil Earp picked up the shotgun he had retrieved from the Wells Fargo office earlier. He gave the shotgun to Doc Holliday who hid it under his overcoat. He took Holliday 's walking - stick in return. As usual, the Earps carried their revolvers in their coat pockets or in their waistbands. Wyatt Earp was carrying a. 44 caliber American 1869 Smith & Wesson revolver. Holliday was carrying a nickel - plated pistol in a holster, but this was concealed by his long coat, as was the shotgun. The Earps and Holliday walked west, down the south side of Fremont Street past the rear entrance to the O.K. Corral, but out of visual range of the Cowboys ' last reported location. Near the corner of Fourth St. and Fremont St., the Earps ran into Sheriff Behan. He had left the Cowboys and came toward them, though he looked nervously backward several times. Virgil testified afterward that Behan told them, `` For God 's sake, do n't go down there or they will murder you! '' Wyatt said Behan told him and Morgan, `` I have disarmed them. '' Behan testified afterward that he 'd only said he 'd gone down to the Cowboys `` for the purpose of disarming them, '' not that he 'd actually disarmed them. One eye witness, laundryman Peter H. Fallehy, wrote in his testimony afterward that Virgil Earp told Behan, `` those men have made their threats and I will not arrest them but I will kill them on sight. '' When Behan said he had disarmed them, Virgil attempted to avoid a fight. `` I had a walking stick in my left hand and my hand was on my six - shooter in my waist pants, and when he said he had disarmed them, I shoved it clean around to my left hip and changed my walking stick to my right hand. '' Wyatt said I `` took my pistol, which I had in my hand, under my coat, and put it in my overcoat pocket. '' The Earps walked further down Fremont street and came into full view of the Cowboys in the lot. Wyatt testified he saw `` Frank McLaury, Tom McLaury, and Billy Clanton standing in a row against the east side of the building on the opposite side of the vacant space west of Fly 's photograph gallery. Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne and a man I do n't know ( Wes Fuller ) were standing in the vacant space about halfway between the photograph gallery and the next building west. '' Addie Bourland corroborated Wyatt 's testimony, stating that she saw `` five men opposite my house, leaning against a small house west of Fly 's Gallery and one man was holding a horse, standing a little out from the house. '' The gunfight ( edit ) Annotated 1886 fire map of Tombstone indicating the actual shootout location ( in green ) and the O.K. Corral ( in yellow ) on the other side of the block Third St. in Tombstone, Arizona in 1909 from the roof of the Cochise County Courthouse. The O.K. Corral was located on Allen St., the first right turn off Third St. The white building at the center right is Schiefflin Hall on Fremont St. In the preceding weeks and hours, Ike Clanton had repeatedly threatened Doc Holliday and the Earps. The Earps were tired of the threats. Martha J. King was in Bauer 's butcher shop on Fremont Street. She testified that when the Earp party passed by her location, one of the Earps on the outside of the group looked across and said to Doc Holliday nearest the store, ``... let them have it! '' to which Holliday replied, `` All right. '' Physical proximity ( edit ) When the Earps approached the lot, the four law men were initially facing five Cowboys : Frank McLaury, Tom McLaury, Billy Clanton, Wes Fuller, and Ike Clanton. The Cowboys stepped away from the Harwood house. In testimony given by witnesses afterward, they disagreed about the precise location of the men and animals at the beginning of the gunfight and during. The coroner 's inquest and the Spicer hearing produced a sketch showing the Cowboys standing, from left to right facing Fremont Street, with Billy Clanton and then Frank McLaury near the Harwood house and Tom McLaury and Ike Clanton roughly in the middle of the lot. Opposite them and initially only about 6 to 10 feet ( 1.8 to 3.0 m ) away, Virgil Earp was on the left end of the Earp party, standing a few feet inside the vacant lot and nearest Ike Clanton. Behind him a few feet near the corner of C.S. Fly 's boarding house was Wyatt. Morgan Earp was standing on Fremont Street to Wyatt 's right, and Doc Holliday anchored the end of their line in Fremont Street, a few feet to Morgan 's right. Wyatt Earp drew a sketch in 1924 and another with John Flood on September 15, 1926 that depicted Billy Clanton near the middle of the lot, close to the Harwood house. Tom and Frank McLaury stood deeper in the lot. Frank was in the center between the two buildings, holding the reins of his horse. Tom was closer to C.S. Fly 's boarding house. According to Wyatt 's sketches, Morgan was on the right of the lawmen, close to the Harwood house, opposite Billy Clanton near the Harwood house and close to Fremont St. Virgil was deeper in the lot, opposite Frank and Ike Clanton. Wyatt was to Virgil 's left, opposite Tom. Doc Holliday hung back a step or two on Fremont Street. Neither of Wyatt 's sketches included Ike Clanton or Billy Clairborne, who ran from the fight. Gun battle Begins ( edit ) Wyatt Earp 19 months after the famous gunfight, during the bloodless Dodge City War Virgil Earp was not expecting a fight. Once Behan said that he 'd disarmed the Cowboys, Virgil traded the short, double - barreled shotgun he was carrying for Holliday 's cane. Virgil carried the cane in his right hand and shifted the pistol in his waistband from the right side to his left. Holliday concealed the short shotgun under his long jacket. Wyatt too was not expecting a fight and put his pistol in his overcoat pocket. Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury wore revolvers in holsters on their belts and stood alongside their saddled horses with rifles in their scabbards, possibly in violation of the city ordinance prohibiting carrying weapons in town. When Virgil saw the Cowboys, he testified, he immediately commanded the Cowboys to `` Throw up your hands, I want your guns! '' Wyatt said Virgil told the Cowboys, `` Throw up your hands ; I have come to disarm you! '' Virgil and Wyatt both testified they saw Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton draw and cock their six - shooters. Virgil yelled : `` Hold! I do n't mean that! '' or `` Hold on, I do n't want that! '' The single - action revolvers carried by both groups had to be cocked before firing. Jeff Morey, who served as the historical consultant on the film Tombstone, compared testimony by partisan and neutral witnesses and came to the conclusion that the Earps described the situation accurately. Who started shooting first is not certain ; accounts by both participants and eyewitnesses are contradictory. The smoke from the black powder used in the weapons added to the confusion of the gunfight in the narrow space. Those loyal to one side or the other told conflicting stories, and independent eyewitnesses who did not know the participants by sight were unable to say for certain who shot first. The six or seven men with guns fired about 30 shots in around 30 seconds. First two shots Virgil Earp reported afterward, `` Two shots went off right together. Billy Clanton 's was one of them. '' Wyatt testified, `` Billy Clanton leveled his pistol at me, but I did not aim at him. I knew that Frank McLaury had the reputation of being a good shot and a dangerous man, and I aimed at Frank McLaury. '' He said he shot Frank McLaury after both he and Billy Clanton went for their revolvers : `` The first two shots were fired by Billy Clanton and myself, he shooting at me, and I shooting at Frank McLaury. '' Morey agreed that Billy Clanton and Wyatt Earp fired first. Clanton missed, but Earp shot Frank McLaury in the stomach. All witnesses generally agreed that the first two shots were almost indistinguishable from each other. General firing immediately broke out. Virgil and Wyatt thought Tom was armed. When shooting started, the horse that Tom McLaury held jumped to one side. Wyatt said he also saw Tom throw his hand to his right hip. Virgil said Tom followed the horse 's movement, hiding behind it, and fired once or twice over the horse 's back. Holliday shoots Tom According to one witness, Holliday drew a `` large bronze pistol '' ( interpreted by some as Virgil 's coach gun ) from under his long coat, stepped around Tom McLaury 's horse, and shot him with the double - barreled shotgun in the chest at close range. Witness C.H. `` Ham '' Light saw Tom running or stumbling westward on Fremont Street towards Third Street, away from the gunfight, while Frank and Billy were still standing and shooting. Light testified that Tom fell at the foot of a telegraph pole on the corner of Fremont and 3rd Street and lay there, without moving, through the duration of the fight. Fallehy also saw Tom stagger across the street until he fell on his back. After shooting Tom, Holliday tossed the empty shotgun aside, pulled out his nickel - plated revolver, and continued to fire at Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton. Ike Clanton runs Wyatt told the court afterward that Ike Clanton had bragged that he would kill the Earps or Doc Holliday at his first opportunity, but when the gunfight broke out, Clanton ran forward and grabbed him, exclaiming that he was unarmed and did not want a fight. To this protest Wyatt said he responded, `` Go to fighting or get away! '' Clanton ran through the front door of Fly 's boarding house and escaped, unwounded. Other accounts say that Ike drew a hidden pistol and fired at the Earps before disappearing. Billy Claiborne also ran from the fight. Billy Clanton shot According to The Tombstone Epitaph, `` Wyatt Earp stood up and fired in rapid succession, as cool as a cucumber, and was not hit. '' Morgan Earp fired almost immediately, as Billy Clanton drew his gun right - handed. Morgan 's shot hit Billy in the right wrist, disabling his hand. Forced to shift the revolver to his left hand, Clanton continued shooting until he emptied the gun. Virgil and Wyatt were now firing. Morgan Earp tripped and fell over a newly buried waterline and fired from the ground. Wyatt shot Frank McLaury in the abdomen, and Frank took his horse by its reins and struggled across Fremont Street. He tried and failed to grab his rifle from the scabbard but lost control of the horse. Frank crossed Fremont Street firing his revolver instead. Frank and Holliday exchanged shots as Frank moved across Fremont Street, and Frank hit Holliday in his pistol pocket, grazing him. Holliday followed him, exclaiming, `` That son of a bitch has shot me and I am going to kill him. '' Morgan Earp picked himself up and also fired at Frank. Frank fell to the sidewalk on the east side of Fremont Street. A number of witnesses observed a man leading a horse into the street and firing near it and Wyatt in his testimony thought this was Tom McLaury. Claiborne said only one man had a horse in the fight, and that this man was Frank, holding his own horse by the reins, then losing it and its cover, in the middle of the street. Wes Fuller also identified Frank as the man in the street leading the horse. Morgan Earp wounded Though wounded, Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury kept shooting. One of them, perhaps Billy, shot Morgan Earp across the back in a wound that struck both shoulder blades and a vertebra. Morgan went down for a minute before picking himself up. Either Frank or Billy shot Virgil Earp in the calf ( Virgil thought it was Billy ). Virgil, though hit, fired his next shot at Billy Clanton. Frank, now entirely across Fremont street and still walking at a good pace according to Claiborne 's testimony, fired twice more before he was shot in the head under his right ear. Both Morgan and Holliday apparently thought they had fired the shot that killed Frank, but since neither of them testified at the hearing, this information is only from second - hand accounts. A passerby testified to having stopped to help Frank, and saw Frank try to speak, but he died where he fell, before he could be moved. Billy Clanton was shot in the wrist, chest and abdomen, and after a minute or two slumped to a sitting position near his original position at the corner of the MacDonald house in the lot between the house and Fly 's Lodging House. Claiborne said Clanton was supported by a window initially after he was shot, and fired some shots after sitting, with the pistol supported on his leg. After he ran out of ammunition, he called for more cartridges, but C.S. Fly took his pistol at about the time the general shooting ended. A few moments later, Tom McLaury was carried from the corner of Fremont and Third into the Harwood house on that corner, where he died without speaking. Passersby carried Billy Clanton to the Harwood house, where Tom had been taken. Billy was in considerable pain and asked for a doctor and some morphine. He told those near him, `` They have murdered me. I have been murdered. Chase the crowd away and from the door and give me air. '' Billy gasped for air, and someone else heard him say, `` Go away and let me die. '' Ike Clanton, who had repeatedly threatened the Earps with death, was still running. William Cuddy testified that Ike passed him on Allen Street and Johnny Behan saw him a few minutes later on Toughnut Street. Outcome of the battle ( edit ) Ike Clanton, who had been threatening to kill the Earps for several months, including the day before, and Billy Claiborne were both unarmed. They ran from the fight unhurt. Wesley Fuller, a Cowboy who had been at the rear of the lot, left as soon as the firing began. Both Wyatt and Virgil believed Tom McLaury was armed and testified that he had fired at least one shot over the back of a horse. Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury exchanged gunfire with the lawmen. During the gunfight, Doc Holliday was bruised by a bullet fired by Frank that struck his holster and grazed his hip. Virgil Earp was shot through the calf, he thought by Billy Clanton. Morgan Earp was struck across both shoulder blades by a bullet that Morgan thought Frank McLaury had fired. Wyatt Earp was unhurt. Tom McLaury, his brother Frank, and Billy Clanton were killed. As the wounded lawmen were carried to their homes, they passed in front of the Sheriff 's Office, and Johnny Behan told Wyatt Earp he was under arrest. Wyatt paused two or three seconds and replied very forcibly : `` I wo n't be arrested today. I am right here and am not going away. '' Dr. George Goodfellow treated the Earps ' wounds. Cowboy wounds ( edit ) Dr. Henry M. Mathews examined the dead Cowboys late that night. He found Frank McLaury had two wounds : a gunshot beneath the right ear that horizontally penetrated his head, and a second entering his abdomen one inch to the left of his navel. Mathews stated that the wound beneath the ear was at the base of the brain and caused instant death. Sheriff Behan testified that he had heard Morgan Earp yell `` I got him '' after Frank was shot. However, during the gunfight, Frank moved across Fremont street, putting Holliday on Frank 's right and Morgan on his left. This makes it much more likely that Holliday shot the fatal round that killed Frank. When he examined Tom McLaury 's body, Mathews found twelve buckshot wounds from a single shotgun blast on the right side under his arm, between the third and fifth ribs. The wound was about four inches across. The nature and location of the wound indicated that it could not have been received if Tom 's hands were on his coat lapels as the Cowboys later testified. Both Virgil and Wyatt stated that Holliday had shot Tom, which the coroner 's exam supported. Dr. George Goodfellow testified about Billy Clanton 's wounds at the Spicer hearing. He stated that the angle of the wrist wound indicated that Billy 's hand could not have been raised over his head as claimed by Cowboy witnesses. In his coroner 's report, Mathews did not mention Billy 's arm wound, but witness Keefe, who examined the arm closely, testified later that Clanton was shot through the right arm, close to the wrist joint and `` the bullet passed through the arm from `` inside to outside, '' entering the arm close to the base of the thumb, and exiting `` on the back of the wrist diagonally '' with the latter wound larger. This indicated to the judge that Billy could not have been holding his coat 's lapels open, his arms raised, as the Cowboys testified. Dr. Mathews found two other wounds on Billy 's body. The first was two inches from Clanton 's left nipple, penetrated his lung. The other was in the abdomen beneath the twelfth rib, six inches to the right of the navel. Both were fired from the front. Neither passed completely through his body. The wound to Billy Clanton 's right wrist may have been inflicted by Morgan Earp or Doc Holliday immediately at the outset of the fight as Billy was drawing his gun. Weapons carried by the Cowboys ( edit ) Billy Clanton Billy Clanton was armed with Colt Frontier 1873 revolvers which were identified by their serial numbers at the Spicer hearing. C.S. Fly found Billy Clanton 's empty revolver in his hand where he lay and took it from him. Frank McLaury Frank McLaury was also armed with a Colt Frontier 1873 revolver which was recovered by laundryman Fallehy on the street about 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) feet from his body with two rounds remaining in it. Fallehy placed it next to Frank 's body before he was moved to the Harwood house. Dr. Mathews laid Frank 's revolver on the floor while he examined Billy and Tom. Cowboy witness Wes Fuller said he saw Frank in the middle of the street shooting a revolver and trying to remove a Winchester rifle from the scabbard on his horse. The two Model 1873 rifles were still in the scabbards on Frank and Tom McLaury 's horses when they were found after the gunfight. If, as was customary, Frank carried only five rounds, then he had fired only three shots. Tom McLaury Witnesses differed about whether Tom McLaury was carrying a weapon during the shootout or not. No revolver or rifle was found near his body and he was not wearing a cartridge belt. Wyatt testified that he had arrested Tom earlier that day when he found him carrying a weapon earlier in violation of a city ordinance. He pistol - whipped him and took him to the courthouse where he was fined. Saloon - keeper Mehan testified that Tom had deposited his revolver at the Capital Saloon on 4th Street and Fremont after his arrest and before the fight, between 1 and 2 p.m. Several Cowboy witnesses testified that Tom was unarmed and claimed that the Earps had murdered a defenseless man. Behan testified that when he searched Tom McLaury for a weapon prior to the gunfight, he was not thorough, and that Tom might have had a pistol hidden in his waistband. Behan 's testimony was significant, since he was a prime witness for the prosecution but had equivocated on this point. Behan 's sympathy to the Cowboys was well known, and during the trial he firmly denied he had contributed money to help Ike with his defense costs. However, documents were located in 1997 that showed Behan served as guarantor for a loan to Ike Clanton during the Spicer hearing. Since Wyatt planned to run against Behan for County Sheriff, Behan had an incentive to help convict Wyatt. A story in the Cowboy - friendly newspaper, the Nugget, stated without attribution that `` The Sheriff stepped out and said ( to the Earps ) : ' Hold up boys, do n't go down there or there will be trouble ; I have been down there to disarm them. ' '' In his testimony, Behan repeatedly insisted he told the Earps that he only intended to disarm the Cowboys, not that he had actually done so. The article said that Behan `` was standing near by commanding the contestants to cease firing but was powerless to prevent it. '' Given the Nugget 's close relationship to Behan ( it was owned by Behan 's deputy sheriff ), it is likely they interviewed him. By Williams ' account, Behan told Virgil Earp immediately after the gunfight a story that corroborated the Nugget report, which the newspaper altered afterward to a version that matched the story Behan later told at the coroner 's inquest. Though saloon - keeper Andrew Mehan had seen Tom deposit his pistol after his beating by Earp and before the gunfight, none of the Earps had any way of knowing that Tom had left his revolver at the saloon. Hotel keeper Albert `` Chris '' Billickie, whose father Charles owned the Cosmopolitan Hotel, saw Tom McLaury enter Bauer 's butcher shop about 2 : 00 p.m. He testified that Tom 's right - hand pants pocket was flat when he went in but protruded, as if it contained a pistol ( so he thought ), when he emerged. Retired army surgeon Dr. J.W. Gardiner also testified that he saw the bulge in Tom 's pants. However, the bulge in Tom 's pants pocket may have been the nearly $3,300 in cash and receipts found on his body, perhaps in payment for stolen Mexican beef purchased by the butcher. Wyatt and Virgil Earp and Doc Holliday believed that Tom had a revolver at the time of the gunfight. Wyatt thought Tom fired a revolver under the horse 's neck and believed until he died that Tom 's revolver had been removed from the scene by Wesley Fuller. Witness Fallehy wrote that he saw Morgan Earp and Doc Holliday shooting at a man who was using a horse to barricade himself, and once shot the man fell. In his statement, Fallehy wrote that the man still held his pistol in his hand. Although he did not see him shoot, he thought Tom McLaury was armed. Ruben F. Coleman also said afterward that he thought Tom was armed, though he later equivocated on this point. He was quoted in the October 27 issue of The Tombstone Epitaph in which he said, `` Tom McLaury fell first, but raised and fired again before he died. '' Coleman also testified at the coroner 's inquest one day later. Part - time newspaper reporter Howell ' Pat ' Hayhurst transcribed all of the testimony from the hearing in the early 1930s as part of the Federal Writers ' Project, in the Works Progress Administration. When he transcribed Coleman 's second testimony, he quoted Coleman as saying, `` Tom McLaury, after the first two shots were fired, ran down Fremont Street and fell... I think that the report I gave to the Epitaph was pretty near correct as published. '' However, it 's known that Hayhurst arbitrarily removed text that he decided was not relevant. Author Stuart N. Lake later said Hayhurst ' mutilated ' the transcription. The documents were subsequently lost and are still unaccounted for. Even if Tom was n't armed with a revolver, Virgil Earp testified Tom attempted to grab a rifle from the scabbard on the horse in front of him before he was killed. Judge Spicer ruled afterward that `` if Thomas McLaury was one of a party who were thus armed and were making felonious resistance to an arrest, and in the melee that followed was shot, the fact of his being unarmed, if it be a fact, could not of itself criminate the defendants ( Earps ), if they were not otherwise criminated. '' Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne both said they were unarmed when they fled the gunfight. Public reaction ( edit ) Tom McLaury, Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton ( left to right ) in the window of the undertakers. This is the only known photo of 19 - year - old Billy. Graves of Tom McLaury, Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton at Boot Hill The bodies of the three dead Cowboys were displayed in a window at Ritter and Reams undertakers with a sign : `` Murdered in the Streets of Tombstone. '' Sympathy for Cowboys ( edit ) The funerals for Billy Clanton ( age 19 ), Tom McLaury ( age 28 ) and his older brother Frank ( age 33 ) were well attended. About 300 people joined in the procession to Boot Hill and as many as two thousand watched from the sidewalks. Both McLaurys were buried in the same grave, and Billy Clanton was buried nearby. The story was widely printed in newspapers across the United States. Most versions favored the lawmen. The San Francisco Exchange headlines their story, `` A Good Riddance ''. Three days after the shootout, the ruling of the Coroner 's Jury convened by Dr. Henry Matthews neither condemned nor exonerated the lawmen for shooting the Cowboys. `` William Clanton, Frank and Thomas McLaury, came to their deaths in the town of Tombstone on October 26, 1881, from the effects of pistol and gunshot wounds inflicted by Virgil Earp, Morgan Earp, Wyatt Earp, and one -- Holliday, commonly called ' Doc Holliday '. '' Spicer hearings ( edit ) Main article : O.K. Corral hearing and aftermath Four days after the shootout, Ike Clanton filed murder charges against Doc Holliday and the Earps. Wyatt and Holliday were arrested and brought before Justice of the Peace, Wells Spicer. Morgan and Virgil were still recovering at home. Only Wyatt and Holliday were required to post $10,000 bail, which was paid by their attorney Thomas Fitch, local mine owner E.B. Gage, Wells Fargo undercover agent Fred Dodge, and other business owners appreciative of the Earps ' efforts to maintain order. Virgil Earp was suspended as town marshal pending the outcome of the trial. Justice Spicer convened a preliminary hearing on October 31 to determine if there was enough evidence to go to trial. The prosecution was led by Republican District Attorney Lyttleton Price, assisted by John M. Murphy, James Robinson, and Benoodrich. They were joined by William McLaury, Frank and Tom 's older brother, he also being an able attorney, who played a key role on the prosecutor 's team. The Earp 's attorney Thomas Fitch was an experienced trial lawyer and had earned a reputation as the `` silver - tongued orator of the Pacific. '' Spicer took written and oral testimony from a number of witnesses over more than a month. Accounts by both participants and eye - witnesses were contradictory. Those loyal to one side or the other told conflicting stories and independent eyewitnesses who did not know the participants by sight were unable to say for certain who shot first. Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan testified on the third day of the hearing. During two days on the stand, he gave strong testimony that the Cowboys had not resisted but either threw up their hands and turned out their coats to show they were not armed. Behan 's views turned public opinion against the Earps, who were free on bail. He and other prosecution witnesses testified that Tom McLaury was unarmed, that Billy Clanton had his hands in the air, and that neither of the McLaurys were troublemakers. They portrayed Ike Clanton and Tom McLaury as being unjustly bullied and beaten by the vengeful Earps on the day of the gunfight. On the strength of the prosecution case, Spicer revoked the bail for Doc and Wyatt Earp and had them jailed on November 7. They spent the next 16 days in jail. Defense accounts contradicted the testimony of Behan, Claiborne and Allen, who all said that a man had fired a nickel - plated pistol first. Claiborne and Allen both said it was Holliday. Virgil, Wyatt and other witnesses testified that Holliday was carrying a shotgun. ( Morgan remained bedridden throughout the trial and did not testify. ) The prosecution 's scenario would have required Holliday to fire with his pistol first, switch to the shotgun to shoot Tom McLaury, then switch back again to his pistol to continue firing. Three witnesses gave key evidence that swayed Justice Spicer to hold that Virgil had acted within his capacity as Sheriff and that there was insufficient evidence to indict the Earps and Doc Holliday for murder. H.F Sills was an AT&SF RR engineer who had just arrived in town and knew none of the parties involved. He testified that he saw `` the marshal go up and speak to this other party. I... saw them pull out their revolvers immediately. The marshal had a cane in his right hand at the time. He throwed up his hand and spoke. I did not hear the words though. By that time Billy Clanton and Wyatt Earp had fired their guns off. '' Grilled by the prosecution, he corroborated virtually all of the defense 's testimony. Addie Bourland was a dressmaker whose residence was across Fremont Street from Fly 's Boarding House. She testified that she saw both sides facing each other, that none of the Cowboys had held their hands up, that the firing was general, and that she had not seen Billy Clanton fall immediately as the Cowboys had testified. Judge J.H. Lucas of the Cochise County Probate Court had offices in the Mining Exchange Building about 200 feet ( 61 m ) from the shootout. Lucas ' corroborated Addie Bourland 's testimony that Billy Clanton was standing throughout the fight, which contradicted prosecution witnesses who maintained he went down immediately after being shot at close range in the belly. Spicer noted that no powder burns were found on his clothing. These witnesses ' testimony, especially that of H.F. Sills, a disinterested party, discredited much of the testimony given by Sheriff Johnny Behan, Ike Clanton and the other Cowboy witnesses. After hearing all the evidence, Justice Spicer ruled on November 30 that Virgil, as the lawman in charge that day, had acted within his office and that there was not enough evidence to indict the men. He described Frank McLaury 's insistence that he would not give up his weapons unless the marshal and his deputies also gave up their arms as a `` proposition both monstrous and startling! '' He noted that the prosecution claimed that the Cowboys ' purpose was to leave town, yet Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne did not have their weapons with them. Spicer noted that the doctor who examined the dead Cowboys established that the wounds they received could not have occurred if their hands and arms had been in the positions that prosecution witnesses described. Spicer did not condone all of the Earps ' actions and criticized Virgil Earp 's use of Wyatt and Holliday as deputies, but he concluded that no laws were broken. He said the evidence indicated that the Earps and Holliday acted within the law and that Holliday and Wyatt had been properly deputized by Virgil Earp. In popular culture ( edit ) The public perceptions were controversial concerning the Earp brothers ' actions, and especially those of Wyatt. Even today, the brothers have strongly opinionated admirers and detractors. Gunfight sketch ( edit ) A hand - drawn sketch of the gunfight was made by John Flood with Wyatt Earp 's assistance on September 15, 1921 ; it was sold at auction in October 2010 for $380,000. The map describes the position of a number of witnesses and all of the participants with the exception of Ike Clanton, who fled from the gunfight. Paintings ( edit ) In 1952, Victor Clyde Forsythe, a popular painter of desert scenes and cowboy artist, painted `` Gunfight at O.K. Corral '', a 43 by 60 inches ( 110 by 150 cm ) oil painting regarded by some as the most accurate depiction of the gunfight for many years. Forsythe 's father William Bowen Forsyth and uncle Ira Chandler owned the store Chandler & Forsyth C.O.D. at 328 Fremont Street, west of the back entrance to the O.K. Corral and half a block from the site of the gunfight. They claimed that they had been present and witnessed the shootout. Newspaper accounts of the painting reported that Forsythe had interviewed Tombstone residents and examined many of the existing buildings before beginning to plan his painting. In May 1988, his studio printed and sold a limited edition of 390 copies of the painting. John Gilchriese became friends with John Flood, who had been Wyatt Earp 's secretary, confidante, and best friend for many years. When Earp died, Flood inherited many of his personal belongings. Flood in turn willed them to Gilchriese, who amassed over a number of years one of the largest collections of personal items belonging to Wyatt and Virgil Earp, along with many unpublished photos of them and their family. Gilchriese opened the Wyatt Earp Museum in Tombstone in 1966 and commissioned Western artist Don Perceval to paint the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. The oil on masonite painting titled The Street Fight is 6 feet 4 inches by 4 feet ( 1.93 m by 1.22 m ). It was the largest work ever executed by Perceval. He referred to original documents in Gilchriese 's collection, including Wyatt Earp 's own diagram of the shootout, and unpublished notes made by John Flood, to create what is regarded as the most accurate depiction of the shootout. Gilchreise had 500 lithographic prints reproduced from the original, which Perceval signed. The prints were sold by the museum for $10. After Gilchriese closed his museum, the painting and other contents of the museum were sold at auction by John 's Western Gallery of San Francisco. The estimated auction price for the painting had been $200,000 to $300,000 ; the final sale price on June 25, 2004 was $40,250. It was put up for auction again on June 14, 2014 with an estimated selling price of $40,000 -- $60,000 but failed to sell. Origin of the gunfight 's name ( edit ) Less than a month after the shootout it was described by a local newspaper as the `` Gunfight at The O.K. Corral ''. Breakenridge in his 1928 book Helldorado : Bringing Law to the Mesquite as `` The Incident Near the O.K. Corral. '' Stuart Lake titled his chapter about the conflict `` At the O.K. Corral '' in his popular book Wyatt Earp : Frontier Marshal. But it was the popular movie Gunfight at the O.K. Corral that cemented the incident and its erroneous location in popular consciousness. The movie and accompanying mythologizing also altered the way that the public thought of the Earps and the outlaws. Prior to the movie, the media often criticized the Earps ' actions in Tombstone. In the movies, they became the good guys, always ready to stand for what is right. The incident has become a fixture in American history due to the personal nature of the feud between the Earps and the McLaury and Clanton brothers and the symbolism of the fight between lawmen and the Cowboys. The Cowboys maimed Virgil and murdered Morgan but escaped prosecution, and Wyatt 's extra-legal campaign for revenge captured people 's attention. The gunfight and its aftermath stand for the change overcoming America as the Western frontier ceased to exist, as a nation that was rapidly industrializing pushed out what had been a largely agrarian economy. Daily reenactment at the O.K. Corral The town of Tombstone has capitalized on interest in the gunfight. A portion of the town is a historical district that has been designated a National Historic Landmark and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places by the U.S. National Park Service. A local company produces daily theatrical re-enactments of the gunfight. Film and television ( edit ) With the widespread sales of televisions after World War II, producers spun out a large number of western - oriented shows. At the height of their popularity in 1959, there were more than two dozen `` cowboy '' programs on each week. At least six of them were directly or indirectly connected with Wyatt Earp : The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, Bat Masterson, Tombstone Territory, Broken Arrow, Johnny Ringo, and Gunsmoke. Hugh O'Brian portrayed Earp on the namesake show Wyatt Earp which ran for six seasons, and he was forever associated with that role. A 2003 episode of Discovery Channel 's Unsolved History used modern technology to attempt to re-enact the gunfight. They utilized a movie set to recreate a space similar to the lot where the original gun fight took place. They confirmed that the front - to - back wrist wound suffered by Billy Clanton could only have occurred if his arm was raised in the manner of one holding a pistol, and that the black powder may have obscured the shooters ' view of each other. The episode concluded that the three eyewitnesses for the prosecution ( Sheriff Behan, Ike Clanton, and Billy Clanton ) likely offered perjured testimony. They found that Tom McLaury may have been hit by the shotgun round under his armpit as he reached over his horse for a rifle in his scabbard, as the horse turned away from him at the same time. The stories about the gunfight written in the 20th century affected American culture. Numerous dramatic, fictional, and documentary works have been produced about or in reference to the event, with varying degrees of accuracy. These works include : Law and Order ( 1932 ) with Walter Huston Frontier Marshal ( 1934 ) with George O'Brien Dodge City ( 1939 ) with Errol Flynn Frontier Marshal ( 1939 ) with Randolph Scott Tombstone, the Town Too Tough to Die ( 1942 ) with Richard Dix My Darling Clementine ( 1946 ) with Henry Fonda Angel and the Badman ( 1947 ) with John Wayne The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp ( 1955 ), TV series with Hugh O'Brian Wichita ( 1955 ) with Joel McCrea Gunfight at the O.K. Corral ( 1957 ) with Burt Lancaster and Kirk Douglas Warlock ( 1959 ) with Henry Fonda, who had played Earp by name in My Darling Clementine ; he plays a fictionalized version named Clay Blaisdell in this film. Cheyenne Autumn ( 1964 ) with James Stewart Gunmen of the Rio Grande ( 1965 ) The Gunfighters ( 1966 ), a Doctor Who serial Hour of the Gun ( 1967 ) with James Garner `` Spectre of the Gun '' ( 1968 ), an original Star Trek episode Doc ( 1971 ) written by Pete Hamill `` Showdown at O.K. Corral '' ( 1972 ), an Appointment with Destiny episode narrated by Lorne Greene `` Ghost Fight at the OK Corral '' ( 1987 ), The Real Ghostbusters episode Tombstone ( 1993 ) with Kurt Russell Wyatt Earp ( 1994 ) with Kevin Costner `` Shootout at Fly 's Photographic Studio '', a History Bites episode Days That Shook the World ( 2004 ) in the episode `` Rule of the Gun ''. In print ( edit ) Saint Johnson ( 1930 ), ISBN 978 - 2330051051 -- A novel by W.R. Burnett. A thinly fictionalized depiction of the conflict between the outlaws and the law officers. Who Rides with Wyatt ( 1955 ), ISBN 978 - 0843942927 -- A novel by Will Henry. Warlock ( 1958 ), ISBN 978 - 1590171615 -- A novel by Oakley Hall. Bloody Season ( 1987 ), ISBN 978 - 0515125313 -- A novel by Loren D. Estleman, a carefully researched depiction of events leading up the shootout and gunfight itself. Frontier Earth ( 1999 ), ISBN 978 - 0441005895 -- a sci - fi / western novel by actor Bruce Boxleitner, about the events leading up to the gunfight. The Return of Little Big Man ( 1999 ), ISBN 978 - 0316091176 -- in which novelist Thomas Berger 's wandering protagonist Jack Crabb becomes a witness to the event. Gunman 's Rhapsody ( 2001 ), ISBN 978 - 0425182895 -- by Robert B. Parker Telegraph Days ( 2006 ), ISBN 978 - 0739470169 -- a novel by Larry McMurtry, includes a representation of the gunfight, told by a fictional journalist and eyewitness Territory ( July 2007 ), ISBN 978 - 0312857356 -- a novel by Emma Bull offers a fantasy retelling of the events leading up to the fight. The Buntline Special ( 2010 ), ISBN 978 - 1616142490 -- by Mike Resnick, a Steampunk re-imagining of the gunfight. The Last Kind Words Saloon ( 2014 ), ISBN 978 - 0393351194 -- by Larry McMurtry, culminates with a version of the gunfight. Epitaph : A Novel of the O.K. Corral ( 2015 ), ISBN 978 - 0062198778 -- by Mary Doria Russell tells Wyatt Earp 's story. In mathematics ( edit ) David Williams and Paul McIlroy introduced a mathematical model for the O.K. Corral gunfight, which they published in Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society ( 1998 ). Later this model was analyzed by Sir John Kingman ( 1999, 2002 ), and Kingman and Volkov ( 2003 ). They analyzed the probability of `` survival of exactly S gunmen given an initially fair configuration. '' In Music ( edit ) Tombstone A song by the Swedish power metal band Civil War References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Goodman, Michael ( July 30, 2005 ). Wyatt Earp. p. 95. ISBN 1583413391. ^ Jump up to : `` Shootout at the OK Corral ''. History Channel. Retrieved 5 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` Tombstone, Arizona -- Boothill ''. Retrieved 10 February 2011. ^ Jump up to : WGBH American Experience : Wyatt Earp, Complete Program Transcript. January 25, 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` History of Old Tombstone ''. Discover Arizona. Retrieved 7 February 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Skeleton Canyon ''. Ghost Towns of Arizona. Retrieved 7 February 2011. ^ Jump up to : Lubet, Steven ( 2004 ). Murder in Tombstone : the Forgotten Trial of Wyatt Earp. New Haven, CT : Yale University Press. p. 288. ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11527 - 7. Retrieved 14 April 2011. ^ Jump up to : Burns, Walter Noble ( 1 September 1999 ). Tombstone : An Iliad of the Southwest. UNM Press. pp. 252 --. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 2154 - 1. Retrieved 8 February 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Opinions of the Press ''. 2 ( 32 ). Tombstone, Arizona : The Tombstone Epitaph. December 26, 1881. Jump up ^ Reilly, Joe ( March 2011 ). `` Born to Uphold the Law : Frank Sulloway 's Principles Applied to the Earp - Clanton Feud of 1879 -- 1882 '' ( PDF ). Drexel University. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 October 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Gunfight at the O.K. Corral : Did Tom McLaury Have a Gun ''. September 5, 2006. Retrieved February 7, 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Gunfight at the O.K. Corral : Did Tom McLaury Have a Gun ''. HistoryNet. September 5, 2006. Retrieved 7 February 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` A Desperate Street Fight ''. The Daily Nugget. October 27, 1881. Retrieved 13 February 2011. ^ Jump up to : Barra, Allen ( 2008 ). Inventing Wyatt Earp : His Life and Many Legends. Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press. p. 440. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 2058 - 4. ^ Jump up to : Love, Harold O. ( March 1979 ). `` The Gunfight At The O.K. Corral ''. www.jcs-group.com. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29. Jump up ^ Trimble, Marshall ( September 1, 2004 ). `` Has an original copy of the official inquest into the O.K. Corral shooting survived? A book by Al Turner purports to include the complete testimonies of the participants, but I also read that the original findings were lost in one of Tombstone 's fires ''. True West. Retrieved 10 November 2015. ^ Jump up to : Linder, Douglas, ed. ( 2007 ). `` The Earp - Holliday Trial : An Account ''. University of Missouri at Kansas City School of Law. doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 1023000. Retrieved 14 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Wyatt Earp History Page ''. Retrieved 9 January 2014. ^ Jump up to : Ashford, David ( September 3, 1994 ). `` First action hero : Wyatt Earp was an elderly movie groupie who failed to make it as an extra... '' The Independent. London. Retrieved January 10, 2011. ^ Jump up to : Swansburg, John ( November -- December 2004 ). `` Wyatt Earp Takes the Stand ''. LegalAffairs.com. Jump up ^ Adams Jr., Ramon F. ( 1989 ). Burs Under the saddle : A Second Look at Books and Histories of the West ( First ed. ). Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Press. p. 330. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2170 - 3. Jump up ^ `` Virgil Earp -- Upholding the Law of the West ''. Retrieved 24 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` Wyatt Earp ''. Legends of America. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015. ^ Jump up to : Guinn, Jeff. The Last Gunfight : The Real Story of the Shootout at the O.K. Corral and How it Changed the American West ( First hardcover ed. ). New York : Simon & Schuster. p. 168. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 5424 - 3. ^ Jump up to : Roberts, Gary L. ( 2007 ). Doc Holliday : The Life and Legend. New York, NY : Wiley, J. ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 12822 - 0. ^ Jump up to : Leo Silva ( Jan -- Feb 2003 ). `` Was Wyatt Earp a good guy who was both a gambler and a lawman by profession? Or was he a bad guy who wore a badge merely to protect his crooked gambling interests? ''. 9 ( 5 ). Active Interest Media, Inc. : 106. ISSN 1079 - 3690. Jump up ^ Miller, Nyle H. ; Snell, Joseph W. ( 2003 ). Why the West Was Wild : A Contemporary Look at the Antics of Some Highly Publicized Kansas Cowtown Personalities. Norman : University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978 - 0806135267. Retrieved 12 August 2014. Jump up ^ Adams, Ramon F. ( 1989 ). Burs Under the Saddle : A Second Look at Books and Histories of the West ( First paperback ed. ). Norman : University of Oklahoma Press. p. 329. ISBN 978 - 0806121703. Retrieved 12 August 2014. Jump up ^ Lake, Stuart N. ( 1994 ). Wyatt Earp, Frontier Marshal. New York : Pocket Books. ISBN 9780671885373. ^ Jump up to : Wellman, Paul I. ( 1988 ). The Trampling Herd : The Story of the Cattle Range in America. illustrated by F. Miller ( reprint. Philadelphia 1939. ed. ). Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 9723 - 4. Jump up ^ `` Wyatt Earp in Popular Culture ''. American Experience. Retrieved 11 April 2011. Jump up ^ Gibbs, Dan ( November 1999 ). `` Wyatt Earp ( 1994 ) ''. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Legends of America : Doc Holliday ''. Legends of America. Retrieved November 7, 2011. Jump up ^ `` John Joshua Webb ''. Legends of America. Jump up ^ History.com. `` Doc Holliday Kills for the First Time ''. This Day in History. Retrieved 7 February 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` The Gamblers ' War in Tombstone ''. June 12, 2006. Retrieved 7 February 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Tensions Grow in Tombstone, Arizona, After a Stage Coach Robbery ''. History.com. Retrieved 5 February 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Law in Tombstone ''. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2014. ^ Jump up to : Johnson, Paul Lee ( July 30, 2012 ). The McLaurys in Tombstone, Arizona : An O.K. Corral Obituary ( First ed. ). Denton, Texas : University of North Texas Press. p. 26. ISBN 978 - 1574414509. Jump up ^ Linder, Douglas, ed. ( 2005 ). `` Ordinances Enforced by the Earps in the OK Corral Shoot - out ''. Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial. Retrieved 6 February 2011. From Turner, Alford ( ed. ) ( 1992 ), The O.K. Corral Inquest. Jump up ^ Casey Tefertiller ( 1997 ). Wyatt Earp : The Life Behind the Legend. New York : John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0 - 471 - 18967 - 7. ^ Jump up to : Paula Mitchell Marks ( 1989 ). And Die in the West : the Story of the O.K. Corral Gunfight. New York : Morrow. ISBN 0 - 671 - 70614 - 4. Jump up ^ `` Doc Holliday ''. Outlaws & Gunslingers Legends. Retrieved 7 February 2011. ^ Jump up to : Linder, Douglas, ed. ( 2005 ). `` Testimony of Wyatt S. Earp in the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp - Holliday Case ''. Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial. Archived from the original on 3 February 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2011. From Turner, Alford ( Ed. ), The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Gunfight at the O.K. Corral at Find a Grave Jump up ^ John H. Flood Manuscript, 1926, p. 85 Jump up ^ `` Wyatt vs. Curly ''. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2011. Jump up ^ `` Cochise County Arizona ''. County Website. Cochise County. 2009. Retrieved 25 September 2009. Jump up ^ Breakenridge, William M. ; Brown, Richard Maxwell. ( 1992 ). Helldorado : Bringing the Law to the Mesquite. Lincoln, NB : University of Nebraska Press. p. 448. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 6100 - 6. Retrieved 14 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Life and Times of Billy Clanton 1862 -- 1881 ''. Retrieved 11 March 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` '' Arizona Affairs '' An Interview With Virgil W. Earp -- Tombstone History Archives ( originally published by the San Francisco Examiner on May 28, 1882 ) ``. Real West Magazine. January 1982. Archived from the original on 23 April 2009. Jump up ^ O'Neal, Bill ( 1979 ). Encyclopedia of Western Gunfighters. Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2335 - 6. Retrieved 14 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Tombstone, AZ ''. Retrieved 17 May 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Wyatt Earp Trial : 1881 -- A Mysterious Stage Coach Robbery -- Clanton, Holliday, Told, Leonard, Doc, and Ike ''. Retrieved 8 February 2011. Jump up ^ `` History Raiders ''. Retrieved 11 February 2011. ^ Jump up to : Weir, William ( 2009 ). History 's Greatest Lies : the Startling Truths Behind World Events our History Books Got Wrong. Beverly, MA : Fair Winds Press. p. 288. ISBN 1 - 59233 - 336 - 2. Jump up ^ Jahns, Patricia ( 1998 ). The Frontier World of Doc Holliday. Lincoln, NB : University of Nebraska Press. p. 305. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 7608 - 6. Retrieved 14 April 2011. Jump up ^ Ball, Larry Durwood. The United States Marshals of New Mexico and Arizona Territories, 1846 -- 1912. University of New Mexico Press. p. 325. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 0617 - 3. ^ Jump up to : `` The McLaury Brother 's Tombstone Story pt. II ''. Archived from the original on 27 November 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2011. Jump up ^ `` Tombstone History -- Ike Clanton ''. Retrieved 11 February 2011. Jump up ^ `` Wyatt Earp : Timeline -- Tombstone and Increasing Tensions ''. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2011. Jump up ^ Barra, Alan. `` Who Was Wyatt Earp? ''. American Heritage. Archived from the original on 7 May 2006. Retrieved April 17, 2011. Jump up ^ Rasmussen, Cecilia ( June 4, 2000 ). `` LA Then and Now : Mrs. Wyatt Earp Packed Her Own Punch ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 27, 2014. Jump up ^ Marks, Paula Mitchell ( 1996 ). And Die in the West : The Story of the O.K. Corral Gunfight ( paperback ed. ). Norman : University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2888 - 7. Jump up ^ Calchi, Pat ( Fall 2000 ). `` Josephine Sarah Marcus Earp ''. New York : Western Women 's Autobiographies Database. Archived from the original on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011. Jump up ^ Aker, Andrea ( October 19, 2009 ). `` Doc Goodfellow : Arizona 's Gutsiest Physician from the Territorial Days ''. Retrieved March 4, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Passengers Due This Evening ''. Los Angeles Herald. 17 ( 29 ). March 25, 1882. p. 3. Retrieved October 2, 2014. Jump up ^ `` The Complete List of Historical Women -- Last Name Begins with B ''. LegendsofAmerica.com. Retrieved March 1, 2011. ^ Jump up to : Woog, Adam ( February 28, 2010 ). Wyatt Earp. Chelsea House Publications. p. 110. ISBN 1 - 60413 - 597 - 2. Jump up ^ Tefertiller, Casey. Wyatt Earp -- Life Behind The Legend. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jump up ^ `` Decision of Judge Wells Spicer after the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp - Holliday Case ''. November 30, 1881. Retrieved 17 April 2011. Jump up ^ Tanner, Karen Holliday ; Dearment, Robert K. ( 2001 ). Doc Holliday : a Family Portrait. Norman : Univ Of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3320 - 1. Jump up ^ `` Pete Spence -- Escaping the Wrath of the Earps ''. Retrieved 9 January 2014. ^ Jump up to : Rosen, Fred ( June 30, 2005 ). The Historical Atlas of American Crime. New York : Facts on File. p. 298. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 4841 - 0. Jump up ^ The Daily Nugget, October 12, 1880 Jump up ^ `` Doc Holliday ''. Retrieved 8 February 2011. ^ Jump up to : Linder, Douglas, ed. ( 2005 ). `` Testimony of Ike Clanton in the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp - Holliday Case ''. Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial. Retrieved 6 February 2011. From Turner, Alford ( Ed. ), The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Linder, Douglas, ed. ( 2005 ). `` Testimony of E.F. Boyle in the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp - Holliday Case ''. Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial. Retrieved 13 January 2011. From Turner, Alford ( Ed. ), The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) ^ Jump up to : Turner, Alford E. ( 1981 ). The OK Corral Inquest. College Station, Texas : Creative Publishing company. ISBN 0 - 932702 - 16 - 3. Jump up ^ Linder, Douglas, ed. ( 2005 ). `` Testimony of R.J. Campbell in the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp - Holliday Case ''. Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial. Retrieved 19 March 2015. From Turner, Alford ( Ed. ), The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) ^ Jump up to : Linder, Douglas, ed. ( 2005 ). `` Testimony of A. Bauer in the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp - Holliday Case ''. Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial. Retrieved 6 February 2011. From Turner, Alford ( Ed. ), The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ `` Gunfight at the O.K. Corral ''. Retrieved 11 March 2011. ^ Jump up to : Linder, Douglas, ed. ( 2005 ). `` Testimony of Virgil Earp in the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp Case ''. Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial. Retrieved 6 February 2011. From Turner, Alford ( Ed. ), The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Gunfight at the O.K. Corral : Did Tom McLaury Have a Gun ''. HistoryNet. September 5, 2006. Retrieved 15 January 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Yesterday 's Tragedy ''. Tombstone Epitaph. 27 October 1881. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2014. Jump up ^ `` Coroner 's Inquest ''. Tombstone Epitaph. October 29, 1881. Retrieved 1 March 2016. Jump up ^ Tefertiller, Casey ; Morey, Jeff. `` O.K. Corral : A Gunfight Shrouded in Mystery ''. HistoryNet.com. Retrieved 27 August 2014. Jump up ^ Ziegler, Jack ( May 5, 2000 ). `` C.S. Fly : Frontier Photographer ''. Benson News - Sun. Retrieved 27 August 2014. ^ Jump up to : Linder, Douglas, ed. ( 2005 ). `` Testimony of John Behan in the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp - Holliday Case ''. Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial. Archived from the original on 15 December 2010. Retrieved 7 February 2011. From Turner, Alford ( Ed. ), The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ `` New epitaphs for dead in O.K. Corral shootout ''. USA Today. May 20, 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Robert Houston McLaury Family ''. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2013. Jump up ^ Josephine Sarah Marcus Earp ( 1976 ). I Married Wyatt Earp. Glenn G. Boyer, editor. Tucson : University of Arizona Press. Jump up ^ Shillingberg, William B. ( Summer 1976 ). `` Wyatt Earp and the Buntline Special Myth ''. Kansas Historical Quarterly. 42 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 154. Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Online : The Gunfight at the OK Corral ''. Archived from the original on July 18, 2010. Retrieved September 14, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Linder, Douglas, ed. ( 2005 ). `` Testimony of Addie Bourland in the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp - Holliday Case ''. Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial. Retrieved 7 February 2011. From Turner, Alford ( Ed. ), The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Linder, Douglas, ed. ( 2005 ). `` Testimony of Martha King in the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp - Holliday Case ''. Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial. Retrieved 7 February 2011. From Turner, Alford ( Ed. ), The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) ^ Jump up to : Fraser, Paul ( 11 October 2010 ). `` $380,000 for Wyatt Earp 's sketch of the infamous Gunfight at the OK Corral ''. Paul Fraser Collectibles. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2015. ^ Jump up to : Morey, Jeffrey J. `` The Streetfight by Jeff Morey -- Tombstone History Archives ''. Retrieved 2 March 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` The Gilchriese Collections '' ( PDF ). San Francisco : Johns ' Western Gallery. Retrieved 14 April 2011. ^ Jump up to : Ortega, Tony ( 24 December 1998 ). `` Who Shot First? ''. Phoenix New Times. Retrieved 19 April 2013. ^ Jump up to : Waldman, Scott P. ( August 2003 ). Gunfight at the O.K. Corral : Wyatt Earp Upholds the Law. p. 24. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 4393 - 7. Jump up ^ Weir, William ( 2009 ). History 's Greatest Lies : the Startling Truths Behind World Events our History Books Got Wrong. Beverly, Mass. : Fair Winds Press. p. 288. ISBN 1 - 59233 - 336 - 2. Jump up ^ Gatto, Steve. `` Inquest ''. Retrieved 18 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Wyatt Earp -- Frontier Lawman of the American West -- Page 5 ''. legendsofamerica.com. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. ^ Jump up to : Morey, Jeff. `` Blaze Away ''. Retrieved 19 April 2011. ^ Jump up to : Linder, Douglas, ed. ( November 7, 1881 ). `` Testimony of William F. Claiborne ''. Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial. Retrieved 11 February 2011. From Turner, Alford ( Ed. ), The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Linder, Douglas, ed. ( November 7, 1881 ). `` Testimony of Wesley Fuller ''. Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial. Retrieved 11 February 2011. From Turner, Alford ( Ed. ), The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Another Chapter in the Bloody Episode ''. Famous Trials. Retrieved 7 February 2011. Jump up ^ Dodge, Fred ; Lake, Carolyn ( 1999 ). Under Cover for Wells Fargo The Unvarnished Recollections of Fred Dodge. Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Press. p. 336. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3106 - 1. Jump up ^ The Daily Nugget, October 27, 1881 ^ Jump up to : Linder, Douglas, ed. ( November 30, 1881 ). `` Decision of Judge Wells Spicer after the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp - Holliday Case ''. Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial. Retrieved 11 February 2011. From Turner, Alford ( Ed. ), The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) ^ Jump up to : Guinn, Jeff. The Last Gunfight : The Real Story of the Shootout at the O.K. Corral and How it Changed the American West ( First Simon & Schuster hardcover ed. ). New York : Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 5424 - 3. Jump up ^ Linder, Douglas, ed. ( 2005 ). `` Testimony of Albert Billickie in the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp - Holliday Case ''. Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial. Retrieved 7 February 2011. From Turner, Alford ( Ed. ), The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ `` Full Details for Lot 522 ''. Wyatt Earp 's sketch map of gunfight. Alexander Autographs. Retrieved 19 November 2011. Jump up ^ `` Testimony of P.H. Fallehy and clerk 's cover and file sheet ''. Cochise County Clerk of the Superior Court. Retrieved September 14, 2016. Jump up ^ Erwin, Richard E. ( March 22, 2000 ). The Tuth about Wyatt Earp. San Jose, CA : iUniverse. ISBN 978 - 0595001279. Jump up ^ `` The Clanton Gang aka The Cowboys ''. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011. Jump up ^ `` Virgil Earp ''. Archived from the original on 29 March 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2011. Jump up ^ Johnson, Paul Lee. `` 2014 Six - Shooter Award : The Will of McLaury ''. History Net. Retrieved 18 March 2015. Jump up ^ Tefertiller, Casey ; Morey, Jeff ( October 2001 ). `` O.K. Corral : A Gunfight Shrouded in Mystery ''. Wild West Magazine. Retrieved 17 April 2011. Jump up ^ Linder, Douglas ( 2005 ). `` The Earp - Holliday Trial ''. Retrieved 25 February 2011. Jump up ^ Linder, Douglas, ed. ( 2005 ). `` Testimony of William Allen in the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp - Holliday Case ''. Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial. Famous Trials. Retrieved 7 February 2011. From Turner, Alford ( Ed. ), The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ `` The Spicer Hearing Testimony of H.F. Stills ''. Western Outlaw. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 7 February 2011. Jump up ^ Ledoux, Gary ( August 1, 2010 ). Tombstone Tales ; Stories from The Town too Tough to Die... and Beyond. Goose Flats Publishing. ASIN B003YDXJJ4. Jump up ^ Fattig, Tim. `` Tombstone Times -- Wyatt Earp, Tombstonian ''. Retrieved 13 April 2011. Jump up ^ de Haas, David D. `` Victor Clyde Forsythe -- Art of the West ''. Retrieved 1 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` 44098 : Wonderful Painting of the O.K. Corral Gunfight, ''. Live Auctioneers. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` Tombstone Gunfight Recreated On Canvas ''. version October 17, 1966 Tucson, Arizona : Tucson Daily Citizen. October 17, 1966. p. 21. Retrieved 21 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Magazine ''. 48 ( 2 ). February 2003 : 141. ISSN 1522 - 9149. Jump up ^ `` Lot 44098 : Wonderful Painting of the O.K. Corral Gunfight, Commissioned by John Gilchriese in 1966 for his Legendary Tombstone Museum ''. June 14, 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2015. ( Registration required ( help ) ). Jump up ^ DeArment, Robert K. ( 1989 ). Bat Masterson : The Man and the Legend. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 442. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2221 - 2. Jump up ^ `` Tombstone Historic District ''. National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Jump up ^ `` O.K. Corral ''. Retrieved 13 April 2011. Jump up ^ Shoot - Out at the O.K. Corral. Unsolved History. 2003. ^ Jump up to : Shoot - Out at the O.K. Corral on IMDb Jump up ^ Silva, Robert ( 10 October 2009 ). `` The Ten Faces of Wyatt Earp -- From Kevin Costner to Erroll Flynn ''. Archived from the original on 2 February 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011. Jump up ^ Dodge City on IMDb Jump up ^ Frontier Marshall on IMDb Jump up ^ Tombstone, the Town Too Tough to Die on IMDb Jump up ^ Angel and the Badman on IMDb Jump up ^ My Darling Clementine on IMDb Jump up ^ Wichita on IMDb Jump up ^ Gunfight at the O.K. Corral on IMDb Jump up ^ Gunmen of the Rio Grande on IMDb Jump up ^ Doctor Who on IMDb Jump up ^ Hour of the Gun on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Spectre of the Gun '' on IMDb Jump up ^ Doc on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Gunfight at the O.K. Corral '' on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Ghost Fight at the OK Corral '' on IMDb Jump up ^ Tombstone on IMDb Jump up ^ Wyatt Earp on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Gunfight at the O.K. Corral '' on IMDb Jump up ^ `` The O.K. Corral / Saint Valentine 's Day Massacre '' on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Solution to the OK Corral Model via Decoupling of Friedman 's Urn ''. Journal of Theoretical Probability. 16 ( 1 ) : 267 -- 276. January 2003. ( Subscription required ( help ) ). Further reading ( edit ) Steve Gatto ( 2000 ). The Real Wyatt Earp : A Documentary Biography. Silver City : High - Lonesome Books. ISBN 0 - 944383 - 50 - 5. Allen Barra ( 1998 ). Inventing Wyatt Earp : His Life and Many Legends. New York : Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0 - 7867 - 0685 - 6. An analysis of the O.K. Corral fight. Casey Tefertiller ( 1997 ). Wyatt Earp : The Life Behind the Legend. New York : John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0 - 471 - 18967 - 7. A discussion of the police issues and moral issues relating to the O.K. Corral shootings. Paula Mitchell Marks ( 1989 ). And Die in the West : the Story of the O.K. Corral Gunfight. New York : Morrow. ISBN 0 - 671 - 70614 - 4. Examines the gunfight, vendettas, and the myth - making about the gunfight. Grace McCool ( 1990 ). Gunsmoke : The True Story of Old Tombstone. Tucson : Treasure Chest Publications, Inc. ISBN 0 - 918080 - 52 - 5. Alford E. Turner ( 1981 ). The O.K. Corral Inquest. College Station, Texas : Creative Publishing Co.,. ISBN 0 - 932702 - 14 - 7. Jeffrey J. Morey ( October -- December 1994 ). `` The Curious Vendetta of Glenn G. Boyer ''. Quarterly of the National Association for Outlaw and Lawman History ( NOLA ). XVIII ( 4 ) : 22 -- 28. Glenn G. Boyer, editor ( 1998 ). I Married Wyatt Earp : The Recollections of Josephine Sarah Marcus Earp. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0 - 8165 - 0583 - 7. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Largely discredited by later historians and researchers. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. Witness Transcripts Legal and Court History of Cochise County The Inquest answers reprinted from The Daily Nugget Linder, Douglas, ed. ( 2005 ). `` Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial ''. Transcript of Wyatt Earp 's Testimony Wyatt Earp Photo Page at the Wayback Machine ( archived 16 June 2008 ) Clanton Family History Cochise County in the Old West Rural outlaw cowboys and allies vs. business owners, townspeople, and the law Supporting rural interests Lawmen Johnny Behan Billy Breakenridge Phin Clanton Johnny Ringo Frank Stilwell Cowboys, smugglers, ranchers Frederick Bode William `` Curly Bill '' Brocius Billy Claiborne Billy Clanton Ike Clanton Newman `` Old Man '' Clanton Phin Clanton Jim Crane `` Indian Charlie '' Cruz Pony Diehl Harry `` The Kid '' Head Bill Hicks Milt Hicks Bill Johnson Luther King Bill Leonard Ed Lyle Johnny Lyle Frank McLaury Tom McLaury Frank Patterson Johnny Ringo Pete Spence Frank Stilwell Supporting town interests Lawmen John Clum Crawley Dake Wyatt Earp Warren Earp Morgan Earp Virgil Earp George McKelvey Bob Paul Charles A. Shibell Ben Sippy John Slaughter Fred White Gamblers, businessmen, cowboys, ranchers Fred Dodge James Earp Jack `` Turkey Creek '' Johnson Doc Holliday Henry Hooker Buckskin Frank Leslie Sherman McMaster George W. Parsons Charles `` Hairlip Charlie '' Smith John `` Texas Jack '' Vermillion Daniel `` Tip '' Tipton Marshall Williams C.S. Fly Conflicts and events Skeleton Canyon Massacres Guadalupe Canyon Massacre Gunfight at the O.K. Corral O.K. Corral hearing and aftermath Earp Vendetta Ride Locations Cochise County Benson Bisbee Charleston Contention Fairbank Fort Huachuca Tombstone Tucson Contention City Gunfights and feuds in the Old West Gunfights Gunfight at Hide Park Goingsnake massacre Battle of Bates Point Gunfight at Blazer 's Mill Battle of Lincoln ( 1878 ) Variety Hall shootout Mussel Slough Tragedy Four Dead in Five Seconds Gunfight Guadalupe Canyon Massacre Battle of the Plaza Gunfight at the O.K. Corral Trinidad Gunfight Vaudeville Theater ambush Hunnewell gunfight Frisco shootout Battle of Cimarron Battle of Stone Corral Battle of Tres Jacales Battle of Ingalls Gunfight at Morenci Blackwell gunfight Shootout on Juneau Wharf Hot Springs gunfight Shootout at Wilson Ranch Gunfight in Moab Battleground Gunfight Chinese Massacre Cove Big Fight at the Jenkins Saloon Thibodaux massacre Gunfight at Spokogee Canyon Diablo shootout Shootout in Benson Naco Gunfight Battle of Eufaula Shootout in Sonoratown Gleeson gunfight Power 's Cabin shootout Skeleton Canyon shootout Duels and Showdowns Sandbar Fight Hickok -- Tutt Shootout Duels of Jim Levy Duels of Tom Carberry Short -- Courtright Shootout Bull -- Peel Duel Mart Duggan Duel Long Branch Saloon gunfight South Pass Shootout Walker - Graham Duel Anderson - McCluskie Duel Burton Mossman Duel Silks - Fulton Duel Higgins - Standifer Duel Western Code Duello Feuds Railroad Wars County seat war Tutt -- Everett War Regulator -- Moderator War Lincoln County War Lee -- Peacock feud Sutton -- Taylor feud Horrell -- Higgins feud Brooks -- Baxter War Colorado Railroad War Earp Vendetta Ride Dodge City War Las Cuevas War Flynn -- Doran feud Gray County War Jaybird -- Woodpecker War Enid -- Pond Creek Railroad War Brooks -- McFarland feud Reese -- Townsend feud McIntosh County Seat War Deschutes Railroad War Boyce -- Sneed feud Placer County Railroad War Bellevue War Colorado Labor Wars Idaho labor strike Range wars Johnson County War Mason County War Pleasant Valley War Castaic Range War Colorado Range War Colfax County War San Elizario Salt War Bandit War Fence Cutting Wars Sheep Wars Sheepshooters ' War Stuart 's Stranglers Hashknife Outfit Deep Creek murders Spring Creek raid Robberies Jonathan R. Davis Gunfight Northfield Bank Robbery Skeleton Canyon massacres Battle of Coffeyville Canyon Diablo Train Robbery Wham Paymaster robbery Black Bart Robberies Fairbank Train Robbery Gage Train Robbery Big Springs Robbery Overland Flyer Train Robbery Baxter 's Curve Train Robbery Jarbidge Stage Robbery See also Gunfighter Cowboy Lexington murders Bisbee massacre Hay Meadow massacre Rock Springs massacre Morewood massacre Further information : List of Old West gunfights, List of Old West gunfighters, and List of Old West lawmen American Old West Notable people Explorers and pioneers John Bozeman Jim Bridger William Clark Davy Crockett John C. Frémont Liver - Eating Johnson Meriwether Lewis William John Murphy John Wesley Powell Jedediah Smith Ora Rush Weed Henry Wickenburg Brigham Young Native Americans Black Hawk Black Kettle Bloody Knife Chief Joseph Cochise Crazy Horse Geronimo Irataba Mangas Coloradas Manuelito Massai Quanah Parker Red Cloud Sacagawea Sitting Bull Ten Bears Touch the Clouds Tuvi Victorio Lawmen Elfego Baca Charlie Bassett Roy Bean Morgan Earp Virgil Earp Wyatt Earp Henry Garfias Pat Garrett Jack Helm `` Wild Bill '' Hickok Bat Masterson `` Mysterious Dave '' Mather Bass Reeves George Scarborough John Selman John Horton Slaughter William `` Bill '' Tilghman James Timberlake Harry C. Wheeler Outlaws Billy the Kid Black Bart `` Curly Bill '' Brocius Butch Cassidy Billy Clanton Ike Clanton Bill Dalton Bill Doolin John Wesley Hardin Johnny Ringo Jesse James Tom Ketchum Frank McLaury Tom McLaury Joaquin Murrieta Cochise County Cowboys Belle Starr Soapy Smith Sundance Kid Cole Younger Soldiers and scouts Frederick Russell Burnham Kit Carson `` Buffalo Bill '' Cody Texas Jack Omohundro James C. Cooney George Crook George Armstrong Custer Samuel P. Heintzelman Tom Horn Calamity Jane Luther Kelly Ranald S. Mackenzie Charley Reynolds Philip Sheridan Al Sieber Others John Jacob Astor William H. Boring Jonathan R. Davis George Flavel C.S. Fly John Joel Glanton George E. Goodfellow Doc Holliday Seth Kinman Nat Love Sylvester Mowry Emperor Norton Annie Oakley Thomas William Sweeny Jack Swilling Native Americans Apache Arapaho Arikara Assiniboine ( Nakota ) Blackfoot Cahuilla Cayuse Cheyenne Chinook Chippewa ( Ojibwe ) Caddo Cocopah Comanche Crow Dakota Five Civilized Tribes Hidatsa Hopi Hualapai Kickapoo Kiowa Ktunaxa Kumeyaay Lakota Mandan Maricopa Modoc Mohave Navajo Nez Perce Nootka ( Nuu - chah - nulth ) Paiute Pawnee Pend d'Oreilles Pima Pueblo Shoshone Sioux Tohono O'odham Tonkawa Umpqua Ute Washoe Yaqui Yavapai Yuma ( Quechan ) Frontier culture American bison Barbed wire Boot Hill Cattle drive Cowboy poetry Cattle rustling Cow town Fast draw Ghost town Gunfights Homesteading Land rush Manifest destiny Moonshine One - room schoolhouse Rodeo Stagecoach Train robbery Vigilante justice Western saloon Tack piano Westward expansion Wild West shows Transport and trails Barlow Road Bozeman Trail Butterfield Trail California Trail Chisholm Trail Great Platte River Road Great Western Cattle Trail Lolo Pass Meek Cutoff Mormon Trail Oregon Trail Pony Express Santa Fe Trail Southern Emigrant Trail Tanner Trail First Transcontinental Railroad Folklore Dead man 's hand Dime novel John Henry Johnny Kaw Lone Ranger Long Tom 's treasure Lost Dutchman 's Gold Mine Lost Ship of the Desert Montezuma 's treasure Paul Bunyan Pecos Bill Seven Cities of Gold Gold rushes Black Hills Gold Rush California Gold Rush Confederate Gulch and Diamond City Klondike Gold Rush Pike 's Peak Gold Rush Gunfights Battle of Coffeyville Battle of Lincoln Frisco shootout Gunfight at the O.K. Corral Long Branch Saloon gunfight Variety Hall shootout Military conflicts Battle of the Alamo Battle of Glorieta Pass Battle of the Little Bighorn Battle of San Jacinto Battle of Washita River First Battle of Adobe Walls Indian Wars Sand Creek massacre Wounded Knee Massacre Range wars and feuds Earp - Clanton feud Johnson County War Lincoln County War Mason County War Pleasant Valley War Sheep Wars Sutton -- Taylor feud Lists Arizona Rangers Cowboys and cowgirls Gangs Gunfights Lawmen Mountain men Outlaws Timeline of the American Old West Influence Western genre Western lifestyle Places Alaska Anchorage Iditarod Nome Seward Skagway Arizona Territory Canyon Diablo Fort Grant Prescott Phoenix Tombstone Tucson Yuma California Bakersfield Fresno Jamestown Los Angeles Sacramento San Diego San Francisco Colorado Creede Denver Telluride Trinidad Dakota Territory Bismarck Deadwood Fargo Pine Ridge Rapid City Yankton Idaho Territory Fort Boise Fort Hall Illinois Fort Dearborn Kansas Abilene Dodge City Ellsworth Hays Leavenworth Wichita Missouri Independence Kansas City St. Louis Montana Territory Billings Bozeman Deer Lodge Fort Benton Fort Peck Helena Livingston Missoula Virginia City Nebraska Chadron Fort Atkinson Fort Robinson Nebraska City Ogallala Omaha Valentine Nevada Carson City Virginia City Reno New Mexico Territory Alamogordo Albuquerque Cimarron Fort Sumner Gallup Las Vegas Lincoln Mesilla Mogollon Roswell Santa Fe Tucumcari Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory Broken Arrow Fort Sill Oklahoma City Oregon Territory Astoria The Dalles La Grande McMinnville Oregon City Portland Salem Vale Texas Austin Abilene El Paso Fort Worth Gonzales Lubbock San Antonio Utah Territory Salt Lake City Washington Territory Everett Port Townsend Seattle Vancouver Wyoming Territory Fort Bridger Fort Laramie Coordinates : 31 ° 42 ′ 50 '' N 110 ° 04 ′ 03 '' W  /  31.71389 ° N 110.06750 ° W  / 31.71389 ; - 110.06750 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral&oldid=808529948 '' Categories : Arizona folklore 1881 in Arizona Territory Conflicts in 1881 American Old West gunfights American folklore History of Cochise County, Arizona Cochise County conflict Crimes in Arizona Territory October 1881 events Tombstone, Arizona Hidden categories : Find a Grave template with ID not in Wikidata Pages with login required references or sources Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use dmy dates from January 2014 Good articles CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017, at 12 : 08. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Gunfight at the O.K. Corral", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral&amp;oldid=808529948" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "the Cowboys that took place at about 3 : 00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in Tombstone, Arizona Territory. It is generally regarded as the most famous shootout in the history of the American Wild West. The gunfight was the result of a long - simmering feud, with Cowboys Billy Claiborne, Ike and Billy Clanton, and Tom and Frank McLaury on one side and town Marshal Virgil Earp, Special Policeman Morgan Earp, Special Policeman Wyatt Earp, and temporary policeman Doc Holliday on the other side. All three Earp brothers had been the target of repeated death threats made by the Cowboys, who objected to the Earps ' interference in their illegal activities. Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed. Ike Clanton claimed that he was unarmed and ran from the fight, along with Billy Claiborne. Virgil, Morgan, and Doc Holliday were wounded, but Wyatt Earp was unharmed. The shootout has come to represent a period of the American Old West when the frontier was virtually an open range for outlaws, largely unopposed by law enforcement officers who were spread thin over vast territories. The gunfight was not well - known to the American public until 1931, when Stuart Lake published the initially well - received biography Wyatt Earp : Frontier Marshal two years after Earp 's death. The book was the basis for the 1946 film My Darling", "Ike Clanton Billy Clanton Tom McLaury Frank McLaury Billy Claiborne The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a 30 - second shootout between lawmen and members of a loosely organized group of outlaws called the Cowboys that took place at about 3 : 00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in Tombstone, Arizona Territory. It is generally regarded as the most famous shootout in the history of the American Wild West. The gunfight was the result of a long - simmering feud, with Cowboys Billy Claiborne, Ike and Billy Clanton, and Tom and Frank McLaury on one side and town Marshal Virgil Earp, Special Policeman Morgan Earp, Special Policeman Wyatt Earp, and temporary policeman Doc Holliday on the other side. All three Earp brothers had been the target of repeated death threats made by the Cowboys, who objected to the Earps ' interference in their illegal activities. Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed. Ike Clanton claimed that he was unarmed and ran from the fight, along with Billy Claiborne. Virgil, Morgan, and Doc Holliday were wounded, but Wyatt Earp was unharmed. The shootout has come to represent a period of the American Old West when the frontier was virtually an open range for outlaws, largely unopposed by" ], "id": [ "17419443457183233511" ], "short_answers": [ "Billy Clanton", "Tom and Frank McLaury" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Row, row, row your boat - wikipedia Row, row, row your boat Jump to : navigation, search `` Row, Row, Row Your Boat '' Sheet music Nursery rhyme Published 1852 `` Row, Row, Row Your Boat '' is an English language nursery rhyme and a popular children 's song. It can also be an `` action '' nursery rhyme, whose singers sit opposite one another and `` row '' forwards and backwards with joined hands. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19236. Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Origins 3 Additional or alternative verses 4 Notes and references Lyrics ( edit ) The most common modern version is often sung as a round for four voice parts ( play ( help info ) ). A possible arrangement for SATB is as follows : Soprano Contralto Tenor Bass Row, row, row your boat, Gently down the stream. Row, row, row your boat, Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily, Gently down the stream. Row, row, row your boat, Life is such a dream. Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily, Gently down the stream. Row, row, row your boat, Life is such a dream. Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily, Gently down the stream. Life is such a dream. Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily, Life is but a dream. The text above is often sung multiple times in succession to allow for the different voices to interweave with each other, forming four - part harmony. Origins ( edit ) It has been suggested that the song may have originally arisen out of American minstrelsy. The earliest printing of the song is from 1852, when the lyrics were published with similar lyrics to those used today, but with a very different tune. It was reprinted again two years later with the same lyrics and another tune. The modern tune was first recorded with the lyrics in 1881, mentioning Eliphalet Oram Lyte in The Franklin Square Song Collection but not making it clear whether he was the composer or adapter. Additional or alternative verses ( edit ) People often add additional verses, a form of children 's street culture, with the intent of either extending the song or ( especially in the case of more irreverent versions ) to make it funny, parody it, or substitute another sensibility for the perceived innocent one of the original. In Bean, where Rowan Atkinson ( Mr. Bean ) and Peter MacNicol ( David Langley ) also used this parody singing in the film. Versions include : Row, row, row your boat, Gently down the stream. If you see a crocodile, Do n't forget to scream. And : Row, row, row your boat, Gently down the stream. Throw your teacher overboard And listen to her scream. Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Studwell, S.M. ( 1997 ). The Americana Song Reader. New York : Haworth Press. p. 82. ISBN 0 - 7890 - 0150 - 0. Jump up ^ Johnson, B. & Cloonan, M. ( 2009 ). Dark Side of the Tune : Popular Music and Violence. Aldershot : Ashgate. p. 98. ISBN 1 - 4094 - 0049 - 2. Jump up ^ Lightfoot, C. ( 1997 ). The Culture of Adolescent Risk - Taking Culture and Human Development. New York : Guilford Press. p. 78. ISBN 1 - 57230 - 232 - 1. ( hide ) Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket, A-Tasket '' `` Baa, Baa, Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining, It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' Counting `` Duck, duck, goose '' `` Eeny, meeny, miny, moe '' `` One, Two, Buckle My Shoe '' `` One, Two, Three, Four, Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker, Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and round the garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush, Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row, Row, Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Row,_Row,_Row_Your_Boat&oldid=798284791 '' Categories : 1852 songs American nursery rhymes Children 's songs Roud Folk Song Index songs Rounds ( music ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français മലയാളം Slovenščina 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017, at 00 : 59. About Wikipedia", "title": "Row, Row, Row Your Boat", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Row,_Row,_Row_Your_Boat&amp;oldid=798284791" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "row, row your boat, Life is such a dream. Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily, Gently down the stream. Life is such a dream. Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily, Life is but a dream. The text above is often sung multiple times in succession to allow for the different voices to interweave with each other, forming four - part harmony. Origins ( edit ) It has been suggested that the song may have originally arisen out of American minstrelsy. The earliest printing of the song is from 1852, when the lyrics were published with similar lyrics to those used today, but with a very different tune. It was reprinted again two years later with the same lyrics and another tune. The modern tune was first recorded with the lyrics in 1881, mentioning Eliphalet Oram Lyte in The Franklin Square Song Collection but not making it clear whether he was the composer or adapter. Additional or alternative verses ( edit ) People often add additional verses, a form of children 's street culture, with the intent of either extending the song or ( especially in the case of more irreverent versions ) to make it" ], "id": [ "13518247079570336069" ], "short_answers": [ "American minstrelsy" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Arithmetic logic unit - wikipedia Arithmetic logic unit Jump to : navigation, search A symbolic representation of an ALU and its input and output signals, indicated by arrows pointing into or out of the ALU, respectively. Each arrow represents one or more signals. Control signals enter from the left and status signals exit on the right ; data flows from top to bottom. An arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) is a combinational digital electronic circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise operations on integer binary numbers. This is in contrast to a floating - point unit ( FPU ), which operates on floating point numbers. An ALU is a fundamental building block of many types of computing circuits, including the central processing unit ( CPU ) of computers, FPUs, and graphics processing units ( GPUs ). A single CPU, FPU or GPU may contain multiple ALUs. The inputs to an ALU are the data to be operated on, called operands, and a code indicating the operation to be performed ; the ALU 's output is the result of the performed operation. In many designs, the ALU also has status inputs or outputs, or both, which convey information about a previous operation or the current operation, respectively, between the ALU and external status registers. Contents ( hide ) 1 Signals 1.1 Data 1.2 Opcode 1.3 Status 1.3. 1 Outputs 1.3. 2 Inputs 2 Circuit operation 3 Functions 3.1 Arithmetic operations 3.2 Bitwise logical operations 3.3 Bit shift operations 4 Complex operations 5 Implementation 6 History 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Signals ( edit ) An ALU has a variety of input and output nets, which are the electrical conductors used to convey digital signals between the ALU and external circuitry. When an ALU is operating, external circuits apply signals to the ALU inputs and, in response, the ALU produces and conveys signals to external circuitry via its outputs. Data ( edit ) A basic ALU has three parallel data buses consisting of two input operands ( A and B) and a result output ( Y ). Each data bus is a group of signals that conveys one binary integer number. Typically, the A, B and Y bus widths ( the number of signals comprising each bus ) are identical and match the native word size of the external circuitry ( e.g., the encapsulating CPU or other processor ). Opcode ( edit ) The opcode input is a parallel bus that conveys to the ALU an operation selection code, which is an enumerated value that specifies the desired arithmetic or logic operation to be performed by the ALU. The opcode size ( its bus width ) determines the maximum number of different operations the ALU can perform ; for example, a four - bit opcode can specify up to sixteen different ALU operations. Generally, an ALU opcode is not the same as a machine language opcode, though in some cases it may be directly encoded as a bit field within a machine language opcode. Status ( edit ) Outputs ( edit ) The status outputs are various individual signals that convey supplemental information about the result of the current ALU operation. General - purpose ALUs commonly have status signals such as : Carry - out, which conveys the carry resulting from an addition operation, the borrow resulting from a subtraction operation, or the overflow bit resulting from a binary shift operation. Zero, which indicates all bits of Y are logic zero. Negative, which indicates the result of an arithmetic operation is negative. Overflow, which indicates the result of an arithmetic operation has exceeded the numeric range of Y. Parity, which indicates whether an even or odd number of bits in Y are logic one. At the end of each ALU operation, the status output signals are usually stored in external registers to make them available for future ALU operations ( e.g., to implement multiple - precision arithmetic ) or for controlling conditional branching. The collection of bit registers that store the status outputs are often treated as a single, multi-bit register, which is referred to as the `` status register '' or `` condition code register ''. Inputs ( edit ) The status inputs allow additional information to be made available to the ALU when performing an operation. Typically, this is a single `` carry - in '' bit that is the stored carry - out from a previous ALU operation. Circuit operation ( edit ) The combinational logic circuitry of the 74181 integrated circuit, which is a simple four - bit ALU An ALU is a combinational logic circuit, meaning that its outputs will change asynchronously in response to input changes. In normal operation, stable signals are applied to all of the ALU inputs and, when enough time ( known as the `` propagation delay '' ) has passed for the signals to propagate through the ALU circuitry, the result of the ALU operation appears at the ALU outputs. The external circuitry connected to the ALU is responsible for ensuring the stability of ALU input signals throughout the operation, and for allowing sufficient time for the signals to propagate through the ALU before sampling the ALU result. In general, external circuitry controls an ALU by applying signals to its inputs. Typically, the external circuitry employs sequential logic to control the ALU operation, which is paced by a clock signal of a sufficiently low frequency to ensure enough time for the ALU outputs to settle under worst - case conditions. For example, a CPU begins an ALU addition operation by routing operands from their sources ( which are usually registers ) to the ALU 's operand inputs, while the control unit simultaneously applies a value to the ALU 's opcode input, configuring it to perform addition. At the same time, the CPU also routes the ALU result output to a destination register that will receive the sum. The ALU 's input signals, which are held stable until the next clock, are allowed to propagate through the ALU and to the destination register while the CPU waits for the next clock. When the next clock arrives, the destination register stores the ALU result and, since the ALU operation has completed, the ALU inputs may be set up for the next ALU operation. Functions ( edit ) A number of basic arithmetic and bitwise logic functions are commonly supported by ALUs. Basic, general purpose ALUs typically include these operations in their repertoires : Arithmetic operations ( edit ) Add : A and B are summed and the sum appears at Y and carry - out. Add with carry : A, B and carry - in are summed and the sum appears at Y and carry - out. Subtract : B is subtracted from A ( or vice versa ) and the difference appears at Y and carry - out. For this function, carry - out is effectively a `` borrow '' indicator. This operation may also be used to compare the magnitudes of A and B ; in such cases the Y output may be ignored by the processor, which is only interested in the status bits ( particularly zero and negative ) that result from the operation. Subtract with borrow : B is subtracted from A ( or vice versa ) with borrow ( carry - in ) and the difference appears at Y and carry - out ( borrow out ). Two 's complement ( negate ) : A ( or B) is subtracted from zero and the difference appears at Y. Increment : A ( or B) is increased by one and the resulting value appears at Y. Decrement : A ( or B) is decreased by one and the resulting value appears at Y. Pass through : all bits of A ( or B) appear unmodified at Y. This operation is typically used to determine the parity of the operand or whether it is zero or negative, or to load the operand into a processor register. Bitwise logical operations ( edit ) AND : the bitwise AND of A and B appears at Y. OR : the bitwise OR of A and B appears at Y. Exclusive - OR : the bitwise XOR of A and B appears at Y. Ones ' complement : all bits of A ( or B) are inverted and appear at Y. Bit shift operations ( edit ) Bit shift examples for an eight - bit ALU Type Left shift Right shift Arithmetic Logical Rotate Rotate through carry ALU shift operations cause operand A ( or B) to shift left or right ( depending on the opcode ) and the shifted operand appears at Y. Simple ALUs typically can shift the operand by only one bit position, whereas more complex ALUs employ barrel shifters that allow them to shift the operand by an arbitrary number of bits in one operation. In all single - bit shift operations, the bit shifted out of the operand appears on carry - out ; the value of the bit shifted into the operand depends on the type of shift. Arithmetic shift : the operand is treated as a two 's complement integer, meaning that the most significant bit is a `` sign '' bit and is preserved. Logical shift : a logic zero is shifted into the operand. This is used to shift unsigned integers. Rotate : the operand is treated as a circular buffer of bits so its least and most significant bits are effectively adjacent. Rotate through carry : the carry bit and operand are collectively treated as a circular buffer of bits. Complex operations ( edit ) Although an ALU can be designed to perform complex functions, the resulting higher circuit complexity, cost, power consumption and larger size makes this impractical in many cases. Consequently, ALUs are often limited to simple functions that can be executed at very high speeds ( i.e., very short propagation delays ), and the external processor circuitry is responsible for performing complex functions by orchestrating a sequence of simpler ALU operations. For example, computing the square root of a number might be implemented in various ways, depending on ALU complexity : Calculation in a single clock : a very complex ALU that calculates a square root in one operation. Calculation pipeline : a group of simple ALUs that calculates a square root in stages, with intermediate results passing through ALUs arranged like a factory production line. This circuit can accept new operands before finishing the previous ones and produces results as fast as the very complex ALU, though the results are delayed by the sum of the propagation delays of the ALU stages. Iterative calculation : a simple ALU that calculates the square root through several steps under the direction of a control unit. The implementations above transition from fastest and most expensive to slowest and least costly. The square root is calculated in all cases, but processors with simple ALUs will take longer to perform the calculation because multiple ALU operations must be performed. Implementation ( edit ) An ALU is usually implemented either as a stand - alone integrated circuit ( IC ), such as the 74181, or as part of a more complex IC. In the latter case, an ALU is typically instantiated by synthesizing it from a description written in VHDL, Verilog or some other hardware description language. For example, the following VHDL code describes a very simple 8 - bit ALU : entity alu is port ( -- the alu connections to external circuitry : A : in signed ( 7 downto 0 ) ; -- operand A B : in signed ( 7 downto 0 ) ; -- operand B OP : in unsigned ( 2 downto 0 ) ; -- opcode Y : out signed ( 7 downto 0 ) ) ; -- operation result end alu ; architecture behavioral of alu is begin process ( A, B, OP ) begin case OP is -- decode the opcode and perform the operation : when `` 000 '' = > Y < = A + B ; -- add when `` 001 '' = > Y < = A - B ; -- subtract when `` 010 '' = > Y < = A - 1 ; -- decrement when `` 011 '' = > Y < = A + 1 ; -- increment when `` 100 '' = > Y < = not A ; -- 1 's complement when `` 101 '' = > Y < = A and B ; -- bitwise AND when `` 110 '' = > Y < = A or B ; -- bitwise OR when `` 111 '' = > Y < = A xor B ; -- bitwise XOR when others = > NULL ; end case ; end process ; end behavioral ; History ( edit ) Mathematician John von Neumann proposed the ALU concept in 1945 in a report on the foundations for a new computer called the EDVAC. The cost, size, and power consumption of electronic circuitry was relatively high throughout the infancy of the information age. Consequently, all serial computers and many early computers, such as the PDP - 8, had a simple ALU that operated on one data bit at a time, although they often presented a wider word size to programmers. One of the earliest computers to have multiple discrete single - bit ALU circuits was the 1948 Whirlwind I, which employed sixteen of such `` math units '' to enable it to operate on 16 - bit words. In 1967, Fairchild introduced the first ALU implemented as an integrated circuit, the Fairchild 3800, consisting of an eight - bit ALU with accumulator. Other integrated - circuit ALUs soon emerged, including four - bit ALUs such as the Am2901 and 74181. These devices were typically `` bit slice '' capable, meaning they had `` carry look ahead '' signals that facilitated the use of multiple interconnected ALU chips to create an ALU with a wider word size. These devices quickly became popular and were widely used in bit - slice minicomputers. Microprocessors began to appear in the early 1970s. Even though transistors had become smaller, there was often insufficient die space for a full - word - width ALU and, as a result, some early microprocessors employed a narrow ALU that required multiple cycles per machine language instruction. Examples of this includes the popular Zilog Z80, which performed eight - bit additions with a four - bit ALU. Over time, transistor geometries shrank further, following Moore 's law, and it became feasible to build wider ALUs on microprocessors. Modern integrated circuit ( IC ) transistors are orders of magnitude smaller than those of the early microprocessors, making it possible to fit highly complex ALUs on ICs. Today, many modern ALUs have wide word widths, and architectural enhancements such as barrel shifters and binary multipliers that allow them to perform, in a single clock cycle, operations that would have required multiple operations on earlier ALUs. See also ( edit ) Information technology portal Adder ( electronics ) Address generation unit ( AGU ) Binary multiplier execution unit References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Philip Levis ( November 8, 2004 ). `` Jonathan von Neumann and EDVAC '' ( PDF ). cs.berkeley.edu. pp. 1, 3. Retrieved January 20, 2015. Jump up ^ Lee Boysel ( 2007 - 10 - 12 ). `` Making Your First Million ( and other tips for aspiring entrepreneurs ) ''. U. Mich. EECS Presentation / ECE Recordings. Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 15. Jump up ^ Ken Shirriff. `` The Z - 80 has a 4 - bit ALU. Here 's how it works. '' 2013. Hwang, Enoch ( 2006 ). Digital Logic and Microprocessor Design with VHDL. Thomson. ISBN 0 - 534 - 46593 - 5. Stallings, William ( 2006 ). Computer Organization & Architecture : Designing for Performance ( 7th ed. ). Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0 - 13 - 185644 - 8. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arithmetic logic units. ALU and its Micro-operations : Bitwise, Arithmetic and Shift A Simulator of Complex ALU in MATLAB CPU technologies Architecture Turing machine Post -- Turing machine Universal Turing machine Quantum Turing machine Belt machine Stack machine Register machine Counter machine Pointer machine Random access machine Random access stored program machine Finite - state machine Queue automaton Von Neumann Harvard ( modified ) Dataflow TTA Cellular Artificial neural network Machine learning Deep learning Neural processing unit ( NPU ) Convolutional neural network Load / store architecture Register memory architecture Register register architecture Endianness FIFO Zero - copy NUMA HUMA HSA Mobile computing Surface computing Wearable computing Heterogeneous computing Parallel computing Concurrent computing Distributed computing Cloud computing Amorphous computing Ubiquitous computing Fabric computing Reconfigurable computing Cognitive computing DNA computing Peptide computing Chemical computing Organic computing Wetware computing Quantum computing Neuromorphic computing Optical computing Reversible computing Unconventional computing Hypercomputation Ternary computer Symmetric multiprocessing ( SMP ) Asymmetric multiprocessing ( AMP ) Cache hierarchy Memory hierarchy ISA types ASIP CISC RISC EDGE ( TRIPS ) VLIW ( EPIC ) MISC OISC NISC ZISC Comparison ISAs x86 z / Architecture ARM MIPS Power Architecture ( PowerPC ) SPARC VISC Mill Itanium ( IA - 64 ) Alpha Prism SuperH Clipper VAX Unicore PA - RISC MicroBlaze Word size 1 - bit 2 - bit 4 - bit 8 - bit 9 - bit 10 - bit 12 - bit 15 - bit 16 - bit 18 - bit 22 - bit 24 - bit 25 - bit 26 - bit 27 - bit 31 - bit 32 - bit 33 - bit 34 - bit 36 - bit 39 - bit 40 - bit 48 - bit 50 - bit 60 - bit 64 - bit 128 - bit 256 - bit 512 - bit Variable Execution Instruction pipelining Bubble Operand forwarding Out - of - order execution Register renaming Speculative execution Branch predictor Memory dependence prediction Hazards Parallel level Bit Bit - serial Word Instruction Pipelining Scalar Superscalar Task Thread Process Data Vector Memory Multithreading Temporal Simultaneous ( SMT ) ( Hyper - threading ) Speculative ( SpMT ) Preemptive Cooperative Clustered Multi-Thread ( CMT ) Hardware scout Flynn 's taxonomy SISD SIMD ( SWAR ) SIMT MISD MIMD SPMD Addressing mode CPU performance Instructions per second ( IPS ) Instructions per clock ( IPC ) Cycles per instruction ( CPI ) Floating - point operations per second ( FLOPS ) Transactions per second ( TPS ) Synaptic Updates Per Second ( SUPS ) Performance per watt Orders of magnitude ( computing ) Cache performance measurement and metric Core count Single - core processor Multi-core processor Manycore processor Types Central processing unit ( CPU ) GPGPU AI accelerator Vision processing unit ( VPU ) Vector processor Barrel processor Stream processor Digital signal processor ( DSP ) I / O processor / DMA controller Network processor Baseband processor Physics processing unit ( PPU ) Coprocessor Secure cryptoprocessor ASIC FPGA FPOA CPLD Microcontroller Microprocessor Mobile processor Notebook processor Ultra-low - voltage processor Multi-core processor Manycore processor Tile processor Multi-chip module ( MCM ) Chip stack multi-chip modules System on a chip ( SoC ) Multiprocessor system - on - chip ( MPSoC ) Programmable System - on - Chip ( PSoC ) Network on a chip ( NoC ) Components Execution unit ( EU ) Arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) Address generation unit ( AGU ) Floating - point unit ( FPU ) Load - store unit ( LSU ) Fixed - point unit ( FXU ) Vector unit ( VU ) Branch predictor Branch execution unit ( BEU ) Instruction Decoder Instruction Scheduler Instruction Fetch Unit Instruction Dispatch Unit Instruction Sequencing Unit Unified Reservation Station Barrel shifter Uncore Sum addressed decoder ( SAD ) Front - side bus Back - side bus Northbridge ( computing ) Southbridge ( computing ) Adder ( electronics ) Binary multiplier Binary decoder Address decoder Multiplexer Demultiplexer Registers Cache Memory management unit ( MMU ) Input -- output memory management unit ( IOMMU ) Integrated Memory Controller ( IMC ) Power Management Unit ( PMU ) Translation lookaside buffer ( TLB ) Stack engine Register file Processor register Hardware register Memory buffer register ( MBR ) Program counter Microcode ROM Datapath Control unit Instruction unit Re-order buffer Data buffer Write buffer Coprocessor Electronic switch Electronic circuit Integrated circuit Three - dimensional integrated circuit Boolean circuit Digital circuit Analog circuit Mixed - signal integrated circuit Power management integrated circuit Quantum circuit Logic gate Combinational logic Sequential logic Emitter - coupled logic ( ECL ) Transistor -- transistor logic ( TTL ) Glue logic Quantum gate Gate array Counter ( digital ) Bus ( computing ) Semiconductor device Clock rate CPU multiplier Vision chip Memristor Power management APM ACPI Dynamic frequency scaling Dynamic voltage scaling Clock gating Hardware security Non-executable memory ( NX bit ) Memory Protection Extensions ( Intel MPX ) Intel Secure Key Hardware restriction ( firmware ) Software Guard Extensions ( Intel SGX ) Trusted Execution Technology OmniShield Trusted Platform Module ( TPM ) Secure cryptoprocessor Hardware security module Hengzhi chip Related History of general - purpose CPUs Basic computer components Input devices Keyboard Image scanner Microphone Pointing device Graphics tablet Joystick Light pen Mouse Optical Pointing stick Touchpad Touchscreen Trackball Webcam Softcam Refreshable braille display Output devices Monitor Refreshable braille display Printer Speakers Plotter Removable data storage Optical disc CD DVD Blu - ray Disk pack Floppy disk Memory card USB flash drive Computer case Central processing unit ( CPU ) HDD / SSD / SSHD Motherboard Network interface controller Power supply Random - access memory ( RAM ) Sound card Video card Fax modem Expansion card Ports Ethernet FireWire ( IEEE 1394 ) Parallel port Serial port PS / 2 port USB Thunderbolt HDMI / DVI / VGA eSATA Audio jack Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arithmetic_logic_unit&oldid=805600878 '' Categories : Digital circuits Central processing unit Computer arithmetic Hidden categories : Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017, at 13 : 00. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Arithmetic logic unit", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Arithmetic_logic_unit&amp;oldid=805600878" }

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{ "text": "Ramleh ( band ) - wikipedia Ramleh ( band ) Ramleh Origin United Kingdom Genres Power electronics noise noise rock psychedelic rock Years active 1982 ( 1982 ) -- 1984 ( 1984 ), 1987, 1989 - 1997, 2009 -- present Labels Broken Flag Pure Sympathy for the Record Industry Associated acts Skullflower Whitehouse Website www.brokenflag.com Members Gary Mundy Anthony di Franco Stuart Dennison Past members Philip Best Martin Watts Jerome Clegg Ramleh are a British experimental music group formed by musician Gary Mundy in 1982. The current line - up of the band includes Gary Mundy, Anthony di Franco and Stuart Dennison. Originally a part of the English power electronics and industrial music scene in early 1980s, Ramleh experimented with a more traditional rock format in their later releases. Contents 1 History 2 Musical style and imagery 3 Band members 4 Discography 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The group was formed by Mundy in 1982 as a part of the power electronics scene in early 1980s, which included artists such as Whitehouse and Sutcliffe Jügend. After releasing Onslaught cassette, he was joined by Philip Best, a 14 - year - old musician who was known for his involvement in Iphar and Whitehouse. The band 's 21 / 5 / 62 / 82 cassette was released in 1982 and was titled as a reference to the execution of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann. Ramleh recorded four more cassette releases in 1982 : Onslaught, Live to Theresienstadt, Live New Force, and Live Phenol. Live McCarthy, Live at Moden Tower 12 / 10 / 1983, and Live at Prossneck 1 / 10 / 83, A Return to Slavery and The Hand of Glory EPs were added to the band 's catalogue in 1983. This was followed by a string of cassette releases in 1983. Although Ramleh disbanded in 1984, Mundy 's own record label Broken Flag continued releasing Ramleh material. After releasing Hole in the Heart cassette and a few records under the Ramleh alias in 1987, Mundy reformed the band in 1989 with Best. The reunion was followed by Grudge for Life LP in 1989. Inspired by Mundy 's experimental rock band Skullflower, the band began to incorporate rock influences in their records, starting with Blowhole in 1991. After releasing Caught From Behind, a split with Italian artist M.T.T, and Crystal Revenge, the band added Skullflower members Anthony di Franco on bass and Stuart Dennison on drums to its line - up. The new line - up released Homeless in 1994. The band continued releasing rock records in late 1990s, which included Adieu, All You Judges and Be Careful What You Wish For in 1995, and Works III in 1996. After releasing Boeing, Mundy disbanded Ramleh for the second time. In 2009, Mundy and di Franco reformed Ramleh with drummer Martyn Watts. In that year, the band also returned to its original power electronics aesthetics with Valediction LP, although Mundy states that the band will be performing in both rock and electronic genres. In 2015, Stuart Dennison returned to drum with Ramleh and played on the US west coast tour in January 2016. Musical style and imagery ( edit ) Early recordings of Ramleh were labeled as power electronics and noise music. Nevertheless, in 1990s the band started experiment with more traditional rock music structures. The band 's more traditional works were commonly labeled as `` noise rock. '' Frances Morgan of The Quietus described the band music during this era as `` a brutal, abject strand of dark psychedelic rock, '' while albums such as Works III and Boeing were labeled as `` heavy psych - noise rock. '' Skullflower and Butthole Surfers were influences on these works. Ramleh 's first album after 2009 reunion expressed a revival of the band 's original power electronics genre and was compared to the works of Japanese noise musician Merzbow, while the band retained its rock music instrumentation during this era, performing on both genres. In its early days, Ramleh flirted with Nazi and fascist and imagery for its shock value, like other bands in the industrial music scene. Nevertheless, Mundy and Best since discontinued this practice and disavowed it, denying any affiliations with hate groups. Band members ( edit ) Current members Gary Mundy -- vocals, guitar, keyboards, electronics ( 1982 - 1984, 1987, 1989 - 1997, 2009 - present ) Anthony di Franco -- bass, keyboards, electronics, vocals ( 1994 - 1997, 2009 -- present ) Stuart Dennison -- drums ( 1994 - 1997, 2015 -- Present ) Past members Philip Best -- vocals, keyboards, electronics ( 1982 - 1984, 1989 - 1997 ) Martyn Watts -- drums ( 2009 -- 2015 ) Discography ( edit ) Studio albums and LPs A Return To Slavery ( 1983, Broken Flag ) Grudge For Life ( 1989, Vis - A-Vis ) Blowhole ( 1991, Shock ) Caught From Behind ( 1990, Minus Habens ) Crystal Revenge / Paid In Full ( split LP with Mtt ) ( 1991, Minus Habens ) Shooters Hill ( 1992, Shock ) Homeless ( 1994, Freek Records ) Adieu, All You Judges ( with Skullflower ) ( 1995, Broken Flag ) Be Careful What You Wish For ( 1995, Sympathy For The Record Industry ) Works III ( 1996, Dirter Promotions ) Boeing ( 1997, Majora ) Too Many Miles ( 2002, Dirter Productions ) Valediction ( 2009, Broken Flag ) Live Valediction ( 2013, Broken Flag ) Circular Time ( 2015, Crucial Blast ) Cassette releases Onslaught ( 1982, Iphar ) 31 / 5 / 62 / 82 ( 1982, Broken Flag ) Live To Theresienstadt ( 1982, Broken Flag ) Live New Force ( 1982, Broken Flag ) Live Phenol ( 1982, Broken Flag ) Live Prossneck, 1 / 10 / 83 ( 1983, Broken Flag ) Live At Moden Tower, 12 / 10 / 983 ( 1983, Broken Flag ) Live Mccarthy ( 1983, Broken Flag ) 104 Weeks ( 1984, Broken Flag ) As I Have Won ( 1984, Broken Flag ) Awake! ( 1985, Broken Flag ) Nerve ( split with Ani - Tow ) ( 1986, Broken Flag ) Hole in the Heart ( 1987, Broken Flag ) Pumping ( 1987, Broken Flag ) Tomorrow We Live ( split with Irritant ) ( Sound of Pig Music ) A Penis Tense Not Penitence ( split with Nails Ov Christ ) ( Strength Through Awareness ) Soundcheck Changeling ( 1994, Broken Flag ) Airborne Babel ( 1995, Broken Flag ) Live 1983 ( 1995, Broken Flag ) EPs and singles The Hand of Glory EP ( 1983, Broken Flag ) `` Slammers / Black Moby Dick '' ( 1990, Shock ) `` Loser Patrol / Tracers '' ( 1992, Dying Earth ) `` Say Fuck / Slack Jaw '' ( 1993, Dying Earth ) `` 8 Ball Corner Pocket / Trapped Aircraft '' ( 1993, Sympathy for the Record Industry ) `` Welcome / Pris '' ( 1994, Broken Flag ) `` Dicey Opera / Night Hair Child '' ( 1995, Sympathy for the Record Industry ) `` Switch Hitter / The Machines of Infinite Joy '' ( 2009, Black Rose Recordings ) Guidelines EP ( 2011, Broken Flag ) Compilations We Created It, Let 's Take It Over Vol. I ( 1995, Pure ) We Created It, Let 's Take It Over Vol. II ( 1995, Pure ) We Created It, Let 's Take It Over Vol. III ( 1995, Pure ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mason, Stewart. `` Ramleh ''. Allmusic. Retrieved 1 April 2014. ^ Jump up to : Burnett, Joseph ( 1 February 2012 ). `` Destroying Structure : An Interview With Ramleh ''. The Quietus. Retrieved 1 April 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ramleh - Interview ''. Grim Humour. 1991 -- 1992. Retrieved 1 April 2014. ^ Jump up to : Perdue, Everett Jang. `` Ramleh ''. Trouser Press. Retrieved 1 April 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Ramleh - Valediction ''. Aquarius Records. Retrieved 1 April 2014. Jump up ^ Mason, Stewart. `` Ramleh - Be Careful for What You Wish For ''. Allmusic. Retrieved 1 April 2014. Jump up ^ Morgan, Frances ( 22 February 2010 ). `` A Dispatch From The Outer Reaches : Ramleh, Fursaxa & More ''. The Quietus. Retrieved 1 April 2014. External links ( edit ) Broken Flag official website WorldCat Identities VIAF : 244278012 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramleh_(band)&oldid=852661644 '' Categories : Musical groups established in 1982 Musical groups disestablished in 1984 Musical groups reestablished in 1987 Musical groups reestablished in 1989 Musical groups disestablished in 1997 Musical groups reestablished in 2009 British industrial music groups Power electronics Musical trios British experimental musical groups British noise rock groups British electronic music groups Sympathy for the Record Industry artists 1982 establishments in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2014 Use British English from August 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018, at 14 : 29 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Ramleh (band)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Ramleh_(band)&amp;oldid=852661644" }

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{ "text": "Capital punishment in Oregon - wikipedia Capital punishment in Oregon Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Oregon. In November 2011, Governor John Kitzhaber announced a moratorium on executions in Oregon, canceling a planned execution and ordering a review of the death penalty system in the state. Kitzhaber 's successor, Governor Kate Brown, affirmed her commitment to the moratorium. Contents ( hide ) 1 Legal process 2 Capital crimes 3 Early history 4 List of individuals executed since 1978 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Legal process ( edit ) Oregon is the only American state where someone can be convicted of a capital crime without a unanimous verdict from the jury : 11 jurors are enough to find the defendant guilty, unless the prosecution requests a unanimous verdict. But if the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must always be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a life sentence is issued, even if a single juror opposed death ( there is no retrial ). The Governor of Oregon has sole authority over clemency, including capital cases. The method of execution is lethal injection. The men 's death row is located, and executions are carried out, at the Oregon State Penitentiary. Women on death row are held at Coffee Creek Correctional Facility until shortly before their execution. Capital crimes ( edit ) Aggravated murder is the only crime punishable by death in Oregon. It is defined as murder involving any of the following circumstances : The defendant committed the murder pursuant to an agreement that the defendant receive money or other thing of value for committing the murder. The defendant solicited another to commit the murder and paid or agreed to pay the person money or other thing of value for committing the murder. The defendant committed murder after having been convicted previously in any jurisdiction of any homicide, the elements of which constitute the crime of murder or manslaughter as defined by Oregon statutes. There was more than one murder victim in the same criminal episode. The homicide occurred in the course of or as a result of intentional maiming or torture of the victim. The victim of the intentional homicide was a person under the age of 14 years. The victim was a police officer, correctional, parole and probation officer or other person charged with the duty of custody, control, or supervision of convicted persons, a member of the Oregon State Police, judicial officer, juror, or witness in a criminal proceeding, employee or officer of a court of justice, or a member of the State Board of Parole and Post-Prison Supervision and the murder was related to the performance of the victim 's duties in the justice system. The defendant committed murder by means of explosives. The defendant personally and intentionally committed the homicide in course of furtherance of another specified felony such as rape. The murder was committed in an effort to conceal the commission of a crime, or to conceal the identity of the perpetrator of a crime. The murder was committed after the defendant had escaped from a state, county, or municipal penal or correctional facility and before recapture. Early History ( edit ) The first death sentence carried out under the territorial government, apart from the hanging of the 5 Cayuse in 1850, came on April 18, 1851, when William Kendall was hanged in Salem. Kendall 's sentence was handed down by Judge William Strong of the Oregon Supreme Court. Since 1904, about 60 Five Cayuse Native American men were taken to Oregon City, tried and sentenced to hang. Before their execution on June 3, 1850, the leader, Tiloukaikt, accepted Catholic last rites. Tiloukaikt spoke on the gallows, `` Did not your missionaries teach us that Christ died to save his people? So we die to save our people. '' Capital punishment was made explicitly legal by statute in 1864, and executions have been carried out exclusively at the Oregon State Penitentiary in Salem since 1904. The death penalty was outlawed between 1914 and 1920, again between 1964 and 1978, and then again between a 1981 Oregon Supreme Court ruling and a 1984 ballot measure. Oregon voters amended the Constitution in 1914, to repeal the death penalty, by a margin of 50.04 %. The repeal was an initiative of Governor Oswald West. However, the death penalty was restored in 1920 with 56 % of voters favoring its use. From 1864 to 1931, executions were carried out by hanging. However, beginning with the execution of LeRoy Hershel McCarthy, on January 30, 1939, Oregon began using lethal gas in gas - chamber executions. The state executed seventeen men in this manner. The last of these gas - inhalation executions took place on 20 August 1962, with the execution of Leeroy Sanford McGahuey. In 1964 voters passed Measure 1, a constitutional amendment prohibiting capital punishment, with 60 % of voters approving. Governor Mark Hatfield commuted the sentences of three death row inmates two days later. Voters reenacted the death penalty in the general election of 1978, by statute ; Measure 8 required the death penalty in certain murder cases. Measure 8 was overturned by the Oregon Supreme Court in 1981, on the grounds that it denied defendants the right to be tried by a jury of their peers. In 1984, Measure 6 amended the state constitution to once more make the death penalty legal. Measure 7, a statutory measure passed in the same year, required a separate sentencing hearing before a jury in cases of aggravated murder. In 1988, the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Penry v. Lynaugh affected the Oregon death penalty, because Oregon 's law is based on the Texas law involved in the case. Seventeen Oregon cases were remanded for resentencing following Penry ; eight convicts were re-sentenced to death. In 2000, the Benetton Group featured several inmates on Oregon 's death row in a controversial anti-death penalty advertising campaign. Cesar Barone, Conan Wayne Hale, Jesse Caleb Compton, and Alberto Reyes Camarena were featured in the ad. Between 1904 and 1994, 115 people were sentenced to death in Oregon, and 58 of those were executed. List of individuals executed since 1978 ( edit ) Two people have been executed in Oregon since the reinstatement of capital punishment in 1978. Both waived their appeals and asked that the execution be carried out. Name Date of execution Victim Governor Douglas Franklin Wright September 6, 1996 William Marks and 2 others John Kitzhaber Harry Charles Moore May 16, 1997 Thomas Lauri and Barbara Cunningham See also ( edit ) List of Oregon ballot measures List of death row inmates in Oregon Crime in Oregon Law of Oregon References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jung, Helen ( November 22, 2011 ). `` Gov. John Kitzhaber stops executions in Oregon, calls system ' compromised and inequitable ' ''. The Oregonian. Retrieved November 22, 2011. Jump up ^ Mapes, Jeff ( February 2015 ). `` Kate Brown says she opposes death penalty but refuses to rule out executions on her watch ''. OREGONLIVE. Oregonlive / The Oregonian. Retrieved June 25, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Section 136.450 - Number of jurors required for verdict ''. law.justia.com. Retrieved June 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Section 163.150 - Sentencing for aggravated murder ; proceedings ; issues for jury ''. law.justia.com. Retrieved June 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Oregon Constitution - Article V - Sec. 14 ''. law.justia.com. Retrieved June 16, 2016. Jump up ^ Oregon execution chamber Jump up ^ `` Capital Punishment in Oregon - Statistics. '' Oregon Department of Corrections. Retrieved on February 19, 2016. Jump up ^ Oregon Revised Statutes § 163.115 Jump up ^ Oregon Revised Statutes § 163.095 Jump up ^ Oregon Revised Statutes Chapter 163, includes legal definition of aggravated murder ^ Jump up to : Terry, John. Oregon 's Trails - ' Necktie Parties ' does justice to legal hangings in Oregon. The Oregonian, 6 November 2005. Jump up ^ Horner, John B. ( 1919 ). Oregon : Her History, Her Great Men, Her Literature. Press of the Gazette - Times. p. 313. ^ Jump up to : `` History of Capital Punishment in Oregon ''. Oregon.gov. Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 26. Jump up ^ Christianson, Scott ( 26 July 2011 ). The Last Gasp : The Rise and Fall of the American Gas Chamber. University of California Press. p. 123. ISBN 978 - 0520271210. Retrieved June 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Oregon Blue Book : Initiative, Referendum and Recall : 1980 - 1987 Jump up ^ Danks, Holly ( January 20, 2000 ). `` Benetton features Oregon killers ''. The Oregonian. External links ( edit ) History of Capital Punishment in Oregon from Oregon.gov Death penalty in Oregon, from the Oregon Encyclopedia hide Capital punishment in the United States Articles Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington, D.C. Puerto Rico American Samoa Lists of individuals executed Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington Wyoming By year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Scheduled executions Other List of U.S. Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment List of death row inmates in the United States List of women on death row List of women executed since 1976 Juveniles National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty Death Penalty Information Center Topics in Oregon legislation Crime and sentencing Capital punishment Measure 11 ( 1994 ) ( mandatory minimum sentencing ) Measure 40 ( 1996 ) etc. ( victims ' rights ) Elections and voting Direct Legislation League Vote - by - mail Term limits List of Oregon ballot measures Gay rights Same - sex marriage Oregon Citizens Alliance Measure 9 ( 1992 ) ( homosexuality and education ) Environment Bottle bill Nuclear power Wind power Solar power Coal power Land use O&C Lands Beach Bill ( 1967 ) Land Conservation and Development Act ( 1973 ) Measure 37 ( 2004 ) & 49 ( 2008 ) Health care Death with Dignity Act Oregon Health Plan Minimum wage Measures 36 ( 1996 ), 25 ( 2002 ) Taxation Tax revolt Measure 5 ( 1990 ) ( landmark tax law ) Measures 47 ( 1996 ) and 50 ( 1997 ) ( adjusted Measure 5 ) Kicker tax rebate Measure 97 ( 2016 ) Miscellaneous Compulsory Education Act Adoption rights Alcoholic beverages in Oregon Bicycle Bill Cannabis in Oregon Influential people Loren Parks Bill Sizemore Background, further reading Oregon legislature Direct democracy in Oregon Oregon government Oregon history Oregon ballot measures Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Oregon&oldid=832156710 '' Categories : Capital punishment in Oregon Capital punishment in the United States by state Crime in Oregon Oregon law Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018, at 04 : 44. About Wikipedia", "title": "Capital punishment in Oregon", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Oregon&amp;oldid=832156710" }

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{ "text": "Admission to the Union - wikipedia Admission to the Union For the admission of new member states to the European Union, see Enlargement of the European Union. This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Admission to the Union Clause of the United States Constitution, oftentimes called the New States Clause, and found at Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1, authorizes the Congress to admit new states into the United States beyond the thirteen already in existence at the time the Constitution went into effect. The Constitution went into effect on June 21, 1788, after ratification by 9 of the 13 states, and the federal government began operations under it on March 4, 1789. Since then, 37 additional states have been admitted into the Union. Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with those already in existence. Of the 37 states admitted to the Union by Congress, all but six have been established within an existing U.S. organized incorporated territory. A state so created might encompass all or a portion of a territory. When the people of a territory or a region thereof would make their desire for statehood known to the federal government, in most cases Congress passed an enabling act authorizing the people of that territory or region to frame a proposed state constitution as a step toward admission to the Union. Although the use of an enabling act was a common historic practice, a number of states were admitted to the Union without one. In many instances, an enabling act would detail the mechanism by which the territory would be admitted as a state following ratification of their constitution and election of state officers. Although the use of such an act is a traditional historic practice, a number of territories have drafted constitutions for submission to Congress absent an enabling act and were subsequently admitted. The broad outline for this process was established by the Land Ordinance of 1784 and the 1787 Northwest Ordinance, both of which predate the present U.S. Constitution. The Admission to the Union Clause also forbids the creation of new states from parts of existing states without the consent of both the affected states and Congress. The primary intent of this caveat was to give Eastern states that still had western land claims ( there were four at that time ) a veto over whether their western counties could become states. This clause has served the same function since, each time a proposal to partition an existing state or states has arisen. Contents 1 Text 2 Background 2.1 Articles of Confederation 2.2 1787 Constitutional Convention 3 Equal footing doctrine 4 Admission process 5 States that were never part of an organized U.S. territory 5.1 Notes 6 See also 7 Further reading 8 References Text ( edit ) New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. Background ( edit ) Articles of Confederation ( edit ) Between 1781 and 1789 the United States was governed by a unicameral Congress, the Congress of the Confederation, which operated under authority granted to it by the Articles of Confederation, the nation 's first constitution. The 11th Article authorized Congress to admit new states to the Union provided nine states consented. Under the Articles, each state cast one vote on each proposed measure in Congress. During this period, the Confederation Congress enacted two ordinances governing the admission of new states into the Union. The first such ordinance was the Land Ordinance of 1784, enacted April 23, 1784. Thomas Jefferson was its principal author. The Ordinance called for the land ( recently confirmed as part of the United States by the Treaty of Paris ) west of the Appalachian Mountains, north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River to eventually be divided into ten separate states. Once a given area reached 20,000 inhabitants, it could call a constitutional convention and form a provisional government. Then, upon enacting a state constitution which affirmed that the new state would forever be part of the Confederation, would be subject to the Articles of Confederation and acts of Congress, would be subject to payment for federal debts and would not tax federal properties within the state border or tax non-residents at a rate higher than residents, and would have a republican form of government, and also after reaching a population equal to that of the least - populated of the established states, it would be admitted, on an equal footing with all other states, based on a majority vote in Congress. Jefferson 's original draft of the ordinance gave names to the proposed states, and also contained a provision that `` After the year 1800 there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in any of them. '' The 1784 ordinance was superseded three years later by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. Enacted by the Confederation Congress on July 13, 1787, it created the Northwest Territory, the first organized incorporated territory of the United States. The Northwest Ordinance ( Article V ) provided for the admission of several new states from within its bounds : There shall be formed in the said territory, not less than three nor more than five States (... ) And, whenever any of the said States shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants therein, such State shall be admitted, by its delegates, into the Congress of the United States, on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever, and shall be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and State government : Provided, the constitution and government so to be formed, shall be republican, and in conformity to the principles contained in these articles ; and, so far as it can be consistent with the general interest of the confederacy, such admission shall be allowed at an earlier period, and when there may be a less number of free inhabitants in the State than sixty thousand. Considered one of the most important legislative acts of the Confederation Congress, it established the precedent by which the Federal government would be sovereign and expand westward with the admission of new states, rather than with the expansion of existing states and their established sovereignty under the Articles of Confederation. No new states were formed in the Northwest Territory under either ordinance. In August, 1789, the ordinance was replaced by the Northwest Ordinance of 1789, in which the new Congress ( under the present Constitution ) reaffirmed the Ordinance with slight modifications. The territory itself remained in existence until 1803, when the southeastern portion of it was admitted to the Union as the State of Ohio, and the remainder was reorganized. While the articles of Confederation were in effect, the Congress considered various ordinances admitting particular new states into the Union : On August 20, 1781, Congress passed a resolution stating conditions under which the Vermont Republic ( at the time a de facto but unrecognized sovereign state ) could enter the Union. It needed only to give up its claims to territory west of Lake Champlain and east of the Connecticut River. The following February, the legislature of Vermont agreed to those terms. However, Vermont 's admission would be delayed for nearly a decade, due largely to opposition from New York, which asserted a disputed claim to the region. On May 16, 1785, a resolution to admit Frankland ( later modified to Franklin ) to the Union was introduced in Congress. Eventually, seven states voted to admit what would have been the 14th state. This was, however, less than the nine states required by the Articles of Confederation. This would - be state was created in 1784 from part of the territory west of the Appalachian Mountains that had been offered by North Carolina as a cession to Congress to help pay off debts related to the Revolutionary War. It continued to exist as an extra-legal state through mid-1788, when North Carolina re-assumed full control of the area. Franklin later became part of the Southwest Territory, which still later became the state of Tennessee. In July, 1788, Congress began deliberations on whether to admit Kentucky to the Union. Kentucky was then a part of Virginia. The legislature of Virginia had consented to the creation of the new state from its western district. However, when Congress began to discuss the matter, they received notification that New Hampshire had ratified the Constitution, becoming the ninth state to do so, causing it to go into effect in the ratifying states. Congress instead passed a resolution stating that it was `` unadvisable '' to admit a new state under those circumstances and the matter should wait until the federal government under the Constitution came into existence. As a result, no new states were admitted to the Union while the Articles of Confederation was in effect. 1787 constitutional convention ( edit ) At the 1787 Constitutional Convention, a proposal to include the phrase, `` new States shall be admitted on the same terms with the original States '', in the new states clause was defeated. That proposal would have taken the policy articulated in the Ordinance of 1784 and made it a constitutional imperative. Many delegates objected to including the phrase however, fearing that the political power of future new western states would ultimately overwhelm that of the established eastern states. Delegates, understanding that the number of states would inevitably increase, did agree to include wording into this clause to preclude formation of a new state out of an established one without the consent of the established state as well as the Congress. It was anticipated that Kentucky ( which was a part of Virginia ), Franklin ( which was a part of North Carolina, and later became part of the Southwest Territory ), Vermont ( to which New York asserted a disputed claim ), and Maine ( which was a part of Massachusetts ), would become states. As a result of this compromise, new breakaway states are permitted to join the Union, but only with the proper consents. Equal footing doctrine ( edit ) Shortly after the new Constitution went into effect Congress admitted Vermont and Kentucky on equal terms with the existing 13 states, and thereafter formalized the condition in its acts of admission for subsequent states. Thus the Congress, utilizing the discretion allowed by the framers, adopted a policy of equal status for all newly admitted states. The constitutional principle derived from these actions is known as the equal footing doctrine. With the growth of states ' rights advocacy during the antebellum period, the Supreme Court asserted, in Lessee of Pollard v. Hagan ( 1845 ), that the Constitution mandated admission of new states on the basis of equality. Admission process ( edit ) The order in which the original 13 states ratified the constitution, then the order in which the others were admitted to the union. Historically, most new states brought into being by Congress have been established from an organized incorporated U.S. territory, created and governed by Congress in accord with its plenary power under Article IV, Section 3, Clause 2 of the Constitution. In some cases, an entire territory became a state ; in others some part of a territory became a state. In most cases, the organized government of a territory made known the sentiment of its population in favor of statehood, usually by referendum. Congress then directed that government to organize a constitutional convention to write a state constitution. Upon acceptance of that constitution, by the people of the territory and then by Congress, would adopt a joint resolution granting statehood and the President would issue a proclamation announcing that a new state has been added to the Union. While Congress, which has ultimate authority over the admission of new states, has usually followed this procedure, there have been occasions ( due to unique case - specific circumstances ) where it did not. Congress is under no obligation to admit states, even in those areas whose population expresses a desire for statehood. In one instance, Mormon pioneers in Salt Lake City sought to establish the state of Deseret in 1849. It existed for slightly over two years and was never approved by the United States Congress. In another, leaders of the Five Civilized Tribes ( Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole ) in Indian Territory proposed to establish the state of Sequoyah in 1905, as a means to retain control of their lands. The proposed constitution ultimately failed in the U.S. Congress. Instead, the Indian Territory was incorporated into the new state of Oklahoma in 1907. Some U.S. territories existed only a short time before becoming states, while others remained territories for decades. The shortest - lived was Alabama Territory at 2 years, while New Mexico and Hawaii territories both were in existence for more than 50 years. The entry of several states into the Union has been delayed due to complicating factors. Among them, Michigan Territory, which petitioned Congress for statehood in 1835, was not admitted to the Union until 1837, due to a boundary dispute with the adjoining state of Ohio. The Republic of Texas requested annexation to the United States in 1837, but fears about potential conflict with Mexico delayed the admission of Texas for nine years. Also, statehood for Kansas Territory was held up for several years ( 1854 -- 61 ) due to a series of internal violent conflicts involving anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions. Once established, most state borders have, with few exceptions, been generally stable. Notable exceptions include : the various portions ( the Western land claims ) of several original states ceded over a period of several years to the federal government, which in turn became the Northwest Territory, Southwest Territory, and Mississippi Territory ; the 1791 cession by Maryland and Virginia of land to create the District of Columbia ( Virginia 's portion was returned in 1847 ) ; and the creation, on at least three separate occasions, of a new state ( Kentucky, Maine and West Virginia ) from a region of an existing state ( Vermont was created from what was disputedly claimed to be a part of New York and was not admitted until New York consented ) ; two large additions to Nevada, which became a state in 1864, were made in 1866 and 1867. However, there have been numerous minor adjustments to state boundaries over the years due to improved surveys, resolution of ambiguous or disputed boundary definitions, or minor mutually agreed boundary adjustments for administrative convenience or other purposes. One notable example is the case New Jersey v. New York, in which New Jersey won roughly 90 % of Ellis Island from New York in 1998. States that were never part of an organized U.S. territory ( edit ) U.S. states that were never part of an organized territory. In addition to the original 13, six subsequent states were never part of an organized incorporated U.S. territory. Kentucky, Maine, and West Virginia were each set off from already existing states. Texas and Vermont both entered the Union after having been sovereign states ( only de facto sovereignty in Vermont 's case, as the region was claimed by New York ). California was set off from unorganized land ceded to the United States by Mexico in 1848 at the end of the Mexican -- American War. State Date of admission Formed from California September 9, 1850 Unorganized territory ( part ) Kentucky June 1, 1792 Virginia ( District of Kentucky : Fayette, Jefferson, and Lincoln counties ) Maine March 15, 1820 Massachusetts ( District of Maine ) Texas December 29, 1845 Republic of Texas Vermont March 4, 1791 Vermont Republic ( earlier known as the New Hampshire Grants ) West Virginia June 20, 1863 Virginia ( Trans - Allegheny region counties ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Area Mexico ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, minus Texan claims. The cession consisted of present day states of California, Nevada, Utah, most of Arizona, about half of New Mexico, about a quarter of Colorado, and a small section of Wyoming. The Act of Congress establishing California as the 31st state was part of the Compromise of 1850. Jump up ^ The Virginia General Assembly adopted legislation on December 18, 1789 separating its `` District of Kentucky '' from the rest of the state and approving its statehood. Jump up ^ The Massachusetts General Court passed enabling legislation on June 19, 1819 separating the `` District of Maine '' from the rest of the state ( an action approved by the voters in Maine on July 19, 1819 by 17,001 to 7,132 ) ; then, on February 25, 1820, passed a follow - up measure officially accepting the fact of Maine 's imminent statehood. The Act of Congress establishing Maine as the 23rd state was part of the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Jump up ^ Between 1749 and 1764 the provincial governor of New Hampshire, Benning Wentworth, issued approximately 135 grants for unoccupied land claimed by New Hampshire west of the Connecticut River ( in what is today southern Vermont ), territory that was also claimed by New York. The resulting dispute led to the rise of the Green Mountain Boys and the later establishment of the Vermont Republic. New Hampshire 's claim upon the land was extinguished in 1764 by royal order of George III, and on March 6, 1790 the state of New York ceded its New Hampshire Grants claim to Vermont for 30,000 dollars. Jump up ^ On May 13, 1862, the General Assembly of the Restored Government of Virginia passed an act granting permission for the creation of West Virginia. Later, by its ruling in Virginia v. West Virginia ( 1871 ), the Supreme Court implicitly affirmed that the breakaway Virginia counties did have the proper consents required to become a separate state. See also ( edit ) 51st state Enabling Act of 1802, authorizing residents of the eastern portion of the Northwest Territory to form the state of Ohio Texas annexation, the 1845 incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the United States as a state in the Union Legal status of Texas Enabling Act of 1889, authorizing residents of Dakota, Montana, and Washington territories to form state governments ( Dakota to be divided into two states ) and to gain admission to the Union Enabling Act of 1906 authorizing residents of Oklahoma, Indian, New Mexico, and Arizona territories to form state governments ( Indian and Oklahoma territories to be combined into one state ) and to gain admission to the Union Alaska Statehood Act, admitting Alaska as a state in the Union as of January 3, 1959 Legal status of Alaska Hawaii Admission Act, admitting Hawaii as a state in the Union as of August 21, 1959 Legal status of Hawaii Federalism in the United States List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union List of U.S. state partition proposals State cessions Statehood movement in Puerto Rico Perpetual Union Further reading ( edit ) The Uniting States : The Story of Statehood for the Fifty United States, three volumes, edited by Benjamin F. Shearer, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 2004, ISBN 0 - 313 - 32703 - 3 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` March 4 : A forgotten huge day in American history ''. Constitution Daily. Philadelphia : National Constitution Center. March 4, 2013. Retrieved October 21, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Doctrine of the Equality of States ''. Justia.com. Mountain View, California. Retrieved April 5, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Forte, David F. `` Essays on Article IV : New States Clause ''. The Heritage Guide to the Constitution. Washington, D.C. : The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved April 5, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation, Centennial Edition, Interim Edition : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26, 2013 '' ( PDF ). Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office. 2013. pp. 16 -- 17. Retrieved April 5, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Grupo de Investigadores Puertorriqueños ( 1984 ). Breakthrough From Colonialism : An Interdisciplinary Study of Statehood. 1. University of Puerto Rico. pp. 20 -- 22. ISBN 9780847724895. OCLC 836947912. Jump up ^ `` Report from the Committee for the Western Territory to the United States Congress ''. Envisaging the West : Thomas Jefferson and the Roots of Lewis and Clark. University of Nebraska -- Lincoln and University of Virginia. March 1, 1784. Retrieved April 7, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Northwest Ordinance ; July 13, 1787 ''. Avalon Project. Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School. Retrieved February 17, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Northwest Ordinance ''. loc.gov. Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress. Retrieved April 19, 2016. Jump up ^ Horsman, Reginald ( Autumn 1989 ). `` The Northwest Ordinance and the Shaping of an Expanding Republic ''. The Wisconsin Magazine of History. Wisconsin Historical Society. 73 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 32. JSTOR 4636235. Jump up ^ Mello, Robert A. ( 2014 ). Moses Robinson and the Founding of Vermont. Vermont Historical Society. Jump up ^ Vasan, Kesavan ( 2002 ). `` When did the Articles of Confederation Cease to Be Law? ''. Notre Dame Law Review. 78 ( 1 ). Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates, July 23, 1787 ''. New Haven, Connecticut : Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School. Retrieved August 20, 2016. Jump up ^ Kesavan, Vasan ; Paulsen, Michael Stokes ( March 2002 ). `` Is West Virginia Unconstitutional? ''. California Law Review. University of California, Berkeley, School of Law. 90 ( 2 ) : 395. Retrieved March 25, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Property and Territory : Powers of Congress ''. Justia.com. Mountain View, California. Retrieved April 8, 2016. Jump up ^ Huddle, F.P. ( 1946 ). `` Admission of new states ''. Editorial research reports. CQ Press. Retrieved May 17, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Museum of the Red River -- The Choctaw ''. Museum of the Red River. 2005. Archived from the original on 15 June 2009. Retrieved 4 August 2009. Jump up ^ Winders, Richard Bruce ( 2002 ). Crisis in the Southwest : the United States, Mexico, and the Struggle over Texas. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 82, 92. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2801 - 1 -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ Stein, Mark ( 2008 ). How the States Got Their Shapes. New York : HarperCollins. pp. xvi, 334. ISBN 9780061431395. Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda ( May 27, 1998 ). `` The Ellis Island Verdict : The Ruling ; High Court Gives New Jersey Most of Ellis Island ''. The New York Times. Retrieved August 2, 2012. Jump up ^ Riccards, Michael P. ( 1997 ). `` Lincoln and the Political Question : The Creation of the State of West Virginia ''. Presidential Studies Quarterly. 27 ( 3 ) : 549 -- 564. Retrieved April 5, 2016 -- via Questia. Jump up ^ `` California Admission Day September 9, 1850 ''. CA.gov. California Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved April 5, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Kentucky ''. history.com. A + E Networks. Retrieved March 25, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Official Name and Status History of the several States and U.S. Territories ''. TheGreenPapers.com. Jump up ^ `` Today in History -- March 15 : The Pine Tree State ''. Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress. Retrieved April 5, 2016. Jump up ^ Holt, Michael F. ( 200 ). The fate of their country : politicians, slavery extension, and the coming of the Civil War. New York : Hill and Wang. p. 15. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 4439 - 9. Jump up ^ `` The 14th State ''. Vermont History Explorer. Barre, Vermont : Vermont Historical Society. Retrieved April 5, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Today in History -- June 20 : Mountaineers Always Freemen ''. Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress. Retrieved April 5, 2016. Jump up ^ `` A State of Convenience : The Creation of West Virginia, Chapter Twelve, Reorganized Government of Virginia Approves Separation ''. Wvculture.org. West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Retrieved April 5, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Virginia v. West Virginia 78 U.S. 39 ( 1870 ) ''. Justia.com. Mountain View, California. Retrieved April 5, 2016. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Admission to the Union", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Admission_to_the_Union&amp;oldid=852877635" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Admission to the Union Clause of the United States Constitution, oftentimes called the New States Clause, and found at Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1, authorizes the Congress to admit new states into the United States beyond the thirteen already in existence at the time the Constitution went into effect. The Constitution went into effect on June 21, 1788, after ratification by 9 of the 13 states, and the federal government began operations under it on March 4, 1789. Since then, 37 additional states have been admitted into the Union. Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with those already in existence. Of the 37 states admitted to the Union by Congress, all but six have been established within an existing U.S. organized incorporated territory. A state so created might encompass all or a" ], "id": [ "18364200153887237701" ], "short_answers": [ "Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of FA Community Shield matches - wikipedia List of FA Community Shield matches Jump to : navigation, search The FA Community Shield, which the winner receives The FA Community Shield ( formerly the Charity Shield ) is an annual association football match organised by the Football Association and presently contested between the champions of the Premier League and the winners of the FA Cup. In the event where a club achieves the domestic double, it will go on to face the league runners - up instead. The match is played every August as the `` traditional curtain - raiser '' to the new English domestic football season. Since 1974, all but seven of the matches have been held at either the original or new Wembley stadiums. Stamford Bridge, which was where the inaugural Charity Shield was played in 1908, has hosted the second-most finals with 11. The format of the competition has been modified many times over the years. The game was initially contested between the champions of the Football League and the Southern Football League from its inception until 1912, after which both professional and amateurs players participated. Following a six - year suspension as a result of the First World War, the competition resumed in 1920 with a game between the champions of the Football League First and Second Divisions. The following year saw the match arrangement changed again to become a match between the Football League champion and the winner of the FA Cup, switching several more times between the amateur / professional and league champion / FA Cup winner matches during the 1920s. From 1930 onwards it settled to a standard fixture between the FA Cup winner and the Football League champion, except on three occasions. In 1950, the England World Cup squad played the England team who toured Canada that summer, while double - winning Tottenham Hotspur played an `` F.A. Selected XI '' in 1961 that was described by The Times as being an `` England team masquerading ''. A decade later in 1971, Arsenal won the double and opted against contesting the Shield in favour of playing in more profitable friendlies in Europe ; Leicester City -- the champions of the Second Division -- took their place. Manchester United hold the record for the most victories, winning the competition 21 times since its inception. They also hold the distinction of having the most appearances ( 30 ) and most losses ( 9 ). Although the Shield has had its share of historical moments -- from Eric Cantona 's first career hat - trick in 1992, to Manchester United 's first loss of 1999 ending a streak of 33 consecutive games without a defeat -- it has been dismissed as a ceremonial friendly that is not on par with other domestic honours in terms of prestige. Winning the Shield has proven to be an unreliable indicator of success in the forthcoming season. Since the establishment of the Premier League in 1992, only seven clubs that won the Shield proceeded to become League champions in the same season, the last being Manchester United in 2010 -- 11. Indeed, Gianluca Vialli was sacked only weeks after guiding Chelsea to the victory in the 2000 match, following a lacklustre start to the season. The current holders are Arsenal, who defeated Chelsea in a penalty shootout after a 1 -- 1 draw in the 2017 edition. Contents ( hide ) 1 Results 2 Results by club 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Results ( edit ) Manchester United won the first FA Charity Shield in 1908 ( trophy pictured at the front left ). Key ( R ) Replay § Title was shared after match finished in a draw Match decided by a penalty shootout after full time Team was established for this match only FA Community Shield winners Year Winner ( s ) Score Runner - up Venue Attendance Ref ( s ) 1908 Manchester United 1 -- 1 Queens Park Rangers Stamford Bridge 6,000 1908 ( R ) Manchester United 4 -- 0 Queens Park Rangers Stamford Bridge 50,000 1909 Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Northampton Town Stamford Bridge 7,000 1910 Brighton and Hove Albion 1 -- 0 Aston Villa Stamford Bridge 13,000 1911 Manchester United 8 -- 4 Swindon Town Stamford Bridge 10,000 1912 Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 1 Queens Park Rangers White Hart Lane 7,100 1913 English Professionals XI 7 -- 2 English Amateurs XI The Den ( original ) 15,000 1920 West Bromwich Albion 2 -- 0 Tottenham Hotspur White Hart Lane 38,168 1921 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 0 Burnley White Hart Lane 18,000 1922 Huddersfield Town 1 -- 0 Liverpool Old Trafford 20,000 1923 English Professionals XI 2 -- 0 English Amateurs XI Stamford Bridge 11,000 1924 English Professionals XI 3 -- 1 English Amateurs XI Highbury Stadium 10,000 1925 English Amateurs XI 6 -- 1 English Professionals XI White Hart Lane 5,000 1926 English Amateurs XI 6 -- 3 English Professionals XI Maine Road 1,500 1927 Cardiff City 2 -- 1 Corinthian Stamford Bridge 16,500 1928 Everton 2 -- 1 Blackburn Rovers Old Trafford 4,000 1929 English Professionals XI 3 -- 0 English Amateurs XI The Den ( original ) 6,000 1930 Arsenal 2 -- 1 Sheffield Wednesday Stamford Bridge 18,000 1931 Arsenal 1 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Villa Park 21,276 1932 Everton 5 -- 3 Newcastle United St James ' Park 10,000 1933 Arsenal 3 -- 0 Everton Goodison Park 20,000 1934 Arsenal 4 -- 0 Manchester City Highbury Stadium 10,888 1935 Sheffield Wednesday 1 -- 0 Arsenal Highbury Stadium 15,000 1936 Sunderland 2 -- 1 Arsenal Roker Park 15,000 1937 Manchester City 2 -- 0 Sunderland Maine Road 14,000 1938 Arsenal 2 -- 1 Preston North End Highbury Stadium 7,233 1948 Arsenal 4 -- 3 Manchester United Highbury Stadium 31,000 1949 Portsmouth Wolverhampton Wanderers 1 -- 1 -- Highbury Stadium 35,140 1950 England World Cup XI 4 -- 2 FA Canadian Touring Team Stamford Bridge 38,468 1951 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 1 Newcastle United White Hart Lane 27,760 1952 Manchester United 4 -- 2 Newcastle United Old Trafford 11,381 1953 Arsenal 3 -- 1 Blackpool Highbury Stadium 39,853 1954 West Bromwich Albion Wolverhampton Wanderers 4 -- 4 -- Molineux Stadium 45,035 1955 Chelsea 3 -- 0 Newcastle United Stamford Bridge 12,802 1956 Manchester United 1 -- 0 Manchester City Maine Road 30,495 1957 Manchester United 4 -- 0 Aston Villa Old Trafford 27,923 1958 Bolton Wanderers 4 -- 1 Wolverhampton Wanderers Burnden Park 36,029 1959 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 1 Nottingham Forest Molineux Stadium 32,329 1960 Burnley Wolverhampton Wanderers 2 -- 2 -- Turf Moor 19,873 1961 Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 2 FA Select XI White Hart Lane 36,593 1962 Tottenham Hotspur 5 -- 1 Ipswich Town Portman Road 20,067 1963 Everton 4 -- 0 Manchester United Goodison Park 54,844 1964 Liverpool West Ham United 2 -- 2 -- Anfield 38,858 1965 Liverpool Manchester United 2 -- 2 -- Old Trafford 48,502 1966 Liverpool 1 -- 0 Everton Goodison Park 63,329 1967 Manchester United Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 3 -- Old Trafford 54,106 1968 Manchester City 6 -- 1 West Bromwich Albion Maine Road 35,510 1969 Leeds United 2 -- 1 Manchester City Elland Road 39,835 1970 Everton 2 -- 1 Chelsea Stamford Bridge 43,547 1971 Leicester City 1 -- 0 Liverpool Filbert Street 25,104 1972 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Aston Villa Villa Park 34,859 1973 Burnley 1 -- 0 Manchester City Maine Road 23,988 Liverpool 1 -- 1 Leeds United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 67,000 Derby County 2 -- 0 West Ham United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 59,000 1976 Liverpool 1 -- 0 Southampton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 76,500 1977 Liverpool Manchester United 0 -- 0 -- Wembley Stadium ( original ) 82,000 1978 Nottingham Forest 5 -- 0 Ipswich Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 68,000 1979 Liverpool 3 -- 1 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,800 1980 Liverpool 1 -- 0 West Ham United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 90,000 1981 Aston Villa Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 2 -- Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,500 1982 Liverpool 1 -- 0 Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium ( original ) 82,500 Manchester United 2 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,000 1984 Everton 1 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1985 Everton 2 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 82,000 1986 Everton Liverpool 1 -- 1 -- Wembley Stadium ( original ) 88,231 Everton 1 -- 0 Coventry City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 88,000 1988 Liverpool 2 -- 1 Wimbledon Wembley Stadium ( original ) 54,887 1989 Liverpool 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 63,149 1990 Liverpool Manchester United 1 -- 1 -- Wembley Stadium ( original ) 66,558 1991 Arsenal Tottenham Hotspur 0 -- 0 -- Wembley Stadium ( original ) 65,483 1992 Leeds United 4 -- 3 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 61,291 1993 Manchester United 1 -- 1 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 66,519 1994 Manchester United 2 -- 0 Blackburn Rovers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 60,402 1995 Everton 1 -- 0 Blackburn Rovers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 40,149 Manchester United 4 -- 0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 73,214 1997 Manchester United 1 -- 1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( original ) 73,636 1998 Arsenal 3 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 67,342 1999 Arsenal 2 -- 1 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 70,185 2000 Chelsea 2 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 65,148 2001 Liverpool 2 -- 1 Manchester United Millennium Stadium 70,227 2002 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Liverpool Millennium Stadium 67,337 2003 Manchester United 1 -- 1 Arsenal Millennium Stadium 59,923 Arsenal 3 -- 1 Manchester United Millennium Stadium 63,317 2005 Chelsea 2 -- 1 Arsenal Millennium Stadium 58,014 2006 Liverpool 2 -- 1 Chelsea Millennium Stadium 56,275 2007 Manchester United 1 -- 1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( new ) 80,731 2008 Manchester United 0 -- 0 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium ( new ) 84,808 2009 Chelsea 2 -- 2 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( new ) 85,896 Manchester United 3 -- 1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( new ) 84,623 2011 Manchester United 3 -- 2 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 77,169 2012 Manchester City 3 -- 2 Chelsea Villa Park 36,394 2013 Manchester United 2 -- 0 Wigan Athletic Wembley Stadium ( new ) 80,235 2014 Arsenal 3 -- 0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 71,523 2015 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( new ) 85,437 2016 Manchester United 2 -- 1 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 85,437 2017 Arsenal 1 -- 1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( new ) 83,325 Results by club ( edit ) Arsenal ( team pictured after winning in 2014 ) are tied second all - time in Shields won ( 15 ) and tied second in final appearances ( 22 ). Teams shown in italics are no longer in existence, or were established only for the purpose of playing in these matches. FA Community Shield winners by club Club Wins Last final won Runners - up Last final lost Total appearances Manchester United 21 2016 9 2009 30 Arsenal 15 2017 7 2005 22 Liverpool 15 2006 6 2002 21 Everton 9 1995 1966 11 Tottenham Hotspur 7 1991 1982 9 Chelsea 2009 8 2017 12 Manchester City 2012 6 2014 10 English Professionals XI 1929 1926 6 Wolverhampton Wanderers 1960 1958 5 English Amateurs XI 1926 1929 6 West Bromwich Albion 1954 1968 Burnley 1973 1921 Leeds United 1992 Newcastle United 1909 5 6 Aston Villa 1981 1972 Blackburn Rovers 1912 1995 West Ham United 1964 1980 Leicester City 1971 2016 Nottingham Forest 1978 1959 Portsmouth 1949 2008 Sheffield Wednesday 1935 1930 Sunderland 1936 1937 Bolton Wanderers 1958 0 & -- Brighton and Hove Albion 1910 0 & -- Cardiff City 1927 0 & -- Derby County 0 & -- English World Cup XI 1950 0 & -- Huddersfield Town 1922 0 & -- Ipswich Town 0 & -- 1978 Queens Park Rangers 0 & -- 1912 Blackpool 0 & -- 1953 Corinthian 0 & -- 1927 Coventry City 0 & -- English FA Canadian Touring XI 0 & -- 1950 FA Select XI 0 & -- 1961 Northampton Town 0 & -- 1909 Preston North End 0 & -- 1938 Southampton 0 & -- 1976 Swindon Town 0 & -- 1911 Wigan Athletic 0 & -- 2013 Wimbledon 0 & -- 1988 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ From 2001 -- 2006, the Millennium Stadium was the venue for Shield matches while the new Wembley Stadium was being constructed. In 2012, the match was held at Villa Park because Wembley was hosting the Olympic football tournament. Jump up ^ Manchester United won 17 titles outright and shared 4 titles. Jump up ^ If the match finishes in a draw after 90 minutes, no extra time is played and the teams proceed directly to a penalty shootout. ^ Jump up to : This attendance figure is not exact and is only an approximation. Jump up ^ Liverpool won the 1974 match 6 -- 5 in a penalty shootout. Jump up ^ Manchester United won the 1993 match 5 -- 4 in a penalty shootout. Jump up ^ Manchester United won the 1997 match 4 -- 2 in a penalty shootout. Jump up ^ Manchester United won the 2003 match 4 -- 3 in a penalty shootout. Jump up ^ Manchester United won the 2007 match 3 -- 0 in a penalty shootout. Jump up ^ Manchester United won the 2008 match 3 -- 1 in a penalty shootout. Jump up ^ Chelsea won the 2009 match 4 -- 1 in a penalty shootout. Jump up ^ Villa Park replaced Wembley Stadium as the venue for the 2012 Community Shield match due to the latter 's hosting of the Olympic football tournament at the time. Jump up ^ Arsenal won the 2017 match 4 -- 1 in a penalty shootout. References ( edit ) General `` English Community Shield : Honours ''. Statto.com. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2011. `` Community Shield ''. Footballsite.co.uk. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Ross, James. `` England -- List of FA Charity / Community Shield Matches ''. Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Specific ^ Jump up to : Warren, Dan ( 5 August 2005 ). `` Beware winning Community Shield ''. BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 15 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` History of the Charity Shield ''. BBC Sport. BBC. 9 August 2001. Retrieved 8 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` History of the Community Shield ''. BBC Sport. BBC. 6 August 2003. Retrieved 8 July 2017. Jump up ^ Stone, Simon ( 15 February 2011 ). `` FA must find new venue for 2012 Community Shield ''. The Independent. London. Press Association. Retrieved 8 July 2017. ^ Jump up to : Bradley, Tom ( 18 May 2012 ). `` Villa Park to host 2012 FA Community Shield ''. Goal.com. Perform Group. Archived from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016. Jump up ^ `` Community Shield quiz ''. BBC Sport. BBC. August 2011. Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` Community Shield gallery ''. ChelseaFC.com. Chelsea FC. 31 July 2015. Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` The F.A. Charity Shield ''. The Times. 7 October 1913. p. 10. access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` F.A. Charity Cup : Defeat of Tottenham Hotspur ''. The Times. 17 May 1920. p. 6. access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` F.A. Charity Shield : Burnley Beaten at Tottenham ''. The Times. 17 May 1921. p. 13. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` F.A. Charity Shield ''. The Times. 17 July 1930. p. 7. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` F.A. Charity Shield Match ''. The Times. 2 September 1950. p. 4. access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Tottenham Football Back In The Old Routine ''. The Times. 14 August 1961. p. 4. access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Liew, Jonathan ( 8 August 2014 ). `` Community Shield is generally contested by good teams who often win more things -- but does it mean anything? ''. The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 20 July 2017. ^ Jump up to : Bevan, Chris ( 7 August 2016 ). `` Leicester City 1 -- 2 Manchester United ''. BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 30 October 2016. Jump up ^ Lovejoy, Joe ( 9 August 1992 ). `` Cantona lifts the occasion : Champions flourish on French flair in a Wembley spectacle which outshone its modest promise ''. The Independent. London. Retrieved 21 July 2017. Jump up ^ Bradley, Mark ( 2 August 1999 ). `` Sweet Charity for Gunners as Parlour 's Strike Settles Issue ; Arsenal 2 Manchester United 1 ''. Birmingham Post. Retrieved 20 July 2017. ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Sheen, Tom ( 3 August 2015 ). `` Arsenal winning the Community Shield does n't mean much in the title race -- just ask Chelsea, Manchester United and Liverpool ''. The Independent. London. Retrieved 21 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` Brave Tracey has Liverpool fighting all way '' ( PDF ). The Sunday Times. London. 20 August 1988. Retrieved 21 July 2017. Jump up ^ Anderson, David ( 13 August 2001 ). `` Football : FA Charity Shield -- Ref Returns to Haunt Fergie 's Red Devils ; Liverpool 2 Man United 1 ''. The News Letter. Belfast. Retrieved 20 July 2017. ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Rostance, Tom ( 6 August 2017 ). `` Arsenal 1 -- 1 Chelsea ( Arsenal won 4 -- 1 on pens ) ''. BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 6 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Information for Community Shield ''. Arsenal.com. Arsenal FC. 8 August 2014. Archived from the original on 2 December 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2016. Jump up ^ `` Pre-match briefing : Chelsea v Arsenal -- part one ''. ChelseaFC.com. Chelsea Football Club. 31 July 2015. Archived from the original on 26 October 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2016. Jump up ^ `` Football Association Charity Match ''. The Times. 28 April 1908. p. 11. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Football Association Charity Match ''. The Times. 31 August 1908. p. 12. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Association Football Charity Shield ''. The Times. 29 April 1909. p. 17. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Football Association Charity Shield ''. The Times. 6 September 1910. p. 13. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Football Association Charity Shield ''. The Times. 26 September 1911. p. 9. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Association Football ''. The Times. 6 May 1912. p. 14. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Football ''. Daily Express. 11 May 1922. p. 9. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Professionals Beat Amateurs in Charity Shield Match ''. Daily Mirror. 9 October 1923. p. 18. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Professionals Hard Pressed to Keep Amateurs Out ''. Daily Express. 7 October 1924. p. 12. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Amateurs Surprise the Pros ''. Daily Express. 9 October 1925. p. 13. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` An Amateur Triumph ''. The Times. 7 October 1926. p. 6. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Corinthians Beaten by Cardiff City ''. The Times. 13 October 1927. p. 6. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` League Champions Win Charity Shield ''. Daily Express. 25 October 1928. p. 9. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Prentice, David ( 12 December 2012 ). `` Everton FC legend Dixie Dean scored 85 goals in a year -- just like Lionel Messi and Gerd Muller ''. Liverpool Echo. Archived from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Charity Shield ''. The Times. 8 October 1929. p. 6. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Arsenal Win The F.A. Charity Shield ''. The Times. 9 October 1930. p. 6. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The F.A. Charity Shield ''. The Times. 8 October 1931. p. 5. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` F.A. Charity Shield ''. The Times. 13 October 1932. p. 5. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Arsenal Win F.A. Shield ''. The Times. 19 October 1933. p. 6. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Arsenal Win The F.A. Charity Shield ''. The Times. 29 November 1934. p. 6. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Charity Shield Match ''. The Times. 24 October 1935. p. 6. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Sunderland Beat Arsenal ''. The Times. 29 October 1936. p. 6. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Every Trophy Now Won ''. Daily Express. 4 November 1937. p. 21. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Sports in Brief ''. The Times. 27 September 1938. p. 6. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` A Pleasant Revival ''. The Times. 7 October 1948. p. 2. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` F.A. Charity Shield To Be Shared ''. The Times. 20 October 1949. p. 8. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Shield -- A brief history ''. The FA Cup & Competitions. TheFA.com. Retrieved 7 February 2011. Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Win The Charity Shield ''. The Times. 25 September 1951. p. 7. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Depleted Newcastle Beaten at Old Trafford ''. The Times. 25 September 1952. p. 10. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Arsenal Recover ''. The Times. 13 October 1953. p. 3. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Drawn Match Under Floodlights ''. The Times. 30 September 1954. p. 9. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Chelsea Out Of Touch, An Untidy Victory Over Newcastle ''. The Times. 15 September 1955. p. 5. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` United Defeat City, Charity Shield at Manchester ''. The Times. 25 October 1956. p. 15. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Villa Out Of Depth, Outclassed At Old Trafford, Cup Final Reversal ''. The Times. 23 October 1957. p. 15. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Bolton Wanderers Win Charity Shield, Reserves ' Big Part In Defeat Of League Champions ''. The Times. 7 October 1958. p. 3. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` To - day 's Football Fixtures ''. The Times. 15 August 1959. p. 3. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Aperitif To The New Season ''. The Times. 15 August 1960. p. 13. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Give Ipswich Rude Awakening ''. The Times. 13 August 1962. p. 4. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` F.A. Charity Shield, Manchester United Shed Wembley Sparkle ''. The Times. 19 August 1963. p. 3. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Find West Ham Full Of Confidence ''. The Times. 17 August 1964. p. 3. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Colourful Foretaste Of New Season ''. The Times. 16 August 1965. p. 4. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Familiar ring about Liverpool 's win ''. The Times. 15 August 1966. p. 5. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ German, Tom ( 14 August 1967 ). `` Kidd has makings of a star ''. The Times. p. 13. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Green, Geoffrey ( 5 August 1968 ). `` Manchester City Defence Still Raises Doubts ''. The Times. p. 10. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ German, Tom ( 4 August 1969 ). `` Leeds Justify Lavish Expenditure ''. The Times. p. 12. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Green, Geoffrey ( 10 August 1970 ). `` Two For Vanguard Again ''. The Times. p. 9. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ingall, Peter ( 9 August 1971 ). `` Bloomfield 's Secret is Out ''. Daily Mirror. p. 17. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Villa impress Manchester City ''. The Times. 7 August 1972. p. 7. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` For The Record ''. The Times. 20 August 1973. p. 9. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Green, Geoffrey ( 12 August 1974 ). `` Clubs should be hit where it hurts for conduct unbecoming the game ''. The Times. London. p. 9. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Showpiece in spite of acts of violence ''. The Times. London. 11 August 1975. p. 6. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Keegan an export that Britain can not afford to sell ''. The Times. London. 15 August 1976. p. 6. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Fox, Norman ( 15 August 1977 ). `` Liverpool shows signs of staying on top ''. The Times. London. p. 7. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jones, Stuart ( 14 August 1978 ). `` An early kindling of the Forest fire ''. The Times. London. p. 7. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Mossop, James ( 12 August 1979 ). `` Kings of Anfield Make Arsenal Suffer ''. Sunday Express. p. 28. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Doubt knocks on door as new season opens ''. The Times. London. 11 August 1980. p. 7. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jones, Stuart ( 24 August 1981 ). `` Cobwebs fail to obscure a recent theme recalled by Spurs and Villa ''. The Times. London. p. 12. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jones, Stuart ( 23 August 1982 ). `` Lured into the Liverpool fly - trap ''. The Times. London. p. 16. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jones, Stuart ( 22 August 1983 ). `` Mersey ripple may raise sea of troubles ''. The Times. London. p. 15. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ White, Clive ( 20 August 1984 ). `` The Blues rush in where Souness used to tread ''. The Times. London. p. 16. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jones, Stuart ( 12 August 1985 ). `` Wembley charity performance that was in urgent need of live aid ''. The Times. London. Retrieved 1 November 2016. ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Battle of Merseysiders ends in a tie at Wembley ''. Toronto Star. Reuters. 17 August 1986. p. E4. Retrieved 1 November 2016. ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Everton captures Charity Shield ''. Toronto Star. Associated Press. 2 August 1987. p. G4. Retrieved 1 November 2016. ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Curry, Steve ( 22 August 1988 ). `` Aldridge Nails His Colour to the Mast ''. Daily Express. p. 31. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jones, Stuart ( 14 August 1989 ). `` Beardsley shows no charity ''. The Times. London. Retrieved 1 November 2016. ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Curry, Steve ( 20 August 1990 ). `` Barnes Hits a Blindspot ''. Daily Express. pp. 40 -- 41. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lacey, David ( 18 August 1991 ). `` Always room for faith and hope ''. The Guardian Weekly. London. p. 32. Jump up ^ Glanville, Brian ( 9 August 1992 ). `` French Fried! Grobbelaar stunner as Eric canters to victory ''. The People. London. p. 40. Retrieved 1 November 2016. ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Harris, Bob ( 8 August 1993 ). `` It 's Gunner Be All Wright -- Arsenal hammer out a title warning to Fergie 's champs ''. The Sunday Mirror. p. S54. Retrieved 31 October 2016. ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Jones, Grahame L. ( 15 August 1994 ). `` World Cup Stars Scattered Across Europe ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 November 2016. ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Hughes, Rob ( 14 August 1995 ). `` Blackburn bow to Samways ' inspiration ''. The Times. London. Retrieved 31 October 2016. ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Hughes, Rob ( 12 August 1996 ). `` United puncture the £ 15m dreams ''. The Times. London. p. 1. Retrieved 31 October 2016. ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Moore, Glenn ( 3 August 1997 ). `` United fall back on a gritty display ''. The Independent. Retrieved 31 October 2016. Jump up ^ Moore, Glenn ( 9 August 1998 ). `` Arsenal show United little charity ''. The Independent. Retrieved 31 October 2016. Jump up ^ `` Parlour gives Gunners Wembley win ''. BBC Sport. BBC. 1 August 1999. Retrieved 31 October 2016. Jump up ^ Moore, Glenn ( 1 August 1999 ). `` Kanu ignites the Gunners ''. The Independent. Retrieved 31 October 2016. Jump up ^ `` Keane sees red as Chelsea triumph ''. BBC Sport. BBC. 13 August 2000. Retrieved 30 October 2016. Jump up ^ Bradley, Mark ( 14 August 2000 ). `` Champs Hassled To Distraction By Improved Blues ''. Birmingham Post. p. 21. Retrieved 30 October 2016. ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Liverpool edge out Man Utd ''. BBC Sport. BBC. 12 August 2001. Retrieved 30 October 2016. Jump up ^ Moore, Glenn ( 12 August 2001 ). `` United suffer shock from electric Owen ''. The Independent. Retrieved 30 October 2016. Jump up ^ `` Slick Arsenal win Shield ''. BBC Sport. BBC. 11 August 2002. Retrieved 30 October 2016. Jump up ^ `` Man Utd win Community Shield ''. BBC Sport. BBC. 10 August 2003. Retrieved 30 October 2016. Jump up ^ Dickinson, Matt ; Jacob, Gary ( 11 August 2003 ). `` United remain ahead of pack ''. The Times. London. p. S12. Retrieved 30 October 2016. ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 3 -- 1 Man Utd ''. BBC Sport. BBC. 8 August 2004. Retrieved 30 October 2016. Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 2 -- 1 Arsenal ''. BBC Sport. BBC. 7 August 2005. Retrieved 30 October 2016. Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 1 -- 2 Liverpool ''. BBC Sport. BBC. 31 August 2006. Retrieved 30 October 2016. Jump up ^ Cheese, Caroline ( 5 August 2007 ). `` Chelsea 1 -- 1 Man Utd ''. BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 30 October 2016. Jump up ^ Bevan, Chris ( 10 August 2008 ). `` Man Utd 0 -- 0 Portsmouth ''. BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 30 October 2016. Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil ( 9 August 2009 ). `` Chelsea 2 -- 2 Man Utd ( 4 -- 1 pens ) ''. BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 30 October 2016. Jump up ^ Fletcher, Paul ( 8 August 2010 ). `` Chelsea 1 -- 3 Man Utd ''. BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 30 October 2016. Jump up ^ Bevan, Chris ( 7 August 2011 ). `` Manchester City 2 -- 3 Manchester United ''. BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 30 October 2016. Jump up ^ Smith, Ben ( 12 August 2012 ). `` Chelsea 2 -- 3 Man City ''. BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 30 October 2016. Jump up ^ Rostance, Tom ( 11 August 2013 ). `` Man Utd 2 -- 0 Wigan ''. BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 30 October 2016. Jump up ^ Sanghera, Mandeep ( 10 August 2014 ). `` Arsenal 3 -- 0 Manchester City ''. BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 30 October 2016. Jump up ^ Cryer, Andy ( 2 August 2015 ). `` Arsenal 1 -- 0 Chelsea ''. BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 30 October 2016. External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) FA Charity / Community Shields FA Charity Shield ( 1908 -- 2001 ) 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 FA Community Shield ( 2002 -- present ) 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 List of matches Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FA_Community_Shield_matches&oldid=803915019 '' Categories : FA Community Shield Lists of association football matches Association football in England lists Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use dmy dates from March 2012 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Română Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017, at 13 : 54. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of FA Community Shield matches", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_FA_Community_Shield_matches&amp;oldid=803915019" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Results by club ( edit ) Arsenal ( team pictured after winning in 2014 ) are tied second all - time in Shields won ( 15 ) and tied second in final appearances ( 22 ). Teams shown in italics are no longer in existence, or were established only for the purpose of playing in these matches. FA Community Shield winners by club Club Wins Last final won Runners - up Last final lost Total appearances Manchester United 21 2016 9 2009 30 Arsenal 15 2017 7 2005 22 Liverpool 15 2006 6 2002 21 Everton 9 1995 1966 11 Tottenham Hotspur 7 1991 1982 9 Chelsea 2009 8 2017 12 Manchester City 2012 6 2014 10 English Professionals XI 1929 1926" ], "id": [ "11056977848263662406" ], "short_answers": [ "15" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Danny Porush - wikipedia Danny Porush This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 19 July 2018. Daniel Mark Porush ( born February 1957 ) is an American businessman and former stock broker who ran a `` pump and dump '' stock fraud scheme in the 1990s. In 1999, Porush was convicted of securities fraud and money laundering at the Stratton Oakmont brokerage, for which he served 39 months in prison. The character of Donny Azoff portrayed by Jonah Hill in the 2013 film The Wolf of Wall Street was loosely based on Porush, although Porush described the portrayal as inaccurate. After prison, Porush became involved with a Florida - based medical supply company, Med - Care, which was the subject of federal investigations. Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Stratton Oakmont 2.2 Medical supplies 3 Personal life 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Early Life and education ( edit ) Danny Porush, the son of a doctor, was raised in a Jewish family in Lawrence, Nassau County, New York. Porush graduated from Lawrence Woodmere Academy. He attended Dickinson College and Boston University but did not graduate. According to New York magazine, Porush then `` bounced from job to job, working for, and starting up, a variety of small businesses. '' Career ( edit ) Stratton Oakmont ( edit ) In the late 1980s, Porush helped Jordan Belfort found Stratton Oakmont, a Long Island, New York `` over-the - counter '' ( OTC ) brokerage house in which Belfort was chairman and Porush was president. Stratton Oakmont specialized in selling `` penny stocks '' and underwriting initial public offerings for small companies, including for Steve Madden ( a childhood friend of Porush ), Master Glazier 's Karate International Inc., Dualstar Technologies, Select Media Communications, United Leisure Corporation and Questron Technology.. In 1994, Porush took over as Chairman and CEO of Stratton after Belfort was barred from the industry. Beginning in 1989, Stratton Oakmont became the subject of numerous disciplinary actions by the National Association of Securities Dealers ( NASD ) and Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ). It was determined that Stratton Oakmont was involved in pump and dump stock fraud that involved artificially inflating the price of stocks through false and misleading positive statements, in order to sell cheaply purchased stock at a higher price. Once the operators of the scheme `` dumped '' their overvalued shares, the price fell and investors lost their money. In December 1996, the NASD permanently expelled Stratton Oakmont and barred Porush as well as fined him $250,000. The NASD rejected Porush 's claim that he was only `` a figurehead, '' citing him as the salesperson with the largest individual allocation. In their decision to bar Porush and his head trader, Steven P. Sanders, the NASD wrote that `` ( they ) continue to deny responsibility and exhibit no remorse for ( their ) misconduct, and, but for the bar, would continue to pose an on - going risk to the investing public. '' Following a federal indictment, Porush and Belfort pleaded guilty to 10 counts of securities fraud and money laundering in 1999. In an exchange for reduced sentences, Porush and Belfort cooperated with the federal investigations of their colleagues. Porush was `` convicted of insider trading, perjury, conspiracy and money laundering and ordered to pay $200 million in restitution. '' He was sentenced to four years in prison and Belfort was sentenced to two years. Porush was released on probation in 2004 after serving 39 months. In 2013, the story of Stratton Oakmont as told by Jordan Belfort in his 2007 memoir was made into Martin Scorsese 's The Wolf of Wall Street. In the film, Jonah Hill portrays a character named Donnie Azoff, loosely based on Porush. Porush has stated that many of the movie 's incidents are fictional. The character 's name was changed during movie development after Porush threatened to sue Paramount Pictures if he was depicted. Medical Supplies ( edit ) Following his release from prison in 2004, Porush became involved with a Boca Raton, Florida - based medical supply and medical equipment company which, according to Forbes magazine, has operated under the names Med - Care Diabetic & Medical Supplies, Christian Diabetics and the Christian Healthcare Network. The Med - Care company was the subject of a congressional hearing on Medicare fraud in April 2013. In May 2014, Porush 's involvement with Med - Care was cited as reason for a portion of the federal `` Stop Scams Act of 2014 '' which would require Medicare providers to disclose their ownership interests. According to Med - Care 's attorney, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services had been informed and had previously reviewed, and approved, Porush 's role with the company. In 2014, Porush and five other personnel of the Med - Care company were named in a whistleblower lawsuit alleging fraudulent Medicare claims. The case was initially dismissed in federal court for lack of specific proof. However, the lawsuit was refiled and was accepted for federal court when the initial whistleblower was joined by two more former Med - Care employees alleging the company of defrauding the federal government. The lawsuit alleged that telemarketers, under the guidance of Porush, made unsolicited calls to citizens and used high - pressure sales tactics to push them to accept medical supplies they may not want nor need. On January 14, 2015, Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) agents, Florida fraud department, and local police `` raided the offices of Med - Care Diabetic & Medical Supplies '' in Boca Raton and removed boxes of files. On January 16, 2015, the attorneys for Med - Care filed a motion in court to disqualify the whilstleblowers ' attorneys for professional conflict of interest. The case was later dismissed. Personal Life ( edit ) In 1986, Porush married his cousin, Nancy, and they had three children together. They divorced in 2000. Porush married his second wife, Lisa Krause, with whom he had one child and four step - children. They live in Boca Raton, Florida. In 2006, Porush was sued by his first wife for failure to pay child support. Porush said that he owned no assets and that everything belonged to his second wife. See also ( edit ) Stratton Oakmont, Inc. v. Prodigy Services Co. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sharon R. King, `` Two Former Stratton Officials Indicted on Fraud Charges '', New York Times, 4 September 1998 ^ Jump up to : Maiello, Michael ; Stewart, Emily ( 2008 - 08 - 21 ). `` Blood Money ''. Forbes. Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 18. ^ Jump up to : Suebsaeng, Asawin ( December 10, 2013 ). `` Dwarf - Tossing, 3 - Way With Teen Employee Never Happened, Says Real `` Wolf of Wall Street '' Exec ``. Mother Jones. Retrieved 17 January 2014. ^ Jump up to : Harrigan, Susan ( 2002 ). `` Castles Made of Sand ''. In Andrew Leckey. The Best Business Stories of the Year : 2002 Edition. Vintage Books. pp. 227 -- 257. ISBN 0 - 375 - 72501 - 6. ^ Jump up to : Pfefferman, Naomi ( January 6, 2014 ). `` Jonah Hill 's not - so - nice Jewish guy ''. Jewish Journal. Retrieved 1 March 2014. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Jennifer ( February 2014 ). `` Oscars are light on Jewish nominees ''. Jewish News. Retrieved 15 April 2014. ^ Jump up to : Johanna Berkman ( February 26, 2001 ). `` Steve Madden : Crisis of the Sole ''. New York Magazine. Retrieved January 14, 2015. After five years at Boston University, he left without getting a degree and bounced from job to job, working for, and starting up, a variety of small businesses, including an ambulance company called SureRide Ambulette. Jump up ^ Wyatt, Edward ( September 24, 1999 ). `` Stratton Oakmont Executives Admit Stock Manipulation ''. New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Order Making Findings and Imposing Remedial Sanctions ''. Administrative Proceeding File 3 - 9491. Securities and Exchange Commission. August 18, 1998. Retrieved 27 October 2014. Jump up ^ `` Questron Technology Inc ''. SEC Info. SEC database. November 15, 1995. Retrieved 27 October 2014. ^ Jump up to : Condon, Nancy A. ( December 5, 1996 ). `` NASD Regulation Expels Stratton Oakmont ; Principals Also Barred ''. Press Release. Financial Industry Regulation Authority. Retrieved 27 October 2014. Jump up ^ Eaton, Leslie ( December 6, 1996 ). `` The N.A.S.D. expels Stratton Oakmont, ordering repayment ''. New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2014. Jump up ^ `` Pump and Dump Schemes ''. Fast Answers. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. March 12, 2001. Retrieved 17 October 2017. ^ Jump up to : Wyatt, Edward ( September 24, 1999 ). `` Stratton Oakmont Executives Admit Stock Manipulation ''. New York Times. Retrieved October 27, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Green, Laura ( January 18, 2015 ). `` Former employees say Med - Care defrauded government ''. Palm Beach Post. Washington. Retrieved 22 December 2017. It said the company cold - called seniors and other consumers, pushing them to accept medical equipment they may not have wanted or needed... The complaint alleges telemarketers were guided by Danny Porush, `` who is an expert in running high - pressure telemarketing operations. '' Jump up ^ Baynes, Terry ; Michael Pell ( February 21, 2014 ). `` Health fraud lawsuit echoes ' Wolf of Wall Street ' ''. New York : Reuters. Retrieved 21 July 2014. Jump up ^ Nehme, Farran Smith ( December 21, 2013 ). `` Good Film, Extremely Bad Wolf ''. Barron 's. Jump up ^ Crowley, Kieran ( 2013 - 04 - 15 ). `` With film release approaching, ' Wolves of Wall Street ' scammers are back on top ''. New York Post. Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 18. ^ Jump up to : Baynes, Terry ( February 21, 2014 ). `` Health fraud lawsuit echoes ' Wolf of Wall Street ' ''. Reuters. Retrieved 2 September 2014. ^ Jump up to : Green, Laura ( May 25, 2014 ). `` Legislation aims to curb Medicare scams ''. West Palm Beach Post. Washington. Retrieved 8 September 2014. Jump up ^ `` All - out press to combat Medicare fraud ''. Media Release. United States Senator Bill Nelson. May 13, 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014. Jump up ^ Green, Laura ( June 26, 2014 ). `` Judge throws out fraud claim against Med - care ''. West Palm Beach Post. Retrieved 8 September 2014. Jump up ^ Green, Laura ( January 14, 2015 ). `` Boca Raton firm with link to ' Wolf of Wall Street ' raided by feds ''. Palm Beach Post. Washington. Retrieved 22 December 2017. Jump up ^ Aruna Viswanatha and Zachary Fagenson ( January 14, 2015 ). `` FBI raids Florida firm with ' Wolf of Wall Street ' link : witnesses ''. Reuters. Retrieved January 14, 2015. Jump up ^ Bess Levin ( January 14, 2015 ). `` Guy Whose Life Of Crime Was Memorialized In Leonardo DiCaprio Flick Not Yet Done With Life Of Crime ''. Dealbreaker.com. Retrieved January 14, 2015. Jump up ^ Dockterman, Elianna ( December 26, 2013 ). `` The Wolf of Wall Street : The True Story ''. Time. ^ Jump up to : Lewak, Doree ( December 9, 2013 ). `` I was the wife of a Wall Street ' Wolf ' ''. New York Post. Retrieved 18 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` How the Wolf Of Wall Street 's partner in crime lives ''. NewsComAu. External links ( edit ) Danny Porush on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danny_Porush&oldid=851057848 '' Categories : Living people American people convicted of fraud American money launderers 1957 births American Jews People from Lawrence, Nassau County, New York American businesspeople convicted of crimes Businesspeople from New York ( state ) People from Boca Raton, Florida Lawrence Woodmere Academy alumni Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Place of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2018, at 19 : 37 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "Danny Porush - wikipedia Danny Porush This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 19 July 2018. Daniel Mark Porush ( born February 1957 ) is an American businessman and former stock broker who ran a `` pump and dump '' stock fraud scheme in the 1990s. In 1999, Porush was convicted of securities fraud and money laundering at the Stratton Oakmont brokerage, for which he served 39 months in prison. The character of Donny Azoff portrayed by Jonah Hill in the 2013 film The Wolf of Wall Street was loosely based on Porush, although Porush described the portrayal as inaccurate. After prison, Porush became involved with a Florida - based medical supply company, Med - Care, which was the subject of federal investigations. Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Stratton Oakmont 2.2 Medical supplies 3 Personal life 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Early Life and education ( edit ) Danny Porush, the son of a doctor, was raised in a Jewish family in Lawrence, Nassau County" ], "id": [ "7439812522515531918" ], "short_answers": [ "Jonah Hill" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "G factor ( psychometrics ) - wikipedia G factor ( psychometrics ) Jump to : navigation, search `` General intelligence '' redirects here. It is not to be confused with Intelligence or Artificial general intelligence. The g factor ( also known as general intelligence, general mental ability or general intelligence factor ) is a construct developed in psychometric investigations of cognitive abilities and human intelligence. It is a variable that summarizes positive correlations among different cognitive tasks, reflecting the fact that an individual 's performance on one type of cognitive task tends to be comparable to that person 's performance on other kinds of cognitive tasks. The g factor typically accounts for 40 to 50 percent of the between - individual performance differences on a given cognitive test, and composite scores ( `` IQ scores '' ) based on many tests are frequently regarded as estimates of individuals ' standing on the g factor. The terms IQ, general intelligence, general cognitive ability, general mental ability, or simply intelligence are often used interchangeably to refer to this common core shared by cognitive tests. The g factor targets a particular measure of general intelligence. For a broader coverage related to IQ metrics, see Intelligence quotient. The existence of the g factor was originally proposed by the English psychologist Charles Spearman in the early years of the 20th century. He observed that children 's performance ratings, across seemingly unrelated school subjects, were positively correlated, and reasoned that these correlations reflected the influence of an underlying general mental ability that entered into performance on all kinds of mental tests. Spearman suggested that all mental performance could be conceptualized in terms of a single general ability factor, which he labeled g, and a large number of narrow task - specific ability factors. Today 's factor models of intelligence typically represent cognitive abilities as a three - level hierarchy, where there are a large number of narrow factors at the bottom of the hierarchy, a handful of broad, more general factors at the intermediate level, and at the apex a single factor, referred to as the g factor, which represents the variance common to all cognitive tasks. Traditionally, research on g has concentrated on psychometric investigations of test data, with a special emphasis on factor analytic approaches. However, empirical research on the nature of g has also drawn upon experimental cognitive psychology and mental chronometry, brain anatomy and physiology, quantitative and molecular genetics, and primate evolution. While the existence of g as a statistical regularity is well - established and uncontroversial, there is no consensus as to what causes the positive correlations between tests. Research in the field of behavioral genetics has established that the construct of g is highly heritable. It has a number of other biological correlates, including brain size. It is also a significant predictor of individual differences in many social outcomes, particularly in education and employment. The most widely accepted contemporary theories of intelligence incorporate the g factor. However, critics of g have contended that an emphasis on g is misplaced and entails a devaluation of other important abilities, as well as supporting an unrealistic reified view of human intelligence. Contents ( hide ) 1 Cognitive ability testing 2 Theories 2.1 Mental energy or efficiency 2.2 Sampling theory 2.3 Mutualism 3 Factor structure of cognitive abilities 4 `` Indifference of the indicator '' 5 Population distribution 6 Spearman 's law of diminishing returns 7 Practical validity 7.1 Academic achievement 7.2 Job attainment 7.3 Job performance 7.4 Income 7.5 Other correlates 8 Genetic and environmental determinants 9 Neuroscientific findings 10 g in non-humans 11 g ( or c ) in human groups 12 Other biological associations 13 Group similarities and differences 14 Relation to other psychological constructs 14.1 Elementary cognitive tasks 14.2 Working memory 14.3 Piagetian tasks 14.4 Personality 14.5 Creativity 15 Challenges 15.1 Gf - Gc theory 15.2 Theories of uncorrelated abilities 15.3 Flynn 's model 15.4 Other criticisms 16 See also 17 References 18 Bibliography 19 External links Cognitive ability testing ( edit ) Spearman 's correlation matrix for six measures of school performance. All the correlations are positive, a phenomenon referred as the positive manifold. The bottom row shows the g loadings of each performance measure. Classics French English Math Pitch Music Classics - French. 83 - English. 78. 67 - Math. 70. 67. 64 - Pitch discrimination. 66. 65. 54. 45 - Music. 63. 57. 51. 51. 40 - g. 958. 882. 803. 750. 673. 646 Subtest intercorrelations in a sample of Scottish subjects who completed the WAIS - R battery. The subtests are Vocabulary, Similarities, Information, Comprehension, Picture arrangement, Block design, Arithmetic, Picture completion, Digit span, Object assembly, and Digit symbol. The bottom row shows the g loadings of each subtest. V PA BD PC DSp OA DS V -. 67 -. 72. 59 -. 70. 58. 59 - PA. 51. 53. 50. 42 - BD. 45. 46. 45. 39. 43 -. 48. 43. 55. 45. 41. 44 - PC. 49. 52. 52. 46. 48. 45. 30 - DSp. 46. 40. 36. 36. 31. 32. 47. 23 - OA. 32. 40. 32. 29. 36. 58. 33. 41. 14 - DS. 32. 33. 26. 30. 28. 36. 28. 26. 27. 25 - g. 83. 80. 80. 75. 70. 70. 68. 68. 56. 56. 48 Cognitive ability tests are designed to measure different aspects of cognition. Specific domains assessed by tests include mathematical skill, verbal fluency, spatial visualization, and memory, among others. However, individuals who excel at one type of test tend to excel at other kinds of tests, too, while those who do poorly on one test tend to do so on all tests, regardless of the tests ' contents. The English psychologist Charles Spearman was the first to describe this phenomenon. In a famous research paper published in 1904, he observed that children 's performance measures across seemingly unrelated school subjects were positively correlated. This finding has since been replicated numerous times. The consistent finding of universally positive correlation matrices of mental test results ( or the `` positive manifold '' ), despite large differences in tests ' contents, has been described as `` arguably the most replicated result in all psychology ''. Zero or negative correlations between tests suggest the presence of sampling error or restriction of the range of ability in the sample studied. Using factor analysis or related statistical methods, it is possible to compute a single common factor that can be regarded as a summary variable characterizing the correlations between all the different tests in a test battery. Spearman referred to this common factor as the general factor, or simply g. ( By convention, g is always printed as a lower case italic. ) Mathematically, the g factor is a source of variance among individuals, which entails that one can not meaningfully speak of any one individual 's mental abilities consisting of g or other factors to any specified degrees. One can only speak of an individual 's standing on g ( or other factors ) compared to other individuals in a relevant population. Different tests in a test battery may correlate with ( or `` load onto '' ) the g factor of the battery to different degrees. These correlations are known as g loadings. An individual test taker 's g factor score, representing his or her relative standing on the g factor in the total group of individuals, can be estimated using the g loadings. Full - scale IQ scores from a test battery will usually be highly correlated with g factor scores, and they are often regarded as estimates of g. For example, the correlations between g factor scores and full - scale IQ scores from David Wechsler 's tests have been found to be greater than. 95. The terms IQ, general intelligence, general cognitive ability, general mental ability, or simply intelligence are frequently used interchangeably to refer to the common core shared by cognitive tests. The g loadings of mental tests are always positive and usually range between. 10 and. 90, with a mean of about. 60 and a standard deviation of about. 15. Raven 's Progressive Matrices is among the tests with the highest g loadings, around. 80. Tests of vocabulary and general information are also typically found to have high g loadings. However, the g loading of the same test may vary somewhat depending on the composition of the test battery. The complexity of tests and the demands they place on mental manipulation are related to the tests ' g loadings. For example, in the forward digit span test the subject is asked to repeat a sequence of digits in the order of their presentation after hearing them once at a rate of one digit per second. The backward digit span test is otherwise the same except that the subject is asked to repeat the digits in the reverse order to that in which they were presented. The backward digit span test is more complex than the forward digit span test, and it has a significantly higher g loading. Similarly, the g loadings of arithmetic computation, spelling, and word reading tests are lower than those of arithmetic problem solving, text composition, and reading comprehension tests, respectively. Test difficulty and g loadings are distinct concepts that may or may not be empirically related in any specific situation. Tests that have the same difficulty level, as indexed by the proportion of test items that are failed by test takers, may exhibit a wide range of g loadings. For example, tests of rote memory have been shown to have the same level of difficulty but considerably lower g loadings than many tests that involve reasoning. Theories ( edit ) While the existence of g as a statistical regularity is well - established and uncontroversial among experts, there is no consensus as to what causes the positive intercorrelations. Several explanations have been proposed. Mental energy or efficiency ( edit ) Charles Spearman reasoned that correlations between tests reflected the influence of a common causal factor, a general mental ability that enters into performance on all kinds of mental tasks. However, he thought that the best indicators of g were those tests that reflected what he called the eduction of relations and correlates, which included abilities such as deduction, induction, problem solving, grasping relationships, inferring rules, and spotting differences and similarities. Spearman hypothesized that g was equivalent with `` mental energy ''. However, this was more of a metaphorical explanation, and he remained agnostic about the physical basis of this energy, expecting that future research would uncover the exact physiological nature of g. Following Spearman, Arthur Jensen maintained that all mental tasks tap into g to some degree. According to Jensen, the g factor represents a `` distillate '' of scores on different tests rather than a summation or an average of such scores, with factor analysis acting as the distillation procedure. He argued that g can not be described in terms of the item characteristics or information content of tests, pointing out that very dissimilar mental tasks may have nearly equal g loadings. Wechsler similarly contended that g is not an ability at all but rather some general property of the brain. Jensen hypothesized that g corresponds to individual differences in the speed or efficiency of the neural processes associated with mental abilities. He also suggested that given the associations between g and elementary cognitive tasks, it should be possible to construct a ratio scale test of g that uses time as the unit of measurement. Sampling theory ( edit ) The so - called sampling theory of g, originally developed by E.L. Thorndike and Godfrey Thomson, proposes that the existence of the positive manifold can be explained without reference to a unitary underlying capacity. According to this theory, there are a number of uncorrelated mental processes, and all tests draw upon different samples of these processes. The intercorrelations between tests are caused by an overlap between processes tapped by the tests. Thus, the positive manifold arises due to a measurement problem, an inability to measure more fine - grained, presumably uncorrelated mental processes. It has been shown that it is not possible to distinguish statistically between Spearman 's model of g and the sampling model ; both are equally able to account for intercorrelations among tests. The sampling theory is also consistent with the observation that more complex mental tasks have higher g loadings, because more complex tasks are expected to involve a larger sampling of neural elements and therefore have more of them in common with other tasks. Some researchers have argued that the sampling model invalidates g as a psychological concept, because the model suggests that g factors derived from different test batteries simply reflect the shared elements of the particular tests contained in each battery rather than a g that is common to all tests. Similarly, high correlations between different batteries could be due to them measuring the same set of abilities rather than the same ability. Critics have argued that the sampling theory is incongruent with certain empirical findings. Based on the sampling theory, one might expect that related cognitive tests share many elements and thus be highly correlated. However, some closely related tests, such as forward and backward digit span, are only modestly correlated, while some seemingly completely dissimilar tests, such as vocabulary tests and Raven 's matrices, are consistently highly correlated. Another problematic finding is that brain damage frequently leads to specific cognitive impairments rather than a general impairment one might expect based on the sampling theory. Mutualism ( edit ) The `` mutualism '' model of g proposes that cognitive processes are initially uncorrelated, but that the positive manifold arises during individual development due to mutual beneficial relations between cognitive processes. Thus there is no single process or capacity underlying the positive correlations between tests. During the course of development, the theory holds, any one particularly efficient process will benefit other processes, with the result that the processes will end up being correlated with one another. Thus similarly high IQs in different persons may stem from quite different initial advantages that they had. Critics have argued that the observed correlations between the g loadings and the heritability coefficients of subtests are problematic for the mutualism theory. Factor structure of cognitive abilities ( edit ) An illustration of Spearman 's two - factor intelligence theory. Each small oval is a hypothetical mental test. The blue areas correspond to test - specific variance ( s ), while the purple areas represent the variance attributed to g. Factor analysis is a family of mathematical techniques that can be used to represent correlations between intelligence tests in terms of a smaller number of variables known as factors. The purpose is to simplify the correlation matrix by using hypothetical underlying factors to explain the patterns in it. When all correlations in a matrix are positive, as they are in the case of IQ, factor analysis will yield a general factor common to all tests. The general factor of IQ tests is referred to as the g factor, and it typically accounts for 40 to 50 percent of the variance in IQ test batteries. Charles Spearman developed factor analysis in order to study correlations between tests. Initially, he developed a model of intelligence in which variations in all intelligence test scores are explained by only two kinds of variables : first, factors that are specific to each test ( denoted s ) ; and second, a g factor that accounts for the positive correlations across tests. This is known as Spearman 's two - factor theory. Later research based on more diverse test batteries than those used by Spearman demonstrated that g alone could not account for all correlations between tests. Specifically, it was found that even after controlling for g, some tests were still correlated with each other. This led to the postulation of group factors that represent variance that groups of tests with similar task demands ( e.g., verbal, spatial, or numerical ) have in common in addition to the shared g variance. An illustration of John B. Carroll 's three stratum theory, an influential contemporary model of cognitive abilities. The broad abilities recognized by the model are fluid intelligence ( Gf ), crystallized intelligence ( Gc ), general memory and learning ( Gy ), broad visual perception ( Gv ), broad auditory perception ( Gu ), broad retrieval ability ( Gr ), broad cognitive speediness ( Gs ), and processing speed ( Gt ). Carroll regarded the broad abilities as different `` flavors '' of g. Through factor rotation, it is, in principle, possible to produce an infinite number of different factor solutions that are mathematically equivalent in their ability to account for the intercorrelations among cognitive tests. These include solutions that do not contain a g factor. Thus factor analysis alone can not establish what the underlying structure of intelligence is. In choosing between different factor solutions, researchers have to examine the results of factor analysis together with other information about the structure of cognitive abilities. There are many psychologically relevant reasons for preferring factor solutions that contain a g factor. These include the existence of the positive manifold, the fact that certain kinds of tests ( generally the more complex ones ) have consistently larger g loadings, the substantial invariance of g factors across different test batteries, the impossibility of constructing test batteries that do not yield a g factor, and the widespread practical validity of g as a predictor of individual outcomes. The g factor, together with group factors, best represents the empirically established fact that, on average, overall ability differences between individuals are greater than differences among abilities within individuals, while a factor solution with orthogonal factors without g obscures this fact. Moreover, g appears to be the most heritable component of intelligence. Research utilizing the techniques of confirmatory factor analysis has also provided support for the existence of g. A g factor can be computed from a correlation matrix of test results using several different methods. These include exploratory factor analysis, principal components analysis ( PCA ), and confirmatory factor analysis. Different factor - extraction methods produce highly consistent results, although PCA has sometimes been found to produce inflated estimates of the influence of g on test scores. There is a broad contemporary consensus that cognitive variance between people can be conceptualized at three hierarchical levels, distinguished by their degree of generality. At the lowest, least general level there are a large number of narrow first - order factors ; at a higher level, there are a relatively small number -- somewhere between five and ten -- of broad ( i.e., more general ) second - order factors ( or group factors ) ; and at the apex, there is a single third - order factor, g, the general factor common to all tests. The g factor usually accounts for the majority of the total common factor variance of IQ test batteries. Contemporary hierarchical models of intelligence include the three stratum theory and the Cattell -- Horn -- Carroll theory. `` Indifference of the indicator '' ( edit ) Spearman proposed the principle of the indifference of the indicator, according to which the precise content of intelligence tests is unimportant for the purposes of identifying g, because g enters into performance on all kinds of tests. Any test can therefore be used as an indicator of g. Following Spearman, Arthur Jensen more recently argued that a g factor extracted from one test battery will always be the same, within the limits of measurement error, as that extracted from another battery, provided that the batteries are large and diverse. According to this view, every mental test, no matter how distinctive, calls on g to some extent. Thus a composite score of a number of different tests will load onto g more strongly than any of the individual test scores, because the g components cumulate into the composite score, while the uncorrelated non-g components will cancel each other out. Theoretically, the composite score of an infinitely large, diverse test battery would, then, be a perfect measure of g. In contrast, L.L. Thurstone argued that a g factor extracted from a test battery reflects the average of all the abilities called for by the particular battery, and that g therefore varies from one battery to another and `` has no fundamental psychological significance. '' Along similar lines, John Horn argued that g factors are meaningless because they are not invariant across test batteries, maintaining that correlations between different ability measures arise because it is difficult to define a human action that depends on just one ability. To show that different batteries reflect the same g, one must administer several test batteries to the same individuals, extract g factors from each battery, and show that the factors are highly correlated. This can be done within a confirmatory factor analysis framework. Wendy Johnson and colleagues have published two such studies. The first found that the correlations between g factors extracted from three different batteries were. 99,. 99, and 1.00, supporting the hypothesis that g factors from different batteries are the same and that the identification of g is not dependent on the specific abilities assessed. The second study found that g factors derived from four of five test batteries correlated at between. 95 -- 1.00, while the correlations ranged from. 79 to. 96 for the fifth battery, the Cattell Culture Fair Intelligence Test ( the CFIT ). They attributed the somewhat lower correlations with the CFIT battery to its lack of content diversity for it contains only matrix - type items, and interpreted the findings as supporting the contention that g factors derived from different test batteries are the same provided that the batteries are diverse enough. The results suggest that the same g can be consistently identified from different test batteries. Population distribution ( edit ) The form of the population distribution of g is unknown, because g can not be measured on a ratio scale. ( The distributions of scores on typical IQ tests are roughly normal, but this is achieved by construction, i.e., by normalizing the raw scores. ) It has been argued that there are nevertheless good reasons for supposing that g is normally distributed in the general population, at least within a range of ± 2 standard deviations from the mean. In particular, g can be thought of as a composite variable that reflects the additive effects of a large number of independent genetic and environmental influences, and such a variable should, according to the central limit theorem, follow a normal distribution. Spearman 's law of diminishing returns ( edit ) A number of researchers have suggested that the proportion of variation accounted for by g may not be uniform across all subgroups within a population. Spearman 's law of diminishing returns ( SLODR ), also termed the cognitive ability differentiation hypothesis, predicts that the positive correlations among different cognitive abilities are weaker among more intelligent subgroups of individuals. More specifically, SLODR predicts that the g factor will account for a smaller proportion of individual differences in cognitive tests scores at higher scores on the g factor. SLODR was originally proposed by Charles Spearman, who reported that the average correlation between 12 cognitive ability tests was. 466 in 78 normal children, and. 782 in 22 `` defective '' children. Detterman and Daniel rediscovered this phenomenon in 1989. They reported that for subtests of both the WAIS and the WISC, subtest intercorrelations decreased monotonically with ability group, ranging from approximately an average intercorrelation of. 7 among individuals with IQs less than 78 to. 4 among individuals with IQs greater than 122. SLODR has been replicated in a variety of child and adult samples who have been measured using broad arrays of cognitive tests. The most common approach has been to divide individuals into multiple ability groups using an observable proxy for their general intellectual ability, and then to either compare the average interrelation among the subtests across the different groups, or to compare the proportion of variation accounted for by a single common factor, in the different groups. However, as both Deary et al. ( 1996 ). and Tucker - Drob ( 2009 ) have pointed out, dividing the continuous distribution of intelligence into an arbitrary number of discrete ability groups is less than ideal for examining SLODR. Tucker - Drob ( 2009 ) extensively reviewed the literature on SLODR and the various methods by which it had been previously tested, and proposed that SLODR could be most appropriately captured by fitting a common factor model that allows the relations between the factor and its indicators to be nonlinear in nature. He applied such a factor model to a nationally representative data of children and adults in the United States and found consistent evidence for SLODR. For example, Tucker - Drob ( 2009 ) found that a general factor accounted for approximately 75 % of the variation in seven different cognitive abilities among very low IQ adults, but only accounted for approximately 30 % of the variation in the abilities among very high IQ adults. A recent meta - analytic study by Blum and Holling also provided support for the differentiation hypothesis. As opposed to most research on the topic, this work made it possible to study ability and age variables as continuous predictors of the g saturation, and not just to compare lower - vs. higher - skilled or younger vs. older groups of testees. Results demonstrate that the mean correlation and g loadings of cognitive ability tests decrease with increasing ability, yet increase with respondent age. SLODR, as described by Charles Spearman, could be confirmed by a g - saturation decrease as a function of IQ as well as a g - saturation increase from middle age to senescence. Specifically speaking, for samples with a mean intelligence that is two standard deviations ( i.e., 30 IQ - points ) higher, the mean correlation to be expected is decreased by approximately. 15 points. The question remains whether a difference of this magnitude could result in a greater apparent factorial complexity when cognitive data are factored for the higher - ability sample, as opposed to the lower - ability sample. It seems likely that greater factor dimensionality should tend to be observed for the case of higher ability, but the magnitude of this effect ( i.e., how much more likely and how many more factors ) remains uncertain. Practical validity ( edit ) The practical validity of g as a predictor of educational, economic, and social outcomes is more far - ranging and universal than that of any other known psychological variable. The validity of g is greater the greater the complexity of the task. A test 's practical validity is measured by its correlation with performance on some criterion external to the test, such as college grade - point average, or a rating of job performance. The correlation between test scores and a measure of some criterion is called the validity coefficient. One way to interpret a validity coefficient is to square it to obtain the variance accounted by the test. For example, a validity coefficient of. 30 corresponds to 9 percent of variance explained. This approach has, however, been criticized as misleading and uninformative, and several alternatives have been proposed. One arguably more interpretable approach is to look at the percentage of test takers in each test score quintile who meet some agreed - upon standard of success. For example, if the correlation between test scores and performance is. 30, the expectation is that 67 percent of those in the top quintile will be above - average performers, compared to 33 percent of those in the bottom quintile. Academic achievement ( edit ) The predictive validity of g is most conspicuous in the domain of scholastic performance. This is apparently because g is closely linked to the ability to learn novel material and understand concepts and meanings. In elementary school, the correlation between IQ and grades and achievement scores is between. 60 and. 70. At more advanced educational levels, more students from the lower end of the IQ distribution drop out, which restricts the range of IQs and results in lower validity coefficients. In high school, college, and graduate school the validity coefficients are. 50 --. 60,. 40 --. 50, and. 30 --. 40, respectively. The g loadings of IQ scores are high, but it is possible that some of the validity of IQ in predicting scholastic achievement is attributable to factors measured by IQ independent of g. According to research by Robert L. Thorndike, 80 to 90 percent of the predictable variance in scholastic performance is due to g, with the rest attributed to non-g factors measured by IQ and other tests. Achievement test scores are more highly correlated with IQ than school grades. This may be because grades are more influenced by the teacher 's idiosyncratic perceptions of the student. In a longitudinal English study, g scores measured at age 11 correlated with all the 25 subject tests of the national GCSE examination taken at age 16. The correlations ranged from. 77 for the mathematics test to. 42 for the art test. The correlation between g and a general educational factor computed from the GCSE tests was. 81. Research suggests that the SAT, widely used in college admissions, is primarily a measure of g. A correlation of. 82 has been found between g scores computed from an IQ test battery and SAT scores. In a study of 165,000 students at 41 U.S. colleges, SAT scores were found to be correlated at. 47 with first - year college grade - point average after correcting for range restriction in SAT scores ( the correlation rises to. 55 when course difficulty is held constant, i.e., if all students attended the same set of classes ). Job Attainment ( edit ) There is a high correlation of. 90 to. 95 between the prestige rankings of occupations, as rated by the general population, and the average general intelligence scores of people employed in each occupation. At the level of individual employees, the association between job prestige and g is lower -- one large U.S. study reported a correlation of. 65 (. 72 corrected for attenuation ). Mean level of g thus increases with perceived job prestige. It has also been found that the dispersion of general intelligence scores is smaller in more prestigious occupations than in lower level occupations, suggesting that higher level occupations have minimum g requirements. Job performance ( edit ) Research indicates that tests of g are the best single predictors of job performance, with an average validity coefficient of. 55 across several meta - analyses of studies based on supervisor ratings and job samples. The average meta - analytic validity coefficient for performance in job training is. 63. The validity of g in the highest complexity jobs ( professional, scientific, and upper management jobs ) has been found to be greater than in the lowest complexity jobs, but g has predictive validity even for the simplest jobs. Research also shows that specific aptitude tests tailored for each job provide little or no increase in predictive validity over tests of general intelligence. It is believed that g affects job performance mainly by facilitating the acquisition of job - related knowledge. The predictive validity of g is greater than that of work experience, and increased experience on the job does not decrease the validity of g. In a recent meta - analysis, researchers found that general cognitive ability ( GCA ) predicted job performance better than personality ( Five factor model ) and three streams of emotional intelligence. They examined the relative importance of these constructs on predicting job performance and found that cognitive ability explained most of the variance in job performance. Other studies suggested that GCA and emotional intelligence have a linear independent and complementary contribution to job performance. Côté and Miners ( 2015 ) found that these constructs are interrelated when assessing their relationship with two aspects of job performance : organisational citizenship behaviour ( OCB ) and task performance. Emotional intelligence is a better predictor of task performance and OCB when GCA is low and vice versa. For instance, an employee with low GCA will compensate his / her task performance and OCB, if emotional intelligence is high. Although these compensatory effects favour emotional intelligence, GCA still remains as the best predictor of job performance. Several researchers have studied the correlation between GCA and job performance among different job positions. For instance, Ghiselli ( 1973 ) found that salespersons had a higher correlation than sales clerk. The former obtained a correlation of 0.61 for GCA, 0.40 for perceptual ability and 0.29 for psychomotor abilities ; whereas sales clerk obtained a correlation of 0.27 for GCA, 0.22 for perceptual ability and 0.17 for psychomotor abilities. Other studies compared GCA -- job performance correlation between jobs of different complexity. Hunter and Hunter ( 1984 ) developed a meta - analysis with over 400 studies and found that this correlation was higher for jobs of high complexity ( 0.57 ). Followed by jobs of medium complexity ( 0.51 ) and low complexity ( 0.38 ). Job performance is measured by objective rating performance and subjective ratings. Although the former is better than subjective ratings, most of studies in job performance and GCA have been based on supervisor performance ratings. This rating criteria is considered problematic and unreliable, mainly because of its difficulty to define what is a good and bad performance. Rating of supervisors tends to be subjective and inconsistent among employees. Additionally, supervisor rating of job performance is influenced by different factors, such as halo effect, facial attractiveness, racial or ethnic bias, and height of employees. However, Vinchur, Schippmann, Switzer and Roth ( 1998 ) found in their study with sales employees that objective sales performance had a correlation of 0.04 with GCA, while supervisor performance rating got a correlation of 0.40. These findings were surprising, considering that the main criteria for assessing these employees would be the objective sales. In understanding how GCA is associated job performance, several researchers concluded that GCA affects acquisition of job knowledge, which in turn improves job performance. In other words, people high in GCA are capable to learn faster and acquire more job knowledge easily, which allow them to perform better. Conversely, lack of ability to acquire job knowledge will directly affect job performance. This is due to low levels of GCA. Also, GCA has a direct effect on job performance. In a daily basis, employees are exposed constantly to challenges and problem solving tasks, which success depends solely on their GCA. These findings are discouraging for governmental entities in charge of protecting rights of workers. Because of the high correlation of GCA on job performance, companies are hiring employees based on GCA tests scores. Inevitably, this practice is denying the opportunity to work to many people with low GCA. Previous researchers have found significant differences in GCA between race / ethnicity groups. For instance, there is a debate whether studies were biased against Afro - Americans, who scored significantly lower than white Americans in GCA tests. However, findings on GCA - job performance correlation must be taken carefully. Some researchers have warned the existence of statistical artifacts related to measures of job performance and GCA test scores. For example, Viswesvaran, Ones and Schmidt ( 1996 ) argued that is quite impossible to obtain perfect measures of job performance without incurring in any methodological error. Moreover, studies on GCA and job performance are always susceptible to range restriction, because data is gathered mostly from current employees, neglecting those that were not hired. Hence, sample comes from employees who successfully passed hiring process, including measures of GCA. Income ( edit ) The correlation between income and g, as measured by IQ scores, averages about. 40 across studies. The correlation is higher at higher levels of education and it increases with age, stabilizing when people reach their highest career potential in middle age. Even when education, occupation and socioeconomic background are held constant, the correlation does not vanish. Other correlates ( edit ) The g factor is reflected in many social outcomes. Many social behavior problems, such as dropping out of school, chronic welfare dependency, accident proneness, and crime, are negatively correlated with g independent of social class of origin. Health and mortality outcomes are also linked to g, with higher childhood test scores predicting better health and mortality outcomes in adulthood ( see Cognitive epidemiology ). Genetic and environmental determinants ( edit ) Main article : Heritability of IQ Heritability is the proportion of phenotypic variance in a trait in a population that can be attributed to genetic factors. The heritability of g has been estimated to fall between 40 and 80 percent using twin, adoption, and other family study designs as well as molecular genetic methods. It has been found to increase linearly with age. For example, a large study involving more than 11,000 pairs of twins from four countries reported the heritability of g to be 41 percent at age nine, 55 percent at age twelve, and 66 percent at age seventeen. Other studies have estimated that the heritability is as high as 80 percent in adulthood, although it may decline in old age. Most of the research on the heritability of g has been conducted in the United States and Western Europe, but studies in Russia ( Moscow ), the former East Germany, Japan, and rural India have yielded similar estimates of heritability as Western studies. Behavioral genetic research has also established that the shared ( or between - family ) environmental effects on g are strong in childhood, but decline thereafter and are negligible in adulthood. This indicates that the environmental effects that are important to the development of g are unique and not shared between members of the same family. The genetic correlation is a statistic that indicates the extent to which the same genetic effects influence two different traits. If the genetic correlation between two traits is zero, the genetic effects on them are independent, whereas a correlation of 1.0 means that the same set of genes explains the heritability of both traits ( regardless of how high or low the heritability of each is ). Genetic correlations between specific mental abilities ( such as verbal ability and spatial ability ) have been consistently found to be very high, close to 1.0. This indicates that genetic variation in cognitive abilities is almost entirely due to genetic variation in whatever g is. It also suggests that what is common among cognitive abilities is largely caused by genes, and that independence among abilities is largely due to environmental effects. Thus it has been argued that when genes for intelligence are identified, they will be `` generalist genes '', each affecting many different cognitive abilities. The g loadings of mental tests have been found to correlate with their heritabilities, with correlations ranging from moderate to perfect in various studies. Thus the heritability of a mental test is usually higher the larger its g loading is. Much research points to g being a highly polygenic trait influenced by a large number of common genetic variants, each having only small effects. Another possibility is that heritable differences in g are due to individuals having different `` loads '' of rare, deleterious mutations, with genetic variation among individuals persisting due to mutation -- selection balance. A number of candidate genes have been reported to be associated with intelligence differences, but the effect sizes have been small and almost none of the findings have been replicated. No individual genetic variants have been conclusively linked to intelligence in the normal range so far. Many researchers believe that very large samples will be needed to reliably detect individual genetic polymorphisms associated with g. However, while genes influencing variation in g in the normal range have proven difficult to find, a large number of single - gene disorders with mental retardation among their symptoms have been discovered. Several studies suggest that tests with larger g loadings are more affected by inbreeding depression lowering test scores. There is also evidence that tests with larger g loadings are associated with larger positive heterotic effects on test scores. Inbreeding depression and heterosis suggest the presence of genetic dominance effects for g. Neuroscientific findings ( edit ) Main article : Neuroscience and intelligence g has a number of correlates in the brain. Studies using magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) have established that g and total brain volume are moderately correlated ( r ~. 3 --. 4 ). External head size has a correlation of ~. 2 with g. MRI research on brain regions indicates that the volumes of frontal, parietal and temporal cortices, and the hippocampus are also correlated with g, generally at. 25 or more, while the correlations, averaged over many studies, with overall grey matter and overall white matter have been found to be. 31 and. 27, respectively. Some but not all studies have also found positive correlations between g and cortical thickness. However, the underlying reasons for these associations between the quantity of brain tissue and differences in cognitive abilities remain largely unknown. Most researchers believe that intelligence can not be localized to a single brain region, such as the frontal lobe. Brain lesion studies have found small but consistent associations indicating that people with more white matter lesions tend to have lower cognitive ability. Research utilizing NMR spectroscopy has discovered somewhat inconsistent but generally positive correlations between intelligence and white matter integrity, supporting the notion that white matter is important for intelligence. Some research suggests that aside from the integrity of white matter, also its organizational efficiency is related to intelligence. The hypothesis that brain efficiency has a role in intelligence is supported by functional MRI research showing that more intelligent people generally process information more efficiently, i.e., they use fewer brain resources for the same task than less intelligent people. Small but relatively consistent associations with intelligence test scores include also brain activity, as measured by EEG records or event - related potentials, and nerve conduction velocity. G in non-humans ( edit ) Main article : g factor in non-humans Evidence of a general factor of intelligence has also been observed in non-human animals. Studies have shown that g is responsible for 47 % of the individual variance in primates and between 55 % and 60 % in mice. While not able to be assessed using the same intelligence measures used in humans, cognitive ability can be measured with a variety of interactive and observational tools focusing on innovation, habit reversal, social learning, and responses to novelty. Non-human models of g such as mice are used to study genetic influences on intelligence and neurological developmental research into the mechanisms behind and biological correlates of g. G ( or C. ) in human groups ( edit ) Main article : Collective intelligence Similar to g for individuals, a new research path aims to extract a general collective intelligence factor c for groups displaying a group 's general ability to perform a wide range of tasks. Definition, operationalization and statistical approach for this c factor are derived from and similar to g. Causes, predictive validity as well as additional parallels to g are investigated. Other biological associations ( edit ) Height is correlated with intelligence ( r ~. 2 ), but this correlation has not generally been found within families ( i.e., among siblings ), suggesting that it results from cross-assortative mating for height and intelligence. Myopia is known to be associated with intelligence, with a correlation of around. 2 to. 25, and this association has been found within families, too. Group similarities and differences ( edit ) See also : Sex and psychology, Race and intelligence, and Nations and intelligence Cross-cultural studies indicate that the g factor can be observed whenever a battery of diverse, complex cognitive tests is administered to a human sample. The factor structure of IQ tests has also been found to be consistent across sexes and ethnic groups in the U.S. and elsewhere. The g factor has been found to be the most invariant of all factors in cross-cultural comparisons. For example, when the g factors computed from an American standardization sample of Wechsler 's IQ battery and from large samples who completed the Japanese translation of the same battery were compared, the congruence coefficient was. 99, indicating virtual identity. Similarly, the congruence coefficient between the g factors obtained from white and black standardization samples of the WISC battery in the U.S. was. 995, and the variance in test scores accounted for by g was highly similar for both groups. Most studies suggest that there are negligible differences in the mean level of g between the sexes, and that sex differences in cognitive abilities are to be found in more narrow domains. For example, males generally outperform females in spatial tasks, while females generally outperform males in verbal tasks. Another difference that has been found in many studies is that males show more variability in both general and specific abilities than females, with proportionately more males at both the low end and the high end of the test score distribution. Consistent differences between racial and ethnic groups in g have been found, particularly in the U.S. A 2001 meta - analysis of millions of subjects indicated that there is a 1.1 standard deviation gap in the mean level of g between white and black Americans, favoring the former. The mean score of Hispanic Americans was found to be. 72 standard deviations below that of non-Hispanic whites. In contrast, Americans of East Asian descent generally slightly outscore white Americans. Several researchers have suggested that the magnitude of the black - white gap in cognitive ability tests is dependent on the magnitude of the test 's g loading, with tests showing higher g loadings producing larger gaps ( see Spearman 's hypothesis ). It has also been claimed that racial and ethnic differences similar to those found in the U.S. can be observed globally. Relation to other psychological constructs ( edit ) Elementary cognitive tasks ( edit ) Main article : Mental chronometry An illustration of the Jensen box, an apparatus for measuring choice reaction time. Elementary cognitive tasks ( ECTs ) also correlate strongly with g. ECTs are, as the name suggests, simple tasks that apparently require very little intelligence, but still correlate strongly with more exhaustive intelligence tests. Determining whether a light is red or blue and determining whether there are four or five squares drawn on a computer screen are two examples of ECTs. The answers to such questions are usually provided by quickly pressing buttons. Often, in addition to buttons for the two options provided, a third button is held down from the start of the test. When the stimulus is given to the subject, they remove their hand from the starting button to the button of the correct answer. This allows the examiner to determine how much time was spent thinking about the answer to the question ( reaction time, usually measured in small fractions of second ), and how much time was spent on physical hand movement to the correct button ( movement time ). Reaction time correlates strongly with g, while movement time correlates less strongly. ECT testing has allowed quantitative examination of hypotheses concerning test bias, subject motivation, and group differences. By virtue of their simplicity, ECTs provide a link between classical IQ testing and biological inquiries such as fMRI studies. Working memory ( edit ) One theory holds that g is identical or nearly identical to working memory capacity. Among other evidence for this view, some studies have found factors representing g and working memory to be perfectly correlated. However, in a meta - analysis the correlation was found to be considerably lower. One criticism that has been made of studies that identify g with working memory is that `` we do not advance understanding by showing that one mysterious concept is linked to another. '' Piagetian tasks ( edit ) Psychometric theories of intelligence aim at quantifying intellectual growth and identifying ability differences between individuals and groups. In contrast, Jean Piaget 's theory of cognitive development seeks to understand qualitative changes in children 's intellectual development. Piaget designed a number of tasks to verify hypotheses arising from his theory. The tasks were not intended to measure individual differences, and they have no equivalent in psychometric intelligence tests. For example, in one of the best - known Piagetian conservation tasks a child is asked if the amount of water in two identical glasses is the same. After the child agrees that the amount is the same, the investigator pours the water from one of the glasses into a glass of different shape so that the amount appears different although it remains the same. The child is then asked if the amount of water in the two glasses is the same or different. Notwithstanding the different research traditions in which psychometric tests and Piagetian tasks were developed, the correlations between the two types of measures have been found to be consistently positive and generally moderate in magnitude. A common general factor underlies them. It has been shown that it is possible to construct a battery consisting of Piagetian tasks that is as good a measure of g as standard IQ tests. Personality ( edit ) Main article : Intelligence and personality The traditional view in psychology is that there is no meaningful relationship between personality and intelligence, and that the two should be studied separately. Intelligence can be understood in terms of what an individual can do, or what his or her maximal performance is, while personality can be thought of in terms of what an individual will typically do, or what his or her general tendencies of behavior are. Research has indicated that correlations between measures of intelligence and personality are small, and it has thus been argued that g is a purely cognitive variable that is independent of personality traits. In a 2007 meta - analysis the correlations between g and the `` Big Five '' personality traits were found to be as follows : conscientiousness -. 04 agreeableness. 00 extraversion. 02 openness. 22 emotional stability. 09 The same meta - analysis found a correlation of. 20 between self - efficacy and g. Some researchers have argued that the associations between intelligence and personality, albeit modest, are consistent. They have interpreted correlations between intelligence and personality measures in two main ways. The first perspective is that personality traits influence performance on intelligence tests. For example, a person may fail to perform at a maximal level on an IQ test due to his or her anxiety and stress - proneness. The second perspective considers intelligence and personality to be conceptually related, with personality traits determining how people apply and invest their cognitive abilities, leading to knowledge expansion and greater cognitive differentiation. Creativity ( edit ) Some researchers believe that there is a threshold level of g below which socially significant creativity is rare, but that otherwise there is no relationship between the two. It has been suggested that this threshold is at least one standard deviation above the population mean. Above the threshold, personality differences are believed to be important determinants of individual variation in creativity. Others have challenged the threshold theory. While not disputing that opportunity and personal attributes other than intelligence, such as energy and commitment, are important for creativity, they argue that g is positively associated with creativity even at the high end of the ability distribution. The longitudinal Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth has provided evidence for this contention. It has showed that individuals identified by standardized tests as intellectually gifted in early adolescence accomplish creative achievements ( for example, securing patents or publishing literary or scientific works ) at several times the rate of the general population, and that even within the top 1 percent of cognitive ability, those with higher ability are more likely to make outstanding achievements. The study has also suggested that the level of g acts as a predictor of the level of achievement, while specific cognitive ability patterns predict the realm of achievement. Challenges ( edit ) Gf - Gc theory ( edit ) Main article : Fluid and crystallized intelligence Raymond Cattell, a student of Charles Spearman 's, rejected the unitary g factor model and divided g into two broad, relatively independent domains : fluid intelligence ( Gf ) and crystallized intelligence ( Gc ). Gf is conceptualized as a capacity to figure out novel problems, and it is best assessed with tests with little cultural or scholastic content, such as Raven 's matrices. Gc can be thought of as consolidated knowledge, reflecting the skills and information that an individual acquires and retains throughout his or her life. Gc is dependent on education and other forms of acculturation, and it is best assessed with tests that emphasize scholastic and cultural knowledge. Gf can be thought to primarily consist of current reasoning and problem solving capabilities, while Gc reflects the outcome of previously executed cognitive processes. The rationale for the separation of Gf and Gc was to explain individuals ' cognitive development over time. While Gf and Gc have been found to be highly correlated, they differ in the way they change over a lifetime. Gf tends to peak at around age 20, slowly declining thereafter. In contrast, Gc is stable or increases across adulthood. A single general factor has been criticized as obscuring this bifurcated pattern of development. Cattell argued that Gf reflected individual differences in the efficiency of the central nervous system. Gc was, in Cattell 's thinking, the result of a person `` investing '' his or her Gf in learning experiences throughout life. Cattell, together with John Horn, later expanded the Gf - Gc model to include a number of other broad abilities, such as Gq ( quantitative reasoning ) and Gv ( visual - spatial reasoning ). While all the broad ability factors in the extended Gf - Gc model are positively correlated and thus would enable the extraction of a higher order g factor, Cattell and Horn maintained that it would be erroneous to posit that a general factor underlies these broad abilities. They argued that g factors computed from different test batteries are not invariant and would give different values of g, and that the correlations among tests arise because it is difficult to test just one ability at a time. However, several researchers have suggested that the Gf - Gc model is compatible with a g - centered understanding of cognitive abilities. For example, John B. Carroll 's three - stratum model of intelligence includes both Gf and Gc together with a higher - order g factor. Based on factor analyses of many data sets, some researchers have also argued that Gf and g are one and the same factor and that g factors from different test batteries are substantially invariant provided that the batteries are large and diverse. Theories of uncorrelated abilities ( edit ) Several theorists have proposed that there are intellectual abilities that are uncorrelated with each other. Among the earliest was L.L. Thurstone who created a model of primary mental abilities representing supposedly independent domains of intelligence. However, Thurstone 's tests of these abilities were found to produce a strong general factor. He argued that the lack of independence among his tests reflected the difficulty of constructing `` factorially pure '' tests that measured just one ability. Similarly, J.P. Guilford proposed a model of intelligence that comprised up to 180 distinct, uncorrelated abilities, and claimed to be able to test all of them. Later analyses have shown that the factorial procedures Guilford presented as evidence for his theory did not provide support for it, and that the test data that he claimed provided evidence against g did in fact exhibit the usual pattern of intercorrelations after correction for statistical artifacts. More recently, Howard Gardner has developed the theory of multiple intelligences. He posits the existence of nine different and independent domains of intelligence, such as mathematical, linguistic, spatial, musical, bodily - kinesthetic, meta - cognitive, and existential intelligences, and contends that individuals who fail in some of them may excel in others. According to Gardner, tests and schools traditionally emphasize only linguistic and logical abilities while neglecting other forms of intelligence. While popular among educationalists, Gardner 's theory has been much criticized by psychologists and psychometricians. One criticism is that the theory does violence to both scientific and everyday usages of the word `` intelligence. '' Several researchers have argued that not all of Gardner 's intelligences fall within the cognitive sphere. For example, Gardner contends that a successful career in professional sports or popular music reflects bodily - kinesthetic intelligence and musical intelligence, respectively, even though one might usually talk of athletic and musical skills, talents, or abilities instead. Another criticism of Gardner 's theory is that many of his purportedly independent domains of intelligence are in fact correlated with each other. Responding to empirical analyses showing correlations between the domains, Gardner has argued that the correlations exist because of the common format of tests and because all tests require linguistic and logical skills. His critics have in turn pointed out that not all IQ tests are administered in the paper - and - pencil format, that aside from linguistic and logical abilities, IQ test batteries contain also measures of, for example, spatial abilities, and that elementary cognitive tasks ( for example, inspection time and reaction time ) that do not involve linguistic or logical reasoning correlate with conventional IQ batteries, too. Robert Sternberg, working with various colleagues, has also suggested that intelligence has dimensions independent of g. He argues that there are three classes of intelligence : analytic, practical, and creative. According to Sternberg, traditional psychometric tests measure only analytic intelligence, and should be augmented to test creative and practical intelligence as well. He has devised several tests to this effect. Sternberg equates analytic intelligence with academic intelligence, and contrasts it with practical intelligence, defined as an ability to deal with ill - defined real - life problems. Tacit intelligence is an important component of practical intelligence, consisting of knowledge that is not explicitly taught but is required in many real - life situations. Assessing creativity independent of intelligence tests has traditionally proved difficult, but Sternberg and colleagues have claimed to have created valid tests of creativity, too. The validation of Sternberg 's theory requires that the three abilities tested are substantially uncorrelated and have independent predictive validity. Sternberg has conducted many experiments which he claims confirm the validity of his theory, but several researchers have disputed this conclusion. For example, in his reanalysis of a validation study of Sternberg 's STAT test, Nathan Brody showed that the predictive validity of the STAT, a test of three allegedly independent abilities, was almost solely due to a single general factor underlying the tests, which Brody equated with the g factor. Flynn 's model ( edit ) James Flynn has argued that intelligence should be conceptualized at three different levels : brain physiology, cognitive differences between individuals, and social trends in intelligence over time. According to this model, the g factor is a useful concept with respect to individual differences but its explanatory power is limited when the focus of investigation is either brain physiology, or, especially, the effect of social trends on intelligence. Flynn has criticized the notion that cognitive gains over time, or the Flynn effect, are `` hollow '' if they can not be shown to be increases in g. He argues that the Flynn effect reflects shifting social priorities and individuals ' adaptation to them. To apply the individual differences concept of g to the Flynn effect is to confuse different levels of analysis. On the other hand, according to Flynn, it is also fallacious to deny, by referring to trends in intelligence over time, that some individuals have `` better brains and minds '' to cope with the cognitive demands of their particular time. At the level of brain physiology, Flynn has emphasized both that localized neural clusters can be affected differently by cognitive exercise, and that there are important factors that affect all neural clusters. Other criticisms ( edit ) Perhaps the most famous critique of the construct of g is that of the paleontologist and biologist Stephen Jay Gould 's, presented in his 1981 book The Mismeasure of Man. He argued that psychometricians have fallaciously reified the g factor as a physical thing in the brain, even though it is simply the product of statistical calculations ( i.e., factor analysis ). He further noted that it is possible to produce factor solutions of cognitive test data that do not contain a g factor yet explain the same amount of information as solutions that yield a g. According to Gould, there is no rationale for preferring one factor solution to another, and factor analysis therefore does not lend support to the existence of an entity like g. More generally, Gould criticized the g theory for abstracting intelligence as a single entity and for ranking people `` in a single series of worthiness '', arguing that such rankings are used to justify the oppression of disadvantaged groups. Many researchers have criticized Gould 's arguments. For example, they have rejected the accusation of reification, maintaining that the use of extracted factors such as g as potential causal variables whose reality can be supported or rejected by further investigations constitutes a normal scientific practice that in no way distinguishes psychometrics from other sciences. Critics have also suggested that Gould did not understand the purpose of factor analysis, and that he was ignorant of relevant methodological advances in the field. While different factor solutions may be mathematically equivalent in their ability to account for intercorrelations among tests, solutions that yield a g factor are psychologically preferable for several reasons extrinsic to factor analysis, including the phenomenon of the positive manifold, the fact that the same g can emerge from quite different test batteries, the widespread practical validity of g, and the linkage of g to many biological variables. John Horn and John McArdle have argued that the modern g theory, as espoused by, for example, Arthur Jensen, is unfalsifiable, because the existence of a common factor like g follows tautologically from positive correlations among tests. They contrasted the modern hierarchical theory of g with Spearman 's original two - factor theory which was readily falsifiable ( and indeed was falsified ). See also ( edit ) Charles Spearman Factor analysis in psychometrics Fluid and crystallized intelligence Flynn effect Intelligence Intelligence quotient Malleability of intelligence Spearman 's hypothesis References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kamphaus et al. 2005 ^ Jump up to : Deary et al. 2010 Jump up ^ Jensen 1998, 545 Jump up ^ Neisser et al. 1996 Jump up ^ Adapted from Jensen 1998, 24. The correlation matrix was originally published in Spearman 1904, and it is based on the school performance of a sample of English children. While this analysis is historically important and has been highly influential, it does not meet modern technical standards. See Mackintosh 2011, 44ff. and Horn & McArdle 2007 for discussion of Spearman 's methods. Jump up ^ Adapted from Chabris 2007, Table 19.1. Jump up ^ Gottfredson 1998 Jump up ^ Deary 2001, 12 Jump up ^ Spearman 1904 Jump up ^ Deary 2000, 6 ^ Jump up to : Jensen 1992 Jump up ^ Jensen 1998, 28 ^ Jump up to : van deer Maas et al. 2006 Jump up ^ Jensen 1998, 26, 36 -- 39 Jump up ^ Jensen 1998, 26, 36 -- 39, 89 -- 90 ^ Jump up to : Jensen 2002 ^ Jump up to : Floyd et al. 2009 ^ Jump up to : Jensen 1980, 213 Jump up ^ Jensen 1998, 94 ^ Jump up to : Hunt 2011, 94 Jump up ^ Jensen 1998, 18 -- 19, 35 -- 36, 38. The idea of a general, unitary mental ability was introduced to psychology by Herbert Spencer and Francis Galton in the latter half of the 19th century, but their work was largely speculative, with little empirical basis. Jump up ^ Jensen 1998, 91 -- 92, 95 Jump up ^ Jensen 2000 Jump up ^ Mackintosh 2011, 157 Jump up ^ Jensen 1998, 117 Jump up ^ Bartholomew et al. 2009 Jump up ^ Jensen 1998, 120 ^ Jump up to : Horn & McArdle 2007 Jump up ^ Jensen 1998, 120 -- 121 Jump up ^ Mackintosh 2011, 157 -- 158 ^ Jump up to : Rushton & Jensen 2010 Jump up ^ Mackintosh 2011, 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ Jensen 1998, 18, 31 -- 32 ^ Jump up to : Carroll 1995 ^ Jump up to : Jensen 1982 Jump up ^ Jensen 1998, 73 ^ Jump up to : Deary 2012 Jump up ^ Mackintosh 2011, 57 Jump up ^ Jensen 1998, 46 Jump up ^ Carroll 1997. The total common factor variance consists of the variance due to the g factor and the group factors considered together. The variance not accounted for by the common factors, referred to as uniqueness, comprises subtest - specific variance and measurement error. ^ Jump up to : Davidson & Kemp 2011 Jump up ^ Mackintosh 2011, 151 Jump up ^ Jensen 1998, 31 Jump up ^ Mackintosh 2011, 151 -- 153 ^ Jump up to : McGrew 2005 Jump up ^ Kvist & Gustafsson 2008 Jump up ^ Johnson et al. 2004 Jump up ^ Johnson et al. 2008 Jump up ^ Mackintosh 2011, 150 -- 153. See also Keith et al. 2001 where the g factors from the CAS and WJ III test batteries were found to be statistically indistinguishable, and Stauffer et al. 1996 where similar results were found for the ASVAB battery and a battery of cognitive - components - based tests. Jump up ^ Jensen 1998, 88, 101 -- 103 Jump up ^ Spearman, C. ( 1927 ). The abilities of man. New York : MacMillan. Jump up ^ Detterman, D.K., Daniel, M.H. ( 1989 ). Correlations of mental tests with each other and with cognitive variables are highest for low IQ groups. 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( 2009 ). `` Differentiation of cognitive abilities across the life span ''. Developmental Psychology. 45 : 1097 -- 1118. PMC 2855504. PMID 19586182. doi : 10.1037 / a0015864. van der Maas, H.L.J. ; Dolan, C.V. ; Grasman, R.P.P.P. ; Wicherts, J.M. ; Huizenga, H.M. ; Raaijmakers, M.E.J. ( 2006 ). `` A dynamical model of general intelligence : The positive manifold of intelligence by mutualism '' ( PDF ). Psychological Review. 13 : 842 -- 860. doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 295x. 113.4. 842. Weinberg, R.A. ( 1989 ). `` Intelligence and IQ. Landmark Issues and Great Debates ''. American Psychologist. 44 : 98 -- 104. doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066X. 44.2. 98. External links ( edit ) The General Intelligence Factor by Linda S. Gottfredson ( hide ) Human intelligence topics Types Collective Emotional Intellectual Linguistic Multiple Social Spatial ( visuospatial ) Abilities Traits Constructs Cognition Communication Creativity Fluid and crystallized intelligence g factor Intelligence quotient Knowledge Learning Memory Problem solving Reasoning Thought ( abstraction ) Understanding Visual processing Models and theories Cattell -- Horn -- Carroll theory Fluid and crystallized intelligence Multiple - intelligences theory Three - stratum theory Triarchic theory PASS theory Areas of research Evolution of human intelligence Heritability of IQ Psychometrics Intelligence and environment / health / longevity / neuroscience / race Outline of human intelligence / thought Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G_factor_(psychometrics)&oldid=804558318 '' Categories : Intelligence Intelligence tests Psychometrics Hidden categories : All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. Use dmy dates from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español Français Italiano עברית Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017, at 19 : 53. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "g factor (psychometrics)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=G_factor_(psychometrics)&amp;oldid=804558318" }

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{ "text": "Always ( Bon Jovi song ) - wikipedia Always ( Bon Jovi song ) `` Always '' Single by Bon Jovi from the album Cross Road B - side `` Edge of a Broken Heart '' Released 20 September 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 20 ) Format CD single cassette Recorded Genre Rock, power ballad Length 5 : 52 ( Album Version ) 4 : 55 ( Single Edit ) 4 : 37 ( Radio Edit ) Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Jon Bon Jovi Producer ( s ) Peter Collins Bon Jovi singles chronology `` Dry County '' ( 1994 ) `` Always '' ( 1994 ) `` Someday I 'll Be Saturday Night '' ( 1995 ) `` Dry County '' ( 1994 ) `` Always '' ( 1994 ) `` Someday I 'll Be Saturday Night '' ( 1995 ) Audio sample file help Music video `` Always '' on YouTube Music video `` Always '' ( Alternate Version ) on YouTube `` Always '' is a power ballad by Bon Jovi. It was released as a single from their 1994 album Cross Road and went on to become one of their best - selling singles, with a million copies sold in the U.S. and more than 3 million worldwide. The song reached # 4 in the U.S. Billboard charts, No. 2 on the Mainstream Top 40 and was also an international hit, peaking at # 1 in Canada, # 2 in Australia and the United Kingdom, and # 4 in Germany. It marks Alec John Such 's final single with the band before he left the band in late 1994. Contents ( hide ) 1 Song origin 2 Music video 3 Live performances 4 Track listing 4.1 UK CD single 4.2 German CD single 4.3 US Cassette single 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 All - time charts 6 Certifications 7 References 8 External links Song origin ( edit ) The song was originally written for the soundtrack to the 1993 film Romeo Is Bleeding. After disliking the movie -- which was a critical and box office bomb on release - the band decided not to lend `` Always '' to the producers. Jon Bon Jovi left the track on his shelf and forgot about it, until a friend found it and convinced him to re-record and release it on the band 's Cross Road compilation album. Music video ( edit ) The music video featured Jack Noseworthy, Carla Gugino, Jason Wiles and Keri Russell. Live performances ( edit ) The song 's powerful lyrics and power ballad sound made `` Always '' an instant hit at live concerts, but the high demand on Jon Bon Jovi 's vocals have seen it rarely performed in concert following the band 's 1995 - 1996 These Days tour. Hence, when it is performed it is done so in a lower key. The song is featured on the band 's Live From London Video. During the 2005 - 2006 Have a Nice Day Tour it was occasionally performed in the acoustic style heard on the band 's 2003 This Left Feels Right album. Recently the band has performed the original version on their Lost Highway Tour, particularly in the UK leg. A live version from the song, performed on the final night of the Lost Highway Tour has been included on the concert DVD from the band : Live at Madison Square Garden. Since then the song in its original version has been occasionally performed during every tour. Track listing ( edit ) Promo CD `` Always '' ( ( Radio Edit ) ) ( Jon Bon Jovi ) 4 : 37 `` Always '' ( Edit ) ( Jon Bon Jovi ) 4 : 52 `` Always '' ( Jon Bon Jovi ) 5 : 52 UK CD single ( edit ) `` Always '' ( Edit ) ( Jon Bon Jovi ) 4 : 52 `` Always '' ( Jon Bon Jovi ) 5 : 52 `` Edge of a Broken Heart '' ( Jon Bon Jovi, Richie Sambora, Desmond Child ) 4 : 33 German CD single ( edit ) `` Always '' ( Edit ) ( Jon Bon Jovi ) 4 : 52 `` Always '' ( Jon Bon Jovi ) 5 : 52 `` Edge of a Broken Heart '' ( Jon Bon Jovi, Richie Sambora, Desmond Child ) 4 : 33 `` Prayer 94 '' ( Jon Bon Jovi, Richie Sambora, Desmond Child ) 5 : 20 US Cassette single ( edit ) `` Always ( Edit ) '' `` Never Say Goodbye '' `` Edge of a Broken Heart '' Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 -- 95 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 22 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary Tracks ( RPM ) 6 Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( Los 40 Principales ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 19 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 33 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 44 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 37 UK Singles ( Gallup ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 91 Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 55 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 37 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 53 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 87 US Billboard Hot 100 17 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position Australia ( ARIA ) 145 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 353 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Gold 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 25,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Physical single Platinum 1,000,000 United States ( RIAA ) Digital single Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The 21 best power ballads ''. Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi ''. Fantasy Music League. Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 29. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Allmusic ( Bon Jovi charts & awards ) Billboard singles ''. Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bon Jovi -- Always ''. ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved November 3, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bon Jovi -- Always '' ( in German ). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved November 3, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bon Jovi -- Always '' ( in Dutch ). Ultratop 50. Retrieved November 3, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bon Jovi -- Always '' ( in French ). Ultratop 50. Retrieved November 3, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada ''. www.collectionscanada.gc.ca. Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada ''. www.collectionscanada.gc.ca. Jump up ^ Pennanen, Timo ( 2006 ). Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed. ). Helsinki : Tammi. ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5. Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Bon Jovi -- Always '' ( in French ). Les classement single. Retrieved November 3, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Bon Jovi Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved November 3, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Search the Charts - Always ''. Irish Recorded Music Association. Fireball Media. Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Bon Jovi '' ( in Dutch ). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved November 3, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Bon Jovi -- Always ''. Top 40 Singles. Retrieved November 3, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Topp 20 Single uke 48, 1994 -- VG - lista. Offisielle hitlister fra og med 1958 '' ( in Norwegian ). VG - lista. Retrieved November 3, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 21, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bon Jovi -- Always ''. Singles Top 100. Retrieved November 3, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bon Jovi -- Always ''. Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved November 3, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved November 3, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved November 3, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved November 3, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Pop Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved November 3, 2012. Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 50 Singles 1994 ''. Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved July 29, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1994 '' ( in Dutch ). Ultratop. Retrieved October 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Hit Tracks of 1994 ''. RPM. 1994 - 12 - 12. Retrieved October 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved October 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar - År 1994 '' ( in Swedish ). Sverigetopplistan. Swedish Recording Industry Association. Retrieved October 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1994 ''. Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved October 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles ''. Music Week. London, England : Spotlight Publications : 24. 24 January 1987. Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1994 ''. longboardsurfer.com. Retrieved October 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Forum - ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts - Top 100 End of Year ARIA Charts - 1990s ''. Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved December 23, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade Singles 1995 '' ( in German ). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved October 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Hit Tracks of 1995 ''. RPM. 1995 - 12 - 18. Retrieved October 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved October 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1995 ''. longboardsurfer.com. Retrieved October 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Best of All Time - Singles ''. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Ewige Bestenliste - Singles ''. Hitparade ( in German ). Hung Medien. Retrieved 14 August 2016. Jump up ^ `` Accreditation Awards ''. Australian Fun Countdowns. 2011 - 04 - 07. Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 23. Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11. Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Jon Bon Jovi -- Always '' ( in German ). IFPI Austria. Enter Jon Bon Jovi in the field Interpret. Enter Always in the field Titel. Select single in the field Format. Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Bon Jovi -- Always '' ( in Italian ). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Jump up ^ `` Rabo Top 40 - 28 januari 1995 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ). Dutch Top 40. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Bon Jovi -- Always ''. Recorded Music NZ. Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ). IFPI Sweden. Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Bon Jovi ; ' Always ' ) ''. IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Bon Jovi -- Always ''. British Phonographic Industry. Select singles in the Format field. Select Platinum in the Certification field. Enter Always in the search field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Bon Jovi -- Always ''. Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Bon Jovi -- Always ''. Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved September 26, 2015. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics hide Bon Jovi Jon Bon Jovi Tico Torres David Bryan Hugh McDonald Phil X Richie Sambora Alec John Such Dave Sabo Studio albums Bon Jovi 7800 ° Fahrenheit Slippery When Wet New Jersey Keep the Faith These Days Crush Bounce Have a Nice Day Lost Highway The Circle What About Now This House Is Not for Sale Compilation albums Cross Road This Left Feels Right Greatest Hits Burning Bridges 100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Ca n't Be Wrong Live albums One Wild Night Live 1985 -- 2001 Inside Out This House Is Not for Sale -- Live from the London Palladium Singles `` Runaway '' `` She Do n't Know Me '' `` Burning for Love '' ( Japan only ) `` Only Lonely '' `` In and Out of Love '' `` The Hardest Part Is the Night '' `` Silent Night '' `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' `` Never Say Goodbye '' `` Bad Medicine '' `` Born to Be My Baby '' `` I 'll Be There for You '' `` Lay Your Hands on Me '' `` Living in Sin '' `` Keep the Faith '' `` Bed of Roses '' `` In These Arms '' `` I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead '' `` I Believe '' `` Dry County '' `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Always '' `` Someday I 'll Be Saturday Night '' `` This Ai n't a Love Song '' `` Something for the Pain '' `` Lie to Me '' `` These Days '' `` Hey God '' `` Real Life '' `` It 's My Life '' `` Say It Is n't So '' `` Thank You for Loving Me '' `` One Wild Night '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' ( Live ) `` Everyday '' `` Misunderstood '' `` All About Lovin ' You '' `` Bounce '' ( promo single ) `` The Distance '' ( Japan only ) `` It 's My Life ( 2003 ) '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive ( 2003 ) '' ( promo single ) `` Have a Nice Day '' `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( with Jennifer Nettles ) `` Welcome to Wherever You Are '' `` ( You Want To ) Make a Memory '' `` Lost Highway '' `` Till We Ai n't Strangers Anymore '' ( with LeAnn Rimes ) `` Summertime '' ( Canada only ) `` Whole Lot of Leavin ' '' `` We Were n't Born to Follow '' `` Superman Tonight '' `` When We Were Beautiful '' `` What Do You Got? '' `` No Apologies '' `` This Is Our House '' ( promo single ) `` Because We Can '' `` What About Now '' `` This House Is Not for Sale '' Other songs `` Edge of a Broken Heart '' Video albums Breakout : Video Singles Slippery When Wet : The Videos New Jersey : The Videos Access All Areas : A Rock & Roll Odyssey Keep the Faith : An Evening with Bon Jovi Keep the Faith : The Videos Cross Road Live from London The Crush Tour This Left Feels Right Live Lost Highway : The Concert When We Were Beautiful Live at Madison Square Garden Greatest Hits : The Ultimate Video Collection Concert tours Runaway Tour Slippery When Wet Tour Jersey Syndicate Tour Keep the Faith Tour I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead Tour These Days Tour Crush Tour One Wild Night Tour Bounce Tour Have a Nice Day Tour Lost Highway Tour The Circle Tour Bon Jovi Live Because We Can Bon Jovi Live! This House Is Not for Sale Tour Solo albums Blaze of Glory ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Stranger in This Town ( Sambora ) On a Full Moon ( Bryan ) Destination Anywhere ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Undiscovered Soul ( Sambora ) Lunar Eclipse ( Bryan ) The Power Station Years : The Unreleased Recordings ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Aftermath of the Lowdown ( Sambora ) Related articles Discography Songs recorded Awards Book Category hide Bon Jovi Jon Bon Jovi Tico Torres David Bryan Hugh McDonald Phil X Richie Sambora Alec John Such Dave Sabo Studio albums Bon Jovi 7800 ° Fahrenheit Slippery When Wet New Jersey Keep the Faith These Days Crush Bounce Have a Nice Day Lost Highway The Circle What About Now This House Is Not for Sale Compilation albums Cross Road This Left Feels Right Greatest Hits Burning Bridges 100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Ca n't Be Wrong Live albums One Wild Night Live 1985 -- 2001 Inside Out This House Is Not for Sale -- Live from the London Palladium Singles `` Runaway '' `` She Do n't Know Me '' `` Burning for Love '' ( Japan only ) `` Only Lonely '' `` In and Out of Love '' `` The Hardest Part Is the Night '' `` Silent Night '' `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' `` Never Say Goodbye '' `` Bad Medicine '' `` Born to Be My Baby '' `` I 'll Be There for You '' `` Lay Your Hands on Me '' `` Living in Sin '' `` Keep the Faith '' `` Bed of Roses '' `` In These Arms '' `` I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead '' `` I Believe '' `` Dry County '' `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Always '' `` Someday I 'll Be Saturday Night '' `` This Ai n't a Love Song '' `` Something for the Pain '' `` Lie to Me '' `` These Days '' `` Hey God '' `` Real Life '' `` It 's My Life '' `` Say It Is n't So '' `` Thank You for Loving Me '' `` One Wild Night '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' ( Live ) `` Everyday '' `` Misunderstood '' `` All About Lovin ' You '' `` Bounce '' ( promo single ) `` The Distance '' ( Japan only ) `` It 's My Life ( 2003 ) '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive ( 2003 ) '' ( promo single ) `` Have a Nice Day '' `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( with Jennifer Nettles ) `` Welcome to Wherever You Are '' `` ( You Want To ) Make a Memory '' `` Lost Highway '' `` Till We Ai n't Strangers Anymore '' ( with LeAnn Rimes ) `` Summertime '' ( Canada only ) `` Whole Lot of Leavin ' '' `` We Were n't Born to Follow '' `` Superman Tonight '' `` When We Were Beautiful '' `` What Do You Got? '' `` No Apologies '' `` This Is Our House '' ( promo single ) `` Because We Can '' `` What About Now '' `` This House Is Not for Sale '' Other songs `` Edge of a Broken Heart '' Video albums Breakout : Video Singles Slippery When Wet : The Videos New Jersey : The Videos Access All Areas : A Rock & Roll Odyssey Keep the Faith : An Evening with Bon Jovi Keep the Faith : The Videos Cross Road Live from London The Crush Tour This Left Feels Right Live Lost Highway : The Concert When We Were Beautiful Live at Madison Square Garden Greatest Hits : The Ultimate Video Collection Concert tours Runaway Tour Slippery When Wet Tour Jersey Syndicate Tour Keep the Faith Tour I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead Tour These Days Tour Crush Tour One Wild Night Tour Bounce Tour Have a Nice Day Tour Lost Highway Tour The Circle Tour Bon Jovi Live Because We Can Bon Jovi Live! This House Is Not for Sale Tour Solo albums Blaze of Glory ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Stranger in This Town ( Sambora ) On a Full Moon ( Bryan ) Destination Anywhere ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Undiscovered Soul ( Sambora ) Lunar Eclipse ( Bryan ) The Power Station Years : The Unreleased Recordings ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Aftermath of the Lowdown ( Sambora ) Related articles Discography Songs recorded Awards Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Always_(Bon_Jovi_song)&oldid=843816820 '' Categories : 1994 singles Bon Jovi songs European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Israel Number - one singles in Switzerland Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Songs written by Jon Bon Jovi 1990s ballads RPM Top Singles number - one singles Mercury Records singles 1994 songs Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Singlechart usages for French Singlechart usages for German Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norwegian Singlechart usages for Scotland All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 May 2018, at 17 : 18. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Always (Bon Jovi song)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Always_(Bon_Jovi_song)&amp;oldid=843816820" }

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{ "text": "List of Fresh Off the Boat episodes - wikipedia List of Fresh Off the Boat episodes Jump to : navigation, search Fresh Off the Boat is an American television sitcom broadcast on ABC created by Nahnatchka Khan. The story follows the course of Eddie Huang 's Taiwanese family as they make their way from Washington, D.C. to Orlando, Florida to open up a steak restaurant. The series premiered on February 4, 2015. On May 7, 2015, the show was renewed by ABC for a second season. On March 3, 2016, ABC renewed the series for a third season, which premiered on October 11, 2016. On May 12, 2017, ABC renewed the series for a fourth season, which premiered on October 3, 2017. As of March 20, 2018, 79 episodes of Fresh Off the Boat have aired, concluding the fourth season. Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 February 4, 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) April 21, 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 21 ) 24 September 22, 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) May 24, 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 23 October 11, 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) May 16, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 19 October 3, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) March 20, 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Lynn Shelton Nahnatchka Khan February 4, 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 1AXT01 7.94 In 1995, Eddie Huang 's family moves from D.C. to Orlando when his father Louis assumes control of a failing steakhouse, certain that he can turn around its fortunes. Jessica is confused by the rituals and habits of her new neighbors. Eddie finds it difficult to fit in at school, while Emery seems to be doing just fine. `` Home Sweet Home - School '' Max Winkler Kourtney Kang February 4, 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 1AXT03 7.47 When Eddie gets high marks in school, Jessica reacts by thinking that the schoolwork is n't challenging enough. She tries to get him moved into gifted programs but the school does n't have them. She then considers enrolling them in a Chinese Learning Center ( CLC ), but there are none in the area. Wanting to get Jessica and her incessant micromanaging away from the restaurant, Louis convinces her to home - school the boys. When she finds out that Louis is keeping her away from the restaurant in order to relax the strict regime she has implemented there, she brings the boys there so that she can teach and keep watch over the restaurant. `` The Shunning '' Jake Kasdan Nahnatchka Khan February 10, 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) 1AXT02 6.05 Jessica finally makes a new friend she likes named Honey ( Chelsey Crisp ), only to discover that the other neighborhood women dislike her for breaking up her husband 's previous marriage. To gain more popularity after not being able to have Jordans like the other kids at school, Eddie figures showing off a hot girl like Honey to them will make him more popular instead. Louis uses a neighborhood block party to shamelessly promote the restaurant. `` Success Perm '' Gail Mancuso Rich Blomquist February 10, 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) 1AXT04 5.86 Jessica 's sister Connie ( Susan Park ), her husband and Louis ' old boss Steve ( C.S. Lee ), and Jessica 's mother ( Shu Lan Tuan ) visit the family. As they arrive in Orlando, Louis and Jessica have tried to make their house and the restaurant look better than they are - so that successful Steve, snotty Connie, and penny - pinching Grandma Chu will think they are successful as well. Eddie is excited about seeing his cousin who introduced him to hip hop, Justin ( Lance Lim ) - but Justin is now very depressing to be around now that he is a fan of grunge music instead. 5 5 `` Persistent Romeo '' Lynn Shelton Sanjay Shah February 17, 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) 1AXT05 6.17 Jessica requests that Louis has a sexual harassment seminar for the restaurant, but ends up making the employees feel harassed. Eddie tries to impress the kids in his school by showing them a ' dirty movie ' which is actually Louis ' sexual harassment video for the restaurant. 6 6 `` Fajita Man '' Matt Sohn Matt Kuhn February 24, 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 1AXT06 5.79 As Jessica searches for a job for herself, Eddie starts working at the Cattleman 's Ranch to get enough money for a video game he wants. 7 7 `` Showdown at the Golden Saddle '' Lynn Shelton Keith Heisler March 3, 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 03 ) 1AXT07 6.02 Jessica finds out the truth about the Cattleman 's Ranch and Golden Saddle, while Eddie tries his best to catch Nicole 's attention. 8 8 `` Phillip Goldstein '' Phil Traill Jeff Chiang & Eric Ziobrowski March 10, 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 10 ) 1AXT08 5.08 A Chinese Jewish boy, Phillip Goldstein ( Albert Tsai ), is the new student at Eddie 's school and they are paired up in all activities because of their race, even though Eddie does not like Phillip. Jessica immediately likes Phillip because he plays the cello and is a `` good Chinese boy ''. Phillip and Eddie make a deal that if Eddie takes Phillip to see `` Les Misérables '' Phillip will go along with Eddie to the Beastie Boys concert. Eventually Phillip abandons Eddie and Eddie has to miss the concert looking for Phillip. Jessica ends up taking Eddie to the concert the next day, and does not like it. 9 9 `` License to Sell '' Alisa Statman Camilla Blackett March 24, 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 1AXT09 4.92 Jessica goes in to take her realtor exam only to meet the best realtor in the city. Afraid that she will never be the best, as she often tells her children, `` Always be the best '', she instead lies about passing the test. Her husband eventually discovers this and tells her that she should never give up, and she then eventually takes and passes the exam. Eddie attempts to use his father 's advice in trying to get Nicole to like him. 10 10 `` Blind Spot '' Claire Scanlon David Smithyman March 31, 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 31 ) 1AXT10 4.83 Jessica 's college boyfriend Oscar Chow ( Rex Lee ) visits the Huangs. Jessica wants Louis to be jealous of Oscar, but Louis is n't because although Jessica does n't see it, Louis knows that Oscar 's gay. Things get even weirder when Oscar reveals that in college he thought he and Louis were dating, not he and Jessica. Meanwhile, the chicken pox is going around. 11 11 `` Very Superstitious '' Alex Hardcastle Ali Wong April 7, 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 07 ) 1AXT11 4.85 Eddie slips on a rug at the steakhouse and breaks his arm. Later, he catches his father lying to Jessica, and Louis responds by saying little white lies are okay if some good can come of it. Taking this to heart, Eddie tries to gain favor in a student council election at school by making up a story about how he hurt his arm. This results in social services visiting the Huang home. Scottie Pippen makes a cameo appearance. 12 12 `` Dribbling Tiger, Bounce Pass Dragon '' Robert Cohen Rich Blomquist April 14, 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 14 ) 1AXT12 4.76 Louis becomes the coach for Eddie 's basketball team. 13 13 `` So Chineez '' Chris Koch Sanjay Shah April 21, 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 21 ) 1AXT13 5.08 For a country project at their school, Eddie is assigned Iceland but all of his friends switch to the Caribbean islands because they are an easy A. Eddie then switches with somebody for Jamaica by bribing him with Topanga 's phone number since he likes Boy Meets World. Later, Jessica wants the boys to remember their Chinese heritage and switches Eddie to China. Eddie wants to switch back to Jamaica but defends China after one of his friends says that China is nothing but pandas. He ends up getting an F because he was so busy defending China that he forgets to do his Jamaica project. Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Family Business Trip '' Lynn Shelton Nahnatchka Khan September 22, 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) 2AXT01 6.05 As summer vacation winds down, Louis has to take a business trip to attend the National Franchisee Convention, while the family tags along and goes to Gator World nearby. Eddie, not wanting to be an outcast in the 7th grade, sees the trip as an opportunity to have an impressing story. As Evan loses another tooth, he realizes that he is growing up and loses the advantages of being little. While on the trip, Jessica refuses to relax and aims to get her money 's worth. Guest starring : Rob Riggle as Gator Dan and Ed Lover as himself. 15 `` Boy II Man '' Claire Scanlon Matt Kuhn September 29, 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) 2AXT02 4.74 Nicole has to repeat eighth grade, much to the delight of Eddie and the other seventh graders, whom she protects from the current eighth graders she harassed the year before. Jessica insists that Eddie take a piccolo class for his elective hour, noting that thousands of college band scholarships go unfilled every year. But when Eddie learns that he can tutor Nicole during that same hour, he shuns his mom 's request, forcing her to use a different tactic to get her way. Meanwhile, Nicole 's dad inspires Louis to try and convince Jessica that they should have a daughter. Guest starring : Matt Lucas as Mr. Fisher. 16 `` Shaquille O'Neal Motors '' Lynn Shelton Keith Heisler October 6, 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) 2AXT03 4.85 The Huangs are in desperate need of a second vehicle, and Louis takes Jessica along to Shaquille O'Neal Motors, given that she negotiated the deal for their current minivan. But Jessica confesses she did n't get the best deal she could then because she forgot to request floor mats, and she doubts her negotiating abilities. Meanwhile, Eddie convinces Evan to sell his Beanie Baby collection so he and his brothers can buy a backyard water slide. Guest starring : Shaquille O'Neal as himself. 17 `` The Fall Ball '' Tristram Shapeero Jeff Chiang October 13, 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) 2AXT04 3.96 Based on his love for the movie Pretty in Pink, Louis goes overboard preparing Eddie for the Fall Ball dance at school. Eddie is initially confident about asking his crush Alison to dance, but chickens out and stays home after Louis says the first school dance is a `` life - changing experience ''. Elsewhere, Jessica learns she can make a lot of money flipping houses and tries to make nice with Grandma Huang after finding out she will be coming into some money. Guest starring : Jeremy Lin. 18 5 `` Miracle on Dead Street '' Bill Purple Eric Ziobrowski October 27, 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) 2AXT05 4.07 Louis is excited preparing for Halloween, but gets disappointed when he hears that Eddie and his pals want to trick - or - treat in a more upscale neighborhood. Meanwhile, Jessica tries to protect her new income home from a group of condescending teenage boys who promise to come back at night to egg it. 19 6 `` Good Morning Orlando '' Phil Traill Camilla Blackett November 3, 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) 2AXT06 4.45 Louis is invited to appear on Good Morning Orlando when the show 's hosts see him doing celebrity impersonations at the restaurant. After the appearance, however, Jessica chastises him for perpetuating the stereotype of Asian men only being accepted as clowns. At school, Alison sends Eddie a love note and, soon, Eddie and his four friends are going on a `` date '' to the mall with Alison and her four friends. But, when one of Eddie 's friends makes a mistake about which girl likes him, Eddie questions whether his note really came from Alison or someone else. 20 7 `` The Big 1 - 2 '' Lynn Shelton Rachna Fruchbom November 10, 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) 2AXT07 3.77 Eddie celebrates his 12th birthday with friends, much to the dismay of Louis and Jessica, who were hoping for a family birthday party. At the same time, Emery and Evan feel left out when their parents are focused on Eddie, so they decide to cause trouble just to get their attention with little to no success. 21 8 `` Huangsgiving '' Gail Mancuso David Smithyman November 17, 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) 2AXT08 3.90 Jessica is finally able to persuade her mother to let her host Thanksgiving instead of her sister Connie, who has always hosted it. But she and Louis get overly ambitious with the planning and almost everything goes wrong. Meanwhile, Eddie has started listening to some grunge music in order to connect with his cousin Justin, only to learn that Justin is now a diehard ska fan. 22 9 `` We Done Son '' Bill Purple Ali Wong December 1, 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) 2AXT09 3.66 An argument ensues between Jessica and Honey when Jessica does not want to spend money for a lavish open house at the investment property, but has no qualms about giving several hundred dollars to a psychic to advise her on decisions about the house. Elsewhere, Eddie gets a job so that he can afford a $50 necklace for Alison and is floored to find out he will be working for rapper DMX. Guest starring : DMX as himself. 23 10 `` The Real Santa '' Henry Chan Kourtney Kang December 8, 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) 2AXT10 3.94 Jessica lies to Evan about Santa Claus, saying he is really a scientist and that delivering presents on Christmas is only Santa 's charity work. When Louis hosts a `` breakfast with Santa '' at the restaurant, however, Jessica has to make up more lies to keep Evan believing. Meanwhile, Eddie and Emery have differing opinions on what will be the perfect Christmas present for their mom. 24 11 `` Year of the Rat '' Ken Whittingham Sheng Wang February 2, 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 2AXT13 5.19 The Huangs are excited to go back home to Washington, D.C. for a family celebration of Chinese New Year, but Louis messes up the dates on the plane tickets and they are forced to stay in Orlando. Louis and Jessica look up a local Asian American organization that says they are throwing a party that night, but it ends up being a major disappointment. 25 12 `` Love and Loopholes '' Phil Traill Jeff Chiang February 9, 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 2AXT16 4.23 Eddie tries to win two tickets for the Janet Jackson concert in a radio promotion so that he can take Alison for Valentine 's Day. Trent helps him call in and, when Trent actually gets through and wins, he insists that he be able to use one of the tickets. Eddie soon comes up with a scheme to get tickets for all three of them. At home, Emery tries to set up a night for Jessica and Louis to be alone and romantic, but is disappointed when they spend the time doing their taxes. Guest starring : Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis as themselves. Note : Janet Jackson could not appear in the episode due to her pregnancy at the time but did promote the episode regardless. 26 13 `` Phil 's Phaves '' Alisa Statman Rich Blomquist February 16, 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) 2AXT11 4.64 Louis and Jessica discover the power of the Internet, finding a restaurant review site called `` Phil 's Phaves '' that criticizes the atmosphere at Cattleman 's Ranch. The Huangs resolve to make the restaurant more `` fun '' after getting the reviewer to agree to a return visit, only to find out that it 's Phillip Goldstein, the young boy who left Eddie stranded at the Beastie Boys concert. Elsewhere, Eddie 's fear of talking to Alison on the phone leads him to make a mix tape for her instead, but the tape falls into the hands of Reba, a nerdy girl who has a crush on Eddie, giving her the wrong idea. 27 14 `` Michael Chang Fever '' Bill Purple Sanjay Shah February 23, 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 2AXT12 4.59 Louis and Jessica find out that Emery could potentially be the next Chinese - American star tennis player. They hire tennis legend Billie Jean King to coach Emery and mold him into a star athlete, but soon realize she may be training him too intensely. Meanwhile, Eddie helps Evan deal with what he thinks is a school bully, but it turns out to be something else. Guest starring : Billie Jean King as herself. 28 15 `` Keep ' Em Separated '' Jude Weng Matt Kuhn March 8, 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) 2AXT15 4.94 Eddie worries when Nichole breaks up with her boyfriend and starts conversing with Alison, because he 's never told Alison about the crush he had on Nichole. Eddie then gets mad when Alison mentions she had a crush on his best friend Dave, even though Eddie himself has just planned an ice cream date with Nichole. Meanwhile, Jessica wants Louis to make friends at the local pool hall so that he will stop hanging around her and Honey so much. Her plan backfires, however, when Louis meets and plays pool with a woman named Toni. Guest starring : Angelique Cabral as Toni. 29 16 `` Tight Two '' Lynn Shelton Keith Heisler March 15, 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) 2AXT14 4.10 Because he 's normally used to coming home from work and spending only a few quality minutes with the boys, Louis struggles to entertain them for longer stretches after a leg injury keeps him at home. Meanwhile, Jessica has to take over the restaurant, forcing her to deal with the new carry - out service offered by Cattleman 's as well as the employees who know that Louis has forbidden Jessica from firing anyone. 30 17 `` Doing it Right '' Christine Gernon Eric Ziobrowski March 22, 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) 2AXT17 4.63 Louis prepares his secret - recipe chili for the North Orlando Chili Cook - Off, where he will face five - time winner, Marvin. He asks Eddie to be his apprentice, but Eddie goes rogue and enters the contest himself when Louis wo n't take any of his suggestions. Elsewhere, Evan is uninvited to his friend 's birthday party and Jessica assumes it 's because she confronted the boy 's mother ( Casey Wilson ) in the school parking lot. She later learns Evan was dropped from the invite list because he is very bossy, just like his mom. 31 18 `` Week in Review '' Claire Scanlon Kourtney Kang March 29, 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 2AXT18 4.63 Louis and Jessica enjoy doing their `` week in review '' and working as a team to plan their various schedules around those of the boys. But Eddie comes home from school with lice and then gives it to Evan, who gives it to Jessica, causing Louis to stay away from Jessica because he is the important provider for the family. A conversation with the `` old school '' Marvin, however, makes Louis reconsider how he 's treated his wife. Meanwhile, after being unsatisfied with a homework grade, Eddie challenges his teacher to a basketball bet but, due to having lice, Eddie must figure out how to keep up his end of the deal. 32 19 `` Jessica Place '' Sean Kavanagh Abbey Caldwell April 5, 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 2AXT19 4.23 Jessica is devastated to learn that her favorite TV show, Melrose Place, has aired its season finale and will not be back until September, but the neighborhood drama easily replaces it as Jessica and Honey discover a juicy secret about Deidre, allowing Jessica to get back at Deidre for voting down the Huangs ' pool during an HOA meeting. Meanwhile, Louis and Emery find ways to handle negative emotions. Guest starring : Melrose Place 's Courtney Thorne - Smith as Anne, a new neighbor. 33 20 `` Hi, My Name Is... '' Bill Purple Rachna Fruchbom April 26, 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) 2AXT21 4.70 As Evan prepares to open his first bank account and sign his first official document, he agonizes over which name to use : his Chinese name or his American name. He 's not satisfied with Jessica 's reason for choosing his American name ( the nurse who helped deliver him had the last name `` Evans '' ), nor do Jessica 's or Louis ' stories about how they chose their own American names help. In the end, Grandma Huang convinces Evan that the name he 's given is n't important ; it 's what you do in life to make that name important that matters. Guest starring : Jalen Rose as Cool Louis, Busta Rhymes as himself, and Shaquille O'Neal as himself ( the President of the United States in Eddie 's imaginary future scenario ) 34 21 `` Rent Day '' Jude Weng Camilla Blackett May 3, 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 2AXT20 4.29 After the flip house is finished and the women face the prospect of barely breaking even on the sale, Jessica persuades Honey and Grandma to rent out the property against their better judgement. Jessica tries to take care of the situation but, as the tenants ( John Francis Daley and Allison Scagliotti ) become a nuisance, she fears she may be in over her head. Guest starring : Evan Hannemann as Eddie 's friend Dave Selby. 35 22 `` Gotta Be Me '' Ken Whittingham David Smithyman May 10, 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 2AXT22 3.91 Louis decides to give Emery some pointers to help him become the cool kid at school ; Jessica volunteers to chaperone Eddie 's field trip to Colonial Floridatowne, showing Eddie that she can be a fun mom. 36 23 `` The Manchurian Dinner Date '' Nahnatchka Khan Rich Blomquist May 17, 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 2AXT23 4.23 With Emery graduating elementary school, Louis throws a graduation dinner at Cattleman 's and tells each of his boys they can bring a friend. Eddie is excited and nervous to invite his girlfriend Alison and introduce her to his mother ; he thinks Jessica will not approve of Alison because she is not Chinese. Alison then devises a plan to make a good impression with Jessica. Meanwhile, Louis tries to help Emery prepare his valedictorian speech, while Grandma attempts to make a new suit for Evan. 37 24 `` Bring the Pain '' Bill Purple Sanjay Shah May 24, 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 2AXT24 4.88 Louis ' brother Gene comes to visit from Taiwan with big news to share. Having borrowed $200 from Gene many years ago to buy Louis a wedding ring, Jessica tries to find ways to covertly repay Gene, only to learn that Louis has secretly sent Gene thousands of dollars over the years. Meanwhile, Eddie tries to find a way to watch Chris Rock 's latest HBO comedy special `` Bring the Pain '' so that he can discuss it with Alison and their friends, but Emery and Evan block him at every turn on Jessica 's orders. Guest starring : Ken Jeong as Gene Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 38 `` Coming from America '' Nahnatchka Khan Nahnatchka Khan October 11, 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 3AXT01 5.03 The Huang family visits Taiwan to attend the wedding of Louis ' brother, Gene. Louis is stunned at both Gene 's success and how beautiful his fiancée is, cursing himself for starting over in America. While Jessica finds that much has changed from her idealized memories of her home country, she also admits she loves her life in America and convinces Louis that he made the right move. Meanwhile, Eddie promised to contact Alison via fax while he was away, but finds access to a fax machine difficult. Guest Starring : Ann Hsu as Margaret 39 `` Breaking Chains '' Jude Weng Kourtney Kang October 18, 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 3AXT02 4.10 Upon seeing Jessica stressing over keeping the house clean, Louis gets her a maid as a gift, but she takes it as a slap in the face. On Emery 's first day of middle school, he finds things difficult due to lies Eddie had previously told about his culture to get out of things like eating vegetables, showering, and sitting in the front of the classroom. Meanwhile, Evan laments the fact that he no longer has his older brother to accompany him to elementary school. He eventually decides to make a memorial in his old seat on the school bus, frightening a girl in the process. 40 `` Louisween '' Lynn Shelton Matt Kuhn October 25, 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) 3AXT03 3.98 Jessica refuses to participate in Halloween, although it 's Louis ' favorite holiday. Evan is tired of being Emery 's costume sidekick every Halloween. Emery lets Evan pick the costumes this year, but is not pleased with the results. Eddie and his pals get invited to a Halloween party that Nicole is throwing while her parents are out. The older high - school kids and Eddie 's pals think it 's lame and leave, but Eddie stays and finds a way to save Nicole 's reputation. 41 `` Citizen Jessica '' Claire Scanlon Sanjay Shah November 1, 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) 3AXT04 3.51 Cattleman 's becomes an official polling place for the 1996 elections. Emery openly supports Bob Dole for president, despite Evan insisting that Dole has no chance of winning. Jessica learns that her commission from selling a huge house will put her and Louis into a higher tax bracket, so she backs a strong anti-tax proposal that is on the ballot. It is further revealed that Jessica simply renews her resident alien ( green card ) status over and over, never trying to become a U.S. citizen. Elsewhere, Eddie laments the death of Tupac Shakur and opposes the accusations that Biggie was involved. 42 5 `` No Thanks - giving '' Alisa Statman Keith Heisler November 15, 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) 3AXT05 4.28 Jessica tells the family she does n't want to celebrate Thanksgiving because it has nothing to do with their culture, but her real motive is to get Louis to open up Cattleman 's on the holiday. Meanwhile, Eddie has figured out that colleges never look at middle - school grades, so he thinks he can coast for the rest of the semester, but Jessica will have none of it. 43 6 `` WWJD : What Would Jessica Do? '' Matt Sohn Laura McCreary November 29, 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) 3AXT06 4.20 Jessica is disappointed when Evan decides to abandon their Sunday tradition of shopping at Costco together so he can attend church with his friend Zach. Meanwhile, Marvin over-whitens Louis ' teeth during a dental visit, which results in Louis creeping out his family and being the butt of Grandma 's jokes. 44 7 `` The Taming of the Dads '' Sean Kavanaugh Rich Blomquist December 6, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) 3AXT07 3.88 Alison convinces Eddie to take her to the new movie version of Romeo and Juliet, which ends up being an awkward `` double date '' with their fathers who are both Shakespeare buffs. Upon seeing their dads having way more fun together than they are, Alison thinks her relationship with Eddie has become stale and suggests they take a break. Meanwhile, Jessica has to serve on jury duty and becomes angered when the jurors pick someone else to be the foreperson. Also, a relative from Taiwan sends Evan and Emery a Tamagotchi, which takes up way more of their time than they anticipate. 45 8 `` Where are the Giggles? '' Chris Koch Jeff Chiang December 13, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 13 ) 3AXT08 3.86 The Huangs go to see the Christmas movie Jingle All the Way, but accidentally leave Evan at home. Realizing her mistake, Jessica calls and asks Marvin to check on Evan, but Evan has set a trap ( a la Kevin in Home Alone ) which causes Marvin to slip and hurt his back. Marvin sues the Huangs, trying to convince Louis that it 's no big deal because the money will come from their insurance. Louis sees things differently, saying friends do n't sue friends, even for insurance money. 46 9 `` How to Be An American '' Chris Koch Nahnatchka Khan January 3, 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) 3AXT10 4.37 Jessica is applying for U.S. citizenship opposite an immigration agent ( Zachary Knighton ) who forces her to explain some questionable items on her record. As her explanations are played out in flashback, Louis is stunned to find that Jessica finally accepted his marriage proposal ( following five unsuccessful attempts ) only after her last - ditch effort to get a work visa extension failed. Elsewhere, Eddie convinces his brothers to take a joyride with him in the family minivan. 47 10 `` The Best of Orlando '' Phil Traill Eric Ziobrowski January 17, 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) 3AXT09 3.91 Jessica invites everyone she knows to attend a ceremony naming Louis as Orlando 's `` Small Businessman of the Year, '' but Louis ruins the moment by forgetting to mention Jessica during his acceptance speech. Meanwhile, Eddie and Emery enlist Grandma 's help to start a clothing line. 48 11 `` Clean Slate '' Bill Purple David Smithyman January 18, 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) 3AXT12 5.50 Jessica pushes the family to settle all debts, disputes and grudges on the eve of Chinese New Year in order to ensure good fortune for the coming year, while she enlists Emery to help keep her own temper in check. Evan gets a lousy haircut from Louis ' favorite barber and sends a hateful letter, which Louis then tries to intercept. Meanwhile, Eddie entertains his lame cousin. 49 12 `` Sisters Without Subtext '' Jude Weng Rachna Fruchbom February 7, 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 3AXT11 3.82 Jessica warms up to her sister Connie when she hears that she 's looking at colleges, but that changes when she learns Connie wants to enroll in art school. Meanwhile, Marvin takes Honey and the Huang boys on a mystery trip which turns out to be the tour of a retirement home. Marvin says he plans to move in to the home in `` two or three years, '' which does n't sit well with Honey. 50 13 `` Neighbors with Attitude '' Bill Purple Abbey Caldwell February 14, 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 3AXT14 3.66 Jessica suggests to the home owners ' association that they should start a neighborhood watch. The group likes the idea, but Dierdre wo n't let Jessica be involved because she is n't a `` team player, '' prompting Louis to jump in. Eddie plots to finally get his first kiss from Allison at an upcoming Valentine 's Day dance, using Trent as his wingman. Meanwhile, Grandma reveals that she has money hidden in the house. When Emery insists the money should be in a bank, Grandma challenges him to find it. 51 14 `` The Gloves Are Off '' Fred Savage Sheng Wang February 21, 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 3AXT13 3.85 Honey complains that Sarah, Marvin 's ex-wife and Nicole 's mother ( Heather Locklear ), lets Nicole do whatever she wants, forcing Honey to always be the tough parent. Jessica tries to do something about it, even though that 's not what Honey wanted her to do. Meanwhile, the kids see a commercial stating that a motorized chair can be free to someone over 65, but they do n't know Grandma 's age and she does n't know herself. 52 15 `` Living While Eddie '' Jeffrey Walker Rich Blomquist February 28, 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 3AXT15 4.13 Louis is excited to be hosting an infomercial shoot at Cattleman 's and Emery asks if he can tag along and meet his hero, pitchman Tony Wonder ( Rhys Darby ). When Louis is asked to stand in for a no - show actor, Emery gives his Dad a crooked pep talk, intending to make him nervous because Emery really wants to be in the commercial. At home, Jessica blames Eddie for stealing her papaya out of the fruit bowl. Eddie complains that he is blamed for everything and accuses his mom of profiling. Later, Jessica has to go to the mall record store, where Eddie has been accused of stealing a CD. Eddie proves the CD is his own, having brought it in to sell via the store 's buyback program. Jessica apologizes and Eddie then tells her that Evan ate the papaya, but he took the blame because his little brother still had a `` clean record. '' 53 16 `` Gabby Goose '' Alisa Statman Jeff Chiang March 7, 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) 3AXT16 3.69 After Jessica acts like a sore loser during game night, Louis goes to Honey for advice on what he can do about it and Jessica is furious when she finds out Louis aired their dirty laundry to a neighbor. Meanwhile, Eddie learns that Notorious B.I.G. has been shot to death and takes it very hard. Emery, Evan, Allison, and his friends all try, unsuccessfully, to console him. 54 17 `` The Flush '' Kevin Bray Keith Heisler March 14, 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 3AXT17 3.37 To save $20 on a recliner for Grandma, Jessica chooses to go to the furniture store 's warehouse in Georgia rather than pay their $75 handling fee. Honey tags along, while Evan and Emery try to educate her on how to handle a road trip with their mom. At home, Louis plans a `` guys weekend '' with Eddie, lounging around and watching movies, but Eddie 's friends crash the party. When Trent brings a beer to share with the group, Eddie painfully learns about something he inherited from his father. 55 18 `` Time to Get Ill '' Chris Addison Eric Ziobrowski April 4, 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 3AXT18 3.82 With Jessica ill and unable to watch their every move, Louis and the boys scheme to order a pay - per - view wrestling event, something Jessica would never allow. Unbeknownst to the men, Jessica is also plotting a scheme. 56 19 `` Driving Miss Jenny '' Geeta Patel Laura McCreary April 11, 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 3AXT19 3.71 Louis worries when Grandma starts using her new motorized wheelchair to take trips all over town. With Jessica in a spring - cleaning frenzy, Emery tries to keep her from throwing out all of his childhood memories. Meanwhile, Eddie learns how much money Evan is making by taking care of plants and pets for vacationing neighbors and decides he wants in on it. 57 20 `` The Masters '' Phil Traill Rachna Fruchbom April 18, 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 3AXT21 3.72 Jessica is overly enthusiastic when she learns that Tiger Woods is half Asian. When Louis suggests that Jessica pushes the kids too much, they pit Evan and Eddie against each other in a golf match to put their two parenting styles to the test. Meanwhile, Emery wants the entire school to know about Tiger 's Asian heritage, so he tries to convince Reba to let him do the PA announcements for a day. 58 21 `` Pie vs. Cake '' Nisha Ganatra Daniel Carter & Jeff Chlebus May 2, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 3AXT20 3.33 Jessica is thrilled to hear that Evan wants to join the debate team at school, but her joy is tempered when it appears that Evan 's skills in argument and persuasion may exceed her own. Elsewhere, Emery and Eddie collaborate on creating a comic book for a contest, but it soon becomes clear that they have vastly different ideas about characters and storylines. 59 22 `` This Is Us '' Claire Scanlon Sanjay Shah May 9, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 3AXT22 3.43 Jessica and Louis both go `` off plan, '' as Jessica tries to get Evan into an exclusive private school while Louis entertains the idea of letting Michael Bolton become a silent partner in the restaurant. Meanwhile, Eddie and his pals are graduating middle school and devise a plan to ensure they wo n't be tagged as `` losers '' when they begin high school. When she realizes Evan ca n't get into the private school because the Huangs are renters, Jessica offers to buy a large home from a real estate client ( Ian Gomez ). Eddie arrives at home to find his family packing boxes and is hit with the realization that he has to leave his friends behind. 60 23 `` This Is n't Us '' Bill Purple Matt Kuhn May 16, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 3AXT23 3.55 The Huangs move into their new house, but are n't able to enjoy it when Jessica says they are `` house poor '' and quickly lays down rules and restrictions. Michael Bolton starts turning Cattleman 's into a merchandising opportunity, but Louis does n't complain after he is handed a big check for his cut. Eddie tries to find a way to stay close to the friends he 's left behind. Emery discovers that Evan 's blazer for St. Orlando 's Academy is made in China, possibly by child laborers, and he gets Evan kicked out of the school when they complain to the superintendent ( Howard Hessman ). At the end of the episode, Jessica convinces Louis that they should move back to their old home, but they find that it has already been rented to someone else. Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` B as in Best Friends '' Bill Purple David Smithyman October 3, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 4AXT01 4.51 The Huangs move in with Honey and Marvin and quickly make themselves comfortable. Eddie tries to reconcile with his old friends, but instead reconnects with Nicole, who drops a bombshell on him. Jessica is invited to Wheel of Fortune for a Best Friends episode and takes Honey as her best friend, but Honey argues with her on camera about the Huangs taking advantage of her hospitality. Elsewhere, Emery and Louis build a birdhouse based on Emery 's design, but find it too creepy after it 's fully built. Louis is surprised when Michael Bolton decides to bail on their restaurant partnership, allowing Kenny Rogers to buy out Bolton 's share. 62 `` First Day '' Alisa Statman Laura McCreary October 10, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 4AXT02 4.08 Emery is looking forward to a year of middle school without Eddie or Evan, but is shocked to find Evan on the bus with him because he skipped a grade. Bad things happen to Emery on his first day of school, which Grandma attributes to it being the Year of the Ox on the Chinese calendar. Eddie sees Alison talking to some football players and thinks he has to join the football team to keep her. After being cut in tryouts, Eddie tries to trick Alison into thinking he 's still on the team, leading to their breakup after she finds out. Eddie 's friends welcome him back into the fold after seeing how pathetic he is. Meanwhile, Kenny Rogers ' transition manager Matthew ( Matt Oberg ) requests that major changes be made to Cattleman 's, upsetting Louis. 63 `` Kids '' Erin O'Malley Jeff Chiang October 17, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 4AXT03 3.93 When Eddie acts surprisingly mature about his breakup with Alison, Louis and Jessica feel like they 've gotten out of `` kid jail '' with their final son growing up. They look forward to fun nights out with Marvin and Honey, only to learn that Marvin is planning to get his vasectomy reversed and have a child with Honey. Eddie learns that Alison had struck up a friendship with Evan during their time together and the two struggle to break the news to Evan that Alison ca n't hang out at the house anymore. Meanwhile, Grandma tries to use Emery 's bad luck year to her own advantage. 64 `` It 's a Plastic Pumpkin, Louis Huang '' Alisa Statman Sanjay Shah October 24, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 4AXT04 4.16 Louis is disappointed when Evan no longer wants to dress up and help him hand out Halloween candy like they used to do, preferring to attend an adult party at Dierdre 's instead. Jessica and Emery hear a spooky voice coming from Grandma 's room, and follow up when strangers come to the Huang 's door and whisk Grandma away. Meanwhile, Eddie and his pals hang around outside a Halloween party hosted by older girls from the high school, hoping to be invited in. 65 5 `` Four Funerals and a Wedding '' Lynn Shelton Rachna Fruchbom October 31, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 4AXT05 3.53 At a funeral for Jessica 's great aunt, Louis and the kids meet Jessica 's father whom she rarely mentions and almost never sees. When another funeral and a family wedding follow, Louis tries to force Jessica to converse with her father, projecting his feelings of regret that he did n't spend more time with his own father. At home, Evan makes changes to his will and testament, which causes the neighborhood women to think he 's dying. Meanwhile, Honey is taking the death of Princess Diana extremely hard. 66 6 `` A League of Her Own '' Jay Chandrasekhar Amelie Gillette November 7, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 4AXT06 3.66 Nicole walks into a local lesbian bar while Honey and Jessica are having a drink there. Nicole comes out to her stepmom while also saying she plays for the bar 's softball team, and the two ponder how to break the news to Marvin. Jessica convinces the bar owner to let her manage the softball team, while Louis is trying to assemble a ragtag group for the Cattleman 's softball team. Sure enough, Louis and Jessica square off in the first scheduled game of the season. 67 7 `` The Day After Thanksgiving '' Sean Kavanagh Keith Heisler November 14, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 4AXT07 3.89 Trying to play matchmaker, Louis invites Grandma 's ESL teacher Bernard ( George Takei ) to Thanksgiving dinner, fully knowing that Jessica planned to forego a big Thanksgiving meal and instead prepare for Black Friday shopping with Honey. Elsewhere, Evan starts acting differently after Eddie and Emery sneak him into a theater to see a scary movie. 68 8 `` The Vouch '' Josh Greenbaum Eric Ziobrowski November 21, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 4AXT08 4.29 Jessica has finished her book and asks Louis to read it. Louis hates it but tells Jessica it 's great. Upon hearing that Kenny Rogers will be visiting Cattleman 's, Jessica asks Louis to share it with his boss because Rogers is also a published author. Afraid to do so, Louis has the neighborhood book club women read the story, knowing they will be brutally honest in their assessment, but Jessica just owes it to the women not liking her and wo n't back off on the Kenny Rogers request. Meanwhile, Eddie learns a little about democracy when his brothers and friends chip in to help him purchase a 300 - CD carousel, and then insist on loading it with CDs that Eddie hates. 69 9 `` Slide Effect '' Sasie Sealy Erica Oyama December 5, 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 4AXT09 3.76 Eddie 's friends have all taken up lame, uncool activities at school, including Trent, who is a school safety officer. When Trent writes up Eddie for wearing open - toed shoes, he lands in detention and soon links up with the hackey - sack clique. Eddie helps the guys retrieve their confiscated hackey - sacks from the principal 's office, but gets in way more trouble than he bargained for when one of them steals money from the principal 's petty cash drawer. Elsewhere, Jessica labors over submitting a cover photo for her new book, not liking any of the ones Honey took, and soon realizes her apprehension is based on possible rejection of the book itself by the reading public. 70 10 `` Do You Hear What I Hear? '' Sasie Sealy Matt Kuhn December 12, 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) 4AXT10 3.91 As head of the HOA Christmas committee, Jessica threatens to cut the neighborhood caroling this year due to last year 's rocky performance. However, Deirdre says that her friend Holly ( Paula Abdul ), who teaches `` Performance and Movement, '' will help get everyone into tip - top, melodic shape. Meanwhile, Marvin becomes suspicious of Honey when she goes to see Titanic at the movies without him, and Nicole develops her first girl crush but needs help from Eddie, Emery and Alison to get the other girl 's attention. 71 11 `` Big Baby '' Jude Weng Sheng Wang January 2, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) 4AXT11 4.23 Honey 's hyper - critical mother ( Cheryl Hines ) is visiting, making Honey turn to Jessica as a buffer for an upcoming alternative baby care class that she knows her mother will criticize. But when Jessica finds the class ridiculous, she disappoints her friend by siding with her mother. Meanwhile, Louis and Marvin go on the cruise that Jessica and Honey won on Wheel of Fortune, but the trip quickly goes south for Louis. Also, Eddie thinks a new girl at the school has fallen for him, until Trent exposes evidence that the girl may just have a thing for Asian guys. 72 12 `` Liar Liar '' Kevin Bray Abbey Caldwell January 9, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 4AXT12 3.64 While trying to play wingman for Nicole as she finally asks out Jackie, Eddie encourages his friend to be herself but Nicole is reluctant because she and Jackie have little in common. Louis joins Matthew 's bowling group, which has Jessica concerned about the way he always overextends himself with new friends. Meanwhile, Evan and Emery try to get Honey to simplify her hair and wardrobe when she is constantly late taking them to outings, but Honey is resistant over the pregnancy clothes the boys choose for her. 73 13 `` The Car Wash '' Amy York Rubin Cindy Fang January 16, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 4AXT13 3.91 Remembering that they used to enjoy hand - washing their vehicle together, Louis asks Jessica to do so as a way to reconnect. When Jessica is too busy meeting with her book editor and making revisions, Louis gets advice from Marvin on how to rekindle the seemingly dwindling flame in his marriage. Meanwhile, Evan is placed into Emery 's literature class that is taught by Ms. Doris ( Tig Notaro ), and competes with his brother to be the new teacher 's pet. The two are frustrated when Ms. Doris seems to dislike both of them, and shocked to learn that she really liked Eddie when he was her student. 74 14 `` A Man to Share the Night With '' Angela Tortu David Smithyman January 30, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) 4AXT15 4.05 After seeing that Eddie has started shaving, Louis decides his son is old enough to stay up with him through the first guest on the Late Show with David Letterman. But after one night watching the show with his dad, Eddie takes advantage of his new 11 : 45 bed time and goes trolling around town with his friend Dave, which cause a falling out between father and son. Eventually, Louis comes to Eddie 's aid when Dave starts to get erratic, even going far as to steal a store 's mannequin. Meanwhile, Jessica uses figure skater Michelle Kwan as an example to preach hard work and discipline to Emery and Evan. This causes problems when Tara Lipinski wins Olympic gold instead of Kwan, so Jessica decides to come up with a conspiracy theory to explain Kwan 's loss, which even Jessica starts to believe it as well. Eventually, the truth is finally revealed that Michelle Kwan did lose, to Jessica 's dismay. But Evan and Emery convince their mother that it is a conspiracy for her sake. 75 15 `` We Need to Talk About Evan '' Anya Adams Josh Kirby & Jon Veles January 30, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) 4AXT14 3.46 Lincoln Middle School starts its Student of the Month program and Evan is not the first winner. Jessica, hoping to use the award to one - up her new frenemy Amy ( Angela Kinsey ), pushes Evan to participate in more school activities. As Evan overextends himself, the stress leads to an angry meltdown in a club meeting, forcing him to have to see the school counselor, to Jessica 's annoyance. At Cattleman 's, Louis is getting tired of all the patrons who think Kenny Rogers is the genius behind the restaurant, so with Matthew 's blessing, Louis gets a menu item named after himself. He then goes overboard trying to push Louis Huang 's 5 - Alarm Chili on all the customers. Eventually, Matthew pretends to be a customer to buy the chili in order to get the ball rolling. Unfortunately, that backfires when it 's revealed Matthew is allergic to one of the key ingredient in the chili. Elsewhere, Eddie and Emery decide it 's time they learn how to unhook a bra. 76 16 `` Ride the Tiger '' Bill Purple Jeff Chiang February 6, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 4AXT16 3.79 On Chinese New Year, Emery is happy to have his bad luck year behind him and decides to ask his school crush to a dance. When things do n't go so well, Emery questions if his luck has really changed, causing Louis to secretly help turn his son 's fortunes. The Huangs have a contest to speak only in Mandarin, with those who are the first to speak English in the new year getting knocked out. It 's down to Evan and Jessica, which causes a dilemma for the latter when she 's invited to discuss her book on a local TV show. Meanwhile, Eddie does n't receive his usual red envelope from Big Auntie, and learns from Grandma that Big Auntie is mad at him for something. 77 17 `` Let Me Go, Bro '' Erin O'Malley Laura McCreary February 27, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 4AXT17 3.29 When Louis and Jessica praise Eddie for his first time making the honor roll, Evan gets mad because they do n't know about all the secret stuff he does to make sure Eddie is prepared for school. Though Evan eventually realizes Eddie is more grown up and does n't need him anymore, Eddie later thanks him for all he did. Jessica does a ride - along with a local cop after her editors say her book lacks authenticity. Though much of the day is boring, the two eventually come upon a dead body, making Jessica throw up. Meanwhile, Louis gets a call from Kenny Rogers regarding Kenny Rogers ' Roasters pending bankruptcy. Rogers offers Louis the opportunity to buy out his share of the restaurant for pennies on the dollar, then orders Louis to tell Matthew he 's fired. After Louis shares the news, he immediately hires Matthew to work for him. 78 18 `` Measure Twice, Cut Once '' Sean Kavanagh Keith Heisler March 13, 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 4AXT18 3.07 Jessica is frustrated when Louis is unable to make a decision on buying out Kenny Rogers ' share of Cattleman 's, as Louis endlessly weighs pros and cons. Meanwhile, Eddie and Emery are tired of `` Lent Evan '', who has given up watching his favorite show Regis & Kathie Lee but does record it for viewing after Lent is over. Eddie and Emery taunt him by discussing episodes in his presence, even though they have n't really viewed any episodes. 79 19 `` King in the North '' Erin O'Malley Matt Kuhn March 20, 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) 4AXT19 3.61 Jessica is collecting praise quotes from various people to put on her book jacket, and is particularly eager to receive a quote from Stephen King. When King writes back to say he does n't give recommendations to any authors, Jessica is convinced the letter came from one of King 's publicists, and goes on a road trip to Maine with an unsuspecting Honey in tow. At school, Eddie and his friends ( including Alison and Nicole ) are excited to go to the spring dance all wearing orange and blue tuxedos like the main characters in Dumb and Dumber. When the school sends out a notice that boys must wear suits and girls must wear dresses, Eddie and Nicole decide to rebel and defy the order. Meanwhile, Louis becomes concerned when Grandma wants to leave the home and move to a retirement community. Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No. Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' February 4, 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 2.5 / 8 7.94 0.9 2.07 3.4 10.03 `` Home Sweet Home - School '' February 4, 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 2.3 / 7 7.47 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` The Shunning '' February 10, 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) 1.7 / 6 6.05 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Success Perm '' February 10, 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) 1.8 / 6 5.86 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Persistent Romeo '' February 17, 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) 1.9 / 6 6.17 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Fajita Man '' February 24, 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 1.8 / 6 5.79 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Showdown at the Golden Saddle '' March 3, 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 03 ) 1.7 / 6 6.02 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Phillip Goldstein '' March 10, 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 10 ) 1.6 / 6 5.08 0.9 N / A 2.5 N / A 9 `` License to Sell '' March 24, 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 1.4 / 5 4.92 0.6 N / A 2.0 N / A 10 `` Blind Spot '' March 31, 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 31 ) 1.3 / 5 4.83 0.8 N / A 2.1 N / A 11 `` Very Superstitious '' April 7, 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 07 ) 1.4 / 5 4.85 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Dribbling Tiger, Bounce Pass Dragon '' April 14, 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 14 ) 1.5 / 5 4.76 N / A N / A N / A N / A 13 `` So Chineez '' April 21, 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 21 ) 1.5 / 5 5.08 N / A N / A N / A N / A Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No. Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Family Business Trip '' September 22, 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) 1.9 / 7 6.05 0.7 1.51 2.6 7.56 `` Boy II Man '' September 29, 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) 1.7 / 6 4.74 0.7 1.61 2.4 6.35 `` Shaquille O'Neal Motors '' October 6, 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) 1.8 / 6 4.85 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` The Fall Ball '' October 13, 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) 1.4 / 4 3.96 TBA TBA TBA TBA 5 `` Miracle on Dead Street '' October 27, 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) 1.5 / 5 4.07 TBA TBA TBA TBA 6 `` Good Morning Orlando '' November 3, 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) 1.6 / 5 4.45 TBA TBA TBA TBA 7 `` The Big 1 - 2 '' November 10, 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) 1.3 / 4 3.77 TBA TBA TBA TBA 8 `` Huangsgiving '' November 17, 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) 1.4 / 4 3.90 TBA TBA TBA TBA 9 `` We Done Son '' December 1, 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) 1.3 / 4 3.66 0.7 1.48 2.0 5.14 10 `` The Real Santa '' December 8, 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) 1.2 / 4 3.94 0.7 N / A 1.9 N / A 11 `` Year of the Rat '' February 2, 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 1.4 / 5 5.19 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Love and Loopholes '' February 9, 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 1.2 / 4 4.23 N / A N / A N / A N / A 13 `` Phil 's Phaves '' February 16, 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) 1.3 / 4 4.64 N / A N / A N / A N / A 14 `` Michael Chang Fever '' February 23, 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 1.2 / 4 4.59 N / A N / A N / A N / A 15 `` Keep ' Em Separated '' March 8, 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) 1.4 / 5 4.94 N / A N / A N / A N / A 16 `` Tight Two '' March 15, 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) 1.1 / 4 4.10 N / A N / A N / A N / A 17 `` Doing it Right '' March 22, 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) 1.2 / 4 4.63 N / A N / A N / A N / A 18 `` Week in Review '' March 29, 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 1.2 / 4 4.63 N / A N / A N / A N / A 19 `` Jessica Place '' April 5, 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 1.1 / 4 4.23 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` Hi, My Name Is... '' April 26, 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) 1.3 / 5 4.70 N / A N / A N / A N / A 21 `` Rent Day '' May 3, 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 1.1 / 4 4.29 N / A N / A N / A N / A 22 `` Gotta Be Me '' May 10, 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 0.9 / 3 3.91 N / A N / A N / A N / A 23 `` The Manchurian Dinner Date '' May 17, 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 1.1 / 4 4.23 N / A N / A N / A N / A 24 `` Bring the Pain '' May 24, 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 1.2 / 5 4.88 N / A N / A N / A N / A Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No. Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Coming from America '' October 11, 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 1.6 / 5 5.03 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Breaking Chains '' October 18, 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 1.3 / 5 4.10 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Louisween '' October 25, 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) 1.2 / 4 3.98 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Citizen Jessica '' November 1, 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) 1.1 / 4 3.51 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` No Thanks - giving '' November 15, 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) 1.3 / 5 4.28 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` WWJD : What Would Jessica Do? '' November 29, 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) 1.3 / 5 4.20 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` The Taming of the Dads '' December 6, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) 1.1 / 4 3.88 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Where are the Giggles? '' December 13, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 13 ) 1.2 / 4 3.86 N / A 1.34 N / A 5.24 9 `` How to Be An American '' January 3, 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) 1.4 / 5 4.37 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` The Best of Orlando '' January 17, 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) 1.2 / 4 3.91 N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` Clean Slate '' January 18, 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) 1.5 / 6 5.50 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Sisters Without Subtext '' February 7, 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 1.2 / 4 3.82 N / A N / A N / A N / A 13 `` Neighbors with Attitude '' February 14, 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 1.0 / 4 3.66 N / A N / A N / A N / A 14 `` The Gloves Are Off '' February 21, 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 1.1 / 4 3.85 N / A N / A N / A N / A 15 `` Living While Eddie '' February 28, 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 1.1 / 4 4.13 N / A N / A N / A N / A 16 `` Gabby Goose '' March 7, 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) 1.1 / 4 3.69 N / A N / A N / A N / A 17 `` The Flush '' March 14, 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 1.1 / 4 3.37 N / A N / A N / A N / A 18 `` Time to Get Ill '' April 4, 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 1.1 / 4 3.82 N / A N / A N / A N / A 19 `` Driving Miss Jenny '' April 11, 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 1.1 / 4 3.71 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` The Masters '' April 18, 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 1.0 / 4 3.72 N / A N / A N / A N / A 21 `` Pie vs. Cake '' May 2, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 1.0 / 4 3.33 N / A N / A N / A N / A 22 `` This is Us '' May 9, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 1.0 / 4 3.43 N / A N / A N / A N / A 23 `` This is n't Us '' May 16, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 1.0 / 4 3.55 N / A N / A N / A N / A Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No. Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` B as in Best Friends '' October 3, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 1.4 / 5 4.51 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` First Day '' October 10, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 1.1 / 4 4.08 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Kids '' October 17, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 1.1 / 4 3.93 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` It 's a Plastic Pumpkin, Louis Huang '' October 24, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 1.1 / 4 4.16 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Four Funerals and a Wedding '' October 31, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 0.9 / 4 3.53 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` A League of Her Own '' November 7, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 1.0 / 4 3.66 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` The Day After Thanksgiving '' November 14, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 1.1 / 4 3.89 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` The Vouch '' November 21, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 1.1 / 4 4.29 N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 `` Slide Effect '' December 5, 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 0.9 / 4 3.76 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Do You Hear What I Hear? '' December 12, 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) 1.0 / 4 3.91 N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` Big Baby '' January 2, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) 1.2 / 5 4.23 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Liar Liar '' January 9, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 1.0 / 4 3.64 N / A N / A N / A N / A 13 `` The Car Wash '' January 16, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 1.0 / 4 3.91 N / A N / A N / A N / A 14 `` A Man to Share the Night With '' January 30, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) 1.0 / 4 4.05 N / A N / A N / A N / A 15 `` We Need to Talk About Evan '' January 30, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) 0.9 / 3 3.46 N / A N / A N / A N / A 16 `` Ride the Tiger '' February 6, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 0.9 / 3 3.79 N / A N / A N / A N / A 17 `` Let Me Go, Bro '' February 27, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 0.9 / 3 3.29 N / A N / A N / A N / A 18 `` Measure Twice, Cut Once '' March 13, 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 0.9 / 3 3.07 N / A N / A N / A N / A 19 `` King in the North '' March 20, 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) 1.0 / 4 3.61 N / A N / A N / A N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( March 3, 2016 ). `` ' Once Upon a Time, ' ' The Goldbergs, ' ' Fresh Off the Boat ' and ' Quantico ' renewed at ABC ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 3, 2016. Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth ( June 28, 2016 ). `` ABC Sets 2016 - 17 Fall Premiere Dates for Shondaland Shows, Kiefer Sutherland 's Drama & More ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved August 16, 2016. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( May 12, 2017 ). `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' Speechless ' Renewed By ABC ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 12, 2017. Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe ( July 24, 2017 ). `` ABC Sets Fall Premiere Dates for Marvel 's ' Inhumans, ' Daveed Diggs ' ' The Mayor ' ''. Variety. Retrieved July 24, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Bibel, Sara ( February 5, 2015 ). `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up, ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 5, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy, Amanda ( February 11, 2015 ). `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ', ' The Flash ', ' Parks and Recreation ', ' NCIS : New Orleans ', ' Person of Interest ' & ' About a Boy ' Adjusted Up ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 11, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Bibel, Sara ( February 19, 2015 ). `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 19, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy, Amanda ( February 25, 2015 ). `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS ', ' NCIS : New Orleans ', ' Fresh Off the Boat ', ' New Girl ' & ' TV 's Hottest Commercials ' Adjusted Down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 25, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Bibel, Sara. `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment to ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' ''. TV by the Numbers. ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy, Amanda ( March 11, 2015 ). `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ', ' NCIS ', ' Fresh off the Boat ', ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 11, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy, Amanda ( March 25, 2015 ). `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ', ' The Flash ', & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Adjusted Down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 31, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Bibel, Sara ( April 1, 2015 ). `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ', ' Forever ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 1, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy, Amanda ( April 8, 2015 ). `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Forever ', ' New Girl ' or ' Weird Loners ' ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 15, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Bibel, Sara ( April 15, 2015 ). `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ', ' NCIS ', ' The Voice ', ' Fresh Off The Boat ', ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 15, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy, Amanda ( April 22, 2015 ). `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ', ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ', ' Undateable ', ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 22, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy, Amanda ( September 23, 2015 ). `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ', ' NCIS ', ' Limitless ' and ' The Muppets ' Adjusted Up ; ' Best Time Ever ' Adjusted Down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 23, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Dixon, Dani ( September 30, 2015 ). `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ', + ' NCIS ', Adjusted Up ; ' Best Time Ever ' Adjusted Down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 30, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 7, 2015 ). `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Muppets, ' ' NCIS ' and ' Scream Queens ' adjusted up, ' Flash ' and ' iZombie ' hold ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 7, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 14, 2015 ). `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjusted up, ' Chicago Fire ' holds ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 14, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 28, 2015 ). `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat, ' ' The Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjust up, ' Wicked City ' stays under 1.0 ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 28, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 4, 2015 ). `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' and ' Best Time Ever ' adjust up ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 4, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Date = November 11, 2015. `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' adjusts down, ' NCIS ' adjusts up ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 11, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 18, 2015 ). `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjust up, ' Chicago Med ' premiere holds ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 18, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( December 2, 2015 ). `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 2, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( December 9, 2015 ). `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 9, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( February 3, 2016 ). `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Muppets ' adjusts up, ' iZombie ' adjusts down ''. Retrieved February 3, 2016. Jump up ^ @ JanetJackson ( February 9, 2016 ). `` Check out @ FreshOffABC, Tuesday, 2 / 9 at 8PM on @ ABCNetwork! # DammnBaby # Unbreakable # FreshOffTheBoat '' ( Tweet ). Retrieved February 29, 2016 -- via Twitter. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( February 10, 2016 ). `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Muppets, ' ' iZombie, ' ' NCIS : New Orleans ' and ' Grinder ' all adjust down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 10, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( February 17, 2016 ). `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Hollywood Game Night ' and ' iZombie ' adjust down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 17, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( February 24, 2016 ). `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Agent Carter ' adjusts up ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 24, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( March 9, 2016 ). `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Limitless ' and ' NCIS : New Orleans ' rerun adjust up ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 9, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( March 16, 2016 ). `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Crowded ' adjusts down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 16, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( March 23, 2016 ). `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 23, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( March 30, 2016 ). `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up, ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 30, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( April 6, 2016 ). `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up, ' Chicago Fire ' adjusts down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 6, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( April 27, 2016 ). `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up, ' Containment ' adjusts down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 27, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( May 4, 2016 ). `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust up, ' The Real O'Neals ' adjusts down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 5, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( May 11, 2015 ). `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' NCIS : New Orleans ' adjust up ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 11, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( May 18, 2015 ). `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Chicago Fire ' finales adjust up ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 18, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( May 25, 2015 ). `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice, ' ' The Flash ' and ' The Real O'Neals ' finales adjust up ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 25, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 12, 2016 ). `` ' The Voice, ' ' NCIS, ' ' Flash ' and ABC comedies adjust up, ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 12, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 19, 2016 ). `` ' American Housewife ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up, ' Chicago Fire, ' ' SHIELD ' and ' Real O'Neals ' down : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 19, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 26, 2016 ). `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up, final World Series numbers : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 26, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 2, 2016 ). `` ' The Flash, ' ' Chicago Fire, ' ' The Voice, ' ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 2, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 16, 2016 ). `` ' New Girl ' adjusts up, all others hold : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 16, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( December 1, 2016 ). `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' American Housewife ' adjust up, ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 1, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( December 7, 2016 ). `` ' NCIS ' adjusts up, ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 7, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( December 14, 2016 ). `` ' NCIS ' adjusts down, ' Voice ' finale holds : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 14, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( January 5, 2017 ). `` ' Chicago PD, ' ' The Mick ' and others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 5, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( January 19, 2017 ). `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 19, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( January 20, 2017 ). `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down slightly : Wednesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 20, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( February 8, 2017 ). `` ' The Middle, ' ' The Wall, ' This Is Us, ' FOX comedies all adjust up : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 8, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( February 15, 2017 ). `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up, ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' Tough Mudder ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 15, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( February 23, 2017 ). `` ' The Flash, ' ' NCIS, ' all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 23, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( March 1, 2017 ). `` ' Fresh Off the Boat, ' ' Real O'Neals ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 1, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( March 8, 2017 ). `` ' The Middle ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 8, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( March 16, 2017 ). `` ' This Is Us ' finishes with season highs : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 16, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( April 5, 2017 ). `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 5, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( April 12, 2017 ). `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 12, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( April 19, 2017 ). `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 19, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( May 3, 2017 ). `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up, ' Prison Break ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 3, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( May 10, 2017 ). `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up, ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( May 17, 2017 ). `` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up, ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 17, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 4, 2017 ). `` ' Fresh Off the Boat, ' ' Voice ' adjust up, ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine, ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 4, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 11, 2017 ). `` ' Voice, ' ' Flash, ' ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up, ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 11, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 18, 2017 ). `` ' NCIS, ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up, ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 18, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 25, 2017 ). `` ' This Is Us, ' ' Fresh Off the Boat, ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up, ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 25, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 1, 2017 ). `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up, ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 1, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 8, 2017 ). `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up, ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 8, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 15, 2017 ). `` ' Fresh Off the Boat, ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up, ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 15, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 22, 2017 ). `` ' Dancing With the Stars, ' ' This Is Us, ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 22, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( December 6, 2017 ). `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 6, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( December 13, 2017 ). `` ' The Voice, ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine, ' all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 13, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( January 4, 2018 ). `` ' Bull ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 4, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( January 10, 2018 ). `` ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 10, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( January 18, 2018 ). `` Originals all hold, ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 18, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( January 31, 2018 ). `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjusts down, plus State of the Union analysis numbers : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 31, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( February 7, 2018 ). `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 7, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( February 28, 2018 ). `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 28, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( March 14, 2018 ). `` ' This Is Us, ' ' The Voice, ' ' NCIS, ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up, ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 14, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( March 21, 2018 ). `` ' The Voice, ' ' The Middle ' and ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 21, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Solid DVR growth for ABC 's ' Fresh Off the Boat ' ''. medialifemagazine. February 23, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2015. Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara ( March 16, 2015 ). `` Live + 7 Ratings : ABC 's ' Castle ', ' Forever ' & ' black - ish ' See Week - to - Week Gains ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 16, 2015. Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara ( March 30, 2015 ). `` ABC 's ' Fresh Off The Boat ' Emerges as Tuesday 's Top Comedy in Adults 18 - 49 in Live + 3 Ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda ( April 20, 2015 ). `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Gains, ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage & Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 28 Ending April 5 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 20, 2015. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( October 11, 2015 ). `` ' Empire ' Hits New High, Leads Premiere Week L + 7 Ratings Gains With ' Blindspot ' ''. Deadline. Retrieved October 11, 2015. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas ( September 30, 2015 ). `` Tuesday Final Nationals : Modest Starts for ' Grandfathered ' and ' The Grinder ' on Fox ''. USA Today. Retrieved October 20, 2015. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( December 21, 2015 ). `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings, week 11 : ' Empire ' fall finale on top, ' Vampire Diaries ' leads percentage gains ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 21, 2015. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( December 29, 2015 ). `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gets biggest bump of the season in week 12, 5 shows double in 18 - 49 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 29, 2015. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( January 3, 2017 ). `` ' Designated Survivor ' posts another double - double in week 13 broadcast Live + 7 ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 3, 2017. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Fresh_Off_the_Boat_episodes&oldid=837890723 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Polski Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018, at 17 : 06. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of Fresh Off the Boat episodes", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Fresh_Off_the_Boat_episodes&amp;oldid=837890723" }

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{ "text": "Vic Mignogna - wikipedia Vic Mignogna Vic Mignogna Mignogna in 2017 Victor Joseph Mignogna Greensburg, Pennsylvania, U.S. Residence Los Angeles, California, U.S. Occupation Voice actor, musician Years active 1999 -- present Musical career Genres Pop, Christian & Gospel Instruments Piano, Vocals Years active 1989 -- present Website vicsworld.net Victor Joseph Mignogna ( / mɪnˈjɒnə / ) is an American actor and musician known for his prolific voice - over work in the English dubs of Japanese anime shows, the most notable being Edward Elric from the Fullmetal Alchemist series, for which he earned the American Anime Award for Best Actor in 2007. Other notable anime roles include Broly from the Dragon Ball films, Tamaki Suoh in Ouran High School Host Club, Fai D. Flowright in Tsubasa : Reservoir Chronicle, Dark in D.N. Angel, Kurz Weber in the Full Metal Panic! series, Zero and Ichiru Kiryu in the Vampire Knight series, Christopher Aonuma in Digimon Fusion, Nagato in Naruto Shippuden, Ikkaku Madarame in Bleach and Matt Ishida in Digimon Adventure tri... In video games, he is the voice of E-123 Omega in the Sonic the Hedgehog series and Junpei Iori from Shin Megami Tensei : Persona 3. In live - action work, he has participated in several Star Trek fan productions, including Star Trek Continues where he plays Captain Kirk. Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Anime 3.2 Animation 3.3 Films 3.4 Live - action dubbing 3.5 Video games 3.6 Live action 3.7 Documentary 4 Discography 4.1 Studio albums 4.2 Audio recordings 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Mignogna grew up in Greensburg, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Liberty University with a degree in television and film production. He helped produce and arrange some of the songs on DC Talk 's eponymous first album. Mignogna taught drama and speech in Jacksonville, Florida, and was an officer with the Ocean City Police Department. In 1990, he moved to Houston, Texas, where he was a film and video production instructor at The Art Institute of Houston. In 1993, he was a contestant on American television talent show Star Search, on which he sang `` Worth Waiting For ''. Career ( edit ) Mignogna at a comic expo in Calgary, Canada, June 2011 While working in video production with John Gremillion in Houston, Mignogna got involved in voice acting in anime at ADV Films. He made his debut as Vega in the video game based anime series Street Fighter II V. He started attending anime conventions, where he contacted Funimation and landed the voice role of Broly in the Dragon Ball films. In 2007, the American Anime Awards presented Mignogna with an award for Best Actor for his work on Fullmetal Alchemist. He often gains attention for his role in Fullmetal Alchemist, and he attends between 15 and 25 conventions each year. One of Mignogna 's career goals was `` to record at all of the major places where dubbing is done. '' He said he was `` the first ADV voice actor to record at Funimation in Dallas and then I was the first to go to New York ''. He has also recorded in Los Angeles ; he tried out for Bleach and received the part of Ikkaku Madarame. In non-anime productions, he voiced Qrow Branwen in the American web series RWBY. In addition to voice acting, Mignogna has been involved in production for music, sound, and video. He has produced hundreds of jingles for commercials, and he was a worship leader with Houston 's First Baptist Church. He has sung the U.S. national anthem at several Houston Astros baseball games. As a musician, Mignogna has released several albums, some of which feature English cover versions of anime songs from shows including One Piece and the Dragon Ball series. He also handled some of the ADR direction for the English dub of Claymore, in which he voices Rigaldo. Mignogna has been involved with several fan productions, including Fullmetal Fantasy and Star Trek : Phase II. In the latter series, he co-directed the episode `` Enemy : Starfleet '' and played the Andorian Captain. He directed `` KITUMBA '' and played Malkthon the Klingon, and was slated to direct the episode `` Mindsifter ''. In 2012, Mignogna worked with the Starship Farragut production group. He directed and starred as Captain Kirk in their web series Star Trek Continues. Filmography ( edit ) Anime ( edit ) List of voice performances in anime Year Title Role Notes Source 1999 Street Fighter II V Vega ADV dub, debut role 1999 Martian Successor Nadesico Ikeda Episode 19 2000 Gasaraki Colonel Ogawa 2000 Generator Gawl Gawl Kudo 2001 Orphen Cox, Lai 2001 Princess Nine Hiroki Takasugi 2002 Steel Angel Kurumi Bully Leader Episodes 1, 4 2002 Excel Saga Wolf Episode 10 2003 Noir Domenic, Heinz, Wellman 2003 RahXephon Mamoru Torigai 2003 Rune Soldier Leonard 2003 Saiyuki Kougaiji 2003 -- 05 Full Metal Panic! series Kurz Weber, Pony Man, Béart 2003 Aura Battler Dunbine Neal Given 2003 Najica Blitz Tactics Yoshiki, Various characters 2003 Super GALS! Good Looking Guy, Kouichi Akagi Episodes 18, 20 2003 Angelic Layer Host 2003 Saint Seiya Jabu, Lizard Misty 2003 Cat Girl Nuku Nuku Young President 2003 Dirty Pair Flight 005 Conspiracy Dornenschtern 2003 Dirty Pair Affair on Nolandia Officer 2003 Orphen Revenge Lai, Montgomery 2003 Legend of the Mystical Ninja Goemon 2003 -- 04 Yu Yu Hakusho Urashima, Bui Neon Genesis Evangelion Shigeru Aoba Director 's Cut Kiddy Grade Dextera Kino 's Journey Various characters Kaleido Star Master Linn, Ian, Investor, Arlon Brass Episodes 9, 12, 24, 25 Megazone 23 series Shogo Yahagi Gravion series Raven Aquarian Age : Sign for Evolution Shingo Hirota Peacemaker Kurogane Tatsunosuke Ichimura Mezzo DSA Mugiyama Sister Princess Mac Yamato Episode 2 Giant Robo Zangetsu Episode 6 2004 -- 06 Fullmetal Alchemist Edward Elric D.N. Angel Dark Mousy Cyber Team in Akihabara Shimabukuro Sengakuji ( Grandpa ) Spiral : The Bonds of Reasoning Hunter Episodes 18, 19, 20 2005 Science Ninja Team Gatchaman Takahara ADV dub, Episode 3 2005 Daphne in the Brilliant Blue Davis Episodes 15, 16 2005 Initial D Shingo Shoji Funimation dub 2005 Madlax Carrossea Doon 2006 Diamond Daydreams Radio Boy Episode 9 2006 Misaki Chronicles Goemon Ishikawa Episodes 3, 4 2006 The Super Dimension Fortress Macross Hikaru Ichijyo 2006 Princess Tutu Femio Episode 17 2006 UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie Mar 2006 Tactics Sugino 2006 Papuwa Gionkamen Arashiyama 2006 Trinity Blood Virgil Walsh 2006 Nerima Daikon Brothers Katuhama Episode 7 2007 Jinki : Extend Kalis 2007 Utawarerumono Benawi 2007 Guyver : The Bioboosted Armor Dr. Shirai 2007 Tsubasa : Reservoir Chronicle Fai D. Flowright 2007 Rozen Maiden Mada Pearl 2007 The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya Yutaka Tamaru 2007 009 - 1 Priest, Egg Episodes 1, 3 2007 Mushishi Kisuke Episode 14 2007 Air Yukito Kunisaki 2007 Innocent Venus Jin Tsurasawa 2007 Pumpkin Scissors Hans 2007 Xenosaga : The Animation Wilhelm 2007 Suzuka Tetsuhito Kinugasa 2007 Air Gear Sora Takeuchi Episode 13, 14, 15 2007 Le Chevalier D'Eon Sir Dashwood 2007 Kurau Phantom Memory Regal Delyus 2007 -- 14 Bleach Ikkaku Madarame 2008 Hell Girl Yoshiyuki Honjo Episode 4 2008 Shuffle! Forbesii ( King of Demons ) 2008 Tokyo Majin Tendo Kozunu 2008 The Wallflower Takenaga Oda 2008 Lucky Star Guest characters Episodes 13 -- 16 2008 Claymore Rigaldo 2008 Darker than Black Itzahk Episodes 13, 14 2008 -- 09 Code Geass R2 Luciano Bradley 2008 -- 09 Ouran High School Host Club Tamaki Suoh 2009 Kenichi : The Mightiest Disciple Kensei Ma 2009 D. Gray - man Akuma Clown, Alphonse Clouse 2009 Chrome Shelled Regios Lintens Savoled Harden 2009 Murder Princess Falis 's Father Episode 5 2009 Heroic Age Rom Ror 2009 Kaze no Stigma Takeya Ōgami 2010 -- 11 Kekkaishi Yoshimori Sumimura Linebarrels of Iron Eiji Kiriyama 2010, 2016 One Piece Wetton, Sabo Funimation dub Soul Eater Spirit Albarn 2010 -- 12 Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood Edward Elric Also OVAs 2010 -- 14 Hetalia series Greece A Certain Scientific Railgun Trick Episode 9 Oh! Edo Rocket Tetsuju Vampire Knight series Zero Kiryu, Ichiru Kiryu 2010 -- 17 Naruto Shippuden Young Obito Uchiha, Nagato, Fuen 2011 Birdy the Mighty Decode Kinzel Episode 5 2011 Sengoku Basara : Samurai Kings Akechi Mitsuhide 2011 Marvel Anime : Wolverine Hideki Kurohagi 2011 Coicent Shinichi 2011 Chaos : HEad Shogon / General Also on Chaos : Child Episode 00 2012 Dream Eater Merry Ryota Iijima 2012 Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt Oscar Episode 5 2012 Persona 4 : The Animation Kou Ichijo 2012 Nura : Rise of the Yokai Clan Inugamigyobu Tamazuki 2012 Level E Prince Baka 2013 Accel World Yellow Radio Episodes 11, 12 2013 -- 14 Lagrange : The Flower of Rin - ne series Moid 2013 -- 15 Digimon Fusion Christopher Aonuma, MadLeomon, Leomon, Piximon 2013 Magi : The Labyrinth of Magic Koubun Ka 2013 Tiger & Bunny 2014 Karneval Karoku 2014 Sailor Moon Ryo Urawa Viz dub, Episodes 27, 41 2014 Attack on Titan Eld Gin 2014 Space Dandy Gentle Nobra Episodes 18, 19 2015 Tokyo Ravens Yoshitaka Makihara 2015 Unbreakable Machine - Doll Sin 2015 -- 16 Durarara!! × 2 Kasuka Heiwajima 2015 The Heroic Legend of Arslan Silvermask 2015 Show by Rock!! series SHU ☆ ZO ( English lyricist for Trichronika 's songs ) 2015 Free! series Rin Matsuoka 2016 Rage of Bahamut : Genesis Beelzebub 2016 Black Butler : Book of Circus Peter 2016 Brothers Conflict Futo Asahina 2016 Garo : The Animation Mendoza 2016 The Vision of Escaflowne Folken Fanel Funimation dub 2016 The Asterisk War Randy Hooke 2016 Fairy Tail Mard Geer 2016 One - Punch Man Melzargard 2016 Nanbaka Kenshirou Yozakura 2016 - 18 Touken Ranbu : Hanamaru series Mikazuki Munechika Episode 5 2016 Joker Game Price Episode 10 2016 Drifters Saint - Germi Episode 6 2017 The Reflection X-On 2017 Juni Taisen : Zodiac War ADR Director 2018 Twin Star Exorcists Yuto Ijika Animation ( edit ) List of voice performances in animation Year Title Role Notes Source 2006 - present Rock ' N Learn series Bill, Marko the Pencil, others 2009 -- 10 Starship Farragut : The Animated Episodes Shealar, Medical Assistant # 1 Ep. `` The Needs of the Many '', `` Power Source '' 2015 -- present RWBY Qrow Branwen Films ( edit ) List of voice performances in direct - to - video, television films and feature films Year Title Role Notes Source 2000 Sin : The Movie Tim Perko 2003 Dragon Ball Z : Broly -- The Legendary Super Saiyan Broly 2003 Martian Successor Nadesico : The Motion Picture -- Prince of Darkness Araragi, Hokushin 's Six A RahXephon : Pluralitas Concentio Mamoru Torigai 2005 Saiyuki : Requiem Kougaiji 2005 Dragon Ball Z : Broly -- Second Coming Broly 2005 Dragon Ball Z : Bio-Broly Broly 2006 Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa Edward Elric 2007 Air Yukito Kunisaki 2008 Bleach : Memories of Nobody Ikkaku Madarame 2009 Bleach : The DiamondDust Rebellion Ikkaku Madarame 2011 Bleach : Fade to Black Ikkaku Madarame 2011 The Lion of Judah Raven 1 2012 Pokémon the Movie : Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice Keldeo 2012 Fullmetal Alchemist : The Sacred Star of Milos Edward Elric 2012 Mass Effect : Paragon Lost Messner 2012 Sengoku Basara : The Last Party Tenkai 2016 Escaflowne Folken Fanel Funimation dub 2016 - 2018 Digimon Adventure tri. Matt Ishida 2017 One Piece Film : Gold Sabo Funimation dub Live - action dubbing ( edit ) List of voice performances in live - action films Year Title Role Notes Source 2003 Gamera 3 : The Revenge of Iris Male Newscaster 1, Doctor Shinobi Rokkaku Movie series directed by Kenji Tanigaki 2005 Guns & Talks Jung - woo 2005 Dark Water Kono Video games ( edit ) List of voice performances in video games Year Title Role Notes Source 2003 Unlimited Saga Mythe, Armand First video game role 2004 -- present Dragon Ball game franchise Broly 2005 Fullmetal Alchemist and the Broken Angel Edward 2005 Fullmetal Alchemist 2 : Curse of the Crimson Elixir Edward 2006 Fullmetal Alchemist : Dual Sympathy Edward 2006 -- 09 Bleach series Ikkaku Madarame Dark Souls, Shattered Blade and The 3rd Phantom 2007 Project Sylpheed Katana Faraway 2007 Shin Megami Tensei : Persona 3 series Junpei Iori ( uncredited ) 2008 Star Ocean : First Departure T'nique Arcana 2009 Kamen Rider : Dragon Knight Spear 2009 MagnaCarta 2 Others 2009 -- 16 Naruto Shippuden : Ultimate Ninja series Nagato, Young Obito Uchiha, Cee, Madara Uchiha ( Imposter ) / Tobi Sengoku Basara : Samurai Heroes Tenkai 2010 -- present Sonic the Hedgehog series E-123 Omega 2011 -- 13 Mario & Sonic series E-123 Omega London 2012 and Sochi 2014 2012 Divina Orwell 2013 Marvel Heroes Uatu 2013 Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures Spiral Live action ( edit ) List of live - action appearances Year Title Role Notes Source 2003 Holly 's Story : A Journey to Freedom and Hope Jim Hudson 2011 Fallout : Nuka Break Merchant / Narrator 2012 -- 17 Star Trek Continues Captain Kirk 2012 Todd of the Rings Vodo 2013 Star Trek : New Voyages Andorian Captain, Klingon Commander Malkthon 2015 Star Trek : Renegades Garis 2016 Fan - O-Rama : A Futurama Fan Film Zapp Brannigan 2017 Altered Spirits Skip aka Broken Spirits Documentary ( edit ) List of voice performances in live - action films Year Title Role Notes Source 2008 Adventures in Voice Acting Himself Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) If These Walls Could Talk ( 1992 ) Selah -- Music for the Quiet Time ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Metafiction ( 2006 ) Christmas ( 2008 ) Selah II ( 2009 ) Revix ( 2010 ) -- a remix album of some of his earlier singles Audio recordings ( edit ) Gospel of John A Howl at the Moon ( 2014 ) -- audiobook narrator Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The closing credits or manual does not list the voice actors involved. Jump up ^ 1999 was the year that Mignogna began voice acting for anime dubs for television shows and videos. He has been composing and producing music since DC Talk 's album in 1989, and appeared on television in 1993 as a contestant on Star Search. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ohanesian, Liz ( May 28, 2009 ). `` Fullmetal Trekkie : Voice Actor Vic Mignogna to Direct Star Trek : Phase II Episode ''. LA Weekly. ^ Jump up to : `` About Vic Mignogna ''. Risembool Rangers. Retrieved October 16, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Mignogna, Vic. `` Vic 's Professional Resume '' ( doc ). Vic 's World. Retrieved September 8, 2011. ^ Jump up to : Meeks, Flori ( July 21, 2005 ). `` Career in TV Cartoons is no joke : Uptown man juggles careers, builds success in Japanese anime ''. Houston Chronicle. Jump up ^ `` last.fm ''. Retrieved March 6, 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` An Interview with Vic Mignogna ( MCM London Expo ) ''. Otaku News and Voiceacting.co.uk. Retrieved January 18, 2012. Jump up ^ At his panel in Anime Expo 2006, Mignogna said his first starring role was Gawl in Generator Gawl. ^ Jump up to : `` Vic Mignogna : Heavy Metal ''. TotalSciFi online. September 15, 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` American Anime Awards ''. Retrieved December 10, 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` American Anime Award Winners : First Large Scale Fan - Driven Awards ''. icv2. February 26, 2007. ^ Jump up to : 2007 American Anime Awards Vic Mignogna Best Actor. YouTube. February 25, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Vic Mignogna Biography ''. AnimeCons.com. Retrieved October 12, 2011. ^ Jump up to : Dong, Bamboo ( August 1, 2005 ). `` Interview : Vic Mignogna ''. Anime News Network. ^ Jump up to : Vic talks VIZ at AOD 06. YouTube. August 6, 2006. ^ Jump up to : Vic Explains Ikkakus Lucky Dance. YouTube. April 9, 2007. ^ Jump up to : `` RWBY at RTX2015 ''. Rooster Teeth. Jump up ^ Mignogna, Vic. `` Music and Sound Production ''. Vic 's World. Retrieved October 5, 2011. Jump up ^ Mignogna, Vic. `` Video Production ''. Vic 's World. Retrieved October 5, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Interview with Voice Actor Vic Mignogna ``. Beneaththetangles.com. June 26, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Vic Mignogna Slated to Direct `` Kitumba '' ``. startreknewvoyages.com. May 15, 2009. ^ Jump up to : Kate, Laura ( March 22, 2012 ). `` Interview with Vic Mignogna ''. MCM Buzz. Retrieved June 11, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Farragut Films Adds to Management Team and Secures Largest Studio of Trek Sets '' ( PDF ). Farragut Films ( Press release ). December 29, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Starship Farragut : New Team Members and Studio ''. Farragut Films. Retrieved February 3, 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Vic Mignogna Directing Star Trek Continues ''. Star Trek Continues ( Press release ). Washington, D.C. : Farragut Films. March 23, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Jeng, Way ( 2005 ). `` Being a Brief Discussion with Vic Mignogna ''. Anime on DVD. Archived from the original on April 20, 2005. Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Martian Successor Nadesico ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 26 ) ''. CrystalAcids.com. April 29, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Gasaraki ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 25 ) ''. CrystalAcids.com. April 29, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2014. Jump up ^ Solomon, Charles. `` Generator Gawl -- Perfect Collection ( 1998 ) -- Editorial Review ''. Amazon.com. Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Orphen ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 24 ) ''. CrystalAcids.com. April 29, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2014. Jump up ^ Mead, Karen. `` Review : Princess Nine ''. Japanator. Retrieved August 14, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Steel Angel Kurumi ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 24 ) ''. CrystalAcids.com. April 29, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Menchi 's Great Adventure ''. Excel Saga. Episode 10. Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Noir ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 26 ) ''. CrystalAcids.com. April 29, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Invasion of the Capital ''. RahXephon. Episode 1. Hulu. Jump up ^ `` A True Hero Appears? ''. Rune Soldier. Episode 11. ^ Jump up to : `` Guests Anime Expo ® 2014 Los Angeles Conventions Center ( LACC ) July 3 -- 6 2014 ''. Anime Expo. Retrieved August 11, 2014. Jump up ^ `` The Hard Sell Fetish ''. Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu!. Episode 6. Jump up ^ `` 5th Period Hot Spot ''. Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu!. Episode 12. Jump up ^ `` The Sky of the Desire Appears with the Flame by the Battle ''. Najica Blitz Tactics. Episode 8. Jump up ^ `` Full Cast - Najica Blitz Tactics ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 8 ) ''. Crystal Acids. Retrieved December 17, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Odaiba ♡ Crackling → Great Final Battle! ''. Super GALS!. Manga Entertainment. Event occurs at 23 : 05. Retrieved July 8, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Mami - rin ♡ Dreamy - Eyed → Her First Love ''. Super GALS!. Manga Entertainment. Event occurs at 23 : 00. Retrieved July 8, 2014. Jump up ^ `` How Do You Do? My Very Own Angel ''. Angelic Layer. Episode 1. Jump up ^ `` Burn! Meteor Punch of Pegasus! ''. Knights of the Zodiac. Episode 2. Jump up ^ `` Silver Saint! Vain and Boastful Assassin ''. Knights of the Zodiac. Episode 23. Jump up ^ `` Enter Nuku Nuku! Keep the Peace on Earth! ''. Cat Girl Nuku Nuku. Episode 1. 2004. Jump up ^ Manga Entertainment. DIRTY PAIR `` Flight 005 Conspiracy : Part II ''. YouTube. Event occurs at 28 : 53. ^ Jump up to : `` Vic Mignogna ''. Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved August 11, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Orphen : Revenge ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 23 ) ''. CrystalAcids.com. April 29, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2014. Jump up ^ `` OIRA ga seigi no GOEMON dei! ''. Legend of the Mystical Ninja. Episode 1. Jump up ^ `` Many Faces, Many Forms ''. Yu Yu Hakusho. Episode 46. Jump up ^ `` Beneath Bui 's Armor ''. Yu Yu Hakusho. Episode 57. Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Neon Genesis Evangelion : Directors ' Cut ( TV ) ( episodes 21 to 26 ) ''. CrystalAcids.com. April 29, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Kino 's Journey ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 13 ) ''. CrystalAcids.com. April 29, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Kaleido Star ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 26 ) ''. CrystalAcids.com. April 29, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Megazone 23 Part I ''. Megazone 23. Jump up ^ `` Super Heavy Battlefield ''. Gravion. Episode 8. Jump up ^ `` Deep Blue Overture ''. Aquarian Age : Sign for Evolution. Episode 1. 2004. Jump up ^ `` Shell of Love ''. Mezzo DSA. Episode 1. Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Sister Princess ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 4 ) ''. CrystalAcids.com. April 29, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Giant Robo ( OVA ) ( episodes 1 to 7 ) ''. CrystalAcids.com. Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ `` DNAngel -- Vol. 1 : The Dawn of Dark DVD ''. ADV. 2005. OCLC 144962455. Retrieved July 8, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- CyberTeam in Akihabara ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 26 ) ''. CrystalAcids.com. April 29, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Spiral ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 25 ) ''. CrystalAcids.com. Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Giant Mummy That Summons Storms ''. Gatchaman. Episode 3. Jump up ^ `` Die Hard, Play Hard ( 1 ) ''. Daphne in the Brilliant Blue. Episode 15. Jump up ^ `` Shingo Arrives ''. Initial D. Episode 11. Jump up ^ `` ADV Announces Madlax Cast ''. CrystalAcids.com. February 4, 2005. Retrieved August 26, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Awakening Sound ~ awake ~ ''. Madlax. Episode 13. Jump up ^ `` Sapporo : Shouko Saibara ( Part 2 ) ''. Diamond Daydreams. Episode 9 -- via Hulu. Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Misaki Chronicles ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 13 ) ''. CrystalAcids.com. Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Vic Mignogna Interview Streamed by Manga UK -- News ''. Interviewed by Jeremy Graves. Anime News Network. December 1, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Crime and Punishment ''. Princess Tutu. Episode 17. 22 minutes in. Hulu / The Anime Network. Jump up ^ `` About the Relationship Between Girls and Glasses ''. UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie. Season 3. Episode 1. Jump up ^ `` Dancer in the Darkness ''. Tactics ( manga ). Episode 5. Jump up ^ `` Brush of Literalization! Miyagi Touhoku Appears ''. Papuwa. Episode 3. Jump up ^ `` Play with Mine! Sue Me! ''. Nerima Daikon Brothers. Episode 7. Hulu. Jump up ^ `` Silvery - Winged Visitor ''. Jinki : Extend. Episode 8. 2007. Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Utawarerumono ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 5 ) ''. CrystalAcids.com. April 29, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Guyver ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 26 ) ''. CrystalAcids.com. April 29, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Remote Island Syndrome Part 2 ''. The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya. Episode 8. Event occurs at 23 : 14. Jump up ^ `` Infiltrators ''. 009 - 1. Episode 1. ADV / Funimation. 2007. Jump up ^ `` Hard Boiled ''. 009 - 1. Episode 3. ADV / Funimation. 2007. Jump up ^ `` Inside the Cage ''. Mushishi. Episode 14. Jump up ^ Amith, Dennis ( May 16, 2009 ). `` AIR -- The Complete Series ( a J! - ENT Anime DVD Review ) ''. J! - ENT. Jump up ^ `` Hell ''. Innocent Venus. Episode 1. Jump up ^ `` The Darkness That Cannot Be Saved ''. Pumpkin Scissors. Episode 17. 22 minutes in. Jump up ^ `` Encephalon ''. Xenosaga : The Animation. Episode 7. Jump up ^ `` Encouragement ''. Suzuka. Episode 23. 22 minutes in. Hulu. Jump up ^ `` What Do You Mean by Icarus ' Wings? I 'll Show You My Talent, Rika - nee ''. Air Gear. Episode 13. 2007. Jump up ^ `` The Sign ''. Le Chevalier D'Eon. Episode 13. 23 minutes in. Jump up ^ `` Each Path ''. Kurau : Phantom Memory. ^ Jump up to : `` Anime voice actor lectures at Northeast State ''. Northeast State -- Community and Media Relations. Northeast State Community College. March 26, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Silent Cries ''. Hell Girl. Season 1. Episode 4. Event occurs at 1 : 38 : 20 into DVD. ^ Jump up to : Harris, Jeff ( January 19, 2008 ). `` 411mania Interviews : Vic Mignogna ''. 411mania.com. Jump up ^ `` The Gathering ''. Tokyo Majin. Episode 4. Event occurs at 22 : 52. Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Lucky Star ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 24 ) ''. CrystalAcids.com. April 29, 2013. Retrieved August 27, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Invasion of Pieta ( Part 1 ) ''. Claymore. Episode 21. Jump up ^ `` A Heart Unswaying On the Water 's Surface, Part 1 ''. Darker Than Black. Episode 13 -- via Hulu. Jump up ^ `` Funimation Announces Ouran High School Host Club Cast ''. Anime News Network. July 4, 2008. Jump up ^ Ohanesian, Liz ( October 3, 2013 ). `` Fullmetal Trekkie : Voice Actor Vic Mignogna to Direct Star Trek : Phase II Episode Public Spectacle Los Angeles Los Angeles News and Events ''. LA Weekly. Retrieved August 14, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ryōzanpaku : Where the Powerful Gather! ''. Kenichi : The Mightiest Disciple. Episode 1. Jump up ^ `` The Ghost of Mater ''. D. Gray - man. Episode 3. Jump up ^ `` Strange Mansion ''. D. Gray - man. Episode 45. Jump up ^ `` The Conscious City ''. Chrome Shelled Regios. Episode 1. Event occurs at Closing credits, Cast. Jump up ^ `` Fate ''. Murder Princess. Episode 5. Jump up ^ `` The Four ''. Heroic Age. Episode 23. Jump up ^ `` Return of the Wind ''. Kaze no Stigma. Episode 1. Event occurs at 22 : 50. Netflix. Jump up ^ `` Black Executioner ''. Linebarrels of Iron. Episode 13. Jump up ^ Homer, Chris. `` One Piece Collection 6 UK Anime DVD Review ''. The Fandom Post. Retrieved August 25, 2014. Jump up ^ vic mignogna ( @ vicmignogna ) ( 19 February 2017 ). `` Yay!! Sabo merchandise! My One Piece character gets some love! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ `` Funimation Announces Partial English Cast for Hetalia ( Update 8 ) -- News ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved August 25, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Majority Report ''. A Certain Scientific Railgun. Episode 9. Funimation. Jump up ^ `` FUNimation Announces English Dub Cast of Oh Edo Rocket ''. Anime News Network. July 30, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2014. Jump up ^ Vampire Knight 's Yuki, Kaname, and Zero say hello from Comic Con!. YouTube. Viz Media. July 23, 2010. Jump up ^ Naruto Shippuden 10 ( DVD ). Viz Media. April 10, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Anime voice actor, Vic Mignogna comes to Philly for ''. J1 - Con. August 10, 2014. Retrieved August 26, 2014. Jump up ^ Funimation. `` Another World ''. Birdy the Mighty Decode. Episode 5. Jump up ^ Rojas, Justin ( July 26, 2010 ). `` Sengoku Basara Cast & Trailer Time! ''. Funimation.com. Retrieved March 11, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Kurohagi ''. Marvel Anime : Wolverine. Episode 11. Jump up ^ `` General ''. Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Funimation Reveals English Dub Cast For Chaos ; Child Anime ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Dream Eater Merry Anime 's English Dub Cast Revealed -- Interest ''. Anime News Network. January 21, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2014. Jump up ^ `` The Runny ''. Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt. Episode 5. Jump up ^ `` Tamazuki and the Seven Shadows ''. Nura : Rise of the Yokai Clan. Episode 12. Jump up ^ Martin, Theron ( February 13, 2013 ). `` Level E BD + DVD -- Review ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved August 14, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Obligation ''. Accel World. Episode 11. 2013. Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Kamo - gama ''. Lagrange : The Flower of Rin - ne. Season 1. Episode 1. Jump up ^ Amith, Dennis. `` Magi : The Labyrinth of Magic -- Complete DVD Set Vol. 2 ( a J! - ENT Anime DVD Review ) : J! - ENT -- ''. J-entonline.com. Retrieved August 26, 2014. Jump up ^ `` The Sky 's the Limit ''. Tiger & Bunny. Episode 15. Jump up ^ `` Rainbow Colored Flower Fuse ''. Karneval. Episode 1. Jump up ^ `` Karneval English Cast Announcement ''. Funimation Blog. Funimation. April 1, 2014. Retrieved December 7, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Crushing on Ami : The Boy Who Can See The Future ''. Sailor Moon ( BD / DVD ). Episode 27. Viz. Jump up ^ Funimation ( @ FUNimation ) ( May 17, 2014 ). `` # AttackonTitan Part1 Extras give a 1st glimpse at Vic Mignogna ( Eld ) & Ian Sinclair ( Nile ) in their roles '' ( Tweet ). Retrieved May 7, 2015 -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ `` Special Operations Squad : Eve of the Counterattack, Part 2 ''. Attack on Titan. Episode 15. August 16, 2014. Adult Swim. Jump up ^ `` Gallant Space Gentleman, Baby ''. Space Dandy. Episode 19. August 9, 2014. Event occurs at 25 : 10. Adult Swim. Jump up ^ `` Clifford Chapin, Bryn Apprill Star in Unbreakable Machine Doll English Dub ''. Anime News Network. December 15, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Durarara!! × 2 English Dub to Premiere March 10 ''. Anime News Network. March 6, 2015. Retrieved March 6, 2015. Jump up ^ AniplexUS ( September 2, 2015 ). DURARARA!! x2 Second Arc English Dub Announcement. YouTube. Retrieved November 18, 2015. Announcement hosted by Vic Mignogna and Cristina Vee Jump up ^ Christopher Bevins ( @ VoiceofBevins ) ( June 21, 2015 ). `` Ep 3 of Heroic Legend of # Arslan is up! Please welcome @ vicmignogna as Silver Mask & @ justinbriner as Elam! Oh, and I 'm playing Narsus! '' ( Tweet ). Retrieved June 26, 2015 -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ Justin Rojas ( June 5, 2015 ). `` Broadcasting Dub English Cast Announcements At A-kon 26 ''. Funimation.com. Jump up ^ `` Music & Anime : A Relationship -- Caitlin Glass Talks Dubbed Music In Anime Pt 2 - Funimation -- Blog! ''. Retrieved December 30, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll Streams Free! Iwatobi Swim Club Anime with English Dub ''. Anime News Network. December 22, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Free Eternal Summer English Dub Casts Vic Mignogna as Rin ''. Anime News Network. November 14, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Rage of Bahamut : Genesis -- English Voice Cast Announcement! ''. funimation.com. Retrieved February 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Black Butler 's Latest Installments Come to Home Video in Book of Circus and Book of Murder! + Cast Announcement ''. funimation.com. Retrieved February 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` GARO THE ANIMATION - English Voice Cast Announcement! ''. Funimation. February 27, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Funimation 's Escaflowne Dub Casts Vic Mignogna, Felecia Angelle, Michele Rojas ''. Anime News Network. March 30, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Aniplex of America Announces The Asterisk War English Dub and Product Release Details ''. Anime News Network. June 5, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Fairy Tail -- Part 21 Cast Announcement and Home Video Street Date Reminder ''. Funimation. August 23, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Blog / One - Punch Man Cast Announcement! ''. Viz Media. September 9, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` FUNimation Fall 2016 SimuDub Cast Updates ''. www.funimation.com. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18. Jump up ^ `` FUNimation Fall 2016 Simudub Announcements ''. www.funimation.com. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Drifters SimuDub Cast Updates ''. www.funimation.com. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18. Jump up ^ `` The Reflection English Cast Announcement ''. www.funimation.com. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Funimation Reveals Jūni Taisen : Zodiac War Anime 's English Dub Cast ''. Retrieved January 6, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Twin Star Exorcists English Dub Stars Bryce Papenbrook, Cassandra Lee Morris and More! ''. 2018 - 04 - 09. Jump up ^ `` Reading Comprehension -- Rock ' N Learn ''. Rock ' N Learn. Retrieved November 2, 2011. Jump up ^ Learn Math : Money & Making Change. YouTube ( trailer ). Rock ' N Learn. November 25, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Starship Farragut : The Animated Episodes ''. farragutanimated.com. Archived from the original on November 22, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015. Jump up ^ Starship Farragut : The Animated Episodes Episode `` Power Source '' Closing credits Jump up ^ Shawcross, Kerry ; Luna, Miles ; Haddock, Grey ; Jones, Lindsay ; Dunkelman, Barbara ; Eberle, Kara ; Zech, Arryn ( August 7, 2015 ). RWBY Panel. RTX. Austin, Texas. Event occurs at 23 : 30. Retrieved August 8, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Sin ( movie ) ''. CrystalAcids.com. Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Martian Successor Nadesico : Prince of Darkness ( movie ) ''. CrystalAcids.com. Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ `` RahXephon : Pluralitas Concentio ( movie ) ''. CrystalAcids.com. Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Air ( movie ) ''. CrystalAcids.com. Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Lion of Judah ( 2011 ) ''. ChristianAnswers.net. Retrieved January 30, 2012. Jump up ^ Pokémon the Movie : Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice. 2012. 70 minutes in. Jump up ^ Amith, Dennis. `` Pokémon the Movie 15 : Kyurem vs. The Sword of Justice ( a J! - ENT Anime DVD Review ) : ''. J! - ENT. Retrieved August 25, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Nearly Complete tri. Part 1 Dub Cast ''. With the Will. Retrieved July 18, 2016. Jump up ^ `` One Piece Film Gold ''. animenewsnetwork.com. Retrieved January 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Gamera : Revenge of Iris ( live action ) ''. Crystal Acids. Retrieved October 21, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Anime Kaiju Experience Festival in New England, November 21 -- 23 ''. SciFi Japan. Retrieved October 21, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Shinobi ( live action ) ''. Crystal Acids. Retrieved October 21, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Guns & Talks ( live action ) ''. Crystal Acids. Retrieved October 21, 2014. Jump up ^ Dark Water ( DVD ). 2004. Event occurs at Closing credits, English Voice Cast. ^ Jump up to : Armstrong, John ( September 1, 2013 ). `` Gamevoices Interview with Mr. Vic Mignogna speaking about his break into voice acting ''. Gamevoices. Jump up ^ Fullmetal Alchemist and the Broken Angel, at beginning of closing credits Jump up ^ Fullmetal Alchemist 2 : Curse of the Crimson Elixir, at beginning of closing credits Jump up ^ Fullmetal Alchemist : Dual Sympathy, at beginning of closing credits Jump up ^ The 3rd Phantom, closing credits Jump up ^ Project Sylpheed beginning of closing credits Jump up ^ Rice, Brad ( August 10, 2007 ). `` Destructoid review : Shin Megami Tensei : Persona 3 ''. Destructoid.com. Jump up ^ Kamen Rider : Dragon Knight, at beginning of closing credits Jump up ^ Magna Carta 2 closing credits, listed under English Voices as Others Jump up ^ Capcom. Sengoku Basara : Samurai Heroes. Capcom. Scene : Ending credits, Cast. Jump up ^ Sega Sports Japan. Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games. Nintendo North America, Sega. Scene : Ending credits, 2 : 00 in, Sega Characters ( English ). Jump up ^ Sega Sports R&D, Nintendo SPD. Mario & Sonic at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games. Nintendo. Scene : Ending credits, 2 : 30 in, Sega Characters ( English ). Jump up ^ Rodanes, Michelle ( April 11, 2012 ). `` Exclusive : Meet Divina 's cast & win -- final episode ''. Japanator.com. Retrieved December 3, 2012. Jump up ^ Monkey Bar Games. Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures. Bandai Namco Entertainment. Scene : Closing credits, 1 : 08 in, English Voice Talent. Jump up ^ `` Interview with Barbara Sundstorm of Crosswind Productions ''. Clash Entertainment. Retrieved August 28, 2014. Jump up ^ Holly 's Story : A Journey to Freedom and Hope. Cross Wind Productions ( DVD ). Houston, Texas. 2003. Jump up ^ Wayside Creations ( January 24, 2011 ). Fallout : Nuka Break -- Fan Film. YouTube. Event occurs at 15 : 01. Jump up ^ `` Fallout : Nuka Break Released ''. GameSpy. January 24, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Anime star VIC MIGNOGNA talks `` Todd of the Rings '' parody on TORn TUESDAY * live * today 5pm Pacific Hobbit Movie News and Rumors ``. Theonering.net. May 1, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Renegades '' New Cast Members! ``. startrekrenegades.com. Archived from the original on April 1, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015. Jump up ^ Cinema Relics ( December 22, 2016 ). `` Fan - O-Rama : A Futurama Fan Film ''. Retrieved January 26, 2017 -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ `` Cast ''. brokenspiritsfilm.com. April 8, 2011. Retrieved March 14, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Bang Zoom! Entertainment to Preview Adventures in Voice Acting Documentary at New York Anime Festival '' ( PDF ). Adventures in Voice Acting ( Press release ). December 4, 2007. Jump up ^ `` A Howl at the Moon ''. Audible.com. Retrieved May 7, 2015. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vic Mignogna. Official website Vic Mignogna at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Vic Mignogna convention appearances on AnimeCons.com Vic Mignogna on IMDb Vic Mignogna at Behind The Voice Actors ISNI : 0000 0003 5606 0339 LCCN : no2011121296 MusicBrainz : a7056cdc - f5ab - 4dce - a496 - 5135b45d1950 VIAF : 176513655 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vic_Mignogna&oldid=854081705 '' Categories : 20th - century American male actors 20th - century American singers 21st - century American male actors 21st - century American singers American male singers People from Greensburg, Pennsylvania American male video game actors American male voice actors Liberty University alumni Living people Male actors from Houston Male actors from Los Angeles Male actors from Philadelphia Musicians from Houston People from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania Singers from Los Angeles Singers from Pennsylvania Singers from Texas Songwriters from California Songwriters from Pennsylvania Songwriters from Texas Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Year of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018, at 20 : 57 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Vic Mignogna", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Vic_Mignogna&amp;oldid=854081705" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Vic Mignogna - wikipedia Vic Mignogna Vic Mignogna Mignogna in 2017 Victor Joseph Mignogna Greensburg, Pennsylvania, U.S. Residence Los Angeles, California, U.S. Occupation Voice actor, musician Years active 1999 -- present Musical career Genres Pop, Christian & Gospel Instruments Piano, Vocals Years active 1989 -- present Website vicsworld.net Victor Joseph Mignogna ( / mɪnˈjɒnə / ) is an American actor and musician known for his prolific voice - over work in the English dubs of Japanese anime shows, the most notable being Edward Elric from the Fullmetal Alchemist series, for which he earned the American Anime Award for Best Actor in 2007. Other notable anime roles include Broly from the Dragon Ball films, Tamaki Suoh in Ouran High School Host Club, Fai D. Flowright in Tsubasa : Reservoir Chronicle, Dark in D.N. Angel, Kurz Weber in the Full Metal Panic! series, Zero and Ichiru Kiryu in the Vampire Knight series, Christopher Aonuma in Digimon Fusion, Nagato in Naruto Shippuden, Ikkaku Madarame in Bleach and Matt Ishida in" ], "id": [ "11384793195109173104" ], "short_answers": [ "Victor Joseph Mignogna" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Benzoyl peroxide / clindamycin - wikipedia Benzoyl peroxide / clindamycin Jump to : navigation, search Benzoyl peroxide / clindamycin Combination of Benzoyl peroxide Antiseptic Clindamycin phosphate Antibiotic Clinical data Trade names Duac, BenzaClin, Onexton, Acanya AHFS / Drugs.com benzaclin MedlinePlus a603021 License data US FDA : Duac Pregnancy category US : C ( Risk not ruled out ) Routes of administration Topical ( gel ) ATC code D10AE51 ( WHO ) or D10AF51 ( WHO ) Legal status Legal status US : ℞ - only Identifiers PubChem SID 254741564 KEGG D10602 ( what is this? ) ( verify ) The drug combination benzoyl peroxide / clindamycin is a topical gel used for the treatment of acne. It is sold under the trade names Duac ( by Stiefel Labs ) and BenzaClin ( by Sanofi Aventis ). Both contain 1 % clindamycin phosphate, an antibiotic, and 5 % benzoyl peroxide, an antiseptic. Another brand is Onexton ( by Valeant ) with 1.2 % clindamycin phosphate and 3.75 % benzoyl peroxide. All formulations are prescription drugs. Common side effects include peeling, itching, and dryness of the skin where the gel was applied. Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical uses 1.1 Efficacy 1.2 Pregnancy and lactation 2 Contraindications 3 Side effects 4 Interactions 5 Pharmacology 5.1 Mechanism of action 5.2 Pharmacokinetics 6 Society and culture 6.1 Legal status of Onexton 6.1. 1 Patent 6.1. 2 Lawsuits 6.2 Economics of Onexton 6.2. 1 Stock effect 6.2. 2 Competitors 7 References 8 External links Medical uses ( edit ) The gel is used on the skin to treat light to medium acne vulgaris in people 12 years and older. BenzaClin is to be applied twice daily, and Duac and Onexton are once - a-day medications. Continued use beyond 12 - weeks has not been studied. Efficacy ( edit ) In a clinical study in 253 people showed a 60 % reduction of inflammatory acne by week 12 on average. The study also showed an average 52 % decrease in whiteheads and blackheads by week 12, on average. A 2010 meta - analysis found this combination less effective than benzoyl peroxide / salicylic acid after short - term treatment of two to four weeks, but the two treatments showed similar effectiveness after ten to twelve weeks. Pregnancy and lactation ( edit ) Currently, studies on whether or not the use of benzoyl peroxide / clindamycin gels is teratogenic or has adverse effects on nursing infants has not been performed. While oral clindamycin passes into breast milk, no such data are available for clindamyin in gel form. Limited data regarding topical benzoyl peroxide and clindamycin have shown no safety problems. Contraindications ( edit ) The gel is not recommended for those who are allergic to clindamycin, benzoyl peroxide, any components of the formulation, or lincomycin. Individuals previously diagnosed with regional enteritis, ulcerative colitis, or antibiotic - associated colitis are also recommended not to use it. Side effects ( edit ) Common side effects are peeling, itching, redness, dryness, burning, and dermatitis. Benzoyl peroxide bleaches hair, clothes, towels, bedclothing, and the like. Prolonged exposure to natural or artificial sun light ( UV rays ) is not recommended because the gel may cause photosensitivity. Irritation due to benzoyl peroxide can be reduced by avoiding harsh facial cleansers and wearing sunscreen prior to sun exposure. Clinical studies have shown systemic absorption of clindamycin through topical application, in some cases leading to diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, and colitis. Reports of anaphylaxis were also seen. However, the sources of these reports were personal accounts without controls and of an unknown population, thus it is difficult to attribute their cause to the benzoyl peroxide / clindamycin gel. Interactions ( edit ) No formal interaction studies have been done. Combination with topical products containing alcohol or astringents, as well as skin peelings, may increase the irritant effect of benzoyl peroxide / clindamycin. Topical erythromycin may antagonise the effect of clindamycin, although this has only be demonstrated in in vitro studies. Topical tretinoin and other retinoids may be inactivated by benzoyl peroxide or increase its irritant effect. Pharmacology ( edit ) Mechanism of action ( edit ) Clindamycin phosphate is a water - soluble ester of the semi-synthetic antibiotic clindamycin, which is synthesized from lincomycin. Like the macrolide antibiotics, it acts as a bacteriostatic agent by interfering with the 50S subunit of the ribosome of Propionibacterium acnes, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis and preventing bacteria from replicating. P. acnes plays a role in the development of acne. Benzoyl peroxide also kills P. acnes, but by releasing free radical oxygen species, thus oxidizing bacterial proteins. Also, it dries out the area by reducing sebum production, prevents clogged pores, and is a keratolytic agent. Since it is an oxidizer, not an antibiotic, it is not subject to P. acnes resistance like clindamycin is. Both ingredients have been shown to reduce the number of acne lesions with statistical significance. Pharmacokinetics ( edit ) Clindamycin phosphate is an inactive prodrug. It is quickly activated to clindamycin by hydrolysis. After four weeks of application during a study, 0.043 % of the used clindamycin dose were found in the blood. Benzoyl peroxide is only absorbed through the skin after reduction to benzoic acid, which is subsequently metabolized to hippuric acid and eliminated via the kidneys. Society and culture ( edit ) Legal status of Onexton ( edit ) Patent ( edit ) Dow Pharmaceuticals filed the patent for Onexton, and the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued the patent on 16 October 2012. On 24 November 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) approved the new drug application ( NDA ) No. 050819 for Onexton, with Dow Pharmaceutical as the holder. The patent is set to expire on 5 August 2029. Lawsuits ( edit ) On 12 January 2016, Dow Pharmaceutical Sciences and Valeant Pharmaceuticals North America LLC filed a lawsuit against Taro USA and Taro Industries, an Israel based corporation. The lawsuit was filed for infringement upon their Onexton patent, by Taro attempting to submit an abbreviated new drug application ( ANDA ) to the FDA for its generic 3.75 % benzoyl peroxide and 1.2 % clindamycin phosphate topical gel. The court concluded that Taro was guilty of attempting to submit an ANDA patent request before the Onexton patent expired. Economics of Onexton ( edit ) Stock effect ( edit ) Immediately after the FDA approved Onexton Gel, Valeant Pharmaceutical stocks increased by 1.5 %. Competitors ( edit ) There are several name brand drugs approved by the FDA similar to Onexton. The first is Acanya, a 1.2 % clindamycin phosphate and 2.5 % benzoyl peroxide patented by Dow Pharmaceutical Sciences ; though because Valeant acquired the rights to Acanya when it bought out Dow Pharmaceutical Science in 2009, it should not be considered a competitor. The other drug, Duac, a 1.2 % clindamycin phosphate ad 5 % benzoyl peroxide, was approved by the FDA on 26 August 2002. Currently Duac costs $362.69 for 45 grams and Onexton costs $477.74 for 50 grams. BenzaClin, another gel, has the same concentrations as Duac. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Valeant Pharmaceuticals Announces FDA Approval Of Onexton Gel For The Treatment Of Acne Vulgaris ''. www.prnewswire.com. Valeant Pharmaceuticals International. Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 19. ^ Jump up to : Dow Pharmaceutical Sciences, Inc. and Valeant Pharmaceuticals North America LLC v. Taro Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., INC. and Taro Pharmaceutical Industries LTD. United States District Court District of New Jersey. 01 Dec. 2016. Print. ^ Jump up to : Haberfeld, H, ed. ( 2016 ). Austria - Codex ( in German ). Vienna : Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. Indoxyl 10 mg / g + 50 mg / g Gel. ^ Jump up to : `` Onexton ( Valeant Pharmaceuticals North America LLC ) : FDA Package Insert ''. MedLibrary.org. Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 19. ^ Jump up to : FDA Professional Drug Information on BenzaClin. Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25. Jump up ^ `` Onexton : One pump, just once a day ''. www.onexton.com. Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 19. ^ Jump up to : Seidler, E.M. ; Kimball, A.B. ( 2010 ). `` Meta - analysis comparing efficacy of benzoyl peroxide, clindamycin, benzoyl peroxide with salicylic acid, and combination benzoyl peroxide / clindamycin in acne ''. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 63 ( 1 ) : 52 -- 62. PMID 20488582. doi : 10.1016 / j. jaad. 2009.07. 052. Jump up ^ `` Onexton ( Cindamycin Phosphate and Benzoyl Peroxide Gel, 1.2 % / 3.75 ) Drug Information : Overdosage and Contraindications - Prescribing Information at RxList ''. RxList. Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 19. Jump up ^ Alldredge, Brian K., ed. ( 2013 ). Applied Therapeutics : The Clinical Use of Drugs ( 10th ed. ). Baltimore : Wolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 949. ISBN 978 - 1609137137. Jump up ^ `` Lincosamides, Oxazolidinones, and Streptogramins ''. Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Merck & Co. November 2005. Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 01. Jump up ^ Kim, J ( 2005 ). `` Review of the innate immune response in acne vulgaris : activation of Toll - like receptor 2 in acne triggers inflammatory cytokine responses ''. Dermatology. 211 ( 3 ) : 193 -- 8. PMID 16205063. doi : 10.1159 / 000087011. Jump up ^ Simonart, T ( 2012 ). `` Newer approaches to the treatment of acne vulgaris ''. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 13 ( 6 ) : 357 -- 64. PMID 22920095. doi : 10.2165 / 11632500 - 000000000 - 00000. ^ Jump up to : Approved Drug Products With Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations. 36th ed. FDA, 2016. Web. 19 Nov. 2016. Jump up ^ `` Valeant 's Onexton Gel Gets FDA Approval for Acne ''. Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Key Facts and History ''. www.valeant.com. Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Duac Prices, Coupons & Patient Assistance Programs - Drugs.com ''. www.drugs.com. Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Onexton Prices, Coupons & Patient Assistance Programs - Drugs.com ''. www.drugs.com. Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 19. External links ( edit ) Prescribing Information for Duac Gel Official website of BenzaClin Official website of Onexton ( hide ) Acne - treating agents ( D10 ) Antibacterial Azelaic acid Benzoyl peroxide 8 - Hydroxyquinoline Blue light therapy Tea tree oil Keratolytic Glycolic acid Salicylic acid Sulfur Benzoyl peroxide Anti-inflammatory Nicotinamide Ibuprofen Aspirin Red light therapy Antibiotics Clindamycin Dapsone Erythromycin Sulfacetamide Tetracyclines ( Lymecycline Minocycline Doxycycline ) Hormonal Antiandrogens Bicalutamide Cyproterone acetate Drospirenone Flutamide Spironolactone ) Estrogens Estradiol Ethinylestradiol Retinoids Adapalene Isotretinoin Motretinide Tazarotene Tretinoin Other Benzamycin Epristeride Mesulfen Pelretin Stridex Tioxolone Combinations Adapalene / benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl peroxide / clindamycin Clindamycin / tretinoin Erythromycin / isotretinoin Sulfacetamide / sulfur WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benzoyl_peroxide/clindamycin&oldid=791125988 '' Categories : Skin care Anti-acne preparations Combination drugs Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Template : drugs.com link with non-standard subpage Articles with changed KEGG identifier Chemical articles without CAS registry number Articles without EBI source Chemical pages without ChemSpiderID Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier Articles without InChI source Articles without UNII source Drugboxes which contain changes to verified fields Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields Drugs that are a combination of chemicals All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2017 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia العربية Edit links This page was last edited on 18 July 2017, at 09 : 08. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Benzoyl peroxide/clindamycin", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Benzoyl_peroxide/clindamycin&amp;oldid=791125988" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "12357501419958666837" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by State - wikipedia U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by State Minimum legal drinking age as of 1969 ( two years before the 26th Amendment was passed in 1971 ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 Minimum age is 18 Minimum legal drinking age as of 1975 ( when almost all states had their lowest age limit ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 ; see below Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 ; see below Minimum age is 18 Detail on dual age limits Both age limits apply for following states : Washington, D.C. : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor. Illinois : The legal drinking age is 19 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor. Kansas : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABV beer, and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABV, wine, and liquor. Maryland : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor. North Carolina : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor. Oklahoma : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABV beer, and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABV, wine, and liquor. South Carolina : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine and 21 for liquor. South Dakota : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABV beer, and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABV, wine, and liquor. Virginia : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor. Minimum legal drinking age as of 1983 ( one year before the Drinking Age Act of 1984 was passed ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 Minimum age is 18 The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time. This history is given in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages, the age listed below is set at the lowest age given ( e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits, as was the case in several states, the age in the table will read as `` 18 '', not `` 21 '' ). In addition, the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages, although they have often been the same. As one can see in the table below, there has been much volatility in the states ' drinking ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933. Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December, most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the Voting age at the time. Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s. From 1969 to 1976, some 30 states lowered their purchase ages, generally to 18. This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment. Many states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response, most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973. Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them. From 1976 to 1983, several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 ( or, less commonly, 20 or 21 ), in part to combat drunk driving fatalities. In 1984, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10 % of their federal highway funds. By mid-1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 ( but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, see Additional Notes below ). South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate. The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans, because of it being higher than the age of majority ( 18 in most states ) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment. Although debates have not been highly publicized, a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age, while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010. State Pre-Prohibition ( prior to 1919 ) Post-Prohibition ( after 1933 ) 1970s / 26th Amendment ( adopted in 1971 ) 1980s / Drinking Age Act of 1984 21st century Alabama Pre 1881 : None 1881 : 21 ( none with consent of parent ) 21 1975 : Lowered to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 21 ( no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28 - 1 ) Alaska? 21 1970 : Lowered to 19 1984 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause ( if born before January 1, 1965 ) 21 Arizona? 21 1972 : Lowered to 19 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Arkansas Pre 1925 : None 1925 : 21 21 21 21 21 California Pre 1891 : Regulated by municipality / county ( common age was 16 ) 1891 : 18 ( statewide ) 1933 : 21 21 21 21 ( except small amounts for religious ceremonies ) Colorado None 1945 : 18 : for beer 21 : for wine and liquor 18 Raised to 21 in 1987 21 Connecticut? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 1982 : Raised to 19 1983 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 ( exemptions : ( 1 ) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30 - 90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person 's employment or business, ( 2 ) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician, or ( 3 ) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent, guardian or spouse of the minor, who has attained the age of twenty - one. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person 's exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection ( a ) of section 52 - 571b. Delaware? 21 1972 : Lowered to 20 1984 : Raised to 21 21 District of Columbia? 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause. 21 Florida? 18 1980 : 19 1985 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause 21 Georgia? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 1984 : Raised to 19 1985 : Raised to 20 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Hawaii? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Idaho? 20 : for beer 21 : for wine and liquor 1972 : Lowered to 19 ( all ) 1987 : Raised to 21 in 1987 ( Apr 11 ) with grandfather clause 21 Illinois 1872 : Age of majority ( none with written consent of parent ) pre 1961 : Age of majority 1961 : Raised to 21 1973 : Lowered to 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1980 : Raised to 21 21 Indiana? Post-1934 : 21 21 21 21 Iowa? 21 1972 : Lowered to 19 in 1972 ( Jul 1 ) 1973 : Lowered to 18 in 1973 ( Jul 1 ) 1978 : Raised to 19 in 1978 ( Jul 1 ) 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Jul 1 ) with grandfather clause. 21 Kansas? 1949 : 18 : for beer and wine with less than 4 % ABV 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine with less than 4 % ABV 21 : for beer and wine with 4 % ABV or more 21 : for liquor 1985 : Raised to 21 21 ( However, anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property ) Kentucky? 1938 : 21 21 21 21 Louisiana? As of 1948 : 18 18 1987 : Raised to 21 de jure in 1987, but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole. 1995 : De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed. 1996 : In 1996, briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision, raising to 21 three months later. Other exceptions still remain. 21 ( Exceptions to state law include : For an established religious purpose ; When a person under twenty - one years of age is accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian twenty - one years of age or older ; For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication, or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, hospital, or medical institution ; In a private residence, which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres, on which the dwelling is located, owned by the same person who owns the dwelling ; The sale, handling, transport, or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty - one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of beverage alcohol. ) Maine? 21 1969 : Lowered to 20 1972 : Lowered to 18 1977 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Maryland? 21 1974 : Lowered to 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1982 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause 21 ( however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present ) Massachusetts? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 20 in 1979 ( Apr 16 ) Raised to 21 in 1985 21 Michigan? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 in 1972 ( Jan 1 ) 1978 : Raised to 19 in 1978 ( Dec 3 ) 1978 : Raised to 21 in 1978 ( Dec 21 ), 18 days later. First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered 21 Minnesota? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 ( June 1 ) 1976 : Raised to 19 ( Sept 1 ) First state to raise age after lowering. 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Mississippi? 1966 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor ( alcohol not legalized until 1966 ) 18 Raised to 21 in 1986 21 Missouri? 1945 : 21 21 21 21 Montana? 21 1971 : Lowered to 19 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 19 1987 : Raised to 21 21 Nebraska? 21 1969 : Lowered to 20 1972 : Lowered to 19 1980 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Nevada? 1933 : 21 21 21 21 New Hampshire? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 New Jersey Before 1880 : None Post-1880 : 18 ( penalties only against businesses ) 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1980 : Raised to 19 1983 : Raised to 21 21 New Mexico? 1934 : 21 21 21 21 New York 21 18 18 1982 : Raised to 19 in 1982 ( Dec ) 1985 : Raised to 21 in 1985 ( Dec ) 21 North Carolina? 18 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1983 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Sep 1 ) 21 North Dakota? 1936 : 21 21 21 21 Ohio? 1935 : 18 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW, wine and liquor 18 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW, wine and liquor 1982 : 19 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW, wine and liquor 1982 : 19 : beer 21 : wine and liquor 1988 : 21 21 ( However, anyone can drink with parents or legal - age spouse ) Oklahoma? Men : 21 Women : 18 : 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW, wine and liquor 1976 : Lowered to 18 ( for 3.2 % ABW beer ) for both sexes in 1976 ( Dec ) Last state to lower the drinking age. 1983 : Raised to 21 21 Oregon? 1933 : 21 21 21 21 Pennsylvania? 1935 : 21 21 21 21 Rhode Island? 21 1970 : Lowered to 18 1980 : Raised to 19 1981 : Raised to 20 1984 : Raised to 21 21 South Carolina 21 1935 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1984 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 21 South Dakota? 1934 : 21 ( all ) 1939 : Lowered to 18 : for 3.2 % beer Raised to 19 : for 3.2 % beer 1972 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1984 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1988 : Raised to 21 21 Tennessee Pre 1881 : None 1881 : 21 21 1964 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 19 1984 : Raised to 21 21 Texas Pre 1909 : 21 None ( with written permission of parent or guardian ) Post 1909 : 21 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1981 : Raised to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Sep 1 ) 21 Utah? 1935 : 21 21 21 21 Vermont? 21 1971 : Lowered to 18 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Virginia? 21 1974 : Lowered to 18 : for beer and wine ( 21 : for liquor remained ) 1981 : Raised to 19 for off - premises consumption 1983 : Raised to 19 ( all beer ) 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Washington `` Age of majority '' since 1877 21 21 21 21 West Virginia? 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1972 : Lowered to 18 ( all ) 1983 : Raised to 19 ( & 21 for non-residents ) 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Wisconsin 1839 -- 1866 : 18 : for wine and liquor None : for beer Post-1866 : 21 ( all ) 18 : for beer 21 : for wine and spirits 1957 : 21 : for residents of bordering states with age limit 21. 1963 : Raised to 21 ( off - premises beer sales, remained 18 for on - premises ). 1972 : Lowered to 18 ( all ) in 1972 ( Mar ) 1977 : Border state restriction lifted. 1984 : Raised to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 ( September 1, 1986 ) 21 ( however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present ) Wyoming? 21 1973 : Lowered to 19 1988 : Raised to 21 in 1988 ( Jul 1 ) Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21 21 American Samoa??? 21? 21 Northern Mariana Islands -- --? 21? 21 Puerto Rico? 18 18 Kept at 18 despite 10 % highway funding penalty under Drinking Age Act. 18 Virgin Islands??? 18 18 Guam? 21? 18 18 Raised to 21 in 2010 Additional Notes ( edit ) Contrary to popular belief, since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, not all states specifically prohibit minors ' and young adults ' consumption of alcohol in private settings. That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession, not private consumption, and contains several exceptions. As of January 1, 2007, 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright, and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws. Federal law explicitly provides for religious, medical, employment and private club possession exceptions ; as of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws. In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia ( Washington, D.C. ) was 18 ; the age for hard liquor was 21. Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol. In Louisiana, the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding, while still allowing 18 - to 20 - year - olds to drink as before. Not only did it still allow 18 - to 20 - year - olds to consume in private, it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18 - to 20 - year - olds without penalty ( despite purchase being technically illegal ) which meant that the de facto age was still 18. In other words, the drinking age was 21 only on paper. This loophole was closed in 1995, but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional. That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18, causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision, raising the age to 21 three months later. Other exceptions still remain to this day, including drinking in a private residence, and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state. Some states were `` dry '' well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919, in some cases since achieving statehood. Also, some states did not become fully `` wet '' until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 ( e.g. Mississippi in 1966 ). Since 1966, all states and territories of the USA have been `` wet '', but dry counties and towns still exist in some states. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NIH Fact Sheets - Underage Drinking ''. Report.nih.gov. 2013 - 03 - 29. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10. Jump up ^ Johnson, Hunter. `` Lowered Drinking Age of the 1970 's history 128 blog ''. History128.web.unc.edu. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10. Jump up ^ Toomey, Traci L. ; Nelson, Toben F. ; Lenk, Kathleen M. ( 2009 ). `` The age - 21 minimum legal drinking age : a case study linking past and current debates ''. Addiction. 104 ( 12 ) : 1958 -- 65. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1360 - 0443.2009. 02742. x. PMID 19922564. Jump up ^ Keen, Judy ( 2008 - 04 - 01 ). `` States weigh lowering drinking age ''. Usatoday.com. Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06. ^ Jump up to : `` Ramon Someros Oberiano Act '' ( PDF ). 8 July 2010. Jump up ^ `` Birmingham Iron Age : § 4205 Code of Alabama ''. bplonline.cdmhost.com. Birmingham Public Library. 1881. Retrieved October 31, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` A Statistical Analysis of the Effects of a Uniform Minimum Drinking Age '' ( PDF ). ntl.bts.gov. April 1987. Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 17. ^ Jump up to : `` MLDA21 Law Effective Data - NHTSA ''. Nhtsa.dot.gov. Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06. Jump up ^ `` The Effects of Government Regulation on Teenage Vehicle Mortality, McCornac, 1982 ''. Papers.ssrn.com. 2004 - 07 - 07. SSRN 304765. Jump up ^ `` Petersburg Pilot, Petersburg, Alaska : NEW DRINKING AGE ''. Petersburg Public Library. October 19, 1983. Retrieved November 1, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Miron, Jeffrey A. ; Tetelbaum, Elina ( 2009 ). `` Does The Minimum Legal Drinking Age Save Lives? ''. Economic Inquiry. 47 ( 2 ) : 317 -- 336. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1465 - 7295.2008. 00179. x. ^ Jump up to : New York Times, December 4, 1972, `` State Braces for Lowering Drinking Age to 18 Jan. 1 '' ( NYT online archive ) ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) link to fake reference ( typical wikitrash ) ^ Jump up to : MINIMUM DRINKING AGE LAWS, 1990 Jump up ^ `` Daily Alta California, Volume 42, Number 14092 : SELLING LIQUOR TO MINORS ''. cdnc.ucr.edu. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1888. Retrieved October 31, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Daily Alta California, Volume 42, Number 13780 : Selling Liquor to Minors ''. cdnc.ucr.edu. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1887. Retrieved October 31, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Daily Alta California, Volume 37, Number 12646 : THE NEXT GRAND JURY ''. cdnc.ucr.edu. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1884. Retrieved October 31, 2015. Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Call, Volume 69, Number 144 : NO LIQUOR FOR MINORS ''. cdnc.ucr.edu. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1891. Retrieved October 31, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Behavioral Policies and Teen Traffic Safety on JSTOR ''. JSTOR 2677739. Jump up ^ OLR Research Report - Lowering the Drinking Age, 2009. Cga.ct.gov. Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22. ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Transportation final report ( DOT HS 809 348 ) `` Determine Why There Are Fewer Young Alcohol - Impaired Drivers, '' section III. B., `` What happened : regional & state experience. '' Jump up ^ `` Chapter 545 - Liquor Control Act ''. Cga.ct.gov. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10. ^ Jump up to : `` D.C. debate continuing on alcohol ''. Sarasota Herald - Tribune. UPI. September 29, 1966. p. 10C. ^ Jump up to : `` Bill filed to lower drinking age to 18 ''. The Day. New London, CT. January 22, 1971. p. 9. Jump up ^ `` D.C. to get new drinking age ''. Lawrence Journal - World. Associated Press. September 24, 1986. p. 22. ^ Jump up to : `` Texas and North Carolina Raise Drinking Age to 21 ''. New York Times. Associated Press. September 1, 1986. ^ Jump up to : `` For Some, New Drinking Law Hard To Swallow ''. sun-sentinel.com. June 30, 1985. Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 28. Jump up ^ `` Florida Alcohol Laws ''. Alcohollaws.org. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Bills lower drinking age to 19 in Idaho ''. Spokesman - Review. Associated Press. March 18, 1972. p. 1. Jump up ^ `` Idaho gears for younger drinkers ''. Deseret News. UPI. June 26, 1972. p. 8C. Jump up ^ `` Idaho 's legislature : Young jurors ''. Lewiston ( ID ) Morning Tribune. January 18, 1972. p. 3. Jump up ^ `` Taverns await new customers : age drops to 19 ''. Lewiston Morning Tribune. June 30, 1972. p. 20. Jump up ^ `` Idaho drinking : new law will allow some under 21 to keep imbibing ''. Spokane Chronicle. April 10, 1987. p. 3. Jump up ^ `` The new Northwest. ( Portland, Or. ) 1871 - 1887, March 15, 1872, Image 4 : The Illinois Temperance Law ''. oregonnews.uoregon.edu. University of Oregon Libraries. Retrieved November 1, 2015. Jump up ^ Chicago Daily Tribune, August 3, 1961, `` Girl, 19, sues for right to have a drink '' ( ProQuest archive ) Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune, June 14, 1973, `` Beer at 19 Signed by Walker. '' ( ProQuest archive ) Jump up ^ `` History of DUI Laws In Illinois '', Illinois Secretary of State website ^ Jump up to : `` State of Iowa Alcoholic Beverages Division, Historical Highlights ''. iowaabd.com. ^ Jump up to : Bragg, Rick ( 1996 - 03 - 23 ). `` Louisiana Stands Alone on Drinking at 18 ''. New York Times. Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06. ^ Jump up to : AP ( 1996 - 07 - 03 ). `` Louisiana Court Upholds Drinking Age of 18 ''. New York Times. Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06. ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) Exceptions to Minimum Age of 21 for Possession of Alcohol as of January 1, 2010, Alcohol Policy Information System Jump up ^ http://www.legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=78725 ^ Jump up to : `` Drinking ages set by the states ''. New York Times. June 27, 1984. Jump up ^ The Years of the Rat. Magazine.loyola.edu ( 2009 - 08 - 18 ). Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22. Jump up ^ Effects of Drunk Driving. Drivingdrunk.org. Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Maryland increases drinking age to 21 ''. Gettysburg Times. Associated Press. February 26, 1982. p. 3. Jump up ^ `` Legal drinking age going up ''. Eugene Register - Guard. Associated Press. April 15, 1979. p. 16A. Jump up ^ `` Senate of Massachusetts Sets 19 as Drinking Age ''. New York Times. February 18, 1979. Jump up ^ Hingson, RW ; Scotch, N ; Mangione, T ; Meyers, A ; Glantz, L ; Heeren, T ; Lin, N ; Mucatel, M ; Pierce, G ( 1983 ). `` Impact of legislation raising the legal drinking age in Massachusetts from 18 to 20 ''. American Journal of Public Health. 73 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 170. doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 73.2. 163. PMC 1650505. PMID 6849474. Jump up ^ Chicago Daily Defender, January 4, 1972, `` Drinking age lowered in Michigan '' ( ProQuest archive ). Jump up ^ 1978 State Ballot Issues. ( PDF ). Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22. ^ Jump up to : Daily Collegian, March 16, 1979, `` Pennsylvania drinking age follows national trend. '' ( Penn State library ActivePaper online archive ( 3 ) Archived 2008 - 04 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. ) Jump up ^ Resources on Minnesota Legislative Issues, Legal Age in Minnesota, 2009. Leg.state.mn.us. Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22. Jump up ^ Twin Cities.com, Pioneer Press, August 20, 2008 -- B8 Editorial, `` A lower legal drinking age? '' ( 4 ) ( twincities.com website ) Jump up ^ `` Montana drops drinking age to 19 for those with permit ''. Sarasota Herald = Tribune. Associated Press. June 28, 1971. p. 7B. Jump up ^ `` Drinking age opposed ''. Spokesman - Review. Associated Press. October 23, 1975. p. 14. Jump up ^ Platform plank : Dems want to lower drinking age to 18. Helenair.com ( 2008 - 07 - 27 ). Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22. ^ Jump up to : New York Times, March 10, 1987, `` Drinking age is fiery issue in West '' ( ProQuest archive ). ^ Jump up to : `` Drinking Age History '', Nebraska Liquor Control Commission Jump up ^ AlcoholEdu : Above the Law. The Dartmouth Review 2002 Archived December 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ P.L. 1880, p. 176. Jump up ^ `` P.L. 1888, p. 253. '' ( PDF ). rutgers.edu. Jump up ^ Jersey, New ( 19 September 2017 ). `` Compiled Statutes of New Jersey ''. Soney & Sage -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ `` THE REGION - Drinking Age of 21 Gains in Jersey ''. NYTimes.com. New Jersey. 1982 - 06 - 11. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10. Jump up ^ Barbanel, Josh ( May 28, 1984 ). `` Raising New York Drinking Age to 21 ''. New York Times. Jump up ^ `` Drinking Age of 21 Gains in Jersey ''. New York Times. June 11, 1982. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 30. `` New York will raise its legal age of 18 to 19 on Dec. 4. Jump up ^ `` New York raising its drinking age to 21 in December ''. New York Times. June 19, 1985. Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20. The minimum legal drinking age in New York State is rising from 19 to 21 on Dec. 1. Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Century Code TITLE 5 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES CHAPTER 5 - 01 - 08 '' ( PDF ). nd.gov. Jump up ^ `` Daily Kent Stater, Volume LIV, Number 15 : 3.2 Beer Floats into Senate ''. dks.library.kent.edu. Kent State University. October 17, 1968. Retrieved October 31, 2015. Jump up ^ RAY SWENSON ( Staff Writer ) ( August 23, 1982 ). `` Daily Kent Stater, Volume III, Number 15 : New liquor law unpopular with local bar owners ''. dks.library.kent.edu. Kent State University. Retrieved October 31, 2015. Jump up ^ Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190 ( 1976 ) ; Atlantic Economic Journal, Volume 13, Number 1 / March, 1985, `` Drinking age and the 55 MPH speed limit '' by Paul M. Sommers ( SpringerLink online abstract ) Jump up ^ Daily Collegian, February 9, 1984, `` Lawmakers across nation debate raising legal drinking age. '' ( Penn State library ActivePaper online archive ( 5 ) ) Jump up ^ Rhode Island College Timeline. Ric.edu. Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Daily Union, Volume 85, Number 94 : SOUTH CAROLINA 'S LIQUOR LAW ''. cdnc.ucr.edu. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1893. Retrieved October 29, 2015. Jump up ^ `` South Dakota v. Dole ''. Oyez.org. Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06. Jump up ^ `` The home journal., April 27, 1881, Image 2 : The Minor Liquor Law ''. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. Library of Congress. April 27, 1881. Retrieved October 31, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Brownsville daily herald., April 23, 1909, Image 4 ''. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. The Library of Congress. Retrieved February 12, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Lubbock avalanche., September 26, 1912, Image 9 ''. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. The Library of Congress. Retrieved February 12, 2016. Jump up ^ Lower drinking age to 18? 2007. M.reporternews.com. Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22. Jump up ^ Winckler, Suzanne. `` The Street of Vrrrrmmmms '' ( in `` The Reporter '' ). Texas Monthly. Emmis Communications, January 1984. Volume 12, No. 1. ISSN 0148 - 7736. Start : p. 74. CITED : p. 76. Jump up ^ `` Drinking at Midd : past and present ''. Media.www.middleburycampus.com. Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06. ^ Jump up to : `` Health Care in Vermont Database and Timeline '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06. ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Legal Drinking Age ''. Abc.state.va.us. 1966 - 07 - 01. Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06. Jump up ^ What was the first legal drinking age in Wash.?. Blog.seattlepi.com ( 2009 - 11 - 09 ). Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22. Jump up ^ Legal Age Cut to 18, New York Times, June 10, 1972 Jump up ^ Wisconsin Brief 95 - 3, January 1995, `` The Minimum Drinking Age in Wisconsin '' ^ Jump up to : `` Wisconsin Brief 95 - 3, January 1995 '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 28. Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` State Raises Drinking Age ''. New York Times. March 12, 1988. Jump up ^ Knudson, Thomas J. `` Drinking age is fiery issue in West ''. New York Times, March 10, 1987. Jump up ^ Fast Facts in Samoa at Frommer 's. Frommers.com. Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22. Jump up ^ Marianas Visitors Authority - Trip Essentials. Mymarianas.com. Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22. Jump up ^ Vieques Travel Guide. Vieques Travel Guide. Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22. Jump up ^ Virgin Islands Vacation Tips. Virginislandsmap.com. Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22. 94. Citation for Wisconsin drinking law : https://www.revenue.wi.gov/Pages/FAQS/ise-atundrg.aspx Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._history_of_alcohol_minimum_purchase_age_by_state&oldid=854681358 '' Categories : Alcohol law in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018, at 02 : 23 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=U.S._history_of_alcohol_minimum_purchase_age_by_state&amp;oldid=854681358" }

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{ "text": "Laniakea Supercluster - wikipedia Laniakea Supercluster Jump to : navigation, search For other uses, see Laniakea. Laniakea Supercluster Map of the observable universe and its galaxy filaments ' names, including the Laniakea Supercluster Observation data ( Epoch J2000 ) Constellation ( s ) Triangulum Australe and Norma ( centre ) Right ascension 10 32 Declination − 46 ° 00 ′ ( Great Attractor ) Brightest member Milky Way ( mag -- 5.0 ) Number of clusters 300 -- 500 Major axis 520 × 10 ^ ly ( 159 Mpc ) h ( Hubble constant based on Planck data ) Redshift 0.0708 ( centre ) Distance ( co-moving ) 250 × 10 ^ ly ( 77 Mpc ) h ( centre ) ( Hubble constant based on Planck data ) Binding mass 1 × 10 M Other designations Local Supercluster, Laniakea, Laniakea Supercluster, Laniakea Complex See also : Galaxy groups, Galaxy clusters, List of superclusters Map of superclusters within the nearby universe, with Laniakea shown in yellow The Laniakea Supercluster ( Laniakea ; also called Local Supercluster or Local SCl or sometimes Lenakaeia ) is the galaxy supercluster that is home to the Milky Way and approximately 100,000 other nearby galaxies. It was defined in September 2014, when a group of astronomers including R. Brent Tully of the University of Hawaii and Hélène Courtois of the University of Lyon published a new way of defining superclusters according to the relative velocities of galaxies. The new definition of the local supercluster subsumes the prior defined local supercluster, the Virgo Supercluster, as an appendage. Follow - up studies suggest that Laniakea is not gravitationally bound ; it will disperse rather than continue to maintain itself as an overdensity relative to surrounding areas. Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Discovery method 3 Location 4 Name 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Characteristics ( edit ) The Laniakea Supercluster encompasses approximately 100,000 galaxies stretched out over 160 megaparsecs ( 520 million light - years ). It has the approximate mass of 10 solar masses, or a hundred thousand times that of our galaxy, which is almost the same as that of the Horologium Supercluster. It consists of four subparts, which were known previously as separate superclusters : Virgo Supercluster, the part in which the Milky Way resides. Hydra - Centaurus Supercluster the Great Attractor, the Laniakea central gravitational point near Norma Antlia Wall, known as Hydra Supercluster Centaurus Supercluster Pavo - Indus Supercluster Southern Supercluster, including Fornax Cluster ( S373 ), Dorado and Eridanus clouds The most massive galaxy clusters of Laniakea are Virgo, Hydra, Centaurus, Abell 3565, Abell 3574, Abell 3521, Fornax, Eridanus and Norma. The entire supercluster consists of approximately 300 to 500 known galaxy clusters and groups. The real number may be much larger because some of these are traversing the Zone of Avoidance, making them essentially undetectable. Superclusters are some of the universe 's largest structures and have boundaries that are difficult to define, especially from the inside. The team used radio telescopes to map the motions of a large collection of local galaxies. Within a given supercluster, most galaxy motions will be directed inward, toward the center of mass. In the case of Laniakea, this gravitational focal point is called the Great Attractor, and influences the motions of the Local Group of galaxies, where the Milky Way galaxy resides, and all others throughout the supercluster. Unlike its constituent clusters, Laniakea is not gravitationally bound and is projected to be torn apart by dark energy. Discovery method ( edit ) The new method used to analyse galaxy movements to distinguish peculiar motion from cosmic expansion is Wiener filtering, which works for well - defined positional information, allowing analysis out to about 300 × 10 ^ ly ( 92 Mpc ), showing flow patterns. With that limitation, Laniakea is shown to be heading in the direction of the Shapley Supercluster, so both Shapley and Laniakea may be part of a greater complex. South African astronomer Tony Fairall stated in 1988 that redshifts suggested that the Virgo and Hydra - Centaurus Superclusters may be connected. Location ( edit ) The neighbouring superclusters to Laniakea are the Shapley Supercluster, Hercules Supercluster, Coma Supercluster and Perseus - Pisces Supercluster. The edges of the superclusters and Laniakea were not clearly known at the time of Laniakea 's definition. Name ( edit ) The name laniakea means ' immense heaven ' in Hawaiian, from lani, meaning ' heaven ', and akea, meaning ' spacious, immeasurable '. The name was suggested by Nawa'a Napoleon, an associate professor of Hawaiian language at Kapiolani Community College. The name honors Polynesian navigators, who used knowledge of the heavens to navigate the Pacific Ocean. Location of the Earth in the Universe Earth Solar System Gould Belt Orion Arm Milky Way Local Group Virgo SCl Laniakea SCl Our Universe See also ( edit ) Galaxy cluster Galaxy filament Illustris project Local Void -- nearest neighboring void. Supercluster Void ( astronomy ) Walls ( astronomy ) Dipole Repeller References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Milky Way 's ' City ' Just Got a New Name ''. CityLab. 3 September 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2014. Jump up ^ Taylor, Charles ( 2014 ). Science Encyclopedia. Kingfisher. Jump up ^ `` The road map to the Universe ''. DailyMail UK. 14 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Newly identified galactic supercluster is home to the Milky Way ''. National Radio Astronomy Observatory. ScienceDaily. 3 September 2014. ^ Jump up to : Irene Klotz ( 2014 - 09 - 03 ). `` New map shows Milky Way lives in Laniakea galaxy complex ''. Reuters. Reuters. ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth Gibney ( 3 September 2014 ). `` Earth 's new address : ' Solar System, Milky Way, Laniakea ' ''. Nature. doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2014.15819. Jump up ^ Quenqua, Douglas ( 3 September 2014 ). `` Astronomers Give Name to Network of Galaxies ''. New York Times. Retrieved 4 September 2014. Jump up ^ Chon, Gayoung ; Böhringer, Hans ; Zaroubi, Saleem ( 2015 ). `` On the definition of superclusters ''. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 575 : L14. arXiv : 1502.04584. Bibcode : 2015A&A... 575L... 14C. doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201425591. ^ Jump up to : Camille M. Carlisle ( 3 September 2014 ). `` Laniakea : Our Home Supercluster ''. Sky and Telescope. Jump up ^ Fairall, Anthony Patrick ( 1988 ). `` A redshift map of the Triangulum Australe - Ara region -- Further indication that Centaurus and Pavo are one and the same supercluster ''. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 230 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 77. Bibcode : 1988MNRAS. 230... 69F. doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 230.1. 69. Further reading ( edit ) R. Brent Tully ; Hélène Courtois ; Yehuda Hoffman ; Daniel Pomarède ( 2 September 2014 ). `` The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies ''. Nature ( published 4 September 2014 ). 513 ( 7516 ) : 71. arXiv : 1409.0880. Bibcode : 2014Natur. 513... 71T. doi : 10.1038 / nature13674. PMID 25186900. Meet Laniakea, Our Home Supercluster External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Laniakea Supercluster Vimeo, `` Laniakea Supercluster '', Daniel Pomarède, 4 September 2014 -- video representation of the findings of the discovery paper YouTube, `` Laniakea : Our Home Supercluster '', Nature Video, 3 September 2014 -- Redrawing the boundaries of the cosmic map, they redefine our home supercluster and name it Laniakea. ( hide ) Earth 's location in the Universe Included Earth → Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of ''. Related Cosmic View ( 1957 essay ) To the Moon and Beyond ( 1964 film ) Cosmic Zoom ( 1968 film ) Powers of Ten ( 1968 and 1977 films ) Cosmic Voyage ( 1996 documentary ) Cosmic Eye ( 2012 ) Astronomy portal - Cosmology portal Astronomy portal Cosmology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laniakea_Supercluster&oldid=825792517 '' Categories : Galaxy superclusters Astronomical objects discovered in 2014 Laniakea Supercluster Hidden categories : Articles containing Hawaiian - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018, at 13 : 02. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Laniakea Supercluster", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Laniakea_Supercluster&amp;oldid=825792517" }

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{ "text": "Wishing on a Star - Wikipedia Wishing on a Star This article is about the Rose Royce song. For the best - selling novel of the same name, see Raynetta Mañees. This article may lack focus or may be about more than one topic. Please help improve this article, possibly by splitting the article and / or by introducing a disambiguation page, or discuss this issue on the talk page. ( June 2015 ) `` Wishing on a Star '' Single by Rose Royce from the album Rose Royce II : In Full Bloom B - side `` Love, More Love '' Released 1978 Format 12 - inch single CD vinyl Genre Soul R&B Disco Length 4 : 52 ( album version ) 3 : 57 ( single version ) Label Whitfield Songwriter ( s ) Billie Rae Calvin Producer ( s ) Norman Whitfield Rose Royce singles chronology `` Ooh Boy '' ( 1977 ) `` Wishing on a Star '' ( 1978 ) `` It Makes You Feel Like Dancin ' '' ( 1978 ) `` Ooh Boy '' ( 1977 ) `` Wishing on a Star '' ( 1978 ) `` It Makes You Feel Like Dancin ' '' ( 1978 ) `` Wishing on a Star '' is a 1978 hit single by Rose Royce for Whitfield Records. Included on their second album, Rose Royce II : In Full Bloom, `` Wishing on a Star '' is a slow ballad written by former Undisputed Truth member Billie Rae Calvin and produced by Norman Whitfield. The lyrics concern a woman longing for the return of an ex-lover so that they can resume their relationship. The original version of `` Wishing on a Star '' was not a big hit in the US, peaking at number 52 on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs, despite this, the song was played every Saturday at 12 Noon on Kiss 108 in Boston for over two decades, with playing ceasing around 2004. The song was a big chart hit in the United Kingdom, reaching number three in March 1978. The parent album, In Full Bloom, was also successful as a whole. The single was re-released as the X Factor 's charity single for 2011. The single features JLS and One Direction. The song was rerecorded by Miriam Stockley and used as the theme tune to the US television mini-series The 10th Kingdom, released in 2000. Contents ( hide ) 1 Charts 2 Fresh 4 version 2.1 Charts 3 The Cover Girls version 3.1 Charts 3.2 Formats and track listings 3.2. 1 CD 3.2. 2 CD MAXI 3.2. 3 Vinyl 4 Randy Crawford version 4.1 Charts 5 Jay - Z version 5.1 Single track list 5.1. 1 CD 5.1. 2 Vinyl 5.2 Charts 6 Beyoncé version 6.1 Formats and track listings 6.2 Charts 7 Seal version 7.1 Critical reception 7.2 Live performances 7.3 Formats and track listings 8 The X Factor UK 2011 finalists version 8.1 Track listing 8.2 Charts 8.3 Release history 9 Other cover versions 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Peak position Belgian VRT Top 30 14 Dutch Top 40 15 UK Singles Chart US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles US Hot Black Singles 52 Fresh 4 version ( edit ) The British DJ and production group, Fresh 4, released their recording in September 1989. It was produced by Smith & Mighty and featured Lizz E, and became the group 's only notable UK hit. It peaked at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart. The group 's debut studio album that would have featured this song was never released, as a result of disagreements with the record label. Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position Irish Singles Chart 22 UK Singles Chart 10 The Cover Girls version ( edit ) `` Wishing on a Star '' Single by The Cover Girls from the album Here It Is Released May 1992 Format CD single, 7 ``, 12 '', cassette Genre Soul Length 4 : 05 ( single edit ), 4 : 44 ( album version ) Label Epic Records Songwriter ( s ) Billie Rae Calvin Producer ( s ) Tony Moran, Andy Marvel The Cover Girls singles chronology `` Funk Boutique '' ( 1991 ) `` Wishing on a Star '' ( 1992 ) `` Thank You ' '' ( 1992 ) `` Funk Boutique '' ( 1991 ) `` Wishing on a Star '' ( 1992 ) `` Thank You ' '' ( 1992 ) The Cover Girls recorded a hit cover of the song in 1992 off their third album Here It Is. It was the first single featuring new lead singer Michelle Valentine. The band 's version surpassed the success of the original, peaking at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, where the original had failed to chart, and became the 49th biggest single of 1992 in America. While the group had had success in America up to that point, the single was their first single to become a hit when it was released in Europe, peaking at # 6 in the Netherlands and at # 38 in the UK. The Cover Girls also recorded a Spanish version of the song. The original version of the song featured Michelle Valentine on lead vocals but the Spanish version featured both Valentine and Evelyn Escalera sharing lead vocals. Charts ( edit ) Weekly chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Belgium Ultratop 50 Flanders 26 Dutch Top 40 6 German Singles Chart 76 UK Singles Chart 38 US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Hot Dance Club Play 7 US R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay 24 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 19 US Hot 100 Airplay Year - end chart ( 1992 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 49 Formats and track listings ( edit ) CD ( edit ) `` Wishing On A Star ( Radio Edit ) '' `` Wishing On A Star ( Spanish Version ) '' CD MAXI ( edit ) `` Wishing On A Star ( 7 '' Version ) '' `` Wishing On A Star ( 12 '' Mix ) '' `` Wishing On A Star ( Magic Sessions Dub 1 ) '' `` Wishing On A Star ( Magic Sessions Vocal Dub ) '' `` Wishing On A Star ( Jeep 12 '' ) '' Vinyl ( edit ) A-Side `` Wishing On A Star ( 12 '' Mix ) '' `` Wishing On A Star ( Jeep 12 '' ) '' `` Wishing On A Star ( Magic Sessions Dub 1 ) '' B - Side `` Wishing On A Star ( TNT Dub ) '' `` Wishing On A Star ( Amigo Dub ) '' `` Wishing On A Star ( Acapella ) '' Randy Crawford version ( edit ) `` Wishing on a Star '' Single by Randy Crawford from the album Every Kind of Mood : Raandy, Randi, Randee Released September 1998 Format CD single Genre House, soul Length 3 : 59 ( single edit ), 4 : 50 ( album version ) Label WEA Songwriter ( s ) Billie Rae Calvin Producer ( s ) Mousse T. Randy Crawford singles chronology `` Silence '' ( 1998 ) `` Wishing on a Star '' ( 1998 ) `` The Captain of Her Heart '' ( 1998 ) `` Silence '' ( 1998 ) `` Wishing on a Star '' ( 1998 ) `` The Captain of Her Heart '' ( 1998 ) American artist Randy Crawford recorded a cover of the song for her 1998 album Every Kind of Mood : Randy, Randi, Randee. The song, produced by Mousse T. like most of the album, was given an uptempo house makeover. Released as the third single off the album in September 1998, it proved to be the most successful, achieving minor chart placings in Europe and becoming a top 20 dance hit in the USA. Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Germany Official German Charts 83 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 90 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 21 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 14 Jay - Z version ( edit ) `` Wishing on a Star '' Single by Jay - Z featuring Gwen Dickey from the album In My Lifetime, Vol. 1 ( UK Edition ) Released March 11, 1998 Format CD Genre East Coast hip hop soul Length 5 : 54 Label Roc - A-Fella Def Jam Songwriter ( s ) Shawn Carter Billie Ray Calvin Producer ( s ) Trackmasters Jay - Z singles chronology `` Be Alone No More '' ( 1998 ) Be Alone No More 1998 `` Wishing on a Star '' ( 1998 ) Wishing on a Star1998 `` It 's Alright '' ( 1998 ) It 's Alright 1998 Gwen Dickey singles chronology `` One Too Many Heartaches '' ( 1996 ) One Too Many Heartaches1996 `` Wishing on a Star '' ( 1998 ) Wishing on a Star1998 `` Wishing on a Star '' was covered by rapper Jay - Z featuring Gwen Dickey of Rose Royce in 1998. It can be found on the United Kingdom release of In My Lifetime, Vol. 1 and Greatest Hits and the D'Influence remix can be found on Chapter One : Greatest Hits and Bring It On : The Best of Jay Z. The track is produced by the Trackmasters, who also produced a remix of this track. A music video for the song was also released, showing a child actor portraying Jay - Z growing up in Marcy Houses. Jay - Z himself does not appear in the video. Single track list ( edit ) CD ( edit ) `` Wishing on a Star ( Radio Edit ) '' `` Wishing on a Star ( Trackmasters Remix ) '' `` Wishing on a Star ( D Influence Remix ) '' `` Brooklyn 's Finest '' `` Wishing on a Star ( Trackmasters Acappella ) '' Vinyl ( edit ) A-Side `` Wishing on a Star ( D Influence Remix ) '' `` Wishing on a Star ( Radio Edit ) '' B - Side `` Wishing on a Star ( Trackmasters Remix ) '' `` Imaginary Players '' `` Wishing on a Star ( Trackmasters Acappella ) '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) 48 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 56 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 29 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 55 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 50 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 13 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 5 Beyoncé version ( edit ) `` Wishing on a Star '' 2010 digital release cover Single by Beyoncé from the album Roll Bounce B - side `` Naïve '' Released September 2005 Format Digital download Genre R&B Length 4 : 08 Label Music World Music Inc. Songwriter ( s ) Billie Rae Calvin Beyoncé singles chronology `` The Closer I Get to You '' ( 2004 ) `` Wishing on a Star '' ( 2005 ) `` Check on It '' ( 2005 ) `` The Closer I Get to You '' ( 2004 ) `` Wishing on a Star '' ( 2005 ) `` Check on It '' ( 2005 ) `` Wishing on a Star '' was covered by American singer Beyoncé in 2004, for the CD of her live album Live at Wembley. It was also used to promote the fragrance True Star endorsed by American fashion designer Tommy Hilfiger in 2004. An a cappella version of the song was recorded by Beyoncé for a television campaign. An extended play ( EP ) album was also released in 2004 to promote the fragrance composed of two songs -- `` Wishing on a Star '' and `` Naïve ''. Produced by Beyoncé and Tommy Hilfiger, it was solely available with limited edition purchases of True Star. In 2005, the song was included on the soundtrack of the film Roll Bounce. It was later released for radio airplay as one of three singles from the soundtrack, becoming the second most - added single at urban adult contemporary radio following its release and later peaking at number 28 on the Billboard Adult R&B Airplay chart. A writer of the website AllMusic described Beyoncé 's cover version of `` Wishing on a Star '' as `` sexy ''. For the 48th Grammy Awards, Beyoncé 's version was nominated for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance. Beyoncé released the song as a digital single on August 17, 2010. Formats and track listings ( edit ) True Star -- A Private Performance `` Wishing on a Star '' -- 4 : 07 `` Naïve '' -- 3 : 45 Digital download `` Wishing on a Star '' -- 4 : 08 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position US Billboard Adult R&B Airplay 28 US Billboard Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Singles Seal version ( edit ) `` Wishing on a Star '' Single by Seal from the album Soul 2 Released November 8, 2011 Format Digital download Genre R&B soul Length 4 : 13 Label Reprise Warner Bros. Songwriter ( s ) Billie Rae Calvin Producer ( s ) Trevor Horn Seal singles chronology `` Let 's Stay Together '' ( 2011 ) `` Wishing on a Star '' ( 2011 ) `` Let 's Stay Together '' ( 2011 ) `` Wishing on a Star '' ( 2011 ) In 2011, `` Wishing on a Star '' was covered by Nigerian - British singer Seal. It was released as the first UK single taken from his album Soul 2 on November 20, 2011. This interpretation of `` Wishing on a Star '' was produced by previous collaborator, Trevor Horn. Seal 's version of the song was premiered on Ken Bruce 's BBC Radio 2 show on October 13, 2011. The single later peaked on the Radio 2 B - list. Critical reception ( edit ) In her review for Soul 2, Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian expressed, `` His voice and interpretive skills are such, though, that most tracks fit him like a glove, to the point where, on Rose Royce 's Wishing on a Star, his oak - aged vocal seems a better fit for the remorseful lyric than original singer Gwen Dickey 's. He grew up with these 1970s hits, and evidently reveres them, but is n't cowed by them ''. In his review, Mike Diver of the BBC expressed that `` Seal has a voice that can melt icecaps has never been doubted by his detractors -- the problems with his material post-Seal ( II ) went deeper, to a basic songwriting level. Here, freed of the weight of his own emotions, he soars on a sublime Wishing on a Star ( which manages to borrow its smoky backing from Sade 's Smooth Operator ). Live performances ( edit ) Seal performed `` Wishing on a Star '' on Daybreak on November 25, 2011. Formats and track listings ( edit ) Digital download `` Wishing on a Star '' -- 4 : 13 The X Factor UK 2011 Finalists version ( edit ) `` Wishing on a Star '' Single by The X Factor Finalists 2011 featuring JLS and One Direction Released November 27, 2011 Format CD digital download Recorded Brighton, England ( Biffco Studios ) London, England ( Metropolis Studios and Rokstone Studios ) Genre Pop R&B Length 3 : 23 Label Syco Sony Songwriter ( s ) Billie Rae Calvin Producer ( s ) Richard `` Biff '' Stannard Ash Howes Steve Mac The X Factor finalists singles chronology `` Heroes '' ( 2010 ) `` Wishing on a Star '' ( 2011 ) `` Heroes '' ( 2010 ) `` Wishing on a Star '' ( 2011 ) JLS singles chronology `` Take a Chance on Me '' ( 2011 ) Take a Chance on Me 2011 `` Wishing on a Star '' ( 2011 ) Wishing on a Star2011 `` Do You Feel What I Feel? '' ( 2012 ) Do You Feel What I Feel? 2012 One Direction singles chronology `` Gotta Be You '' ( 2011 ) Gotta Be You 2011 `` Wishing on a Star '' ( 2011 ) Wishing on a Star2011 `` One Thing '' ( 2012 ) One Thing 2012 The song was covered by the finalists of the eighth series of The X Factor, also featuring previous contestants JLS and One Direction. Their version was released on November 27, 2011 via digital download, and released as a physical single the following day. All proceeds from the single went to the children 's charity organization Together for Short Lives. Finalist Frankie Cocozza does not appear on the radio edit of the song or in the music video, after he was removed from The X Factor prior to the sixth live show. Cocozza 's vocals were recorded prior to his exit and only appeared on the single version. The song debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart with first - week sales of 98,932 copies. Track listing ( edit ) `` Wishing on a Star '' -- 3 : 23 `` Wishing on a Star ( Instrumental ) '' -- 3 : 23 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United Kingdom November 27, 2011 Digital download Syco Music Sony Music November 28, 2011 CD single Other Cover versions ( edit ) Junior Walker, on his 1979 album Back Street Boogie, produced by Norman Whitfield Elaine Paige on her 1986 album Christmas Will Downing on his 1989 album `` Come Together As One '' Soul II Soul lifted the chorus of this song for the ending to their 1990 hit `` A Dream 's a Dream '' Janet Kay on her 1994 album For The Love of You -- reggae, Lover 's rock version 88.3 ft. Lisa May in 1995, # 61 UK hit Teena Marie on a 1996 compilation album New York Undercover : A Night at Natalie 's Paul Hardcastle on his 1997 album Cover to Cover Annie Haslam on her eponymous 1989 album. Jaared on his 2002 album Hangtime Marion Meadows on his 2004 album Player 's Club Catman Cohen on his 2005 Album How I Want to Die : the Catman Chronicles 1 MFSB on the MFSB : The Gamble & Huff Orchestra album. Miriam Stockley -- The 10th Kingdom Paul Weller -- Studio 150 Queen Latifah -- 2nd Annual BET Honor Awards Live Sy Smith -- Sy Smith Live : Worship at the Temple Billie Rae Calvin, who wrote the song, recorded a solo version for Ian Levine 's Motorcity Records. Tamera Foster performed Wishing on a Star during the X Factor finals on 2 November 2013. Emily Middlemas performed Wishing on a Star during the X Factor finals on 12 November 2016. Tom Grennan performed the song live at BBC Radio q in 2017. See also ( edit ) List of songs recorded by Jay - Z References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel ( 2004 ). Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004. Record Research. p. 501. Jump up ^ Roberts, David ( 2006 ). British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed. ). London : Guinness World Records Limited. p. 215. ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5. Jump up ^ Discogs.com - Fresh 4 Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 -- 1992 ''. Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30. ^ Jump up to : UK Top 40 Chart Archive, British Singles & Album Charts Archived July 18, 2007, at WebCite. everyHit.com ( March 16, 2000 ). Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 ''. officialcharts.com. Jump up ^ Jay - Z Jay Z Wishing on a star on YouTube. Jump up ^ `` Eurochart Hot 100 Singles '' ( PDF ). Music & Media. Retrieved June 19, 2018. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 10, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 ''. officialcharts.com. ^ Jump up to : `` Live at Wembley ''. AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved November 3, 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Hilfiger believes Beyoncé is a True Star ''. Cosmetics Design. Retrieved November 3, 2011. Jump up ^ `` True Star : A Private Performance : Beyoncé : Music ''. Amazon.com ( US ). Amazon Inc. Retrieved June 27, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Roll Bounce -- Original Soundtrack ''. AllMusic. Retrieved November 3, 2011. ^ Jump up to : George, Raphael ( November 12, 2005 ). Soundtrack Has Radio ' Bounce '. Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. Retrieved November 3, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Most Added '' ( PDF ). Radio & Records : 40. September 9, 2005. Retrieved March 22, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Complete list of Grammy Award nominations ''. USA Today. February 8, 2006. Retrieved October 18, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs : Week Ending July 17, 2004 ''. Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. March 17, 2011. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11. Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Radio 2 -- Playlist -- Record of the Week ''. BBC Radio 2. Archived from the original on November 19, 2011. Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Radio 2 -- Playlist ''. BBC Radio 2. Archived from the original on November 2, 2011. Jump up ^ Sullivan, Caroline ( November 19, 2011 ). `` Seal : Soul 2 -- review ''. The Guardian. London. Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Music -- Review of Seal -- Soul 2 ''. BBC. November 16, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Daybreak ''. Radio Times. November 25, 2011. Archived from the original on November 19, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Wishing on a Star : Seal : Amazon.co.uk : MP3 Downloads ''. Amazon.co.uk. November 19, 2011. Jump up ^ `` One Direction, JLS join ' X Factor ' charity single ''. Digital Spy ( November 5, 2011 ). Jump up ^ X Factor hopefuls Wishing on a Star for charity. Evening Standard ( October 12, 2011 ). Jump up ^ Robertson, Colin. `` X Factor Frankie Cocozza 's off Christmas single ''. The Sun. Jump up ^ Jones, Alan ( December 5, 2011 ). `` Official Singles Chart analysis : X-Factor Finalists sell just shy of 100k ''. Music Week. Retrieved December 5, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 48, 2011 ''. Irish Singles Chart. Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ Wishing On A Star : The X Factor Finalists 2011 feat. JLS & One Direction : Amazon.co.uk : MP3 Downloads. Amazon.co.uk. Jump up ^ Wishing on a Star : Amazon.co.uk : Music. Amazon.co.uk. Jump up ^ `` wishing on a star ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 29 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` Cover to Cover overview ''. AllMusic.com. Jump up ^ `` Hangtime overview ''. AllMusic.com. Jump up ^ `` Jazz -- Jaared ''. AllMusic.com. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Player 's Club overview ''. AllMusic.com. Jump up ^ `` How I Want to Die : the Catman Chronicles 1 ''. AllMusic. Jump up ^ `` Wishing On A Star ( Radio 1 Session, 5 Dec 2017 ) ''. External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Rose Royce Studio albums Car Wash Rose Royce II : In Full Bloom Rose Royce III : Strikes Again! Rose Royce IV : Rainbow Connection Compilation albums Greatest Hits Singles `` Car Wash '' `` I Wanna Get Next to You '' `` I 'm Going Down '' `` Wishing on a Star '' `` Ooh Boy '' `` Love Do n't Live Here Anymore '' `` Is It Love You 're After '' Related articles Discography Junior Walker Albums Road Runner Live Singles `` Shotgun '' `` ( I 'm a ) Road Runner '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' `` Money ( That 's What I Want ) '' `` Come See About Me '' `` What Does It Take ( To Win Your Love ) '' `` These Eyes '' `` Holly Holy '' `` Wishing on a Star '' Related topics Motown Whitfield Records `` Urgent '' Tapeheads Book Jay - Z songs Reasonable Doubt `` Dead Presidents '' `` Ai n't No Nigga '' `` Ca n't Knock the Hustle '' `` Feelin ' It '' In My Lifetime, Vol. 1 `` ( Always Be My ) Sunshine '' `` Wishing on a Star '' `` The City Is Mine '' Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life `` Can I Get A... '' `` Hard Knock Life ( Ghetto Anthem ) '' `` Money, Cash, Hoes '' `` Nigga What, Nigga Who ( Originator 99 ) '' Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter `` Jigga My Nigga '' `` Girl 's Best Friend '' `` Do It Again ( Put Ya Hands Up ) '' `` Things That U Do '' `` Big Pimpin ' '' The Dynasty : Roc La Familia `` I Just Wanna Love U ( Give It 2 Me ) '' `` Change the Game '' `` Guilty Until Proven Innocent '' The Blueprint `` Izzo ( H.O.V.A. ) '' `` Girls, Girls, Girls '' `` Jigga That Nigga '' `` Song Cry '' The Best of Both Worlds `` Honey '' The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse `` ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Hovi Baby '' `` Excuse Me Miss '' The Black Album `` Change Clothes '' `` Dirt off Your Shoulder '' `` 99 Problems '' Unfinished Business `` Big Chips '' Collision Course `` Numb / Encore '' Kingdom Come `` Show Me What You Got '' `` Lost One '' American Gangster `` Blue Magic '' `` Roc Boys ( And the Winner Is )... '' `` I Know '' The Blueprint 3 `` D.O.A. ( Death of Auto - Tune ) '' `` Run This Town '' `` Empire State of Mind '' `` On to the Next One '' `` Young Forever '' Watch the Throne `` H A M '' `` Otis '' `` Niggas in Paris '' `` No Church in the Wild '' Magna Carta Holy Grail `` Picasso Baby '' `` Holy Grail '' `` Tom Ford '' `` Part II ( On the Run ) '' 4 : 44 `` The Story of O.J. '' `` 4 : 44 '' Everything Is Love `` Apeshit '' Featured singles `` Show & Prove '' `` I 'll Be '' `` Be Alone No More '' ( Remix ) `` Money Ai n't a Thang '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Best of Me Part II '' `` Is That Your Chick ( The Lost Verses ) '' `` Do My... '' `` Fiesta '' ( Remix ) `` Beware of the Boys ( Mundian To Bach Ke ) '' `` Back in the Day '' `` Crazy in Love '' `` Frontin ' '' `` Go Crazy '' `` Get Throwed '' `` Déjà Vu '' `` Umbrella '' `` Roc - A-Fella Billionaires '' `` Hot Tottie '' `` XXXO '' ( Remix ) `` Monster '' `` I Do '' `` Talk That Talk '' `` Suit & Tie '' `` Bitch, Do n't Kill My Vibe '' ( Remix ) `` Drunk in Love '' `` The Devil Is a Lie '' `` They Do n't Love You No More '' `` Seen It All '' `` Pop Style '' `` I Got the Keys '' `` Shining '' `` Top Off '' Promotional singles `` Shake It Off '' ( Remix ) `` Upgrade U '' `` Rehab '' ( Remix ) `` Mr. Carter '' `` Put On '' ( Remix ) `` Bye Bye '' ( Remix ) `` Brooklyn Go Hard '' Book Category Beyoncé songs Discography Dangerously in Love `` Crazy in Love '' `` Naughty Girl '' `` Baby Boy '' `` Me, Myself and I '' `` The Closer I Get to You '' `` Dangerously in Love 2 '' `` Daddy '' Live at Wembley `` What 's It Gonna Be '' `` Wishing on a Star '' B'Day `` Déjà Vu '' `` Get Me Bodied '' `` Suga Mama '' `` Upgrade U '' `` Ring the Alarm '' `` Kitty Kat '' `` Freakum Dress '' `` Green Light '' `` Irreplaceable '' `` Resentment '' `` Check on It '' `` Beautiful Liar / Bello Embustero '' `` Welcome to Hollywood '' `` Flaws and All '' `` Still in Love ( Kissing You ) '' `` Listen '' `` Amor Gitano '' I Am... Sasha Fierce `` If I Were a Boy '' `` Halo '' `` Broken - Hearted Girl '' `` Ave Maria '' `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' `` Radio '' `` Diva '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` Video Phone '' `` Ego '' `` Honesty '' `` Why Do n't You Love Me '' `` Poison '' `` 1 + 1 '' `` I Care '' `` I Miss You '' `` Best Thing I Never Had '' `` Party '' `` Rather Die Young '' `` Start Over '' `` Love On Top '' `` Countdown '' `` End of Time '' `` I Was Here '' `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' `` Lay Up Under Me '' `` Schoolin ' Life '' `` Dance for You '' Beyoncé `` Pretty Hurts '' `` Haunted '' `` Drunk in Love '' `` Blow '' `` No Angel '' `` Partition '' `` Jealous '' `` Rocket '' `` Mine '' `` XO '' `` Flawless '' `` Superpower '' `` Heaven '' `` 7 / 11 '' `` Ring Off '' Lemonade `` Pray You Catch Me '' `` Hold Up '' `` Do n't Hurt Yourself '' `` Sorry '' `` 6 Inch '' `` Daddy Lessons '' `` Love Drought '' `` Sandcastles '' `` Forward '' `` Freedom '' `` All Night '' `` Formation '' Everything Is Love `` Apeshit '' As featured artist `` ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Feeling Myself '' `` Fighting Temptation '' `` Hollywood '' `` Hymn for the Weekend '' `` I Got That '' `` Just Stand Up! '' `` Lift Off '' `` Love a Woman '' `` Love in This Club Part II '' `` Mi Gente '' `` Part II ( On the Run ) '' `` Put It in a Love Song '' `` Runnin ' ( Lose It All ) '' `` Say Yes '' `` See Me Now '' `` Shining '' `` Telephone '' `` Top Off '' `` Until the End of Time '' `` Walk on Water '' `` What More Can I Give '' Other songs `` A Woman Like Me '' `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' `` At Last '' `` Back to Black '' `` Crazy in Love ( Remix ) '' `` Die with You '' `` Fever '' `` God Bless the USA '' `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' `` In da Club ( Sexy Lil Thug ) '' `` One Night Only '' `` Perfect Duet '' `` Summertime '' `` Work It Out '' Book Category The X Factor ( UK ) Discography Controversy and criticism Series Main 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Celebrity Battle of the Stars Finalists Series 1 Steve Brookstein G4 Tabby Callaghan Rowetta Satchell Roberta Howett Series 2 Shayne Ward Andy Abraham Journey South Brenda Edwards Chico Slimani The Conway Sisters Maria Lawson Series 3 Leona Lewis Ray Quinn Ben Mills The MacDonald Brothers Kerry McGregor Series 4 Leon Jackson Rhydian Roberts Same Difference Niki Evans Hope Matthew Protheroe Daniel de Bourg Series 5 Alexandra Burke JLS Eoghan Quigg Diana Vickers Ruth Lorenzo Laura White Series 6 Joe McElderry Olly Murs Stacey Solomon Jedward Lucie Jones Series 7 Matt Cardle Rebecca Ferguson One Direction Cher Lloyd Mary Byrne Katie Waissel Aiden Grimshaw Belle Amie John Adeleye Series 8 Little Mix Marcus Collins Amelia Lily Misha B Janet Devlin Kitty Brucknell Frankie Cocozza Series 9 James Arthur Jahméne Douglas Christopher Maloney Union J Rylan Clark Ella Henderson Lucy Spraggan Carolynne Poole Series 10 Sam Bailey Nicholas McDonald Luke Friend Rough Copy Kingsland Road Series 11 Ben Haenow Fleur East Andrea Faustini Lauren Platt Stereo Kicks Stevi Ritchie Only the Young Jake Quickenden Chloe Jasmine Blonde Electra Series 12 Louisa Johnson Reggie ' n ' Bollie 4th Impact Series 13 Matt Terry Saara Aalto 5 After Midnight Honey G Ryan Lawrie Series 14 Rak - Su Alisah Bonaobra Spencer Sutherland Singles Winners singles `` Against All Odds '' `` That 's My Goal '' `` A Moment Like This '' `` When You Believe '' `` Hallelujah '' `` The Climb '' `` When We Collide '' `` Cannonball '' `` Impossible '' `` Skyscraper '' `` Something I Need '' `` Forever Young '' `` When Christmas Comes Around '' `` Dimelo '' Charity singles `` Hero '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Heroes '' `` Wishing on a Star '' Related articles The X Factor franchise I Ca n't Sing! The X Factor Musical X Factor Around the World Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wishing_on_a_Star&oldid=849876634 '' Categories : 1970s ballads 1977 songs 1978 singles 1992 singles 1998 singles 2010 singles 2011 singles Pop ballads Rhythm and blues ballads Rose Royce songs Junior Walker songs Jay - Z songs Beyoncé songs Seal ( musician ) songs Little Mix songs JLS songs One Direction songs The X Factor ( UK TV series ) Song recordings produced by Norman Whitfield Song recordings produced by Trevor Horn Syco Music singles Whitfield Records singles Song recordings produced by Trackmasters 1989 singles Fresh 4 songs Torch songs Teena Marie songs Soul ballads Number - one singles in Scotland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from October 2012 Wikipedia articles lacking focus from June 2015 All Wikipedia articles lacking focus All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018, at 00 : 34 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Wishing on a Star", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Wishing_on_a_Star&amp;oldid=849876634" }

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{ "text": "List of active United States military aircraft - wikipedia List of active United States military aircraft Wikimedia list article A United States Air Force F - 16 Fighting Falcon in flight Active United States military aircraft is a list of military aircraft that are used by the United States military. For aircraft no longer in - service see List of military aircraft of the United States. Contents 1 Air Force 2 Army 3 Coast Guard 4 Marine Corps 5 Navy 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Air Force ( edit ) See also : United States Air Force Type Manufacturer Origin Class Role Introduced In service Total Notes A-10C Thunderbolt II Fairchild Republic USA Jet Attack 1977 287 AC - 130 Stinger II, Ghost Rider, Spooky II Lockheed & Boeing USA Propeller Gunship 1968 35 AC - 130U, AC - 130W and AC - 130J. B - 1B Lancer Rockwell USA Jet Bomber 1986 60 Only supersonic bomber aircraft active in the U.S. Air Force. B - 2A Spirit Northrop Grumman USA Jet Bomber 20 Slated to remain in service until 2058. B - 52H Stratofortress Boeing USA Jet Bomber 1955 75 Slated to remain in service through 2050. C - 5M Super Galaxy Lockheed USA Jet Transport 1970 52 C - 12 Huron Beechcraft USA Propeller Transport Surveillance 29 26 x C - 12C / C - 12D / C - 12F, 3 x C - 12J C - 17A Globemaster III McDonnell Douglas later Boeing USA Jet Transport 1995 222 U.S. Military C - 17 's were produced by McDonnell - Douglas prior to the merger with Boeing. Boeing continued production of the C - 17 for sales to non-U.S. Military customers. C - 20 Gulfstream USA Jet Transport C - 21A Learjet USA Jet Passenger transport 23 C - 26 Metroliner Fairchild USA Propeller Transport C - 26B, RC - 26 C - 32 Boeing USA Jet VIP Transport 8 6 x C - 32A, 2 x C - 32B C - 37A Gulfstream USA Jet Passenger transport 9 C - 38A Gulfstream USA Jet Passenger transport C - 40 Clipper Boeing USA Jet VIP Transport 14 C - 40B and C - 40C. 1 on order. C - 130H Hercules Lockheed Martin USA Propeller Transport 218 Most C - 130H serve in the ANG and AFRES. C - 130J Super Hercules Lockheed Martin USA Propeller Transport 115 The USAF continues to receive new C - 130Js for various missions C - 144 ( CN - 235 - 100M ) CASA Spain Propeller Transport 427th SOS C - 146A Wolfhound Fairchild - Dornier Germany Propeller Transport 18 524th SOS E-3 Sentry Boeing USA Jet Command and control 31 E-3B and E-3C. One E-3B For Testing E-4B `` Nightwatch '' Boeing USA Jet Command and control assigned to 55th Wing at Offutt AFB, Nebraska E-8C Joint STARS Northrop Grumman USA Jet Command and control 16 One E-8A For Testing E-9A Widget Bombardier Aerospace USA Canada Propeller Surveillance 5 E-11A Northrop Grumman USA Canada Jet Communications EC - 130H Compass Call Lockheed Martin USA Propeller Electronic warfare 15 EC - 130 Commando Solo III Lockheed Martin USA Propeller Electronic warfare 7 3 x EC - 130J, 4 x EC - 130SJ Type Manufacturer Origin Class Role Introduced In service Total Notes F - 15 Eagle McDonnell Douglas USA Jet Fighter 1976 235 212 x F - 15C, 24 x F - 15D. Currently being upgraded to remain in service beyond 2030 the aircraft will eventually be replaced by the F - 22. F - 15E Strike Eagle McDonnell Douglas USA Jet Multirole Strike fighter 220 Currently being upgraded to remain in service beyond 2030. F - 16 Fighting Falcon General Dynamics USA Jet Fighter 1978 1017 To be replaced by the F - 35A. F - 22A Raptor Lockheed Martin USA Jet Fighter 2005 195 No longer in production. F - 35A Lightning II Lockheed Martin USA Jet Fighter 2016 187 In production with 1763 planned, currently 47 for testing Type Manufacturer Origin Class Role Introduced In service Total Notes HC - 130 Combat King / Combat King II Lockheed Martin USA Propeller Search and rescue 29 9 x HC - 130N / HC - 130P. 78 x HC - 130J planned, of which 20 currently on order. KC - 10A Extender McDonnell Douglas USA Jet Aerial refueling 1981 58 Likely to remain in service until 2043 KC - 135 Stratotanker Boeing USA Jet Aerial refueling 1957 397 KC - 135R and KC - 135T. To be replaced by the KC - 46 LC - 130H Hercules Lockheed Martin USA Propeller Cargo aircraft 10 all aircraft assigned to 139th Airlift Wing, New York Air Guard MC - 130 Combat Talon II / Combat Shadow Lockheed Martin USA Propeller Multi-mission 60 21 x MC - 130H / P, 39 x MC - 130J OC - 135B Open Skies Boeing USA Jet Observation used as part of Treaty on Open Skies RC - 135 Cobra Ball, Combat Sent, Rivet Joint Boeing USA Jet Reconnaissance 22 3 x RC - 135S, 2 x RC - 135U, 17 x RC - 135V / W Type Manufacturer Origin Class Role Introduced In service Total Notes T - 1A Jayhawk Raytheon USA Jet Trainer 157 Originally 180. Two crashed after mishaps. T - 6A Texan II Raytheon / Beechcraft USA Propeller Trainer 447 T - 38 Talon Northrop USA Jet Trainer 1961 501 T - 38A and T - 38C T - 41C Mescalero Cessna USA Propeller Trainer T - 51A Cessna USA Propeller Trainer T - 52A Diamond Canada Propeller Trainer 54 T - 53A Cirrus USA Propeller Trainer 25 U-2 Dragon Lady Lockheed USA Jet Reconnaissance Trainer aircraft 1957 31 26 x U-2S, 5 x TU - 2S. To be replaced by the RQ - 4 Global Hawk block 40. U-28A Pilatus Switzerland Propeller Utility 15 VC - 25A Boeing USA Jet VIP Transport Used as Presidential Transport, operated by 89th Airlift Wing at Andrews AFB, Maryland. To be replaced by the Boeing 747 - 8. WC - 130J Hercules Lockheed Martin USA Propeller Weather reconnaissance 10 all aircraft assigned to 403d Wing ( AFRC ) at Keesler AFB, Mississippi WC - 135 Constant Phoenix Boeing USA Jet Weather Reconnaissance Type Manufacturer Origin Class Role Introduced In service Total Notes HH - 60 Pave Hawk Sikorsky USA Helicopter Search and rescue 99 HH - 60G and HH - 60U. To be replaced by 112 HH - 60W from 2021. UH - 1N Twin Huey Bell USA Helicopter Utility 59 TH - 1H Iroquois Bell USA Helicopter Trainer 37 C - 145 Skytruck ( M28 ) PZL Mielec Poland Propeller STOL Utility 7 6th SOS UV - 18B de Havilland Canada Canada Propeller STOL Utility CV - 22B Osprey Bell, Boeing USA Powered lift Cargo VTOL aircraft 2006 46 50 planned RQ - 4 Global Hawk Northrop Grumman USA UAV Patrol 37 RQ - 4A, RQ - 4B and MQ - 4C. 66 RQ - 4B planned plus 68 MQ - 4C MQ - 9B Reaper General Atomics USA UAV Multi-mission 93 396 planned RQ - 170 Sentinel Lockheed Martin USA UAV Puma AE AeroVironment USA UAV Patrol Army ( edit ) See also : United States Army Type Manufacturer Origin Class Role Introduced In service Total Notes C - 12J Beechcraft USA Propeller Transport C - 12 Huron Beechcraft USA Propeller Cargo / Transport 104 C - 12C, C - 12D and C - 12F. 5 on order as of December 2015. C - 212 Aviocar CASA Spain Propeller Cargo / Transport RC - 26D Metroliner Fairchild USA Propeller Range Support 12 C - 27J Spartan Alenia Aeronautica USA Italy Propeller Cargo aircraft 6 Former Air Force aircraft used by Army Special Operations Command for training. C - 31A Troopship Fokker Netherlands Propeller Cargo / Transport Used for the Golden Knights Gold Team and Black Team C - 37 Gulfstream USA Jet Cargo / Transport 2 x C - 37A, 1 x C - 37B EO - 5 de Havilland Canada Canada Propeller Electronic Warfare, Reconnaissance 10 3 x EO - 5C, 7 x RC - 7. Previously designated as RC - 7B RC - 12 Huron Beechcraft USA Propeller Reconnaissance 83 RC - 12D, RC - 12H and RC - 12K. 6 on order as of December 2015. UC - 35 Cessna USA Jet Utility aircraft 27 20 x UC - 35A, 7 x UC - 35B DHC Dash - 8 - 315 de Havilland Canada Canada Propeller Patrol 6 Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance UV - 18 de Havilland Canada Canada Propeller Cargo / Transport 5 MH / AH - 6M Little Bird MD Helicopter USA Helicopter Attack 1980 47 AH - 64 Apache Longbow, Guardian Boeing USA Helicopter Attack 1986 792 AH - 64D and AH - 64E. 25 on order as of December 2015. CH - 47 Chinook Boeing USA Helicopter Transport 1962 442 394 x CH - 47D, 48 x CH - 47F. 464 new CH - 47F to be delivered EH - 60A Black Hawk Sikorsky USA Helicopter Electronic - warfare 1979 64 MH - 47 Chinook Boeing USA Helicopter Multi-mission 1962 61 11 x MH - 47D, 23 x MH - 47E, 27 x MH - 47G MH - 60 Black Hawk Sikorsky USA Helicopter Multi-mission 58 23 x MH - 60K, 35 x MH - 60L. TH - 67 Creek Bell USA Canada Helicopter Trainer 163 To be retired by 2020. UH - 60 Black Hawk Sikorsky USA Helicopter Utility 1,443 751 x UH - 60A, 592 x UH - 60L, 100 x UH - 60M. 1227 UH - 60M planned. UH - 72A Lakota Eurocopter USA Germany Helicopter Utility 341 13 on order as of December 2015. MQ - 1C Gray Eagle General Atomics USA UAV 2009 75 133 planned Prioria Robotics Maveric Prioria Robotics USA UAV 36 CQ - 10 Snowgoose MMIST Canada UAV Transport 2005 15 49 planned. Parafoil and autogyro variants. RQ - 7B Shadow AAI Corporation USA UAV 450 68 on order. RQ - 11 Raven AeroVironment USA UAV Switchblade AeroVironment USA UAV Attack Puma AE AeroVironment USA UAV Patrol Coast Guard ( edit ) See also : United States Coast Guard Type Manufacturer Origin Class Role Introduced In service Total Notes HC - 27J Spartan Alenia Aeronautica USA Italy Propeller Search and rescue 14 Former Air Force aircraft. C - 37A Gulfstream USA Jet Command & Control VIP transport for high - ranking members of the Department of Homeland Security and U.S. Coast Guard. HC - 130 Hercules Lockheed Martin USA Propeller Search and rescue 33 5 x HC - 130B or HC - 130H ( 1500 series ), 22 x HC - 130H - 7, 6 active HC - 130J, 1 test, 3 in minotaur conversion, 4 under contract and in production. HC - 144 Ocean Sentry Airbus USA Spain Propeller Search and rescue 2009 18 The HC - 144A will replace some HC - 130s. CGAS Miami is the first unit to receive operational HC - 144A 's. MH - 60 Jayhawk Sikorsky USA Helicopter Medium Range Recovery ( MRR ) 42 MH - 60 aircraft have been upgraded to MH - 60T standard from HH - 60J and will remain in service until 2027 HH - 65 Dolphin Eurocopter USA France Helicopter Short Range Recovery ( SRR ) 101 MH - 65C, MH - 65D and MH - 65E. The HH - 65Bs have been upgraded to HH - 65C standard. AUF HH - 65Cs have also been upgraded to MH - 65Cs. Marine Corps ( edit ) See also : United States Marine Corps Type Manufacturer Origin Class Role Introduced In service Total Notes C - 9B Skytrain II McDonnell Douglas USA Jet Cargo / Transport 2 Active Scheduled to be replaced by 2 C - 40A Clippers by 2023. EA - 6B Prowler Northrop Grumman USA Jet Carrier - based Electronic - warfare 18 Active, 6 Training, 3 Stored 27 Scheduled to be replaced most likely by the EA - 18G Growler by 2019. F / A-18A Hornet McDonnell Douglas USA Jet Carrier - based Fighter 36 Active, 7 Training, 12 Stored 55 Scheduled to be replaced by F - 35B / C Lightning II by 2019 F / A-18B Hornet McDonnell Douglas USA Jet Carrier - based Trainer 4 Training, 3 Stored 7 Scheduled to be replaced by F - 35B / C Lightning II by 2019. F / A-18C Hornet McDonnell Douglas USA Jet Carrier - based Fighter 60 Active, 12 Training, 47 Stored 119 Scheduled to begin replacement by F - 35B / C Lightning II starting 2019. F / A-18D Hornet McDonnell Douglas USA Jet Carrier - based Strike 48 Active, 20 Training, 24 Stored 92 Scheduled to begin replacement by F - 35B / C Lightning II starting 2023. F - 35B Lightning II Lockheed Martin USA Jet Carrier - based Fighter 38 V / STOL variant. Planned total of 353 F - 35Bs and 67 F - 35Cs ( CTOL ) to replace various aircraft. F - 5N Tiger II Northrop USA Jet Aggressor 13 Scheduled to maintain service till 2026. KC - 130J Super Hercules Lockheed Martin USA Propeller Tanker 53 UC - 12W Huron Beechcraft USA Propeller Utility 6 Active 6 Scheduled to replace the UC - 12F / M Huron by 2024. UC - 12M Huron Beechcraft USA Propeller Utility 3 Active Scheduled to be replaced by UC - 12W Huron by 2024. UC - 12F Huron Beechcraft USA Propeller Utility 3 Active Scheduled to be replaced by UC - 12W Huron by 2024. UC - 35D Citation Cessna USA Jet Utility 10 Active 10 Scheduled to maintain service till 2026. UC - 35C Citation Cessna USA Jet Utility 2 Active Scheduled to maintain service till 2026. AH - 1W SuperCobra Bell USA Helicopter Attack 1986 105 To be upgraded to or replaced by AH - 1Z Viper. AH - 1Z Viper Bell USA Helicopter Attack 72 CH - 53E Super Stallion Sikorsky USA Helicopter Cargo / Transport 142 To be replaced by CH - 53K King Stallion, in flight testing - 2015. UH - 1Y Venom Bell USA Helicopter Utility 138 VH - 3D Sea King Sikorsky USA Helicopter Marine One VIP Transport 11 Presidential transport VH - 60N Whitehawk Sikorsky USA Helicopter Marine One VIP Transport 7 AV - 8B / + Harrier II McDonnell Douglas UK USA Jet Attack 108 VTOL. To be replaced by F - 35B MV - 22B Osprey Bell Boeing USA Powered lift Multi-mission 253 VTOL. 126 on order TAV - 8B Harrier II McDonnell Douglas UK USA Jet Trainer 16 VTOL. To be replaced by F - 35B K - MAX Kaman USA UAV Cargo and transport Helicopter with twin intermeshing rotors. UAV variant of manned type. RQ - 7B Shadow AAI Corporation USA UAV Reconnaissance 50 RQ - 11 Raven AeroVironment USA UAV Reconnaissance ScanEagle Boeing USA UAV Reconnaissance Switchblade AeroVironment USA UAV Attack Puma AE AeroVironment USA UAV Reconnaissance RQ - 21A Blackjack Boeing Insitu USA UAV Reconnaissance MQ - 8B Fire Scout Northrop Grumman USA UAV Multi-Mission 2009 27 Helicopter. Type Manufacturer Origin Class Role Introduced In service Total Notes Navy ( edit ) See also : United States Navy Type Manufacturer Origin Class Role Introduced In service Total Notes C - 2A Greyhound Grumman USA Propeller Carrier - based Cargo / Transport aircraft 35 To be replaced by 44 CMV - 22 C - 20 Gulfstream USA Jet Cargo / Transport aircraft C - 20A, C - 20D and C - 20G C - 37 Gulfstream USA Jet Cargo / Transport aircraft 1 x C - 37A, 3 x C - 37B. C - 40A Clipper Boeing USA Jet Cargo / Transport aircraft 15 C - 130T Hercules Lockheed USA Propeller Cargo / Transport aircraft 20 UC - 12 Huron Beechcraft USA Propeller Cargo / Transport aircraft 14 C - 26D Metroliner Fairchild USA Propeller Cargo / Transport aircraft 6 KC - 130F / R Lockheed Martin USA Propeller Aerial Refueling 5 E-2C / D Hawkeye Northrop Grumman USA Propeller Carrier - based Airborne Command and Control aircraft 68 E-6B Mercury Boeing USA Jet Electronic - warfare aircraft 16 EA - 18G Growler Boeing USA Jet Carrier - based Electronic - warfare aircraft 113 18 on order. EP - 3E ARIES II Lockheed USA Propeller Electronic - warfare aircraft 12 F - 5F / N Tiger II Northrop USA Jet Fighter 30 F - 5F, F - 5N. Used for adversary training F - 16 Fighting Falcon General Dynamics USA Jet Fighter aircraft 26 22 single - seat F - 16N, 4 twin - seat TF - 16N Used for adversary training. F / A-18 Hornet McDonnell Douglas USA Jet Carrier - based Fighter aircraft 314 F / A-18A, F / A-18B, F / A-18C and F / A-18D. To be replaced by F - 35C F / A-18E / F Super Hornet McDonnell Douglas / Northrop Grumman then Boeing / Northrop Grumman USA Jet Carrier - based Fighter 507 F / A-18E and F / A-18F. 10 on order. F - 35C Lightning II Lockheed Martin USA Jet Carrier - based Fighter aircraft 12 NAS Pax River SDD aircraft, 260 planned P - 3C Orion Lockheed USA Propeller Maritime patrol aircraft 1962 78 To be replaced by P - 8 P - 8A Poseidon Boeing USA Jet Anti-Submarine - warfare aircraft 2013 50 122 planned T - 6 Texan II Beechcraft USA Propeller Trainer aircraft 61 49 x T - 6A, 12 x T - 6B. T - 44A Beechcraft USA Propeller Trainer aircraft 52 T - 45C Goshawk McDonnell Douglas USA Jet Carrier - based Trainer aircraft 218 UC - 35D Cessna USA Jet Utility aircraft HH - 60H Rescue Hawk Sikorsky USA Helicopter Search - and - rescue 49 CMV - 22 Osprey Bell Boeing USA Powered lift Multi-mission 48 on order. MH - 53E Sea Dragon Sikorsky USA Helicopter Airborne mine countermeasures and vertical on - board delivery 27 MH - 60 Seahawk Sikorsky USA Helicopter Anti-submarine warfare helicopter Multi-mission 400 SH - 60F Seahawk Sikorsky USA Helicopter Anti-submarine warfare 60 TH - 57 Sea Ranger Bell USA Helicopter Training helicopter 129 44 x TH - 57B, 85 x TH - 57C ScanEagle Boeing USA UAV RQ - 21A Blackjack Boeing Insitu USA UAV MQ - 8B Fire Scout Northrop Grumman USA UAV Patrol 2009 27 Helicopter. 96 planned. See also ( edit ) Military of the United States portal U.S. DoD aircraft designations table List of military aircraft of the United States Future military aircraft of the United States UAVs in the U.S. military Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` WorldAirForces2018. pdf ''. Flightglobal.com. Jump up ^ `` Lockheed Martin Deliver 300th C - 130J Super Hercules ''. defenseworld.net. Retrieved April 4, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Air Force Gets 300th C - 130J Super Hercules ''. mil-embedded.com. Retrieved April 4, 2016. Jump up ^ C - 146A Wolfhound af.mil Jump up ^ `` 524th Special Operations Squadron 524th SOS ''. Airforce.americanspecialops.com. Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03. Jump up ^ `` E-3 Sentry ( AWACS ) ''. United States Air Force. 2003 - 11 - 01. Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 02. Jump up ^ Tamir Eshel. `` U.S. Air Force Extends BACN Com - Relay Biz Jets Operations in Kandahar ''. defense-update.com. Retrieved 19 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Aviationist '' Networking From on High : Behind the Scenes of NASA 's Spooky WB - 57 Jet ``. The Aviationist. Retrieved 25 December 2014. Jump up ^ `` nationaldefensemagazine. pdf ''. nationaldefensemagazine.org. Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11. Jump up ^ USAF Academy Buys Cirrus SR - 20s, Designates T - 53A. Archived 25 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. July 6, 2011 Jump up ^ Shalal, Andrea ( 29 January 2016 ). `` Boeing wins contract to build new Air Force One presidential jets ''. Reuters. Retrieved 16 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` HH - 60G Pave Hawk ''. af.mil. Jump up ^ `` Assessments of Selected Weapon Programs '' ( PDF ), Report to Congressional Committees ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ), Government Accountability Office, 2015, p. 71, retrieved 2015 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ `` UH - 1N Iroquois ''. U.S. Air Force. United States Air Force. Retrieved 29 September 2015. Jump up ^ C - 145A af.mil Jump up ^ `` Non-standard Aviation - USAF Special Operations ''. Retrieved 25 December 2014. Jump up ^ `` CV - 22 Osprey ''. Jump up ^ Northrop Grumman Delivers 37th Global Hawk to US Air Force - Deagel.com, January 7, 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2011. Jump up ^ `` Northrop Grumman Receives $114 Million to Build Three More Global Hawks for US. Air Force ''. November 9, 2013. Jump up ^ `` MQ - 9 Reaper ''. af.mil. Jump up ^ `` WorldAirForces2016 - Corrected. pdf ''. flightglobal.com. Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Alaska Army Guard receives 1 of only 3 C - 12J airframes in the US Army ''. Jump up ^ Huber, Mark ( 28 January 2016 ). `` Flight Training Begins for First Class of Lakota Pilots ''. Aviation International News. Retrieved 13 May 2017. Jump up ^ `` Sikorsky Aircraft Delivers 100th New Production UH - 60M BLACK HAWK Helicopter to U.S ''. Reuters. 25 March 2009. Archived from the original on 5 May 2009. Jump up ^ `` Gray Eagle Completes 20,000 Automated Takeoffs & Landings sUAS News ''. Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 07. Jump up ^ United States Army purchases Maveric bird camouflage UAS Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. - Armyrecognition.com, 26 November 2013 Jump up ^ `` More RQ - 7s for US Army ''. Flightglobal.com. 2012 - 11 - 05. Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03. ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 Marine Aviation Plan '' ( PDF ). Headquarters Marine Corps. Retrieved 29 June 2015. Jump up ^ Cifuentes, Michael S. `` Marine Corps continues flying with Joint Strike Fighter program ''. Headquarters Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2011. ^ Jump up to : Robochoppers Turned Into Maritime Recon Aircraft - Strategypage.com, January 18, 2013 Jump up ^ `` 2017 AIR FORCES PDF - Aircraft - Aviation ''. Scribd. Jump up ^ Whittle, Richard ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ). `` Navy Decides to Buy V - 22 Ospreys for Carrier Delivery ''. Breaking Defense. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27. Jump up ^ `` F - 5N / F Freedom Fighter NAVAIR -- U.S. Navy Naval Air Systems Command -- Navy and Marine Corps Aviation Research, Development, Acquisition, Test and Evaluation ''. Navair.navy.mil. Retrieved 13 June 2011. Jump up ^ `` F - 16 Versions - ( T ) F - 16N ''. f-16.net. Jump up ^ Drew, James ( 2015 - 08 - 16 ). `` US Navy considers reduced annual F - 35C buy ''. Flight Global. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 17. Jump up ^ Moran, Captain Michael T. `` P - 8A Poseidon. '' Archived 28 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine. NAVAIR -- U.S. Navy Naval Air Systems Command -- Navy and Marine Corps Aviation Research, Development, Acquisition, Test and Evaluation. Jump up ^ Fire Scout ends Afghan mission ; future includes new variant, LCS work - Militarytimes.com, August 16, 2013 External links ( edit ) United States Navy Fact File page includes links to Fact File pages for USN manned and unmanned aircraft. United States Army 2010 Weapons System Handbook ( PDF file, 41.6 mb ) includes pages describing US manned and unmanned aircraft. United States Coast Guard Aircraft and Cutters page includes links to descriptive pages for USCG manned and unmanned aircraft. 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{ "text": "Cashew - wikipedia Cashew Jump to : navigation, search Cashew Ripe cashew fruit Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Rosids Order : Sapindales Family : Anacardiaceae Genus : Anacardium Species : A. occidentale Binomial name Anacardium occidentale L. The cashew tree ( Anacardium occidentale ) is a tropical evergreen tree that produces the cashew seed and the cashew apple. It can grow as high as 14 m ( 46 ft ), but the dwarf cashew, growing up to 6 m ( 20 ft ), has proved more profitable, with earlier maturity and higher yields. The species is originally native to northeastern Brazil. Portuguese colonists in Brazil began exporting cashew nuts as early as the 1550s. Major production of cashews occurs in Vietnam, Nigeria, India, and Ivory Coast. The cashew nut, often simply called a cashew, is widely consumed. It is eaten on its own, used in recipes, or processed into cashew cheese or cashew butter. The shell of the cashew seed yields derivatives that can be used in many applications including lubricants, waterproofing, paints, and arms production, starting in World War II. The cashew apple is a light reddish to yellow fruit, whose pulp can be processed into a sweet, astringent fruit drink or distilled into liquor. Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Habitat and growth 3 Cashew nut and shell 4 Production 5 Nutrition 5.1 Allergy 6 Cashew oil 6.1 Cashew shell oil 7 Cashew apple 7.1 Alcohol 8 Animal feed 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) Mameluca woman under a fruiting cashew tree ( 1641 -- 1644 ) by Albert Eckhout. National Museum of Denmark. Its English name derives from the Portuguese name for the fruit of the cashew tree cajú ( Portuguese pronunciation : ( kaˈʒu ) ), which itself is derived from the Tupian word acajú, literally meaning `` nut that produces itself ''. The generic name Anacardium, derived from Greek ἀνά ( aná or above ) and καρδία ( kardía or heart ), refers to the unusual location of the seed above the core or heart of the fruit. A mid-seventeenth century ethnographic painting by Albert Eckhout, who accompanied Dutch governor - general Johan Maurits, shows a woman under a fruiting cashew tree. Habitat and growth ( edit ) Flower of cashew tree Cashew tree The cashew tree is large and evergreen, growing to 14 m ( 46 ft ) tall, with a short, often irregularly shaped trunk. The leaves are spirally arranged, leathery textured, elliptic to obovate, 4 -- 22 cm ( 1.6 -- 8.7 in ) long and 2 -- 15 cm ( 0.79 -- 5.91 in ) broad, with smooth margins. The flowers are produced in a panicle or corymb up to 26 cm ( 10 in ) long ; each flower is small, pale green at first, then turning reddish, with five slender, acute petals 7 -- 15 mm ( 0.28 -- 0.59 in ) long. The largest cashew tree in the world covers an area around 7,500 m ( 81,000 sq ft ) ; it is located in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The fruit of the cashew tree is an accessory fruit ( sometimes called a pseudocarp or false fruit ). What appears to be the fruit is an oval or pear - shaped structure, a hypocarpium, that develops from the pedicel and the receptacle of the cashew flower. Called the cashew apple, better known in Central America as marañón, it ripens into a yellow and / or red structure about 5 -- 11 cm ( 2.0 -- 4.3 in ) long. It is edible and has a strong `` sweet '' smell and a sweet taste. The pulp of the cashew apple is very juicy, but the skin is fragile, making it unsuitable for transport. In Latin America, a fruit drink is made from the cashew apple pulp which has a very refreshing taste and tropical flavor that can be described as having notes of mango, raw green pepper, and just a little hint of grapefruit - like citrus. The true fruit of the cashew tree is a kidney or boxing - glove shaped drupe that grows at the end of the cashew apple. The drupe develops first on the tree, and then the pedicel expands to become the cashew apple. Within the true fruit is a single seed, which is often considered a nut, in the culinary sense. The seed is surrounded by a double shell containing an allergenic phenolic resin, anacardic acid, a potent skin irritant chemically related to the better - known allergenic oil urushiol which is also a toxin found in the related poison ivy. Properly roasting cashews destroys the toxin, but it must be done outdoors as the smoke ( not unlike that from burning poison ivy ) contains urushiol droplets which can cause severe, sometimes life - threatening, reactions by irritating the lungs. People who are allergic to cashew ( or poison ivy ) urushiols may cross-react to mango or pistachio which are also in the Anacardiaceae family. Some people are allergic to cashews, but cashews are a less frequent allergen than tree nuts or peanuts. While the cashew plant is native to northeast Brazil, the Portuguese took it to Goa, India, between 1560 and 1565. From there it spread throughout Southeast Asia and eventually Africa. Cashew nut and shell ( edit ) A woman uses a machine to shell cashews in Phuket, Thailand. Cashews as a snack Culinary uses for cashew seeds in snacking and cooking are similar to those for all tree seeds called nuts. Cashew nuts are commonly used in Indian cuisine, whole for garnishing sweets or curries, or ground into a paste that forms a base of sauces for curries ( e.g., korma ), or some sweets ( e.g., kaju barfi ). It is also used in powdered form in the preparation of several Indian sweets and desserts. In Goan cuisine, both roasted and raw kernels are used whole for making curries and sweets. Cashew nuts are also used in Thai and Chinese cuisines, generally in whole form. In the Philippines, cashew is a known product of Antipolo, and is eaten with suman. Pampanga also has a sweet dessert called turrones de casuy, which is cashew marzipan wrapped in white wafers. In Indonesia, roasted and salted cashew nut is called kacang mete or kacang mede, while the cashew apple is called jambu monyet ( translates in English to monkey rose apple ). In Mozambique, bolo polana is a cake prepared using powdered cashews and mashed potatoes as the main ingredients. This dessert is popular in South Africa. In Brazil, the cashew fruit juice is popular. Brazilians prefer the fruit to the nut. In Panama, the cashew fruit is cooked with water and sugar for a prolonged time to make a sweet, brown, paste - like dessert called dulce de marañón, with marañón as a Spanish name for cashew. In the 21st century, cashew cultivation increased in several African countries to meet the demands for manufacturing cashew milk, a plant milk alternative to dairy milk. The shell of the cashew nut contains oil compounds which may cause contact dermatitis similar in severity to that of poison ivy, primarily resulting from the phenolic lipids, anacardic acid, and cardanol. Due to the possible dermatitis, cashews are typically not sold in the shell to consumers. Readily and inexpensively extracted from the waste shells, cardanol is under research for its potential applications in nanomaterials and biotechnology. Production ( edit ) Cashew Nut Production ( as Kernels ) - 2015 Country Production ( tonnes ) India 172,719 Côte d'Ivoire 171,111 Vietnam 113,059 Brazil 33,000 World 738,861 Source : Nuts and Dried Fruits, Global Statistical Review, 2015 In 2015, global production of cashew nuts ( as the kernel ) was 738,861 tonnes, led by India and Côte d'Ivoire each with 23 % of the world total ( table ). Vietnam and Brazil also had significant production of cashew kernels. In 2014, rapid growth of cashew cultivation in Côte d'Ivoire made this country the top African exporter. Fluctuations in world market prices, poor working conditions, and low pay for local harvesting have caused discontent in the cashew nut industry. The cashew tree is cultivated in the tropics between 25 ° N and 25 ° S, and is supremely adapted to hot lowland areas with a pronounced dry season, where also the mango and tamarind trees thrive. The traditional cashew tree is tall ( up to 14 m ) and takes three years from planting before it starts production, and eight years before economic harvests can begin. More recent breeds, such as the dwarf cashew trees, are up to 6 m tall, and start producing after the first year, with economic yields after three years. The cashew nut yields for the traditional tree are about 0.25 metric tons per hectare, in contrast to over a ton per hectare for the dwarf variety. Grafting and other modern tree management technologies are used to further improve and sustain cashew nut yields in commercial orchards. Cashew nuts being inspected after harvest Nutrition ( edit ) Cashews, raw Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 553 kcal ( 2,310 kJ ) Carbohydrates 30.19 g Starch 0.74 g Sugars lactose 5.91 g 0.00 g Dietary fiber 3.3 g Fat 43.85 g Saturated 7.783 g Monounsaturated 23.797 g Polyunsaturated 7.845 g Protein 18.22 g Vitamins Vitamin A 0 IU Thiamine ( B1 ) ( 37 % ) 0.423 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) ( 5 % ) 0.058 mg Niacin ( B3 ) ( 7 % ) 1.062 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) ( 17 % ) 0.86 mg Vitamin B6 ( 32 % ) 0.417 mg Folate ( B9 ) ( 6 % ) 25 μg Vitamin B12 ( 0 % ) 0 μg Vitamin C ( 1 % ) 0.5 mg Vitamin D ( 0 % ) 0 μg Vitamin E ( 6 % ) 0.90 mg Vitamin K ( 32 % ) 34.1 μg Minerals Calcium ( 4 % ) 37 mg Copper ( 110 % ) 2.2 mg Iron ( 51 % ) 6.68 mg Magnesium ( 82 % ) 292 mg Manganese ( 79 % ) 1.66 mg Phosphorus ( 85 % ) 593 mg Potassium ( 14 % ) 660 mg Selenium ( 28 % ) 19.9 μg Sodium ( 1 % ) 12 mg Zinc ( 61 % ) 5.78 mg Other constituents Water 5.20 g Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source : USDA Nutrient Database In a 100 - gram serving, raw cashews provide 553 Calories, 67 % of the Daily Value ( DV ) in total fats, 36 % DV of protein, 13 % DV of dietary fiber and 11 % DV of carbohydrates ( table ). Cashews are rich sources ( > 19 % DV ) of dietary minerals, including particularly copper, manganese, phosphorus, and magnesium ( 79 - 110 % DV ), and of thiamin, vitamin B and vitamin K ( 32 - 37 % DV ) ( table ). Iron, potassium, zinc, and selenium are present in significant content ( 14 - 61 % DV ) ( table ). Cashews ( 100 grams, raw ) contain 113 milligrams ( 1.74 gr ) of beta - sitosterol. Allergy ( edit ) For some 6 % of people, cashews can lead to complications or allergic reactions which may be life - threatening. These allergies are triggered by the proteins found in tree nuts, and cooking often does not remove or change these proteins. Reactions to cashew and tree nuts can also occur as a consequence of hidden nut ingredients or traces of nuts that may inadvertently be introduced during food processing, handling, or manufacturing, particularly in Europe. Cashew oil ( edit ) Cashew oil is a dark yellow oil for cooking or salad dressing pressed from cashew nuts ( typically broken chunks created during processing ). This may be produced from a single cold pressing. Cashew shell oil ( edit ) See also : Urushiol Cashew nutshell liquid ( CNSL ) or cashew shell oil ( CAS registry number 8007 - 24 - 7 ) is a natural resin with a yellowish sheen found in the honeycomb structure of the cashew nutshell, and is a byproduct of processing cashew nuts. It is a raw material of multiple uses in developing drugs, antioxidants, fungicides, and biomaterials. It is used in tropical folk medicine and for anti termite treatment of timber. Its composition varies depending on how it is processed. Cold, solvent - extracted CNSL is mostly composed of anacardic acids ( 70 % ), cardol ( 18 % ) and cardanol ( 5 % ). Heating CNSL decarboxylates the anacardic acids, producing a technical grade of CNSL that is rich in cardanol. Distillation of this material gives distilled, technical CNSL containing 78 % cardanol and 8 % cardol ( cardol has one more hydroxyl group than cardanol ). This process also reduces the degree of thermal polymerization of the unsaturated alkyl - phenols present in CNSL. Anacardic acid is also used in the chemical industry for the production of cardanol, which is used for resins, coatings, and frictional materials. These substances are skin allergens, like the oils of poison ivy, and present danger during manual cashew processing. This natural oil phenol has been found to have interesting chemical structural features which enable a range of chemical modifications to create a wide spectrum of biobased monomers capitalizing on the chemically versatile construct, containing three different functional groups : the aromatic ring, the hydroxyl group, and the double bonds in the flanking alkyl chain. These can be split into key groups, used as polyols, which have recently seen a dramatic increase in demand for their biobased origin and key chemical attributes such as high reactivity, range of functionalities, reduction in blowing agents, and naturally occurring fire retardant properties in the field of ridged polyurethanes aided by their inherent phenolic structure and larger number of reactive units per unit mass. CNSL may be used as a resin for carbon composite products. CNSL - based Novolac is another versatile industrial monomer deriving from cardanol typically used as a reticulating agent for epoxy matrices in composite applications providing good thermal and mechanical properties to the final composite material. Cashew apple ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The cashew apple, also called cashew fruit, is the fleshy part of the cashew fruit attached to the cashew nut. The top end of the cashew apple is attached to the stem that comes off the tree. The bottom end of the cashew apple attaches to the cashew nut, which is encased in a shell. In botanical terms, the cashew apple is an accessory fruit that grows on the cashew seed ( which is the nut ). The cashew apple can be eaten fresh, cooked in curries, or fermented into vinegar, as well as an alcoholic drink. It is also used to make preserves, chutneys, and jams in some countries such as India and Brazil. In many countries, particularly in South America, the cashew apple is used to flavor drinks, both alcoholic and nonalcoholic. Cashew nuts are more widely traded than cashew apples, because the apple, unlike the nut, is easily bruised and has very limited shelf life. Cashew apple juice, however, may be used for manufacturing blended juices. Cashew apples have a sweet but astringent taste traced to the waxy layer on the skin that contains a chemical, urushiol, which can cause minor skin irritation to areas that have had contact with it. In cultures that consume cashew apples, this astringency is sometimes removed by steaming the fruit for five minutes before washing it in cold water ; alternatively, boiling the fruit in salt water for five minutes or soaking it in gelatin solution also reduces the astringency. Alcohol ( edit ) In Goa, the cashew apple is mashed and the juice extracted and kept for fermentation for a few days. Fermented juice then undergoes a double distillation process. The resulting beverage is called feni or fenny. Feni is about 40 -- 42 % alcohol. The single - distilled version is called urrac, which is about 15 % alcohol. In the southern region of Mtwara, Tanzania, the cashew apple ( bibo in Swahili ) is dried and saved. Later, it is reconstituted with water and fermented, then distilled to make a strong liquor often referred to by the generic name, gongo. In Mozambique, cashew farmers commonly make a strong liquor from the cashew apple. It is known under various names in the local languages of Mozambique ( muchekele in Emakua spoken in the North, xicadju in Changana spoken in the South ). In contrast to the above - mentioned Feni of Goa, the cashew liquor made in Mozambique does not involve the extraction of the juice from the cashew apples. Following harvest and the removal of the nuts, the apples are spread on the ground under trees and courtyards and allowed to lose water and ferment. The shrivelled fruits are then used for distillation. According to one source, an alcohol had been distilled in the early 20th century from the juice of the fruit, and was manufactured in the West Indies. Animal feed ( edit ) Discarded cashew nuts unfit for human consumption, alongside the residues of oil extraction from cashew kernels, can be used to feed livestock. Animals can also eat the leaves of cashew trees. Gallery ( edit ) Young cashew fruits Cashew sprouts are eaten raw or cooked Distilling cashew apple liquor or `` muchekele '' in Mozambique Shriveled, fermented cashew apples ready for distillation, Mozambique ' Anacardium occidentale ', from Koehler 's ' Medicinal - Plants ' ( 1887 ) See also ( edit ) Cajuína Cashew pie List of culinary nuts Semecarpus anacardium ( the Oriental Anacardium ) is a native of India and is closely related to the cashew. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Morton, Julia F ( 1987 ). `` Cashew apple, Anacardium occidentale L ''. Fruits of warm climates, Julia F. Morton. Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN. pp. 239 -- 240. ISBN 978 - 0 - 9610184 - 1 - 2. Jump up ^ Carolyn Jostock, `` Cashew Industry '' in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 2, p. 5. New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons 1996. Jump up ^ `` Major Food And Agricultural Commodities And Producers -- Countries By Commodity ''. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division. 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2015. Jump up ^ Jostock, `` Cashew Industry '', p. 5. Jump up ^ Varghese, T. ; Pundir, Y. ( 1964 ). `` Anatomy of the pseudocarp in Anacardium occidentale L ''. Proceedings : Plant Sciences. 59 ( 5 ) : 252 -- 258. Jump up ^ Rosen, T. ; Fordice, D.B. ( April 1994 ). `` Cashew Nut Dermatitis ''. Southern Medical Journal. 87 ( 4 ) : 543 -- 546. doi : 10.1097 / 00007611 - 199404000 - 00026. PMID 8153790. Jump up ^ Phillippa Cheifitz ( 2009 ). South Africa Eats. Jump up ^ Jostock, `` Cashew Industry '' p. 5. Jump up ^ Osborn M ( 26 August 2015 ). `` Access to Market Data and Supply Chain Visibility offer Economic Boost to Ghana Cashew Farmers ''. Consumer Goods Technology. Retrieved 11 May 2016. Jump up ^ Rosen T. ; Fordice, D.B. ( 1994 ). `` Cashew nut dermatitis ''. South Med J. 87 ( 4 ) : 543 -- 46. doi : 10.1097 / 00007611 - 199404000 - 00026. PMID 8153790. Jump up ^ `` Why Cashews Are n't Sold In The Shell ''. Moment of Science, Indiana Public Media. September 6, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Hamad F.B. ; Mubofu E.B. ( 2015 ). `` Potential biological applications of bio-based anacardic acids and their derivatives ''. Int J Mol Sci. 16 ( 4 ) : 8569 -- 90. doi : 10.3390 / ijms16048569. PMC 4425097. PMID 25894225. Jump up ^ `` Nuts & Dried Fruits Global Statistical Review 2015 / 2016, p22 '' ( PDF ). International Nut and Dried Fruit Council. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017. Jump up ^ Bavier, Joe ( 29 October 2014 ). `` War - scarred Ivory Coast aims to conquer the world of cashews ''. Reuters. Retrieved 9 February 2015. Jump up ^ `` Tanzania riots over cashew nut payments ''. BBC. 24 April 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2013. Jump up ^ Lamble L. ( 2 November 2013 ). `` Cashew nut workers suffer ' appalling ' conditions as global slump dents profits ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 6 September 2015. Jump up ^ Wilson B. ( 4 May 2015 ). `` ' Blood cashews ' : the toxic truth about your favourite nut ''. The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` Cultivating Cashew Nuts ''. ARC - Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops, South Africa. Retrieved February 15, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Full Report ( All Nutrients ) : 12087, Nuts, cashew nuts, raw, database version SR 27 ''. Agricultural Research Service -- United States Department of Agriculture. 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015. ^ Jump up to : McWilliam V. ; Koplin J. ; Lodge C. ; Tang M. ; Dharmage S. ; Allen K. ( 2015 ). `` The prevalence of tree nut allergy : a systematic review ''. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 15 ( 9 ) : 555. doi : 10.1007 / s11882 - 015 - 0555 - 8. PMID 26233427. ^ Jump up to : `` Cashew Allergies ''. Informall Database -- funded by European Union. 2010. Archived from the original on 29 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` Food Allergies -- INFOSAN '' ( PDF ). World Health Organization. 2006. Jump up ^ `` Cashew Oil ''. Smart Kitchen. Retrieved February 15, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` World Agriculture and the Environment '', by Jason W. Clay, p. 268 ^ Jump up to : Alexander H. Tullo ( September 8, 2008 ). `` A Nutty Chemical ''. Chemical and Engineering News. 86 ( 36 ) : 26 -- 27. doi : 10.1021 / cen - v086n033. p026. ^ Jump up to : `` Exposure and Use Data for Cashew Nut Shell Liquid '' ( PDF ). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 12. Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12. Jump up ^ Ferri, Enrico ( 22 May 2011 ). `` Bioresins Derived from Cashew Nutshell Oil ''. MaterialsToday. Retrieved 7 September 2011. ^ Jump up to : Strom, Stephanie ( 2014 - 08 - 08 ). `` Cashew Juice, the Apple of Pepsi 's Eye ''. The New York Times. ISSN 0362 - 4331. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 24. Jump up ^ Azam - Ali and Judge ( 2004 ). Small - scale cashew nut processing ( PDF ). FAO, United Nations. Jump up ^ Percival, Robert ( 1803 ). An Account of the Island of Ceylon : Its History, Geography, Natural History, with the Manners and Customs of its various Inhabitants. London : C. & R. Baldwin. Jump up ^ Heuzé V., Tran G., Hassoun P., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2017. Cashew ( Anacardium occidentale ) nuts and by - products. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/56 Further reading ( edit ) Jostock, Carolyn. `` Cashew Industry '' in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 2, p. 5. New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons 1996. Olaya, Clara Inés. `` Cajú / Marañon / Merey / Acaiu / Cashew Nut '', in Americas 42, no. 3 ( 1990 ), 52 -- 53. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anacardium occidentale. Handbook of Energy Crops -- Anacardium occidentale L. Nuts True, or botanical nuts Acorn Beech American beech European beech Breadnut Candlenut Chestnut Sweet chestnut Hazelnut American hazel Beaked hazel European hazel Filbert Asian hazel Johnstone River almond Kola nut Kurrajong Malabar chestnut Mongongo Palm nut Karuka Planted karuka Wild karuka Red bopple nut Yellow walnut Drupes Almond Australian cashew nut Betel nut Borneo tallow nut Breadfruit Cashew Chilean hazel Coconut Durian Gabon nut Hickory Mockernut hickory Pecan Shagbark hickory Shellbark hickory Irvingia gabonensis Jack nut Panda oleosa Pekea nut Pili nut Pistachio Walnut Black walnut Butternut English walnut Heartnut Gymnosperms Cycad Burrawang nut Ginkgo nut Araucaria spp. Bunya nut Monkey - puzzle nut Pine nut Chilgoza pine Colorado pinyon Korean pine Mexican pinyon Single - leaf pinyon Stone pine Angiosperms Brazil nut Macadamia Macadamia nut Queensland macadamia nut Paradise nut Peanut Peanut tree Soybean Edible fats and oils Fats Pork fats Bacon fat Fatback Lardo Salo Salt pork Szalonna Lard Lardon Pork belly Pancetta Tocino Speck Beef / mutton fats Dripping Suet Tallow Tail fat Dairy fats Butter Clarified butter Ghee Niter kibbeh Smen Poultry fats Chicken fat Duck fat Schmaltz Other animal fats Blubber Muktuk Vegetable fats Cocoa butter Margarine Shea butter Vegetable shortening Oils Fish oils Cod liver oil Shark liver oil Vegetable oils Major oils Coconut oil Corn oil Cottonseed oil Olive oil Palm oil palm kernel oil Peanut oil Rapeseed oil Canola oil and Colza oil ( toxic oil syndrome ) Safflower oil Soybean oil Sunflower oil Nut oils Almond oil Argan oil Cashew oil Hazelnut oil Macadamia oil Marula oil Mongongo nut oil Pecan oil Pine nut oil Pistachio oil Walnut oil Fruit and seed oils Ambadi seed oil Avocado oil Castor oil Grape seed oil Hemp oil Linseed oil ( flaxseed oil ) Mustard oil Olive oil Perilla oil Poppyseed oil Pumpkin seed oil Rice bran oil Sesame oil Tea seed oil Watermelon seed oil See also List of vegetable oils Cooking oil Essential oil Taxon identifiers Wd : Q34007 APDB : 5652 EoL : 582263 EPPO : ANAOC FloraBase : 44542 FoC : 200012676 GBIF : 5421368 GRIN : 3060 iNaturalist : 122988 IPNI : 69191 - 1 ITIS : 28793 NCBI : 171929 Plant List : kew - 2635912 PLANTS : ANOC Tropicos : 1300006 GND : 4240091 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cashew&oldid=828326731 '' Categories : Anacardium Crops originating from Brazil Crops originating from South America Cashew Edible nuts and seeds Flora of the Cerrado Medicinal plants of South America Nut oils Plants described in 1753 Resins Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Trees of Brazil Trees of Colombia Trees of French Guiana Trees of Guyana Trees of Suriname Trees of Venezuela Tropical agriculture Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles needing additional references from April 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кырык мары Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Перем Коми Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ತುಳು Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 77 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018, at 22 : 24. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Cashew", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cashew&amp;oldid=828326731" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "margins. The flowers are produced in a panicle or corymb up to 26 cm ( 10 in ) long ; each flower is small, pale green at first, then turning reddish, with five slender, acute petals 7 -- 15 mm ( 0.28 -- 0.59 in ) long. The largest cashew tree in the world covers an area around 7,500 m ( 81,000 sq ft ) ; it is located in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The fruit of the cashew tree is an accessory fruit ( sometimes called a pseudocarp or false fruit ). What appears to be the fruit is an oval or pear - shaped structure, a hypocarpium, that develops from the pedicel and the receptacle of the cashew flower. Called the cashew apple, better known in Central America as marañón, it ripens into a yellow and / or red structure about 5 -- 11 cm ( 2.0 -- 4.3 in ) long. It is edible and has a strong `` sweet '' smell and a sweet taste. The pulp of the cashew apple is very juicy, but the skin is fragile, making it unsuitable for transport. In Latin America, a fruit drink is made from the cashew apple pulp which has a very refreshing taste and tropical flavor that can be described as having notes of mango, raw green pepper, and just a little hint of grapefruit - like citrus. The true fruit" ], "id": [ "15744535384764920181" ], "short_answers": [ "the pedicel and the receptacle of the cashew flower" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Gary Anthony Williams - wikipedia Gary Anthony Williams Jump to : navigation, search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gary Anthony Williams Williams performing with Laughing Matters at Manuel 's in May 2007 ( 1966 - 03 - 14 ) March 14, 1966 ( age 51 ) Fayetteville, Georgia, U.S. Occupation Actor, comedian Years active 1990 -- present Gary Anthony Williams ( born March 14, 1966 ) is an American actor and comedian who provided the voice of Uncle Ruckus on The Boondocks, Yancy Westridge in the video game Alpha Protocol, and Horace Warfield in StarCraft II : Wings of Liberty. He appeared on the television series Weeds, Boston Legal, Blue Collar TV, and as `` Abe '' Kenarban in Malcolm in the Middle. Williams co-founded and is Artistic Director of the L.A. Comedy Shorts film festival in Hollywood, California. He also starred alongside Cedric the Entertainer on the hit TV Land sitcom The Soul Man. Williams is currently a regular on Whose Line is it Anyway?. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and career 2 Television 3 Film 4 Improvisational comedy 5 References 6 External links Early life and career ( edit ) Born in Fayetteville, Georgia, Williams was involved in theater, comedy, and television in Atlanta, where his credits include acting with the Georgia Shakespeare Festival, performing and writing for Agatha 's : A Taste of Mystery, and being a longtime member of Atlanta 's longest running improv troupe, Laughing Matters. Williams had recurring roles in the television series I 'll Fly Away and In the Heat of the Night, both filmed in the Atlanta area. He moved to Los Angeles in 1998. Television ( edit ) Williams ' past roles include Abraham Kenarban ( Stevie 's dad ) in the Fox TV sitcom Malcolm in the Middle and as Judge Trudy 's Bailiff on Nickelodeon 's The Amanda Show. Williams was a series regular on the WB Television Network sketch comedy series, Blue Collar TV. In 2003, Williams had a small role in an episode of CSI : Crime Scene Investigation, `` Invisible Evidence. '' During season three and four of Boston Legal, Williams appeared as part - time lawyer Clarence Bell, a pathologically shy man who expresses himself through characters, including crossdressing as women ( including a nun and celebrities such as Oprah Winfrey ). The role of Clarence / Clarice was originally to appear in one episode, but was expanded into a recurring role and then a regular role. Williams plays parts in five different shows on Cartoon Network 's late night programming block, Adult Swim, one being a STRATA technician on Saul of the Molemen, another as the self - hating African American, Uncle Ruckus on The Boondocks, Coroner Rick, a recurring character on Stroker and Hoop, he also played the role of Paul Revere on the television special, The Young Person 's Guide to History, and served as the voice - over announcer for The Eric Andre Show until 2013. He also voiced Riff Tamson in the opening three episodes of season four of Star Wars : The Clone Wars. He is also the voice of Mr. Dos on Special Agent Oso. He appeared on an episode of Hot in Cleveland as a drama teacher and soccer coach. In 2009 and 2010, Williams provided the voice of the supervillain Mongul for several episodes of the animated series, Batman : The Brave and the Bold. On one occasion, he voiced the character 's sister, Mongal. He also voiced the supervillain Thunderball in The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes. Williams is currently working on a new Mike Judge animated series. He was part of a segment in the show Beyond Belief : Fact or Fiction, and guest - starred on How I Met Your Mother and Two and a Half Men. Williams also guest stars as the halfway house director in the 7th season of the TV show Weeds. In 2011, he joined the cast of the animated series China, IL as the voice of Doctor Falgot. Williams was also in an episode of the show Workaholics. He was a series regular for the animated sketch comedy series Mad and is currently voicing Mr. McStuffins for the animated Disney Junior series, Doc McStuffins and Dirty Dan and Dusty for the animated Disney Junior series Sheriff Callie 's Wild West. He is also the narrator for the TV One series UNSUNG. From 2012 to 2016, Williams appeared as the recurring character Lester on the TV Land original sitcom The Soul Man. Since 2013, Williams has been a recurring performer on the CW revival of the television show Whose Line Is It Anyway, where he improvises scenes and songs. He also provides the voice for Mufasa in The Lion Guard, and has provided voices for Star Wars Rebels. In 2017, he voiced Bark Knight and Baboo from the animated Disney Junior series Puppy Dog Pals. Film ( edit ) Williams has appeared in films such as Undercover Brother, appearing as Smart Brother ( having previously voiced the Undercover Brother character in the original internet animated series ), Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle, and Soul Plane. On the Boondocks second season premiere, ``... Or Die Trying '', Riley Freeman and Robert Freeman are seen watching the Soul Plane 2 trailer, when they distinctly hear Williams and voice of grandad, John Witherspoon ( who also had an acting role in Soul Plane ), having a conversation on the plane. He also voiced Sweet in The Trumpet of the Swan. Williams also appeared in the film The Factory, starring John Cusack. In 2011, Williams narrated the feature - length documentary Ayn Rand and the Prophecy of Atlas Shrugged. Perhaps his most recent role is as Melvin ( a father ) in House Party : Tonight 's the Night. Williams played Bebop in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ). Improvisational comedy ( edit ) Williams, Fuzzbee Morse and Nick Jameson perform as the Flying Fannoli Brothers, an improv comedy band. He performs in the improvisational shows Cookin ' With Gas and The Black Version at The Groundlings Theatre in Los Angeles. Williams also returns to Atlanta to perform with Laughing Matters once or twice a year. Since 2013 he has been a recurring performer on The CW 's revival of Whose Line is it Anyway?. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Today in History ''. Philadelphia Tribune. March 14, 2010. Jump up ^ Fearn - Banks, Kathleen ( 2006 ). Historical Dictionary of African - American Television. Scarecrow Press. pp. 483 --. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5335 - 5. Retrieved May 9, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Eldridge, Richard L. `` Atlantic Station 's set for taste of Hollywood ''. The Atlanta Journal - Constitution. October 20, 2005. Jump up ^ Garretson, Shari. `` Cat on a Hot Tin Streetcar ''. ' `` The Atlanta Journal. May 25, 1994. Jump up ^ Gincel, Richard. `` Instant comedy requires quick wits ''. The Atlanta Journal. July 22, 1993. Jump up ^ Downey, Maureen ; Shurling, Bo. `` No secret : TV role ` Smart ' move ''. The Atlanta Journal. October 18, 1994. Jump up ^ Ho, Rodney. `` Dad 's Garage goes big at Fox with new fundraiser The Fabulous Fox Theatre plays host to this year 's event ''. The Atlanta Journal - Constitution. June 10, 2015. Jump up ^ Simon, Mashaun D. `` Georgian Stars With Eddie Griffin In New Action - Comedy ''. Atlanta Daily World. May 2, 2002. p. 6. ^ Jump up to : Thomas, Don. `` Gary Anthony Williams : A Theatrically Trained Performer ''. New York Beacon. May 1, 2002. p. 31. Jump up ^ Ho, Rodney. `` Random Bits ''. The Atlanta Journal - Constitution. December 27, 2005. ^ Jump up to : Ho, Rodney. `` No bitterness about losing role on show ''. The Atlanta Journal - Constitution. June 20, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Disney Junior Celebrates Black History Month with `` We Are Doc Mcstuffins '' ``. Chicago Citizen. February 13, 2013. p. 15. Jump up ^ `` EUR Hollywood Gossip Scoop ''. The Jacksonville Free Press ( Jacksonville, Florida ). May 21, 2009. p. 9. Jump up ^ Cahillane, Kevin. `` Homegrown : A Stoner Comedy Straight Out of Randolph ''. ' `` The New York Times. August 16, 2004. p. 7. Jump up ^ Foran, Chris. `` TMNT return to spotlight ''. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. June 3, 2016. External links ( edit ) Gary Anthony Williams on IMDb This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ex-Fayetteville Resident Goes Legal by Rodney Ho for The Atlanta Journal - Constitution, January 16, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2007 Comic Makes Time for a Pal in Need by Richard L. Eldredge for The Atlanta Journal - Constitution, May 3, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2007 Gary Anthony Williams Causes a ' Ruckus ' by Janice Rhoshalle Littlejohn for the Associated Press, November 11, 2007. Retrieved on November 11, 2007. ( hide ) Whose Line Is It Anyway? UK version Episodes US version Episodes Additional versions UK radio version Israeli version Dutch version Australian version Related topics Drew Carey 's Green Screen Show Fast and Loose Drew Carey 's Improv - A-Ganza Trust Us with Your Life VIAF : 4696504 LCCN : no2006128524 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gary_Anthony_Williams&oldid=805331778 '' Categories : Living people 1966 births American male film actors Male actors from Atlanta American male voice actors American male television actors People from Fayetteville, Georgia African - American male actors Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2015 Articles needing cleanup from March 2012 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from March 2012 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from March 2012 BLP articles lacking sources from March 2012 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles lacking in - text citations from June 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2017, at 17 : 32. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Gary Anthony Williams", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Gary_Anthony_Williams&amp;oldid=805331778" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ ". Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gary Anthony Williams Williams performing with Laughing Matters at Manuel 's in May 2007 ( 1966 - 03 - 14 ) March 14, 1966 ( age 51 ) Fayetteville, Georgia, U.S. Occupation Actor, comedian Years active 1990 -- present Gary Anthony Williams ( born March 14, 1966 ) is an American actor and comedian who provided the voice of Uncle Ruckus on The Boondocks, Yancy Westridge in the video game Alpha Protocol, and Horace Warfield in StarCraft II : Wings of Liberty. He appeared on the television series Weeds, Boston Legal, Blue Collar TV, and as `` Abe '' Kenarban in Malcolm in the Middle. Williams co-founded and is Artistic Director of the L.A. Comedy Shorts film festival in Hollywood, California. He also starred alongside Cedric the Entertainer on the hit TV Land sitcom The Soul Man. Williams is currently a regular on Whose Line is it Anyway?. Contents ( hide )" ], "id": [ "166453872738106683" ], "short_answers": [ "Gary Anthony Williams" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Tell Me You Love Me ( album ) - wikipedia Tell Me You Love Me ( album ) Tell Me You Love Me Standard edition cover Studio album by Demi Lovato Released September 29, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) Recorded 2017 Genre Pop R&B Length 42 : 59 Label Island Hollywood Safehouse Demi Lovato chronology Confident ( 2015 ) Tell Me You Love Me ( 2017 ) Singles from Tell Me You Love Me `` Sorry Not Sorry '' Released : July 11, 2017 `` Tell Me You Love Me '' Released : November 14, 2017 Tell Me You Love Me is the sixth studio album by American singer Demi Lovato. It was released on September 29, 2017, by Island, Hollywood, and Safehouse Records. Primarily a pop record, the album also incorporates elements of R&B. Lovato described the album as having a more `` soulful '' side than her previous work, and named Christina Aguilera, Aretha Franklin, and Kehlani as its major influences. Contributions to the album 's production came from several producers, including Mitch Allan, David Massey, Oak Felder, Stint, and John Hill. Lyrically, Tell Me You Love Me explores themes of recovering from heartbreak, letting go of past demons, and being single. `` Sorry Not Sorry '' was released as the lead single from the album in July 2017 and would go on to become Lovato 's most successful single in the United States, peaking at number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and being certified 4 × platinum by RIAA. The title track was released as the second and final single from the album in November, peaking at number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was later certified platinum by the RIAA. Tell Me You Love Me received generally positive reviews from music critics, who complimented the production and the emotion in Lovato 's vocal performance, with some naming the album the best work of her career. The album reached the top ten in numerous countries worldwide, peaking at number three on the Billboard 200 chart in the United States. Lovato later embarked on the Tell Me You Love Me World Tour in 2018 in support of the album. By June 2018, the album reached over one billion streams on streaming service Spotify. By August 2018, the album has been certified platinum in the US. Contents 1 Recording and development 2 Release and promotion 3 Composition 4 Singles 4.1 Promotional singles 5 Critical reception 5.1 Year - end lists 6 Commercial performance 7 Track listing 8 Personnel 8.1 Performers and musicians 8.2 Production 8.3 Design and management 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Monthly charts 9.3 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 References Recording and development ( edit ) Following the release of Lovato 's fifth studio album Confident in October 2015, she told Latina that her next album would have a `` more soulful vibe ''. In October 2016, the singer announced via Twitter that she would be taking a break from music and the spotlight in 2017, stating `` I 'm not meant for this business or the media ''. However, she revealed to Mike Adam in August 2017 that after doing charity work earlier that year, she felt rejuvenated and started creating music again, which eventually led to an album. The singer mentioned that a title and release date had been chosen, but she was not allowed to disclose them at the time. Lovato also told MTV News that month she was influenced by many artists for Tell Me You Love Me, including Aretha Franklin, Christina Aguilera, and Kehlani. She stated that the album was heavily inspired by Aguilera 's album Stripped, calling it `` a breakout album that really transformed her into the icon that she is today ''. Lovato stated that she worked with producers Pharrell Williams and Mike Will Made It, but their work would not be featured on the album. Release and promotion ( edit ) See also : Tell Me You Love Me World Tour On August 23, 2017, Lovato posted an 18 - second video to her official Twitter account. In the video, she is seen singing the title track, `` Tell Me You Love Me '', in a recording studio. As the camera pans out, the footage appears to be reflected on Lovato 's eye while zooming further back and unveiling the standard edition album cover ; a black and white close - up photo of her face with the album title underneath. The album cover is then dimmed, to reveal the release date of September 29, 2017. Along with the video and release date, Lovato also announced that the album would be available for pre-order at midnight on August 24, 2017. On September 13, 2017, Lovato unveiled the tracklist with help from her fans on Twitter. On September 29, 2017, Lovato celebrated the album by hosting a live stream event with Vevo, where she discussed the album and delivered acoustic performances of `` Sorry Not Sorry '' and `` Tell Me You Love Me ''. Lovato also partnered with audio electronics company JBL to host a pop - up exhibition in New York City, showcasing the album 's editorial photography and custom murals inspired by the album, created by contemporary painter Lora Zombie. On October 26, 2017, Lovato announced she was going on tour. The tour started in San Diego on February 26, 2018 and concluded on July 22, 2018, in Paso Robles. DJ Khaled and Kehlani were announced as opening acts on the first North American leg of the tour. Jax Jones and Joy were announced as opening acts on the European leg. Iggy Azalea and Lauv were set to perform as opening acts on the second North American leg of the tour, in which one of the shows was cancelled, leaving Azalea as the only opening act on the leg. Becky G and Jorge Blanco were announced as opening acts on the Latin America leg of the tour, which was later canceled due to health issues. Composition ( edit ) For Tell Me You Love Me, Lovato adopted R&B as a key to achieve her desired `` mature '' sound. According to her, she wanted to make sure that this `` album showcased her voice. '' On the other hand, she also considered `` Tell Me You Love Me '' as a `` soulful '' work, as she explained to Time magazine, its sonority serves as a real representation of who she was artistically and personally at that moment. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic perceived, although there are ghosts of traditional soul threaded through the record, `` the production is firmly modern, filled with electronic flair and allusions to hip - hop rhythms. '' Having an electronic production, the album opens with the first track and lead single `` Sorry Not Sorry '', which contains several synthesized effects such as handclaps, finger snaps, a distorted bass voice and club synths. These effects are intercepted with a heavy bassline, hip hop beats, minimal piano notes and backing chants. Elias Leight of Rolling Stone magazine noted that Lovato expands to fill the track 's empty space by `` belting her non-apology with the vindictive force of someone who knows their actions are justified. '' According to the singer, `` Sorry Not Sorry '' is a song for the `` haters '' with the message `` You know what? I 'm good now, and sorry I 'm not sorry that you may not be loving where your life is at the moment. '' The title track is a gospel - influenced song described as a `` booming ballad '' by Fuse 's Jeff Benjamin. It is instrumentally complete with horns, percussive drums, handclaps and wah - wah guitar lines. Lovato explained to Billboard that `` Tell Me You Love Me '' is about `` the vulnerability of coming out of a very serious relationship and having a tough time with it, '' and further commented that lines as `` You ai n't nobody ' til you got somebody, '' `` calls out a big misconception. '' Exhibiting influences from 1980s and 1990s musical styles, the third track `` Sexy Dirty Love '' has an uptempo danceable rhythm that blends funk and disco as well as `` old - school '' R&B and electro genres. Due to its sonority, Mike Wass from Idolator associated the track with Justin Timberlake 's FutureSex / LoveSounds album. Lyrically, it narrates a thoroughly modern romantic encounter initiated via web with Lovato singing about fantasy through the phone in the first verse. Composed in a compound time signature, `` You Do n't Do It for Me Anymore '' features a slow tempo subdued beat and strings chords. During the song, Lovato uses her higher vocal register in a crescendo. Billboard 's Rob Arcand praised her vocal range writing it reach `` near - Adele limits in melisma and virtuosity. '' The lyrics reflects about a past situation in a negative relationship with an abusive partner with the singer expressing that its presence is not as necessary as before. Although it 's written in a perspective of an ended relationship, Lovato explained that the song is a look back at her personal struggles and addictions, saying : `` I sang ( it ) with a lot of emotion because it reminded me of my relationship with my old self that I do n't relate to anymore. '' The electronic song `` Daddy Issues '' sees Lovato singing about a torrid affair with an older man explaining that she has some issues and certain behaviors caused by her relationship with her father. In an interview with BBC News, the singer confessed that the lyrics were ones she came up with, based off her own experiences. Mike Nied from Idolator observed that in the track Lovato `` is hooked on some good loving, and she is content to keep things casual. '' Its synthpop production contains heavy stuttering synth drops and keyboard effects. In `` Ruin the Friendship '', Lovato invites a special friend to take their relationship to a romantic level, appreciating his appearance and confessing her sexual intentions with him. During the verses, she sings accompanied by a bass guitar and a tenor saxophone. With a melodic horn section during the chorus, the song features and contains a smooth, slow - burn atmosphere reminiscent of jazz music. Its sound also demonstrates influences from traditional rhythm and blues. `` Only Forever '' is a melancholic song about wanting the person you want to explore a new relationship with to make that first move or take that next step. With a message of `` giving someone chances that will last a lifetime, '' Lovato considered `` Only Forever '' as a sequel to `` Ruin the Friendship ''. The song also has a connection with her personal experiences. Throughout the track, Lovato 's vocals appears to be echoing over a minimal bassline. `` Lonely '' is a duet with rapper Lil Wayne that finds Lovato as a protagonist expressing angriness and disappointment about the behaviour of an abusive partner with Wayne 's verses reiterating her feelings. Its production, handled by DJ Mustard, features sparse, ambient synths in contrasts with a trap - inflected minimalist beat. A downtempo ballad with influences from rock n ' roll music, `` Cry Baby '' makes use of a pounding piano, snare and bass drums, and electric guitar riff slides. Lyrically, `` Cry Baby '' shows Lovato singing about experiencing a dramatic romantic situation that alternates her solid personality making her a fragile person. As she sings in the chorus, although her heart is the `` hardest to break '', a romantic interest made her cry and heartbroken. According to Lovato, `` Games '' is about `` playing games when I ( she ) got out of a relationship and started dating again. '' As Alexia Camp of Slant Magazine commented, it finds her `` giving as good as she gets when her object of affection sends mixed ( text ) messages. '' The track was also noted for containing an instrumentation reminiscent of trap music. `` Concentrate '' and `` Hitchhiker '' are midtempo numbers, where the usage of guitar is a predominant characteristic in their production. The former is a stripped - down song with the lyrics focusing on sexual themes as Lovato lust for her lover has her extremely distracted. Idolator 's Mike Wass noted that she `` straddles the line between explicit and almost spiritual, but she manages to make the effort all about making love instead of rolling around in the sack with a fling. '' Tell Me You Love Me 's twelfth track, `` Hitchhiker '', is an optimistic love song about taking an emotional leap with a stranger. Singles ( edit ) `` Sorry Not Sorry '' was released as the lead single from the record on July 11, 2017. It was written by Demi Lovato, Oak Felder, Sean Douglas, Trevor Brown and William Zaire Simmons. It was produced by Oak Felder, Trevor Brown and William Zaire Simmons. The song peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100, and became her highest charting single there. The album 's title track `` Tell Me You Love Me '' was released as the first promotional single from the album along with the pre-order on August 24, 2017. The song was released as the second and final single from the album on November 14, 2017. After being released as a single, the song debuted and later peaked at number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100. Promotional singles ( edit ) `` You Do n't Do It for Me Anymore '' was released as the second promotional single from the album on September 8, 2017. The track sold 12,757 copies in its first week of release. The third promotional single, `` Sexy Dirty Love '' was released on September 22, 2017. The track sold 8,486 copies in its first week of release. Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 72 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Entertainment Weekly Herald Sun Idolator Los Angeles Times Positive MTV Positive Pitchfork 7.2 / 10 Rolling Stone San Francisco Chronicle Positive Slant Magazine Tell Me You Love Me received generally positive reviews from music critics. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 72 based on six reviews, indicating `` generally favorable reviews ''. For Pitchfork, Jamieson Cox stated that Lovato `` has finally settled into a consistently compelling space : flinty, flirty R&B that 's just as thrilling hushed as it is at full blast '', and noticed the improvement over her previous works, `` It gives you enough space to see Demi as something other than a no - holds - barred belter. You want to get to know the Lovato behind Tell Me You Love Me, something you ca n't definitively say about any of her other releases ''. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote that the album `` runs the gamut from churchy soul to seductive slow - burners to showstopping ballads designed to showcase every single one of Lovato 's diva moves '', giving the album 3.5 out of 5 stars. The Herald Sun rated the album 3.5 out of 4 stars, deeming it `` impressive '' and felt `` Daddy Issues '' was the best track. Writing for Idolator, Mike Nied gave the record 4 stars out of 5 and stated that `` Demi finally hits her stride '' with the album. He added `` Instead of sprinkling one or two hits among a lot of filler, the hitmaker has finally recruited the right team and found her voice over sparkling mid-tempos and frenetic bangers. The album has the distinction of being her most cohesive and is one of the strongest to drop in 2017 '' and compared the album to Christina Aguilera 's Stripped. In a positive review, Aidin Vaziri of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote that Lovato `` feels jilted, and conjuring the battle cries of pop predecessors like Christina Aguilera and Kelly Clarkson, she unleashes on exes and backstabbing friends with the kind of vocal firepower best appreciated from a safe distance ''. Los Angeles Times writer Mikael Wood praised the album 's tracks as `` catchy and funny and sexy and daring '', and wrote that Tell Me You Love Me `` presents a singer burning with purpose ''. For Entertainment Weekly 's editor Tim Snatc, Tell Me You Love Me `` suffers for some of its excessive vocal fireworks. '' Giving the album a B rating, he felt that the best parts of the album are `` on the first half and showcase Lovato 's swagger, especially the standout gospel - tinged title track. '' Writing for Rolling Stone, Maura Johnston stated the album `` gets bogged down '' in chilled - out trap pop. She later commented slow - tempo tracks like `` Concentrate '' balanced the downtempo and the energetic tracks. On December 4, 2017, Time ranked the best albums of 2017, and gave an honorable mention to the album, noting `` Lovato 's full - throated pop on Tell Me You Love Me '' and acclaiming Lovato for `` stepping outside of comfort zones and creating new pathways for music to follow ''. Year - end lists ( edit ) Critic / Publication List Rank Ref. AllMusic Favorite Pop Albums - AllMusic 2017 in Review No order Billboard 50 Best Albums of 2017 : Critics ' Picks 40 Los Angeles Times Mikael Wood 's top 10 albums of 2017 No order People 10 Best Albums of 2017 6 PopSugar The Best Albums of 2017, According to Us 10 Rolling Stone 20 Best Pop Albums of 2017 15 Thrillist The Best Albums of 2017 11 Commercial performance ( edit ) In the United Kingdom, Tell Me You Love Me debuted at number five on the UK Albums Chart, becoming her highest charting album in the nation. The record entered at number eight in Australia, becoming her second top 10 album on the ARIA Albums Chart after Confident reached number three. The album opened at number three on the US Billboard 200 with 74,000 album - equivalent units, which consisted of 48,000 pure sales, and became her sixth consecutive top five entry on the chart after all five of her previous studio efforts charted within that range. In Canada, it arrived at number 4 and became her fifth consecutive album to reach the country 's top five. As of August 2018, the record has been certified platinum in the US, becoming Lovato 's first album to achieve this milestone. Track listing ( edit ) Standard version No. Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1. `` Sorry Not Sorry '' Demi Lovato Warren Felder Sean Douglas Trevor Brown William Zaire Simmons Oak Brown Zaire Koalo 3 : 23 2. `` Tell Me You Love Me '' John Hill Kirby Lauryen Ajay Bhattacharya Hill Stint Mitch Allan Scott Robinson 3 : 56 3. `` Sexy Dirty Love '' Lovato Felder Brown Simmons Oak Brown Koalo 3 : 33 4. `` You Do n't Do It for Me Anymore '' Lovato Jonas Jeberg Chloe Angelides Ashlyn Wilson James `` Gladius '' Wong Jeberg Anton Kuhl Allan Robinson 3 : 17 5. `` Daddy Issues '' Lovato Felder Simmons Douglas Oak Koalo 3 : 09 6. `` Ruin the Friendship '' Lovato Ido Zmishlany Brittany Amaradio Angelides Zmishlany 3 : 53 7. `` Only Forever '' Lovato Felder Douglas Ilsey Juber Toby Gad Oak 3 : 17 8. `` Lonely '' ( featuring Lil Wayne ) Dijon McFarlane Dwayne Carter Sarah Aarons DJ Mustard Allan Robinson 4 : 41 9. `` Cry Baby '' Lovato Taylor Parks Angelides Noonie Bao Jamie Sanderson Kevin Hissink Sermstyle Hissink Tayla Parx 3 : 42 10. `` Games '' Lovato Felder Brown Simmons Douglas Oak Brown Koalo 3 : 08 11. `` Concentrate '' Lovato Dayyon Alexander Jimmy Burney Jeff Shum Adam Tressler Rush Hr. Allan Robinson 3 : 17 12. `` Hitchhiker '' Lovato Alexander Burney Winston Howard Shum Tressler Rush Hr. Allan Robinson 3 : 43 Total length : 42 : 59 show Deluxe version No. Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 13. `` Instruction '' ( Jax Jones featuring Demi Lovato and Stefflon Don ) Timucin Aluo Uzoechi Emenike Lovato Stephanie Allen Jax Jones Mark Ralph 2 : 45 14. `` Sorry Not Sorry '' ( Acoustic ) Lovato Felder Douglas Brown Simmons Steve `` Styles '' Rodriguez 3 : 25 15. `` No Promises '' ( Acoustic ) ( Cheat Codes featuring Demi Lovato ) Ari Leff Trevor Dahl Jackson Foote Emma Block Lovato Dahl Lauv Foote Mokita Allan 3 : 52 Total length : 53 : 01 show International and Target edition No. Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 16. `` Smoke & Mirrors '' Lovato Ben Abraham Aarons Abraham Aarons Allan Robinson 3 : 57 17. `` Ready for Ya '' Lovato Nolan Lambroza Simon Wilcox Nick Jonas Sir Nolan 3 : 30 Total length : 60 : 28 Notes signifies an additional producer signifies a co-producer signifies a vocal producer signifies an additional vocal producer Personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of Tell Me You Love Me. Performers and musicians ( edit ) Demi Lovato -- lead vocals Lil Wayne -- featured artist ( track 8 ) Stefflon Don -- featured artist ( track 13 ) Jax Jones -- featured artist ( track 13 ) Cheat Codes -- featured artist ( track 15 ) Jonathan Asperil -- electric guitar ( track 14 ) Laurhan Beato -- alto ( track 14 ) Nelson Beato -- tenor ( track 14 ) Daro Behroozi -- tenor saxophone ( track 6 ) `` Downtown '' Trevor Brown -- additional vocals ( track 3 ) Carl L. Carter -- percussion ( track 14 ), drums ( track 14 ) Deonis `` Pumah '' Cook -- tenor ( track 14 ) Charity `` CherryD '' Davis -- background vocals ( track 14 ) Quishima Dixon -- alto ( track 14 ) Sean Douglas -- background vocals ( track 1 ) Thomas Drayton -- bass ( tracks 11 - 12 ) Warren `` Oak '' Felder -- keyboards ( tracks 1, 3 ), additional vocals ( track 3 ), synthesizer ( tracks 3, 5 ), acoustic guitar ( track 5 ) Joshua Gawel -- trumpet ( track 6 ) John Hill -- drums ( track 2 ), bass ( track 2 ), guitar ( track 2 ), horn ( track 2 ), piano ( track 2 ) Kevin Hissink -- guitars ( track 9 ), bass ( track 9 ) Jonas Jeberg -- all instruments ( track 4 ) Jax Jones -- drums ( track 13 ), synths ( track 13 ) Zaire Koalo -- additional vocals ( tracks 1, 3 ) Kirby Lauryen -- background vocals ( track 2 ) Ayani Layli -- background vocals ( track 14 ) MNEK -- background vocals ( track 13 ) Dave Palmer -- keyboards ( track 2 ) Bennett Paysinger -- Hammond B3 ( track 14 ) Andrew Portes -- bass ( track 6 ) Lenny `` The Ox '' Reece -- drums ( track 6 ) Steven `` Styles '' Rodriguez -- piano ( track 14 ), Fender Rhodes ( track 14 ), Hammond B3 ( track 14 ), electric guitar ( track 14 ) Whitney Rollins -- soprano ( track 14 ) Adam Ross -- acoustic guitar ( track 14 ) Sermstyle -- keyboards ( track 9 ) Sir Nolan -- all instrumentation ( track 17 ) Stint -- drums ( track 2 ), bass ( track 2 ), guitar ( track 2 ), horn ( track 2 ), piano ( track 2 ) Adam Tressler -- guitar ( tracks 11 - 12 ) Danielle Withers -- soprano ( track 14 ) Ido Zmishlany -- guitar ( track 6 ), keyboards ( track 6 ), percussion ( track 6 ), piano ( track 6 ) Production ( edit ) Sarah Aarons -- production ( track 16 ), recording ( track 16 ) Ben Abraham -- production ( track 16 ), recording ( track 16 ) Mitch Allan -- vocal production ( tracks 4, 8, 11 - 12, 15 - 16 ), engineering ( tracks 2, 4, 15 ) Jose Balaguer -- engineering ( track 1 ), vocal recording ( track 4 ) Matt Bang -- recording ( track 6 ) `` Downtown '' Trevor Brown -- co-production ( tracks 1, 3, 10 ), programming ( tracks 1, 3 ), synthesizer programming ( tracks 1, 3, 10 ) Zach Brown -- assistant recording ( track 6 ) Cheat Codes -- recording ( track 15 ) Rob Cohen -- engineering ( track 2 ), recording and editing ( track 2 ) Miles Comasky -- assistant mix engineer ( track 6 ) Serge Courtois -- mixing ( track 17 ) Trevor Dahl -- production ( track 15 ), programming ( track 15 ) Scott Desmarais -- mixing assistant ( track 1 ) DJ Mustard -- production ( track 8 ) Eric J Dubowsky -- mixing ( track 5 ) Oak Felder -- production ( tracks 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 ), programming ( tracks 1, 5, 7, 10 ), additional recording ( track 1 ), keyboards arrangement ( tracks 1, 3 ), recording ( tracks 3, 5, 7, 10 ), synthesizer programming ( tracks 1, 10 ) Mike Fennel -- recording ( track 6 ) Robin Florent -- mixing assistant ( track 1 ) Jackson Foote -- production ( track 15 ), programming ( track 15 ) Tom AD Fuller -- assistant engineering ( track 13 ) Chris Galland -- mixing engineering ( track 1 ) Manny Galvez -- vocal recording ( track 8 ) Chris Gehringer -- mastering Serban Ghenea -- mixing ( tracks 2, 15 ) Martin Gray -- assistant recording ( track 6 ) John Hanes -- engineered for mix ( tracks 2, 15 ) Stuart Hawkes -- mastering ( track 13 ) John Hill -- production ( track 2 ), programming ( track 2 ) Kevin Hissink -- co-production ( track 9 ), recording ( tracks 9, 11 - 12 ) Jonas Jeberg -- production ( track 4 ), engineering ( track 4 ), recording ( track 4 ) Chantry Johnson -- vocal recording ( tracks 11 - 12, 16 ) Jax Jones -- production ( track 13 ), programming ( track 13 ), drums programming ( track 13 ), synth programming ( track 13 ), recording arrangement ( track 13 ) Jaycen Joshua -- mixing ( track 8 ) Zaire Koalo -- co-production ( tracks 1, 3, 5, 10 ), drums programming ( tracks 1, 3, 5, 10 ) Anton Kuhl -- production ( track 4 ) Ari Leff -- production ( track 15 ), programming ( track 15 ) Nicole `` Coco '' Llorens -- assistant engineering ( track 1 ), assistant ( track 4 ), recording ( track 6 ) Erik Madrid -- mixing ( tracks 3 - 4, 7, 9 - 12 ) Manny Marroquin -- mixing ( track 1 ) Tony Maserati -- mixing ( track 6 ) Zeke Mishanec -- vocal recording ( tracks 2, 8 ) Taylor Parks -- vocal production ( track 9 ) Will Quinnell -- mastering Mark Ralph -- production ( track 13 ), mixing ( track 13 ) Scott Robinson -- additional vocal production ( tracks 4, 8, 11 - 12 ) Rush Hr. -- production ( tracks 11 - 12 ) Sermstyle -- production ( track 9 ) Sir Nolan -- production ( track 17 ), recording ( track 17 ), programming ( track 17 ) Keith `` Daquan '' Sorrells -- assistant engineering ( tracks 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 ) Alex Spencer -- assistant mixing ( tracks 3, 7, 9 - 12 ) Stint -- production ( track 2 ), programming ( track 2 ) Oli Straus -- recording ( track 6 ) Drew Smith -- engineering ( track 13 ) Jaime Velez -- vocals recording ( track 9 ) Tim Watt -- assistant mixing ( track 5 ) Nolan Westcott -- recording ( track 6 ) Ido Zmishlany -- production ( track 6 ), recording ( track 6 ), programming ( track 6 ) Design and management ( edit ) Ian Allen -- business affairs Sandra Brummels -- art direction Rob Cohen -- legal counseling Tony Corey -- marketing Vol S. Davis III -- business affairs Alberto Erazo -- art direction, design Elliot Groffman -- legal counseling Kyledidthis -- art direction, design Dennis Leupold -- photography David Massey -- executive producer Liz Paw -- legal counseling James Petronio -- A&R coordination Philymack -- management Andy Proctor -- package production Gabrielle Rosen -- A&R administration Zeke Silvera -- A&R Kristen Surya -- legal counseling Antoniette Trotman -- business affairs Cindy Zaplachinski -- business affairs Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 8 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 29 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 10 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 27 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Croatian International Albums ( HDU ) 31 Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) 16 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 26 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 10 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 20 French Albums ( SNEP ) 53 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 32 Greek Albums ( IFPI ) 34 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 7 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 12 Mexican Albums ( AMPROFON ) New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 6 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 13 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 32 Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) 28 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 6 Slovak Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) 27 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 13 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 32 Taiwanese Albums ( Five Music ) UK Albums ( OCC ) 5 US Billboard 200 Monthly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Argentine Albums ( CAPIF ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 159 US Billboard 200 170 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 Philippines ( PARI ) Platinum 15,000 Russia ( NFPF ) Silver 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 60,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) List of release dates, formats, label, editions and reference Region Date Format ( s ) Label Edition ( s ) Ref. Various September 29, 2017 CD digital download Hollywood Island Safehouse Standard deluxe December 15, 2017 Vinyl Standard References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cox, Jamieson ( October 4, 2017 ). `` Demi Lovato - Tell Me You Love Me Album Review ''. Pitchfork. Retrieved October 4, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Demi Lovato Announces New Album ' Tell Me You Love Me ' ''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Zamlout, Nicole ( November 30, 2017 ). `` ' Tell Me You Love Me ' shares Lovato 's emotional story ''. The Signal. Retrieved March 31, 2018. Jump up ^ Finkelstein, Sabrina ( July 6, 2017 ). `` Demi Lovato to Release New Single ' Sorry Not Sorry ' July 11 ''. Billboard. Retrieved August 24, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / M Future Releases ''. All Access Media Group. Archived from the original on November 11, 2017. Retrieved November 11, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` @ ddlovato on Twitter ''. Retrieved May 29, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Tour Dates ''. demilovato.com. October 27, 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2018. Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith ( October 26, 2015 ). `` Pentatonix Scores First No. 1 Album ''. Billboard. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato on Island Records ''. Island Records. Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 29. Jump up ^ Jesús Treviño Alarcón ( June 2016 ). `` Demi Lovato is Latina Magazine 's June / July 2016 Cover Star! ''. Latina. Archived from the original on October 9, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Karen Mizoguchi ( October 5, 2016 ). `` Demi Lovato Is ' Taking a Break From Music ' in 2017 : ' I Am Not Meant for This Business ' ''. People Music. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Adam, Mike ( August 18, 2017 ). `` Demi Lovato Spills Details On Her Upcoming Album ''. Fresh 102.7. Retrieved August 24, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Demi Lovato Talks New Album ' Tell Me You Love Me ' & 2017 VMA Performance ''. MTV News. August 26, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017. Jump up ^ Haas, Mariah ( September 19, 2017 ). `` Demi Lovato Reveals Christina Aguilera ' Really Inspired ' Her Upcoming Album ''. People. Retrieved September 21, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Announces New Album ' Tell Me You Love Me, ' Teases Title Track ''. Billboard. August 23, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Thomas, Helen ( September 13, 2017 ). `` The new Demi Lovato album tracklist was perfectly predicted by very keen fans ''. NME. Retrieved September 13, 2017. Jump up ^ Stutz, Colin ( September 29, 2017 ). `` Demi Lovato Performs Stripped Down ' Sorry Not Sorry ' & ' Tell Me You Love Me ' at VEVO Live Event ''. Billboard. Retrieved September 30, 2017. Jump up ^ `` JBL ® and Grammy Nominated and Multi-Platinum Global Superstar Demi Lovato Open Limited Time - Only Pop - Up Gallery ''. Business Wire. September 27, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Tell Me You Love Me World Tour ''. Retrieved August 9, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Demi Lovato : Fans will know ' exactly who I 'm talking about ' on my new album ''. Entertainment Weekly. September 12, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Fans Help Reveal Demi Lovato 's ' Tell Me You Love Me ' Track List ''. Billboard. September 13, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato on Speaking Up for What She Believes in and Shrugging Off Haters ''. Time. September 29, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. `` Tell Me You Love Me - Demi Lovato ''. AllMusic. Retrieved September 28, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Listen : Demi Lovato steps to her critics on new single ' Sorry Not Sorry ' ''. AXS. July 11, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Hear Demi Lovato 's Revenge - Soaked New Song ' Sorry Not Sorry ' ''. Rolling Stone. July 11, 2017. Retrieved July 13, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Premieres New Single ' Sorry Not Sorry ' ''. Forbes. July 11, 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Path To A Hit Single Is Changing -- Just Ask Miley Cyrus & Demi Lovato ''. Stereogum. September 28, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Announces New Single `` Sorry Not Sorry '' ``. iHeartRadio. July 6, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Announces New ' Tell Me You Love Me ' Album, Teases Title Track ''. Fuse. August 23, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Hear Demi Lovato 's Heartsick New Song ' Tell Me You Love Me ' ''. Rolling Stone. August 23, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2017. Jump up ^ `` 5 Songs You Need to Listen to This Week ''. Time. August 25, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Demi Lovato Tells Stories Behind ' Tell Me You Love Me ' Tracks at New York Pop - Up ''. Billboard. September 29, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Demi Lovato Embraces the Dance Floor on New Song ' Sexy Dirty Love ' ''. Rolling Stone. September 22, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Is Craving That `` Sexy Dirty Love '' On New Buzz Track ``. Idolator. September 22, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Shares Lusty New Single ' Sexy Dirty Love ' : Listen ''. Billboard. September 22, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Stream Demi Lovato 's ' You Do n't Do It for Me Anymore ' ''. Billboard. September 8, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Review : Demi Lovato Silences Critics On Tell Me You Love Me ''. Salute. September 29, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Is Back on Her Bullshit, But Now the Bullshit Is Better ''. Noisey. September 27, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Talks Mental Health, Hillary Clinton, Her ' Barney ' Days and More ''. Rolling Stone. October 6, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato on dating and disappointment ''. BBC News. October 2, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Gest Honest About Her ' Daddy Issues And The Song 's Inspiration ''. MTV News. October 6, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Teases New Tracks `` Daddy Issues '' & `` Lonely '' ``. Idolator. September 28, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Teases ' Daddy Issues ' & ' Lonely ' ''. Billboard. September 28, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Nied, Mike ( September 29, 2017 ). `` Demi Lovato 's ' Tell Me You Love Me : ' Album Review ''. Idolator. Retrieved September 30, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Did Demi Lovato Write `` Ruin the Friendship '' About Nick Jonas? ``. E! Online. September 29, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Tell Me You Love Me ( Media notes ). Demi Lovato. Island Records / Hollywood Records / Safehouse Records. 2017. ^ Jump up to : Camp, Alexa ( October 1, 2017 ). `` Demi Lovato : Tell Me You Love Me ''. Slant Magazine. Retrieved October 2, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Was Demi Lovato 's steamy new song ' Ruin the Friendship ' inspired by Nick Jonas? ''. Entertainment Weekly. September 29, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` New Music : Demi Lovato Feat. Lil Wayne - `` Lonely '' ``. Rap - Up. September 29, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Listen : Demi Lovato feels ' Lonely ' on new track with Lil Wayne ''. AXS. October 3, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato & Lil Wayne Deliver The Powerful Ballad `` Lonely '' ``. HotNewHipHop. October 1, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017. Jump up ^ `` 5 Songs You Need to Listen to This Week ''. Time. September 29, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato 's New Album Is The Ultimate Guide To Getting Over A Breakup ''. MTV News. September 29, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Review : Demi Lovato 's ' Tell Me You Love Me ' is pop reinvention done right ''. The Diamondback. October 6, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2017. Jump up ^ Iasimone, Ashley ( August 25, 2017 ). `` Demi Lovato Drops ' Tell Me You Love Me ' Title Track : Listen ''. Billboard. Retrieved August 25, 2017. Jump up ^ Arcand, Rob ( September 8, 2017 ). `` Demi Lovato -- `` You Do n't Do It For Me Anymore '' ``. Spin. Retrieved September 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 14 / 2017 '' ( PDF ). Nielsen SoundScan. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2017. Jump up ^ Arcand, Rob ( September 22, 2017 ). `` Demi Lovato -- `` Sexy Dirty Love '' ``. Spin. Retrieved September 22, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 28 / 2017 '' ( PDF ). Nielsen SoundScan. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Demi Lovato - Tell Me You Love Me ''. Metacritic. September 29, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Stack, Tim ( October 2, 2017 ). `` Demi Lovato 's new R&B sound gets mixed results on Tell Me You Love Me : EW review ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 2, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Adams, Cameron ; Cahill, Mikey ; Wehner, Cyclone ( September 28, 2017 ). `` Latest Album Reviews : Miley Cyrus, Winston Surfshirt, Cub Sport, Moses Sumney, Demi Lovato ''. Herald Sun. Retrieved September 30, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Wood, Mikael ( September 29, 2017 ). `` Miley Cyrus and Demi Lovato drop albums on the same day, but only one is worth listening to ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 30, 2017. Jump up ^ Roth, Madeline ( September 29, 2017 ). `` Demi Lovato 's New Album Is The Ultimate Guide To Getting Over A Breakup ''. MTV. Retrieved October 5, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Johnston, Maura ( October 4, 2017 ). `` Review : Demi Lovato Shows Off Her Brassy Firepower on ' Tell Me You Love Me ' ''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 4, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Vaziri, Aidin ( September 27, 2017 ). `` Album review : Demi Lovato, ' Tell Me You Love Me ' ''. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 30, 2017. Jump up ^ Bruner, Raisa ( December 4, 2017 ). `` The Top 10 Albums of 2017 ''. Time. Retrieved December 7, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Favorite Pop Albums - AllMusic 2017 In Review ''. AllMusic. December 15, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Billboard 's 50 Best Albums of 2017 : Critics ' Picks ''. December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Mikael Wood 's top 10 albums of 2017 ''. December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017. Jump up ^ Nelson, Jeff ( December 8, 2017 ). `` People : 10 Best Albums of 2017 ''. People. Retrieved December 12, 2017. Jump up ^ Stephens, Brittney ( December 15, 2017 ). `` The Best Albums of 2017, According to Us ''. PopSugar. Retrieved December 16, 2017. Jump up ^ Spanos, Brittany ; Vozick - Levinson, Simon ; Johnston, Maura ; Levy, Joe ; Hermes, Will ; Sheffield, Rob. `` 20 Best Pop Albums of 2017 ''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 12 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Best Albums of 2017 ''. Thrillist. December 21, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2017. Jump up ^ Copsey, Rob ( October 6, 2017 ). `` Shania Twain wins fiercely fought battle against Wolf Alice to claim her first Number 1 in 18 years on the Official Albums Chart ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 6, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Shania Twain returns with third # 1 ''. Australian Recording Industry Association. October 7, 2017. Retrieved October 7, 2017. Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith ( October 8, 2017 ). `` Shania Twain 's ' Now ' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart ''. Billboard. Retrieved October 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Shania, Hedley and Tom Petty Loom Large On This Week 's Chart ''. FYIMusicNews. October 10, 2017. Retrieved October 28, 2017. ^ Jump up to : All citations concerning the release of Tell Me You Love Me : `` iTunes -- Music -- Tell Me You Love Me by Demi Lovato ''. iTunes Store. United States. September 29, 2017. `` iTunes -- Music -- Tell Me You Love Me ( Deluxe ) by Demi Lovato ''. iTunes Store. United States. September 29, 2017. `` iTunes -- Music -- Tell Me You Love Me ( Deluxe ) by Demi Lovato ''. iTunes Store. Mexico. September 29, 2017. `` iTunes -- Music -- Tell Me You Love Me ( Deluxe ) by Demi Lovato ''. iTunes Store. United Kingdom. September 29, 2017. `` iTunes -- Music -- Tell Me You Love Me ( Deluxe ) by Demi Lovato ''. iTunes Store. Australia. September 29, 2017. `` iTunes -- Music -- Tell Me You Love Me ( Deluxe ) by Demi Lovato ''. iTunes Store. New Zealand. September 29, 2017. `` iTunes -- Music -- Tell Me You Love Me ( Deluxe ) by Demi Lovato ''. iTunes Store. Canada. September 29, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato - Tell Me You Love Me ( Target Exclusive ) : Target ''. Target. Retrieved August 26, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Tell Me You Love Me ( Deluxe Edition ) DEMI LOVATO ''. JB Hi - Fi. Retrieved July 25, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Demi Lovato -- Tell Me You Love Me ''. Hung Medien. Retrieved October 7, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Demi Lovato -- Tell Me You Love Me '' ( in German ). Hung Medien. Retrieved October 12, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Demi Lovato -- Tell Me You Love Me '' ( in Dutch ). Hung Medien. Retrieved October 6, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Demi Lovato -- Tell Me You Love Me '' ( in French ). Hung Medien. Retrieved October 6, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved October 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Top Stranih ( Top Foreign ) '' ( in Croatian ). Top Foreign Albums. Hrvatska diskografska udruga. Retrieved November 16, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Czech Albums -- Top 100 ''. ČNS IFPI. Note : On the chart page, select 201741 on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '', and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data. Retrieved October 30, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.NU -- Album Top - 40 Uge 43, 2017 ''. Hitlisten. Retrieved November 1, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Demi Lovato -- Tell Me You Love Me '' ( in Dutch ). Hung Medien. Retrieved October 6, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato : Tell Me You Love Me '' ( in Finnish ). Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland. Retrieved October 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Demi Lovato -- Tell Me You Love Me ''. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 9, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Demi Lovato -- Tell Me You Love Me '' ( in German ). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved October 6, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Official IFPI Charts -- Top - 75 Albums Sales Chart ( Week : 41 / 2017 ) ''. IFPI Greece. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved October 25, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Irish Albums Chart : 6 October 2017 ''. Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved October 7, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Demi Lovato -- Tell Me You Love Me ''. Hung Medien. Retrieved October 7, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Top Album - Semanal ( del 29 de Septiembre al 05 de Octubre ) '' ( in Spanish ). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Archived from the original on November 15, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Demi Lovato -- Tell Me You Love Me ''. Hung Medien. Retrieved October 6, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Demi Lovato -- Tell Me You Love Me ''. Hung Medien. Retrieved October 7, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart ''. OLiS. Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved October 12, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Demi Lovato -- Tell Me You Love Me ''. Hung Medien. Retrieved October 25, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 7, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ). IFPI. Retrieved October 12, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albumes -- Semana 40 : del 29.09. 2017 al 05.10. 2017 '' ( in Spanish ). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved October 12, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Demi Lovato -- Tell Me You Love Me ''. Hung Medien. Retrieved October 13, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Demi Lovato -- Tell Me You Love Me ''. Hung Medien. Retrieved October 11, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 20 -- Five Music Chart - 2017 / 10 / 13 - 2017 / 10 / 19 '' ( in Chinese ). Five Music. Retrieved November 29, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 7, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved November 28, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Rankings - Octubre 2017 ''. CAPIF. Retrieved February 20, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2017 : Albums '' ( in Dutch ). Ultratop Flanders. Retrieved August 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Top Billboard 200 Albums -- Year - End 2017 ''. Billboard. Retrieved December 11, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Demi Lovato -- Tell Me You Love Me ''. Music Canada. March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Tell Me You Love Me certified Gold ''. Certificados Musicales Amprofon. March 14, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Tell Me You Love Me certified Platinum ''. MCA Music Inc. February 21, 2018. Retrieved February 21, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Russia certifications 2018 '' ( PDF ). Retrieved June 24, 2018. Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Demi Lovato -- Tell Me You Love Me ''. British Phonographic Industry. Select albums in the Format field. Select Silver in the Certification field. Type Tell Me You Love Me in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Demi Lovato -- Tell Me You Love Me ''. Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved August 23, 2018. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato -- Tell Me You Love Me ( LP ) -- Amazon.com Music ''. Amazon Music. Retrieved December 6, 2017. Demi Lovato Discography Awards and nominations Songs Live performances Studio albums Do n't Forget Here We Go Again Unbroken Demi Confident Tell Me You Love Me Concerts and tours Demi Live! Warm Up Tour Demi Lovato : Live in Concert A Special Night with Demi Lovato The Neon Lights Tour Demi World Tour Future Now Tour Tell Me You Love Me World Tour Related articles Demi Lovato : Stay Strong Safehouse Records Madison De La Garza ( half - sister ) Jonas Brothers Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tell_Me_You_Love_Me_(album)&oldid=866520392 '' Categories : 2017 albums Demi Lovato albums Albums produced by DJ Mustard Albums produced by Warren `` Oak '' Felder Albums produced by John Hill ( record producer ) Hollywood Records albums Island Records albums Safehouse Records albums Albums recorded at A&M Studios Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Gaeilge Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018, at 20 : 59 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Tell Me You Love Me (album)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Tell_Me_You_Love_Me_(album)&amp;oldid=866520392" }

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{ "text": "Bailee Madison - wikipedia Bailee Madison Jump to : navigation, search Bailee Madison Madison in January 2015 ( 1999 - 10 - 15 ) October 15, 1999 ( age 18 ) Fort Lauderdale, Florida, U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 2006 -- present Bailee Madison ( born October 15, 1999 ) is an American actress. In film, she played May Belle Aarons in Bridge to Terabithia ( 2007 ), Isabelle in Brothers ( 2009 ), Sally Hurst in Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ( 2010 ), Maggie in Just Go with It ( 2011 ), Harper Simmons in Parental Guidance ( 2012 ), and Kinsey in The Strangers : Prey at Night ( 2018 ). On television, she made guest appearances as Maxine Russo in Wizards of Waverly Place and young Snow White in Once Upon a Time. She also has a recurring role as Sophia Quinn in The Fosters. In 2015, she began starring as Grace Russell in the Hallmark Channel series Good Witch. Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 1.1 Community involvement 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 2.3 Music videos 3 Awards and nominations 4 References 5 External links Life and career ( edit ) Madison was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, the youngest of seven children. She has four brothers and two sisters. Her older sister, Kaitlin Riley, is also an actress. Her mother is Patricia Riley. She began her career when she was two weeks old in an Office Depot commercial. Since then, she has appeared in several national commercials for major companies including Disney, SeaWorld, and Cadillac. She also serves as a national youth spokesperson for the childhood - cancer charity Alex 's Lemonade Stand Foundation. She made her major motion picture debut in the movie Lonely Hearts, in which she plays Rainelle, a girl thrown into the midst of a world of crime. Madison also has a significant role in the Disney movie Bridge to Terabithia, based on the children 's book. She plays May Belle Aarons, the younger sister of the lead male character played by Josh Hutcherson. She also appears in the independent film Look as Megan, a girl who is being watched and followed by a kidnapper. Madison at the Faith and Values Awards Gala in 2008 Madison had a small role in Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles during the season 1 finale `` What He Beheld '' as a girl who becomes part of a short - lived hostage situation. In the DVD extras it is said that they thought about changing the role slightly because of its violent nature, but she insisted that they not. Madison appeared in Nickelodeon 's made - for - TV movie, The Last Day of Summer. She plays a girl who helps a friend during a difficult time. Another Nickelodeon production she had a role in was the television Christmas special Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh. She played a girl who lived with a foster family. Madison is seen in a featured supporting role in the 2009 film Brothers as Isabelle Cahill, the older daughter of Captain Sam Cahill ( Tobey Maguire ) and Grace Cahill ( Natalie Portman ). For her portrayal in the movie, she was nominated for both a Saturn Award and a BFCA Critics ' Choice Award. In 2010, Madison was in the movie Letters to God, where she portrayed Samantha Perryfield, best friend of the lead character who is fighting cancer. She is seen in Conviction playing the younger version of Hilary Swank 's character, Betty Anne Waters. She can be seen in the episode `` Locum '' from Law & Order : Special Victims Unit as Mackenzie Burton, a girl who was adopted and feels like she is only filling the place of her parents ' older daughter who was abducted years ago. She appeared in three episodes of the children 's horror series, R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour. In 2011, Madison had a recurring role in the Disney Channel Original Series Wizards of Waverly Place as Maxine, the girl form of Max Russo. She also appeared in Just Go with It, alongside Adam Sandler and Jennifer Aniston, as Maggie Murphy, a young girl who wants to become an actress. Madison can be seen in the drama film, An Invisible Sign as the younger version of Jessica Alba 's character Mona Gray. She starred in her first leading role in the horror film, Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark, alongside Katie Holmes and Guy Pearce where she portrayed Sally Hurst, a lonely withdrawn child who is sent to live with her father and his new girlfriend. Madison at the Golden Globes Gift Lounge on January 14, 2012 In 2012, Madison appeared in the Hallmark film A Taste of Romance alongside Teri Polo and James Patrick Stuart. She also had a guest role as the younger version of Ginnifer Goodwin 's character Snow White in the TV series Once Upon a Time. She also could be seen as the main character in the film Cowgirls n ' Angels where she played the feisty and rebellious Ida Clayton who has fantasies of finding her father, a rodeo rider. Madison appeared in another Hallmark film entitled Smart Cookie as Daisy, an eager girl hoping to prove herself as a Girl Scout. In December, she appeared in the family comedy film Parental Guidance, alongside Billy Crystal and Bette Midler. In 2013, Madison began playing Hillary on the TV sitcom Trophy Wife, replacing Gianna LePera who played the character in the pilot. In 2014, she began playing the recurring role of Sophia Quinn in the ABC Family drama The Fosters. In 2015, she began playing Grace Russell, the daughter of Cassie Nightingale, in the Hallmark series Good Witch. In 2017 it was announced that Madison would star in an adaptation of Rachel Bateman 's novel Someone Else 's Summer. In 2018, she portrayed the role of Kinsey, a rebellious child in horror film The Strangers : Prey at Night. Christina Hendricks and Martin Henderson played her parents. The film received mixed response from critics. Bailee Madison 's career also includes voice over work ( or voice acting ) with Breathe Bible. Community involvement ( edit ) Madison has served as the national youth spokesperson for Alex 's Lemonade Stand Foundation since 2010, an organization that encourages kids to fundraise and spread awareness of pediatric cancer by running their own lemonade stands. Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2006 Lonely Hearts Rainelle Downing 2007 Bridge to Terabithia May Belle Aarons 2007 Look Megan 2008 Phoebe in Wonderland Olivia Lichten 2009 Brothers Isabelle Cahill An Invisible Sign Young Mona Gray Conviction Young Betty Anne Waters Letters to God Samantha Perryfield 2011 Just Go With It Maggie Murphy ( Kiki Dee ) 2011 Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark Sally Hurst 2011 25 Hill Kate Slater Cameo appearance 2012 Parental Guidance Harper Simmons 2012 Monica Monica Voice role ; animated short 2012 Cowgirls ' n Angels Ida Clayton 2013 The Magic Bracelet Ashley Short film 2014 NorthPole Open For Christmas Clementine 2016 Annabelle Hooper and the Ghosts of Nantucket Annabelle Hooper 2016 Holiday Joy Joy 2016 The Night Before Halloween Megan 2017 A Cowgirl 's Story Dusty Rhodes Also producer 2018 The Strangers : Prey at Night Kinsey Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 CSI : NY Rose Duncan Episode : `` Boo '' 2007 House Lucy Episode : `` Act Your Age '' 2007 Unfabulous Young Addie Singer 2 episodes 2007 Cory in the House Maya 2 episodes 2007 Saving Sarah Cain Hannah Cottrell Movie 2007 The Last Day of Summer Maxine Movie 2008 Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles Little Girl Episode : `` What He Beheld '' 2008 Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh Mary Alice Johansson Movie Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Mackenzie Burton Episode : `` Locum '' Hubworld Herself 2010, 2012 R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour Lilly Carbo / Jenny / Becky 4 episodes 2011 Wizards of Waverly Place Maxine Russo 6 episodes ( Season 4 ) 2011 Chase Zoe Episode : `` Father Figure '' 2011 Powers Calista Pilot 2012 A Taste of Romance Hannah Callahan Movie 2012 Smart Cookies Daisy Movie 2012 -- 13, 2016 Once Upon a Time Young Snow White 4 episodes 2013 Holliston Bailee Episode `` Rock the Cradle '' 2013 Half Riley Young Movie 2013 Pete 's Christmas Katie Movie 2013 -- 2014 Trophy Wife Hillary Harrison Series regular ( 21 episodes ) 2014 -- 2016 The Fosters Sophia Quinn Recurring role, 11 episodes 2014 American Dad! Unknown Episode : `` Roger Passes The Bar '' 2014 Northpole Clementine Movie 2015 -- present Good Witch Grace Russell Series regular ( 30 episodes ) 2015 Northpole : Open for Christmas Clementine Movie 2015 Mulaney Ruby Episode : `` Ruby '' 2015 Good Witch Halloween Grace Russell Hallmark movie 2016 Date with Love Heidi Watts Hallmark movie 2016 Holiday Joy Joy Hockstatter Movie Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Artist Role 2017 `` Love You So '' Alex Lange Love interest Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result Ref. 2008 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film Young Actress Age Ten or Younger Bridge to Terabithia Won Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Young Ensemble Cast Won Best Performance in a TV Series Guest Starring Young Actress House Nominated Best Performance in a TV Movie, Miniseries or Special -- Supporting Young Actress The Last Day of Summer Won Movieguide Awards Most Inspirational Television Acting Saving Sarah Cain Won BFCA Critics ' Choice Awards Best Young Actress Brothers Nominated Saturn Awards Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated 2011 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film ( Leading Young Actress Ten and Under ) An Invisible Sign Nominated Youth Rock Awards Rockin ' Child Performer ( TV / Film ) Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark Nominated 2012 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Actress Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Supporting Young Actress Just Go With It Nominated 2013 Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Young Ensemble Cast Parental Guidance Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Children in Film ''. Retrieved March 12, 2014. Jump up ^ Stacey Harrison. `` Bailee Madison returns to The Hub 's `` Haunting Hour '' with `` Scarecrow '' ``. channelguidemag.com. Retrieved December 12, 2011. Jump up ^ I Am Second. `` I Am Second Bailee Madison -- Child Actress ''. youtube.com. Retrieved April 17, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Bailee Madison Trophy Wife ''. IGN. Retrieved January 22, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Good Witch ' Star Bailee Madison Teases Spellbinding Season 2 ''. International Business Times. April 15, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2016. Jump up ^ McNary, Dave. `` Bailee Madison to Star in ' Someone Else 's Summer ' Movie Adaptation ( EXCLUSIVE ) ''. Retrieved 29 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Review -- Strangers : Prey at Night is Why Some Films Do n't Need Sequels ''. Bleeding Cool News And Rumors. March 9, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Film Review : The Strangers : Prey at Night is a Quick, Bloody Slasher Throwback ''. Consequence of Sound. March 8, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Bailee Madison, The Voice of Young Mary '', BreatheBible.com ; retrieved September 19, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Young actress Bailee Madison sells lemonade for charity, celebrates Girl Scouts 100th anniversary with new role '', FoxNews.com, June 12, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Bridge to Terabithia official site ''. Disney.go.com. Retrieved January 28, 2012. Jump up ^ `` J2 Pictures / J2TV official web site ''. J2tv.com. Retrieved January 28, 2012. Jump up ^ Josh L. Dickey ( April 11, 2011 ). `` Bailee Madison rides rodeo pic ''. variety.com. Retrieved April 11, 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Last Day Of Summer official site ''. Nick.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh official site ''. Nick.com. Retrieved January 28, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Bailee Madison : Katie and I will be on the ''. Twitter.com. December 23, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2012. Jump up ^ Megan Walsh - Boyle. `` Exclusive : Disney Channel Announces Season 4 of Wizards of Waverly Place ''. tvguide.com. Retrieved April 17, 2011. Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva. `` Pilot Castings : USA 's ' Over / Under ' Finds Female Lead, Young Actress Joins ' Powers ' ''. deadline.com. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Cast of Good Witch ''. Hallmark Channel. ^ Jump up to : `` 29th Annual Young Artist Awards ''. YoungArtistAwards.org. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved March 31, 2011. Jump up ^ garcia, Ellen ( February 14, 2008 ). `` Top 10 Movies of 2007 Announced at ' Christian Oscars ' ''. christianpost.com. Retrieved July 23, 2014. Jump up ^ `` 15th Annual Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ( 2010 ) -- Best Picture : The Hurt Locker ''. criticschoice.com. November 21, 2011. Retrieved July 23, 2014. Jump up ^ Miller, Ross ( February 15, 2014 ). `` Avatar Leads 2010 Saturn Awards Nominations ''. screenrant.com. Retrieved July 23, 2014. Jump up ^ `` 32nd Annual Young Artist Awards -- Nominations / Special Awards ''. The Young Artist Foundation. 2011. Archived from the original on August 8, 2013. Retrieved March 14, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Youth Rock Awards Nominees ''. Youth Rocks Awards. 2011. Retrieved October 16, 2011. Jump up ^ `` The 2012 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Ballot! ''. Fangoria Staff. 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012. Jump up ^ `` 33rd Annual Young Artist Awards -- Nominations / Special Awards ''. The Young Artist Foundation. 2012. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2012. Jump up ^ `` 34th Annual Young Artist Awards ''. YoungArtistAwards.org. Archived from the original on April 2, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2013. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bailee Madison. Bailee Madison on IMDb Bailee Madison at AllMovie BNF : cb16612024q ( data ) GND : 1020547847 ISNI : 0000 0000 6603 1804 LCCN : no2009112111 VIAF : 91177049 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bailee_Madison&oldid=843509949 '' Categories : 1999 births 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Florida American child actresses American film actresses American television actresses Living people Actresses from Fort Lauderdale, Florida Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar मैथिली Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt डोटेली 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018, at 16 : 27. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Bailee Madison", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Bailee_Madison&amp;oldid=843509949" }

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{ "text": "Senior Bowl - wikipedia Senior Bowl Jump to : navigation, search For the bridge competition, see Senior Bowl ( bridge ). For the stealth reconnaissance system codenamed SENIOR BOWL, see Lockheed D - 21. Senior Bowl Reese 's Senior Bowl Stadium Ladd -- Peebles Stadium Location Mobile, Alabama Previous stadiums Gator Bowl Stadium ( 1950 ) Previous locations Jacksonville, Florida ( 1950 ) Operated 1950 -- present Sponsors Delchamps ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Food World ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Under Armour ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Nike ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Reese 's ( 2014 -- present ) 2017 matchup North vs. South ( South 16 -- 15 ) 2018 matchup North vs. South ( South 45 -- 16 ) The Senior Bowl is a post-season college football all - star game played each January in Mobile, Alabama, which showcases the best NFL Draft prospects of those players who have completed their college eligibility. First played in 1950 in Jacksonville, Florida, the game moved to Mobile 's Ladd -- Peebles Stadium the next year. Produced by the non-profit Mobile Arts & Sports Association, the game is also a charitable fund - raiser benefiting various local and regional organizations with over US $5.9 million in donations over its history. In 2007, telecast of the game moved from ESPN to NFL Network. In 2013, Reese 's took over sponsorship, starting with the 2014 game. In January 2018, Reese 's announced that they were extending their sponsorship of the game ; a specific duration was not given. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Game results 3 Game MVPs 4 50th Anniversary Senior Bowl All - Time Team 5 Senior Bowl Hall of Fame 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) Two teams, representing the North and the South, are coached by select coaching staff from two NFL teams. In recent years, the coaching staffs have come from teams who finished near the bottom of the league standings, but whose coaches were not subsequently terminated. Organizers stipulate a number of specific rules for the game, some of which are intended to reduce the chance of injury ( e.g. `` All blocks below the waist are prohibited '' ), and others that simplify what the teams need to practice and prepare for ( e.g. `` Only four rushers allowed, no 5 - man pressures or blitzes from secondary permitted '' ). The week - long practice that precedes the game is attended by key NFL personnel ( including coaches, general managers and scouts ), who oversee the players as possible prospects for pro football. At one point the Senior Bowl was the first chance its participants had to openly receive pay for participation in an athletic event. This was one reason that participation was limited to seniors whose eligibility for further participation in collegiate football had expired, and the game was also their first exposure to the slightly different professional rules. Players who wished to participate in collegiate spring sports had to avoid participation in the Senior Bowl. The significance of all of this has waned in recent years as there has been some lessening of the former strict separation of professional and amateur athletes. Athletes sometimes decline invitations to participate in the Senior Bowl, opting instead to prepare for the NFL scouting combine or their colleges ' pro day. In 2013, two players ( D.J. Fluker and Justin Pugh ) with a year of college football eligibility remaining, but who had already graduated, became the first `` fourth - year juniors '' to be granted clearance to play in the Senior Bowl. The game has consistently been played on a Saturday in January, with the exception of 1976, when it was held on a Sunday. The scheduling date within January has varied -- the earliest playing has been January 3 ( 1953 and 1959 ), while the latest playing has been January 30 ( 2010 and 2016 ). Since 1967, it has been traditionally set for the week before the NFL 's Super Bowl ( which itself is now played in February ). It is usually scheduled as the final game of the college football season, but for a period during the 1980s and 1990s, it was the next - to - the - last game, followed a week later by either the Hula Bowl or the Gridiron Classic, both of which are now defunct. From 2007 through 2011, and also in 2013, the Senior Bowl was again the next - to - the - last game, followed by the Texas vs. The Nation Game a week later. The single - season record for number of players sent to the Senior Bowl from one school is 10 by Alabama in 1987, followed by nine sent by Auburn in 1988 and Southern California in 2008. Game results ( edit ) Date Winner Score North team coach ( AFC 1991 -- 93 ) South team coach ( NFC 1991 -- 93 ) Notes January 7, 1950 South 22 -- 13 Bo McMillin, Detroit Lions Steve Owen, New York Giants January 6, 1951 South 19 -- 18 Bo McMillin, Detroit Lions Steve Owen, New York Giants January 5, 1952 North 20 -- 6 Paul Brown, Cleveland Browns Steve Owen, New York Giants January 3, 1953 North 28 -- 13 Paul Brown, Cleveland Browns Steve Owen, New York Giants January 9, 1954 North 20 -- 14 Paul Brown, Cleveland Browns Steve Owen, New York Giants January 8, 1955 South 12 -- 6 Paul Brown, Cleveland Browns Steve Owen, New York Giants January 7, 1956 South 12 -- 2 Buddy Parker, Detroit Lions Paul Brown, Cleveland Browns January 5, 1957 South 21 -- 7 Joe Kuharich, Washington Redskins Paul Brown, Cleveland Browns January 11, 1958 North 15 -- 13 Joe Kuharich, Washington Redskins Paul Brown, Cleveland Browns January 3, 1959 South 21 -- 12 Joe Kuharich, Washington Redskins Paul Brown, Cleveland Browns January 9, 1960 North 26 -- 7 Jim Lee Howell, New York Giants Weeb Ewbank, Baltimore Colts January 7, 1961 South 33 -- 26 Jim Lee Howell, New York Giants Weeb Ewbank, Baltimore Colts January 6, 1962 South 42 -- 7 Tom Landry, Dallas Cowboys Weeb Ewbank, Baltimore Colts January 5, 1963 South 33 -- 27 Tom Landry, Dallas Cowboys Weeb Ewbank, Baltimore Colts January 4, 1964 South 28 -- 21 George Wilson, Detroit Lions Tom Landry, Dallas Cowboys January 9, 1965 Tie 7 -- 7 George Wilson, Detroit Lions Tom Landry, Dallas Cowboys January 8, 1966 South 27 -- 18 Mike Holovak, Boston Patriots Weeb Ewbank, New York Jets January 7, 1967 North 35 -- 13 Norm Van Brocklin, Atlanta Falcons Otto Graham, Washington Redskins January 6, 1968 South 34 -- 21 Mike Holovak, Boston Patriots Hank Stram, Kansas City Chiefs January 11, 1969 North 27 -- 16 Allie Sherman, New York Giants Charley Winner, St. Louis Cardinals January 10, 1970 Tie 37 -- 37 Lou Saban, Denver Broncos Don Shula, Baltimore Colts January 9, 1971 North 31 -- 13 Lou Saban, Denver Broncos Weeb Ewbank, New York Jets January 8, 1972 South 26 -- 21 Alex Webster, New York Giants J.D. Roberts, New Orleans Saints January 6, 1973 South 33 -- 30 Lou Saban, Buffalo Bills Weeb Ewbank, New York Jets January 12, 1974 North 16 -- 13 Mike McCormack, Philadelphia Eagles Don McCafferty, Detroit Lions January 11, 1975 Tie 17 -- 17 John Ralston, Denver Broncos Dick Nolan, San Francisco 49ers January 11, 1976 North 42 -- 35 Chuck Fairbanks, New England Patriots Jack Pardee, Chicago Bears January 8, 1977 North 27 -- 24 Forrest Gregg, Cleveland Browns Don Shula, Miami Dolphins January 7, 1978 North 17 -- 14 Don Coryell, St. Louis Cardinals Leeman Bennett, Atlanta Falcons January 13, 1979 South 41 -- 21 Walt Michaels, New York Jets Dick Nolan, New Orleans Saints January 12, 1980 North 57 -- 3 Bud Grant, Minnesota Vikings Ray Perkins, New York Giants January 17, 1981 North 23 -- 10 Bill Walsh, San Francisco 49ers Red Miller, Denver Broncos January 16, 1982 South 27 -- 10 Marv Levy, Kansas City Chiefs Chuck Noll, Pittsburgh Steelers January 22, 1983 North 14 -- 6 Frank Kush, Baltimore Colts Bum Phillips, New Orleans Saints January 14, 1984 South 21 -- 20 Kay Stephenson, Buffalo Bills Don Coryell, San Diego Chargers January 12, 1985 South 23 -- 7 Jim Hanifan, St. Louis Cardinals Forrest Gregg, Green Bay Packers January 18, 1986 North 31 -- 17 Dan Reeves, Denver Broncos Leeman Bennett, Tampa Bay Buccaneers January 17, 1987 South 42 -- 38 John Robinson, Los Angeles Rams Don Shula, Miami Dolphins January 23, 1988 North 21 -- 7 Chuck Knox, Seattle Seahawks Jim Mora, New Orleans Saints January 21, 1989 South 13 -- 12 Dan Reeves, Denver Broncos John Robinson, Los Angeles Rams January 20, 1990 North 41 -- 0 Marty Schottenheimer, Kansas City Chiefs Buddy Ryan, Philadelphia Eagles January 19, 1991 AFC 38 -- 28 Marty Schottenheimer, Kansas City Chiefs Jim Mora, New Orleans Saints January 18, 1992 AFC 13 -- 10 Art Shell, Los Angeles Raiders Mike Ditka, Chicago Bears January 16, 1993 NFC 21 -- 6 Ted Marchibroda, Indianapolis Colts Bill Belichick, Cleveland Browns January 22, 1994 South 35 -- 32 Rich Kotite, Philadelphia Eagles Don Shula, Miami Dolphins January 21, 1995 South 14 -- 7 Dan Reeves, New York Giants Ted Marchibroda, Indianapolis Colts January 20, 1996 North 25 -- 10 Dennis Erickson, Seattle Seahawks Dave Wannstedt, Chicago Bears January 18, 1997 North 35 -- 14 Norv Turner, Washington Redskins Marty Schottenheimer, Kansas City Chiefs January 17, 1998 South 31 -- 8 Ted Marchibroda, Baltimore Ravens Norv Turner, Washington Redskins January 23, 1999 South 31 -- 21 Jon Gruden, Oakland Raiders Tony Dungy, Tampa Bay Buccaneers January 22, 2000 North 24 -- 21 George Seifert, Carolina Panthers Gunther Cunningham, Kansas City Chiefs January 20, 2001 South 21 -- 16 Bill Cowher, Pittsburgh Steelers Mike Sherman, Green Bay Packers January 26, 2002 South 41 -- 26 Mike Holmgren, Seattle Seahawks Dave McGinnis, Arizona Cardinals January 18, 2003 North 17 -- 0 Dom Capers, Houston Texans Marty Mornhinweg, Detroit Lions January 24, 2004 South 28 -- 10 Marvin Lewis, Cincinnati Bengals Marty Schottenheimer, San Diego Chargers January 29, 2005 North 23 -- 13 Norv Turner, Oakland Raiders Jon Gruden, Tampa Bay Buccaneers January 28, 2006 North 31 -- 14 Jeff Fisher, Tennessee Titans Mike Nolan, San Francisco 49ers January 27, 2007 North 27 -- 0 Jon Gruden, Tampa Bay Buccaneers Mike Nolan, San Francisco 49ers notes January 26, 2008 South 17 -- 16 Lane Kiffin, Oakland Raiders Mike Nolan, San Francisco 49ers notes January 24, 2009 South 35 -- 18 Marvin Lewis, Cincinnati Bengals Jack Del Rio, Jacksonville Jaguars notes January 30, 2010 North 31 -- 13 Jim Schwartz, Detroit Lions Tony Sparano, Miami Dolphins notes January 29, 2011 South 24 -- 10 Marvin Lewis, Cincinnati Bengals Chan Gailey, Buffalo Bills notes January 28, 2012 North 23 -- 13 Leslie Frazier, Minnesota Vikings Mike Shanahan, Washington Redskins notes January 26, 2013 South 21 -- 16 Dennis Allen, Oakland Raiders Jim Schwartz, Detroit Lions notes January 25, 2014 South 20 -- 10 Mike Smith, Atlanta Falcons Gus Bradley, Jacksonville Jaguars notes January 24, 2015 North 34 -- 13 Ken Whisenhunt, Tennessee Titans Gus Bradley, Jacksonville Jaguars notes January 30, 2016 South 27 -- 16 Jason Garrett, Dallas Cowboys Gus Bradley, Jacksonville Jaguars notes January 28, 2017 South 16 -- 15 John Fox, Chicago Bears Hue Jackson, Cleveland Browns notes January 27, 2018 South 45 -- 16 Vance Joseph, Denver Broncos Bill O'Brien, Houston Texans notes All - time series ( through the 2018 game ) : South ( 35 - 28 -- 3 ) ; AFC ( 2 -- 1 ) From 1991 to 1993 the two teams were designated `` AFC '' and `` NFC '' to distinguish where their coaching staffs were from and to stress the professional nature of the game. This was confusing to some, as the game occurred well before the NFL draft and there was no way of determining which conference the players were actually going to wind up in to start their professional careers. In 1994 this was dropped and the designations were reverted to the traditional `` North vs. South '' format. The first game in 1950 was played in Jacksonville, Florida. All subsequent games have been played in Mobile, Alabama. Game MVPs ( edit ) Year Name College 1950 Travis Tidwell Auburn 1951 Bucky Curtis Vanderbilt 1952 Al Dorow Michigan State 1953 Harry Agganis Boston University 1954 Gene Filipski Villanova 1955 Bobby Freeman Auburn 1956 Don Goss SMU 1957 Don Bosseler Miami ( FL ) 1958 Jim Taylor LSU 1959 Theron Sapp Norm Odyniec Georgia Notre Dame 1960 Jacky Lee Cincinnati 1961 Dick Norman Stanford 1962 Earl Gros Ronnie Bull LSU Baylor 1963 Glynn Griffing Ole Miss 1964 Ode Burrell Mississippi State 1965 Steve DeLong Tennessee 1966 Howard Twilley Tulsa 1967 Bubba Smith Michigan State 1968 Kim Hammond Florida State 1969 Jerry Levias SMU 1970 Terry Bradshaw Louisiana Tech 1971 J.D. Hill Arizona State 1972 Pat Sullivan Auburn 1973 Chuck Foreman Miami ( FL ) Bill Kollar Montana State Steve Bartkowski California 1976 Craig Penrose San Diego State 1977 Tommy Kramer Rice 1978 James Lofton Stanford 1979 Willie Jones Florida State 1980 Marc Wilson Brigham Young 1981 Neil Lomax Portland State 1982 John Fourcade Steve Clark Ole Miss Utah Dan Marino Terry Kinard Pittsburgh Clemson Year Name College 1984 Walter Lewis Doug Smith Alabama Auburn 1985 Paul Ott Carruth Alabama 1986 Napoleon McCallum Navy Don Smith Mississippi State 1988 Thurman Thomas Oklahoma State 1989 Cleveland Gary Miami ( FL ) 1990 Blair Thomas Penn State 1991 Alvin Harper Tennessee 1992 Tony Smith Southern Miss 1993 Eric Hunter Purdue 1994 Stan White Auburn 1995 Derrick Brooks Florida State Bobby Hoying Ohio State 1997 Pat Barnes California 1998 Dameyune Craig Auburn 1999 Cade McNown UCLA 2000 Chad Pennington Marshall 2001 LaDainian Tomlinson TCU 2002 Antwaan Randle El Indiana 2003 Larry Johnson Penn State Philip Rivers NC State 2005 Charlie Frye Akron 2006 Sinorice Moss Miami ( FL ) 2007 Tony Hunt Penn State 2008 Matt Forte Tulane 2009 Pat White West Virginia Brandon Graham Michigan 2011 Christian Ponder Florida State 2012 Isaiah Pead Cincinnati 2013 EJ Manuel Florida State 2014 Dee Ford Auburn 2015 Ameer Abdullah Nebraska 2016 Dak Prescott Mississippi State 2017 Davis Webb California 2018 Kyle Lauletta Richmond 50th anniversary Senior Bowl all - Time team ( edit ) The following team was selected by fan voting before the 1999 game : Offense Pos. Name College Year HOF QB Joe Namath Alabama 1965 -- P RB Walter Payton Jackson State CP RB Bo Jackson Auburn 1986 C -- RB Franco Harris Penn State 1972 -- P WR Steve Largent Tulsa 1976 -- P WR Lynn Swann USC CP WR Art Monk Syracuse 1980 CP TE Ozzie Newsome Alabama 1978 CP OL Gene Upshaw Texas A&I 1967 -- P OL Jerry Kramer Idaho 1958 -- -- OL Mike Webster Wisconsin 1973 -- P OL Randall McDaniel Arizona State 1988 CP OL Tom Banks Auburn 1970 -- -- PK Morten Andersen Michigan State 1982 -- P Defense Pos. Name College Year HOF DL Joe Greene North Texas State 1969 CP DL Ed Jones Tennessee State -- -- DL Bubba Smith Michigan State 1967 C -- DL Jack Youngblood Florida 1971 CP LB Lee Roy Jordan Alabama 1963 C -- LB Ray Nitschke Illinois 1958 -- P LB Derrick Thomas Alabama 1989 CP LB Ted Hendricks Miami ( FL ) 1969 CP DB Paul Krause Iowa 1964 -- P DB Dale Carter Tennessee 1992 -- -- DB Albert Lewis Grambling -- -- DB Roger Wehrli Missouri 1969 CP HOF : C = College, P = Pro Senior Bowl Hall of Fame ( edit ) Established in 1987, the Senior Bowl Hall of Fame seeks to pay tribute to the many outstanding former Senior Bowl players who have made lasting contributions to the game of football. The Senior Bowl Hall of Fame also allows enshrinement to former coaches, administrators and other individuals whose efforts helped the Senior Bowl. 1988 -- Joe Greene, Lee Roy Jordan, Steve Largent, Joe Namath, Walter Payton, Pat Sullivan, Jim Taylor, Travis Tidwell 1989 -- Ed Jones, Ozzie Newsome, John Stallworth, Gene Upshaw, Jack Youngblood 1990 -- Paul Brown, Tucker Frederickson, Jerry Kramer, Neil Lomax, Wellington Mara, Finley McRae, Jack Pardee, Rea Scheussler 1991 -- Morten Andersen, James Brooks, Dave Butz, Weeb Ewbank, Doug Williams 1992 -- Franco Harris, Mike Holovak, Sam Huff, Dan Marino, Don Shula, Pat Swilling 1993 -- Cornelius Bennett, Bear Bryant, Ralph Jordan, Tom Landry, Marty Schottenheimer, Lynn Swann 1994 -- Robert Brazile, Rickey Jackson, Mark Rypien, Jim Simpson 1995 -- Bob Baumhower, Pat Dye, Bo Jackson, Gene Washington 1996 -- James Lofton, Dick Steinberg, Kellen Winslow 1997 -- Bob Hayes, Sterling Sharpe, Doak Walker 1998 -- Jim McMahon, Ray Nitschke, Thurman Thomas 1999 -- Tom Banks, Dale Carter, Paul Krause, Albert Lewis, Randall McDaniel, Art Monk, E.B. Peebles, Jr., Derrick Thomas, Roger Wehrli 2000 -- Hanford Dixon, Brett Favre, Chuck Howley 2001 -- William Andrews, Ron Jaworski, Eddie Robinson 2002 -- Todd Christensen, Bert Jones, Steve McNair 2003 -- Terry Beasley, Jeremiah Castille, Ted Hendricks 2004 -- Derrick Brooks, Christian Okoye, Richard Todd 2005 -- Larry Allen, Al Del Greco, Ray Perkins 2006 -- Curtis Martin, Tony Nathan, Michael Strahan 2007 -- E.J. Junior, Jake Plummer, Hines Ward 2008 -- Dean Kleinschmidt, Kevin Mawae, Brian Urlacher 2009 -- Jason Taylor, Shaun Alexander 2010 -- Larry Johnson, Terrell Owens 2011 -- None, due to NFL lockout 2012 -- Keith Brooking, Donovan McNabb, Dan Reeves 2013 -- John Abraham, Sylvester Croom, Aeneas Williams 2014 -- Bill Kolar, Torry Holt, DeMarcus Ware 2015 -- Woodrow Lowe, Tony Richardson, Kyle Williams 2016 -- Steve Hutchinson, Bill Curry, Tamba Hali 2017 -- Blaine Bishop, Lance Briggs, Jim Harbaugh See also ( edit ) Cactus Bowl ( Division II ) List of college bowl games References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Senior Bowl, Reese 's announce extension ''. seniorbowl.com ( Press release ). January 18, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Playing Rules ''. seniorbowl.com. Retrieved January 15, 2018. Jump up ^ Brugler, Dane ( January 14, 2015 ). `` 2015 NFL Draft : UCLA QB Brett Hundley declines Senior Bowl ''. CBSSports.com. Archived from the original on January 28, 2015. Jump up ^ `` First non-seniors to compete in Senior Bowl ''. CBS Sports. January 19, 2013. Archived from the original on June 1, 2013. Retrieved January 19, 2013. Jump up ^ Low, Chris ( January 22, 2008 ). `` Former Trojans happy to be reunited with Kiffin ''. ESPN.com. Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/nflnetwork/status/957385965697368065 Jump up ^ `` All - Time Senior Bowl Team ''. seniorbowl.com. Retrieved May 25, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame ''. seniorbowl.com. Retrieved May 25, 2017. Further reading ( edit ) `` Senior Bowl Players Drill in Cold Weather ''. Prescott Evening Courier. Associated Press. January 8, 1958. p. 5. Retrieved December 16, 2016. External links ( edit ) Official website Twitter feed Senior Bowl at NFL.com Senior Bowl 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NCAA Division I FBS bowl games College Football Playoff Championship Game Cotton Fiesta Orange Peach Rose Sugar Other bowl games Alamo Arizona Armed Forces Bahamas Belk Birmingham Boca Raton Cactus Camellia Camping World Citrus Cure Dollar General Famous Idaho Potato Foster Farms Frisco Gasparilla Hawaii Heart of Dallas Holiday Independence Las Vegas Liberty Military Music City New Mexico New Orleans Outback Pinstripe Quick Lane Sun TaxSlayer Texas All - Star games East -- West Shrine Game NFLPA Collegiate Bowl Senior Bowl Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senior_Bowl&oldid=822738377 '' Categories : Senior Bowl College football all - star games Sports in Mobile, Alabama Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018, at 05 : 55. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Senior Bowl", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Senior_Bowl&amp;oldid=822738377" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Gator Bowl Stadium ( 1950 ) Previous locations Jacksonville, Florida ( 1950 ) Operated 1950 -- present Sponsors Delchamps ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Food World ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Under Armour ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Nike ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Reese 's ( 2014 -- present ) 2017 matchup North vs. South ( South 16 -- 15 ) 2018 matchup North vs. South ( South 45 -- 16 ) The Senior Bowl is a post-season college football all - star game played each January in Mobile, Alabama, which showcases the best NFL Draft prospects of those players who have completed their college eligibility. First played in 1950 in Jacksonville, Florida, the game moved to Mobile 's Ladd -- Peebles Stadium the next year. Produced by the non-profit Mobile Arts & Sports Association, the game is also a charitable fund - raiser benefiting various local and regional organizations with over US $5.9 million in donations over its history. In 2007, telecast of the game moved from ESPN to NFL Network. In 2013, Reese 's took over sponsorship, starting with the 2014 game. In January 2018, Reese 's announced that they were extending their sponsorship of the game" ], "id": [ "13113733640080164264" ], "short_answers": [ "January" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows - wikipedia Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows For the 2013 video game of the same name, see Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( video game ). Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows Theatrical release poster Directed by Dave Green Produced by Michael Bay Andrew Form Brad Fuller Galen Walker Scott Mednick Written by Josh Appelbaum André Nemec Based on Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles by Kevin Eastman Peter Laird Starring Megan Fox Stephen Amell Will Arnett Laura Linney Noel Fisher Jeremy Howard Pete Ploszek Alan Ritchson Brian Tee Tyler Perry Music by Steve Jablonsky Cinematography Lula Carvalho Edited by Jim May Debra Neil - Fisher Bob Ducsay Production companies Nickelodeon Movies Platinum Dunes Gama Entertainment Mednick Productions Smithrowe Entertainment Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date May 22, 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) ( Madison Square Garden ) June 3, 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 03 ) ( United States ) Running time 112 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $135 million Box office $245.6 million Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows is a 2016 American superhero film based on the fictional superhero team the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. It is the sixth film in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles film series, the second in the reboot series, and a sequel to the 2014 film Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. The film was directed by Dave Green, written by Josh Appelbaum and André Nemec, and stars Megan Fox, Stephen Amell, Will Arnett, Laura Linney, Brian Tee, Brittany Ishibashi and Tyler Perry, and featuring the voices of Pete Ploszek, Alan Ritchson, Noel Fisher, Jeremy Howard, Tony Shalhoub, Gary Anthony Williams, Sheamus and Brad Garrett. Principal photography on the film began on April 27, 2015, in New York City. It was released on June 3, 2016, in 3D, RealD 3D, 4DX and in IMAX 3D. It received mixed reviews from critics, being considered by many an improvement over its predecessor, but was not as successful, grossing $245 million against a $135 million budget. Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voice actors and motion - capture 2.2 Live action 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Music 3.4 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Future 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Two years after their battle with Shredder and Eric Sacks, the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Leonardo, Donatello, Raphael, and Michelangelo, still live beneath the sewers of New York City, having allowed Vern Fenwick to take the credit for Shredder 's defeat. At Grand Central Station, April O'Neil discovers and informs the turtles that scientist Baxter Stockman is working for Shredder and plans to bust him out of prison. As Shredder is transferred between prisons alongside criminals Bebop and Rocksteady by corrections officer Casey Jones, the Foot Clan attack the convoy transporting them. Despite the turtles ' interference, Shredder escapes when Stockman uses a teleportation device. Shredder is hijacked mid-teleport, winds up in another dimension, and meets the alien warlord Krang, who reveals his plans to invade Earth. He gives Shredder a purple mutagenic compound in exchange for his promise to find three components of a machine that Krang sent to Earth long ago which will open a portal to his dimension when united, knowing that Shredder and Stockman have the first piece. Casey tells NYPD chief Rebecca Vincent what happened to Shredder but is met with disbelief, and decides to go out on his own. Shredder returns to NY, recruits Bebop and Rocksteady, who also escaped, and has Stockman use Krang 's mutagen to transform them into powerful animal mutants -- a humanoid warthog and rhinoceros. April witnesses their transformation and is able to steal the remaining mutagen vial. Pursued by the Foot, she is rescued by Casey, who uses hockey gear, but the vial is taken into police custody. April then introduces Casey to the turtles, and Raphael and Michelangelo make fun of and pull pranks on him. In the lair, Donatello deduces that the mutagen could be used to turn the turtles into humans, enabling them to live normal lives above ground, but Leonardo refuses and insists on keeping it a secret from the others. However, Michelangelo overhears their conversation and tells Raphael, which enrages Raphael and leads to a fierce argument between the brothers. Leonardo benches Raphael and takes Michelangelo off the mission. In the Natural History Museum, Shredder, Bebop, and Rocksteady find the second piece and steal it before Leonardo and Donatello arrive. Still furious, Raphael recruits Michelangelo, April, Casey, and Vern to break into the NYPD headquarters and retrieve the mutagen. Vern distracts the police while April and Casey retrieve the mutagen, but the Foot arrive ahead of them. In the ensuing battle, the turtles ' existence is revealed to the police, who react with fear and hatred, and April and Casey are arrested while helping the brothers escape with the mutagen. Vincent also sees on TCRI 's cameras that April stole the mutagen, but Stockman had edited the tape so only April is seen. The turtles track Bebop and Rocksteady as they recover the final piece of the device in the rainforests of Manaus, Brazil, and board Rocksteady and Bebop 's jet in midair. In the resulting battle, the jet is critically damaged after Rocksteady fires a tank - mounted machine gun in the cargo hold, and crashes into a river. As the Turtles fight Bebop in the river for control of the piece, Rocksteady emerges in the tank and helps Bebop escape with the piece. The turtles return to NY as Shredder and Stockman complete the device and open a portal to Krang 's dimension through which his modular war machine, the Technodrome, begins to emerge. Shredder betrays Stockman and his men take him to their headquarters in Tokyo. When entering the Technodrome, Krang likewise betrays Shredder, freezing him and locking him with his collection of other defeated foes. Seeing no way to reach the Technodrome as the police pursue them, the turtles debate over taking the mutagen to become human and fight openly. While Leonardo agrees, Raphael shatters the vial, realizing they must accept who they are. Upon April 's request, Vern recovers the security footage from a hidden TCRI camera disguised as a clock that proves Stockman and Shredder 's collaboration and secures April and Casey 's release. April arranges a meeting between the turtles and Vincent, and convinces her that they are not enemies and were the ones who defeated Shredder in the first place. With the help of the police, the turtles are able to jump from the Chrysler Building and confront Krang aboard the still - assembling Technodrome. Although Krang is able to overpower all four turtles easily, they defeat him when Donatello short circuits Krang 's robotics body. April, Casey and Vern raid the Foot Clan facility, defeat Bebop, Rocksteady and Shredder 's lieutenant Karai and take control of the device. The turtles are able to hurl the ship 's beacon back through the portal, taking Krang and the rest of the Technodrome with it, as April, Casey, and Vern shut the portal down. As he disappears, Krang vows to return stronger for revenge. A week later, Bebop and Rocksteady are back in custody, while Stockman remains at large. At night, the turtles are honored by Vincent and the NYPD along with April, Casey, and Vern, and given golden keys to the city. Vincent offers to introduce the turtles to the public, allowing them to lead normal lives, but the turtles opt to keep their existence a secret while still helping as they always have. On top of the Statue of Liberty, the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles celebrate their victory over the vanquished Krang. Cast ( edit ) Voice actors and motion - capture ( edit ) Pete Ploszek as Leonardo : The leader of the turtles who wields a pair of katana in battle Alan Ritchson as Raphael : The hot - headed brother who wields a pair of sai in battle. Noel Fisher as Michelangelo : The light - hearted brother known for his pranks and jokes and who wields a pair of nunchucks in battle. Jeremy Howard as Donatello : The intelligent brother known for his scientific and technological expertise who builds equipment and machinery for the turtles and who wields a bo - staff in battle. Peter D. Badalamenti ( motion - capture ) and Tony Shalhoub ( voice ) as Splinter : The mentor and father - figure of the turtles. His motion - capture was previously performed by Danny Woodburn in the first film. Gary Anthony Williams as Bebop : A criminal partner of Rocksteady who was genetically mutated into an anthropomorphic warthog. Sheamus as Rocksteady : A criminal partner of Bebop who was genetically mutated into an anthropomorphic rhinoceros. Brad Garrett as Krang : A megalomaniacal ruthless extraterrestrial life - form equipped with a robotic prototype body, who seeks to destroy Earth and enslave the universe. Live action ( edit ) Megan Fox as April O'Neil : A reporter for Channel 6 who had befriended the turtles in the previous film, who now helps them fight the released Shredder and his allies. Stephen Amell as Casey Jones : A corrections officer turned vigilante who wears a hockey - mask and wields a hockey stick as a weapon. He eventually meets and befriends the turtles and April. Will Arnett as Vern Fenwick : April 's cameraman and friend who is revealed to have taken credit for the turtles actions in saving New York City. He again assists the turtles in stopping Shredder once again. Laura Linney as Police Chief Rebecca Vincent : the chief of NYPD who initially detests but later allies with the turtles in saving New York City. Brian Tee as The Shredder : The leader of the Foot Clan who now seeks revenge on the turtles and allies with Krang. He was previously portrayed by Tohoru Masamune in the first film. Tyler Perry as Dr. Baxter Stockman : A mad scientist and former worker at Sacks Industries who allies with Shredder in the latter 's aims to take over New York City. Brittany Ishibashi as Karai : Shredder 's second in - command. Dean Winters appears as a bartender. Supermodel Alessandra Ambrosio has a cameo appearance. NBA players Carmelo Anthony, DeAndre Jordan, Lou Amundson, J.J. Redick, Austin Rivers, Matt Barnes, and Spencer Hawes also made cameos in the film. Series co-creator Kevin Eastman makes a cameo appearance as a pizza delivery man named after himself in the film 's opening. Jill Martin also made a cameo appearance in the basketball scene in the film. Judith Hoag, who previously played April O'Neil in the original 1990 film, plays a cameo as Rita, April 's boss, in a deleted scene. Jane Wu plays Jade, a police officer. Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) After the 2014 film exceeded box office expectations, Paramount and Nickelodeon officially announced a sequel was greenlit, and set to be released in theatres on June 3, 2016, with plans to incorporate the characters Casey Jones and Bebop and Rocksteady. Jonathan Liebesman and Bradley Fuller were also interested in doing a storyline that involved Dimension X and Krang. In December 2014, it was revealed Paramount was in early negotiations with Earth to Echo director Dave Green to helm the sequel, also revealing Jonathan Liebesman was no longer a part of the project. Known briefly as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Half Shell, Paramount revealed in December 2015 that the title had officially been changed to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows. Casting ( edit ) Megan Fox and Will Arnett were confirmed to be returning as April O'Neil and Vern Fenwick respectively ; also confirmed were the Shredder 's return, and Bebop and Rocksteady debut in the movie. In an interview, William Fichtner stated that he would be returning as Eric Sacks, but for unknown reasons, he ultimately did not appear in the final film. However, he could return in the third installment, considering he ( along with the turtle actors, Noel Fisher, Jeremy Howard, Alan Ritchson and Pete Ploszek ) signed on for three TMNT films. Production was confirmed to start in April 2015, along with the casting of Alessandra Ambrosio, and several members of the Los Angeles Clippers. On March 31, Stephen Amell was cast as Casey Jones, after test reading alongside several different actors. Amell acknowledged the character bore similarities to his Oliver Queen from Arrow. He stated the characters are `` fundamentally different '' from one another, but that Casey did resemble Oliver from older versions. On April 23, Tyler Perry was cast as scientist Baxter Stockman, replacing K. Todd Freeman, who played the role in the 2014 film. On April 27, Brian Tee joined the cast as the Shredder, replacing Tohoru Masamune from the first film. On April 30, Laura Linney was cast in an unspecified role. On May 14, Gary Anthony Williams was cast as Bebop, while on May 28, WWE wrestler Sheamus was confirmed to play Rocksteady. On May 27, Minae Noji was replaced with Brittany Ishibashi in the role of Karai. In August 2015, CM Punk revealed that he lost the role of Rocksteady to Sheamus. In March 2016, it was announced that Fred Armisen would voice Krang in the film. However, in May 2016, shortly before the film 's release, it was revealed that Brad Garrett would voice Krang instead due to Armisen having schedule conflicts. In April 2016, while promoting Elvis & Nixon, Johnny Knoxville revealed that he was not asked to return for the sequel as the voice of Leonardo. Music ( edit ) On April 2, 2016, Steve Jablonsky revealed that he would compose the music score, replacing Brian Tyler from the first film. Mexican teen boy band CD9 performed an updated version of the original show 's theme song for the film. The film score soundtrack was released on June 3, 2016, on digital platforms but excluded compact discs. Filming ( edit ) Filming began in April in New York City and Buffalo, spending about $70 million in the state. Filming began on April 27, 2015, when the film crew was spotted filming in Midtown Manhattan and moved out to Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil. Filming in Buffalo began on May 4, 2015, along the Kensington Expressway and ended May 17, 2015. Filming wrapped up in August 2015. Additional filming occurred in New York City on January 30, and ended on February 1. Farelly and Williams recorded additional dialogue for the film in February 2016. Release ( edit ) The film premiered in New York City on May 22, 2016, and was released in the United Kingdom on May 30, 2016, and the United States on June 3, 2016. Marketing ( edit ) Concept art of Bebop and Rocksteady was shown at Paramount Pictures ' CinemaCon panel on April 22, 2015. A 14 - second teaser of the trailer was released by Stephen Amell on December 9, 2015. The full trailer debuted the following day. On January 5, 2016, a toy catalog for the film was leaked online. The toys debuted at the 2016 Toy Fair in February. A 30 - second TV spot premiered at the 2016 Super Bowl 50 on February 7, 2016. A 7 - second sneak preview of the TV spot was released three days prior. On February 12, 2016, a second TV spot was released. On February 17, 2016, Paramount released four character posters featuring the four turtles. On February 25, 2016, Megan Fox and Stephen Amell announced a sweepstakes for the film. On March 2, 2016, Paramount released four more ninja turtle posters. Will Arnett debuted the first official clip from the film at the 2016 Kids ' Choice Awards, on March 12, 2016. That same evening, the awards show and Brian Tee gave fans the first look at Shredder in full armor. On March 24, 2016, it was announced that the toys from the film will be released in stores in April. The following day, Paramount released two more Bebop and Rocksteady posters and a new trailer from the film. New footage of the film was also shown during that week at WonderCon. On April 1, 2016, another Bebop and Rocksteady poster was released. On April 8, 2016, another teaser trailer was released. Another trailer with brand new footage debuted on April 11, 2016, along with a new poster. Two new TV spots were released on April 18, 2016. The next day, another TV spot was released. Two days later, another TV spot debuted. On May 3, 2016, another trailer debuted. From May 12 -- 16, 2016, six new TV spots debuted. On May 19, 2016, Paramount debuted two additional TV spots. The final full trailer for the film was released the following day. Paramount released a trailer, which focused primarily on Bebop and Rocksteady, on May 26, 2016, which also aired during the May 30th episode of WWE Raw since Sheamus was in the film as Rocksteady. Four new TV spots then debuted from May 28 -- 30, 2016. Home Media ( edit ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows was released on Digital HD on September 6, 2016, and on 4K Ultra HD, Blu - ray, Blu - ray 3D and DVD on September 20, 2016. The film debuted in first place on the overall home video sales chart and in second place on the Blu - ray sales chart for the week ending on September 25, 2016. Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows grossed $82.1 million in the United States and Canada and $163.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $245.6 million, against its production budget of $135 million. It made around 50 % less than its predecessor, which had grossed $493 million. In October 2016, in response to the film 's poor commercial performance, producers Andrew Form and Brad Fuller said they still `` love '' the movie and `` loved making it '', but they were still `` surprised '' by the film 's performance and `` it just did n't find an audience. '' The Hollywood Reporter estimated the film lost the studio at least $75 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues. In the U.S. and Canada, the film was projected to gross around $30 -- 40 million from 4,071 theaters in its opening weekend, with some estimates going as high as $49 million. It received a one - week special run across 331 IMAX and IMAX 3D theaters from June 2 up to June 9. The film made $2 million from Thursday night previews which began at 5 p.m., compared to the first film 's $4.6 million. On its opening day it earned $12.5 million ( including previews ), with $4.4 million ( 36 % ) coming from 3D showings. In its opening weekend, it grossed $35.3 million, finishing first at the box office. However, its opening was down 45 % from the first film 's $65.6 million debut. Paramount vice chairman Rob Moore said that while the studio was hoping for a stronger opening, he believed that the film could make up some ground in the coming weeks since most films aimed at younger audiences play at better multiples. Outside North America, the film was released in about 30 overseas IMAX markets, beginning Wednesday, June 1, with additional markets throughout the summer, including China on July 2. It opened across 40 markets the same weekend as its U.S. release, including big markets like the United Kingdom, Mexico and Russia, which is about 39 % of its total international marketplace, and was projected to make around $36 million. It ended up grossing $33 million, which is down 11 % when compared to the first film 's same suite of markets, and had No. 1 debuts in 21 markets out of the 40. The top openings were in China ( $26.1 million ), the UK ( $5.1 million ), Russia ( $4.8 million ) and Mexico ( $4.5 million ). In the United Kingdom, it came in second place -- behind Warcraft -- with a £ 3.49 million ( $5 million ) seven - day opening from 513 theaters. In China the film was granted a rare July release date ( along with The Legend of Tarzan, where it grossed an estimated $26.1 million from 6,600 screens in two days. It had a limited opening on Friday, July 1 and opened wide the following day. It faced competition from local film Bounty Hunters which had the advantage of opening wide right from Friday. Yet, Out of the Shadows emerged victorious at the end of the weekend ahead of the latter 's $18 million opening. As a result, Out of the Shadows became the ninth consecutive Hollywood import film to debut atop the chart beginning from May 6, 2016. In comparable to Saturday releases, the figure is almost double the launch of Big Hero 6 ; 41 % above the first film ; and 18 % higher than The Angry Birds Movie. It fell precipitously in its second weekend by 74 %, earning $6.6 million and thereby slipped in to fourth place. It opened in key markets such as Germany and Austria on August 11 as well as Japan on August 26, 2016. Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 37 % based on 161 reviews, with a rating average of 4.7 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows is a slight improvement over its predecessor, but still lacks the wit or anarchic energy of the comics that birthed the franchise. '' On Metacritic, the film has a score of 40 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating `` mixed or average reviews ''. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale, an improvement over the first film 's `` B ''. Glenn Kenny of The New York Times gave the film a positive review writing, `` This movie is, it happens, easier to sit through than the 2014 film '', while also adding that `` The 3 - D action, overseen by the director Dave Green, is not wholly incoherent. The production values ( showcasing new mutants and many gear - heavy extra-dimensional machines undreamed of in any actual engineering philosophy ) are ultrashiny. And there are even a couple of amusing, albeit unmemorable, sight gags and one - liners. '' Edward Douglas of New York Daily News gave the film three out of five stars, saying, `` As with the best popcorn flicks, Out of the Shadows offers plenty of mindless entertainment and mind - numbing silliness that somehow works well enough to leave even the Ninja Turtles ' biggest detractors shell - shocked. '' Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post praised the film 's action sequences and story while overall writing that, `` Out of the Shadows is, at least, deliciously silly, even if it is also decidedly forgettable. Like a well - plated but nutrition - free meal, it registers on the senses while being bad for you. '' Peter Hartlaub of San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a negative review, writing, `` Your 11 - year - old is going to love this film. Then he 'll grow up and wonder what he was thinking. '' Sara Stewart of The New York Post gave the film two out of four stars and wrote, `` despite the title, the wisecracking turtles named for Renaissance painters are never allowed to shine... It 's a bummer, dude. '' Lindsey Bahr of the Associated Press gave the film one star out of four and said, `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows is a Saturday morning cartoon on Michael Bay steroids. For the under 12 set, that 's fine. For the rest of us? It 's something to actively avoid. '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipients Result Ref. 2016 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer Movie Star : Female Megan Fox Nominated Choice Summer Movie Star : Male Stephen Amell 2017 37th Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Prequel, Remake, Ripoff or Sequel Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows Worst Actress Megan Fox 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows Favorite Movie Actress Megan Fox Favorite Movie Actor Will Arnett Squad Noel Fisher, Jeremy Howard, Pete Ploszek and Alan Ritchson Future ( edit ) On August 16, 2014, Noel Fisher stated in an interview that he and the other Turtle actors have signed on for three more films. Megan Fox has also signed on for three films. On May 20, 2016, Tyler Perry said that if a third film is to be made, his character, Baxter Stockman, would probably mutate into his fly form during the movie. Pete Ploszek has also expressed his interests in reprising his role in a third film as Leonardo. On October 29, 2016, producer Andrew Form indicated that no plans were underway for a third film. On June 20, 2018, it was reported that Paramount Pictures will once again reboot the series. Film in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal Comedy portal 2010s portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` TEENAGE MUTANT NINJA TURTLES - OUT OF THE SHADOWS ( 2D ) ( PG ) ''. British Board of Film Classification. Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) ''. IMDb. Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ''. AMC Theatres. ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 10, 2016. Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( July 8, 2016 ). `` Box Office : As Blockbusters Bomb, Tentpoles Arrive Not With Excitement But With Dread ''. Forbes. Retrieved July 9, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Ross A. Lincoln. `` Gary Anthony Williams Mutates Into ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' ''. Deadline Hollywood. ^ Jump up to : Spencer Perry. `` WWE Star Sheamus Confirmed as Rocksteady for Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ''. comingsoon.net. Jump up ^ `` Brad Garrett is the new voice of Krang in ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ' '' Los Angeles Times, Retrieved May 19, 2016 Jump up ^ `` ' 13 Hours ' : Can Michael Bay Pull Off a Gritty Movie About Benghazi? ''. Rolling Stone. ^ Jump up to : `` Laura Linney Joining ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' ( Exclusive ) ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Jump up ^ McMillan, Graeme ( April 27, 2015 ). `` Brian Tee Joins ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle ' Sequel as Shredder ''. Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 19, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Erik Pedersen. `` Brittany Ishibashi Joins ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ′ - Deadline ''. Deadline Hollywood. Jump up ^ Siegel, Tatiana ( March 27, 2015 ). `` Supermodel Alessandra Ambrosio Joins ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Jump up ^ Reyes, Mike ( March 26, 2015 ). `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 Is Adding A Few NBA Stars ''. cinemablend.com. Retrieved March 27, 2015. Jump up ^ Carson, Dan ( May 7, 2015 ). `` Carmelo Anthony and a Bunch of Clippers Players to Cameo in ' TMNT ' Sequel ''. Bleacher Report. Jump up ^ Perry, Spencer ( May 11, 2015 ). `` New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 Set Photos Reveal Surprise Appearance ''. comingsoon.net. Retrieved May 12, 2015. Jump up ^ `` My TMNT Cameo - Kevin Eastman Studios ''. Fan.kevineastmanstudios.net. Retrieved 7 June 2016. Jump up ^ `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' sequel set for 2016 ''. Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com. Jump up ^ Ben Kendrick. `` ' TMNT ' Filmmakers Want Bebop, Rocksteady, & Casey Jones for Sequels ''. Screen Rant. Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw. `` ' TMNT ' Filmmakers Talk Aliens & Dimension X in ' Ninja Turtles ' Sequels ''. Screen Rant. Jump up ^ `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' Eyes ' Earth to Echo ' Director Dave Green ( Exclusive ) - TheWrap ''. TheWrap. Jump up ^ Dave McNary. `` Tyler Perry in ' Brain on Fire ' : Actor Joins Chloe Grace Moretz - Variety ''. Variety. Retrieved 14 August 2015. Jump up ^ Spencer Perry. `` First Footage from Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ''. SuperHeroHype.com. Retrieved December 9, 2015. Jump up ^ Brian Truitt. `` Sneak peek : ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' sequel focuses on the fun ''. USA Today. Retrieved 9 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` Ninja Turtles 2 Bebop and Rocksteady : They 'll Appear In the Sequel ''. Slashfilm. Jump up ^ MovieWeb ( 24 December 2014 ). `` William Fichtner Talks Shredder and ' Ninja Turtles 2 ' - EXCLUSIVE ''. MovieWeb. Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 to shoot next month ''. Den of Geek. Jump up ^ `` Alessandra Ambrosio Ninja Turtles : VS Model Joins Sequel ''. Slashfilm. Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 Is Adding A Few NBA Stars ''. cinemablend.com. Jump up ^ Justin Kroll. `` ' Arrow 's ' Stephen Amell to Star in ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ′ - Variety ''. Variety. Jump up ^ Luke Owen. `` Stephen Amell talks Casey Jones in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ''. Flickering Myth. Jump up ^ Justin Kroll. `` Tyler Perry Joins ' TMNT 2 ′ as Baxter Stockman - Variety ''. Variety. Jump up ^ Laura Prudom. `` ' TMNT 2 ′ Casts Shredder : Brian Tee Plays Turtles ' Villainous Nemesis - Variety ''. Variety. Jump up ^ `` CM Punk as Rocksteady in ' Ninja Turtles '? Former WWE Champ said he auditioned for role ''. Chicago Tribune. ^ Jump up to : Matthew Grobar. `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' Adds Fred Armisen As New Footage Unveiled -- WonderCon ''. Deadline Hollywood. Jump up ^ Schwartz, Terr ( March 25, 2016 ). `` KRANG 'S VOICE ACTOR AND 7 MORE TEENAGE MUTANT NINJA TURTLES : OUT OF THE SHADOWS DETAILS LEARNED AT WONDERCON ''. IGN. Jump up ^ TMNT : Out of the Shadows Changes Its Krang Voice Comingsoon.net, Retrieved May 19, 2016 Jump up ^ `` INTERVIEW : Johnny Knoxville Talks To Me About ' Elvis & Nixon ' ''. Rama 's Screen. 2016 - 04 - 20. Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Steve Jablonsky on Twitter ''. Twitter. Jump up ^ `` Tortugas Ninja - ¡ Exclusiva! Nuevo video de CD9 cantando... '' Facebook.com. Retrieved 7 June 2016. Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 Out of the Shadows Movie Soundtrack ''. Soundtrack-movie.com. Retrieved 7 June 2016. Jump up ^ FERMINO, JENNIFER ( March 20, 2015 ). `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' to film in New York City and Buffalo, bringing an estimated $70 million in spending ''. nydailynews.com. Retrieved March 21, 2015. Jump up ^ `` First look at ' Teenage Mutant Ninja 2 ′ filming in NYC! ''. onlocationvacations.com. April 29, 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2015. Jump up ^ Gryta, Matt ( April 17, 2015 ). `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' crew thanks city for `` incredible experience '' ``. buffalonews.com. Retrieved April 17, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Cowabunga! `` Ninja Turtles '' action starts Monday on the Kensington - The Buffalo News ``. Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 02. Jump up ^ Belcher, Mark ( April 15, 2015 ). `` Buffalo to be taken over by Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles for two weeks ''. wivb.com. Retrieved April 17, 2015. Jump up ^ Cruz, Alex ( August 3, 2015 ). `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' Currently In The Works ; ' Half Shell ' Updates You Might Have Missed ''. jobsnhire.com. Retrieved August 11, 2015. Jump up ^ The Street Transcripts ( August 6, 2015 ). `` Viacom ( VIA ) Earnings Report : Q3 2015 Conference Call Transcript ''. The Street. Archived from the original on October 22, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015. Jump up ^ Marc Middleton ( February 12, 2016 ). `` Sheamus Working On TMNT, Titus O'Neil Talks, Nikki Bella And Natalya Train ( Photos ), WWE 2K16 Video ''. Wrestling Inc. Retrieved February 17, 2016. Jump up ^ `` TEENAGE MUTANT NINJA TURTLES : OUT OF THE SHADOWS - Landing Page ''. Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows - Official UK Site - Paramount Pictures UK ''. Jump up ^ Jonathon Dornbush ( April 22, 2015 ). `` Bebop and Rocksteady are coming to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 10, 2015. Jump up ^ Spencer Perry ( December 9, 2015 ). `` First Footage from Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows! ''. Comingsoon.net. Retrieved December 10, 2015. Jump up ^ Mary Sollosi ( December 9, 2015 ). `` See the first trailer for Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 10, 2015. Jump up ^ Silas Lesnick ( December 10, 2015 ). `` The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows Trailer! ''. Comingsoon.net. Retrieved December 10, 2015. Jump up ^ Comingsoon.net Staff ( February 7, 2016 ). `` The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows Super Bowl Spot! ''. Comingsoon.net. Retrieved February 8, 2016. Jump up ^ Spencer Perry ( February 4, 2016 ). `` Preview the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows Super Bowl Spot ''. Comingsoon.net. Retrieved February 8, 2016. Jump up ^ Spencer Perry ( February 17, 2016 ). `` New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 character posters show the turtles watching over New York ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 18, 2016. Jump up ^ Matthew Mueller ( February 25, 2016 ). `` Stephen Amell & Megan Fox Announce New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out Of The Shadows Promotion ''. Retrieved March 12, 2016. Jump up ^ Matthew Mueller ( March 2, 2016 ). `` New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out Of The Shadows Character Posters Released ''. Retrieved March 12, 2016. Jump up ^ Jay Jayson ( March 11, 2016 ). `` First Clip From Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows! ''. Retrieved March 12, 2016. Jump up ^ Nick Romano ( March 13, 2016 ). `` See the new Shredder in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ''. Retrieved March 13, 2016. Jump up ^ Max Evry ( March 25, 2016 ). `` New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows Trailer ''. Retrieved March 26, 2016. Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( April 1, 2016 ). `` ' TMNT 2 ' Poster : Bebop & Rocksteady Are Mean on the Scene ''. Retrieved April 8, 2016. Jump up ^ Spencer Perry ( April 8, 2016 ). `` Chow Down on Pizza in New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 Trailer Tease ''. Retrieved April 11, 2016. Jump up ^ Comingsoon.net Staff ( April 11, 2016 ). `` New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 Trailer and Poster Released! ''. Retrieved April 11, 2016. Jump up ^ Jamie Lovett ( April 18, 2016 ). `` Two New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out Of the Shadows TV Spots Released ''. Retrieved April 18, 2016. Jump up ^ Matthew Mueller ( April 19, 2016 ). `` Turtles On A Plane In New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TV Spot ''. Retrieved April 19, 2016. Jump up ^ Lucas Siegel ( April 21, 2016 ). `` Turtle Van Gets Spotlight in New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows Spot ''. Retrieved April 21, 2016. Jump up ^ Christian Holub ( May 3, 2016 ). `` New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows trailer offers turtle refresher course ''. Retrieved May 4, 2016. Jump up ^ Russ Burlingame ( May 12, 2016 ). `` Tyler Perry 's Baxter Stockman Featured In New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 TV Spot ''. Retrieved May 16, 2016. Jump up ^ Christian Hoffer ( May 14, 2016 ). `` Krang Featured In New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 TV Spots ''. Retrieved May 16, 2016. Jump up ^ Jay Jayson ( May 16, 2016 ). `` 3 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows TV Spots Released ''. Retrieved May 16, 2016. Jump up ^ Jay Jayson ( May 19, 2016 ). `` New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out Of The Shadows Footage In Latest TV Spots ''. Retrieved May 20, 2016. Jump up ^ Spencer Perry ( May 20, 2016 ). `` You 'll Believe a Turtle Can Fly in New TMNT : Out of the Shadows Trailer ''. Retrieved May 20, 2016. Jump up ^ Jay Jayson ( May 26, 2016 ). `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 Bebop And Rocksteady Trailer Released ''. Retrieved May 27, 2016. Jump up ^ Matthew Mueller ( May 28, 2016 ). `` Three New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TV Spots Released ''. Retrieved June 1, 2016. Jump up ^ Jay Jayson ( May 30, 2016 ). `` New `` Let 's Go! '' TV Spot For Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out Of The Shadows ``. Retrieved June 1, 2016. Jump up ^ Rawden, Jessica. `` New DVD Releases : When To Buy The Latest Movies In September 2016 ''. Cinemablend. Retrieved 2 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) ''. DVD Release Dates. Retrieved 2 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows 4K Blu - ray ''. Blu Ray.com. August 2, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows Blu - ray Announced ''. Comingsoon.net. August 2, 2016. Jump up ^ `` ' Ninja Turtles ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Split Top Disc Sales Honors ''. Variety. 2016 - 09 - 29. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( September 6, 2016 ). `` Summer Box - Office Revenue Hits $4.48 B Against the Odds : `` It 's Tough Out There '' ``. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 7, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Andrew Form on Why Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 Flopped ''. Matt Goldberg. October 29, 2016. Retrieved October 30, 2016. Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ; Mia Galuppo ( September 8, 2016 ). `` ' Ben Hur ' to ' BFG ' : Hollywood 's Biggest Box - Office Bombs of 2016 ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media, LLC. Retrieved July 13, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Meriah Doty ( May 31, 2016 ). `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Sequel to Top Box Office, But Faces Troubled Waters Ahead ''. The Wrap. Retrieved June 1, 2016. Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( May 29, 2016 ). `` ' X-Men ' & ' Alice ' Lead Soft Memorial Day Weekend ; Disney Tops $4 Billion Worldwide ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 29, 2016. Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 1, 2016 ). `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Bound To Toss ' X-Men ' Out Of First Place -- Weekend B.O. Preview ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 2, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Brent Lang ( June 1, 2016 ). `` Box Office : ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' to Knockout ' Popstar ' ''. Variety. Retrieved June 2, 2016. Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( June 1, 2016 ). `` Box - Office Preview : ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' to Battle ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 2, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Peter Sciretta ( May 31, 2016 ). `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 Gets One - Week IMAX Release ''. / Film. Retrieved June 1, 2016. Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 3, 2016 ). `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' Eyes $28 M - $30 M No. 1 Debut, ' Me Before You ' Seduces $15 M -- Noon B.O. Update ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 4, 2016. Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 3, 2016 ). `` Box Office : ' Ninja Turtles 2 ' Fights Off ' Me Before You ' With $2 Million on Thursday ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 3, 2016. Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( June 3, 2016 ). `` Box Office : ' Ninja Turtles 2 ' Fights Off ' Me Before You ' With $2 Million on Thursday ''. Variety.com. Retrieved June 3, 2016. Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ( June 3, 2016 ). `` Box Office : ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ' Takes $2 Million Thursday ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 3, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 5, 2016 ). `` ' Ninja Turtles 2 ' Muscles Up On Saturday For OK Est. $35.3 M Opening ; ' Me Before You ' Opens To $18.3 M -- Sunday AM B.O. Update ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 5, 2016. Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 5, 2016 ). `` Weekend Box Office : ' Ninja Turtles 2 ' Stumbles, ' Me Before You ' Shines, ' Popstar ' Bombs ''. Forbes. Retrieved June 5, 2016. Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( June 5, 2016 ). `` Box Office : ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' Tops With $35.3 Million, ' Popstar ' Flops ''. Variety. Retrieved June 5, 2016. Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 4, 2016 ). `` ' Warcraft ' Whipping Up $69 M Offshore Cume In 2nd Frame -- Intl Box Office ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 5, 2016. Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( June 5, 2016 ). `` Box Office : ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' Wins Ho - Hum Weekend With $35.3 M ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 5, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5, 2016 ). `` ' TMNT 2 ' Powers Up $33 M In Debut ; ' Warcraft ' Jumps To $69.6 M Cume ; ' X-Men ' Crosses $400 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 6, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( July 3, 2016 ). `` ' Tarzan ' Takes $18.8 M In First Offshore Swing ; ' TMNT2 ' Kicks Up $26 M China Bow ; ' Pets ' Purrs -- International Box Office ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 3, 2016. Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( June 7, 2016 ). `` Triumphant Warcraft puts Ninja Turtles in the shadows at UK box office ''. The Guardian. Retrieved June 8, 2016. Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( August 30, 2016 ). `` China Box Office : Growth Returns in August After Prolonged Downturn ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 3, 2016. Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( July 3, 2016 ). `` China Box Office : ' Turtles ' Beats ' Bounty Hunters ' ''. Variety. Retrieved July 4, 2016. Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( July 5, 2016 ). `` Hollywood Tops Chinese Box Office a Ninth Straight Weekend ''. China Film Insider. Retrieved July 6, 2016. Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 26, 2016 ). `` ' Dory ' Swims Past $100 M Overseas ; ' Pets ' Is Cat 's Meow In UK ; ' Warcraft ' Tops $400 M WW -- Intl Box Office ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 26, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 21, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) ''. Metacritic. Retrieved June 9, 2016. Jump up ^ `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' Struggles With Sequelitis ; ' Me Before You ' Lures In The Ladies ''. Deadline Hollywood. Jump up ^ Glenn Kenny ( June 2, 2016 ). `` Review : With the Latest ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, ' an Existential Crisis ''. Nytimes.com. Retrieved June 3, 2016. Jump up ^ Edward Douglas ( June 2, 2016 ). `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ' provides some comic relief for the summer ''. New York Daily News. Retrieved June 3, 2016. Jump up ^ Michael O'Sullivan ( June 2, 2016 ). `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' franchise finds a sense of fun again ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved June 3, 2016. Jump up ^ Peter Hartlaub ( June 2, 2016 ). `` ' Ninja Turtles ' : Not this franchise 's best effort ''. Sfgate.com. Retrieved June 3, 2016. Jump up ^ Sara Stweart ( June 2, 2016 ). `` This teenage turtles sequel was cowa - bungled ''. New York Daily News. Retrieved June 3, 2016. Jump up ^ Lindsey Bahr ( June 2, 2016 ). `` ' Ninja Turtles ' sequel is for kids ; adults should run away : 1 star ''. Kansascity.com. Retrieved June 3, 2016. Jump up ^ Exclusive! The Final Wave of 2016 Teen Choice Nominees ExtraTV, Retrieved July 7, 2016 Jump up ^ `` Razzie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations led by ' Zoolander 2 ' Goldderby ''. Retrieved February 8, 2017. Jump up ^ Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations Variety, Retrieved February 7, 2017 Jump up ^ `` Noel Fisher Talks Mikey in ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' EXCLUSIVE ''. movieweb.com. August 16, 2014. Retrieved August 10, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Surprises with $25.6 Million Box Office Opening ''. comingsoon.net. August 9, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2016. Its likely that Paramount will announced Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 very shortly, especially since Megan Fox and the four main Turtle actors all have a three - picture deal in place. Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Tyler Perry Talks Potential Return as a Fly in Ninja Turtles 3 ''. Comingsoon.net. May 20, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Pete Ploszek interview : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ''. Dan of Geek. October 27, 2016. Retrieved October 30, 2016. Jump up ^ `` New ' Ninja Turtles ' Movie in the Works With ' Bad Words ' Writer ( Exclusive ) ''. The Hollywood Reporter. June 20, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Paramount Developing Third ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Movie ''. Variety. June 20, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2018. External links ( edit ) Official website Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows on IMDb Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows at AllMovie Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows at Box Office Mojo Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows at Metacritic Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows at Rotten Tomatoes Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Created by Kevin Eastman Peter Laird Characters and ( appearances ) Turtles Leonardo Donatello Michelangelo Raphael Supporting Splinter Hamato Yoshi April O'Neil Casey Jones Leatherhead Metalhead Miyamoto Usagi Mighty Mutanimals Venus Antagonists Shredder Foot Clan Karai Baxter Stockman Bebop and Rocksteady Krang Purple Dragons Rat King Slash Tokka and Rahzar Comics Mirage comic series Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Archie comic series Mighty Mutanimals Daily comic strip Dreamwave comic series IDW comic series Television 1987 series episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mutant Turtles : Superman Legend Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation episodes villains 2003 series episodes season 1 5 6 7 Turtles Forever Home video 2012 series characters episodes season 1 5 Half - Shell Heroes : Blast to the Past Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Films Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 ) soundtrack II : The Secret of the Ooze ( 1991 ) soundtrack III ( 1993 ) soundtrack TMNT ( 2007 ) soundtrack Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) soundtrack Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) Games Role - playing games Video games Other Action figures Lego Alien races Casey Jones ( fan film ) Food tie - ins Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue `` Turtle Power! 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "for revenge. A week later, Bebop and Rocksteady are back in custody, while Stockman remains at large. At night, the turtles are honored by Vincent and the NYPD along with April, Casey, and Vern, and given golden keys to the city. Vincent offers to introduce the turtles to the public, allowing them to lead normal lives, but the turtles opt to keep their existence a secret while still helping as they always have. On top of the Statue of Liberty, the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles celebrate their victory over the vanquished Krang. Cast ( edit ) Voice actors and motion - capture ( edit ) Pete Ploszek as Leonardo : The leader of the turtles who wields a pair of katana in battle Alan Ritchson as Raphael : The hot - headed brother who wields a pair of sai in battle. Noel Fisher as Michelangelo : The light - hearted brother known for his pranks and jokes and who wields a pair of nunchucks in battle. Jeremy Howard as Donatello : The intelligent brother known for his scientific and technological expertise who builds equipment and machinery for the turtles and who wields a bo - staff in battle. Peter D. Badalamenti ( motion - capture ) and Tony Shalhoub ( voice ) as Splinter : The mentor and father - figure of the turtles. His", "at large. At night, the turtles are honored by Vincent and the NYPD along with April, Casey, and Vern, and given golden keys to the city. Vincent offers to introduce the turtles to the public, allowing them to lead normal lives, but the turtles opt to keep their existence a secret while still helping as they always have. On top of the Statue of Liberty, the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles celebrate their victory over the vanquished Krang. Cast ( edit ) Voice actors and motion - capture ( edit ) Pete Ploszek as Leonardo : The leader of the turtles who wields a pair of katana in battle Alan Ritchson as Raphael : The hot - headed brother who wields a pair of sai in battle. Noel Fisher as Michelangelo : The light - hearted brother known for his pranks and jokes and who wields a pair of nunchucks in battle. Jeremy Howard as Donatello : The intelligent brother known for his scientific and technological expertise who builds equipment and machinery for the turtles and who wields a bo - staff in battle. Peter D. Badalamenti ( motion - capture ) and Tony Shalhoub ( voice ) as Splinter : The mentor and father - figure of the turtles. His motion - capture was previously performed by Danny Woodburn in the first film. Gary Anthony Williams as", "and Vern, and given golden keys to the city. Vincent offers to introduce the turtles to the public, allowing them to lead normal lives, but the turtles opt to keep their existence a secret while still helping as they always have. On top of the Statue of Liberty, the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles celebrate their victory over the vanquished Krang. Cast ( edit ) Voice actors and motion - capture ( edit ) Pete Ploszek as Leonardo : The leader of the turtles who wields a pair of katana in battle Alan Ritchson as Raphael : The hot - headed brother who wields a pair of sai in battle. Noel Fisher as Michelangelo : The light - hearted brother known for his pranks and jokes and who wields a pair of nunchucks in battle. Jeremy Howard as Donatello : The intelligent brother known for his scientific and technological expertise who builds equipment and machinery for the turtles and who wields a bo - staff in battle. Peter D. Badalamenti ( motion - capture ) and Tony Shalhoub ( voice ) as Splinter : The mentor and father - figure of the turtles. His motion - capture was previously performed by Danny Woodburn in the first film. Gary Anthony Williams as Bebop : A criminal partner of Rocksteady who was genetically mutated into an anthropomorphic warthog. Sheamus as Rocksteady", "but the turtles opt to keep their existence a secret while still helping as they always have. On top of the Statue of Liberty, the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles celebrate their victory over the vanquished Krang. Cast ( edit ) Voice actors and motion - capture ( edit ) Pete Ploszek as Leonardo : The leader of the turtles who wields a pair of katana in battle Alan Ritchson as Raphael : The hot - headed brother who wields a pair of sai in battle. Noel Fisher as Michelangelo : The light - hearted brother known for his pranks and jokes and who wields a pair of nunchucks in battle. Jeremy Howard as Donatello : The intelligent brother known for his scientific and technological expertise who builds equipment and machinery for the turtles and who wields a bo - staff in battle. Peter D. Badalamenti ( motion - capture ) and Tony Shalhoub ( voice ) as Splinter : The mentor and father - figure of the turtles. His motion - capture was previously performed by Danny Woodburn in the first film. Gary Anthony Williams as Bebop : A criminal partner of Rocksteady who was genetically mutated into an anthropomorphic warthog. Sheamus as Rocksteady : A criminal partner of Bebop who was genetically mutated into an anthropomorphic rhinoceros. Brad Garrett as Krang : A megalomaniacal ruthless extraterrestrial life -" ], "id": [ "18169946446346904102" ], "short_answers": [ "Pete Ploszek as Leonardo", "Alan Ritchson as Raphael", "Noel Fisher as Michelangelo", "Jeremy Howard as Donatello" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Old Kingdom of Egypt - wikipedia Old Kingdom of Egypt Jump to : navigation, search `` Old Kingdom '' redirects here. For other uses, see Old Kingdom ( disambiguation ). Old Kingdom of Egypt c. 2686 BC -- c. 2181 BC During the Old Kingdom of Egypt ( circa 2686 BC -- circa 2181 BC ), Egypt consisted of the Nile River region south to Elephantine, as well as Sinai and the oases in the western desert. Capital Memphis Languages Ancient Egyptian Religion Ancient Egyptian religion Government Divine, Absolute Monarchy Pharaoh c. 2686 -- c. 2649 BC Djoser ( first ) c. 2184 -- c. 2181 BC Last king depends on the scholar, Neitiqerty Siptah ( 6th Dynasty ) or Neferirkare ( 7th / 8th Dynasty ) History Established c. 2686 BC Disestablished c. 2181 BC Preceded by Succeeded by Early Dynastic Period of Egypt First Intermediate Period Part of a series on the History of Egypt Prehistoric Egypt pre -- 3150 BC Ancient Egypt Early Dynastic Period 3150 -- 2686 BC Old Kingdom 2686 -- 2181 BC 1st Intermediate Period 2181 -- 2055 BC Middle Kingdom 2055 -- 1650 BC 2nd Intermediate Period 1650 -- 1550 BC New Kingdom 1550 -- 1069 BC 3rd Intermediate Period 1069 -- 744 BC Kushite Egypt 744 -- 656 BC Twenty - sixth Dynasty of Egypt 664 -- 525 BC Classical antiquity Achaemenid Egypt 525 -- 404 BC Twenty - eighth Dynasty of Egypt 404 -- 398 BC Twenty - ninth Dynasty of Egypt 398 -- 380 BC Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 380 -- 343 BC Achaemenid Egypt 343 -- 332 BC Macedonian and Ptolemaic Egypt 332 -- 30 BC Roman and Byzantine Egypt 30 BC -- 641 AD Sasanian Egypt 619 -- 629 Middle Ages Rashidun Egypt 641 -- 661 Umayyad Egypt 661 -- 750 Abbasid Egypt 750 -- 935 Tulunid Egypt 868 -- 905 Ikhshidid Egypt 935 -- 969 Fatimid Egypt 969 -- 1171 Ayyubid Egypt 1171 -- 1250 Mamluk Egypt 1250 -- 1517 Early modern Ottoman Egypt 1517 -- 1867 French occupation 1798 -- 1801 Egypt under Muhammad Ali 1805 -- 1882 Khedivate of Egypt 1867 -- 1914 Modern Egypt British occupation 1882 -- 1922 Sultanate of Egypt 1914 -- 1922 Kingdom of Egypt 1922 -- 1953 Republic 1953 -- present Egypt portal The Old Kingdom is the period in the third millennium ( c. 2686 -- 2181 BC ) also known as the ' Age of the Pyramids ' or ' Age of the Pyramid Builders ' as it includes the great 4th Dynasty when King Sneferu perfected the art of pyramid building and the pyramids of Giza were constructed under the kings Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure. Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization -- the first of three so - called `` Kingdom '' periods ( followed by the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom ) which mark the high points of civilization in the lower Nile Valley. The term itself was coined by eighteenth - century historians and the distinction between the Old Kingdom and the Early Dynastic Period is not one which would have been recognized by Ancient Egyptians. Not only was the last king of the Early Dynastic Period related to the first two kings of the Old Kingdom, but the ' capital ', the royal residence, remained at Ineb - Hedg, the Ancient Egyptian name for Memphis. The basic justification for a separation between the two periods is the revolutionary change in architecture accompanied by the effects on Egyptian society and economy of large - scale building projects. The Old Kingdom is most commonly regarded as the period from the Third Dynasty through to the Sixth Dynasty ( 2686 -- 2181 BC ). The 4th -- 6th Dynasties of Egypt, are scarce and historians regard the history of the era as literally ' written in stone ' and largely architectural in that it is through the monuments and their inscriptions that scholars have been able to construct a history. Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration centralized at Memphis. While the Old Kingdom was a period of internal security and prosperity, it was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline referred to by Egyptologists as the First Intermediate Period. During the Old Kingdom, the king of Egypt ( not called the Pharaoh until the New Kingdom ) became a living god who ruled absolutely and could demand the services and wealth of his subjects. Under King Djoser, the first king of the Third Dynasty of the Old Kingdom, the royal capital of Egypt was moved to Memphis, where Djoser established his court. A new era of building was initiated at Saqqara under his reign. King Djoser 's architect, Imhotep is credited with the development of building with stone and with the conception of the new architectural form -- the Step Pyramid. The Old Kingdom is perhaps best known for the large number of pyramids constructed at this time as burial places for Egypt 's kings. For this reason, the Old Kingdom is frequently referred to as `` the Age of the Pyramids. '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Third Dynasty 2 Fourth Dynasty 3 Fifth Dynasty 4 Sixth Dynasty 5 Culture 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Third Dynasty ( edit ) The Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara. The first Pharaoh of the Old Kingdom was Djoser ( sometime between 2691 and 2625 BC ) of the third dynasty, who ordered the construction of a pyramid ( the Step Pyramid ) in Memphis ' necropolis, Saqqara. An important person during the reign of Djoser was his vizier, Imhotep. Temple of Djoser at Saqqara Head of a King, ca. 2650 - 2600 BC, Brooklyn Museum ; The earliest representations of Egyptian Kings are on a small scale. From the 3rd dynasty, statues were made showing the ruler life - size ; this head wearing the crown of Upper Egypt even surpasses human scale. It was in this era that formerly independent ancient Egyptian states became known as nomes, under the rule of the Pharaoh. The former rulers were forced to assume the role of governors or otherwise work in tax collection. Egyptians in this era worshipped their Pharaoh as a god, believing that he ensured the annual flooding of the Nile that was necessary for their crops. Egyptian views on the nature of time during this period held that the universe worked in cycles, and the Pharaoh on earth worked to ensure the stability of those cycles. They also perceived themselves as a specially selected people. Fourth Dynasty ( edit ) The Great Sphinx of Giza in front of the Great Pyramid of Giza. The Old Kingdom and its royal power reached a zenith under the Fourth Dynasty ( 2613 -- 2494 BC ), which began with Sneferu ( 2613 -- 2589 BC ). After Djoser, Pharaoh Snefru was the next great pyramid builder. Snefru commissioned the building of not one, but three pyramids. The first is called the Meidum pyramid, named for its location in Egypt. Snefru abandoned it after the outside casing fell off of the pyramid. The Meidum pyramid was the first to have an above - ground burial chamber. Using more stones than any other Pharaoh, he built the three pyramids : a now collapsed pyramid in Meidum, the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur, and the Red Pyramid, at North Dahshur. However, the full development of the pyramid style of building was reached not at Saqqara, but during the building of ' The Great Pyramids ' at Giza. Sneferu was succeeded by his son, Khufu ( 2589 -- 2566 BC ), who built the Great Pyramid of Giza. After Khufu 's death, his sons Djedefra ( 2566 -- 2558 BC ) and Khafra ( 2558 -- 2532 BC ) may have quarrelled. The latter built the second pyramid and ( in traditional thinking ) the Sphinx in Giza. Recent reexamination of evidence has led Egyptologist Vassil Dobrev to propose that the Sphinx had been built by Djedefra as a monument to his father Khufu. Alternatively, the Sphinx has been proposed to be the work of Khafra and Khufu himself. There were military expeditions into Canaan and Nubia, with Egyptian influence reaching up the Nile into what is today the Sudan. The later kings of the Fourth Dynasty were king Menkaure ( 2532 -- 2504 BC ), who built the smallest pyramid in Giza, Shepseskaf ( 2504 -- 2498 BC ) and, perhaps, Djedefptah ( 2498 -- 2496 BC ). Khufu, the builder of the Great Pyramid at Giza. Fifth Dynasty ( edit ) Late Period statue of Imhotep, Musée du Louvre. The Fifth Dynasty ( 2494 -- 2345 BC ) began with Userkaf ( 2494 -- 2487 BC ) and was marked by the growing importance of the cult of sun god Ra. Consequently, fewer efforts were devoted to the construction of pyramid complexes than during the 4th dynasty and more to the construction of sun temples in Abusir. Userkaf was succeeded by his son Sahure ( 2487 -- 2475 BC ) who commanded an expedition to Punt. Sahure was in turn succeeded by Neferirkare Kakai ( 2475 -- 2455 BC ) who was Sahure 's son. Neferirkare introduced the prenomen in the royal titulary. He was followed by two short - lived kings, his son Neferefre ( 2455 -- 2453 BC ) and Shepseskare, the latter of uncertain parentage. Shepseskare may have been deposed by Neferefre 's brother Nyuserre Ini ( 2445 -- 2421 BC ), a long lived pharaoh who built extensively in Abusir and re-started royal activity in Giza. The last Pharaohs of the dynasty were Menkauhor Kaiu ( 2421 -- 2414 BC ), Djedkare Isesi ( 2414 -- 2375 BC ) and Unas ( 2375 -- 2345 ), the earliest ruler to have the pyramid texts inscribed in his pyramid. Egypt 's expanding interests in trade goods such as ebony, incense such as myrrh and frankincense, gold, copper and other useful metals inspired the ancient Egyptians to build suitable ships for navigation of the open sea. They traded with Lebanon for cedar and travelled the length of the Red Sea to the Kingdom of Punt -- possibly modern day Somalia -- for ebony, ivory and aromatic resins. Ship builders of that era did not use pegs ( treenails ) or metal fasteners, but relied on rope to keep their ships assembled. Planks and the superstructure were tightly tied and bound together. Sixth Dynasty ( edit ) During the sixth dynasty ( 2345 -- 2181 BC ) the power of pharaoh gradually weakened in favor of powerful nomarchs ( regional governors ). These no longer belonged to the royal family and their charge became hereditary, thus creating local dynasties largely independent from the central authority of the Pharaoh. However, Nile flood control was still the subject of very large works, including especially the canal to Lake Moeris around 2300 BC, which was likely also the source of water to the Giza pyramid complex centuries earlier. Internal disorders set in during the incredibly long reign of Pepi II ( 2278 -- 2184 BC ) towards the end of the dynasty. His death, certainly well past that of his intended heirs, might have created succession struggles. The country slipped into civil wars mere decades after the close of Pepi II 's reign. The final blow was the 22nd century BC drought in the region that resulted in a drastic drop in precipitation. For at least some years between 2200 and 2150 BC, this prevented the normal flooding of the Nile. Whatever its cause, the collapse of the Old Kingdom was followed by decades of famine and strife. An important inscription on the tomb of Ankhtifi, a nomarch during the early First Intermediate Period, describes the pitiful state of the country when famine stalked the land. Culture ( edit ) Egypt 's Old Kingdom ( Dynasties 3 -- 6, ca. 2649 -- 2150 BC ) was one of the most dynamic periods in the development of Egyptian art. During this period, artists learned to express their culture 's worldview, creating for the first time images and forms that endured for generations. Architects and masons mastered the techniques necessary to build monumental structures in stone. Sculptors created the earliest portraits of individuals and the first lifesize statues in wood, copper, and stone. They perfected the art of carving intricate relief decoration and, through keen observation of the natural world, produced detailed images of animals, plants, and even landscapes, recording the essential elements of their world for eternity in scenes painted and carved on the walls of temples and tombs. These images and structures had two principal functions : to ensure an ordered existence and to defeat death by preserving life into the next world. To these ends, over a period of time, Egyptian artists adopted a limited repertoire of standard types and established a formal artistic canon that would define Egyptian art for more than 3,000 years, while remaining flexible enough to allow for subtle variation and innovation. Although much of their artistic effort was centered on preserving life after death, Egyptians also surrounded themselves with objects to enhance their lives in this world, producing elegant jewelry, finely carved and inlaid furniture, and cosmetic vessels and implements made from a wide range of materials. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Old Kingdom of Egypt ''. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 04. Jump up ^ Malek, Jaromir. 2003. `` The Old Kingdom ( c. 2686 -- 2160 BCE ) ''. In The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw. Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0192804587, p. 83 Jump up ^ Carl Roebuck, The World of Ancient Times, pp. 55 & 60. ^ Jump up to : Carl Roebuck, The World of Ancient Times, p. 56. Jump up ^ Bothmer, Bernard ( 1974 ). Brief Guide to the Department of Egyptian and Classical Art. Brooklyn, NY : Brooklyn Museum. p. 22. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Herlin, Susan J. ( 2003 ). `` Ancient African Civilizations to ca. 1500 : Pharaonic Egypt to Ca. 800 BC ''. p. 27. Archived from the original on August 23, 2003. Retrieved 23 January 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Ancient Egypt - the Archaic Period and Old Kingdom ''. www.penfield.edu. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 04. Jump up ^ Carl Roebuck, The World of Ancient Times, p. 57. Jump up ^ Vassil Dobrev, French Institute, Cairo, link 1, link 2 Jump up ^ p. 5, ' The Collins Encyclopedia of Military History ' ( 4th edition, 1993 ), Dupuy & Dupuy. Jump up ^ Miroslav Verner : Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology, Archiv Orientální, Volume 69 : 2001 Jump up ^ Jean - Daniel Stanley ; et al. ( 2003 ). `` Nile flow failure at the end of the Old Kingdom, Egypt : Strontium isotopic and petrologic evidence ''. Geoarchaeology. 18 ( 3 ) : 395 -- 402. doi : 10.1002 / gea. 10065. ^ Jump up to : `` Select Egypt ''. selectegypt.com. Further reading ( edit ) Brewer, Douglas J. Ancient Egypt : Foundations of a Civilization. Harlow, UK : Pearson, 2005. Callender, Gae. Egypt In the Old Kingdom : An Introduction. South Melbourne : Longman, 1998. Kanawati, Naguib. Governmental Reforms In Old Kingdom Egypt. Warminster : Aris & Phillips,, 1980. Kanawati, Naguib., and Alexandra Woods. Artists of the Old Kingdom : Techniques and Achievements. 1st English ed. Egypt : Supreme Council of Antiquities Press, 2009. Lehner, Mark. The Complete Pyramids. London : Thames and Hudson, 1997. Málek, Jaromír., and Werner Forman. In the Shadow of the Pyramids : Ancient Egypt During the Old Kingdom. Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, 1986. McFarlane, A., and Anna - Latifa Mourad. Behind the Scenes : Daily Life In Old Kingdom Egypt. North Ryde, N.S.W. : Australian Centre for Egyptology, 2012. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids. New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999. Papazian, Hratch. Domain of Pharaoh : The Structure and Components of the Economy of Old Kingdom Egypt. Hildesheim : Gerstenberg, 2012. Ryholt, Kim S.B. The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800 -- 1550 BC. Copenhagen : Museum Tusculanum, 1997. Sowada, K., and Peter Grave. Egypt In the Eastern Mediterranean During the Old Kingdom : An Archaeological Perspective. Fribourg : Academic Press, 2009. Strudwick, Nigel. The Administration of Egypt In the Old Kingdom : The Highest Titles and Their Holders. London : KPI, 1985. Warden, Leslie Anne. Pottery and Economy In Old Kingdom Egypt. Boston : Brill, 2013. Wilkinson, Toby. Early Dynastic Egypt. London : Routledge, 2001. External links ( edit ) The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom from BBC History Middle East on The Matrix : Egypt, The Old Kingdom -- Photographs of many of the historic sites dating from the Old Kingdom Old Kingdom of Egypt - Aldokkan Preceded by Early Dynastic Period Time Periods of Egypt 2686 -- 2181 BCE Succeeded by Middle Kingdom ( hide ) Ancient Egypt topics Outline Index Major topics Glossary of artifacts Agriculture Architecture ( Egyptian Revival architecture ) Art Astronomy Chronology Cities ( list ) Clothing Cuisine Dynasties Funerary practices Geography Great Royal Wives History Language Literature Mathematics Medicine Military Music Mythology People Pharaohs ( list ) Philosophy Religion Sites Technology Trade Writing Egyptology Egyptologists Museums Book Ancient Egypt portal WikiProject Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt&oldid=838868630 '' Categories : Former countries in Africa Old Kingdom of Egypt Dynasties of ancient Egypt 27th century BC 22nd century BC 3rd millennium BC in Egypt Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 April 2018, at 20 : 19. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Old Kingdom of Egypt", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt&amp;oldid=838868630" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Old Kingdom of Egypt - wikipedia Old Kingdom of Egypt Jump to : navigation, search `` Old Kingdom '' redirects here. For other uses, see Old Kingdom ( disambiguation ). Old Kingdom of Egypt c. 2686 BC -- c. 2181 BC During the Old Kingdom of Egypt ( circa 2686 BC -- circa 2181 BC ), Egypt consisted of the Nile River region south to Elephantine, as well as Sinai and the oases in the western desert. Capital Memphis Languages Ancient Egyptian Religion Ancient Egyptian religion Government Divine, Absolute Monarchy Pharaoh c. 2686 -- c. 2649 BC Djoser ( first ) c. 2184 -- c. 2181 BC Last king depends on the scholar, Neitiqerty Siptah ( 6th Dynasty ) or Neferirkare ( 7th / 8th Dynasty ) History Established c.", "Old Kingdom of Egypt - wikipedia Old Kingdom of Egypt Jump to : navigation, search `` Old Kingdom '' redirects here. For other uses, see Old Kingdom ( disambiguation ). Old Kingdom of Egypt c. 2686 BC -- c. 2181 BC During the Old Kingdom of Egypt ( circa 2686 BC -- circa 2181 BC ), Egypt consisted of the Nile River region south to Elephantine, as well as Sinai and the oases in the western desert. Capital Memphis Languages Ancient Egyptian Religion Ancient Egyptian religion Government Divine, Absolute Monarchy Pharaoh c. 2686 -- c. 2649 BC Djoser ( first ) c. 2184 -- c. 2181 BC Last king depends on the scholar, Neitiqerty Siptah ( 6th Dynasty ) or Neferirkare ( 7th / 8th Dynasty ) History Established c. 2686 BC Disestablished c." ], "id": [ "2817633912189007433" ], "short_answers": [ "the Nile River region south to Elephantine", "Sinai and the oases in the western desert" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets - wikipedia Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the book. For other uses, see Chamber of Secrets ( disambiguation ). Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Jacket art of the original UK edition Author J.K. Rowling Illustrator Cliff Wright ( UK Edition ) Jonny Duddle ( 2014 UK Edition ) Mary GrandPré ( US Edition ) Kazu Kibuishi ( 2013 US Edition ) Jim Kay ( Illustrated edition ) Country United Kingdom Language English Series Harry Potter Release number 2nd in series Genre Fantasy Publisher Bloomsbury ( UK ) ( Canada 2010 -- present ) Arthur A. Levine / Scholastic ( US ) Raincoast ( Canada 1998 -- 2010 ) Publication date 2 July 1998 ( UK ) 2 June 1999 ( US ) Pages 251 ( UK Edition ) 360 ( 2014 UK Edition ) 341 ( US Edition ) 368 ( 2013 US Edition ) ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3849 - 2 Preceded by Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Followed by Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets is a fantasy novel written by British author J.K. Rowling and the second novel in the Harry Potter series. The plot follows Harry 's second year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, during which a series of messages on the walls of the school 's corridors warn that the `` Chamber of Secrets '' has been opened and that the `` heir of Slytherin '' would kill all pupils who do not come from all - magical families. These threats are found after attacks which leave residents of the school `` petrified '' ( frozen like stone ). Throughout the year, Harry and his friends Ron and Hermione investigate the attacks. The book was published in the United Kingdom on 2 July 1998 by Bloomsbury and later, in the United States on 2 June 1999 by Scholastic Inc. Although Rowling says she found it difficult to finish the book, it won high praise and awards from critics, young readers and the book industry, although some critics thought the story was perhaps too frightening for younger children. Much like with other novels in the series, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets triggered religious debates ; some religious authorities have condemned its use of magical themes, while others have praised its emphasis on self - sacrifice and on the way in which a person 's character is the result of the person 's choices. Several commentators have noted that personal identity is a strong theme in the book, and that it addresses issues of racism through the treatment of non-human, non-magical and non-living people. Some commentators regard the diary as a warning against uncritical acceptance of information from sources whose motives and reliability can not be checked. Institutional authority is portrayed as self - serving and incompetent. The film adaptation of the novel, released in 2002, became ( at that time ) the seventh highest - grossing film ever and received generally favourable reviews. Video games loosely based on Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets were also released for several platforms, and most obtained favourable reviews. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Publication and reception 2.1 Development 2.2 Publication 2.3 Critical response 2.4 Awards and honours 3 Main Themes 4 Adaptations 4.1 Film 4.2 Video games 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) On Harry Potter 's birthday in 1992, the Dursley family -- Harry 's Uncle Vernon, Aunt Petunia, and cousin Dudley -- hold a dinner party for a potential client of Vernon 's drill - manufacturing company. Harry is not invited, but is content to spend the evening quietly in his bedroom, although he is confused that his school friends have not sent cards or presents. However, when he goes to his room, a house - elf named Dobby warns him not to return to Hogwarts and admits to intercepting Harry 's post from his friends. Having failed to persuade Harry to voluntarily give up his place at Hogwarts, Dobby then attempts to get him expelled by using magic to smash Petunia 's dessert on a dinner party guest and framing it on Harry, who is not allowed to use magic out of school. Uncle Vernon 's business deal falls through, but Harry is given a second chance from the Ministry of Magic, and allowed to return at the start of the school year. In the meantime, Uncle Vernon punishes Harry, fitting locks to his bedroom door and bars to the windows. However, Ron Weasley arrives with his twin brothers Fred and George, in their father Arthur 's enchanted Ford Anglia. They rescue Harry, who stays at their family home, the Burrow, for the remainder of his holidays. Harry and the other Weasleys -- mother Molly, third eldest son Percy, and daughter Ginny ( who has a crush on Harry ) -- travel to Diagon Alley. They are then reunited with Hermione Granger and introduced to Lucius Malfoy, father of Harry 's school nemesis Draco, and Gilderoy Lockhart, a conceited autobiographer who has been appointed Defence Against the Dark Arts professor after the death of Professor Quirrel. When Harry and Ron approach Platform 9 3 / 4 in King 's Cross station it refuses to allow them to pass. They decide to fly Arthur 's car to Hogwarts, where they crash into a sentient willow tree on the grounds. In trouble for the crash, Ron is punished by having to clean the school trophies and Harry by helping the celebrity teacher Professor Lockhart, whose classes are chaotic, with addressing his fan mail. Harry learns of some wizards ' prejudice about blood status in terms of `` pure '' blood ( only wizarding heritage ) and those with Muggle parentage. He is alone in hearing an unnerving voice seemingly coming from the walls of the school itself. During a deathday party for Gryffindor House 's ghost Nearly Headless Nick, he, Ron, and Hermione run into the school caretaker Argus Filch 's petrified cat, Mrs. Norris, along with a warning scrawled across one of the walls : `` The chamber of secrets has been opened. Enemies of the heir, beware. '' Rumours fly around the school regarding the Chamber of Secrets ' history. Harry and his friends discover from Cuthbert Binns, the ghostly professor of History of Magic, that it houses a terrible monster and was created by one of the school 's founders, Salazar Slytherin, after a fundamental disagreement with the other founders ( Godric Gryffindor, Helga Hufflepuff, and Rowena Ravenclaw ). Slytherin believed that students of non-magical parentage should be refused entry to the school. During a Quidditch game, a Bludger, one of the balls involved in Quidditch, chases after Harry instead of zigzagging toward any player it can hit, breaking his arm. Dobby returns in the middle of the night to visit Harry in the hospital wing, revealing that it was he who charmed the Bludger and sealed the gateway at King 's Cross and that the Chamber of Secrets had been opened before. Another attack occurs, this time to a first - year Gryffindor named Colin Creevey who idolises Harry, and the school goes into a state of panic. A duelling class is then set up for the students ( led by Lockhart and Potions master / Head of Slytherin House Severus Snape ), during which it is revealed that Harry is a ' Parselmouth ', meaning he has the rare gift to speak to snakes. This sparks rumours yet again, as students around the school suspect Harry of being the Heir of Slytherin ( as Slytherin was also a parselmouth ), and circumstantial evidence to support this theory arrives in the form of another attack. This time on Hufflepuff second - year Justin Finch Fletchley and the Gryffindor ghost. Harry, Ron, and Hermione begin to suspect that Draco is behind the attacks, given his family history of remaining well within Slytherin ranks and open hostility toward Muggle - born students. After talking about their speculations, Hermione concocts Polyjuice potion, which allows them to become Draco 's boorish lackeys, Vincent Crabbe and Gregory Goyle, for an hour to interrogate him. This comes to nothing, as Draco 's father only told his son the general facts of the previous opening of the Chamber and that it occurred fifty years previously. Meanwhile, Myrtle Warren, an existentially mopey ghost that haunts a bathroom, unwittingly provides a new clue in the form of a diary deposited in her stall -- a diary. The trio discover the diary belonged to Tom Riddle, a student who knows all too well about the Chamber, having been witness to a fellow student 's death fifty years ago. The culprit, he reveals to Harry, was none other than Rubeus Hagrid, now gamekeeper for Hogwarts School. When Hermione is attacked next, alongside a Ravenclaw prefect, the school is put on lockdown, and Dumbledore and Hagrid are forced to leave the premises. Fortunately for Harry and Ron, Hagrid left a set of instructions : to follow the spiders currently fleeing into the Forbidden Forest. They do this, only to find the monster that was blamed for the attacks fifty years before, a massive spider named Aragog, who explains to the duo that the real monster is one that spiders fear above all others. Hermione provides the last set of clues that inform them of the monster 's identity : It is a basilisk, ( hence Harry 's ability to understand it, ) that kills with a stare ( although no one is dead because of various devices through which they indirectly saw the monster ) and which spiders ( such as Aragog and his offspring ) fear above all others. Harry figures out from hints Aragog dropped that a student who died during the previous attacks is Myrtle, and when Ginny is taken by the monster into the Chamber, they discover that the entrance is in the bathroom they have been using to make Polyjuice Potion. Harry, Ron, and Lockhart enter the Chamber, but the dunderheaded professor ( who reveals that he is a fraud ) causes a rockfall while attempting to modify the boys ' memories with Ron 's damaged wand. Separated from Ron, Harry enters the Chamber of Secrets alone to find an unconscious Ginny and Tom Riddle who claims to be a memory preserved in his diary for the last fifty years. Tom Riddle shows Harry that his full name, Tom Marvolo Riddle, can be made into the anagram `` I am Lord Voldemort. '' Tom Riddle is in fact Voldemort 's true name and it was he who opened the Chamber fifty years before, and framed Hagrid as Riddle is the true Heir of Slytherin. By possessing Ginny through his diary, Riddle has been continuing what he started fifty years before. Harry 's loyalty to Dumbledore in the face of Riddle summons Dumbledore 's phoenix, Fawkes, who arrives with the Sorting Hat. Fawkes blinds the basilisk, allowing Harry to remove the Sword of Godric Gryffindor from the Sorting Hat and slay the creature. Though fatally poisoned by the basilisk, Fawkes saves Harry who uses a basilisk fang to stab Riddle 's diary. Both the diary and Riddle are destroyed and Ginny is restored. Harry, Ron, Ginny, and Lockhart return to the main castle and reunite with McGonagall, Dumbledore, and Mr. and Mrs. Weasley. Ginny, whose possession by Voldemort caused all of the petrification and troubles over the course of the year, is given a reprieve by Dumbledore. He reasons that greater wizards have been duped by Voldemort before, and takes great interest in the qualities of the diary, which Harry gives to him. Lucius Malfoy bursts in after this meeting, demanding to know why and how Dumbledore has returned to the school. He is accompanied by Dobby, revealing the family to whom he is enslaved. The house - elf also provides Harry with unspoken cues regarding the diary 's ownership : While it was Tom Riddle 's, it had been in the Malfoys ' possession. While in Diagon Alley over the summer, Lucius, a follower of Voldemort, had slipped the diary into Ginny 's cauldron to ensure the reopening of the Chamber of Secrets. Harry returns the diary, devising a scenario involving his own sock that frees Dobby from the Malfoys ' employment, hence provoking an attack on Harry, only for Dobby to jump in and save him. The petrified students are cured, the end - of - year exams are cancelled ( much to Hermione 's chagrin ), Hagrid comes back in the middle of the final feast, Lockheart is discharged from his job as Defence Against the Dark Arts Teacher, and Harry returns to Privet Drive in higher spirits than he last left it. Publication and reception ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Rowling found it difficult to finish Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets because she was afraid it would not live up to the expectations raised by Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone in the US ). After delivering the manuscript to Bloomsbury on schedule, she took it back for six weeks of revision. In early drafts of the book, the ghost Nearly Headless Nick sang a self - composed song explaining his condition and the circumstances of his unknown death. This was cut as the book 's editor did not care for the poem, which has been subsequently published as an extra on J.K. Rowling 's official website. The family background of Dean Thomas was removed because Rowling and her publishers considered it an `` unnecessary digression '', and she considered Neville Longbottom 's own journey of discovery `` more important to the central plot ''. Publication ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999. It immediately took first place in UK best - seller lists, displacing popular authors such as John Grisham, Tom Clancy, and Terry Pratchett, and making Rowling the first author to win the British Book Awards Children 's Book of the Year for two years in succession. In June 1999, it went straight to the top of three US best - seller lists, including The New York Times '. First edition printings had several errors, which were fixed in subsequent reprints. Initially Dumbledore said that Voldemort was the last remaining ancestor of Salazar Slytherin, instead of his descendant. Gilderoy Lockhart 's book on werewolves is entitled Weekends with Werewolves at one point and Wanderings with Werewolves later in the book. Critical response ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was met with near universal acclaim. In The Times, Deborah Loudon described it as a children 's book that would be `` re-read into adulthood '' and highlighted its `` strong plots, engaging characters, excellent jokes and a moral message which flows naturally from the story ''. Fantasy author Charles de Lint agreed, and considered the second Harry Potter book to be just as good as Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone, a rare achievement among series of books. Thomas Wagner regarded the plot as very similar to that of the first book, based on searching for a secret hidden under the school. However, he enjoyed the parody of celebrities and their fans that centres round Gilderoy Lockhart, and approved of the book 's handling of racism. Tammy Nezol found the book more disturbing than its predecessor, particularly in the rash behaviour of Harry and his friends after Harry withholds information from Dumbledore, and in the human - like behaviour of the mandragoras used to make a potion that cures petrification. Nevertheless, she considered the second story as enjoyable as the first. Mary Stuart thought the final conflict with Tom Riddle in the Chamber was almost as scary as in some of Stephen King 's works, and perhaps too strong for young or timid children. She commented that `` there are enough surprises and imaginative details thrown in as would normally fill five lesser books. '' Like other reviewers, she thought the book would give pleasure to both children and adult readers. According to Philip Nel, the early reviews gave unalloyed praise while the later ones included some criticisms, although they still agreed that the book was outstanding. Writing after all seven books had been published, Graeme Davis regarded Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as the weakest of the series, and agreed that the plot structure is much the same as in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone. He described Fawkes 's appearance to arm Harry and then to heal him as a deus ex machina : he said that the book does not explain how Fawkes knew where to find Harry ; and Fawkes 's timing had to be very precise, as arriving earlier would probably have prevented the battle with the basilisk, while arriving later would have been fatal to Harry and Ginny. Awards and honours ( edit ) Rowling 's Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was the recipient of several awards. The American Library Association listed the novel among its 2000 Notable Children 's Books, as well as its Best Books for Young Adults. In 1999, Booklist named Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as one of its Editors ' Choices, and as one of its Top Ten Fantasy Novels for Youth. The Cooperative Children 's Book Center made the novel a CCBC Choice of 2000 in the `` Fiction for Children '' category. The novel also won Children 's Book of the Year British Book Award, and was shortlisted for the 1998 Guardian Children 's Award and the 1998 Carnegie Award. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets won the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize 1998 Gold Medal in the 9 -- 11 years division. Rowling also won two other Nestlé Smarties Book Prizes for Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone and Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. The Scottish Arts Council awarded their first ever Children 's Book Award to the novel in 1999, and it was also awarded Whitaker 's Platinum Book Award in 2001. In 2003, the novel was listed at number 23 on the BBC 's survey The Big Read. Main themes ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets continues to examine what makes a person who he or she is, which began in the first book. As well as maintaining that Harry 's identity is shaped by his decisions rather than any aspect of his birth, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets provides contrasting characters who try to conceal their true personalities : as Tammy Nezol puts it, Gilderoy Lockhart `` lacks any real identity '' because he is nothing more than a charming liar. Riddle also complicates Harry 's struggle to understand himself by pointing out the similarities between the two : `` both half - bloods, orphans raised by Muggles, probably the only two Parselmouths to come to Hogwarts since the great Slytherin. '' Opposition to class, death and its impacts, experiencing adolescence, sacrifice, love, friendship, loyalty, prejudice, and racism are constant themes of the series. In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry 's consideration and respect for others extends to the lowly, non-human Dobby and the ghost Nearly Headless Nick. According to Marguerite Krause, achievements in the novel depend more on ingenuity and hard work than on natural talents. Edward Duffy, associate professor at Marquette University, says that one of the central characters of Chamber of Secrets is Tom Riddle 's enchanted diary, which takes control of Ginny Weasley -- just as Riddle planned. Duffy suggests Rowling intended this as a warning against passively consuming information from sources that have their own agendas. Although Bronwyn Williams and Amy Zenger regard the diary as more like an instant messaging or chat room system, they agree about the dangers of relying too much on the written word, which can camouflage the author, and they highlight a comical example, Lockhart 's self - promoting books. Immorality and the portrayal of authority as negative are significant themes in the novel. Marguerite Krause states there are few absolute moral rules in Harry Potter 's world, for example Harry prefers to tell the truth, but lies whenever he considers it necessary -- very like his enemy Draco Malfoy. At the end of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Dumbledore retracts his promise to punish Harry, Ron, and Hermione if they break any more school rules -- after Professor McGonagall estimates they have broken over 100 -- and lavishly rewards them for ending the threat from the Chamber of Secrets. Krause further states that authority figures and political institutions receive little respect from Rowling. William MacNeil of Griffith University, Queensland, Australia states that the Minister for Magic is presented as a mediocrity. In his article `` Harry Potter and the Secular City '', Ken Jacobson suggests the Ministry as a whole is portrayed as a tangle of bureaucratic empires, saying that `` Ministry officials busy themselves with minutiae ( e.g. standardising cauldron thicknesses ) and coin politically correct euphemisms like ' non-magical community ' ( for Muggles ) and ' memory modification ' ( for magical brainwashing ). '' This novel implies it begins in 1992 : the cake for Nearly - Headless Nick 's 500th deathday party bears the words `` Sir Nicholas De Mimsy Porpington died 31 October 1492 ''. Adaptations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( film ) The film version of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was released in 2002. Chris Columbus directed the film, and the screenplay was written by Steve Kloves. It became the third film to exceed $600 million in international box office sales, preceded by Titanic, released in 1997, and Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone, released in 2001. The film was nominated for a Saturn Award for the Best Fantasy Film, According to Metacritic, the film version of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets received `` generally favourable reviews '' with an average score of 63 %, and another aggregator, Rotten Tomatoes, gave it a score of 82 %. Video games ( edit ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( video game ) Five unique video games by different developers were released between 2002 and 2003 by Electronic Arts, loosely based on the book : Developer Release date Platform Genre GameRankings Metacritic Notes KnowWonder 14 November 2002 Microsoft Windows Adventure / puzzle 71.46 % 77 / 100 Argonaut PlayStation Action - adventure 70.50 % 74 / 100 Griptonite Game Boy Color Role - playing game 77.33 % N / A Eurocom Game Boy Advance Action puzzle 73.44 % 76 / 100 GameCube Action - adventure 73.29 % 77 / 100 PlayStation 2 70.44 % 71 / 100 Xbox 74.58 % 77 / 100 Aspyr 10 April 2003 Mac OS X Adventure / puzzle N / A N / A Port of Windows version References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sexton, Colleen ( 2007 ). `` Pottermania ''. J.K. Rowling. Twenty - First Century Books. pp. 77 -- 78. ISBN 0 - 8225 - 7949 - 9. Retrieved 25 May 2009. Jump up ^ Rowling, J.K. ( 2009 ). `` Nearly Headless Nick ''. Archived from the original on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2009. Jump up ^ Rowling, J.K. ( 2009 ). `` Dean Thomas 's background ( Chamber of Secrets ) ''. Archived from the original on 2 May 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2009. Jump up ^ `` A Potter timeline for muggles ''. Toronto Star. 14 July 2007. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2008. Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter : Meet J.K. Rowling ''. Scholastic Inc. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2008. Jump up ^ `` Digested read : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ''. The Guardian. London. 25 August 1998. Archived from the original on 23 August 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2009. Jump up ^ Beckett, Sandra ( 2008 ). `` Child - to - Adult Crossover Fiction ''. Crossover Fiction. Taylor & Francis. pp. 112 -- 115. ISBN 0 - 415 - 98033 - X. Retrieved 16 May 2009. Jump up ^ Pais, Arthur ( 20 June 2003 ). `` Harry Potter : The mania continues... '' Rediff.com India Limited. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2009. Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers Plus ''. The New York Times. 20 June 1999. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2009. ^ Jump up to : Brians, Paul. `` Errors : Ancestor / Descendant ''. Washington State University. Archived from the original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2009. Jump up ^ Rowling, J.K. ( 1998 ). Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. London : Bloomsbury. pp. 38, 78. ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3848 - 4. Jump up ^ Loudon, Deborah ( 18 September 1998 ). `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets -- Children 's Books ''. The Times. London. Archived from the original on 30 May 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2009. Jump up ^ de Lint, Charles ( January 2000 ). `` Books To Look For ''. Fantasy & Science Fiction. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2009. Jump up ^ Wagner, Thomas ( 2000 ). `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ''. Thomas M. Wagner. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2009. ^ Jump up to : Nezol, Tammy. `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ) ''. About.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2009. Jump up ^ Stuart, Mary. `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ''. curledup.com. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2009. Jump up ^ Nel, Phillip ( 2001 ). `` Reviews of the Novels ''. J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter novels : a reader 's guide. Continuum International. p. 55. ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5232 - 9. Retrieved 26 May 2009. Jump up ^ Davis, Graeme ( 2008 ). `` Re-reading Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ''. Re-Read Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Today! an Unauthorized Guide. Nimble Books LLC. p. 1. ISBN 1 - 934840 - 72 - 6. Retrieved 25 May 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ''. Arthur A. Levine Books. 2001 -- 2005. Archived from the original on 14 February 2006. Retrieved 18 July 2009. Jump up ^ `` ALA Notable Children 's Books All Ages 2000 ''. Scholastic Inc. 11 June 2007. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2009. Jump up ^ `` Best Books for Young Adults ''. American Library Association. 2000. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2009. Jump up ^ Estes, Sally ; Susan Dove Lempke ( 1999 ). `` Books for Youth -- Fiction ''. Booklist. Retrieved 18 July 2009. Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Reviews ''. CCBC. 2009. Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` ABOUT J.K. ROWLING ''. Raincoast Books. 2009. Archived from the original on 21 December 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2009. Jump up ^ `` Scottish Arts Council Children 's Book Awards ''. Scottish Arts Council. 30 May 2001. Archived from the original on 4 November 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2009. Jump up ^ `` Potter goes platinum ''. RTÉ. 2009. Archived from the original on 21 January 2005. Retrieved 18 July 2009. Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The Big Read '' Archived 31 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine... BBC. April 2003, Retrieved 12 December 2013 ^ Jump up to : Jacobsen, Ken ( 2004 ). `` Harry Potter and the Secular City : The Dialectical Religious Vision Of J.K. Rowling '' ( PDF ). Animus. 9 : 79 -- 104. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 January 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2009. Jump up ^ Cockrell, Amanda ( 2004 ). `` Harry Potter and the Secret Password ''. In Whited, L. The ivory tower and Harry Potter. University of Missouri Press. pp. 20 -- 26. ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1549 - 1. Retrieved 27 May 2009. Jump up ^ Knapp, Nancy ( 2003 ). `` In Defense of Harry Potter : An Apologia '' ( PDF ). School Libraries Worldwide. International Association of School Librarianship. 9 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 91. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2009. ^ Jump up to : Krause, Marguerite ( 2006 ). `` Harry Potter and the End of Religion ''. In Lackey, M. ; Wilson, L. Mapping the world of Harry Potter. BenBella Books. pp. 55 -- 63. ISBN 1 - 932100 - 59 - 8. Retrieved 27 May 2009. Jump up ^ Duffy, Edward ( 2002 ). `` Sentences in Harry Potter, Students in Future Writing Classes '' ( PDF ). Rhetoric Review. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. 21 ( 2 ) : 170 -- 187. doi : 10.1207 / S15327981RR2102_03. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2009. Jump up ^ Williams, Bronwyn ; Zenger, Amy ( 2007 ). Popular culture and representations of literacy. A.A. Routledge. pp. 113 -- 117, 119 -- 121. ISBN 0 - 415 - 36095 - 1. Retrieved 27 May 2009. Jump up ^ Rowling, J.K. ( 1998 ). `` Dobby 's Reward ''. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. London : Bloomsbury. pp. 241 -- 243. ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3848 - 4. Jump up ^ MacNeil, William ( 2002 ). `` '' Kidlit '' as `` Law - And - Lit '' : Harry Potter and the Scales of Justice '' ( PDF ). Law and Literature. University of California. 14 ( 3 ) : 545 -- 564. doi : 10.1525 / lal. 2002.14. 3.545. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2009. Jump up ^ Rowling, J.K. ( 1998 ). Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. London : Bloomsbury. p. 102. ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3848 - 4. Jump up ^ Whited, L. ( 2006 ). `` 1492, 1942, 1992 : The Theme of Race in the Harry Potter Series ''. The Looking Glass : New Perspectives on Children 's Literature. 1 ( 1 ). Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2009. Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum, Lisa ( 13 November 2002 ). `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 12 August 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) -- Rotten Tomatoes ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` SF Site -- News : 25 March 2003 ''. Archived from the original on 29 April 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2009. Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards ''. Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films. 2006. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2009. Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) : Reviews ''. Metacritic. Archived from the original on 11 August 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2009. Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets for PC ''. GameRankings. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Critic Reviews for PC ''. Metacritic. Archived from the original on 25 April 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets for PlayStation ''. GameRankings. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets for PlayStation Reviews ''. Metacritic. Archived from the original on 6 April 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets for Game Boy Color ''. GameRankings. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets for Game Boy Advance ''. GameRankings. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Critic Reviews for Game Boy Advance ''. Metacritic. Archived from the original on 25 April 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets for GameCube ''. GameRankings. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Critic Reviews for GameCube ''. Metacritic. Archived from the original on 25 April 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets for PlayStation 2 ''. GameRankings. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Critic Reviews for PlayStation 2 ''. Metacritic. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets for Xbox ''. GameRankings. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Critic Reviews for Xbox ''. Metacritic. Archived from the original on 25 April 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014. External links ( edit ) Novels portal Harry Potter portal Book : Harry Potter Wikiquote has quotations related to : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Wikibook Muggles ' Guide to Harry Potter has a page on the topic of : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Ginny Weasley Fred and George Weasley Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power, Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism, Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Lego Creator : Harry Potter Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Exhibitions Harry Potter : The Exhibition Harry Potter : A History of Magic Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir My Immortal Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series Book Portal Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power, Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism, Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016, also wrote ) Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018, also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also Wizarding World GND : 4688806 - 8 VIAF : 190455963 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets&oldid=842974551 '' Categories : 1998 British novels Harry Potter novels Sequel novels Flying cars in fiction Shapeshifting in fiction 1998 fantasy novels Scholastic Corporation books Bloomsbury Publishing books British novels adapted into films Memory erasure and alteration in fiction 1998 children 's books Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from October 2013 Use British English from January 2013 Good articles Pages to import images to Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 62 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018, at 23 : 50. 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{ "text": "Value chain - wikipedia Value chain Jump to : navigation, search Strategy Major dimensions ( hide ) Strategy Strategic management Military strategy Strategic thinking Strategic planning Game theory Strategic studies Major thinkers ( hide ) Michael Porter Rita Gunther McGrath Bruce Henderson Gary Hamel Candace A. Yano C.K. Prahalad Jim Collins Liddell Hart Carl von Clausewitz Sun Tzu Sarah C. Paine Adrian Slywotzky Sharon Oster Chris Zook Henry Mintzberg Clay Christensen Concepts ( hide ) Business model Competitive advantage Experience curve Value chain Portfolio theory Core competency Generic strategies Uberisation Sharing economy Frameworks and tools ( hide ) SWOT Five forces Balanced scorecard PEST analysis Growth -- share matrix A value chain is a set of activities that a firm operating in a specific industry performs in order to deliver a valuable product or service for the market. The concept comes through business management and was first described by Michael Porter in his 1985 best - seller, Competitive Advantage : Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. The idea of the value chain is based on the process view of organizations, the idea of seeing a manufacturing ( or service ) organization as a system, made up of subsystems each with inputs, transformation processes and outputs. Inputs, transformation processes, and outputs involve the acquisition and consumption of resources -- money, labour, materials, equipment, buildings, land, administration and management. How value chain activities are carried out determines costs and affects profits. -- IfM, Cambridge The concept of value chains as decision support tools, was added onto the competitive strategies paradigm developed by Porter as early as 1979. In Porter 's value chains, Inbound Logistics, Operations, Outbound Logistics, Marketing and Sales, and Service are categorized as primary activities. Secondary activities include Procurement, Human Resource management, Technological Development and Infrastructure ( Porter 1985, pp. 11 -- 15 ). According to the OECD Secretary - General ( Gurría 2012 ) the emergence of global value chains ( GVCs ) in the late 1990s provided a catalyst for accelerated change in the landscape of international investment and trade, with major, far - reaching consequences on governments as well as enterprises ( Gurría 2012 ). Contents ( hide ) 1 Firm - level 1.1 Primary activities 1.2 Support activities 1.3 Physical, virtual and combined value chain 2 Industry - level 3 Global value chains ( GVCs ) 3.1 Cross border / cross region value chains 3.2 Global value chains ( GVCs ) in development 4 Significance 5 Use with other analysis tools 6 SCOR 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Firm - level ( edit ) Michael Porter 's Value Chain The appropriate level for constructing a value chain is the business unit, not division or corporate level. Products pass through a chain of activities in order, and at each activity the product gains some value. The chain of activities gives the products more added value than the sum of added values of all activities. The activity of a diamond cutter can illustrate the difference between cost and the value chain. The cutting activity may have a low cost, but the activity adds much of the value to the end product, since a rough diamond is significantly less valuable than a cut diamond. Typically, the described value chain and the documentation of processes, assessment and auditing of adherence to the process routines are at the core of the quality certification of the business, e.g. ISO 9001. A firm 's value chain forms a part of a larger stream of activities, which Porter calls a value system. A value system, or an industry value chain, includes the suppliers that provide the inputs necessary to the firm along with their value chains. After the firm creates products, these products pass through the value chains of distributors ( which also have their own value chains ), all the way to the customers. All parts of these chains are included in the value system. To achieve and sustain a competitive advantage, and to support that advantage with information technologies, a firm must understand every component of this value system. Primary activities ( edit ) Inbound Logistics : arranging the inbound movement of materials, parts, and / or finished inventory from suppliers to manufacturing or assembly plants, warehouses, or retail stores Operations : concerned with managing the process that converts inputs ( in the forms of raw materials, labor, and energy ) into outputs ( in the form of goods and / or services ). Outbound Logistics : is the process related to the storage and movement of the final product and the related information flows from the end of the production line to the end user Marketing and Sales : selling a product or service and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. Service : includes all the activities required to keep the product / service working effectively for the buyer after it is sold and delivered. Support activities ( edit ) Infrastructure : consists of activities such as accounting, legal, finance, control, public relations, quality assurance and general ( strategic ) management. Technological Development : pertains to the equipment, hardware, software, procedures and technical knowledge brought to bear in the firm 's transformation of inputs into outputs. Human Resources Management : consists of all activities involved in recruiting, hiring, training, developing, compensating and ( if necessary ) dismissing or laying off personnel. Procurement : the acquisition of goods, services or works from an outside external source Physical, virtual and combined value chain ( edit ) Competitive advantage can not be understood by looking at a firm as a whole. It stems from the many discrete activities a firm performs in designing, producing, marketing, delivering and supporting its product. Each of these activities can contribute to a firm 's relative cost position and create a basis for differentiation. Michael Porter The value chain categorizes the generic value - adding activities of an organization. The activities considered under this product / service enhancement process can be broadly categorized under two major activity - sets. Physical / traditional value chain : a physical - world activity performed in order to enhance a product or a service. Such activities evolved over time by the experience people gained from their business conduct. As the will to earn higher profit drives any business, professionals ( trained / untrained ) practice these to achieve their goal. Virtual value chain : The advent of computer - based business - aided systems in the modern world has led to a completely new horizon of market space in modern business - jargon -- the cyber-market space. Like any other field of computer application, here also we have tried to implement our physical world 's practices to improve this digital world. All activities of persistent physical world 's physical value - chain enhancement process, which we implement in the cyber-market, are in general terms referred to as a virtual value chain. In practice as of 2013, no progressive organisation can afford to remain stuck to any one of these value chains. In order to cover both market spaces ( physical world and cyber world ), organisations need to deploy their very best practices in both of these spaces to churn out the most informative data, which can further be used to improve the ongoing products / services or to develop some new product / service. Hence organisations today try to employ the combined value chain. Combined Value Chain = Physical Value shown in sample below. Inbound Logistics Production Process Out - Bound Logistics Marketing Sales Activities GATHER ORGANIZE SELECT SYNTHESIZE DISTRIBUTE This value - chain matrix suggests that there are a number of opportunities for improvement in any business process. Industry - level ( edit ) An industry value - chain is a physical representation of the various processes involved in producing goods ( and services ), starting with raw materials and ending with the delivered product ( also known as the supply chain ). It is based on the notion of value - added at the link ( read : stage of production ) level. The sum total of link - level value - added yields total value. The French Physiocrats ' Tableau économique is one of the earliest examples of a value chain. Wasilly Leontief 's Input - Output tables, published in the 1950s, provide estimates of the relative importance of each individual link in industry - level value - chains for the U.S. economy. Global value chains ( GVCs ) ( edit ) Main article : Global value chain Cross border / cross region value chains ( edit ) Often multinational enterprises ( MNEs ) developed global value chains, investing abroad and establishing affiliates that provided critical support to remaining activities at home. To enhance efficiency and to optimize profits, multinational enterprises locate `` research, development, design, assembly, production of parts, marketing and branding '' activities in different countries around the globe. MNEs offshore labour - intensive activities to China and Mexico, for example, where the cost of labor is the lowest. ( Gurría 2012 ) the emergence of global value chains ( GVCs ) in the late 1990s provided a catalyst for accelerated change in the landscape of international investment and trade, with major, far - reaching consequences on governments as well as enterprises. ( Gurría 2012 ) Global value chains ( GVCs ) in development ( edit ) Through global value chains, there has been growth in interconnectedness as MNEs play an increasingly larger role in the internationalisation of business. In response, governments have cut Corporate income tax ( CIT ) rates or introduced new incentives for research and development to compete in this changing geopolitical landscape. ( LeBlanc et al. ) In an ( industrial ) development context, the concepts of Global Value Chain analysis were first introduced in the 1990s ( Gereffi et al. ) and have gradually been integrated into development policy by the World Bank, Unctad, the OECD and others. Value chain analysis has also been employed in the development sector as a means of identifying poverty reduction strategies by upgrading along the value chain. Although commonly associated with export - oriented trade, development practitioners have begun to highlight the importance of developing national and intra-regional chains in addition to international ones. For example, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics ( ICRISAT ) has investigated strengthening the value chain for sweet sorghum as a biofuel crop in India. Its aim in doing so was to provide a sustainable means of making ethanol that would increase the incomes of the rural poor, without sacrificing food and fodder security, while protecting the environment. Significance ( edit ) The value chain framework quickly made its way to the forefront of management thought as a powerful analysis tool for strategic planning. The simpler concept of value streams, a cross-functional process which was developed over the next decade, had some success in the early 1990s. The value - chain concept has been extended beyond individual firms. It can apply to whole supply chains and distribution networks. The delivery of a mix of products and services to the end customer will mobilize different economic factors, each managing its own value chain. The industry wide synchronized interactions of those local value chains create an extended value chain, sometimes global in extent. Porter terms this larger interconnected system of value chains the `` value system ''. A value system includes the value chains of a firm 's supplier ( and their suppliers all the way back ), the firm itself, the firm distribution channels, and the firm 's buyers ( and presumably extended to the buyers of their products, and so on ). Capturing the value generated along the chain is the new approach taken by many management strategists. For example, a manufacturer might require its parts suppliers to be located nearby its assembly plant to minimize the cost of transportation. By exploiting the upstream and downstream information flowing along the value chain, the firms may try to bypass the intermediaries creating new business models, or in other ways create improvements in its value system. Value chain analysis has also been successfully used in large petrochemical plant maintenance organizations to show how work selection, work planning, work scheduling and finally work execution can ( when considered as elements of chains ) help drive lean approaches to maintenance. The Maintenance Value Chain approach is particularly successful when used as a tool for helping change management as it is seen as more user - friendly than other business process tools. A value chain approach could also offer a meaningful alternative to evaluate private or public companies when there is a lack of publicly known data from direct competition, where the subject company is compared with, for example, a known downstream industry to have a good feel of its value by building useful correlations with its downstream companies. Use with other analysis tools ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Once value has been analysed and the contributing parts of the organisation have been identified, other models can be used in conjunction with the Value Chain to assess how these areas can either be improved or capitalised upon. For example, a SWOT analysis can be used within the `` Outbound Logistics '' Function to understand what its strengths and weaknesses are, and what opportunities there may be to improve that area, or identify the threats to what may be a critical part of the value delivery system. Equally, other models can be used to assess performance, risk, market potential, environmental waste, etc. SCOR ( edit ) The Supply - Chain Council, a global trade consortium in operation with over 700 member companies, governmental, academic, and consulting groups participating in the last 10 years, manages the Supply - Chain Operations Reference ( SCOR ), the de facto universal reference model for Supply Chain including Planning, Procurement, Manufacturing, Order Management, Logistics, Returns, and Retail ; Product and Service Design including Design Planning, Research, Prototyping, Integration, Launch and Revision, and Sales including CRM, Service Support, Sales, and Contract Management which are congruent to the Porter framework. The SCOR framework has been adopted by hundreds of companies as well as national entities as a standard for business excellence, and the U.S. Department of Defense has adopted the newly launched Design - Chain Operations Reference ( DCOR ) framework for product design as a standard to use for managing their development processes. In addition to process elements, these reference frameworks also maintain a vast database of standard process metrics aligned to the Porter model, as well as a large and constantly researched database of prescriptive universal best practices for process execution. See also ( edit ) Agricultural value chain Beneficiation Business unit Calculating Demand Forecast Accuracy Delta Model Demand chain Industry information Marketing strategy Porter 5 forces analysis Porter generic strategies Strategic management Value grid Value Value migration Value network Value shop Human Resource value chain is to help improve business performance by applying the full capabilities of people. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Porter, Michael E. ( 1985 ). Competitive Advantage : Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. New York. : Simon and Schuster. Retrieved 9 September 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Decision Support Tools : Porter 's Value Chain ''. Cambridge University : Institute for Manufacturing ( IfM ). Retrieved 9 September 2013. Jump up ^ Porter, Michael E. ( 1979 ). `` How competitive forces shape strategy '' ( PDF ). Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 9 September 2013. ^ Jump up to : Angel Gurría ( 5 November 2012 ). The Emergence of Global Value Chains : What Do They Mean for Business. G20 Trade and Investment Promotion Summit. Mexico City : OECD. Retrieved 7 September 2013. ^ Jump up to : Michael E. Porter ( 1985 ) Competitive advantage : creating and sustaining superior performance. The Free Press Jump up ^ Ghemawat, Pankaj ( Spring 2002 ). `` Competition and Business Strategy in Historical Perspective ''. Business History Review. Harvard Business Review. SSRN 264528. Jump up ^ Pierre LeBlanc ; Stephen Matthews ; Kirsti Mellbye ( 4 September 2013 ). The Tax Policy Landscape Five Years after the Crisis ( Report ). OECD Taxation Working Papers. France : OECD. Retrieved 7 September 2013. Jump up ^ Gereffi, G., ( 1994 ). The Organisation of Buyer - Driven Global Commodity Chains : How US Retailers Shape Overseas Production Networks. In G. Gereffi, and M. Korzeniewicz ( Eds ), Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism. Westport, CT : Praeger. Jump up ^ http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/diae2013d1_en.pdf Jump up ^ Jonathan Mitchell ; Christopher Coles & Jodie Keane ( December 2009 ). `` Upgrading Along Value Chains : Strategies for Poverty Reduction in Latin America '' ( PDF ). Comercio y Pobreza en Latino América ( COPLA ). Briefing Paper. London : Overseas Development Institute. Jump up ^ Microlinks ( 2009 ) ( Value Chain Development Wiki http://microlinks.kdid.org/vcwiki ) Washington, D.C. : USAID. Jump up ^ Developing a sweet sorghum ethanol value chain ICRISAT, 2013 Jump up ^ Martin, James ( 1995 ). The Great Transition : Using the Seven Disciplines of Enterprise Engineering. New York : AMACOM. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8144 - 0315 - 0., particularly the Con Edison example. Jump up ^ `` The Horizontal Corporation ''. Business Week. 1993 - 12 - 20. Further reading ( edit ) Kaplinsky, Raphael ; Morris, Mike ( 2001 ). A handbook for value chain research. Brighton, England : Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex. OCLC 156818293. Pdf. ( Prepared for the International Development Research Centre. ) External links ( edit ) Media related to Value chain diagrams at Wikimedia Commons Using a Value Chain Analysis in Project Management Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Value_chain&oldid=802898850 '' Categories : Distribution ( business ) Michael Porter Process management Supply chain management Value proposition Hidden categories : All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from January 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017, at 04 : 06. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Value chain", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Value_chain&amp;oldid=802898850" }

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{ "text": "The Purpose Driven Life - wikipedia The Purpose Driven Life Jump to : navigation, search The Purpose Driven Life book cover The Purpose Driven Life ( 2002 ) is a devotional book written by Christian author Rick Warren and published by Zondervan. The book topped the Wall Street Journal best seller charts as well as Publishers Weekly charts with over 30 million copies sold by 2007. The Purpose Driven Life was also on the New York Times Bestseller List for over 90 weeks. The book offers readers a 40 - day personal spiritual journey and presents what Warren says are God 's five purposes for human life on Earth and describes itself as `` a blueprint for Christian living in the 21st Century (... ) using about 350 references to the Bible, maybe this amounts to over 1200 Biblical verses and quotes to challenge the conventional definitions of Christian Worship, Fellowship, Discipleship, Christian Ministry and Evangelism. '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Sales 2 Content 3 Impact 4 Criticism 5 Ashley Smith 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography Sales ( edit ) The Purpose Driven Life sold 60 million copies. Content ( edit ) The book is intended to be read as a daily inspiration, with each of the 40 short chapters read on consecutive days. Each chapter contains a personal application section at the end with a `` point to ponder, '' a verse to remember, and a question to consider over the course of that day. Rick Warren described his book as an `` anti-self - help book. '' The first sentence of the book reads, `` It 's not about you, '' and the remainder of the chapter goes on to explain how the quest for personal fulfillment, satisfaction, and meaning can only be found in understanding and doing what God placed you on Earth to do. The book 's 40 chapters are divided into six major sections, with the following titles : What on Earth Am I Here For? Purpose # 1 : You Were Planned for God 's Pleasure ( Worship ) Purpose # 2 : You Were Formed for God 's Family ( Fellowship ) Purpose # 3 : You Were Created to Become Like Christ ( Discipleship ) Purpose # 4 : You Were Shaped for Serving God ( Ministry ) Purpose # 5 : You Were Made for a Mission ( Mission ) In later versions of the book, 2 additional chapters were added about the 2 biggest reasons why Christians do n't live purpose driven lives, envy and `` people pleasing. '' Impact ( edit ) A May 2005 survey of American pastors and ministers conducted by George Barna asked Christian leaders to identify what books were the most influential on their lives and ministries. The Purpose Driven Life was the most frequent response. The Purpose Driven Church, Warren 's second book, was the second most frequent response. Billy Graham described the book as one that would `` guide you to greatness -- through living the Great Commandment and the Great Commission of Jesus. '' NFL legend Ray Lewis gave the book to 23 time Olympic goal medalist Michael Phelps when he went to rehab. Phelps read the book daily while in rehab. Criticism ( edit ) Biblical scholar Robert M. Price criticized Warren for applying eisegesis, which includes quoting various translations of the Bible and selectively choosing whichever paraphrase or translation supports his theses. Jason Harris criticized the book for giving Scripture references in the end notes which leaves readers unaware of the context of the Scripture he cites. Ashley Smith ( edit ) In March 2005 Brian Nichols, who was wanted for the shooting of four people in Atlanta, held Ashley Smith hostage in her apartment for seven hours. Smith reported to news outlets that during this time she read chapter 32 of The Purpose Driven Life to Nichols, which she credited as influencing his decision to release her from captivity. Smith later admitted that she had also given Nichols crystal methamphetamine to pacify him. Sales of The Purpose Driven Life rose greatly, with the book becoming Amazon 's second best selling book after news of Smith 's captivity and release was announced. Smith later released a book through HarperCollins Publishers about her life and encounter with Nichols entitled Unlikely Angel : The Untold Story of the Atlanta Hostage Hero. In the book Smith discussed her drug addiction, writing that the hostage ordeal made her aware that she was an addict. A film version of her ordeal, Captive, was released in September 2015. David Oyelowo portrays Brian Nichols and Kate Mara portrays Ashley Smith. See also ( edit ) Biblical literalism Cafeteria Christianity Christian literature Saddleback Church References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rick Warren : Purpose - Driven Strife ''. Abcnews.go.com. 2007 - 06 - 22. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 16. Jump up ^ Donadio, Rachel ( 2004 - 11 - 28 ). `` Faith - Based Publishing ''. The New York Times. ISSN 0362 - 4331. Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 11. Jump up ^ Warren, Rick, The Purpose Driven Life, 2002, p17 Jump up ^ Warren, Rick, The Purpose Driven Life, 2002, p25 Jump up ^ Warren, Rick, The Purpose Driven Life, 2002, Table of Contents Jump up ^ Sun, Baltimore. `` Ray Lewis tweets strange thing about Michael Phelps ' medal count, deletes it ''. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09. Jump up ^ Price, Robert M. The Reason - Driven Life pp. 307 - 312 Jump up ^ Harris, Jason. InFocus. `` The Purpose Driven Life '' by Rick Warren Jump up ^ `` Ex-hostage : ' I wanted to gain his trust ' ''. CNN. Retrieved 1 December 2012. Jump up ^ `` Shooting suspect 's hostage : I gave him meth ''. MSNBC. Retrieved 1 December 2012. Jump up ^ `` Purpose Driven Life sales pick up pace in Upstate ''. Herald - Journal. Mar 17, 2005. Retrieved 1 December 2012. Jump up ^ `` Rick Warren : The Purpose - Driven Pastor ''. NPR. Retrieved 1 December 2012. Jump up ^ `` Ashley Smith 's ' Unlikely Angel ' ''. CBS News. Retrieved 1 December 2012. Bibliography ( edit ) Warren, Rick ( 2002 ). The Purpose Driven Life. Michigan : Zondervan. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Purpose_Driven_Life&oldid=824565424 '' Categories : 2002 books Books about Christianity Self - help books Zondervan books Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Español Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018, at 03 : 15. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Purpose Driven Life", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Purpose_Driven_Life&amp;oldid=824565424" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "The Purpose Driven Life - wikipedia The Purpose Driven Life Jump to : navigation, search The Purpose Driven Life book cover The Purpose Driven Life ( 2002 ) is a devotional book written by Christian author Rick Warren and published by Zondervan. The book topped the Wall Street Journal best seller charts as well as Publishers Weekly charts with over 30 million copies sold by 2007. The Purpose Driven Life was also on the New York Times Bestseller List for over 90 weeks. The book offers readers a 40 - day personal spiritual journey and presents what Warren says are God 's five purposes for human life on Earth and describes itself as `` a blueprint for Christian living in the 21st Century (... ) using about 350 references to the Bible, maybe this amounts to over 1200 Biblical verses and quotes to challenge the conventional definitions of Christian Worship, Fellowship, Discipleship, Christian Ministry and Evangelism. '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Sales 2 Content 3 Impact 4 Criticism 5 Ashley Smith 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography Sales ( edit ) The Purpose Driven Life sold 60 million copies. Content ( edit ) The book is intended to be read as a daily inspiration, with each of" ], "id": [ "14520011148659434336" ], "short_answers": [ "a blueprint for Christian living in the 21st Century" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Bird egg - wikipedia Bird egg Bird eggs are laid by the females and incubated for a time that varies according to the species ; a single young hatches from each egg. Average clutch sizes range from one ( as in condors ) to about 17 ( the grey partridge ). Clutch size may vary latitudinally within a species. Some birds lay eggs even when the eggs have not been fertilized ; it is not uncommon for pet owners to find their lone bird nesting on a clutch of infertile eggs, which are sometimes called wind - eggs. Contents 1 Colors 2 Shell 3 Shape 4 Size 5 Number 6 Predation 7 See also 8 References 9 Further references Colors ( edit ) Guillemot eggs The default color of vertebrate eggs is the white of the calcium carbonate from which the shells are made, but some birds, mainly passerines, produce colored eggs. The pigments biliverdin and its zinc chelate give a green or blue ground color, and protoporphyrin produces reds and browns as a ground color or as spotting. However, the photographic markings on passerine eggs have been suggested to reduce brittleness by acting as a solid state lubricant. If insufficient calcium is available in the local soil, the egg shell may be thin, especially in a circle around the broad end. Protoporphyrin speckling compensates for this, and increases inversely to the amount of calcium in the soil. For the same reason, later eggs in a clutch are more spotted than early ones, as the female 's store of calcium is depleted. Birds which build in trees generally have blue or greenish eggs, either spotted or unspotted, while birds that build in bushes or near or on the ground are likely to lay speckled eggs. The color of individual eggs is also genetically influenced, and appears to be inherited through the mother only, suggesting the gene responsible for pigmentation is on the female - specific W chromosome ( female birds are WZ, males are ZZ ). Color was once thought to be applied to the shell immediately before laying, but this research shows coloration is an integral part of the development of the shell, with the same protein responsible for depositing calcium carbonate, or protoporphyrins when there is a lack of that mineral. In species such as the common guillemot, which nest in large groups, each female 's eggs have very different markings, making it easier for females to identify their own eggs on the crowded cliff ledges on which they breed. Shell ( edit ) Bird eggshells are diverse. For example : Cormorant eggs are rough and chalky Tinamou eggs are shiny Duck eggs are oily and waterproof Cassowary eggs are heavily pitted Tiny pores in a bird eggshell allow the embryo to breathe. The domestic hen 's egg has around 7500 pores. Shape ( edit ) The shape of eggs varies considerably across bird species, ranging from near - spherical ( such as those of the little bee - eater ) to highly pyriform or conical ( such as those of the common murre ) with the familiar shape of the chicken egg lying in between. Early scientific investigators of egg shape suggested that the oval shape of eggs was caused by the egg being forced through the oviduct by peristalsis. In this often - repeated but incorrect theory of egg shape formation, the contraction and relaxation of the muscles which push the egg down the oviduct cause the spherical egg membrane to distort slightly into an ovoid shape, with the blunt end caudal ( i.e. furthest down the oviduct and closest to the cloaca ). The calcification of the egg in the shell gland / uterus then fixes it in this shape, and the egg is laid with the blunt end appearing first ( for a diagram showing the different sections of the bird oviduct, see here ). However, this theory has been refuted by studies of egg shell formation in a number of bird species using techniques such as X-ray photography which have demonstrated that egg shape is determined in the oviduct isthmus ( before shell calcification ) with the pointed end caudal ( furthest down the oviduct ). These observations can not be explained by peristalsis. It has been proposed that the egg acquires its shape ( with the pointed egg caudal ) as it is forced through the narrow isthmus, but this assertion has not been thoroughly verified. Cliff - nesting birds often have highly conical eggs. They are less likely to roll off, tending instead to roll around in a tight circle ; this trait is likely to have arisen due to evolution via natural selection. In contrast, many hole - nesting birds have nearly spherical eggs. The shape has biological significance. A pointed egg will tend to sit on its side, with the big end tipped upward. The big end contains the air sac and its shell is pierced by a higher density of pores than the more pointed end. Tipping the big end upwards improves oxygen flow to the large head, with the physiologically demanding eyes and brain, that develops in the big end while the tail develops at the more pointed end. In a 2017 publication in the journal science, mathematical modeling of 50,000 bird eggs data showed that bird egg shape is a product of flight adaptations and not the outcome of nesting conditions or a bird 's life history. A strong correlation was found between egg shape and flight ability on broad taxonomic scales, such that birds engaging in high powered flights usually maximize egg size by having elliptical shaped eggs while maintaining a streamlined body plan. Classic oval bird egg ( Spur - winged lapwing ) Almost spherical bird egg ( Senegal parrot ) Long, `` elliptical '' bird egg ( Common murre ) Size ( edit ) Eggs of : ostrich, emu, kiwi and chicken Egg size tends to be proportional to the size of the adult bird, from the half gram egg of the bee hummingbird to the 1.5 kg egg of the ostrich. Kiwis have disproportionately large eggs, up to 20 % of the female 's body weight. This evolutionary trait results in kiwi chicks that can emerge from the nest days after hatching, ready to start foraging for food. Number ( edit ) The number of eggs laid in a single brood is referred to as the clutch. Clutch size is usually within a small range of variation. Some birds respond to the accidental loss of eggs by laying a replacement egg. Others will stop laying based on the apparent size of the clutch. According to whether they respond to addition, removal, or both addition and removal of eggs, birds are classified as determinate layers ( number of eggs laid is predetermined and do not respond to change ) or as indeterminate layers. In general birds, birds with small clutch size tended to be indeterminate. Predation ( edit ) Eurasian oystercatcher eggs camouflaged in the nest Many animals feed on eggs. For example, the principal predators of the black oystercatcher 's eggs include raccoons, skunks, mink, river and sea otters, gulls, crows and foxes. The stoat ( Mustela erminea ) and long - tailed weasel ( M. frenata ) steal ducks ' eggs. Snakes of the genera Dasypeltis and Elachistodon specialize in eating eggs. Humans have a long history of both eating wild bird eggs and raising birds for farmed eggs for consumption. Brood parasitism occurs in birds when one species lays its eggs in the nest of another. In some cases, the host 's eggs are removed or eaten by the female, or expelled by her chick. Brood parasites include the cowbirds and many Old World cuckoos. See also ( edit ) Oology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Solomon, S.E. ( 1987 ). Egg shell pigmentation. In Egg Quality : Current Problems and Recent Advances ( eds R.G. Wells & C.G. Belyarin ). Butterworths, London, pp. 147 -- 157. Jump up ^ Gosler, Andrew G. ; James P. Higham ; S. James Reynolds ( 2005 ). `` Why are birds ' eggs speckled? ''. Ecology Letters. 8 ( 10 ) : 1105 -- 1113. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1461 - 0248.2005. 00816. x. Jump up ^ Gunther, F.C. ( 1792 ). Sammlung von Nestern und Eyern verschiedener Vogel. Nurnburg Jump up ^ Ryder, J.A. ( 1893 ). Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 31, 203. Jump up ^ Thompson, D'A.W. ( 1908 ). Nature, Lond., 78, m, 158. Jump up ^ Thompson, D'A.W. ( 1942 ). On Growth and Form. Cambridge Jump up ^ Bradfield, J.R.G., 1951. Radiographic studies on the formation of the hen 's egg shell. J. Exp. Biol., 28 : 125 - 140 Jump up ^ Romanoff, A.L. and A.J. Romanoff, 1949. The Avian Egg. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York Jump up ^ Bradfield, J.R.G., 1951. Radiographic studies on the formation of the hen 's egg shell. J. Exp. Biol., 28 : 125 - 140 ^ Jump up to : Mary Caswell Stoddard, Ee Hou Yong, Derya Akkaynak, Catherine Sheard, Joseph A. Tobias and L. Mahadevan ( 2017 ) Avian egg shape : Form, function, and evolution, Science 356 ( 6344 ), 1249 - 1254. DOI : 10.1126 / science. aaj1945 Jump up ^ Darren Naish ( 2009 - 02 - 20 ). `` 200 years of kiwi research ''. Jump up ^ Kennedy, Dale E. ( 1991 ). `` Determinate and indeterminate egg - laying patters : a review '' ( PDF ). The Condor. 93 ( 1 ) : 106 -- 124. Smart, I.H.M., 1991. Egg - shape in birds. Pages 101 - 106 in D.C. Deeming and M.W.J. Ferguson ( eds. ). Egg incubation : its effect on embryonic development in birds and reptiles. Cambridge University Press, UK. 448pp. Further references ( edit ) Attenborough, D. 1998. The Life of Birds. BBC p. 218. ISBN 0563 - 38792 - 0 Eggs List of egg topics Types Bird Fish and amphibian Monotreme Fossil record Cephalopod Fish Reptile ( dinosaur ) Pathology Biology Embryo Ichthyoplankton Ootheca Oviparity Spawn Zygote Components Yolk White Shell As food List of egg dishes Boiled Coddled Custard desserts Deviled Eggs Benedict Fried Omelette Onsen tamago Poached Pickled Roe Scotch Scrambled Smoked Soufflé Tea egg Trophic egg In culture Easter egg Egging Fabergé egg Humpty Dumpty Oomancy Ovo vegetarianism Yoshi Category Commons Birds ( class : Aves ) Anatomy Bird anatomy Flight Eggs Feathers Plumage Beak Vision Dactyly Preen gland Behaviour Singing Intelligence Migration Sexual selection Lek mating Seabird breeding Incubation Brood parasites Nesting Hybrids Evolution Origin of birds Origin of flight Evolution of birds Darwin 's finches Seabirds Fossil birds Archaeopteryx Omnivoropterygiformes Confuciusornithiformes Enantiornithes Chaoyangiiformes Patagopterygiformes Ambiortiformes Songlingornithiformes Gansuiformes Ichthyornithiformes Hesperornithes Lithornithiformes Dinornithiformes Aepyornithiformes Gastornithiformes Human interaction Ringing Ornithology Bird collections Birdwatching Bird feeding Conservation Aviculture Waterfowl hunting Cockfighting Pigeon racing Falconry Pheasantry Egg collecting Ornithomancy Lists Families and orders Genera Glossary of bird terms List by population Lists by region Recently extinct birds Late Quaternary prehistoric birds Notable birds Individuals Fictional Neornithes Palaeognathae Struthioniformes ( ostriches ) Rheiformes ( rheas ) Tinamiformes ( tinamous ) Apterygiformes ( kiwis ) Casuariiformes ( emus and cassowaries ) Neognathae Galloanserae ( fowls ) Anseriformes ( waterfowls ) Anatidae ( ducks ) Anatinae Aythyini Mergini Oxyurini Anserinae swans true geese Dendrocygninae Stictonettinae Tadorninae Anhimidae Anhima Chauna Anseranatidae Anatalavis Anseranas Galliformes ( landfowls - gamebirds ) Cracidae Cracinae Oreophasinae Penelopinae Megapodidae Aepypodius Alectura Eulipoa Leipoa Macrocephalon Megapodius Talegalla Numididae Acryllium Agelastes Guttera Numida Odontophoridae Callipepla Colinus Cyrtonyx Dactylortyx Dendrortyx Odontophorus Oreortyx Philortyx Rhynchortyx Phasianidae Meleagridinae Perdicinae Phasianinae ( pheasants and relatives ) Tetraoninae Neoaves Columbea Columbimorphae Columbiformes ( doves and pigeons ) Mesitornithiformes ( mesites ) Pteroclidiformes ( sandgrouses ) Mirandornithes Phoenicopteriformes ( flamingos ) Podicipediformes ( grebes ) Passerea Otidimorphae Cuculiformes ( cuckoos ) Musophagiformes ( turacos ) Otidiformes ( bustards ) Strisores Caprimulgiformes ( nightjars and relatives ) Steatornithiformes Podargiformes Apodiformes ( swifts and hummingbirds ) Opisthocomiformes Opisthocomiformes ( hoatzin ) Cursorimorphae Charadriiformes ( gulls and relatives ) Gruiformes ( cranes and relatives ) Phaethontimorphae Phaethontiformes ( tropicbirds ) Eurypygiformes ( kagu and sunbittern ) Aequornithes Gaviiformes ( loons or divers ) Sphenisciformes ( penguins ) Procellariiformes ( albatrosses and petrels ) Ciconiiformes ( storks ) Suliformes ( cormorants and relatives ) Pelecaniformes ( pelicans and relatives ) Australaves Cariamiformes ( seriemas and relatives ) Falconiformes ( falcons and relatives ) Psittaciformes ( parrots ) Passeriformes ( perching birds ) Afroaves Cathartiformes ( New World vultures and condors ) Accipitriformes ( eagles and hawks ) Strigiformes ( owls ) Coliiformes ( mousebirds ) Trogoniformes ( trogons and quetzals ) Leptosomatiformes ( cuckoo roller ) Bucerotiformes ( hornbills and hoopoes ) Coraciiformes ( kingfishers and rollers ) Piciformes ( woodpeckers and relatives ) Category Portal Outline Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bird_egg&oldid=865920529 '' Categories : Aviculture Bird breeding Eggs Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Dansk Deutsch Français Norsk Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018, at 01 : 51 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Bird egg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Bird_egg&amp;oldid=865920529" }

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{ "text": "Order of operations - wikipedia Order of operations Jump to : navigation, search In mathematics and computer programming, the order of operations ( or operator precedence ) is a collection of rules that reflect conventions about which procedures to perform first in order to evaluate a given mathematical expression. For example, in mathematics and most computer languages, multiplication is granted a higher precedence than addition, and it has been this way since the introduction of modern algebraic notation. Thus, the expression 2 + 3 × 4 is interpreted to have the value 2 + ( 3 × 4 ) = 14, not ( 2 + 3 ) × 4 = 20. With the introduction of exponents in the 16th and 17th centuries, they were given precedence over both addition and multiplication and could be placed only as a superscript to the right of their base. Thus 3 + 5 = 28 and 3 × 5 = 75. These conventions exist to eliminate ambiguity while allowing notation to be as brief as possible. Where it is desired to override the precedence conventions, or even simply to emphasize them, parentheses ( ) ( sometimes replaced by brackets ( ) or braces ( ) for readability ) can indicate an alternate order or reinforce the default order to avoid confusion. For example, ( 2 + 3 ) × 4 = 20 forces addition to precede multiplication, and ( 3 + 5 ) = 64 forces addition to precede exponentiation. Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 1.1 Examples 1.2 Exceptions 2 Mnemonics 3 Special cases 4 Calculators 5 Programming languages 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Definition ( edit ) The order of operations used throughout mathematics, science, technology and many computer programming languages is expressed here : exponents and roots multiplication and division addition and subtraction This means that if a mathematical expression is preceded by one binary operator and followed by another, the operator higher on the list should be applied first. The commutative and associative laws of addition and multiplication allow adding terms in any order, and multiplying factors in any order -- but mixed operations must obey the standard order of operations. It is helpful to treat division as multiplication by the reciprocal ( multiplicative inverse ) and subtraction as addition of the opposite ( additive inverse ). Thus 3 ÷ 4 = 3 × 1⁄4 ; in other words the quotient of 3 and 4 equals the product of 3 and 1⁄4. Also 3 − 4 = 3 + ( − 4 ) ; in other words the difference of 3 and 4 equals the sum of 3 and − 4. Thus, 1 − 3 + 7 can be thought of as the sum of 1, − 3, and 7, and add in any order : ( 1 − 3 ) + 7 = − 2 + 7 = 5 and in reverse order ( 7 − 3 ) + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5, always keeping the negative sign with the 3. The root symbol √ requires a symbol of grouping around the radicand. The usual symbol of grouping is a bar ( called vinculum ) over the radicand. Other functions use parentheses around the input to avoid ambiguity. The parentheses are sometimes omitted if the input is a monomial. Thus, sin 3x = sin ( 3x ), but sin x + y = sin ( x ) + y, because x + y is not a monomial. Some calculators and programming languages require parentheses around function inputs, some do not. Symbols of grouping can be used to override the usual order of operations. Grouped symbols can be treated as a single expression. Symbols of grouping can be removed using the associative and distributive laws, also they can be removed if the expression inside the symbol of grouping is sufficiently simplified so no ambiguity results from their removal. Examples ( edit ) 1 + 3 + 5 = 4 + 5 = 2 + 5 = 7. ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ sqrt ( 1 + 3 ) ) + 5 = ( \\ sqrt ( 4 ) ) + 5 = 2 + 5 = 7. ) A horizontal fractional line also acts as a symbol of grouping : 1 + 2 3 + 4 + 5 = 3 7 + 5. ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( 1 + 2 ) ( 3 + 4 ) ) + 5 = ( \\ frac ( 3 ) ( 7 ) ) + 5. ) For ease in reading, other grouping symbols, such as curly braces ( ) or square brackets ( ), are often used along with parentheses ( ). For example : ( ( 1 + 2 ) − 3 ) − ( 4 − 5 ) = ( 3 − 3 ) − ( − 1 ) = 1. ( \\ displaystyle ( ( 1 + 2 ) - 3 ) - ( 4 - 5 ) = ( 3 - 3 ) - ( - 1 ) = 1. ) Exceptions ( edit ) There are differing conventions concerning the unary operator − ( usually read `` minus '' ). In written or printed mathematics, the expression − 3 is interpreted to mean 0 − ( 3 ) = − 9, but in some applications and programming languages, notably Microsoft Excel ( and other spreadsheet applications ) and the programming language bc, unary operators have a higher priority than binary operators, that is, the unary minus has higher precedence than exponentiation, so in those languages − 3 will be interpreted as ( − 3 ) = 9. This does not apply to the binary minus operator − ; for example while the formulas = - 2 ^ 2 and = 0 + - 2 ^ 2 return 4 in Microsoft Excel, the formula = 0 - 2 ^ 2 returns − 4. In cases where there is the possibility that the notation might be misinterpreted, a binary minus operation can be enforced by explicitly specifying a leading 0 ( as in 0 - 2 ^ 2 instead of just - 2 ^ 2 ), or parentheses can be used to clarify the intended meaning. Similarly, there can be ambiguity in the use of the slash symbol / in expressions such as 1 / 2x. If one rewrites this expression as 1 ÷ 2x and then interprets the division symbol as indicating multiplication by the reciprocal, this becomes : 1 ÷ 2 × x = 1 × 1⁄2 × x = 1⁄2 × x. With this interpretation 1 ÷ 2x is equal to ( 1 ÷ 2 ) x. However, in some of the academic literature, multiplication denoted by juxtaposition ( also known as implied multiplication ) is interpreted as having higher precedence than division, so that 1 ÷ 2x equals 1 ÷ ( 2x ), not ( 1 ÷ 2 ) x. For example, the manuscript submission instructions for the Physical Review journals state that multiplication is of higher precedence than division with a slash, and this is also the convention observed in prominent physics textbooks such as the Course of Theoretical Physics by Landau and Lifshitz and the Feynman Lectures on Physics. Mnemonics ( edit ) Mnemonics are often used to help students remember the rules, involving the first letters of words representing various operations. Different mnemonics are in use in different countries. In the United States, the acronym PEMDAS is common. It stands for Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction. PEMDAS is often expanded to the mnemonic `` Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally ''. Canada and New Zealand use BEDMAS, standing for Brackets, Exponents, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction. Most common in the UK, India and Australia are BODMAS meaning Brackets, Of or Order, Division, Multiplication, Addition and Subtraction. Nigeria and some other West African countries also use BODMAS. Similarly in the UK, BIDMAS is used, standing for Brackets, Indices, Division, Multiplication, Addition and Subtraction. These mnemonics may be misleading when written this way. For example, using any of the above rules in the order `` addition first, subtraction afterward '' would incorrectly evaluate the expression 10 − 3 + 2. The correct value is 9 ( and not 5, as if the addition would be carried out first and the result used with the subtraction afterwards ). Special cases ( edit ) If exponentiation is indicated by stacked symbols, the usual rule is to work from the top down, because exponention is right - associative in mathematics thus : a = a which typically is not equal to ( a ). However, some computer systems may resolve the ambiguous expression differently. For example, Microsoft Excel evaluates a ^ b ^ c as ( a ), which is opposite of normally accepted convention of top - down order of execution for exponentiation. Thus 4 ^ 3 ^ 2 is evaluated to 4,096 instead of 262,144. Another difference in Microsoft Excel is - a ^ b which is evaluated as ( - a ) ^ b instead of - ( a ^ b ). For compatibility, the same behavior is observed on LibreOffice. The computational programming language MATLAB is another example of a computer system resolving the stacked exponentiation in the non-standard way. Calculators ( edit ) Main article : Calculator input methods Different calculators follow different orders of operations. Many simple calculators without a stack implement chain input working left to right without any priority given to different operators, for example typing 1 + 2 × 3 yields 9, while more sophisticated calculators will use a more standard priority, for example typing 1 + 2 × 3 yields 7. The Microsoft Calculator program uses the former in its standard view and the latter in its scientific and programmer views. Chain input expects two operands and an operator. When the next operator is pressed, the expression is immediately evaluated and the answer becomes the left hand of the next operator. Advanced calculators allow entry of the whole expression, grouped as necessary, and evaluates only when the user uses the equals sign. Calculators may associate exponents to the left or to the right depending on the model or the evaluation mode. For example, the expression a ^ b ^ c is interpreted as a on the TI - 92 and the TI - 30XS MultiView in `` Mathprint mode '', whereas it is interpreted as ( a ) on the TI - 30XII and the TI - 30XS MultiView in `` Classic mode ''. An expression like 1 / 2x is interpreted as 1 / ( 2x ) by TI - 82, but as ( 1 / 2 ) x by TI - 83 and every other TI calculator released since 1996, as well as by all Hewlett - Packard calculators with algebraic notation. While the first interpretation may be expected by some users, only the latter is in agreement with the standard rule that multiplication and division are of equal precedence, so 1 / 2x is read one divided by two and the answer multiplied by x. When the user is unsure how a calculator will interpret an expression, it is a good idea to use parentheses so there is no ambiguity. Calculators that utilize reverse Polish notation ( RPN ), also known as postfix notation, use a stack to enter formulas without the need for parentheses. Programming languages ( edit ) Some programming languages use precedence levels that conform to the order commonly used in mathematics, though others, such as APL, Smalltalk or Occam, have no operator precedence rules ( in APL, evaluation is strictly right to left ; in Smalltalk and Occam, it is strictly left to right ). In addition, because many operators are not associative, the order within any single level is usually defined by grouping left to right so that 16 / 4 / 4 is interpreted as ( 16 / 4 ) / 4 = 1 rather than 16 / ( 4 / 4 ) = 16 ; such operators are perhaps misleadingly referred to as `` left associative ''. Exceptions exist ; for example, languages with operators corresponding to the cons operation on lists usually make them group right to left ( `` right associative '' ), e.g. in Haskell, 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : ( ) = = 1 : ( 2 : ( 3 : ( 4 : ( ) ) ) ) = = ( 1, 2, 3, 4 ). The logical bitwise operators in C ( and all programming languages that borrow precedence rules from C, for example, C++, Perl and PHP ) have a precedence level that the creator of the C language considered unsatisfactory. However, many programmers have become accustomed to this order. The relative precedence levels of operators found in many C - style languages are as follows : 1 ( ) ( ) - >. : : Function call, scope, array / member access! ~ - + * & sizeof type cast + + -- ( most ) unary operators, sizeof and type casts ( right to left ) * / % MOD Multiplication, division, modulo + - Addition and subtraction 5 < < > > Bitwise shift left and right 6 < < = > > = Comparisons : less - than and greater - than 7 = =! = Comparisons : equal and not equal 8 & Bitwise AND 9 Bitwise exclusive OR ( XOR ) 10 Bitwise inclusive ( normal ) OR 11 && Logical AND 12 Logical OR 13? : Conditional expression ( ternary ) 14 = + = - = * = / = % = & = = ^ = < < = > > = Assignment operators ( right to left ) 15, Comma operator Examples : ( Note : in the examples below, ' ≡ ' is used to mean `` is equivalent to '', and not to be interpreted as an actual assignment operator used as part of the example expression. )! A +! B ≡ (! A ) + (! B) + + A +! B ≡ ( + + A ) + (! B) A + B * C ≡ A + ( B * C ) A B && C ≡ A ( B && C ) A && B = = C ≡ A && ( B = = C ) A & B = = C ≡ A & ( B = = C ) Source - to - source compilers that compile to multiple languages need to explicitly deal with the issue of different order of operations across languages. Haxe for example standardizes the order and enforces it by inserting brackets where it is appropriate. The accuracy of software developer knowledge about binary operator precedence has been found to closely follow their frequency of occurrence in source code. See also ( edit ) Associativity Common operator notation ( for a more formal description ) Commutativity Distributivity Hyperoperation Operator ( programming ) Operator associativity Operator overloading Operator precedence in C and C++ Polish notation Reverse Polish notation Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example, the third edition of Mechanics by Landau and Lifshitz contains expressions such as hP / 2π ( p. 22 ), and the first volume of the Feynman Lectures contains expressions such as 1 / 2 √ N ( p. 6 -- 7 ). In both books these expressions are written with the convention that the solidus is evaluated last. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bronstein, Ilja Nikolaevič ; Semendjajew, Konstantin Adolfovič ( 1987 ) ( 1945 ). `` 2.4. 1.1. ''. In Grosche, Günter ; Ziegler, Viktor ; Ziegler, Dorothea. Taschenbuch der Mathematik ( in German ). 1. Translated by Ziegler, Viktor. Weiß, Jürgen ( 23 ed. ). Thun and Frankfurt am Main : Verlag Harri Deutsch ( and B.G. Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig ). pp. 115 -- 120. ISBN 3 - 87144 - 492 - 8. Jump up ^ `` Ask Dr. Math ''. Math Forum. 22 November 2000. Retrieved 5 March 2012. Jump up ^ `` Order of Operations Lessons ''. Algebra. Help. Retrieved 5 March 2012. Jump up ^ Allen R. Angel, Elementary Algebra for College Students 8 / E ; Chapter 1, Section 9, Objective 3 Jump up ^ `` Formula Returns Unexpected Positive Value ''. Support.microsoft.com. 15 August 2005. Retrieved 5 March 2012. ^ Jump up to : Ball, John A. ( 1978 ). Algorithms for RPN calculators ( 1 ed. ). Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA : Wiley - Interscience, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 31. ISBN 0 - 471 - 03070 - 8. Jump up ^ `` division and multiplication have the same priority '', http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/mc-ty-rules-2009-1.pdf Jump up ^ `` Physical Review Style and Notation Guide '' ( PDF ). American Physical Society. Section IV -- E -- 2 -- e. Retrieved 5 August 2012. Jump up ^ http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/mc-ty-rules-2009-1.pdf Jump up ^ `` Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally ( PEMDAS ) -- Forever! ''. Education Week - Coach G 's Teaching Tips. 1 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` What is PEMDAS? - Definition, Rule & Examples ''. Study.com. Jump up ^ http://syllabus.bos.nsw.edu.au/assets/global/files/maths_s3_sampleu1.doc Jump up ^ Olver, Frank W.J. ; Lozier, Daniel W. ; Boisvert, Ronald F. ; Clark, Charles W., eds. ( 2010 ). NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions. National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ), U.S. Department of Commerce, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 19225 - 5. MR 2723248. ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Exponentiation Associativity and Standard Math Notation Codeplea. 23 Aug 2016. Retrieved 20 Sep 2016. Jump up ^ `` Implied Multiplication Versus Explicit Multiplication on TI Graphing Calculators ''. Texas Instruments. 2011 - 01 - 16. 11773. Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 17. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24. Jump up ^ Zachary, Joseph L. ( 1997 ). `` Introduction to scientific programming - Computational problem solving using Maple and C - Operator precedence worksheet ''. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25. Jump up ^ Zachary, Joseph L. ( 1997 ). `` Introduction to scientific programming - Computational problem solving using Mathematica and C - Operator precedence notebook ''. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25. Jump up ^ Dennis M. Ritchie : The Development of the C Language. In History of Programming Languages, 2nd ed., ACM Press 1996. Jump up ^ 6 ÷ 2 ( 1 + 2 ) =? Andy Li 's Blog. 2 May 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2012. Jump up ^ `` Developer beliefs about binary operator precedence '' Derek M. Jones, CVu 18 ( 4 ) : 14 -- 21 External links ( edit ) `` Order of operations ''. PlanetMath. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_operations&oldid=807285436 '' Categories : Abstract algebra Algebra Mnemonics Operators ( programming ) Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017, at 01 : 21. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Order of operations", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Order_of_operations&amp;oldid=807285436" }

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{ "text": "Babylon 5 : Legions of Fire -- out of the Darkness - wikipedia Babylon 5 : Legions of Fire -- out of the Darkness Main article : Babylon 5 Novels, novelizations, short stories, and comic books Babylon 5 : Legions of Fire - Out of the Darkness First edition cover Author Peter David Country United States Language English Series Babylon 5 : The Centauri Trilogy Genre Science fiction novel Publisher Del Rey Books Publication date August 29, 1998 Media type Print ( paperback ) Pages 288 pp ISBN 0 - 345 - 42720 - 3 OCLC 45277568 Dewey Decimal 813 /. 54 21 LC Class PS3554. A92144 B3 2000 Preceded by Babylon 5 : Legions of Fire - Armies of Light and Dark Babylon 5 : Legions of Fire -- Out of the Darkness is a Babylon 5 novel by Peter David. Contents 1 Overview 1.1 Basic story background 1.2 Main events 1.3 Aftermath 2 References Overview ( edit ) The story concludes the trilogy Legions of Fire by Peter David and wraps up most unfinished plot lines from the main `` Babylon 5 '' TV series. The novel covers the period from May 2274 to January 2278, although most events concern December 2277 - January 2278, roughly 15 years after the founding of the Interstellar Alliance and roughly 14 years after the events at the end of Season 5 of the Babylon 5 TV series. The novel is considered canonical as its plot is reportedly based in large part on J. Michael Straczynski 's script notes. The book was reviewed by `` The 11 - th hour '' web magazine. The review was critical of the literary merits of the novel but stated that its main strength lies in providing closure to all the unresolved plots lines of the Babylon 5 TV series. Basic story background ( edit ) At the outset of the novel, Londo Mollari is still the Centauri Emperor. He is still controlled by the `` keeper '' that a Drakh named Shiv'kala put on Londo in Episode The Fall of Centauri Prime of the Babylon 5 TV series. Much of the novel is written in the form of Londo Mollari 's secret diaries, which he wrote over the years in the short periods while his keeper was unconscious after Londo 's heavy alcohol consumption. The Drakh have built a power base on Centauri Prime, directed from a giant structure called the `` Tower of Power ''. However, the Drakh still operate in secret and have not revealed their presence to the Centauri public. The Drakh 's main instrument is the power - hungry and megalomaniac Centauri Prime Minister Durla. Through telepathic manipulation the Drakh influence Durla 's dreams and feed his megalomania by projecting grand visions of conquest and revenge against the Interstellar Alliance. With the Centauri economy largely rebuilt after the devastating assault of Drazi and Narn fleets in The Fall of Centauri Prime of the TV series, Durla is overseeing a secret construction of a giant military armada. Durla 's and the Drakh 's efforts are frustrated by the Centauri resistance movement called `` The Legions of Fire '' led by the ambassador to Babylon 5 Vir Cotto. Durla 's populist, militaristic and xenophobic policies are supported by the Centauri military, and he unleashes a reign of terror intended to marginalize and destroy all internal opposition and now directed even at the once powerful Centauri noble houses. Several familiar characters from the Babylon 5 universe make appearances here and are given greater role. Thus Londo 's ex-wife Mariel, who tried to poison him in episode Soul Mates of the TV series, is now a much pampered wife of Prime Minister Durla. Mariel is in love with Vir, possibly due to a technomage spell that Vir put on her years earlier in a moment of frustration. Mariel is beaten savagely by Durla who wants to demonstrate that, despite his affection for Mariel, he is not being controlled by her or by anyone else. Subsequently Londo takes Mariel under his protection. A beautiful Centauri woman called Senna, who made her first appearance in TV movie Babylon 5 : In the Beginning as the caretaker of the two Centauri children Luc and Lyssa, is revealed to be the daughter of Lord Refa. Senna is now a prominent courtier close to the emperor. She is in love with Vir and is helping him with the work of the resistance. Vir is also assisted by two technomages, Gwynn and Finian. Vir and the technomages know about the presence of the Drakh and their control over Londo, but are as yet unaware of the Drakh fusion bombs planted all over Centauri Prime. Main events ( edit ) While Durla 's grand fleet is being built, the Centauri expand their sphere of influence by attacking numerous smaller worlds at the edges of the Alliance ' space. Although John Sheridan and Delenn realize the danger posed by the Centauri military expansion, they are, for the time being, unable to convince the Alliance to act. G'Kar operates secretly on Centauri Prime, disguised as a Centauri using a changeling net. He collects intelligence about the Centauri military build - up and shares it with Sheridan. During Durla 's public speech attended by Londo, a disgruntled Centauri nobleman attempts to assassinate Durla and slightly injures Londo in the process. The assassin is stopped by G'Kar, whose identity is revealed. G'Kar is arrested but is given protection by Londo. G'Kar spends a year as Londo 's `` guest '', but is not allowed to leave. Meanwhile, on Minbar, during a birthday party for Sheridan and Delenn 's son David, his parents give David an urn that Emperor Londo Mollari presented to them years earlier, in Objects at Rest of the TV series. Unbeknownst to them, the urn contains a Drakh keeper at the bottom. Later, when David is in his room alone, the keeper jumps out of the urn and attaches itself to David 's shoulder. Under the keeper 's influence, David steals a ship and travels to Centauri Prime, where he is delivered into Durla 's hands. Upon learning of this, Londo has a physical confrontation with Durla but is prevented from substantive action by his keeper. As revenge for Londo 's outburst, Durla imprisons G'Kar and takes out his ( synthetic ) eye. Attempting to rescue David, Sheridan and Delenn secretly travel to the Centauri Prime where they are apprehended by Durla, who intends to use their deaths to humiliate and demoralize the Alliance. At the same time, Michael Garibaldi meets with Vir Cotto on Babylon 5 and Vir finally reveals to him the presence of the Drakh on Centauri Prime and their role in the events of both the past 15 years and the last few days. Vir travels urgently to Centauri Prime, intending to help rescue David. There Vir has a dinner with Londo. Speaking metaphorically to fool his keeper and invoking the imagery of Cervantes ' Don Quixote, Londo lets Vir know that the `` Tower of Power '' is the main center of the Drakh influence on Centauri Prime. Durla 's grand armada is almost ready to launch a devastating frontal attack on the home - worlds of the main Alliance worlds. When Durla is giving a speech to the adoring public before the start of the attack, Vir 's `` Legions of Fire '' explode a huge bomb deep in the underground tunnels underneath the `` Tower of Power ''. The `` Tower '' is destroyed and the presence of the Drakh is finally revealed to all. Vir addresses the Centauri public using the holographic broadcast system and explains that the Drakh had secretly duped and manipulated the Centauri for years. In spite of all the evidence, Durla refuses to believe his eyes and to accept that his `` grand visions '' were caused by the Drakh manipulations. Durla guns down his ministers, who tried to reason with him, and intends to transmit the attack `` go '' orders to the military armada waiting in the hyperspace. Mariel stops him, and in a struggle they both fall from a balcony to their deaths. The Drakh Shiv'kala then demands that Londo tell the public that the Drakh have been `` secret friends '' helping the Centauri and that Londo continue with Durla 's plans, including attacking the Alliance and executing Sheridan and Delenn. Londo refuses, mistakenly believing that Vir 's resistance movement already knows about the Drakh 's fusion bombs and has de-activated them. Shiv'kala detonates one third of the bombs and Centauri Prime is devastated. Horrified, Londo agrees to the Drakh 's demands. The technomages helping Vir quickly find and neutralize the remaining Drakh bombs. While heavily drunk to keep his keeper unconscious, Londo summons G'Kar, who finally learns the truth about Londo 's keeper. While G'Kar is hiding in a small dressing chamber, Sheridan and Delenn are brought before Londo on his orders. With the keeper still asleep, Londo asks Sheridan and Delenn for their help to free the Centauri in exchange for their freedom, and they finally see Londo 's keeper on his shoulder. Here the novel closely follows parts of the TV series episode `` War Without End '' where Sheridan saw flashes of his future, including talking to Delenn in a jail cell and the meeting with Londo where Londo 's keeper is revealed. Sheridan and Delenn are then taken by the guards to Londo 's private ship where they are reunited with David, who is unconscious and has been heavily sedated to control his keeper. The three of them escape to Minbar. In the throne - room, Londo asks G'Kar to kill him to prevent the Drakh from thwarting Londo 's plans. G'Kar reluctantly agrees but, while he is attempting to strangle Londo, the keeper awakes and fights back. Londo and G'Kar are locked into a furious struggle and they both die. Vir returns to the throne room hoping to help Londo and finds both Londo and G'Kar dead. There Shiv'kala confronts Vir and tries to kill him but Vir manages to escape and travels to Minbar. The Drakh leave the Centauri Prime and a power vacuum is created. On Minbar, Dr Stephen Franklin examines David, who is being physically restrained to neutralize his keeper. Franklin tells David 's parents that the only way to free David is to kill the Drakh who created the keeper controlling the boy. Aftermath ( edit ) Vir makes a claim for the title of the Centauri Emperor. With the support of Sheridan, the Alliance and the technomages, Vir 's claim is accepted by the Centauri noble houses. The mighty Centauri fleet is given a new task : to hunt and destroy the Drakh. Vir returns to Centauri Prime as emperor and marries Senna. While in his private room, Vir is accosted by Shiv'kala. Shiv'kala has been shunned by the other Drakh for his failure to control Londo and he has returned to take revenge on Vir. Shiv'kala reveals to Vir that he is the Drakh who produced David Sheridan 's keeper. Before Shiv'kala has a chance to kill Vir, Michael Garibaldi jumps out of a closet where he has been hiding and fires two fatal PPG shots at the Drakh. Vir tells the dying Shiv'kala that he and Garibaldi set a trap for him, expecting his pride and vengefulness to overcome his common sense. Vir finishes Shiv'kala off with a PPG shot to the head, and at the same moment David Sheridan is freed from his keeper. With the Alliance 's help, Vir and Senna set out to rebuild Centauri Prime. They plan giant statues of Londo and G'Kar to be built at the two ends of the capital city, standing symbolic guard over it. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Legions of fire '' plot discussion at code7r.net Jump up ^ J. Michael Straczynski 's May 2000 message at `` JMS news '' Jump up ^ Rachel Hyland. From Whence They Came. ' Cause the original is n't always the best. `` The 11 - th hour '' web magazine. Issue 17, November 2000. Accessed May 18, 2008 Babylon 5 Index Series Episodes The Gathering In the Beginning Thirdspace The River of Souls A Call to Arms The Legend of the Rangers The Lost Tales Crusade episodes Characters Lyta Alexander Zack Allan Alfred Bester Byron Emperor Cartagia Morgan Clark Marcus Cole Vir Cotto Delenn Draal Dukhat Stephen Franklin Matthew Gideon G'Kar Michael Garibaldi Susan Ivanova Benjamin Kyle Lennier General Robert Lefcourt Elizabeth Lochley Lorien Londo Mollari Morden Kosh Naranek Na'Toth Neroon Number One Antono Refa David Sheridan John Sheridan Jeffrey Sinclair Laurel Takashima Ulkesh Virini Talia Winters Zathras Species List of civilizations Centauri Drakh Earth Alliance First Ones Minbari Narn Pak'ma'ra Vorlon Shadow Ships Agamemnon Alexander Explorer class starship Hyperion Omega - class destroyer Pollux Raider Fighter Starfury Wars Dilgar War Earth -- Minbari War Battle of the Line Shadow War Telepath War Locations Babylon 4 Babylon 5 Z'ha'dum Organizations Earth Alliance EarthForce Interstellar Alliance Interstellar Network News League of Non-Aligned Worlds Nightwatch Psi Corps Rangers Technomages Novels Voices Blood Oath Clark 's Law The Touch of Your Shadow, the Whisper of Your Name Betrayals The Shadow Within Personal Agendas To Dream in the City of Sorrows Dark Genesis -- The Birth of the Psi Corps Final Reckoning -- The Fate of Bester Legions of Fire -- The Long Night of Centauri Prime Legions of Fire -- Armies of Light and Dark Legions of Fire -- Out of the Darkness Miscellanea Media franchise List of people involved with Babylon 5 List of people involved with Crusade Babylon 5 influences Babylon 5 's use of the Internet Babylon 5 Wars Collectible Card Game Rules Babylon 5 Roleplaying Game Babylon Park Book of G'Quan Foundationism Great Machine Interlac Lurker 's Guide Outstanding elements Spoo The Be Five Category : Babylon 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babylon_5:_Legions_of_Fire_ -- _Out_of_the_Darkness&oldid = 811799197 '' Categories : 1998 American novels Babylon 5 novels Novels by Peter David American science fiction novels Del Rey books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017, at 01 : 43 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Babylon 5: Legions of Fire – Out of the Darkness", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Babylon_5:_Legions_of_Fire_%E2%80%93_Out_of_the_Darkness&amp;oldid=811799197" }

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{ "text": "Electoral system - wikipedia Electoral system Jump to : navigation, search Map of electoral system for national legislatures Part of the Politics series Electoral systems Plurality / majoritarian ( show ) Plurality First - past - the - post Single non-transferable vote Limited voting Plurality - at - large ( block voting ) General ticket Multi-round voting Two - round Exhaustive ballot Ranked / preferential systems Instant - runoff ( alternative vote ) Contingent vote Coombs ' method Condorcet methods ( Copeland 's, Dodgson 's, Kemeny - Young, Minimax, Nanson 's, Ranked pairs, Schulze ) Borda count Bucklin voting Oklahoma primary electoral system Preferential block voting Cardinal / graded systems Range voting Approval voting Multi-winner approval voting ( Proportional, Sequential proportional, Satisfaction ) Majority judgment Proportional representation ( show ) Party - list ( Open lists, Closed lists, Local lists ) Highest averages ( D'Hondt, Sainte - Laguë, Huntington - Hill ) Largest remainder ( Hare, Droop, Imperiali, Hagenbach - Bischoff ) Single transferable vote ( CPO - STV, Gregory, Schulze STV, Wright ) Biproportional apportionment Fair majority voting Mixed systems ( show ) Mixed member proportional Additional Member System Parallel voting ( Mixed member majoritarian ) Scorporo Majority bonus Alternative Vote Plus Dual member proportional Other systems & related theory ( show ) Cumulative voting Binomial voting Proxy voting Delegated voting Random selection ( Sortition, Random ballot ) Comparison of electoral systems Social choice theory Arrow 's theorem Gibbard -- Satterthwaite theorem Public choice theory Politics portal An electoral system is a set of rules that determines how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined. Political electoral systems are organized by governments, while non-political elections may take place in business, non-profit organisations and informal organisations. Electoral systems consist of sets of rules that govern all aspects of the voting process : when elections occur, who is allowed to vote, who can stand as a candidate, how ballots are marked and cast, how the ballots are counted ( electoral method ), limits on campaign spending, and other factors that can affect the outcome. Political electoral systems are defined by constitutions and electoral laws, are typically conducted by election commissions, and can use multiple types of elections for different offices. Some electoral systems elect a single winner to a unique position, such as prime minister, president or governor, while others elect multiple winners, such as members of parliament or boards of directors. There are a large number of variations in electoral systems, but the most common systems are first - past - the - post voting, the two - round ( runoff ) system, proportional representation and ranked or preferential voting. Some electoral systems, such as mixed systems, attempt to combine the benefits of non-proportional and proportional systems. The study of formally defined electoral methods is called social choice theory or voting theory, and this study can take place within the field of political science, economics, or mathematics, and specifically within the subfields of game theory and mechanism design. Impossibility proofs such as Arrow 's impossibility theorem demonstrates that when voters have three or more alternatives, it is not possible to design a electoral system that reflects the preferences of individuals in a global preference of the community, present in countries with proportional representation and plurality voting such as the United Kingdom. Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of electoral systems 1.1 Plurality systems 1.2 Majoritarian systems 1.3 Proportional systems 1.4 Mixed systems 1.5 Additional features 1.6 Primary elections 1.7 Indirect elections 1.8 Systems used outside politics 2 Rules and regulations 3 History 3.1 Early democracy 3.2 Development of new systems 3.3 Single - winner revival 3.4 Recent developments 4 Comparison of electoral systems 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Types of electoral systems ( edit ) Plurality systems ( edit ) Countries using first - past - the - post for legislatures. Plurality voting is a system in which the candidate ( s ) with the highest amount of vote wins, with no requirement to get a majority of votes. In cases where there is a single position to be filled, it is known as first - past - the - post ; this is the second most common electoral system for national legislatures, with 58 countries using it to elect their parliaments, the vast majority of which are current or former British or American colonies or territories. It is also the second most common system used for presidential elections, being used in 19 countries. In cases where there are multiple positions to be elected, most commonly in cases of multi-member constituencies, plurality voting is referred to as bloc voting or plurality - at - large. This takes two main forms ; in one form voters have as many votes as there are seats and can vote for any candidate, regardless of party -- this is used in eight countries. There are variations on this system such as limited voting, where voters are given fewer votes than there are seats to be elected ( Gibraltar is the only territory where this system is in use ) and single non-transferable vote ( SNTV ), in which voters are only able to vote for one candidate in a multi-member constituency, with the candidates receiving the most votes declared the winners ; this system is used in Afghanistan, Kuwait, the Pitcairn Islands and Vanuatu. In the other main form of bloc voting, also known as party bloc voting, voters can only vote for the multiple candidates of a single party. This is used in five countries as part of mixed systems. The Dowdall system, a multi-member constituency variation on the Borda count, is used in Nauru for parliamentary elections and sees voters rank the candidates depending on how many seats there are in their constituency. First preference votes are counted as whole numbers ; the second preference votes divided by two, third preferences by three ; this continues to the lowest possible ranking. The sums achieved by each candidate are then totalled to determine the winner. Majoritarian systems ( edit ) Majoritarian voting is a system in which candidates have to receive a majority of the votes to be elected, although in some cases only a plurality is required in the last round of counting if no candidate can achieve a majority. There are two main forms of majoritarian systems, one using a single round of ranked voting and the other using two or more rounds. Both are primarily used for single - member constituencies. Majoritarian voting can take place in a single round using instant - runoff voting ( IRV ), whereby voters rank candidates in order of preference ; this system is used for parliamentary elections in Australia and Papua New Guinea. If no candidate receives a majority of the vote in the first round, the second preferences of the lowest - ranked candidate are then added to the totals. This is repeated until a candidate achieves over 50 % of the number of valid votes. If not all voters use all their preference votes, then the count may continue until two candidates remain, at which point the winner is the one with the most votes. A modified form of IRV is the contingent vote where voters do not rank all candidates, but have a limited number of preference votes. If no candidate has a majority in the first round, all candidates are excluded except the top two, with the highest remaining preference votes from the votes for the excluded candidates then added to the totals to determine the winner. This system is used in Sri Lankan presidential elections, with voters allowed to give three preferences. The other main form of majoritarian system is the two - round system, which is the most common system used for presidential elections around the world, being used in 88 countries. It is also used in 20 countries for electing the legislature. If no candidate achieves a majority of votes in the first round of voting, a second round is held to determine the winner. In most cases the second round is limited to the top two candidates from the first round, although in some elections more than two candidates may choose to contest the second round ; in these cases the second round is decided by plurality voting. Some countries use a modified form of the two - round system, such as Ecuador where a candidate in the presidential election is declared the winner if they receive 40 % of the vote and is 10 % ahead of their nearest rival, or Argentina ( 45 % plus 10 % ahead ), where the system is known as ballotage. An exhaustive ballot is not limited to two rounds, but sees the last - placed candidate eliminated in the round of voting. Due to the large potential number of rounds, this system is not used in any major popular elections, but is used to elect the Speakers of parliament in several countries and members of the Swiss Federal Council. In some formats there may be multiple rounds held without any candidates being removed until a candidate achieves a majority, a system used in the United States Electoral College. Proportional systems ( edit ) Countries by type of proportional system Proportional representation is the most widely used electoral system for national legislatures, with the parliaments of over eighty countries elected by various forms of the system. Party - list proportional representation is the single most common electoral system and is used by 80 countries, and involves voters voting for a list of candidates proposed by a party. In closed list systems voters do not have any influence over the candidates put forward by the party, but in open list systems voters are able to both vote for the party list and influence the order in which candidates will be assigned seats. In some countries, notably Israel and the Netherlands, elections are carried out using ' pure ' proportional representation, with the votes tallied on a national level before assigning seats to parties. However, in most cases several multi-member constituencies are used rather than a single nationwide constituency, giving an element of geographical representation. However, this can result in the distribution of seats not reflecting the national vote totals. As a result, some countries have leveling seats to award to parties whose seat totals are lower than their proportion of the national vote. In addition to the electoral threshold, the minimum percentage of the vote that a party must obtain to win seats, there are several different methods for calculating seat allocation in proportional systems, typically broken down into the two main types ; highest average and largest remainder. Highest average systems involve dividing the votes received by each party by a series of divisors, producing figures that determine seat allocation ; examples include the d'Hondt method ( of which there are variants including Hagenbach - Bischoff ) or the Webster / Sainte - Laguë method. Under largest remainder systems, party 's vote shares are divided by the quota ( obtained by dividing the number of votes by the number of seats available ). This usually leaves some seats unallocated, which are awarded to parties based on the largest fractions of seats that they have remaining. Examples of largest remainder systems include the Hare quota, Droop quota, the Imperiali quota and the Hagenbach - Bischoff quota. Single transferable vote ( STV ) is another form of proportional representation, but is achieved by voters ranking candidates in a multi-member constituency by preference rather than voting for a party list ; it is used in Malta and the Republic of Ireland. To be elected, candidates must pass a quota ( the Droop quota being the most common ). Candidates that pass the quota on the first count are elected. Votes are then reallocated from the least successful candidates until the number of candidates that have passed the quota is equal to the number of seats to be filled. Mixed systems ( edit ) In several countries, mixed systems are used to elect the legislature. These include parallel voting and mixed - member proportional representation. In parallel voting systems, which are used in 20 countries, there are two methods by which members of a legislature are elected ; part of the membership is elected by a plurality or majority vote in single - member constituencies and the other part by proportional representation. The results of the constituency vote has no effect on the outcome of the proportional vote. Mixed - member proportional representation, in use in eight countries, also sees the membership of the legislature elected by constituency and proportional methods, but the results of the proportional vote are adjusted to balance the seats won in the constituency vote in order to ensure that parties have a number of seats proportional to their vote share. This may result in overhang seats, where parties win more seats in the constituency system than they would be entitled to based on their vote share. Variations of this include the Additional Member System and Alternative Vote Plus, in which voters rank candidates, and the other from multi-member constituencies elected on a proportional party list basis. A form of mixed - member proportional representation, Scorporo, was used in Italy from 1993 until 2006. Additional features ( edit ) Some electoral systems feature a majority bonus system to either ensure one party or coalition gains a majority in the legislature, or to give the party receiving the most votes a clear advantage in terms of the number of seats. In Greece the party receiving the most votes is given an additional 50 seats, San Marino has a modified two - round system, which sees a second round of voting featuring the top two parties or coalitions if there is no majority in the first round. The winner of the second round is guaranteed 35 seats in the 60 - seat Grand and General Council. In Uruguay, the President and members of the General Assembly are elected by on a single ballot, known as the double simultaneous vote. Voters cast a single vote, voting for the presidential, Senatorial and Chamber of Deputies candidates of that party. This system was also previously used in Bolivia and the Dominican Republic. Primary elections ( edit ) Primary elections are a feature of some electoral systems, either as a formal part of the electoral system or informally by choice of individual political parties as a method of selecting candidates, as is the case in Italy. Primary elections limit the risk of vote splitting by ensuring a single party candidate. In Argentina they are a formal part of the electoral system and take place two months before the main elections ; any party receiving less than 1.5 % of the vote is not permitted to contest the main elections. In the United States, there are both partisan and non-partisan primary elections. Indirect elections ( edit ) Some elections feature an indirect electoral system, whereby there is either no popular vote, or the popular vote is only one stage of the election ; in these systems the final vote is usually taken by an electoral college. In several countries, such as Mauritius or Trinidad and Tobago, the post of President is elected by the legislature. In others like India, the vote is taken by an electoral college consisting of the national legislature and state legislatures. In the United States, the president is indirectly elected using a two - stage process ; a popular vote in each state elects members to the electoral college that in turn elects the President. This can result in a situation where a candidate who receives the most votes nationwide does not win the electoral college vote, as most recently happened in 2000 and 2016. Systems used outside politics ( edit ) In addition to the various electoral systems in use in the political sphere, there are numerous others, some of which are proposals and some of which have been adopted for usage in business ( such as electing corporate board members ) or for organisations but not for public elections. Ranked systems include Bucklin voting, the various Condorcet methods ( Copeland 's, Dodgson 's, Kemeny - Young, Maximal lotteries, Minimax, Nanson 's, Ranked pairs, Schulze ), the Coombs ' method and positional voting. There are also several variants of single transferable vote, including CPO - STV, Schulze STV and the Wright system. Dual - member proportional representation is a proposed system with two candidates elected in each constituency, one with the most votes and one to ensure proportionality of the combined results. Biproportional apportionment is a system whereby the total number of votes is used to calculate the number of seats each party is due, followed by a calculation of the constituencies in which the seats should be awarded in order to achieve the total due to them. Cardinal electoral systems allow voters to score candidates independently. The complexity ranges from approval voting where voters simply state whether they approve of a candidate or not to range voting, where a candidate is scored from a set range of numbers. Other cardinal systems include Proportional approval voting, sequential proportional approval voting, Satisfaction approval voting and majority judgment. Historically, weighted voting systems were used in some countries. These allocated a greater weight to the votes of some voters than others, either indirectly by allocating more seats to certain groups ( such as the Prussian three - class franchise ), or by weighting the results of the vote. The latter system was used in colonial Rhodesia for the 1962 and 1965 elections. The elections featured two voter rolls ( the ' A ' roll being largely European and the ' B ' roll largely African ) ; the seats of the House Assembly were divided into 50 constituency seats and 15 district seats. Although all voters could vote for both types of seats, ' A roll votes were given greater weight for the constituency seats and ' B ' roll votes greater weight for the district seats. Weighted systems are still used in corporate elections, with votes weighted to reflect stock ownership. Rules and regulations ( edit ) In addition to the specific method of electing candidates, electoral systems are also characterised by their wider rules and regulations, which are usually set out in a country 's constitution or electoral law. Participatory rules determine candidate nomination and voter registration, in addition to the location of polling places and the availability of online voting, postal voting, and absentee voting. Other regulations include the selection of voting devices such as paper ballots, machine voting or open ballot systems, and consequently the type of vote counting systems, verification and auditing used. Compulsory voting, enforced. Compulsory voting, not enforced. Compulsory voting, enforced ( only men ). Compulsory voting, not enforced ( only men ). Historical : the country had compulsory voting in the past. Electoral rules place limits on suffrage and candidacy. Most countries 's electorates are characterised by universal suffrage, but there are differences on the age at which people are allowed to vote, with the youngest being 16 and the oldest 21 ( although voters must be 25 to vote in Senate elections in Italy ). People may be disenfranchised for a range of reasons, such as being a serving prisoner, being declared bankrupt, having committed certain crimes or being a serving member of the armed forces. Similar limits are placed on candidacy ( also known as passive suffrage ), and in many cases the age limit for candidates is higher than the voting age. A total of 21 countries have compulsory voting, although in some there is an upper age limit on enforcement of the law. Many countries also have the none of the above option on their ballot papers. In systems that use constituencies, apportionment or districting defines the area covered by each constituency. Where constituency boundaries are drawn has a strong influence on the likely outcome of elections in the constituency due to the geographic distribution of voters. Political parties may seek to gain an advantage during redistricting by ensuring their voter base has a majority in as many constituencies as possible, a process known as gerrymandering. Historically rotten and pocket boroughs, constituencies with unusually small populations, were used by wealthy families to gain parliamentary representation. Some countries have minimum turnout requirements for elections to be valid. In Serbia this rule caused multiple re-runs of presidential elections, with the 1997 election re-run once and the 2002 elections re-run three times due insufficient turnout in the first, second and third attempts to run the election. The turnout requirement was scrapped prior to the fourth vote in 2004. Similar problems in Belarus led to the 1995 parliamentary elections going to a fourth round of voting before enough parliamentarains were elected to make a quorum. Reserved seats are used in many countries to ensure representation for ethnic minorities, women, young people or the disabled. These seats are separate from general seats, and may be elected separately ( such as in Morocco where a separate ballot is used to elect the 60 seats reserved for women and 30 seats reserved for young people in the House of Representatives ), or be allocated to parties based on the results of the election ; in Jordan the reserved seats for women are given to the female candidates who failed to win constituency seats but with the highest number of votes, whilst in Kenya the Senate seats reserved for women, young people and the disabled are allocated to parties based on how many seats they won in the general vote. Some countries achieve minority representation by other means, including requirements for a certain proportion of candidates to be women, or by exempting minority parties from the electoral threshold, as is done in Poland, Romania and Serbia. History ( edit ) Early democracy ( edit ) Voting has been used as a feature of democracy since the 6th century BC, when democracy was introduced by the Athenian democracy. However, in Athenian democracy, voting was seen as the least democratic among methods used for selecting public officials, and was little used, because elections were believed to inherently favor the wealthy and well - known over average citizens. Viewed as more democratic were assemblies open to all citizens, and selection by lot ( known as sortition ), as well as rotation of office. One of the earliest recorded elections in Athens was a plurality vote that it was undesirable to win ; in the process called ostracism, voters chose the citizen they most wanted to exile for ten years. Most elections in the early history of democracy were held using plurality voting or some variant, but as an exception, the state of Venice in the 13th century adopted approval voting to elect their Great Council. The Venetians ' method for electing the Doge was a particularly convoluted process, consisting of five rounds of drawing lots ( sortition ) and five rounds of approval voting. By drawing lots, a body of 30 electors was chosen, which was further reduced to nine electors by drawing lots again. An electoral college of nine members elected 40 people by approval voting ; those 40 were reduced to form a second electoral college of 12 members by drawing lots again. The second electoral college elected 25 people by approval voting, which were reduced to form a third electoral college of nine members by drawing lots. The third electoral college elected 45 people, which were reduced to form a fourth electoral college of 11 by drawing lots. They in turn elected a final electoral body of 41 members, who ultimately elected the Doge. Despite its complexity, the method had certain desirable properties such as being hard to game and ensuring that the winner reflected the opinions of both majority and minority factions. This process, with slight modifications, was central to the politics of the Republic of Venice throughout its remarkable lifespan of over 500 years, from 1268 to 1797. Development of new systems ( edit ) Jean - Charles de Borda proposed the Borda count in 1770 as a method for electing members to the French Academy of Sciences. His method was opposed by the Marquis de Condorcet, who proposed instead the method of pairwise comparison that he had devised. Implementations of this method are known as Condorcet methods. He also wrote about the Condorcet paradox, which he called the intransitivity of majority preferences. However, recent research has shown that the philosopher Ramon Llull devised both the Borda count and a pairwise method that satisfied the Condorcet criterion in the 13th century. The manuscripts in which he described these methods had been lost to history until they were rediscovered in 2001. Later in the 18th century, apportionment methods came to prominence due to the United States Constitution, which mandated that seats in the United States House of Representatives had to be allocated among the states proportionally to their population, but did not specify how to do so. A variety of methods were proposed by statesmen such as Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, and Daniel Webster. Some of the apportionment methods devised in the United States were in a sense rediscovered in Europe in the 19th century, as seat allocation methods for the newly proposed method of party - list proportional representation. The result is that many apportionment methods have two names ; Jefferson 's method is equivalent to the d'Hondt method, as is Webster 's method to the Sainte - Laguë method, while Hamilton 's method is identical to the Hare largest remainder method. The single transferable vote ( STV ) method was devised by Carl Andræ in Denmark in 1855 and in the United Kingdom by Thomas Hare in 1857. STV elections were first held in Denmark in 1856, and in Tasmania in 1896 after its use was promoted by Andrew Inglis Clark. Party - list proportional representation began to be used to elect European legislatures in the early 20th century, with Belgium the first to implement it for its 1900 general elections. Since then, proportional and semi-proportional methods have come to be used in almost all democratic countries, with most exceptions being former British colonies. Single - winner revival ( edit ) Perhaps influenced by the rapid development of multiple - winner electoral systems, theorists began to publish new findings about single - winner methods in the late 19th century. This began around 1870, when William Robert Ware proposed applying STV to single - winner elections, yielding instant - runoff voting ( IRV ). Soon, mathematicians began to revisit Condorcet 's ideas and invent new methods for Condorcet completion ; Edward J. Nanson combined the newly described instant runoff voting with the Borda count to yield a new Condorcet method called Nanson 's method. Charles Dodgson, better known as Lewis Carroll, proposed the straightforward Condorcet method known as Dodgson 's method as well as a proportional multiwinner method based on proxy voting. Ranked voting electoral systems eventually gathered enough support to be adopted for use in government elections. In Australia, IRV was first adopted in 1893, and continues to be used along with STV today. In the United States in the early - 20th - century progressive era, some municipalities began to use Bucklin voting, although this is no longer used in any government elections, and has even been declared unconstitutional in Minnesota. Recent developments ( edit ) Main article : Electoral reform The use of game theory to analyze electoral systems led to discoveries about the effects of certain methods. Earlier developments such as Arrow 's impossibility theorem had already shown the issues with Ranked voting systems. Research led Steven Brams and Peter Fishburn to formally define and promote the use of approval voting in 1977. Political scientists of the 20th century published many studies on the effects that the electoral systems have on voters ' choices and political parties, and on political stability. A few scholars also studied which effects caused a nation to switch to a particular electoral system. One prominent current voting theorist is Nicolaus Tideman, who formalized concepts such as strategic nomination and the spoiler effect in the independence of clones criterion. Tideman also devised the ranked pairs method, a Condorcet method that is not susceptible to clones. The study of electoral systems influenced a new push for electoral reform beginning around the 1990s, with proposals being made to replace plurality voting in governmental elections with other methods. New Zealand adopted mixed - member proportional representation for the 1993 general elections and STV for some local elections in 2004. After plurality voting was a key factor in the contested results of the 2000 presidential elections in the United States, various municipalities in the United States began to adopt IRV, although some of them subsequently returned to their prior method. However, attempts at introducing more proportional systems were not always successful ; in Canada there were two referendums in British Columbia in 2005 and 2009 on adopting an STV method, both of which failed. In the United Kingdom, a 2011 referendum on adopting Instant - runoff voting saw the proposal rejected. In other countries there were calls for the restoration of plurality or majoritarian systems or their establishment where they have never been used ; a referendum was held in Ecuador in 1994 on the adoption the two round system, but the idea was rejected. In Romania a proposal to switch to a two - round system for parliamentary elections failed only because voter turnout in the referendum was too low. Attempts to reintroduce single - member constituencies in Poland ( 2015 ) and two - round system in Bulgaria ( 2016 ) via referendums both also failed due to low turnout. Comparison of electoral systems ( edit ) Main article : Comparison of electoral systems Electoral systems can be compared by different means. Attitudes towards systems are highly influenced by the systems ' impact on groups that one supports or opposes, which can make the objective comparison of voting systems difficult. There are several ways to address this problem : One approach is to define criteria mathematically, such that any electoral system either passes or fails. This gives perfectly objective results, but their practical relevance is still arguable. Another approach is to define ideal criteria that no electoral system passes perfectly, and then see how often or how close to passing various methods are over a large sample of simulated elections. This gives results which are practically relevant, but the method of generating the sample of simulated elections can still be arguably biased. A final approach is to create imprecisely defined criteria, and then assign a neutral body to evaluate each method according to these criteria. This approach can look at aspects of electoral systems which the other two approaches miss, but both the definitions of these criteria and the evaluations of the methods are still inevitably subjective. Arrow 's and Gibbard 's theorems prove that no system using ranked voting, as opposed to cardinal voting, can meet all such criteria simultaneously. Instead of debating the importance of different criteria, another method is to simulate many elections with different electoral systems, and estimate the typical overall happiness of the population with the results, their vulnerability to strategic voting, their likelihood of electing the candidate closest to the average voter, etc. See also ( edit ) List of electoral systems by country Matrix vote Spoiler effect References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Table of Electoral Systems Worldwide IDEA Jump up ^ Nauru Parliament : Electoral system IPU ^ Jump up to : Glossary of Terms IDEA Jump up ^ Sri Lanka : Election for President IFES Jump up ^ Ecuador : Election for President IFES Jump up ^ Hellenic Parliament : Electoral system IPU Jump up ^ Consiglio grande e generale : Electoral system IPU Jump up ^ Suffrage CIA World Factbook Jump up ^ Pro-Western Candidate Wins Serbian Presidential Poll Deutsche Welle, 28 June 2004 Jump up ^ Elections held in 1995 IPU Jump up ^ Sejm : Electoral system IPU Jump up ^ Narodna skupstina : Electoral system IPU Jump up ^ J.J. O'Connor & E.F. Robertson The history of voting MacTutor History of Mathematics archive Jump up ^ Miranda Mowbray & Dieter Gollmann ( 2007 ) Electing the Doge of Venice : Analysis of a 13th Century Protocol Jump up ^ G. Hägele & F. Pukelsheim ( 2001 ) `` Llull 's writings on electoral systems '', Studia Lulliana Vol. 3, pp3 -- 38 ^ Jump up to : Apportionment : Introduction American Mathematical Society Jump up ^ Proportional Voting Around the World FairVote Jump up ^ The History of IRV FairVote Jump up ^ Tony Anderson Solgård & Paul Landskroener ( 2002 ) `` Municipal Voting System Reform : Overcoming the Legal Obstacles '', Bench & Bar of Minnesota, Vol. 59, no. 9 Jump up ^ Poundstone, William ( 2008 ) Gaming the Vote : Why Elections Are n't Fair ( and What We Can Do About It ), Hill and Young, p198 Jump up ^ Duverger, Maurice ( 1954 ) Political Parties, Wiley ISBN 0 - 416 - 68320 - 7 Jump up ^ Douglas W. Rae ( 1971 ) The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws, Yale University Press ISBN 0 - 300 - 01517 - 8 Jump up ^ Rein Taagapera & Matthew S. Shugart ( 1989 ) Seats and Votes : The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems, Yale University Press Jump up ^ Ferdinand A. Hermens ( 1941 ) Democracy or Anarchy? A Study of Proportional Representation, University of Notre Dame. Jump up ^ Arend Lijphart ( 1994 ) Electoral Systems and Party Systems : A Study of Twenty - Seven Democracies, 1945 -- 1990 Oxford University Press ISBN 0 - 19 - 828054 - 8 Jump up ^ Arend Lijphart ( 1985 ) `` The Field of Electoral Systems Research : A Critical Survey '' Electoral Studies, Vol. 4 Jump up ^ Arend Lijphart ( 1992 ) `` Democratization and Constitutional Choices in Czecho - Slovakia, Hungary and Poland, 1989 -- 1991 '' Journal of Theoretical Politics Vol. 4 ( 2 ), pp207 -- 23 Jump up ^ Stein Rokkan ( 1970 ) Citizens, Elections, Parties : Approaches to the Comparative Study of the Process of Development, Universitetsforlaget Jump up ^ Ronald Rogowski ( 1987 ) `` Trade and the Variety of Democratic Institutions '', International Organization Vol. 41, pp203 -- 24 Jump up ^ Carles Boix ( 1999 ) `` Setting the Rules of the Game : The Choice of Electoral Systems in Advanced Democracies '', American Political Science Review Vol. 93 ( 3 ), pp609 -- 24 Jump up ^ `` What is Voter Satisfaction Efficiency? ''. electology.github.io. Center for Election Science. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30. ( VSE ) is a way of measuring the outcome quality ( of ) a voting method... highest average happiness would have a VSE of 100 %... it 's impossible for a method to pass all desirable criteria... VSE measures how well a method makes those tradeoffs by using outcomes. Jump up ^ `` Bayesian Regret ''. RangeVoting.org. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30. The ' Bayesian regret ' of an election method E is the ' expected avoidable human unhappiness ' External links ( edit ) Handbook of Electoral System Choice ACE Electoral Knowledge Network The International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System Design IDEA Accurate Democracy Electorama Wiki Voting Systems Paul E. Johnson Electoral systems Part of the politics and election series Single - winner voting system Approval voting Borda count Bucklin voting Contingent vote Coombs ' method Copeland 's method Dodgson 's method Exhaustive ballot First - past - the - post voting Instant - runoff voting Kemeny -- Young method Majority judgment Simple majoritarianism Minimax Condorcet Nanson 's method Plurality Positional voting system Range voting Ranked pairs Schulze method Two - round system Proportional representation Mixed - member Party - list Single transferable vote Schulze STV CPO - STV Highest averages method Webster / Sainte - Laguë D'Hondt Largest remainder method Alternative vote Plus Closed list Open list Overhang seat Underhang seat Semi-proportional representation Parallel voting Single non-transferable vote Cumulative voting Limited voting Proportional approval voting Sequential proportional approval voting Satisfaction approval voting Usage Table of voting systems by country Voting system criteria Comparison Condorcet criterion Condorcet loser criterion Consistency criterion Independence of clones Independence of irrelevant alternatives Independence of Smith - dominated alternatives Later - no - harm criterion Majority criterion Majority loser criterion Monotonicity criterion Mutual majority criterion Pareto efficiency Participation criterion Plurality criterion Resolvability criterion Reversal symmetry Smith criterion Voting system quotas Droop quota Hagenbach - Bischoff quota Hare quota Imperiali quota Other Ballot Election threshold First - preference votes Spoilt vote Sortition Portal -- Project GND : 4139210 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&oldid=843401613 '' Categories : Electoral systems Voting theory Public choice theory Psephology Social choice theory Elections Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Lea faka - Tonga Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018, at 22 : 38. 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{ "text": "Erin Hannon - wikipedia Erin Hannon Kelly `` Erin '' Hannon Ellie Kemper as Erin Hannon First appearance `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' Last appearance `` Finale '' Created by Greg Daniels Portrayed by Ellie Kemper Information Gender Female Occupation Receptionist, Dunder Mifflin, Scranton, PA Receptionist, Dunder Mifflin Sabre, Scranton, PA Family Reed ( foster brother ) Mr. and Mrs. Hannon ( parents ) Significant other ( s ) Pete Miller ( boyfriend ) Andy Bernard ( ex-boyfriend ) Gabe Lewis ( ex-boyfriend ) Nationality American Kelly Erin Hannon ( born May 1, 1986 ) is a fictional character from the U.S. comedy television series The Office. She is the office receptionist for the Scranton branch of the Dunder Mifflin Paper Company, Inc., a position previously held by Pam Beesly before she quit to go work for the Michael Scott Paper Company. Erin is portrayed by Ellie Kemper. She is an original character, although her closest equivalent in the British version of the series would be Mel the receptionist, who appears briefly in The Office Christmas specials, as Dawn Tinsley 's replacement. Contents 1 Biography 2 Season 5 3 Season 6 4 Season 7 5 Season 8 6 Season 9 7 Behind the scenes 8 Reception 9 References Biography ( edit ) Erin Hannon is the receptionist hired to replace Pam Beesly ( after Kevin 's brief stint in the job ) in `` Dream Team ''. She first appears in `` Michael Scott Paper Company '', and is referred to by her middle name, Erin, to distinguish her from Kelly Kapoor. Although at times rather intellectually challenged, with her cheerful, silly demeanor, and childlike naïveté, Erin is usually the most consistently nice, optimistic Dunder - Mifflin employee. Contrasting with her predecessor, Pam, she not only loves being a receptionist but admires her coworkers including Michael Scott and Dwight Schrute. In a deleted scene from `` Niagara '', she admits she was born four months prematurely and could not eat hard foods until she turned 6. `` St. Patrick 's Day '' reveals further that she was sick and in the hospital between the ages of 3 and 6. She grew up in foster families and has said that when she was younger `` my hair was my room '', i.e., the place she hid from stress and trauma. In `` WUPHF.com '', she said all of her peers were getting their drivers licenses eight years ago which would give her a birth year of approximately 1986. It is hinted that Erin was brought up in a very religious Christian household, as seen in `` Nepotism '', when Michael argues with the staff about nepotism and defends it by saying the Person God sent to help Earth was His Son, Jesus Christ, which Erin claims is a `` really tight argument '', and another example is in `` Dwight K. Schrute, ( Acting ) Manager '', when she is shocked to learn Gabe is an atheist, and is even more shocked when he states there might be a God, but he does not believe it is just some `` guy with a long white beard. '' She is seen repeatedly following Dwight 's insane directions. Dwight and Andy both admit to being attracted to Erin, as does Ryan. Erin seems to have a fun - loving and bubbly personality similar to Kelly Kapoor, although Erin is much more naïve. She admires Kelly 's casual Friday outfit, commenting that she looks like J. Lo, and the two restart Michael 's Cafe Disco after he shuts it down. The two also ride to Pam and Jim 's wedding together with Andy, both listening to their iPods in the backseat. In `` Counseling '', she took the term `` disposable camera '' literally as she throws a disposable camera away after taking the last picture, commenting that she thinks disposable cameras are wasteful and you never get to see the pictures. Erin also tells Michael she used to work at a Taco Bell Express but could not keep up when they turned it into a regular Taco Bell. In a deleted scene from `` Mafia '', Meredith tells Erin that the office will always like Pam better than her, saddening Erin as she does not like conflicts. She also accidentally ruins Pam 's painting of the office building while trying to clean it. Later when asking Kelly to help her fix the painting, we find out Erin has a seizure condition -- because Kelly demands her medical alert bracelet as payment for her services. Erin may have attended Keystone College, as a pennant for the school can be seen at her desk in `` The Boat '' and in `` Pool Party ''. Season 5 ( edit ) After Kevin fails miserably as Pam 's replacement, Charles Miner hires Erin as the new receptionist, whose first name is Kelly but the office decided to call her by her middle name, Erin, to avoid confusion with Kelly Kapoor. She becomes good friends with Kelly and in `` Cafe Disco '', they help to generate interest in Michael 's `` Cafe Disco. '' Erin greatly admires her predecessor, calling her `` a living legend '' to DeAngelo Vickers, and often asks her advice on various aspects of the job. However, Pam is at first somewhat impatient with Erin 's enthusiasm for a job she never took seriously and often dismisses her requests for approval by saying `` it looks great. '' Initially, Dwight and Andy compete for her attention, but Dwight withdraws in acknowledgment of his new friendship with Andy. For the remainder of the season, Andy awkwardly flirts with Erin. Season 6 ( edit ) In `` Koi Pond '', Erin is shown to be self - conscious about being an orphan, and is attracted to Andy, whom she calls `` the coolest guy I 've ever met. '' She also does not know who Marlon Brando is, mistaking a reference to him for Marlon Wayans. In `` Murder '', Andy asks her out on a real date while they are playing characters as a part of the Belles, Bourbon, and Bullets. Erin accepts, but then is disappointed when Andy tells her later there was no real date. It was `` just a part of the game '', though both wanted to go out. Andy later begs to get Erin as his Secret Santa. He gives her gifts based on `` The 12 Days of Christmas ''. Unfortunately the first four gifts are all birds resulting in harm to herself, geese swarming her car and an incident where her cat ate one of the turtle doves. She asks her secret Santa to please stop. When asked if it is him Andy brushes it off, but later Michael reveals him and he is somewhat surprised to see her legitimately angry at him. At the end of the day, Andy has twelve drummers appear á la the last part of the song. Despite the fiasco of the earlier gifts, Erin easily forgives him and is seen enjoying the drummers and smiling warmly. Erin finally earns Michael 's respect in `` Scott 's Tots '' when she points out the benefit of the promise Michael could not fulfill to a group of underprivileged high school students. She eventually figures out Michael 's idiosyncratic habits ( such as having ants on a log served every day at 2 : 30 and being spun around in his desk chair until he is dizzy ) and, unlike Pam, gladly accommodates them, she seems disappointed when Jim Halpert declines to continue them during his brief tenure as branch manager. She also tells Michael that she would like to be an accountant someday, even though she is bad at math. After Andy 's massive effort for Erin 's Secret Santa gift, Andy thinks that the `` ball is in Erin 's court '', while Erin assumes that after Andy 's last spectacular display involving a band drumline that he will surely be the one to ask. Andy, in `` Sabre '', then awkwardly confronts Erin about her weekend plans, revealing that she has none. Andy exits with exasperation, hoping that his `` hint '' would be sufficient for her to ask. Later, in `` Manager and Salesman '', Andy gives everyone in the office a card for Valentine 's Day to mask his affection for Erin. Kelly takes this card to heart and believes Andy is in love with her. Andy makes it clear that he does not love Kelly, and Erin begins to realize Andy really does have feelings for her. In `` The Delivery '', Erin shows a knowledge of horse racing history as she names the Triple Crown winners to distract Pam before she goes to the hospital. Erin later has lunch with Kevin after Michael lied and told Kevin that Erin liked him. Erin feels sorry for Kevin because Michael told her Kevin had the heart of an actual elephant. Erin later confronts Michael and tells him that she likes Andy. Andy 's response is to snoop behind plants and spy on Kevin and Erin. Later in the same episode, Andy gives Erin a fax which asks her on a date. After getting confrontational about it, Andy admits that he wanted to take Erin on a date, which she happily accepts. In `` St. Patrick 's Day '', Erin and Andy are set to go on their first date, but Erin gets very sick, prompting Jo Bennett to tell her to go home. Andy decides to see Erin anyway by showing up at her house. The two enjoy watching TV together until Erin 's foster brother Reed comes into the room and steals Andy 's spot on the couch next to Erin. Reed behaves with Erin in a way that makes Andy uncomfortable, but when Andy gets ready to leave, Erin kisses him on the cheek. In `` New Leads '', after Michael distributes the sales leads to rest of the staff, Erin hides Andy 's leads. The Hot & Cold game she plays with him in the reception area turns into an uncomfortable situation where Andy almost fondles Erin 's chest. At the end of episode, Erin offers a cold Andy her jacket in a landfill where they share their first kiss. In `` Happy Hour '', Erin and Andy tell the crew that they are trying to keep their relationship a secret because of Andy 's aversion to drama. This continues as they go to the Happy Hour with the other members of the Office. After several uncomfortable situations in which they continue to try to keep the secret and a rather animated argument in a photobooth, Andy declares to the entire building that he has been on `` two dates with Erin Hannon and they went well and there will probably be more. '' They tell the crew that they found more drama trying to keep it a secret. In `` Secretary 's Day '', Andy plans the perfect Secretary 's Day for Erin, including a lunch with Michael. During the lunch, Michael reveals Andy 's prior year - long engagement with Angela, a fact which was previously concealed from Erin. When Erin speaks with Pam at her desk, a Keystone College pennant is visible. At the end of the episode, Erin informs Andy that she needs some time alone from him. Feeling bad over the whole affair, Michael smooths things over a bit with Erin and has a talk with her. And in `` Whistleblower '', while the characters have not resumed dating yet, Erin does express concern when Andy tells her he is afraid for his safety ( because of the fire - catching printers, though he does not directly tell her about them ) and she agrees to distribute the `` demonstration video '' he made with Darryl if anything happens to him. Erin warmly pats Andy on the leg and tells him she thinks he did the right thing, after he is outed for leaking the printer story to a local paper and everyone else in the office shuns him. Season 7 ( edit ) In `` Nepotism '', Erin reveals that Gabe asked her out over the summer. She only accepted because Gabe was her boss but eventually the two began seriously dating, much to Andy 's chagrin. Her relationship with Gabe has been presented as boring and lame, as highlighted by her unsuccessful efforts to defeat him at online Scrabble and avoid watching his favored horror films in `` The Seminar '', his long - winded Valentine 's Day surprise for her that consists mostly of her bonding with Andy and getting a hand - kiss gesture in `` PDA '', and letting the staff know she and Gabe were late to work because he fell in the shower and had to be rescued by the fire department in `` Todd Packer ''. In `` Andy 's Play '', Andy is performing in a local production of Sweeney Todd. He pressures the entire office to go, but really just wants to get Erin to attend, in order to spend time with her and win her back from Gabe. Andy is delighted that Erin is coming without Gabe, however ultimately his plan backfires when she agrees to babysit Cecilia so Jim and Pam can attend. Ultimately Erin shows up to the play and the two spend time together, however Erin leaves to spend time with Gabe leaving Andy despondent. In `` Sex Ed '', the Office believes Michael has herpes, and Andy uses the situation to host a Sex Ed class in the office. The class is in actuality an attempt by Andy to figure out if Gabe and Erin are having sex. Upset after realizing the two are possibly having sex, Andy throws a tantrum and storms off. Gabe admonishes Andy later, explaining he only asked Erin out after Andy gave him his blessing. In `` Christening '', Erin expresses admiration over Michael 's spontaneous decision to go down to Mexico to help build a school for local children. In an effort to impress Erin, Andy goes along with Michael. After Michael and Andy start having cold feet and get off the bus, Erin picks them up and laughs with them about it. In `` Viewing Party '', Erin and Gabe are hosting a Glee viewing party at Gabe 's apartment. Andy desperately attempts to get Erin 's attention during the party, however ultimately ends up getting sick and is comforted by Gabe. Meanwhile, Erin attempts to get Michael to bond with Gabe, however Michael 's insecurities over Gabe 's position cause him to sabotage the party. After Erin confronts Michael over his hostile feelings for Gabe, Michael angrily questions why she needs his approval as he is not her father. Erin is silent and Michael has an insightful moment, realizing Erin admires him and views him as a father figure. The two share a joke as they pointedly make fun of their developing father - daughter relationship. As he leaves the party, Michael warns Gabe that he will, both figuratively and literally, kill Gabe if he breaks Erin 's heart. In `` WUPHF.com '', Erin is annoyed with Ryan 's abuse of company property to fuel his own social networking company, WUPHF.com. In `` Classy Christmas '', Erin assists Michael in preparing for when Holly returns to Scranton. However, when she meets Holly for the first time, she is disappointed with her appearance after Michael spoke so highly of her. She admits in a talking head that she does not see why Michael is attracted to Holly, and when Holly tries to reason with Michael after he admits being upset with her, Erin shoos her away in defending Michael. She then tries to shoo Holly 's boyfriend A.J. away when he arrives to surprise Holly. Erin remains unkind to Holly in `` Ultimatum '' but finally warms to her when she sees the passionate kiss between Michael and Holly that came at the end of `` The Search ''. In `` Michael 's Last Dundies '', Erin starts avoiding Gabe at work because she does not feel attracted to him anymore. Erin reveals how she feels to Pam and Jim, with Pam encouraging her to tell Gabe to avoid leading him on. She then breaks up with Gabe while accepting her Dundie in front of everyone at a packed restaurant. Gabe tells everyone he is upset with Erin but tries to joke it off, only to reveal he is genuinely upset and leaves the award show. Later she joins the rest of the office in serenading a teary - eyed Michael with a song. During `` Goodbye, Michael '', a distraught Gabe is tenacious in trying to win Erin back, even following her into the women 's bathroom. Erin later has a heart - to - heart conversation with Michael about her love life, and admits that she might be in love with Andy. Michael dismisses both Gabe and Andy and advises Erin that the right guy will come along and she will know it. Michael then tells her that he is just a phone call away in Colorado if she needs advice, and kisses her on the head before walking away. At the end of `` The Inner Circle '', when Deangelo escapes the hospital and returns to the office, Jim asks Erin to call 911. She asks who should she say is calling, causing Jim to give her a deadpan look while flatly saying her name. In `` Dwight K. Schrute, ( Acting ) Manager '', Erin and Andy are shown hanging out together again. However, after Gabe invites Andy to go to the conference room to speak in private, Gabe breaks down, and Andy promises he will not date Erin again. Later, at reception, Gabe confesses his love to Erin again, but it does not win her back. In a talking - head interview, Erin says she is taking a break from dating, and she admits that while Gabe was a great guy with many wonderful qualities, `` it was a challenge being touched by him ''. When Dwight accidentally fires the gun right by Andy, causing him temporary hearing loss, Erin is the most worried about him, and tries to accompany him to the hospital, but is stopped by Gabe, who, as an excuse, says that she needs to stay for her receptionist duties. When Andy comes back from the hospital, he and Erin hang out in the kitchen, only for Gabe to confront Andy with the promise, but Andy stands up for himself and embarrasses Gabe by describing Gabe 's crying fit to Erin. When asked whether or not he wants to date Erin, he does not give a straight answer, and eventually claims that it is between him and his diary. In `` Search Committee '', Erin and Phyllis await the results of a DNA test to see if Erin is the daughter previously given up by Phyllis in high school. After some advice from Phyllis, Erin tells Andy in front of the entire Office that she still has feelings for him. Andy denies her, later stating to the camera that he is still hurt from being dumped in favor of Gabe. Phyllis finds out the results are negative, but holds off telling Erin and continues to show maternal affection toward her. Season 8 ( edit ) In Season 8, Erin is on Robert 's loser side of the list. She helps Andy out with his challenges of being manager and is the only one to congratulate him on his new job. In `` Lotto '', she helps out in the warehouse and suggests easier ways to move the boxes. In `` Spooked '', Erin is in charge of the Halloween party, but is forced to make it more adult when co-workers think the decorations are childish. She also finds out that Andy is in a relationship with someone. During `` Christmas Wishes '', Erin finally meets Jessica, Andy 's girlfriend. Erin tells her that she is welcome to the office and the party, but later on Robert California talks Erin into being an `` adult woman and a free spirit '' and having a drink. But this does not just stop at one, Erin tells Andy that she has had `` a thousand ''. Later that night, she tells Andy that she wants Jessica dead and that was her Christmas wish, which shows she still has feelings for Andy. She later gets a ride home from Robert, who tells her to take some aspirin and get some rest. Later on, Erin remains hopeful that Andy will end things with Jessica and reunite with her ( and it becomes clear Andy still has feelings for her ) but she later decides that this is not going to happen. As a result, when she ends up assigned to the team joining Dwight on the Sabre Store project in Tallahassee, she tells the camera that she is never returning to Scranton. In `` Test the Store '' Erin meets an elderly woman, Irene ( Georgia Engel ), and she becomes her live in maid. In `` Get the Girl '', Andy goes to Florida, to try to win her back. Erin initially wants to stay, but the two get back together and travel back to Scranton to find Nelly Bertram in Andy 's office. Andy then gets fired and Erin supports him For the rest of the season, Erin is seen supporting Andy in his attempts to move on, and eventually reclaim, his job at Dunder Mifflin. Season 9 ( edit ) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( December 2012 ) Erin is excited to have Andy back from his Outward Bound program, but is surprised to see a more confident and cocky Andy. A new love interest for her is introduced in the new guy Pete. In the episode `` The Boat '', Erin and Pete go out for drinks. There are multiple other instances in the beginning of season 9 in which Pete and Erin bond while Andy is on his boat trip. In the episode `` Customer Loyalty '', Erin seems to miss Pete when they are split up by Nellie. Erin decides to break up with Andy prior to his return, but when he returns she can not find the confidence to break up. After telling Pete and giving him a kiss, she runs back up to Andy 's office and breaks up with him. By the time he decides to quit his job and seek fame and fortune, though, Erin feels kinder towards him and gives him sound advice before being greatly moved by his farewell rendition of `` I Will Remember ''. In `` Finale '', she is reunited with her birth parents, who had seen the documentary and showed up at a Q&A forum with the office members. It is indicated that she is still dating Pete, as they are shown dancing at Dwight and Angela 's wedding. Behind the scenes ( edit ) `` Being on set with them is like being in a dream, except the dream is real and I can reach out and touch them. Except I am trying not to touch them too much, because I was raised right. '' -- Ellie Kemper, on The Office Starting in the fifth season of NBC 's The Office, Kemper was cast in a supporting role as the Dunder Mifflin office receptionist Erin Hannon. Kemper described herself as a `` huge fan '' of the show and was thrilled to be cast. In May 2009, The Office screenwriter Jennifer Celotta described Kemper as a `` fun addition '' to the show. Reception ( edit ) Critics and fans have commented on Kemper 's addition to the show, mostly positive. Joshua Ostroff of Eye Weekly described Erin as one of the best new television characters of the 2008 -- 2009 season and said, `` Erin 's high - grade adorability, up - for - anything attitude and sheer niceness is unlike anyone else in the office, adding a welcome new wrinkle for next season. '' Andy Shaw of TV Fodder said she `` adds some freshness to the cast '' and Josh McAuliffe of The Times - Tribune in Scranton, Pennsylvania, said he liked Erin 's `` cheerful, appealingly goofy personality ''. Her performance was notably praised during the show 's eighth season, where she was the highlight of the season for many critics. Myles McNutt noted that `` regardless of how down I was on this or any other episode, Ellie Kemper really has been tremendous all season. '' In addition, Kemper 's performance in the episodes `` Spooked, '' `` Christmas Wishes, '' `` Pool Party, '' and `` Special Project, '' in particular, were praised by critics. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ In `` Search Committee '', Phyllis indicates Erin was born the year the film Porky 's came out. But Phyllis may be thinking of Porky 's Revenge. In `` Couple 's Discount '' Erin said she technically did n't break up with her boyfriend when she was in first grade & it 's now their 20th anniversary. That would make her age around 26, which indicates approximately 1986. Episode `` WUPHF.com '' also indicates her birthday to be approximately 1986. Jump up ^ Mafia Jump up ^ NBC.com -- `` Mafia '' deleted scene Jump up ^ Like The Office. `` The Office - All Videos : Newest - Videos ''. NBC.com. Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 10. Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10. ^ Jump up to : Tomlinson, Brett ( 2009 - 04 - 15 ). `` Office Addition ''. Princeton Alumni Weekly. Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 29. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23. Jump up ^ `` '' Company Picnic '' Q&A with Jen Celotta ``. OfficeTally. 2009 - 05 - 22. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23. Jump up ^ Ostroff, Joshua ( 2009 - 05 - 20 ). `` Leaders of the New School : Great performances in the margins brought a so - so season to life ''. Eye Weekly. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23. Jump up ^ Shaw, Andy ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ). `` The Office : `` Cafe Disco '' ``. TV Fodder. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 08. Jump up ^ McAuliffe, Josh ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ). `` '' Cafe Disco '' Recap ``. The Times - Tribune. Scranton, Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 08. Jump up ^ Myles, McNutt ( February 16, 2012 ). `` Tallahassee ''. The A.V. Club. Retrieved February 17, 2012. Jump up ^ Hertz, Barry ( October 28, 2011 ). `` The Office, Season 8, Episode 5 : Recap ''. National Post. Retrieved October 29, 2011. Jump up ^ McNutt, Myles ( October 27, 2011 ). `` Spooked ''. The A.V. Club. Retrieved October 29, 2011. Jump up ^ McNutt, Myles ( December 8, 2011 ). `` Christmas Wishes ''. The A.V. Club. Retrieved December 8, 2011. Jump up ^ Mader, Jill. `` The Office -- Episode 8 - 12 Review -- `` A Party To Remember '' ``. InsidePulse. Retrieved February 17, 2012. Jump up ^ Tedder, Michael ( February 10, 2012 ). `` The Office Recap : Florida Facts ''. New York. Retrieved February 10, 2012. The Office ( U.S. series ) Episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Characters Primary Michael Scott Dwight Schrute Jim Halpert Pam Beesly Ryan Howard Andy Bernard Secondary Jan Levinson Roy Anderson Stanley Hudson Kevin Malone Meredith Palmer Angela Martin Oscar Martinez Phyllis Vance Kelly Kapoor Toby Flenderson Creed Bratton Darryl Philbin Erin Hannon Gabe Lewis Robert California Holly Flax Nellie Bertram Pete Miller Clark Green Recurring Todd Packer David Wallace Other Dunder Mifflin Awards Worldwide editions Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erin_Hannon&oldid=854078302 '' Categories : Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional receptionists The Office ( U.S. TV series ) characters Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Fictional orphans Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles to be expanded from December 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018, at 20 : 29 ( UTC ). 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "Erin Hannon - wikipedia Erin Hannon Kelly `` Erin '' Hannon Ellie Kemper as Erin Hannon First appearance `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' Last appearance `` Finale '' Created by Greg Daniels Portrayed by Ellie Kemper Information Gender Female Occupation Receptionist, Dunder Mifflin, Scranton, PA Receptionist, Dunder Mifflin Sabre, Scranton, PA Family Reed ( foster brother ) Mr. and Mrs. Hannon ( parents ) Significant other ( s ) Pete Miller ( boyfriend ) Andy Bernard ( ex-boyfriend ) Gabe Lewis ( ex-boyfriend ) Nationality American" ], "id": [ "10593413807025140596" ], "short_answers": [ "\"Michael Scott Paper Company\"" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Mycorrhiza - wikipedia Mycorrhiza Many conspicuous fungi such as the fly agaric ( upper left ) form ectomycorrhiza ( upper right ) with tree rootlets. Arbuscular mycorrhiza ( lower left ) is very common in plants, including crop species such as wheat ( lower right ) A mycorrhiza ( from Greek μύκης mýkēs, `` fungus '', and ῥίζα rhiza, `` root '' ; pl. mycorrhizae, mycorrhiza or mycorrhizas ) is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular host plant. The term mycorrhiza refers to the role of the fungi in the plants ' rhizosphere, its root system. Mycorrhizae play important roles in soil biology and soil chemistry. In a mycorrhizal association, the fungus colonizes the host plant 's root tissues, either intracellularly as in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ( AMF or AM ), or extracellularly as in ectomycorrhizal fungi. The association is generally mutualistic, but in particular species or in particular circumstances, mycorrhizae may be variously parasitic in the host plants. Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Types of mycorrhiza 2.1 Arbuscular mycorrhiza 2.2 Ectomycorrhiza 2.3 Ericoid mycorrhiza 2.4 Arbutoid mycorrhiza 2.5 Monotropoid mycorrhiza 2.6 Orchid mycorrhiza 3 Mutualist dynamics 3.1 Sugar - water / mineral exchange 3.2 Mechanisms 3.3 Disease, drought and salinity resistance and its correlation to mycorrhizae 3.4 Resistance to insects 3.5 Colonization of barren soil 3.6 Resistance to toxicity 4 Occurrence of mycorrhizal associations 5 Discovery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Definition ( edit ) A mycorrhiza is the symbiotic association between a green plant and a fungus. The plant captures the energy coming from the sun by means of its chlorophyll and supplies it to the fungus, and the fungus supplies water and mineral nutrients taken from the soil to the plant. Mycorrhizas are located in the roots of the plant. Most plant species form mycorrhizal associations, though some families like Brassicaceae and Chenopodiaceae can not. There is fossil evidence that early land plants formed arbuscular mycorrhizal associations. Different forms for the association are detailed in the next section. The most common is the arbuscular type that is present in 70 % of plant species, including many crop plants such as wheat and rice. Types of mycorrhiza ( edit ) Wheat is arbuscular mycorrhizal Mycorrhizas are commonly divided into ectomycorrhizas and endomycorrhizas. The two types are differentiated by the fact that the hyphae of ectomycorrhizal fungi do not penetrate individual cells within the root, while the hyphae of endomycorrhizal fungi penetrate the cell wall and invaginate the cell membrane. Endomycorrhiza includes arbuscular, ericoid, and orchid mycorrhiza, while arbutoid mycorrhizas can be classified as ectoendomycorrhizas. Monotropoid mycorrhizas form a special category. Arbuscular mycorrhiza ( edit ) Main article : Arbuscular mycorrhiza Endomycorrhizas are variable and have been further classified as arbuscular, ericoid, arbutoid, monotropoid, and orchid mycorrhizas. Arbuscular mycorrhizas, or AM ( formerly known as vesicular - arbuscular mycorrhizas, or VAM ), are mycorrhizas whose hyphae enter into the plant cells, producing structures that are either balloon - like ( vesicles ) or dichotomously branching invaginations ( arbuscules ). The fungal hyphae do not in fact penetrate the protoplast ( i.e. the interior of the cell ), but invaginate the cell membrane. The structure of the arbuscules greatly increases the contact surface area between the hypha and the cell cytoplasm to facilitate the transfer of nutrients between them. Arbuscular mycorrhizas are formed only by fungi in the division Glomeromycota. Fossil evidence and DNA sequence analysis suggest that this mutualism appeared 400 - 460 million years ago, when the first plants were colonizing land. Arbuscular mycorrhizas are found in 85 % of all plant families, and occur in many crop species. The hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi produce the glycoprotein glomalin, which may be one of the major stores of carbon in the soil. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have ( possibly ) been asexual for many millions of years and, unusually, individuals can contain many genetically different nuclei ( a phenomenon called heterokaryosis ). Ectomycorrhiza ( edit ) Beech is ectomycorrhizal Main article : Ectomycorrhiza Ectomycorrhizas, or EcM, are typically formed between the roots of around 10 % of plant families, mostly woody plants including the birch, dipterocarp, eucalyptus, oak, pine, and rose families, orchids, and fungi belonging to the Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and Zygomycota. Some EcM fungi, such as many Leccinum and Suillus, are symbiotic with only one particular genus of plant, while other fungi, such as the Amanita, are generalists that form mycorrhizas with many different plants. An individual tree may have 15 or more different fungal EcM partners at one time. Thousands of ectomycorrhizal fungal species exist, hosted in over 200 genera. A recent study has conservatively estimated global ectomycorrhizal fungal species richness at approximately 7750 species, although, on the basis of estimates of knowns and unknowns in macromycete diversity, a final estimate of ECM species richness would probably be between 20000 and 25000. Ectomycorrhizas consist of a hyphal sheath, or mantle, covering the root tip and a Hartig net of hyphae surrounding the plant cells within the root cortex. In some cases the hyphae may also penetrate the plant cells, in which case the mycorrhiza is called an ectendomycorrhiza. Outside the root, Ectomycorrhizal extramatrical mycelium forms an extensive network within the soil and leaf litter. Nutrients can be shown to move between different plants through the fungal network. Carbon has been shown to move from paper birch trees into Douglas - fir trees thereby promoting succession in ecosystems. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor has been found to lure and kill springtails to obtain nitrogen, some of which may then be transferred to the mycorrhizal host plant. In a study by Klironomos and Hart, Eastern White Pine inoculated with L. bicolor was able to derive up to 25 % of its nitrogen from springtails. When compared to non-mycorrhizal fine roots, ectomycorrhizae may contain very high concentrations of trace elements, including toxic metals ( cadmium, silver ) or chlorine. The first genomic sequence for a representative of symbiotic fungi, the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor, has been published. An expansion of several multigene families occurred in this fungus, suggesting that adaptation to symbiosis proceeded by gene duplication. Within lineage - specific genes those coding for symbiosis - regulated secreted proteins showed an up - regulated expression in ectomycorrhizal root tips suggesting a role in the partner communication. Laccaria bicolor is lacking enzymes involved in the degradation of plant cell wall components ( cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins and pectates ), preventing the symbiont from degrading host cells during the root colonisation. By contrast, Laccaria bicolor possesses expanded multigene families associated with hydrolysis of bacterial and microfauna polysaccharides and proteins. This genome analysis revealed the dual saprotrophic and biotrophic lifestyle of the mycorrhizal fungus that enables it to grow within both soil and living plant roots. Ericoid mycorrhiza ( edit ) An ericoid mycorrhizal fungus isolated from Woollsia pungens Main article : Ericoid mycorrhiza Ericoid mycorrhizas are the third of the three more ecologically important types. They have a simple intraradical ( grow in cells ) phase, consisting of dense coils of hyphae in the outermost layer of root cells. There is no periradical phase and the extraradical phase consists of sparse hyphae that do n't extend very far into the surrounding soil. They might form sporocarps ( probably in the form of small cups ), but their reproductive biology is little understood. Ericoid mycorrhizas have also been shown to have considerable saprotrophic capabilities, which would enable plants to receive nutrients from not - yet - decomposed materials via the decomposing actions of their ericoid partners. Arbutoid mycorrhiza ( edit ) This type of mycorrhiza involves plants of the Ericaceae subfamily Arbutoideae. It is however different from ericoid mycorrhiza and resembles ectomycorrhiza, both functionally and in terms of the fungi involved. The difference to ectomycorrhiza is that some hyphae actually penetrate into the root cells, making this type of mycorrhiza an ectendomycorrhiza. Monotropoid mycorrhiza ( edit ) Main article : Myco - heterotrophy This type of mycorrhiza occurs in the subfamily Monotropoideae of the Ericaceae, as well as several genera in the Orchidaceae. These plants are heterotrophic or mixotrophic and derive their carbon from the fungus partner. This is thus a non-mutualistic, parasitic type of mycorrhizal symbiosis. Orchid mycorrhiza ( edit ) Main article : Orchid mycorrhiza All orchids are myco - heterotrophic at some stage during their lifecycle and form orchid mycorrhizas with a range of basidiomycete fungi. Their hyphae penetrate into the root cells and form typical coils. Mutualist dynamics ( edit ) Mycorrhizal fungi form a mutualistic relationship with the roots of most plant species. In such a relationship, both the plants themselves and those parts of the roots that host the fungi, are said to be mycorrhizal. Relatively few of the mycorrhizal relationships between plant species and fungi have been examined to date, but 95 % of the plant families investigated are predominantly mycorrhizal either in the sense that most of their species associate beneficially with mycorrhizae, or are absolutely dependent on mycorrhizae. The Orchidaceae are notorious as a family in which the absence of the correct mycorrhizae is fatal even to germinating seeds. Recent research into ectomycorrhizal plants in boreal forests has indicated that mycorrhizal fungi and plants have a relationship that may be more complex than simply mutualistic. This relationship was noted when mycorrhizal fungi were unexpectedly found to be hoarding nitrogen from plant roots in times of nitrogen scarcity. Researchers argue that some mycorrhizae distribute nutrients based upon the environment with surrounding plants and other mycorrhizae. They go on to explain how this updated model could explain why mycorrhizae do not alleviate plant nitrogen limitation, and why plants can switch abruptly from a mixed strategy with both mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal roots to a purely mycorrhizal strategy as soil nitrogen availability declines. Sugar - water / mineral exchange ( edit ) The diagram demonstrates the mutualistic relationship between plants and their mycorrhiza, which is a fungus that helps plants take in key nutrients. The left side of this diagram shows the plant pathway of this relationship, where the host plant transfers between 4 % to 20 % of its photosynthetically fixed carbon, which is labeled `` G '' in this image because it represents glucose, to the mycorrhiza. On the right side of this diagram, the arbuscular mycorrhiza pathway, which branches off from the plant root, which is the brown cylinder - like figure in the image, provides the plant with nutrients, including, most importantly, phosphate and nitrogen. My reference source for this information is : https://www.researchgate.net/figure/P-uptake-of-the-plant-via-the-plant-pathway-or-mycorrhizal-pathway-Abbreviations_fig3_231104516 The mycorrhizal mutualistic association provides the fungus with relatively constant and direct access to carbohydrates, such as glucose and sucrose. The carbohydrates are translocated from their source ( usually leaves ) to root tissue and on to the plant 's fungal partners. In return, the plant gains the benefits of the mycelium 's higher absorptive capacity for water and mineral nutrients, partly because of the large surface area of fungal hyphae, which are much longer and finer than plant root hairs, and partly because some such fungi can mobilize soil minerals unavailable to the plants ' roots. The effect is thus to improve the plant 's mineral absorption capabilities. Unaided plant roots may be unable to take up nutrients that are chemically or physically immobilised ; examples include phosphate ions and micronutrients such as iron. One form of such immobilization occurs in soil with high clay content, or soils with a strongly basic pH. The mycelium of the mycorrhizal fungus can, however, access many such nutrient sources, and make them available to the plants they colonize. Thus, many plants are able to obtain phosphate, without using soil as a source. Another form of immobilisation is when nutrients are locked up in organic matter that is slow to decay, such as wood, and some mycorrhizal fungi act directly as decay organisms, mobilising the nutrients and passing some onto the host plants ; for example, in some dystrophic forests, large amounts of phosphate and other nutrients are taken up by mycorrhizal hyphae acting directly on leaf litter, bypassing the need for soil uptake. Inga alley cropping, proposed as an alternative to slash and burn rainforest destruction, relies upon mycorrhiza within the Inga Tree root system to prevent the rain from washing phosphorus out of the soil. In some more complex relationships, mycorrhizal fungi do not just collect immobilised soil nutrients, but connect individual plants together by mycorrhizal networks that transport water, carbon, and other nutrients directly from plant to plant through underground hyphal networks. Suillus tomentosus, a basidiomycete fungus, produces specialized structures known as tuberculate ectomycorrhizae with its plant host lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta var. latifolia ). These structures have been shown to host nitrogen fixing bacteria which contribute a significant amount of nitrogen and allow the pines to colonize nutrient - poor sites. Mechanisms ( edit ) Leccinum aurantiacum, an ectomycorrhizal fungus The mechanisms by which mycorrhizae increase absorption include some that are physical and some that are chemical. Physically, most mycorrhizal mycelia are much smaller in diameter than the smallest root or root hair, and thus can explore soil material that roots and root hairs can not reach, and provide a larger surface area for absorption. Chemically, the cell membrane chemistry of fungi differs from that of plants. For example, they may secrete organic acid that dissolve or chelate many ions, or release them from minerals by ion exchange. Mycorrhizae are especially beneficial for the plant partner in nutrient - poor soils. Disease, Drought and salinity resistance and its correlation to mycorrhizae ( edit ) Mycorrhizal plants are often more resistant to diseases, such as those caused by microbial soil - borne pathogens. These associations have been found to assist in plant defense both above and belowground. Mycorrhizas have been found to excrete enzymes that are toxic to soil borne organisms such as nematodes. More recent studies have shown that mycorrhizal associations result in a priming effect of plants that essentially acts as a primary immune response. When this association is formed a defense response is activated similarly to the response that occurs when the plant is under attack. As a result of this inoculation, defense responses are stronger in plants with mycorrhizal associations. AMF was also significantly correlated with soil biological fertility variables such as soil fungi and soil bacteria, including soil disease. Furthermore, AMF was significantly correlated with soil physical variable, but only with water level and not with aggregate stability. and are also more resistant to the effects of drought. The significance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi includes alleviation of salt stress and its beneficial effects on plant growth and productivity. Although salinity can negatively affect arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, many reports show improved growth and performance of mycorrhizal plants under salt stress conditions Resistance to insects ( edit ) Recent research has shown that plants connected by mycorrihzal fungi can use these underground connections to produce and receive warning signals. Specifically, when a host plant is attacked by an aphid, the plant signals surrounding connected plants of its condition. The host plant releases Volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) that attract the insect 's predators. The plants connected by mycorrhizal fungi are also prompted to produce identical VOCs that protect the uninfected plants from being targeted by the insect. Additionally, this assists the mycorrhizal fungi by preventing the plant 's carbon relocation which negatively affects the fungi 's growth and occurs when the plant is attacked by herbivores. Colonization of barren soil ( edit ) Plants grown in sterile soils and growth media often perform poorly without the addition of spores or hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi to colonise the plant roots and aid in the uptake of soil mineral nutrients. The absence of mycorrhizal fungi can also slow plant growth in early succession or on degraded landscapes. The introduction of alien mycorrhizal plants to nutrient - deficient ecosystems puts indigenous non-mycorrhizal plants at a competitive disadvantage. This aptitude to colonize barren soil is defined by the category Oligotroph. Resistance to toxicity ( edit ) Fungi have been found to have a protective role for plants rooted in soils with high metal concentrations, such as acidic and contaminated soils. Pine trees inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius planted in several contaminated sites displayed high tolerance to the prevailing contaminant, survivorship and growth. One study discovered the existence of Suillus luteus strains with varying tolerance of zinc. Another study discovered that zinc - tolerant strains of Suillus bovinus conferred resistance to plants of Pinus sylvestris. This was probably due to binding of the metal to the extramatricial mycelium of the fungus, without affecting the exchange of beneficial substances. Occurrence of mycorrhizal associations ( edit ) At around 400 million years old, the Rhynie chert contains an assemblage of fossil plants preserved in sufficient detail that mycorrhizas have been observed in the stems of Aglaophyton major. Mycorrhizas are present in 92 % of plant families studied ( 80 % of species ), with arbuscular mycorrhizas being the ancestral and predominant form, and the most prevalent symbiotic association found in the plant kingdom. The structure of arbuscular mycorrhizas has been highly conserved since their first appearance in the fossil record, with both the development of ectomycorrhizas, and the loss of mycorrhizas, evolving convergently on multiple occasions. Discovery ( edit ) Associations of fungi with the roots of plants have been known since at least the mid-19th century. However early observers simply recorded the fact without investigating the relationships between the two organisms. This symbiosis was studied and described by Franciszek Kamieński in 1879 -- 1882. Further research was carried out by Albert Bernhard Frank, who introduced the term mycorrhiza in 1885. See also ( edit ) Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storage Effect of climate change on plant biodiversity Mucigel - substance that creates symbiotic environment for fungi Rhizobia - bacteria which fix nitrogen in legumes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kirk, P.M. ; Cannon, P.F. ; David, J.C. & Stalpers, J. ( 2001 ). Ainsworth and Bisby 's Dictionary of the Fungi ( 9th ed. ). Wallingford, UK : CAB International. Jump up ^ Johnson, NC ; Graham, JH ; Smith, FA ( 1997 ). `` Functioning of mycorrhizal associations along the mutualism -- parasitism continuum ''. New Phytologist. 135 : 575 -- 585. doi : 10.1046 / j. 1469 - 8137.1997. 00729. x. ^ Jump up to : Remy W ; Taylor TN ; Hass H ; Kerp H ( 1994 ). `` 4 hundred million year old vesicular - arbuscular mycorrhizae ''. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 ( 25 ) : 11841 -- 11843. Bibcode : 1994PNAS... 9111841R. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 91.25. 11841. PMC 45331. PMID 11607500. Jump up ^ Fortin, J. André ; et al. ( 2015 ). Les Mycorhizes ( second ed. ). Versaillles : Inra. p. 10. ISBN 978 - 2 - 7592 - 2433 - 3. CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Harley, J.L. and S.E. Smith 1983. Mycorrhizal symbiosis ( 1st ed. ). Academic Press, London. ^ Jump up to : Allen, Michael F. 1991. The ecology of mycorrhizae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Jump up ^ Peterson, R.L. ; Massicotte, H.B. & Melville, L.H. ( 2004 ). Mycorrhizas : anatomy and cell biology. National Research Council Research Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 660 - 19087 - 7. Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 25. Jump up ^ Simon, L. ; Bousquet, J. ; Lévesque, R.C. ; Lalonde, M. ( 1993 ). `` Origin and diversification of endomycorrhizal fungi and coincidence with vascular land plants ''. Nature. 363 ( 6424 ) : 67 -- 69. 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''. New Phytologist. 157 ( 3 ) : 475 -- 492. doi : 10.1046 / j. 1469 - 8137.2003. 00704. x. Jump up ^ Trappe, J.M. ( 1987 ). Phylogenetic and ecologic aspects of mycotrophy in the angiosperms from an evolutionary standpoint. Ecophysiology of VA Mycorrhizal Plants, G.R. Safir ( EDS ). Florida : CRC Press. Jump up ^ Franklin O ; Näsholm T ; Högberg P ; Högberg MN ( 2014 ). `` Forests trapped in nitrogen limitation - an ecological market perspective on ectomycorrhizal symbiosis ''. New Phytol. 203 ( 2 ) : 657 -- 66. doi : 10.1111 / nph. 12840. PMID 24824576. ^ Jump up to : Harrison MJ ( 2005 ). `` Signaling in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis ''. Annu Rev Microbiol. 59 : 19 -- 42. doi : 10.1146 / annurev. micro. 58.030603. 123749. PMID 16153162. Jump up ^ Selosse MA ; Richard F ; He X ; Simard SW ( 2006 ). `` Mycorrhizal networks : des liaisons dangereuses? ''. Trends Ecol. Evol. 21 ( 11 ) : 621 -- 628. doi : 10.1016 / j. tree. 2006.07. 003. PMID 16843567. Jump up ^ Li H ; Smith SE ; Holloway RE, Zhu Y ; Smith FA. ( 2006 ). `` Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi contribute to phosphorus uptake by wheat grown in a phosphorus - fixing soil even in the absence of positive growth responses ''. New Phytol. 172 ( 3 ) : 536 -- 543. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 8137.2006. 01846. x. PMID 17083683. Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2011. Phosphate. Encyclopedia of Earth. Topic ed. Andy Jorgensen. Ed. - in - Chief C.J. Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC Jump up ^ Elkan, Daniel. Slash - and - burn farming has become a major threat to the world 's rainforest The Guardian 21 April 2004 Jump up ^ rainforestsaver.org : What is Inga alley cropping? Archived 2011 - 11 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Simard, S.W. ; Beiler, K.J. ; Bingham, M.A. ; Deslippe, J.R. ; Philip, L.J. and Teste, F.P. 2012. `` Mycorrhizal networks : Mechanisms, ecology and modeling ''. `` Fungal Biology Review '' 26 : 39 - 60 Jump up ^ Paul, L.R. ; Chapman, B.K. ; Chanway, C.P. ( 2007 ). `` Nitrogen Fixation Associated with Suillus tomentosus Tuberculate Ectomycorrhizae on Pinus contorta var. latifolia ''. Annals of Botany. 99 ( 6 ) : 1101 -- 1109. doi : 10.1093 / aob / mcm061. PMC 3243579. PMID 17468111. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived June 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Botany online : Interactions - Plants - Fungi - Parasitic and Symbiotic Relations - Mycorrhiza ''. Biologie.uni-hamburg.de. Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 06. Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ Azcón - Aguilar, Barea, C., J.M. ( 29 October 1996 ). `` Arbuscular mycorrhizas and biological control of soil - borne plant pathogens -- an overview of the mechanisms involved '' ( PDF ). Mycorrhiza. 6 ( 6 ) : 457 -- 464. Retrieved 23 April 2018. Jump up ^ Jung, Martinez - Medina, Lopez - Raez, Pozo, Sabine C., Ainhoa, Juan A., Maria J. ( 24 May 2012 ). `` Mycorrhiza - Induced Resistance and Priming of Plant Defenses ''. J Chem Ecol. 38 : 651 -- 664. doi : 10.1007 / s10886 - 012 - 0134 - 6. PMID 22623151. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Abstract ''. Disease Management of Fruits and Vegetables. SpringerLink : 181 -- 192. doi : 10.1007 / 1 - 4020 - 4447 - X_10. Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Dr. Susan Kaminskyj : Endorhizal Fungi ''. Usask.ca. Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Dr. Davies Research Page ''. Aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu. Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 19. Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ Lehto, Tarja ( 1992 ). `` Mycorrhizas and Drought Resistance of Picea sitchensis ( Bong. ) Carr. I. In Conditions of Nutrient Deficiency ''. New Phytologist. 122 ( 4 ) : 661 -- 668. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 8137.1992. tb00094. x. JSTOR 2557434. Jump up ^ Nikolaou, N. ; Angelopoulos, K. ; Karagiannidis, N. ( 2003 ). `` Effects of Drought Stress on Mycorrhizal and Non-Mycorrhizal Cabernet Sauvignon Grapevine, Grafted Onto Various Rootstocks ''. Experimental Agriculture. 39 ( 3 ) : 241 -- 252. doi : 10.1017 / S001447970300125X. Jump up ^ Porcel R, Aroca, R, Ruiz - Lozano JM ( 2012 ) `` Salinity stress alleviation using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. A review '' Agronomy for Sustainable Development 32 : 181 - 200 ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Babikova, Zdenka, Lucy Gilbert, Toby J.A. Bruce, Michael Birkett, John C. Caulfield, Christine Woodcock, John A. Pickett, and David Johnson. ( 2013 ). `` Underground signals carried through common mycelial networks warn neighbouring plants of aphid attack ''. Ecology Letters. 16.7 : 835 -- 43. doi : 10.1111 / ele. 12115. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Johnson, David ; Gilbert, Lucy ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ). `` Interplant signalling through hyphal networks ''. New Phytologist. 205 ( 4 ) : 1448 -- 1453. doi : 10.1111 / nph. 13115. ISSN 1469 - 8137. Jump up ^ Root fungi turn rock into soil Planet Earth Online Archived 2009 - 07 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. 3 July 2009 Jump up ^ Jeffries, P ; Gianinazzi, S ; Perotto, S ; Turnau, K ; et al. ( 2003 ). `` The contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sustainable maintenance of plant health and soil fertility ''. Biol. Fertility Soils. 37 : 1 -- 16. http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=14498927. ^ Jump up to : David M. Richardson ( 2000 ). Ecology and biogeography of Pinus. London : Cambridge University Press. p. 336. ISBN 0 - 521 - 78910 - 9. Jump up ^ Tam, Paul C.F. ( 1995 ). `` Heavy metal tolerance by ectomycorrhizal fungi and metal amelioration by Pisolithus tinctorius ''. Mycorrhiza. 5 : 181 -- 187. doi : 10.1007 / BF00203335. Jump up ^ Rayner, M. Cheveley ( 1915 ). `` Obligate Symbiosis in Calluna vulgaris ''. Annals of Botany. 29 ( 113 ) : 97 -- 134. Jump up ^ Kamieński, F. ( 1882 ). `` Les organes végétatifs de Monotropa hypopitys L. ''. Mémoires de la Société nat. des Sciences naturelles et mathém. de Cherbourg, ser. 3, tom. 24. ( Republished and translated, in : Berch SM, Massicotte HB, Tackaberry LE. 2005. Re-publication of a translation of ' The vegetative organs of Monotropa hypopitys L. ' published by F. Kamienski in 1882, with an update on Monotropa mycorrhizas. Mycorrhiza 15 : 323 - 332. ) Jump up ^ Frank, A.B. ( 1885 ). `` Über die auf Wurzelsymbiose beruhende Ernährung gewisser Bäume durch unterirdische Pilze '' ( On the nourishing, via root symbiosis, of certain trees by underground fungi ). Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft ( in German ). 3 : 128 -- 145. From p. 129 : `` Der ganze Körper ist also weder Baumwurzel noch Pilz allein, sondern ähnlich wie der Thallus der Flechten, eine Vereinigung zweier verschiedener Wesen zu einem einheitlichen morphologischen Organ, welches vielleicht passend als Pilzwurzel, Mycorhiza bezeichnet werden kann. '' ( The whole body is thus neither tree root nor fungus alone, but similar to the thallus of lichens, a union of two different organisms into a single morphological organ, which can be aptly designated as a `` fungus root '', a mycorrhiza. ) External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Mycorriza. International Mycorrhiza Society International Mycorrhiza Society Mohamed Hijri : A simple solution to the coming phosphorus crisis video recommending agricultural mycorrhiza use to conserve phosphorus reserves & 85 % waste problem @ Ted.com Mycorrhizal Associations : The Web Resource Comprehensive illustrations and lists of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants and fungi Mycorrhizas -- a successful symbiosis Biosafety research into genetically modified barley MycorWiki a portal concerned with the biology and ecology of ectomycorrhizal fungi and other forest fungi. NDL : 00565832 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mycorrhiza&oldid=846053637 '' Categories : Plant roots Soil biology Symbiosis Oligotrophs Fungus ecology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. 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{ "text": "Moss ( surname ) - wikipedia Moss ( surname ) Jump to : navigation, search Moss is a surname related either to the Old English mos - a peat - bog, to the Irish `` Maolmona '', an ancient Gaelic devotee, or to the Hebrew `` Moses '' ( מֹשֶׁה ) and can be of either Jewish, Irish or English language origin. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Literature 3 Music 4 Politics 5 Sports 6 Television and film 7 Theatre 8 Other 9 See also 10 References History ( edit ) Arlene B. Nichols Moss, American chair of the Daughters of the American Revolution Roger Moss, American historian Stephen Moss, British naturalist Literature ( edit ) Howard Moss, American poet Jason Moss ( writer ), American writer Thylias Moss ( born 1954 ), American poet Music ( edit ) David Moss, American composer, percussionist and singer Howard Moss, Anglo - Irish singer songwriter & guitarist Ian Moss, Australian musician James Moss, American gospel musician and composer best known for his stage name J. Moss Jerry Moss, A&M Records founder Jon Moss, British drummer with Culture Club Katie Moss, British singer and composer Paul Moss, New Zealand record company executive Shad Gregory Moss, American rapper, known professionally as Bow Wow Hunter Moss, ( musician ), American trumpet player Politics ( edit ) Allan A. Moss, American mayor Annie Lee Moss ( 1905 - 1996 ), African American woman who was accused of being a Communist infiltrator in the Pentagon Frank Moss ( 1911 -- 2003 ), Democrat United States Senator from Utah Malcolm Moss ( born 1943 ), British Conservative Party Member of Parliament Matthew Moss ( 1863 -- 1946 ), Australian member of parliament Ralph W. Moss ( U.S. Representative ) ( 1862 - 1919 ) Randolph Moss ( born 1961 ), American judge and lawyer Reginald Moss ( born 1913 ), British Labour Party Member of Parliament 1955 -- 1959 William P. Moss ( 1897 - 1985 ), American lawyer and politician Sports ( edit ) Alan Moss, English cricketer Albert Moss ( cricketer ), English and New Zealand cricketer Alfred Moss ( 1897 -- 1972 ), British racing driver Ambry Moss, Bahamanian footballer Bill Moss, British racing driver Brad Moss, American bridge player Brandon Moss, American baseball player Brent Moss ( born 1972 ), American football player best known for his collegiate career Charles Malcolm ' Mal ' Moss, American baseball pitcher Chris Moss, American basketball player Damian Moss, Australian baseball player David Moss ( ice hockey ) ( born 1981 ), American professional hockey player with the Calgary Flames Frank Moss ( goalkeeper ), English football goalkeeper and manager Frank Moss ( half - back ), English football half - back Gail Moss, American bridge player Glen Moss, New Zealand soccer player Greg Moss, Canadian football player Jarvis Moss, American football player for the Denver Broncos Jeff Moss ( cricketer ), Australian cricketer Jonathan Moss ( cricketer ), Australian cricketer John Henry Moss ( 1918 -- 2009 ), American baseball executive Johnny Moss ( 1907 -- 1995 ), professional poker player, 3 - time world champion of poker Les Moss, American baseball player and manager Neil Moss ( footballer ), English footballer Pat Moss ( 1934 -- 2008 ), British rally driver Perry Moss ( born 1926 ), American football player, coach, and executive Randy Moss ( born 1977 ), American football player Randy Moss ( sports reporter ) ( born 1959 ), American sports announcer and journalist Reginald Moss, English cricketer Santana Moss ( born 1979 ), American football player Sinorice Moss ( born 1983 ), American football player Stirling Moss ( born 1929 ), British racing driver Tanya Moss, New Zealand gymnast Television and film ( edit ) Arnold Moss, American actor Bertha Moss, Argentinian actress Carrie - Anne Moss ( b. 1967 ), Canadian actress Donna Moss, fictional character from The West Wing Elisabeth Moss, American actress Jeff Moss, Sesame Street creator Jennifer Moss, British actress Laura Moss, American actress Maurice Moss, fictional character from The IT Crowd Ronn Moss, American actor Theatre ( edit ) Chloe Moss, British dramatist Edward Moss, British theatre promoter Other ( edit ) Carrie - Anne Moss, Canadian model and actress Colin Moss, ( 1914 - 2005 ), British artist Cynthia Moss, wildlife researcher and author Frank Moss ( lawyer ), criminal lawyer and Assistant District Attorney for New York City in the early 20th century Frank Moss ( technologist ), American computer scientist Gérard Moss, Brazilian aviator and environmentalist Jacqueline Moss, American art historian John C. Moss ( 1836 -- 1892 ), invented the first practicable photo - engraving process in 1863 Kate Moss ( born 1974 ), British supermodel Llewelyn Moss, protagonist in the novel and film No Country for Old Men Lydia Moss, American philanthropist Mary Moss ( 1791 -- 1875 ), mother of William Booth Maurice Moss, fictional character in the television series The IT Crowd Murray Moss, American design expert Neil Moss ( caver ), English caver P. Buckley Moss, American artist Preacher Moss, American comedian Ralph W. Moss ( writer ) Tamara Moss, Indian model William Roger `` Bill '' Moss, American activist See also ( edit ) Hebraization of surnames Moss ( disambiguation ) Mosse References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Last name : Moss Surname list This page lists people with the surname Moss. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moss_(surname)&oldid=839304741 '' Categories : Surnames Jewish surnames Hidden categories : Articles with short description All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018, at 15 : 53. About Wikipedia", "title": "Moss (surname)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Moss_(surname)&amp;oldid=839304741" }

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{ "text": "Fritzl case - wikipedia Fritzl case The Fritzl case emerged in April 2008, when a woman named Elisabeth Fritzl ( born 6 April 1966 ) told police in the town of Amstetten, Austria, that she had been held captive for 24 years by her father, Josef Fritzl ( born 9 April 1935 ). Fritzl had assaulted, sexually abused, and raped her numerous times during her imprisonment inside a concealed area in the basement of the family home. The abuse by Elisabeth 's father resulted in the birth of seven children : three of them remained in captivity with their mother, one had died just days after birth, and the other three were brought up by Fritzl and his wife, Rosemarie, having been reported as foundlings. Contents 1 Case history 1.1 Captivity 1.2 Discovery 2 Cell 3 Key events 4 Josef Fritzl 4.1 Biography 4.2 Criminal history 4.3 Self - portrayal and psychiatric assessment 4.4 Prosecutor 's investigation 5 Trial of Josef Fritzl 5.1 Government response 6 Aftermath 7 See also 8 References Case history ( edit ) Wikinews has related articles : Austrian man kept daughter prisoner in cellar for 24 years Police : Austrian children kept in dungeon were in ' oppressive ' conditions Trial date scheduled for Austrian man who kept his daughter in a dungeon for 24 years Austrian man who imprisoned daughter pleads guilty at start of trial Josef Fritzl was born on 9 April 1935, in Amstetten, Austria. In 1956, at age 21, he married 17 - year - old Rosemarie, with whom had two sons and five daughters, including Elisabeth, who was born in 1966. Fritzl reportedly began abusing Elisabeth in 1977 when she was 11. After completing compulsory education at age 15, Elisabeth started a course to become a waitress. In January 1983, she ran away from home and went into hiding in Vienna with a friend from work. She was found by police within three weeks and returned to her parents. She rejoined her waitress course, finished it in mid-1984, and was offered a job in nearby Linz. Captivity ( edit ) On 28 August 1984, after Elisabeth turned 18, Fritzl lured her into the basement of the family home, saying he needed help carrying a door. This was the last piece needed to seal what would turn out to be the chamber where Elisabeth was held captive. After Elisabeth held the door in place while Fritzl fitted it into the frame, he held an ether - soaked towel on his daughter 's face until she was unconscious, then threw her into the chamber. After Elisabeth 's disappearance, Rosemarie filed a missing persons report. Almost a month later, Fritzl handed over a letter to the police, the first of several that he had forced Elisabeth to write while in captivity. The letter, postmarked Braunau, stated that Elisabeth was tired of living with her family and was staying with a friend ; she warned her parents not to look for her or she would leave the country. Fritzl told police that she had most likely joined a religious cult. Over the next 24 years, Fritzl visited Elisabeth in the hidden chamber every three days on average, bringing food and other supplies. After his arrest, he admitted that he repeatedly raped her. Elisabeth gave birth to seven children during her captivity. One child died shortly after birth, and three -- Lisa, Monika and Alexander -- were removed from the cellar as infants to live with Fritzl and his wife, who were approved by local social services authorities as their foster parents. Officials said that Fritzl `` very plausibly '' explained how three of his infant grandchildren had appeared on his doorstep. The family received regular visits from social workers, who saw and heard nothing to arouse their suspicions. Following the fourth child 's birth in 1994, Fritzl allowed the enlargement of the prison, from 35 to 55 m ( 380 to 590 sq ft ), putting Elisabeth and her children to work for years digging out soil with their bare hands. The captives had a television, radio, and videocassette player. Food could be stored in a refrigerator and cooked or heated on hot plates. Elisabeth taught the children to read and write. At times, Fritzl shut off their lights or refused to deliver food for days at a time to punish them. Fritzl told Elisabeth and the three children who remained ( Kerstin, Stefan, and Felix ) that they would be gassed if they tried to escape. Investigators concluded that this was just an empty threat to frighten the captives ; there was no gas supply to the basement. He stated after his arrest that he told them that they would receive an electric shock and die if they meddled with the cellar door. According to Fritzl 's sister - in - law Christine, he went into the basement every morning at 09 : 00, ostensibly to draw plans for machines which he sold to firms. Often he stayed there for the night and did not allow his wife to bring him coffee. A tenant who rented a ground - floor room in the house for twelve years claimed to hear noises from the basement, which Fritzl explained were from the gas heating system. Discovery ( edit ) On 19 April 2008, Fritzl agreed to seek medical attention after Kerstin, the eldest daughter, fell unconscious. Elisabeth helped him carry Kerstin out of the chamber and saw the outside world for the first time in 24 years. Fritzl forced her to return to the chamber, where she remained for a final week. Kerstin was taken by ambulance to a local hospital, the Landesklinikum Amstetten, and was admitted in serious condition with life - threatening kidney failure. Fritzl later arrived at the hospital claiming to have found a note written by Kerstin 's mother. He discussed Kerstin 's condition and the note with Dr. Albert Reiter. Medical staff found aspects of Fritzl 's story puzzling and alerted the police on 21 April, who then broadcast an appeal via public media for the missing mother to come forward and provide additional information about Kerstin 's medical history. The police reopened the case file on Elisabeth 's disappearance. Fritzl repeated his story about Elisabeth being in a cult, and presented what he claimed was the `` most recent letter '' from her, dated January 2008, posted from the town of Kematen. The police contacted Manfred Wohlfahrt, a church officer and expert on cults, who raised doubts about the existence of the group Fritzl described. He noted that Elisabeth 's letters seemed dictated and oddly written. Elisabeth pleaded with Fritzl to be taken to the hospital. On 26 April, he released her from the cellar along with her sons Stefan and Felix, bringing them upstairs. He and Elisabeth went to the hospital where Kerstin was being treated on 26 April 2008. Following a tip - off from Reiter that Josef and Elisabeth were at the hospital, the police detained them on the hospital grounds and took them to a police station for questioning. Elisabeth did not provide police with more details until they promised her that she would never have to see her father again. Over the next two hours, she told the story of her 24 years in captivity. Elisabeth told the police that Fritzl raped her and forced her to watch pornographic videos, which he made her reenact with him in front of her children in order to humiliate her. Shortly after midnight, police officers completed the interview. Fritzl, aged 73, was arrested on 26 April on suspicion of serious crimes against family members. During the night of 27 April, Elisabeth, her children and her mother Rosemarie were taken into care. Police said Fritzl told investigators how to enter the basement chamber through a small hidden door, opened by a secret keyless entry code. Rosemarie had been unaware of what had been happening to Elisabeth. On 29 April, it was announced that DNA evidence confirmed Fritzl as the biological father of his daughter 's children. His defense lawyer, Rudolf Mayer, said that although the DNA test proved incest, evidence was still needed for the allegations of rape and enslavement. In their 1 May daily press conference, Austrian police said that Fritzl had forced Elisabeth to write a letter the previous year indicating that he may have been planning to release her and the children. The letter said that she wanted to come home but `` it 's not possible yet ''. Police believe Fritzl was planning to pretend to have rescued his daughter from her fictitious cult. Police spokesman Franz Polzer said police planned to interview at least 100 people who had lived as tenants in the Fritzl apartment building in the previous 24 years. Cell ( edit ) The Fritzl property in Amstetten is a building dating from around 1890. A newer building was added after 1978, when Fritzl applied for a building permit for an `` extension with basement ''. In 1983, building inspectors visited the site and verified that the new extension had been built according to the dimensions specified on the permit. Fritzl had illegally enlarged the room by excavating space for a much larger basement, concealed by walls. Around 1981 or 1982, according to his statement, Fritzl started to turn this hidden cellar into a prison cell and installed a washbasin, toilet, bed, hot plate and refrigerator. In 1983, he added more space by creating a passageway to a pre-existing basement area under the old part of the property, of which only he knew. The concealed cellar had a 5 - metre - long ( 5.5 yd ) corridor, a storage area, and three small open cells, connected by narrow passageways ; and a basic cooking area and bathroom facilities, followed by two sleeping areas, which were equipped with two beds each. It covered an area of approximately 55 m ( 590 sq ft ). The cell had two access points : a hinged door that weighed 500 kg ( 1,100 lb ) which is thought to have become unusable over the years because of its weight, and a metal door, reinforced with concrete and on steel rails that weighed 300 kg ( 650 lb ) and measured 1 m ( 3.3 ft ) high and 60 cm ( 2 ft ) wide. It was located behind a shelf in Fritzl 's basement workshop, protected by an electronic code entered using a remote control unit. In order to reach this door, five locking basement rooms had to be crossed. To get to the area where Elisabeth and her children were held, eight doors in total needed to be unlocked, of which two doors were additionally secured by electronic locking devices. Key events ( edit ) The key events are as follows : Date Key event 1977 Fritzl begins sexually abusing his 11 - year - old daughter Elisabeth. 1981 -- 82 Fritzl begins to turn the hidden cellar into a prison cell. 28 August 1984 Fritzl lures 18 - year - old Elisabeth into the basement and imprisons her. November 1986 Elisabeth has a miscarriage in the 10th week of pregnancy. August 1988 Kerstin is born, and lives in the cellar until 2008. February 1990 Stefan is born. He also stays in the cellar until 2008. August 1992 Lisa is born. In May 1993, at 9 months old, she is discovered outside the family home in a cardboard box, allegedly left there by Elisabeth with a note asking for the child to be looked after. After repeated requests by Elisabeth, Fritzl allows the enlargement of the prison, putting Elisabeth and her children to work for years digging out soil with their hands. The prison was enlarged from 35 m2 ( 380 sq ft ) to 55 m2 ( 600 sq ft ). February 1994 The fourth child, Monika, is born. December 1994 10 - month - old Monika is found in a stroller outside the entrance of the house. Shortly afterwards, Rosemarie receives a phone call, asking her to take care of the child. The caller sounds like Elisabeth, but it 's assumed that Fritzl used a recording of her voice. Rosemarie reported the incident to the police, expressing astonishment that Elisabeth knew their new, unlisted phone number. April 1996 Elisabeth gives birth to twin boys. One dies after less than 3 days and Fritzl removes and cremates the body. The surviving twin, Alexander, is taken upstairs at 15 months old and `` discovered '' in circumstances similar to those of his two sisters. December 2002 Felix is born. According to a statement by Fritzl, he kept Felix in the cellar with Elisabeth and her two eldest children because his wife could not look after another child. 19 April 2008 Fritzl arranges for critically ill 19 - year - old Kerstin to be taken to a local hospital. 26 April 2008 During the evening, Fritzl releases Elisabeth, Stefan and Felix from the cellar and brings them upstairs, informing his wife that Elisabeth had decided to come home after a 24 - year absence. Later that evening, after an anonymous tipoff during a visit to the hospital, Fritzl and Elisabeth are taken into police custody where she reveals her decades - long imprisonment during questioning. 19 March 2009 After a 4 - day trial in the town of St. Pölten, just days before his 74th birthday, Fritzl pleads guilty to the charges of the murder by negligence of his infant son ( and grandson ) Michael, as well as the decades of enslavement, incest, rape, coercion and false imprisonment of his daughter Elisabeth, and is sentenced to life imprisonment. Josef Fritzl ( edit ) Josef Fritzl ( 1935 - 04 - 09 ) April 9, 1935 ( age 83 ) Amstetten, Austria Nationality Austrian Known for imprisoning and raping his daughter, Elisabeth Criminal penalty Life imprisonment Criminal status Incarcerated at Garsten Abbey Spouse ( s ) Rosemarie Fritzl Conviction ( s ) Murder by negligence and other charges Biography ( edit ) Josef Fritzl ( now known as Mayrhoff ) was born on 9 April 1935, in Amstetten to Josef Fritzl Sr and Maria Fritzl. He grew up as an only child raised solely by his working mother. His father had deserted the family when Fritzl was four, and never again came into contact with him. Fritzl Sr later fought as a soldier in the Wehrmacht during World War II, and was killed in action in 1944. His name appears on a memorial plaque in Amstetten. In 1956, at the age of 21, he married Rosemarie, 17, with whom he had two sons and five daughters. After completing his education at an HTL Technical College with a qualification in electrical engineering, Fritzl obtained a job at Voestalpine in Linz. From 1969 until 1971, he obtained a job in a construction material firm in Amstetten. Later, he became a technical equipment salesman, travelling throughout Austria. He retired from active employment when he turned 60 in 1995, but continued some commercial activities thereafter. In addition to his apartment building in Amstetten, Fritzl rented out several other properties. In 1972, he purchased a guesthouse and an adjacent campsite at Lake Mondsee. He ran it, together with his wife, until 1996. Criminal history ( edit ) In 1967, Fritzl broke into the Linz home of a 24 - year - old nurse while her husband was away and raped her while holding a knife to her throat, threatening to kill her if she screamed. According to an annual report for 1967 and a press release of the same year, he was also named as a suspect in a case of attempted rape of a 21 - year - old woman, and was known for indecent exposure. Fritzl was arrested and served twelve months of an eighteen - month prison sentence. In accordance with Austrian law, his criminal record was expunged after fifteen years. As a result, more than 25 years later, when he applied to adopt and / or foster Elisabeth 's children, the local social service authorities did not discover his criminal history. Self - portrayal and psychiatric assessment ( edit ) After his arrest, Fritzl claimed that his behavior toward his daughter did not constitute rape but was consensual. Mayer forwarded extracts from the minutes of his talks with his client to the Austrian weekly News for publication. According to these statements, Fritzl said that he `` always knew during the whole 24 years that what I was doing was not right, that I must have been crazy to do such a thing, yet it became a normal occurrence to lead a second life in the basement of my house. '' Regarding his treatment of the family he had with his wife, Fritzl stated, `` I am not the beast the media make me to be ''. Regarding his treatment of Elisabeth and her children in the cellar, he explained that he brought flowers for Elisabeth and books and toys for the children into the `` bunker '', as he called it, and often watched videos with the children and ate meals with Elisabeth and the children. Fritzl decided to imprison Elisabeth after she `` did not adhere to any rules any more '' when she became a teenager. `` That is why I had to do something ; I had to create a place where I could keep Elisabeth, by force if necessary, away from the outside world. '' He suggested that the emphasis on discipline in the Nazi era, during which he grew up, might have influenced his views about decency and good behavior. The chief editors of News magazine noted in their editorial that they expected Fritzl 's statement to form the basis of the defence strategy of his lawyer. Critics said his statement may have been a ploy to prepare an insanity defence. Reflecting on his childhood, Fritzl initially described his mother as `` the best woman in the world '' and `` as strict as it was necessary ''. Later, he expressed a negative opinion of his mother and claimed that `` she used to beat me, hit me until I was lying in a pool of blood on the floor. It left me feeling totally humiliated and weak. My mother was a servant and she used to work hard all her life, I never had a kiss from her, I was never cuddled although I wanted it -- I wanted her to be good to me. '' He also claimed that she called him `` a Satan, a criminal, a no - good '', that he `` had a horrible fear of her ''. In 1959, after Fritzl had married and bought his house, his mother moved in with them. Over time, their roles reversed, and his mother came to fear him. Eventually, he also admitted he had later locked his mother in the attic and bricked up her window after telling neighbors that she had died, and kept her locked up until her death in 1980. It is unknown how long Fritzl kept his mother locked up in his attic, but newspapers have speculated that it may have been up to 20 years. In a report by forensic psychiatrist Adelheid Kastner, Fritzl 's mother is described as unpredictable and abusive. Fritzl referred to himself as an `` alibi '' child, meaning that his mother only gave birth to him to prove that she was not barren and could produce children. Fritzl claims that his pathological behavior is innate. He admits that he planned to lock his daughter up during his prison stint for the earlier rape conviction so that he could contain and express his `` evil side ''. He said, `` I was born to rape, and I held myself back for a relatively long time. I could have behaved a lot worse than locking up my daughter. '' The forensic psychiatrist diagnosed Fritzl as having a `` severe combined personality disorder '' which included borderline, schizotypal, and schizoid personalities and a sexual disorder and recommended that Fritzl receive psychiatric care for the rest of his life. Recent reports have brought to light Fritzl 's premeditated plan to lock his daughter up not for discipline but for his own gratification. Prosecutor 's investigation ( edit ) In keeping with the agreement that she would never have to see her father again, Elisabeth Fritzl gave videotaped testimony before Austrian prosecutors and investigators on 11 July 2008. On 13 November 2008, authorities in Austria released an indictment against Josef Fritzl. He would stand trial for the murder of the infant Michael, who died shortly after birth, and face between 10 years and life imprisonment. He was also charged with rape, incest, kidnapping, false imprisonment and slavery, which carry a maximum 20 - year term. Trial of Josef Fritzl ( edit ) The trial of Josef Fritzl commenced on 16 March 2009, in the city of Sankt Pölten, presided over by Judge Andrea Humer. Journalists during the Fritzl trial On day one, Fritzl entered the courtroom attempting to hide his face from cameras behind a blue folder, which he was entitled to do under Austrian law. After opening comments, all journalists and spectators were asked to leave the courtroom, whereupon Fritzl lowered his binder. Fritzl pleaded guilty to all charges with the exception of murder and grievous assault by threatening to gas his captives if they disobeyed him. In his opening remarks, Rudolf Mayer, the defending counsel, appealed to the jury to be objective and not be swayed by emotions. He insisted Fritzl was `` not a monster '', stating that Fritzl had brought a Christmas tree down to his captives in the cellar during the holiday season. Christiane Burkheiser, prosecuting her first case since being appointed Chief Prosecutor, pressed for life imprisonment in an institution for the criminally insane. She demonstrated for jurors the low height of the ceiling in the cellar dungeon by making a mark on the door to the courtroom at 1m 74 cm ( 5 ft 8.5 in ), and described the cellar as `` damp and mouldy '', passing around a box of musty objects taken from the cellar, the odour of which made jurors flinch. On the first day of testimony, jurors watched 11 hours of testimony recorded by Elisabeth in sessions with police and psychologists in July 2008. The tape is said to have been so `` harrowing '' that the eight jurors did not watch more than two hours at a time. Four replacement jurors were on standby to replace any of the regular jurors in case they could not bear to hear any more of the evidence. Besides the video testimony, Elisabeth 's older brother Harald testified, as did a doctor specialising in neonatal medicine and the court psychiatrist. Josef 's wife, Rosemarie, and Elisabeth 's children refused to testify. On 18 March 2009 Elisabeth Fritzl attended the second day of the criminal trial against her father Josef, in preparation for a book she is to write about her ordeal. She does not plan to see her father again. Fritzl 's attorney, Rudolf Mayer, confirmed that she had been in the visitors ' gallery in disguise at the time her video testimony was aired. `` Josef Fritzl recognised that Elisabeth was in court and, from this point on, you could see Josef Fritzl going pale and he broke down '', Mayer said. `` It was a meeting of eyes that changed his mind. '' The next day, Fritzl began the proceedings by approaching the judge and changing his pleas to guilty on all charges. On 19 March 2009, Fritzl was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for 15 years. He said that he accepted the sentence and would not appeal. Fritzl is currently serving out his sentence in Garsten Abbey, a former monastery in Upper Austria that has been converted into a prison. Government response ( edit ) Describing the `` abominable events '' as linked to one individual case, Chancellor of Austria Alfred Gusenbauer said he planned to launch an image campaign to restore the country 's reputation abroad. Aftermath ( edit ) Judge Andrea Humer, who presided over the trial, stated medical experts reported Elisabeth and her children were in `` relatively good health ''. After being taken into care, Elisabeth, all six of her surviving children and her mother were housed in a local clinic where they were shielded from the outside environment and received medical and psychological treatment. Members of the Fritzl family were offered new identities but it was emphasized that it was their choice to make. Berthold Kepplinger, head of the clinic where Elisabeth and her children were being treated, said that Elisabeth and the three children held captive in the cellar required further therapy to help them adjust to the light after years in semi-darkness. They also needed treatment to help them cope with all the extra space that they now had in which to move about. In May 2008, a handmade poster created by Elisabeth, her children and her mother at the therapy facility was displayed in the Amstetten town centre. The message thanked local people for their support. `` We, the whole family, would like to take the opportunity to thank all of you for sympathy at our fate '', they wrote in their message. `` Your compassion is helping us greatly to overcome these difficult times, and it shows us there also are good and honest people here who really care for us. We hope that soon there will be a time where we can find our way back into a normal life. '' Kerstin was reunited with her family on 8 June 2008, when she was awakened from her artificially induced coma. Doctors said that she would make a full recovery. It was revealed that Elisabeth and her children were more traumatized than previously thought. During captivity, Kerstin tore out her hair in clumps, and was reported to have shredded her dresses before stuffing them in the toilet. Stefan could not walk properly, because of his height of 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ), which had forced him to stoop in the 1.68 - metre - high ( 5 ft 6 in ) cellar. It has also been revealed that normal everyday occurrences, such as the dimming of lights or the closing of doors, plunge Kerstin and Stefan into anxiety and panic attacks. The other three of Elisabeth 's children who were raised by their father are being treated for anger and resentment at the events. In late July 2008, it emerged that Elisabeth ordered her mother Rosemarie out of the villa they had been sharing in a secret location set up for them by a psychiatric clinic. Elisabeth was upset about Rosemarie 's passiveness during Elisabeth 's upbringing. Lawyer Christoph Herbst, who represents Elisabeth and her family, said, `` Fortunately, everything is going very well '' ; they spend their time answering hundreds of letters from all over the world. Felix, Kerstin, and Stefan, brought up underground with their mother, have learned to swim. All of Elisabeth 's children attended a four - day summer camp organised by firefighters, with 4,000 other young campers, in August 2008. The children, along with their mother, also have made day trips, including swimming outings, on which care was taken to keep them out of reach of the paparazzi and to protect their privacy. In March 2009, Elisabeth and her children were forced to move out of the family 's hide - away home and returned to the psychiatric clinic where medical staff had started trying to heal the family and unite the `` upstairs '' and `` downstairs '' siblings during the previous year. Elisabeth was reported to be distraught and close to a breakdown after a British paparazzo had burst into her kitchen and started taking photographs. After the trial, Elisabeth and her six children were moved to an unnamed village in northern Austria, where they are living in a fortress - like house. All of the children require ongoing therapy. Factors that traumatised the `` upstairs '' children include learning that Josef had lied to them about their mother abandoning them, the abuse they had received from him during their childhood, and finding out that their siblings had been imprisoned in the cellar. The `` downstairs '' children receive therapy due to their deprivation from normal development, the lack of fresh air and sunshine while living confined in the basement, and the abuse that they and their mother had received from Josef when he visited them in the basement. All of the children might have genetic problems common to children born of an incestuous relationship. Elisabeth was said to be estranged from her mother, Rosemarie, who accepted Josef 's story about Elisabeth joining a cult and did not pursue the matter further, but Elisabeth allows her three children who grew up in Josef and Rosemarie 's house to visit their grandmother regularly. Rosemarie lives alone in a small apartment. An article in March 2010 in The Independent stated that Elisabeth and her children recovered remarkably well, given the difficult lives they endured for so long. According to Josef 's sister - in - law, Christine, Elisabeth enjoys spending her time shopping, taking frequent showers, and driving. She has passed her driving test without difficulty. Her relationship with Thomas, one of her bodyguards, was reported to be ongoing, with him becoming a big - brother figure to her children. All of Elisabeth 's children have developed normal sibling relationships with each other, and after having trouble dealing with the traumatic events, the three `` upstairs '' children slowly began recognising Elisabeth as their mother. The children enjoy being outdoors, playing video games, and spending time with their mother and grandmother. Despite their strained relationship, Elisabeth and her mother Rosemarie started visiting each other more, and Elisabeth has reportedly forgiven her mother for believing her father 's story. On 28 June 2013, workers began filling the basement of the Fritzl home with concrete. Estate liquidator Walter Anzboeck stated that the construction would cost € 100,000 and would take a week to complete. The house was to be sold on the open market. While most neighbours approved of the proposal, some preferred that the property be demolished due to its sordid history. Asylum seekers were offered the house to live in. The house was sold for € 160,000 in December 2016, and will be turned into apartments. In May 2017, Josef Fritzl changed his name to Josef Mayrhoff. See also ( edit ) 2000s portal Austria portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fritzl case. List of kidnappings List of child abuse cases featuring long - term detention Alvarez case Ariel Castro kidnappings Kidnapping of Jaycee Lee Dugard Lydia Gouardo Mongelli case Natascha Kampusch Sheffield incest case Moe incest case Armando Lucero Room ( novel ) Room ( 2015 film ) Incest Inbreeding References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dahlkamp, Jürgen ; Kraske, Marion ; Von Mittelstaedt, Juliane ; Röbel, Sven ; Von Rohr, Mathieu ( 5 May 2008 ). `` How Josef Fritzl Created his Regime of Terror ''. Spiegel Online. Retrieved 6 May 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` Cellar in abuse case described ''. BBC News. 5 May 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` The Amstetten Horror House : 8,516 Days in Darkness ''. Spiegel Online. 6 May 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2008. Jump up ^ Susan Donaldson James ( 2 May 2008 ). `` Elisabeth Fritzl 's Trauma Like ' Walking Dead ' ''. abcNEWS. pp. 1 -- 4. Retrieved 2 June 2009. ^ Jump up to : Hall, Allan ( 2008 ). Monster. London : Penguin. ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 103970 - 1. ^ Jump up to : `` Profile : Josef Fritzl ''. BBC News. 19 March 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2008. Jump up ^ `` Cellar monster Josef Fritzl faces 3,000 rape charges in December trial ''. London : London Evening Standard. 25 August 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2018. ^ Jump up to : Eben Harrell, Austria 's Sex - Slave Father Tells His Side of the Story, 23 October 2008, Time. Jump up ^ Sam, Adreas ( 16 May 2008 ). `` Josef Fritzl 's threats to gas family were a bluff ''. London : Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 16 May 2008. ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth Stewart and agencies ( 9 May 2008 ). `` ' The urge to taste forbidden fruit was too strong ' ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 May 2008. Jump up ^ `` ' Second man ' at Austrian cellar ''. BBC News. 1 May 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2008. Jump up ^ `` Doctor found note from victim ''. BBC News. 29 April 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2008. Jump up ^ `` Fritzl girl wakes from coma and is reunited with her family ''. The Daily Telgraph. 9 June 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2015. Jump up ^ Landler, Mark ( 28 April 2008 ). `` Austria Says Man Locked Up Daughter ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 29 April 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline : Austrian cellar case ''. BBC News. 19 March 2009. Jump up ^ `` DNA ' backs Austrian incest claim ' ''. BBC News. 29 April 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2008. Jump up ^ Allen, Nick ( 29 April 2008 ). `` Lawyer : Fritzl denies rape and abduction ''. London : telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 29 April 2008. Jump up ^ `` Fritzl made daughter write ' fake ' release letter ''. metro.co.uk. 1 May 2008. Retrieved 1 May 2008. Jump up ^ `` How Fritzl Planned To Blame Years Of Torture On Evil Sect ''. Daily Express. 2 May 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` The Family Man of Amstetten : Double life of a pillar of Austrian society ''. The Independent. 27 October 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Inside Josef Fritzl 's cellar dungeon ''. BBC News. 30 April 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2008. Jump up ^ Weaver, Matthew ( 28 April 2008 ). `` Timeline : Austrian cellar case ''. London : guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 29 April 2008. ^ Jump up to : Gammell, Caroline ( 16 March 2009 ). `` Josef Fritzl trial : Elisabeth gave birth alone and afraid ''. The Telegraph. ^ Jump up to : Pidd, Helen ( 18 March 2009 ). `` Timeline : Fritzl cellar case ''. The Guardian. Jump up ^ Connolly, Kate ( 6 May 2008 ). `` Fritzl began plans for dungeon in 1978 ''. The Guardian. ^ Jump up to : Connolly, Kate ( 16 March 2009 ). `` Josef Fritzl trial : ' She spent the first five years entirely alone. He hardly ever spoke to her ' ''. The Guardian. Jump up ^ Secrets of the Cellar : John Glatt Jump up ^ `` Wer ist Josef Fritzl? '' ( in German ). ORF. 29 April 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2008. Jump up ^ Bradley S. Klapper ( 2 May 2008 ). `` Josef Fritzl : a shrewd liar and an obsessive tyrant ''. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2008. Jump up ^ `` Joseph Fritzl Could Face Murder Charges ''. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 30 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Sex slave dungeon : I knew Fritzl had raped his daughter, says man upstairs ''. The Evening Standard. London. 12 April 2012. Jump up ^ `` Police study old Fritzl sex case ''. BBC News. 2 May 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2008. Jump up ^ Mathieu, von Rohr ( 6 May 2008 ). `` Der Fall Amstetten : Wie Josef Fritzl die Behörden täuschte ''. SPIEGEL ONLINE ( in German ). Retrieved 25 May 2016. Jump up ^ Sam, Andreas ( 10 May 2008 ). `` Fritzl blames Nazis and speaks of mother 's love ''. The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved 10 May 2008. Jump up ^ Balakrishnan, Angela ( 31 October 2008 ). `` Josef Fritzl kept sick mother locked in attic, leaked papers reveal ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 14 September 2012. Jump up ^ Matthew Moore, Josef Fritzl admits locking mother in bricked - up room at dungeon house, 29 October 2008, The Daily Telegraph. Jump up ^ `` Fritzl 's troubled childhood analysed in court ''. The Guardian. 18 March 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Fritzl trial - accused - hides - face - with - folder - in - court ''. The Telegraph. The Telegraph. 16 March 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Fritzl lets the mask slip as his daughter tells her tragic story ''. The Independent. The Independent. 22 October 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Austria incest suspect charged with murder ''. CNN International Edition : Europe. CNN. 13 November 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` Austria incest trial under way ''. Al Jazeera English. 16 March 2009. Retrieved 14 September 2012. ^ Jump up to : Booth, Jenny ; Boyes, Roger ( 16 March 2009 ). `` Josef Fritzl claims he was abused as a child ''. London : Times Online. Retrieved 17 March 2009. Jump up ^ `` Josef Fritzl : The absolute ruler of his underground concrete hell ''. The Scotsman. The Scotsman. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2015. ^ Jump up to : Connolly, Kate ( 14 March 2009 ). `` Fritzl trial puts spotlight on Austria but grisly case leaves long shadow ''. London : The Guardian. Retrieved 16 March 2009. Jump up ^ Boyes, Roger ( 18 March 2009 ). `` Josef Fritzl on suicide watch as `` avenging angel '' daughter gives damning testimony ``. London : Times Online. Retrieved 22 March 2009. Jump up ^ `` Elisabeth Fritzl ' was in court to watch father ' ''. Metro. 18 March 2009. Retrieved 19 March 2009. Jump up ^ `` Elisabeth Fritzl : I never want to see my father Josef again ''. Daily Telegraph. 11 May 2008. Retrieved 19 March 2009. Jump up ^ Naughton, Philippe ( 19 March 2009 ). `` '' Fritzl met Elisabeth 's eyes -- that changed his mind, '' says lawyer ``. London : Times Online. Retrieved 22 March 2009. Jump up ^ `` Josef Fritzl admits all charges ''. BBC News. 18 March 2009. Retrieved 19 March 2009. Jump up ^ Boyes, Roger ( 20 March 2009 ). `` Jozef Fritzl : no plans for investigation into police and social service failings ''. London : Times Online. Retrieved 22 March 2009. Jump up ^ Pancevski, Bojan ( 22 March 2009 ). `` Fritzl prison has gym, choir and tennis classes ''. The Times of London. Retrieved 23 September 2010. Jump up ^ `` Cellar father refuses to explain ''. BBC News. 30 April 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2008. ^ Jump up to : Hall, Alan ( 15 May 2008 ). `` Amstetten cellar victims thank town for support ''. London : The Independent. Retrieved 15 May 2008. Jump up ^ `` Cellar incest girl ' will recover ' ''. BBC News. 11 June 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2008. Jump up ^ Hall, Allan ( 21 August 2008 ). `` Fritzl 's victims face life in care ''. Melbourne : The Age. Retrieved 9 September 2008. Jump up ^ Mulchrone, Patrick ( 25 July 2008 ). `` Fritzl family split : Elisabeth kicks Rosemarie out of safe house ''. The Mirror. Retrieved 30 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Austrian abuse victims slowly exposed ''. The Sydney Morning Herald. Associated Press. 12 July 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2016. Jump up ^ Boyes, Roger ( 21 March 2009 ). `` Elisabeth Fritzl seeks refuge with children in a fortress ''. London : Times Online. Retrieved 22 March 2009. ^ Jump up to : Boyes, Roger ( 20 March 2009 ). `` Josef Fitzl 's upstairs, downstairs families united for a new life in the open ''. London : Times Online. Retrieved 22 March 2009. Jump up ^ `` Whatever became of Elisabeth Fritzl? ''. The Independent. 21 April 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2011. Jump up ^ `` Josef Fritzl 's cellar in Austria concreted in ''. BBC. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Josef Fritzl 's ' House of Horror ' to be offered to ASYLUM SEEKERS - because no one wants it ''. Daily Express. Daily Express. 23 September 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` House where Josef Fritzl held daughter captive is sold ''. The Irish Times. 6 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Josef Fritzl ( 82 ) heißt jetzt mit Nachnamen Mayrhoff '' ( Josef Fritzl ( 82 ) is now named by the surname Mayrhoff ). Heute ( in German ). Heutectic. 12 May 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017. Coordinates : 48 ° 07 ′ 00 '' N 14 ° 52 ′ 00 '' E  /  48.1167 ° N 14.8667 ° E  / 48.1167 ; 14.8667 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritzl_case&oldid=853878475 '' Categories : 2008 crimes in Austria 2008 in Austria 2009 in Austria Lower Austria Rape in Austria Missing person cases in Austria Kidnappings in Austria Child abuse incidents and cases People convicted of incest Incestual abuse Incidents of violence against women Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from February 2016 Articles with hCards Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018, at 14 : 52 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Fritzl case", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Fritzl_case&amp;oldid=853878475" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Fritzl case - wikipedia Fritzl case The Fritzl case emerged in April 2008, when a woman named Elisabeth Fritzl ( born 6 April 1966 ) told police in the town of Amstetten, Austria, that she had been held captive for 24 years by her father, Josef Fritzl ( born 9 April 1935 ). Fritzl had assaulted, sexually abused, and raped her numerous times during her imprisonment inside a concealed area in the basement of the family home. The abuse by Elisabeth 's father resulted in the birth of seven children : three of them remained in captivity with their mother, one had died just days after birth, and the other three were brought up by Fritzl and his wife, Rosemarie, having been reported as foundlings. Contents 1 Case history" ], "id": [ "5953291851575565676" ], "short_answers": [ "Elisabeth Fritzl" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "That 's the Way of the World ( film ) - Wikipedia That 's the Way of the World ( film ) That 's the Way of the World original 1975 theatrical poster Directed by Sig Shore Produced by Sig Shore Written by Robert Lipsyte ( story and screenplay ) Starring Harvey Keitel Ed Nelson Earth, Wind & Fire Music by Maurice White Cinematography Alan Metzger Edited by Bruce Witkin Production company Sig Shore Productions Distributed by United Artists Release date June 1975 ( 1975 - 06 ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English That 's the Way of the World is a 1975 film produced and directed by Sig Shore and starring Harvey Keitel. It features the music of R&B / Funk group Earth, Wind & Fire ( who also appear in the picture as a fictionalized version of themselves ). The film depicts the music business and the life of record executives. A soundtrack by Earth, Wind & Fire released in the same year eventually became one of the group 's landmark albums. Coleman Buckmaster ( Harvey Keitel ) also known as `` the Golden Ear '' is a producer extraordinaire for A-Chord Records. In the midst of working slavishly to complete the debut album of `` the Group '' ( Earth, Wind & Fire ), Buckmaster is forced to put their project on the back - burner in favor of a new signing to A-Chord, `` the Pages, '' Velour ( Cynthia Bostick ), Gary ( Jimmy Boyd ) and Franklin ( Bert Parks ). According to label head Carlton James ( Ed Nelson ), the Pages represent good, ol ' fashioned, wholesome family values. According to Buckmaster, they represent everything wrong with the music business : a soulless pastiche of cheese - on - white - bread, and he wants nothing to do with them. However, due to his contract, he is forced to turn the flat song of their demo, `` Joy, Joy, Joy '' into a workable hit. In the meantime, he ends up in a relationship with Velour, seemingly also against his will, but he is able to use the relationship to his and the Group 's advantage. See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1975 Notes ( edit ) The film was originally distributed by United Artists but distribution later switched to Bryanston Distributing Company. External links ( edit ) That 's the Way of the World on IMDb This exploitation film -- related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That%27s_the_Way_of_the_World_(film)&oldid=853482815 '' Categories : 1975 films English - language films Earth, Wind & Fire video albums Blaxploitation films American films 1970s drama films United Artists films Exploitation film stubs Hidden categories : Film articles using image size parameter All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018, at 03 : 03 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "That's the Way of the World (film)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=That%27s_the_Way_of_the_World_(film)&amp;oldid=853482815" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "17197290310657125955" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]